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BOSTON – January 10, 2007 – Three Northeastern University researchers have proposed a new approach for the highly anticipated discovery of supersymmetric particles, often called sparticles. The methodology, which was published in the December 21 issue of the Physical Review Letters, is based on identifying the hierarchical mass patterns of sparticles, which are assumed to exist in a new class of particle physics theories beyond the Standard Model.
The expected production of the sparticles at high energy particle colliders is strongly correlated with the sparticle mass patterns. Pran Nath, Daniel Feldman and Zuowei Liu at Northeastern have utilized this correlation to identify the sparticles at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland. The LHC, which is close to completion and set to begin testing within months, will be the world’s largest machine to produce sub-atomic particles in conditions similar to when the Big Bang occurred.
“The LHC will allow for the exploration of elementary particle physics at energy scales that have never been probed before,” said Nath, a Matthews Distinguished Professor of Physics at Northeastern. “This research has the potential to deepen our understanding of the nature of physics at its most basic level,” he said.
The 32 sparticle masses can stack up in many different ways, creating a landscape of mass hierarchies with numerous possible sparticle mass patterns. Stacking the first four sparticles creates a landscape with close to ten thousand possibilities, and the landscape of possibilities becomes enormous if all 32 sparticles are included. Only one possibility out of this incredibly large number exists in nature, and that exact possibility can be discovered at the LHC.
The new approach was developed based on the well motivated supergravity model (mSUGRA), which was co-authored by Nath in 1982 and is one of the leading candidates for new physics beyond the Standard model. In this new work, the researchers have shown that the number of possibilities is reduced enormously, down to just sixteen mass patterns for the 4 lightest sparticles, in mSUGRA.
The authors studied the signature space of the sixteen patterns at the LHC and propose ways in which researchers at the LHC can discriminate among the patterns and identify the lowest lying sparticles. Because the mass hierarchies influence the overall production rate of various sparticles, their hierarchical mass pattern will determine their signatures.
“We truly stand on the threshold of revolutionary discoveries in particle physics and the study of patterns and pattern recognition that we propose could be very significant in the search for sparticles, as well as for the discovery of new physics at the LHC,” said Nath.
For more information about this research paper, please contact Jenny Eriksen at (617) 373-2802 or via email at email@example.com. For additional information about Professor Nath’s research, click on the following link: http://www.physics.neu.edu/Department/Vtwo/faculty/nath.htm
Founded in 1898, Northeastern University is a private research university located in the heart of Boston. Northeastern is a leader in interdisciplinary research, urban engagement, and the integration of classroom learning with real-world experience. The university’s distinctive cooperative education program, where students alternate semesters of full-time study with semesters of paid work in fields relevant to their professional interests and major, is one of the largest and most innovative in the world. The University offers a comprehensive range of undergraduate and graduate programs leading to degrees through the doctorate in six undergraduate colleges, eight graduate schools, and two part-time divisions. For more information, please visit www.northeastern.edu. | <urn:uuid:b50a537d-94ff-4e5a-a22f-e0531de58fa8> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://news.northeastern.edu/2008/01/nath-prl-1-10-08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687255.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920104615-20170920124615-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.939066 | 769 | 2.625 | 3 |
Preventing House Fires
How Can We Prevent a House Fire?
Always be aware of possible fire hazards in your home, and keep these tips in mind:
Electrical Appliances, Cords, and Outlets
- Are your electrical appliances in good condition, without loose or frayed cords or plugs?
- Are your outlets overloaded with plugs from the TV, computer, printer, video game system, and stereo?
- Are you overusing an extension cord?
- Do the light fixtures in your home use bulbs that are the correct wattage?
- Does your home contain GFCIs (ground fault circuit interrupters) and/or AFCIs (arc fault circuit interrupters), which prevent electrical shock and fire by shutting off faulty circuits?
Tips for using appliances, cords, and outlets:
- Replace or professionally repair any appliances that spark, smell unusual, or overheat.
- Don't run electrical wires under rugs.
- Make sure lamps and nightlights are not touching bedspreads, drapes, or other fabrics.
- Use caution when using electric blankets.
- Don't let kids use kitchen appliances by themselves and supervise any art or science projects that involve electrical devices.
- Cover any outlets that are not in use with plastic safety covers if you have toddlers or young children in your home.
Before plugging in your space heater, make sure you know how to use it safely:
- Carefully read the directions for its use.
- Never place a space heater where a child or pet could accidentally knock it over.
- Never place a space heater too close to a bed, especially a child's bed.
- Keep newspapers, magazines, and fabrics from curtains, clothes, or bedding away from space heaters, radiators, and fireplaces.
- Heaters should be at least 3 feet from anything flammable.
Cooking is the leading cause of home fires in the United States. A fire can start from:
- food left unsupervised on a stove or in an oven or microwave
- grease spills
- a dish towel too close to a burner
- a toaster or toaster oven flare-up
- a coffee pot accidentally left on
Tips for using the stove:
- Always supervise kids while cooking.
- Turn all pot handles in so they can't be knocked over.
- Don't wear loose-fitting clothing that could catch fire around the stove.
- Keep fireplaces clean and covered with a screen to stop sparks from jumping out.
- Only wood should be burned in the fireplace — paper and other materials can escape while burning and start a fire on nearby items.
- Never leave a fire burning unattended.
- Make sure a fire is completely put out before leaving the house or going to bed.
- Have the chimney professionally cleaned once a year.
According to the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), cigarettes are the No. 1 cause of fire deaths in the United States and Canada, killing about 1,000 people per year. Most fires start when ashes or butts fall into couches and chairs.
If you smoke:
- Be especially careful around upholstered furniture.
- Never smoke in bed.
- Make sure cigarettes are completely out before you toss them into the trash.
Matches and Lighters
Playing with matches is still the leading cause of fire-related deaths and injuries for kids younger than 5.
- Always keep matches and lighters out of children's reach.
- Store flammable materials such as gasoline, kerosene, and cleaning supplies outside of your home and away from kids.
Tips for using candles:
- Keep them out of reach of kids and pets.
- Keep away from curtains and furniture.
- Extinguish them before you go to bed.
- Make sure candles are in sturdy holders made of non-flammable material that won't tip over.
- Don't let older kids and teens use candles unsupervised in their rooms.
Having smoke alarms may be the most important thing you can do to keep your family safe.
Tips for using smoke alarms:
- Install them on every level of your home and in each bedroom.
- If possible, choose alarms with a 10-year lithium battery.
- If your smoke alarm uses regular batteries, remember to replace them every year (hint: change your batteries when you change your clock back from Daylight Saving Time in the fall).
- Test your smoke alarms monthly, and be sure your kids are familiar with the sound of the alarm.
- Because smoke rises, smoke detectors should always be placed on ceilings or high on walls.
- If a smoke detector near the kitchen goes off while you're cooking, don't take the battery out of it — you may forget to replace it. Open the doors and windows instead.
- If you're having a new home built or remodeling an older home, you may want to consider adding a home sprinkler system. These are already found in many apartment buildings and dorms.
Being prepared is the best way to protect your family from a fire. Knowing the rules of fire prevention can save lives. | <urn:uuid:6a493bb8-96af-4579-bced-c473f9f58f92> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/fire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201922.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319073140-20190319095140-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.890506 | 1,077 | 3.5 | 4 |
UT Arlington physicist Yue Deng will receive more than $500,000 from NASA to study how space weather events such as solar flares drive vertical winds to affect electrodynamics in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.
Deng’s work could one day help operators of near-earth satellites, air traffic radar and electricity grids know how to best safeguard their systems from bursts of radiation and energetic particles. The research is funded through NASA’s Living With a Star initiative, which supports physics to further knowledge about the sun, its relationship to the Earth and its effect on life and society.
“Almost all the influence of space weather on our society is affected by dynamics in the upper atmosphere. Neutral wind in the upper atmosphere is very difficult to model and measure but it is still one of the most important parameters to consider,” said Deng, an assistant professor of physics who joined the College of Science in 2009.
Solar winds (plasma) from the Sun carry an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and energy that interacts with the Earth’s outer magnetic field, or magnetosphere. During times of greater solar output, like after a coronal mass ejection (CME) or solar flare, spikes of energy can enter the thermosphere/ionosphere, also known as the upper atmosphere. If not properly anticipated, the bursts can disrupt energy delivery systems, communication technology and airline activity.
The new four-year, $534,000 grant builds on a $408,000 NASA grant Deng received in 2013 to further develop the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model or GITM. GITM is a 3-D look at how electrodynamic energy from solar winds influences the Earth’s upper atmosphere.
The system is unique because it is the first to incorporate the non-hydrostatic process in a circulation model for the upper atmosphere. A hydrostatic environment assumes a balance between pressure gradient force and gravitational force, which is naturally disturbed when any energy is input from space environment, Deng said.
The GITM system also is the first model of its kind to incorporate | <urn:uuid:08e4fa83-ae97-481f-bbd4-3e5fcc880ce5> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.uta.edu/cos/news.php?ID=226 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131293283.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172133-00025-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926023 | 433 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Web-connected sensors in every construction project should spell the end of over-engineering and a fresh era of efficient infrastructure. But an entirely new set of skills will be required to analyse the data from these Internet of Things enabled devices.
Hundreds of web-connected sensors are placed throughout a bridge as it is built. As a result, for the entire life of that bridge it speaks to its managers, constantly feeding back data about its condition. The temperature in specific sections of the bridge is monitored, as is the vibration. In other areas, displacement and levels of stress are reported. The bridge alerts its managers to anything that needs attention.
And who are its managers? Most likely the first port of call for the data is a ‘bot’, a piece of software designed to analyse masses of data and create an alert when necessary. The alert goes to a human member of the team, a specialist engineer highly trained in data analysis. When a human engineer receives an alert, it’s time to send a repair team.
This is not the future – this is now. Since the deadly collapse in the US of the I-35W bridge across the Mississippi, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Michigan Department of Transportation launched a project, at a cost of US$19 million, to develop a next-generation warning system that can be retro-fitted onto existing bridges.
Numerous engineering bodies around the world have been working on similar projects. The real power of such Internet of Things sensors comes with a new build, says Bhupinder Singh, Chief Product Officer at Bentley Systems.
“Today, what you must do to maintain a bridge that has been built without sensors is have engineers regularly going out and inspecting it, then you use your engineering judgement on what you should do,” he said.
“With sensors, think about what you can do to extend the life of existing infrastructure, first of all. In many cases infrastructure is living well beyond its designed life. Whether it’s an offshore oil platform, a bridge, a plant or a water treatment network, I can imagine so many situations where you could look at existing infrastructure that has nothing digitally available then instrument it, sensorise it, get the data and then make intelligent decisions based on that.
“Secondly, for new builds, if you put these sensors in from the start then you can use analysis applications and be a lot more judicious about exactly what needs to be done.”
Brave new world
Anything built in the next 10 years will be instrumented and sensored a certain way, Singh said, just as every new car will have sensors offering endless streams of information. Sensors will revolutionise every build, particularly long-life infrastructure projects for which the often contradictory priorities of efficiency and performance are expected to co-exist sustainably and in harmony.
“Extending the life of a piece of infrastructure by five or 10 years can save a lot of money,” Singh said.
“Think about offshore plants. With the price of oil, if you’re going to extend the life of that offshore platform by another five or 10 years by doing some sensoring, it can mean a lot in terms of profit for the company.”
Costs of builds themselves should become lower now that early warning systems take away the need for over-engineering and for laborious future maintenance schedules.
“We’re all beneficiaries of safety factors that have been used in the past,” Singh said.
“Whenever people built things in the past, they over-designed them to achieve a safety margin. Everything outlives its design because of that fact.
“Now engineers are trying to be more efficient and more optimal in energy consumption or in the weight of the steel. They’re not over-designing things by the same factor any more. You can use this technology to compensate for that.
“Once something is intelligent and it talks to you, you’ll be able to replace pieces of it more quickly. Even if the efficiencies are dropping it tells you, so you can make a change and operate more efficiently as a consequence.”
Most exciting is the way sensors will be able to work together to predict various issues. Weather sensors could work with water management sensors to predict flooding and put dam management plans into play. Heat sensors could work with sensors in the electricity grid to help direct peak power to areas most likely to be using air conditioning. Sensors in roads could warn ‘upstream’ businesses such as fuel stations, hotels and roadhouses of increased potential demand hours before the traffic arrives.
The issue, of course, is that for the magic to happen on so many fronts – construction, maintenance, safety, efficiency, performance – the engineering world needs people and systems to make sense of the mass of data that will be coming its way.
Convergence of tech
The new, web-connected and sensored reality of engineering, which Singh refers to as the ‘Industrial Internet of Things’, is driving a convergence of operations technology, engineering technology and information technology.
Just as scientists can analyse human or animal DNA to anticipate health issues, or to personalise care strategies, so too will engineering businesses be able to harness structural DNA via data from sensors to customise asset maintenance. This is already resulting in impressive savings and efficiencies in such infrastructural systems as those used by South Australia Water.
The challenge for engineering companies will be understanding the way their future business will need to look in order to take advantage of the powerful convergence of technologies.
“Between the various IT systems that are storing the data, the systems controlling the sensors that are emitting the data, and the new engineering technology, you need a common data environment in which they can converge and harmonise in order to run analytics,” Singh said.
“If these things are in separate silos you have a problem.
“The systems won’t talk to each other enough so you won’t be able to unlock the value. To us, the key essential element is this common data environment. The value to all of us is when we can connect these things across multiple sets of data to create real results.” | <urn:uuid:18859acf-48e3-4197-8839-fc6d0ce5dc77> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://createnews.studionerve.com/internet-of-things-infrastructure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358323.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127223710-20211128013710-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.947842 | 1,289 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) is one of the first annual weeds to appear in spring. Common throughout most of North America, knotweed stems spiral outward from a central crown, forming mats of blue-green foliage. A thin, light green sheath covers the base of each blue-green leaf, and helps to hide the small white flowers that are wedged into the leaf axils (where leaves are attached to stems). Knotweed exudes chemicals that inhibit the growth of nearby grasses. Apply a corn gluten herbicide in spring to reduce seed germination. Pull older plants rather than mowing over them, which can increase reseeding.Weed Control Techniques
Corn gluten herbicides. Powdered herbicides made from corn gluten keep crabgrass and other weed seeds from germinating and growing. They are typically spread on established lawns, but they also can be used in gardens where no seeds will be planted, such as in perennial beds. As the corn gluten degrades, it provides a small amount of nitrogen to the soil. Crabgrass begins to germinate at about the time that azaleas, dogwoods, and forsythias bloom, so spread corn gluten at that time for best results. Application procedures vary with the particular product; be sure to read and follow the directions on the label. Do not use corn gluten in newly seeded lawns, or in garden beds where you plan to sow seeds.
Pulling. Most young weeds can be pulled from the soil. They will slide out most easily if you pull them when the soil is wet. Getting the root up is crucial, so think of the main stem as the root's handle, and grasp it as close to the soil line as you can. If you find that the weeds are breaking off at the crown as you pull, slip a kitchen fork, dandelion weeder, or similar tool under the weed, and pry and twist as you pull it up. Weeds that have taproots, such as dandelion and plantain, usually must be pried out. A flexible pair of waterproof gloves will keep your hands comfortable as you weed, and it's good to have a nice sitting pad, too. Let pulled weeds bake in the sun for a day or so before composting them. If pulled weeds are holding mature seeds, compost them separately in a hot, moist pile before using this compost in the garden.Photo courtesy of Randall G. Prostak, University of Massachusetts | <urn:uuid:40a9ced7-0576-4167-b1fb-a978bdc7742e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://garden.org/learn/articles/view/2949/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591719.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720174340-20180720194340-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.947566 | 509 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Italian literature represents the rich culture of the country and depicts the future heroic legends that lived in the country for ages. The literary language of Italy was Latin before the 13th century. The chronicles, the historical poems and the religious poems written in that era were all in Latin. The Sicilian was the earliest poetry ever written in Italian.
The other notable feature of the Italian literature is the epic poem of the Dante The Divine Comedy. The Divine comedy is a dramatization of the medieval theology and philosophy and is a guided tor through the three worlds known as the paradise, hell and purgatory. This was some basic information about the literature in Italy.
The main part of the Italys literature is that it is often depicted in the form of plays, theaters and movies, which try to promote the Italian culture in general and literature in particular.The next time you visit Italy see to it that you have knowledge about the literature of Italy to make the most out of your Italian holiday. | <urn:uuid:10991a4d-372e-4543-8ea4-b712566be5fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.italcult.net/overview-of-italian-literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148671.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229053151-20200229083151-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.981496 | 201 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Op-Ed By Tom Baxter, a senior lecturer in chemical engineering at the University of Aberdeen.
The principle is simple – if oil and gas companies are going to put lots of steel and concrete in the ocean to extract fossil fuels from the seabed, they should return it to its initial state once they are done.
So it’s understandable and entirely predictable that Scotland’s environmental NGOs including WWF and Greenpeace disagreed with Shell’s current plans to decommission its Brent oilfield. Those plans include leaving large sections of the concrete bases of its platforms in place, instead of removing all the drilling equipment from the sea bed.
The comparative societal, environment and economic assessments undertaken by oil and gas companies to justify their decommissioning address options from full removal to leave in place. The requirements of the associated marine legislations are also a vital element of the analysis; particularly the OSPAR Directives.
What these assessments miss is the key role of the taxpayer – the taxpayer will fund at least half of the costs.
As taxpayers, we should be asking the government to show us that the agreed decommissioning plan is the best solution for taxpayers from a societal, environment and economic position. That has to take into account what else could be done with the taxpayers’ money – for example compare it with the benefits that the taxpayers’ money would give if directed into green energy.
So I am asking the government to fund a study that would compare two options based on set sustainability criteria.
The first option would be the current decommissioning plans.
The alternative option is to plug and abandon the wells as currently planned but leave all of the equipment in place. Then, the money saved through not having to remove the hundreds of thousands of tonnes of steel and concrete could be redirected into green energy projects.
The sustainability assessment would define and compare the three recognised pillars: people, profit and planet.
For the current plans, the information could be held by the government as submitted by the companies. This would cover the cost of decommissioning to the operator and taxpayer, the jobs and other socio-economic impacts (fishing, marine transport) together with the environmental footprint (habitat, biodiversity, impact of decommissioning activities etc.).
For the alternative, the same metrics would be evaluated.
I am convinced a new picture, a special set of circumstances, would evolve showing clear differences in favour of green energy.
The green energy investment could generate substantially more jobs than decommissioning. The jobs would be sustainable – design jobs, construction jobs and ongoing employment in operations and maintenance for the 25-year life of the renewable station.
Instead of solely absorbing tax break funding, the renewable stations would be generating profit and paying back to the treasury the associated taxes during their operating life.
The power generated by the stations would be of much more value to society than the disputed benefits from a clean seabed, and of course there would also be a huge environmental positive from carbon and other emissions reduction.
Importantly the green energy route would offer WWF, Greenpeace and others a much better option for the environment. At the moment, all the NGOs are seeing are oil and gas companies relinquishing their obligations and saving money.
When I took part in a recent BBC radio debate with Lang Banks of the WWF, I offered the green energy route and Lang’s comment is still ringing in my: “yes Tom has a point”.
Photo: Albert Bridge via Geography | CC 2.0 | <urn:uuid:17dfcd2f-742d-40f4-a066-a5077c1a995c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.desmog.com/2017/04/24/clean-energy-vs-clean-sea-bed-what-s-best-taxpayer-and-environment-when-it-comes-north-sea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358673.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128224316-20211129014316-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.957082 | 717 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Certain real-time PCR instruments require an internal reference dye for fluorescent signal normalization and correction of well-to-well optical variations. Variation in fluorescence can result from instrument design. ROX passive reference dye is an inert additive that provides a constant fluorescent signal for sample normalization throughout the real-time qPCR assay.
Related Topics: qPCR Instrumentation, qPCR/Real-Time PCR Reagents, and qPCR Assay Design and Optimization.
A Cq (quantification cycle) value is an exponential number derived from the intersection of the threshold and a given amplification curve and is a relative concentration measurement of the target presence in the qPCR reaction. Several factors independent of the sample influence the Cq value — the optical system, PCR supermix, threshold and baseline settings, and the presence or absence of a passive reference dye such as ROX. Before explaining how a passive reference dye like ROX impacts Cq values and qPCR data, it is important to understand how optical real-time PCR detection systems work.
The optical design of most real-time PCR systems, using a lamp or other single stationary light source, creates illumination and detection light paths that vary for each well of the thermal cycler block. The variation in light path lengths produces different absolute fluorescence measurements for wells that contain the same concentration of a reporter fluorophore. A well with a shorter light path, typically located in the middle of the block, will have a higher fluorescence reading compared to a well with a longer light path, typically located on the perimeter of the block (Figure 1).
Fig. 1. Light path differences between wells of a lamp-based real-time PCR system. The well in the center of the block has a shorter light path and, subsequently, emits a higher fluorescence signal compared to the well on the perimeter, which has a longer light path.
The differences in absolute fluorescence levels do not impact real-time PCR results because results are determined by measuring the change in fluorescence of a reporter measured over the course of the reaction. For real-time PCR data processing, the sample fluorescence for each well is first baseline subtracted and then the quantification cycle (Cq) value is determined as a cycle number at which fluorescence has increased above background.
Some lamp- and laser-based real-time PCR systems utilize an internal reference dye to normalize well-to-well fluorescence signal differences resulting from optical path length variations. Normalizing the fluorescence intensity is accomplished in real-time PCR software by dividing the emission intensity of the reporter dye by the emission intensity of a reference dye. In contrast to these real-time PCR systems, Bio-Rad real-time PCR detection systems utilize solid-state optical technology with long-lasting light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for fluorescence excitation and photodiodes for detection. At every position and on every scan, the optics shuttle is reproducibly centered above each well, so the light path is always identical for all wells.
ROX (carboxy-X-rhodamine) is used as a passive reference dye in ROX-dependent real-time PCR systems to normalize for differences in fluorescence levels that can occur due mainly to optical path variations among wells. ROX is not involved in the PCR reaction, and ROX fluorescence levels have no relationship to the quantity of DNA in each well, so the addition of this fluorophore to a supermix provides a constant fluorescent signal during the amplification cycles. The constancy of ROX fluorescence relative to reporter fluorescence signal is used for well-to-well fluorescence normalization.
Different types of real-time PCR systems that require a passive reference standard have different optimal concentrations of ROX, mainly due to the different optical configurations of each system, particularly the type of excitation source and optics used. For some PCR master mixes, the user must determine the correct ROX concentration to optimize real-time PCR results; however, using Bio-Rad universal real-time PCR supermixes, there is no guesswork — our universal reagents can be used on any real-time PCR system.
To normalize real-time PCR data, the fluorescence emission intensity of the reporter dye (for example, SYBR® Green) is divided by the fluorescence emission intensity of the ROX passive reference dye. This ratio is the normalized reporter intensity, or Rn. Table 1 shows the calculation of Rn for two example wells highlighted in Figure 1. To further normalize the data, Rn+ and Rn- are calculated. Rn+ is the Rn of reactions that contain all components of the reaction including the template. Rn- is the baseline fluorescence, which is derived from the early cycles before there is a significant increase in reporter fluorescence. To determine the reporter fluorescence above baseline, ΔRn is calculated as (Rn+) – (Rn-) to increase the accuracy of the fluorescence measurements.
Table 1. Calculation of Rn for two wells at different positions. Fluorescence variation is corrected by normalizing the fluorescent reporter signal to the fluorescent signal of a passive reference dye. RFU, relative fluorescence units.
To determine the initial concentration of input DNA, a threshold is chosen from the ΔRn amplification plot that represents a detectable signal from product, and is on the exponential part of the curve. Where the curve crosses the threshold is known as the quantification cycle, or Cq.
Figure 2 demonstrates the changes that occur with data normalization. The curves in the unnormalized data without ROX (A) are affected by their relative well positions. The amplification traces are not uniform, as ROX correction has not been applied. The Rn values are then baseline corrected by calculating ΔRn (B).
Fig. 2. Passive reference dye correction for differences in optical paths between wells. A, ΔRn vs. cycle without ROX normalization; B, baseline-corrected ΔRn values with ROX.
Does the Use of ROX Compensate for Differences in Well Volume? Normalization of real-time PCR data using ROX or other passive reference dye also reduces, to a small extent, the effects on data of pipetting or other volume errors.
Figure 3 displays the results of a trial in which the effects of pipetting error were mimicked by varying the reaction volumes from 12 to 17 µl (n = 8) while holding the amount of input template constant at 25 ng cDNA. ROX normalization decreased the standard deviation. Additionally, the Cq values were decreased by as much as 1.6 cycles for a 15 µl reaction (Jordan and Kurtz 2010).
Fig. 3. Results on the ABI 7500 system for reactions with the same amount of input template and increasing final reaction volumes. Average Cq values were measured for eight replicate reactions with identical input template amount (25 ng cDNA) and variable reaction volumes (12–17 μl). ROX normalization () lowered the standard deviations of Cq values for each replicate reaction set compared to Cq values for the identical reaction sets without ROX normalization (). Cq, quantification cycle.
The data in Figure 3 were obtained using an Applied Biosystems 7500 system, which is a lamp-based system. Bio-Rad real-time PCR systems use an optical shuttle, resulting in an identical light path for each well. The same protocol for changes in sample volume was repeated using the CFX96™ real-time PCR system. The results, shown in Figure 4, demonstrate that the optical shuttle gives more precise data with lower standard deviations. However, for both instruments, although the change in volume was as much as 40% between reactions, the volume change had no significant impact on the results, due to ROX normalization.
Fig. 4. Results on the CFX96 system for reactions with the same amount of input template and increasing final reaction volumes. Average Cq values were measured for eight replicate reactions with identical input template amount (25 ng cDNA) and variable reaction volumes (12–17 µl). Cq, quantification cycle.
The addition of ROX to real-time PCR reactions can increase accuracy and reproducibility on ROX-dependent real-time PCR systems. ROX normalization can be used to compensate for spurious interwell variations in fluorescence intensity due to differences in the length of optical path, minor changes in well volume due to pipetting or other errors, and some effects of bubbles in wells. Although Bio-Rad real-time PCR detection systems do not require ROX for internal normalization, our universal real-time PCR supermixes perform equally well in both ROX-dependent and ROX-independent instruments.
Jordan L and Kurtz R (2010). Optical design of CFX96™ real-time PCR detection system eliminates the requirement of a passive reference dye. Bio-Rad Bulletin 6047.
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Battle of Bailén
|Battle of Bailén|
|Part of the Peninsular War|
The Surrender at Bailén by José Casado del Alisal. Oil on canvas. Museo del Prado.
|French Empire||Kingdom of Spain|
|Commanders and leaders|
Pierre Dupont (POW)|
Dominique Vedel (POW)
Theodor von Reding
27,110 regulars and militia|
|Casualties and losses|
The Battle of Bailén was fought in 1808 by the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by Generals Francisco Castaños and Theodor von Reding, and the Imperial French Army's II corps d'observation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang. This battle was the first ever open field defeat of the Napoleonic army. The heaviest fighting took place near Bailén (sometimes anglicized Baylen), a village by the Guadalquivir river in the Jaén province of southern Spain.
In June 1808, following the widespread uprisings against the French occupation of Spain, Napoleon organized French units into flying columns to pacify Spain's major centres of resistance. One of these, under General Dupont, was dispatched across the Sierra Morena and south through Andalusia to the port of Cádiz where a French naval squadron lay at the mercy of the Spanish. The Emperor was confident that with 20,000 men, Dupont would crush any opposition encountered on the way. Events proved otherwise, and after storming and plundering Córdoba in July, Dupont retraced his steps to the north of the province to await reinforcements. Meanwhile, General Castaños, commanding the Spanish field army at San Roque, and General von Reding, Governor of Málaga, travelled to Seville to negotiate with the Seville Junta—a patriotic assembly committed to resisting the French incursions—and to turn the province's combined forces against the French.
Dupont's failure to leave Andalusia proved disastrous. Between 16 and 19 July, Spanish forces converged on the French positions stretched out along villages on the Guadalquivir and attacked at several points, forcing the confused French defenders to shift their divisions this way and that. With Castaños pinning Dupont downstream at Andújar, Reding successfully forced the river at Mengibar and seized Bailén, interposing himself between the two wings of the French army. Caught between Castaños and Reding, Dupont attempted vainly to break through the Spanish line at Bailén in three bloody and desperate charges, losing more than 2,500 men.
His attacks defeated, Dupont called for an armistice and was compelled to sign the Convention of Andújar which stipulated the surrender of almost 18,000 men, making Bailén the worst disaster and capitulation of the Peninsular War. In one of the most controversial episodes of the campaign, Dupont ordered his subordinate, Dominique Honoré Antoine Vedel, to surrender his division. Though Vedel's troops were outside the Spanish encirclement, with a good chance of escape, that general surrendered.
When news of the catastrophe reached the French high command in Madrid, the result was a general retreat to the Ebro, abandoning much of Spain to the insurgents. France's enemies in Spain and throughout Europe cheered at this first check to the hitherto unbeatable Imperial armies—tales of Spanish heroism inspired Austria and showed the force of nationwide resistance to Napoleon, setting in motion the rise of the Fifth Coalition against France.
Alarmed by these developments, Napoleon briefly took command of the Spanish theatre and, at the head of fresh troops and overwhelming numbers, dealt devastating blows to the vacillating Spanish rebels and their British allies, recapturing Madrid in November 1808. In doing so, however, the French military committed enormous resources to a long war of attrition characterized by heavy losses to the implacable Spanish guerrillas, ultimately leading to the expulsion of French armies from Spain and the exposure of southern France to invasion in 1814 by combined Spanish, British, and Portuguese forces.
- 1 Background
- 2 War reaches Andalusia
- 3 Battle
- 4 Aftermath
- 5 Battle of Bailén in literature
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Between 1807 and 1808, thousands of French troops marched into Spain to support a Spanish invasion of Portugal orchestrated by Napoleon, who used the opportunity to initiate intrigues against the Spanish royal family. A coup d'état, instigated by Spanish aristocrats with French support, forced Charles IV from his throne in favour of his son Ferdinand, and in April, Napoleon removed both royals to Bayonne to secure their abdication and replace the Spanish Bourbon line with a Bonapartist dynasty headed by his brother Joseph Bonaparte.
However, none of these politicies sat well with the Spanish masses, who declared their loyalty to the deposed Ferdinand and revolted at the prospect of a foreign ruler. An uprising by the citizens of Madrid broke out on May 2, slew 150 French soldiers, and was violently stamped out by Marshal Joachim Murat's elite Imperial Guards and Mamluk cavalry. Joseph's entry into his prospective kingdom was delayed as guerrillas poured down from the mountains and seized or threatened the main roads.
Joseph Bonaparte to Napoleon
On 26 May, Joseph Bonaparte, in absentia, was proclaimed King of Spain and the Indies in Madrid, his envoys receiving the acclamations of the Spanish notables. The madrileños, however, were indignant; Spanish soldiers quietly withdrew to insurgent-held villages and outposts outside the city, and only Murat's 20,000 bayonets kept the city in order.
Outside the capital, the French strategic situation deteriorated rapidly. The bulk of the French army, 80,000 strong, could hold only a narrow strip of central Spain stretching from Pamplona and San Sebastián in the north through to Madrid and Toledo to the south. Murat, stricken in an outbreak of rheumatic colic which swept the French camp, quit his command and returned to France for treatment: "the Spanish priests would have rejoiced if the hand of God had been laid on him whom they called the butcher of the 2nd of May." General Anne Jean Marie René Savary, a man "more distinguished as Minister of Police than as any field commander", arrived to take command of the shaky French garrison at a critical hour.
With much of Spain in open revolt, Napoleon established a headquarters at Bayonne on the Spanish frontier to reorganize his beleaguered forces and redress the situation. Having little respect for his Spanish opponents, the Emperor decided that a swift display of force would cow the insurgents and quickly consolidate his control of Spain. To this end, Napoleon dispatched a number of flying columns to throttle the rebellion by seizing and pacifying Spain's major cities: from Madrid, Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières pushed northwest into Old Castile with 25,000 men and sent a detachment east into Aragón, aiming to capture Santander with one hand and Zaragoza with the other; Marshal Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey marched toward Valencia with 29,350 men; and General Guillaume Philibert Duhesme marshalled 12,710 troops in Catalonia and put Gerona under siege. Finally, General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang, a distinguished division commander, was to lead 13,000 men south toward Seville and ultimately the port of Cádiz, which sheltered Admiral François Rosilly's fleet from the Royal Navy.
War reaches Andalusia
Dupont's corps primarily fielded of second-line forces of a distinctly unimpressive character. These second-line troops, originally raised as provisional or reserve formations, had been intended either for internal police services or garrison duty in Prussia—evidence that Napoleon intended the Spanish campaign to be "a mere promenade." This force approached Córdoba in early June and in their first formal battle on Andalusian soil, captured the bridge at Alcolea, sweeping past the Spanish troops under Colonel Don Pedro de Echávarri that attempted to block their progress. The French entered Córdoba that same afternoon and ransacked the town for four days. However, in the face of increasingly menacing mass uprisings across Andalusia, Dupont decided to withdraw to the Sierra Morena, counting on help from Madrid.
The French retreated fitfully in the sweltering heat, burdened with some 500 wagons of loot and 1,200 ill. A French surgeon remarked: "Our little army carried enough baggage for 150,000 men. Mere captains required wagons drawn by four mules. We counted more than 50 wagons per battalion, the result of the plunder of Córdoba. All our movements were impeded. We owed our defeat to the greed of our generals." General Jacques-Nicolas Gobert's division set out from Madrid on July 2 to add weight to Dupont's expedition. However, only one brigade of his division ultimately reached Dupont, the rest being needed to hold the road north against the guerrillas.
Reinforcements across the Sierra
Napoleon and the French strategists, anxious about their communications with Bayonne and wary of a British descent upon a Biscayan coast already in open revolt, initially prioritized operations in the north of Spain. In mid-June General Antoine Charles Louis Lasalle's victory at Cabezón simplified matters tremendously; with the Spanish militias around Valladolid destroyed and much of Old Castile overrun, Savary shifted his gaze south and resolved to reopen communications with Dupont in Andalusia. Apart from the menace in the north, Napoleon was most anxious to secure the Andalusian provinces, where the traditional, rural peasantry was expected to resist Joseph's rule. On June 19 General Dominique Honoré Antoine Vedel with Dupont's 2nd Infantry Division was dispatched south from Toledo to force a passage over the Sierra Morena, hold the mountains from the guerrillas, and link up with Dupont, pacifying Castile-La Mancha along the way.
Vedel set out with 6,000 men, 700 horse, and 12 guns, joined during the march by small detachments under Generals Claude Roize and Louis Ligier-Belair. The column raced across the plains, encountering no resistance, although stragglers were seized and cut down by the locals. Reaching the sierra on June 26, the column found a detachment of Spanish regulars, smugglers, and guerrillas with six guns under Lieutenant-Colonel Valdecaños blocking the Puerta del Rey. Vedel's troops stormed the ridge and overran the enemy cannon, losing 17 dead or wounded. They then pushed south over the mountains toward La Carolina. The next day they encountered a detachment of Dupont's troops preparing to attack these same passes from the south side. With this junction, communications between Dupont and Madrid were reestablished after a month of silence.
Vedel carried new orders from Madrid and Bayonne: Dupont was instructed to stop his march on Cádiz and fall back north-eastwards on the mountains (a fait accompli), watching the Spanish movements in Andalusia while awaiting the reinforcements to be released upon the capitulation of Zaragoza and Valencia. These capitulations never came. For a time Marshal Moncey was simply nowhere to be found; at length his defeat at the gates of Valencia surfaced; some 17,000 Spaniards under the Conde de Cervellón massed victoriously around that city as Moncey gave up in disgust, having lost 1,000 men in a vain attempt to storm the walls. Suddenly, all prospects evaporated of Moncey's corps pivoting west from Valencia toward Granada and coupling with Dupont in a two-pronged invasion of Andalusia. Nor were troops forthcoming from Aragon, as Zaragoza shook off repeated French assaults and vowed to fight to the death. Meanwhile, Savary set to work preparing for the arrival of Joseph in his new capital. Many of the scattered French formations were drawn back around Madrid for security; Dupont would remain close at hand to succour the capital if Bessières' campaign in the north took a turn for the worse and Spanish armies appeared on the horizon.
Yet at no time was Dupont's Andalusian expedition altogether scrapped. Savary continued to issue vague orders promising reinforcements at an undisclosed date while Napoleon fumed at the prospect of abandoning even Andújar to the Spaniards. With events hanging in the air, Dupont chose to hold his ground along the Guadalquivir, sacking and occupying the town of Bailén and the provincial capital of Jaén, instead of completing his retrograde movement to the strong positions atop the sierra's defiles. Napoleon wrote lightly, "even if he suffers a setback, ...he will just have to come back over the Sierra."
On learning of the French incursion into the southern provinces, General Francisco Javier Castaños, guessing Dupont's intentions, prepared to entrench his army in a fortified camp across from the strongpoint of Cádiz, but Dupont's retrograde movement rendered these precautions unnecessary. Setting up a General Headquarters in Utrera, Castaños organized the Army of Andalusia into four divisions under Generals Theodor von Reding, Antonio Malet (whose staff included a young San Martín, then a captain in the Spanish Army), Félix Jones, and a fourth (reserve) under Manuel la Peña. Colonel Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón led an additional column of some 1,000 skirmishers, armed peasants, and other light infantry.
Stalled on the Guadalquivir
While Dupont lingered at Andújar with two divisions (Generals Gabriel Barbou des Courières and Maurice Ignace Fresia), attempting to master the strategic Madrid—Seville highway and the wide plains which it crossed, Castaños' four divisions advanced steadily from the south and guerrillas from Granada marched to bar the road to the sierra and La Mancha beyond. Vedel's division was posted east to Bailén with a view to guarding these nearby mountain passes and on July 1 Vedel was forced to dispatch a brigade under General Louis Victorin Cassagne to curb the advance of the guerrillas on Jaén and La Carolina, stretching the French line still further east. Meanwhile, General Liger-Belair with 1,500 men moved into a forward post at Mengíbar, a village on the south bank of the Guadalquivir. At Andújar a tower by the river was fortified and small field works constructed on the south bank to forestall an enemy crossing, but, the Guadalquivir being fordable at so many points, and open to fire from the surrounding hills, Dupont's defences did not inspire much confidence. Cassagne, after driving the guerrillas off in rout, returned to Bailén on July 5 with 200 dead or wounded and nothing to show for his exertion—the Spaniards having plundered the towns of all provisions.
Glimmers of the long-promised reinforcements appeared at last: Generals Gobert and Jacques Lefranc passed the Puerta del Rey July 15, leaving behind a strong garrison in the Morena, and descended into Andalusia with their remaining infantry and cuirassiers. Dupont now had over 20,000 men idling along the Guadalquivir while the Spaniards massed and approached. But supplies were scarce and the Spanish peasants had deserted their fields, obliging Dupont's wearied men to bring in the harvest, grind the grain, and bake their own rations; 600 men fell ill during their fortnight's stay by drinking the putrid waters of the Guadalquivir. According to French testimony, "The situation was terrible. Every night, we heard armed peasants roaming around us, drawn to our goods, and every night, we expected to be assassinated."
On July 9 General La Peña's division took up a position extending from El Carpio to Porcuna and the Army of Andalusia began a number of demonstrations against the French. From west to east along the Guadalquivir, Castaños with 14,000 men in two divisions (La Peña and Jones) approached Dupont at Andújar, Coupigny advanced his division to Villa Nueva, and Reding prepared to force a passage at Mengíbar and swing north to Bailén, outflanking the French and cutting Dupont's line of retreat to the mountains. Marching east to Jaén, Reding delivered a strong attack against the French right wing between July 2 and July 3, sending the 3rd Swiss regiment into the teeth of Cassagne's brigade. The Spaniards were forced back (losing 1,500 casualties according to Maximilien Sebastien Foy), but the isolated French brigade felt its danger and on the 4th Cassagne fell back over the Guadalquivir to Bailén, leaving only a few companies to guard the ferry at Mengíbar.
Reding assaulted Mengíbar anew on July 13 and drove Ligier-Belair from the village after a hard fight; at the appearance of Vedel's division, however, the Spanish column quietly drew back and French infantry reclaimed the town. The next day Coupigny tested the grounds at Villa Nueva and engaged the French piquets opposite him in a sharp skirmish. Castaños reached the heights at Arjonilla on July 15 and, setting up a battery on a ridge overlooking Andújar, opened fire on Dupont. At the same time, 1,600–4,000 skirmishers and irregulars under Colonel Cruz-Mourgeón forded the river near Marmolejo and attacked towards Dupont's rear, but were handily repulsed by a French battalion and dispersed into the hills. Alarmed by this show of force, Dupont called on Vedel to release a battalion or even a brigade to his assistance, and Vedel, judging that Mengíbar was not seriously threatened, set out in the night with his entire division. The arrival of Vedel with this sizeable force put an end to the threat at Andújar but gravely imperilled the French left wing (Mengíbar—Bailén—La Carolina), leaving Ligier-Belair seriously denuded of troops in his fight against Reding.
On July 16, Dupont and Vedel, expecting a desperate struggle for Andújar, found Castaños and Coupigny merely repeating the previous day's noisy demonstrations without seriously attempting a passage. Reding, however, was on the move: making a feint toward the Mengibar ferry with his sharpshooters, the Swiss forded the river upstream at Rincon and, encircling Mengibar, crushed the French battalions under Ligier-Belair. General Gobert, rushing forth from Bailén to plug the gap, was shot in the head and later died of the wound, and his counterattack, carried on by General of Brigade François Bertrand Dufour, collapsed under the weight of the Spaniards. Distracting Reding with repeated charges from his cuirassiers, Dufour disengaged his men and fell back onto Bailén.
Alerted to the loss of Mengibar, Dupont hesitated once again. Unwilling to take advantage of Vedel's presence to engage in a trial of strength with Castaños—a successful attack on the Arjonilla might have turned the Spanish line in return and allowed Dupont to swing across the rear of Coupigny and Reding—Dupont hunkered down at Andújar and ordered Vedel's weary division back to Bailén to prevent the collapse of the right wing.
The right wings disengage
The fighting around Mengibar then took a curious turn: Reding, having finally gained the north bank and turned the French flank, suddenly retreated to the other side of the river, perhaps feeling isolated with his lone division. At the same time, guerrillas under Colonel Valdecanos made an unwelcome appearance on Dufour's flank, scattering his outposts and menacing the road to the Puerta del Rey. Dufour, conscious of the danger to the mountain passes, set off to confront the Spanish flankers at Guarromán and La Carolina. Consequently, when Vedel, by another tiring night march, retraced his steps to Bailén, he found the position oddly deserted of both friend and foe.
When his reconnaissance parties made no contact with the enemy at the Guadalquivir, Vedel concluded that Reding had shifted his division to another point along the line. Dufour sent back alarming reports from Guarromán, convincing Vedel that 10,000 Spaniards—perhaps Reding's division, he warned—were marching on the mountains to their rear. This was too much. Gathering his exhausted division, Vedel hurried to Dufour's aid on July 17, arriving at Santa Carolina the next day. Dufour's fatal blunder was soon revealed. Vedel discovered that the small band of irregulars roaming about were not at all the threat Dufour had described; for the third time the Spaniards had stolen a march from him, and Reding still hovered somewhere around Mengibar, out of sight. Worse yet, an enormous gap now existed between Dupont and Vedel, and not a single battalion remained to prevent Reding from seizing the central position at Bailén.
News of Vedel's ill-advised movements reached Dupont at noon on July 18 and convinced him to fall back on Bailén and to recall Vedel there as well, re-concentrating his now dangerously scattered army: "I do not care to occupy Andujar. That post is of no consequence." With a wary eye on Castaños' columns across the river, and needing time to prepare his wagons and carriages (encumbered by plunder from the sack of Cordoba), Dupont postponed the retreat till nightfall, hoping to conceal his departure from the Spaniards. Meanwhile, Reding, calling up Coupigny's division from Villa Nueva, had crossed at Mengibar on July 17 and seized the deserted Bailén, bivouacing there the night and preparing to swing west towards Dupont's—and what he assumed to be Vedel's (oblivious as he was to the latter's recent movement east)—position in the morning.
Vedel quit La Carolina at 5:00 a.m. July 18 and rushed the bone-weary French right wing south-west toward Bailén, unwittingly bearing down on Reding's rear. Both armies were now north of the Guadalquivir and staggered in a curious position: Dupont between Castaños and Reding; Reding between Dupont and Vedel. At Guarromán, scarcely two leagues from Bailén, Vedel rested his footsore troops for a few hours—"he could not refuse this", says General Foy, "after three days and three nights of incessant marching"—while patrols raced west to Linares to secure his rear. Aware neither that Dupont was preparing to move in his direction, nor that Vedel was now in fact drawing in behind him, Reding, posting a few battalions to hold Bailén from whatever French formations might remain in the east, set off with his two divisions westwards July 18, intending to surround Andújar from the rear and smash Dupont against Castaños.
Dupont slipped away from Andújar unobserved and at dawn July 19, his vanguard under Brigadier Théodore Chabert made contact with Reding's leading elements (veterans of the Walloon Guard) just shy of Bailén. Though caught off guard, Reding reacted "with promptitude and skill," dissolving his columns and drawing up a defensive line with 20 guns in an olive grove intersected with deep ravines, about two miles from Dupont's main body. Badly underestimating the force before him, Chabert charged his 3,000 men into Reding's two divisions and was enfiladed and repulsed with heavy losses. Dupont, following with the main body of the convoy at two leagues' distance, halted the bloodied vanguard, posted General Barbou to defend the rear against any pursuit by Castaños, and ordered all other formations to the fore in an attempt to crack Reding's line.
Expecting to be overtaken and crushed by Castaños' columns at any moment—one division under La Peña had already crossed to Andújar in pursuit and approached steadily—Dupont committed his troops piecemeal, without massing a reserve. As one historian observes, his troops were "both exhausted and strung out, and to commit them to battle in dribs and drabs was foolhardy in the extreme." Brigadiers Chabert and Claude Francois Duprès led an infantry brigade and the horse chasseurs against the left wing, held by the Walloon Guards, but no ground was gained and Duprès fell mortally wounded at the head of his troops. Dupont's scattered guns were laboriously formed into batteries to support the attack only to be knocked out by the heavier Spanish artillery once the firing began. On the right, opposite Reding's militias and Swiss regulars, a fierce and desperate attack bent back the Spanish line. The cuirassiers trampled a Spanish infantry regiment, reached the artillery and sabred the gunners, but the defenders, extending their line and maintaining a constant fire, compelled the French to abandon the captured guns and fall back.
Fresh troops came up at 10:00 a.m. and Dupont immediately launched a third attack, with General Claude Marie Joseph Pannetier's brigade leading the charge. One last formation joined them; d'Augier's marines of the Imperial Guard, in theory the best troops present: "They were only three hundred men", Foy remarks, "but they were three hundred whom no fears could ever make falter." Dupont, himself wounded in the hip, grouped his exhausted and worn-out regiments around the Guard battalion in a last effort to break through to Bailén. At this point reserves may have pierced the badly shaken Spanish line: Dupont had none; and the French columns, mercilessly raked by the Spanish artillery, were forced back down the slope for the third time. Dupont's Swiss regiments, originally in Spanish service, defected, arms and baggage, to their former masters; and lastly, Castaños' force finally arrived, overtaking Barbou along the Rumblar (a small tributary flowing from the Morena into the Guadalquivir), with La Peña's division sounding its guns and preparing to storm the French rearguard. The day was lost.
An unexpected Spanish reinforcement appeared suddenly in the last minutes of the battle, slipping south out of the foothills along the Rumblar and taking up positions among the rocks on the French left flank: Colonel de la Cruz. Driven off into the mountains in the attack of July 16, de la Cruz had regrouped 2,000 sharpshooters at Peñas del Moral and climbed back down towards the battle, directed by the sound of firing. Dupont was now hopelessly surrounded on three sides.
Towards noon, as Dupont's guns went quiet, Vedel continued from Guarromán onto Bailén and observed napping troops which he assumed to be Dupont's vanguard returning from Andújar—in fact they were Reding's Spaniards. Vedel and Reding prepared for battle, the former pulling up Legrange's cuirassiers, Cassagne's legion, and Dufour's brigade for the attack. On the Spanish side, Reding deployed Coupigny's division to meet the threat, with an Irish battalion and two guns on a knoll leading up to the mountains; a regiment of regular troops, the Órdenes militares, at the San Cristóbal monastery; militia in support; and the other battalions drawn up behind, in the centre. Two Spanish officers approached Vedel under a flag of truce, announcing that Dupont had been badly defeated and had proposed to suspend arms; the Frenchman replied, "Tell your General, that I care nothing about that, and that I am going to attack him."
Vedel directed Cassagne's legion, supported by André Joseph Boussart's dragoons, against the Irish position on the knoll. While Cassagne grappled the Irish, Boussard raced around the enemy flank and rear, trampled part of Coussigny's militia regiment, and enveloped the knoll. Their guns lost, the Irish battalion surrendered, and Vedel's men took the knoll and 1,500 prisoners. Meanwhile, Colonel Roche's column struck the Spanish strongpoint at San Cristóbal, possession of which was necessary if Vedel hoped to turn Coupigny and force open a path to Dupont. But here the Spanish regulars under Colonel Francisco Soler held their line obstinately and all attacks failed.
Upon Castaños' arrival Dupont decided to call for a truce, negotiating terms with the Spanish officers over several days. After learning this, Vedel withdrew some distance along the highway. Spanish commanders threatened to massacre the French soldiers if this formation did not surrender, and Dupont compelled Vedel to return and lay down his arms. Handing his sword to Castaños, Dupont exclaimed, "You may well, General, be proud of this day; it is remarkable because I have never lost a pitched battle until now—I who have been in more than twenty." The Spaniard's biting reply: "It is the more remarkable because I was never in one before in my life."
While neither a strategic set piece nor the war's largest or bloodiest battle, Bailén quickly assumed mythical status in Spain, its symbolism far eclipsing reality—the negotiated surrender of a rather inexperienced French corps in a peripheral theatre of war. News of the victory rallied much of the vacillating Spanish elite to the insurrectionary movements surging across the country: Suddenly, the expulsion of the French by arms seemed possible, if not inevitable. At the same time, Spanish victory in an obscure Andalusian village signalled to the armies of Europe that the French, long considered invincible, could be beaten—a fact that persuaded the Austrian Empire to initiate the War of the Fifth Coalition against Napoleon:
This was an historic occasion; news of it spread like wildfire throughout Spain and then all Europe. It was the first time since 1801 that a sizable French force had laid down its arms, and the legend of French invincibility underwent a severe shaking. Everywhere anti-French elements drew fresh inspiration from the tidings. The Pope published an open denunciation of Napoleon; Prussian patriots were heartened; and, most significantly of all, the Austrian war party began to secure the support of the Emperor Francis for a renewed challenge to the French Empire.
To commemorate a victory so rich in symbolic and propaganda value, the Seville Junta instituted the Medalla de Bailén. The British press avidly publicized the event and printed Castaños' victory statements across Europe:
This army, so superior to ours, has not only been beaten and routed, but has been constrained to lay down its arms, and give up its artillery, and has suffered the lowest military degradation, which the French have been hitherto accustomed to impose upon all the other nations of Europe; and the Imperial Eagles, the proud insignia of their triumph, have become the trophies of the Spanish Army of Andalusia on the fields of Baylen.— XAVIER DE CASTANOS, Head Quarters, Andujar, July 27, 1808
|“||Has there ever, since the world began, been such stupid, cowardly, idiotic business as this?||”|
Dupont and Vedel returned to Paris in disgrace and were duly court-martialed, deprived of rank and title, and imprisoned at Fort de Joux for their role in the disaster. (Dupont was not paroled until the restoration of Louis XVIII; indeed, rumours persisted that he had been quietly assassinated in captivity.) None of the commanding officers, however slight their share of the responsibility, escaped without retribution: Napoleon held that his army in Spain had been "commanded by postal inspectors rather than generals." In January 1809, the Emperor halted a parade in Valladolid when he recognized Dupont's chief of staff among the commanders, scolding the unfortunate officer in full view of the troops and ordering him off the square. According to General Foy, Napoleon began his tirade: "What, general! did not your hand wither up when you signed that infamous capitulation?" Years later, Napoleon opened an inquiry into the Convention of Andujar under the mandate of the Imperial High Court, in camera, which turned out yet another proclamation against Dupont. An Imperial decree dated May 1, 1812, prohibited any field commander to treat for capitulation and declared every unauthorized surrender a criminal act punishable by death.
French flight and recovery
Apart from the blow to French prestige, Bailén threw the French invasion forces—faltering after their failure to secure Gerona, Zaragoza, Valencia, Barcelona, and Santander, and with the country rapidly arming and mobilizing against them—into panic and disarray. With the sudden loss of 20,000 troops, Napoleon's military machine abruptly fell apart. On Savary's advice, Joseph fled from the openly hostile capital; joining him on the highway were Bessières and Moncey, who drew the French corps north from Madrid and continued past Burgos in what became a wholesale retreat. The French did not halt until they were safely over the Ebro, where they could set up secure defensive positions along the north bank and wait out events. From his makeshift headquarters at Vitoria, Joseph wrote to his brother gloomily: "I repeat that we have not a single Spanish supporter. The whole nation is exasperated and determined to fight." Napoleon, furious and dismayed, remarked that to cross the Ebro was "tantamount to evacuating Spain."
In November, Napoleon directed the bulk of the Grande Armée across the Pyrenees and dealt a series of devastating blows to the vacillating Spanish forces, receiving the surrender of Madrid in scarcely a month's time. Fate was particularly cruel to the victors of Bailén: Castaños was himself routed by Marshal Lannes at the Battle of Tudela in November 1808, while Reding was ridden down and trampled by the French cavalry at the Battle of Valls in 1809, dying of his wounds. Marshal Soult overran much of Andalusia the following year and on January 21, 1810, his men recovered the lost Eagles from the cathedral of Bailén. Before long, only Cádiz remained firmly in Spanish hands, and a difficult war lay ahead to drive the invader from Spain.
Fate of the prisoners
Dupont and his staff officers were transported on Royal Navy vessels to Rochefort harbour after the Seville Junta refused to honour the pact under which the French were to be repatriated via Cádiz. The French prisoners were kept in Cadiz harbor aboard prison hulks, old warships that had their masts and rigging removed. They were fed at irregular intervals on the overcrowded vessels. The start of the Siege of Cádiz in 1810 meant that French troops occupied the land approaches to the city. From 6 to 9 March 1810 a howling storm struck from the southwest and drove one Portuguese and three Spanish battleships ashore, where they were destroyed by French cannon fire. Thirty merchant ships were also sunk or driven ashore in the same tempest, including one vessel with 300 men of the British 4th Foot who became prisoners of war. The French officers, who were segregated aboard the Castilla, noted that vessels which had lost their anchors had drifted onto the opposite shore during the storm. During the next south-wester, on the night of 15 and 16 March, the officers overcame their Spanish guards and cut the prison hulk's cables. The French fought off the crews of two gunboats that tried to retake the vessel and over 600 escaped when the Castilla grounded on the French side of the bay. Ten days afterward, the prisoners on the Argonauta tried the same thing, but suffered a worse fate. The ship stuck fast on a bar out in the harbor and was taken under fire by several gunboats. At length the ship caught fire and fewer than half of the prisoners survived to be rescued by their compatriots. Several British sailors later expressed their revulsion at having to shoot at escaping prisoners.
The few remaining officers were transferred first to Majorca and later to England. The rank and file were sent to the Canary and Balearic Islands, where the inhabitants protested at the proximity of so many of their enemies. Consequently, 7,000 prisoners were put on the uninhabited island of Cabrera. The Spanish government, which could barely supply its own armies in the field, was unable to properly take care of the prisoners. Cannibalism was alleged to have occurred during times when the supply ships failed to arrive. On 6 July 1814, the remaining survivors of Bailén returned to France: fewer than half remained, most having perished in captivity. Many of the survivors never recovered their health after the experience.
Bailén was a triumph for the Spanish Bourbon regime's regular army, successor to the glorious tercios, which Napoleon had derided as "the worst in Europe" (while dismissing the Spanish militia as packs of "bandits led by monks"). Castaños conceded that the greater part of his troops had been "raw and inexperienced; but they were Spaniards, and Spaniards are heroes"; and indeed this maligned army, largely untouched by French Revolutionary innovations—a relic of 18th-century absolutism—outfought the Imperial citizen-soldiers.
Spain's ancien regime military, however, was soon eclipsed by the growing scale of the war—crippled by the infusion of untrained conscripts and caught up in the competing designs of the juntas. Subsequent attempts to replicate Bailén proved particularly dangerous for Spanish units recruited and equipped in the chaos of French military occupation and counterinsurgency: "The raw levies that formed the bulk of the Spanish forces proved incapable of manoeuvring in the face of the enemy, whilst many of them barely knew how to use their weapons, having sometimes only been issued with muskets the day before they went into action." These untrained recruits typically broke ranks when assaulted by the French regulars, "accusing their commanders of treason and leaving the few [Spanish] regulars involved to fend for themselves as best they could. Having run away, meanwhile, the levies invariably exposed themselves to the French cavalry, which were unleashed amongst them with terrible effect, sabring them unmercifully and taking hundreds of them prisoner." Wellington, as allied commander, would inherit this "Bailén syndrome" and attempt to restrain the ardour of the Spanish under his command:
So brilliant was the victory and so simple the encircling manoeuvre, that Wellesley later on had great difficulty in getting 'Baylen' out of the Spaniards' system. He used to say jocularly before every engagement: "Now this is not Baylen—don't attempt to make it a battle of Baylen!"
Battle of Bailén in literature
F. L. Lucas's novel The English Agent – A Tale of the Peninsular War (1969), the account of a British Army officer gathering information before the first British landings, is about the Battle of Bailén and its aftermath.
- Gates, Appendix 2, p. 481
- Napier, p. 73
- Gates, p. 55
- Napier, p. 71 and Foy, p. 346 give 2,000 French casualties. These figures refer to Dupont's July 19 action against Reding; total losses over the four days' battle were much higher. Napier, p. 73, estimates 5,000 French dead or wounded across the field.
- "Spain. Official Account of the Battle of Baylen", The Times. September 23, 1808, p. 3
- Glover, p. 54: "17,635 unwounded men became prisoners of the Spaniards. It was the worst disaster suffered by the French army since the turn of the century."
- Vela, texto e ilustraciones, Francisco (2007). La batalla de Bailén, 1808 : el águila derrotada (1a. ed.). Madrid: Almena Ediciones. ISBN 9788496170766.
- The Peninsular War. Author: Esdaile, Charles. Publisher:Penguin Books, 2002 Edition. Work:Chapter 3, Bailén - The Summer Campaign of 1808 .ISBN 9780140273700
- Chandler, p. 616
- Esdaile (2003), p. 62 notes, "Spain was overjoyed, Britain exultant, France dismayed, and Napoleon outraged. It was the greatest defeat the Napoleonic empire had ever suffered, and, what is more, one inflicted by an opponent for whom the emperor had affected nothing but scorn."
- Chandler, p. 610
- Glover, p. 53
- Foy, p. 311
- Chandler, p. 612
- Foy, p. 312
- Glover, p. 54
- Chandler, p. 611; Gates, pp. 181–182
- Gates, p. 51
- Esdaile 2003, p. 63.
- Esdaile 2003, p. 64.
- "Récit du Docteur Treille" in Larchey, p. 1: Notre petite armée avait plus de bagages qu'une armée de 150,000 hommes. De simples capitaines et des civils assimilés à ce grade avaient des carrosses à quatre mules. On comptait au moins cinquante chariots par bataillon ; c'étaient les dépouilles de la ville de Cordova. Nos mouvements en étaient gênés. Nous dûmes notre perte à la cupidité des chefs.
- Foy, p. 327
- Chandler, p. 615
- Foy, p. 315
- Foy, p. 316
- Napier, p. 69, assigns a strength of 3,000 men to the Spaniards, but claims their colonel defected to Vedel.
- Foy, p. 317
- Foy, p. 318
- Chandler, p. 614
- Esdaile (2003), p. 68
- Esdaile (2003), pp. 67-68, 75-76
- Foy, p. 337
- Conde de Toreno, p. 103
- Hamilton, p. 160
- Foy, p. 331
- Foy, p. 342
- Napier, p. 69
- Gates, p. 52
- Foy, p. 325–326
- Larchey, p. 4: La situation était terrible. Chaque nuit, nous entendions les paysans armés rôder autour de nous, alléchés qu'ils étaient par l'espoir du butin, et chaque nuit, nous nous attendions à être assassinés.
- Napier, p. 70, gives the date as July 1
- Hamilton, p. 162
- Foy, p. 326
- Foy, p. 334
- Hamilton, p. 163; Napier, p. 71
- Gates, p. 53
- Foy, p. 335
- Foy, p. 338
- Foy, p. 339
- Foy, p. 340
- Gates, p. 54
- Napier, p. 71
- Foy, p. 349
- Hamilton, p. 166
- Hamilton, p. 165
- Foy, p. 344
- Hamilton, p. 167 and Foy, p. 344
- Foy, p. 345
- Foy, p. 346
- Gates, p. 54 and Foy, p. 346
- Hamilton, p. 168; Foy, p. 347
- Foy, p. 347
- Foy, p. 350
- Foy, p. 351
- Napier, p. 72
- Esdaile (2003), p. 83
- Cayuela Fernández (2008), p. 118
- Chandler, p. 617
- Chandler, p. 618
- Chandler, p. 618; Glover, p. 54
- Glover, p. 55
- Foy, p. 366
- Foy, p. 368
- Chandler, p. 619
- Glover, p. 118
- Oman (1996), III, pp. 321-322
- Oman (1996), III, pp. 322-323
- Gates, p. 56
- Esdaile (2003), p. 489, notes: "Not only had many officers perished in the uprising of May 1808, but the authority of the army had been severely reduced and the autonomy of the military estate invaded in an unprecedented manner. Following the uprising, meanwhile, new officers and old had found themselves waging a desperate war against a powerful aggressor in the most unfavourable circumstances. Hostile to military discipline, the troops had been prone to riot and desertion just as the populace had done all it could to resist the draft. Meanwhile, unscrupulous and irresponsible propagandists had created false expectations of victory, whilst equally unscrupulous and irresponsible politicians had interfered in the conduct of military operations, failed to supply the army with the sinews of war, fomented alternative structures of military organisation that hindered the war effort as much as they assisted it, and made general after general scapegoats for disasters which were often none of their making."
- Esdaile (2003), p. 66
- Longford, p. 190
- Cayuela Fernández, José Gregorio (2008). La Guerra de la Independencia: Historia Bélica, Pueblo y Nación en España, 1808-1814. Universidad de Salamanca. ISBN 978-84-7800-334-1.
- Chandler, David G. (1994). The Campaigns of Napoleon. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81367-6.
- Foy, Maximilien Sébastien (1827). History of the war in the Peninsula under Napoleon. II. S. and R. Bentley.
- Esdaile, Charles J. (2003). The Peninsular War: A New History. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6231-7.
- Gates, David (1986). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. W W Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-02281-1.
- Glover, Michael (1974). The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History. Penguin Classic Military History (published 2001). ISBN 0-14-139041-7.
- Hamilton, Thomas (1829). Annals of the Peninsular Campaigns: From MDCCCVIII to MDCCCXIV. W. Blackwood.
- Larchey, Lorédan (1884). Les suites d'une capitulation: relations des captifs de Baylen et de la glorieuse retraite du 116e régiment. Imp. Th. Lombaerts.
- Longford, Elizabeth (1969). Wellington: The Years of The Sword. Panther. ISBN 978-0-586-03548-1.
- Lorblanchès, Jean-Claude (2007). Les soldats de Napoléon en Espagne et au Portugal, 1807-1814. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-02477-9.
- Napier, William (1831). History of the War in the Peninsula. I. Frederic Warne and Co.
- Oman, Charles (1996). A History of the Peninsular War Volume III. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole. ISBN 1-85367-223-8.
- Conde de Toreno (1836). Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España. I. M. Rivadeneyra (published 1872).
- Bueno, José María Uniformes españoles de la Guerra de Independencia Aldaba, 1989, ISBN 84-86629-20-9.
- Esdaile, Charles J. The Spanish Army in the Peninsular War Manchester University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-7190-2538-9.
- Oman, Sir Charles A History of the Peninsular War: 1807-09: From the Treaty of Fontainebleau to the Battle of Corunna Greenhill Books, 1995, ISBN 1-85367-214-9.
- Partridge, Richard Battle Studies in the Peninsula May 1808 - January 1809 Constable and Robinson, 1998, ISBN 0-09-477620-2.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Bailén.|
- Maps and information about the Battle of Bailén
- The Cruel War in Spain - Armies, Battles, Skirmishes
- Battle of Bailén. Spanish Source
- Bicentenario de la Batalla de Bailen | <urn:uuid:2debbc1d-126d-4e98-86ce-3f5de685704a> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828448.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217065106-20181217091106-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.939277 | 10,567 | 2.9375 | 3 |
How to Build a Flat Plate Solar Collector How to Build a Flat Plate Solar Collector
When you think about collecting solar energy, you almost automatically think of a flat plate solar collector which seems to be the most popular type. Throughout history, people have looked for find ways to generate energy from the sunlight. A flat plate solar collector is an excellent tool when it comes to this matter. Even if there are no major power companies developing this type of alternative energy resource, the flat plate solar collector has still a lot of potential of becoming a major technology in collecting solar power.
As opposed to using electricity, the flat plate solar collector is designed to convert solar energy into heat. This is why this system is also called a solar thermal system. So if you want to cut on your energy expenses, you may want to try using this cost-effective system. Here are some easy steps you can follow in building a flat plate solar collector.
Step 1 – Test Your Solar Cells
After purchasing solar cells, it is vital that you test them first. Make sure that majority of them is capable in producing at least a hundred watts of electrical power. Test the solar cells individually using a volt meter. Make sure to take down notes of the voltage each solar cell produces.
Step 2 – Cut the Plywood for the Solar Cells
Once you have determined the right amount of power each solar panel would need, cut the plywood according to the size of the entire solar cells. Keep in mind that you can cut the plywood according to your own desire. This is one great advantage of making your own flat plate solar collector. Instead of going for the usual rectangular shape, you can cut it whatever shape you want.
Step 3 – Varnish the Plywood
Apply varnish to the plywood using a paintbrush. It is recommended to use UV-ray protective varnish to make the panel last longer under the heat of the sunlight. Begin working on your solar cells while waiting for the varnish to dry up.
Step 4 – Put Flux on the Solar Cell’s Bus Strips
After varnishing the plywood, it is time to put flux to the bus strips using a Rosin flux pen. This is to get your solar cells ready for the soldering of the tab ribbons. Flux is a chemical cleaning agent that removes oxidation from the joined metals in soldering or welding. Applying the flux will also help you later on in connecting the wiring correctly. Once the flux is applied, attach the solar cells together.
Step 5 – Attach the Solar Panel to the Plywood Panel
When the cells are all connected to each other use little silicon to affix them to the plywood panel. Make sure that there are two unattached wires on the solar cells. Insert the wires through the two holes in the plywood and put silicon to any gaps around the holes as sealant.
Step 6 – Cover the Solar Cells with Plexiglas
Finally, you need to make a frame as a cover for your flat plate solar collector panels. The best cover frame option would be Plexiglas. Attach the cover to the frame using silicon and screws. | <urn:uuid:fd8c8a84-7dad-410a-855d-7c047c7435e2> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-build-a-flat-plate-solar-collector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594018.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722213610-20180722233610-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.917978 | 647 | 3.078125 | 3 |
2.10 Making Sparkling Wine
Over the past few decades the production of Sparkling Wine in Australia has made a quantum leap, and to be fair, much of the increased quality is because of the presence of French know-how.
The most prestigious and expensive technique for Sparkling wine production by which any serious Australian sparkling wine is made has become known as 'Methode Champenoise' (fermentation in the bottle). While the technique of Methode Champenoise is arguably still being refined, the fundamental principles behind bottle fermented sparkling wine were born at the end of the seventeenth century in slightly mysterious circumstances in the depths of the cellars of a Benedictine Abbey, Hautvillers in Epernay.
Monasteries were of course places of prayer, but they were also centres of learning and of wealth, designed to retain light in a world made gloomy by misfortune and misery. Those who entered, far from being excluded from the world, were often involved with cutting edge research while living within a society ordered by piety and ruled over by a patriarchal power. The ingenious monk or monks to whom the credit for the first sparkling wine production is traditionally given must have known how to handle the unpredictable grapes that grow on the slopes of Epernay and Reims in northern France. The autumn weather is very variable in the Champagne region, and the grapes were harvested just as they began to mature, probably in the cool of the morning. The resulting wines were light and slightly sparkling. It was as if the wine had retained some of the greenness and freshness of the grape juice and was continuing with the alchemy of the maturing process in the bottle. This natural fizziness, whilst unusual, did occur in several other regions of France, but the inhabitants of Champagne must have been particularly taken with it. The extremely skillful winemakers of the monastic communities in the Valley of the Marne, where both pleasure and wine had a well-defined place, managed to tame this wonder of nature and succeeded, before others it would seem, in creating a bottle of lightly foaming wine; and this was the birth of champagne. It had a long way to grow up.
The Legacy of Early Sparkling Wines in Australia.
In the Transfer System, (invented in Germany), wine is fermented in a bottle, then emptied into a tank under pressure and run through a filter to remove the yeast lees. (This filtering process replaces the time consuming and expensive rémuage, riddling and dégorgement steps of Methode Champenoise production). Finally, a dosage is added and the wine is re-bottled, still under pressure and shipped off to market.
Carbonation is the least sophisticated technique. There is no secondary fermentation; carbon dioxide gas is injected into the wine in a pressure tank. The wine is sweetened and mixed and is usually produced from machine harvested, 'lesser' sparkling wine varieties or even from the juice of black grape varieties. Historically, Seppelt produced a very respectable sparkling wine from Ondenc, whilst Sultana was the basis of many early bulk bubblies. There were and still are other varieties used in Australian Sparkling wine, such as Muscat Gordo Blanco, Riesling, Chenin blanc, Semillon, Colombard, Trebbiano & Muscadelle. But wines approximating to anything near Champagne in style and quality only started to appear in Australia when Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier - the traditional grape varieties of Champagne, France were adopted as the staple sparkling wine varieties.
Why are drinks like Sparkling wine far more appealing than the same liquid once it has gone flat? Bubbles are generally created from C02, (though presurised air also lends some non-commercial spring waters a certain liveliness). Carbon dioxide dissolves readily at atmospheric pressure, but high pressure allows more to be dissolved. lt forms carbonic acid in the drink and it is this which gives drinks like sparkling wine or soft drink their appealing "fizzy" taste, rather than the bubbles, as many people believe (although bubbles contribute to mouth feel). Dissolved CO2 actually has a distinct taste of its own, which is slightly sharp. When the drink goes flat, most of the dissolved CO2, has been released back into the atmosphere, so the amount of carbonic acid is also reduced. Flat beverages have lost this 'bite' without which they tend to taste insipid and overly sweet.
The names of Dom Pierre Perignon and then Fere Jean Oudart have been recorded by history, however these Benedictine monks were probably not alone, and the credit should quite possibly be shared amongst others, but very little information about their lives and their art penetrated the walls of the monastery's cellars. It is believed that Perignon had the idea to harvest selectively, over a period of days rather than all at once, so that only the ripest fruit was taken with each pass. He is also generally credited with inventing the Coquard or "basket" wine press and using it to make the first"Blanc de Noir".Another of his major developments was to blend wines of different vineyards and varieties to achieve better balance between their individual characteristics. He was an excellent taster and his cuvee system is still followed closely to this day by the house of Moet & Chandon to produce their finest Champagne. Although corks had already been used by the Romans as closures for wine bottles, and the seagoing and trading English had corks, and made sparkling wine several decades earlier than in the landlocked Champagne area. It is Dom Perignon who has been credited with the idea of using string to secure these stoppers in the bottles, thus retaining the sparkle for long periods of time.
Whatever the case, these contemplative wine-makers were no doubt as attached to their ideas as they were appreciative of fine wine, and one can imagine them taking the best part of their accumulated knowledge with them to the grave. Their burial by their brothers - by the rules of the monastery - would certainly have been a very quiet occasion, and a particularly sad one on account of such a loss; although the severity of the mourning may have been somewhat relieved by the cellar's reserves of sparkling wine.
Above: Detail of "Le Dejeuner d'Huitres"(Luncheon with Oysters) by Jean Francois de Troy (1735), the very first known painting of sparkling Champagne. You can see bottles in the ice chest while the diners sip champagne. (Musee Conde in Chantilly)
Methode Champenoise Today
Despite our limited knowledge of this golden monastic period, we do know that the famous 'secret' consisted partly of extremely skillful blending of wines that could vary if the vines were only a stone's throw apart and, partly too, of endless complicated rotations and manipulations of the wine after it had been bottled.
Today, centuries of experience have enabled us to refine the art of bottle-fermented sparkling winemaking to the system known as Methode Champenoise. This system, however, is not a rigid one. Certain steps are prescribed by law in France, while few are required in the New World and there is considerable variation in production philosophy and technique. What is immediately consistent and clear, as we have all learnt to our joy, is that wine produced by Methode Champenoise, as opposed to other sparkling wine production techniques, invariably results in a superior drink. But it is a very difficult wine to make - costly, time consuming, protracted and potentially beset by trouble, as this detailed account of the art of Methode Champenoise illustrates. Compounding the difficulties are a vast array of stylistic decisions, including viticultural practices, cultivars, pressing vs. crushing, types of press and press pressures, phenol levels, use of SO2and the oxidative condition of the base wine, yeast for primary and secondary fermentation, barrel fermentation and aging, fermentation temperatures, lees contact, blending and the nature of the dosage. The following attempts to account for these in as concise a manner as is possible. But before we proceed, it will be helpful to become familiarised with some terms commonly used in Methode Champenoise production:
Terminology used in Methode Champenoise production.
Bead A bubble forming in or on a beverage; used to mean CO2 bubbles in general or sometimes to the ring of bubbles around the edge of the liquid.
Blanc de blanc Champagne made from white grapes.
Blanc de noir Champagne made from the juice of Pinot noir; may impart a light salmon colour to the wine.
Cremant A very lightly sparkling, creamy, and frothy wine.
Cuvee Literally tubful or vatful, this refers to a particular blend to be used for sparkling wine.
Disgorgement The disgorging or removal of the plug of sediment which collected on the cork during riddling.
Dosage Same as dosage in English: an amount of sweetener added back to the bottle after degorgement.
Le got champenois Describes a special bouquet and flavouring high quality sparkling wine; said to arise from the time spent in the bottle on yeast.
Liqueur de expedition (The shipping liqueur) - the mixture added in the dosage process; sometimes consists of a small amount of sugar, some vin de reserve, and touch of brandy (approx. amounts may be 60 grams per 100 ml base wine; brandy may be up to 10% of this).
Liqueur de tirage The mixture of sugar added to the cuvée for the second fermentation.
Methode champenoise Traditional champagne production method that promotes a second fermentation in the bottle.
Mise sur point Placing of the bottles upside down in the pupitres.
Mousse Froth, foam; frothy or sparkling; used as a synonym with cremant. (Avin non mousseux means a still wine.)
Petillant Means sparkling and refers to the fizz or bubbling of a wine; used as a synonym with cremant.
Pupitres The hinged sloping racks used to hold bottles during the riddling process.
Remuage The riddling or turning of the bottles to dislodge yeast sediment and allow it to collect on the cork.
Remueur The person who riddles the bottles.
Tirage Drawing off the base wine combined with sugar and yeast for second fermentation in the bottle or a tank.
Vin de cru A wine coming from a single town.
Vin de cuvee Usually used to refer to a top quality wine (tete de cuvee).
Vin de reserve Some of the base wine held in reserve in which the sugar for the dosage is dissolved.
Note: For readers looking for a more light-hearted introduction to this wonderful drink,
there is an entertaining introductory article on this site - "Champagne - The Inside Story."
1. Viticultural Considerations
The array of viticultural & environmental parameters affecting methode champenoise palatability are broad and include mesoclimate (site climate), canopy climate, soil moisture, temperature, berry size, rootstock, asynchronous development, fruit maturity and leaf area/fruit weight or fruit weight/pruning weight.
Among the viticultural options affecting grape components either directly or indirectly, mesoclimate is probably one of the most important. It is generally accepted that a cool climate which allows the fruit to stay on the vine longer while retaining desirable acidities is important in the production of base wine which will develop the needed complexity during sparkling wine maturation. If the field temperatures and heat summation units were the sole parameters affecting the grapevine climate, then we need only consider the macroclimate in analysing the temperature effects on quality. The real situation, of course, is not that simple. Solar radiation, wind velocity, and to a lesser extent, sky temperature can give ranges of berry temperatures of more than 15°C above to 3°C below the air temperature (Kliewer and Lider, 1968).These variables are further influenced by row orientation, training system, trellis height and vine vigour. In warm regions, great care must be given to harvesting early enough to retain desirable acidities and pH values. A primary challenge in warm climates is the production of a base wine that is not too heavy in body or varietal character, too alcoholic, or too coloured. Warm climate wines, by and large, offer more definitive fruit flavours, less complexity and lower acidity than cooler climates, and they tend to develop more quickly.
Once the mesoclimate has been established, it is necessary to identify grape varieties which will be best suited to it. Some of the many cultivars utilized in various growing regions for methode champenoise are listed inTable 1below, however Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier, and Pinot Blanc are among the more popular varieties and almost exclusively used in the Champagne region.
|Cool Regions||Warm Regions||Hot Regions|
|Pinot Noir||Pinot Noir||Xarello|
|Pinot Meunier||Pinot Meunier||Macabeo|
|Pinot Blanc||Chenin Blanc||Chenin Blanc|
Chardonnay gives life, acid, freshness and aging potential to methode champenoise, though care must be taken to avoid excess maturity, particularly in warmer climates, which produces a dominant, aggressively varietal character. Warm climate Chardonnay cuvees may suffer from a narrow flavour profile, high "melony" aroma notes and lack of freshness, liveliness and length. Additionally, rich fertile soils can cause this variety to produce foliage and grassy aromas. When combined with Pinot Meunier, Chardonnay has a greater capacity to age harmoniously and for a longer time (Hardy, 1989).
Pinot Noir adds depth, complexity, backbone, strength, and fullness(what the French call "carpentry") to methode champenoise wines but is seldom used by itself, even in Blanc de Noirs. Uneven ripening in Pinot Noir is often a problem for producers trying to minimize excessive colour extraction.
There are two philosophies about sourcing grapes for methode champenoise production. The first is to obtain grapes from a single vineyard (monopole). The second is to obtain grapes from as many vineyards as possible in order to maximise complexity of the base wines. Remy Australie employs the first method with its Blue Pyrenees methode champenoise by using the grapes from up to 50 different blocks it has within its own vineyard area. Domaine Chandon, on the other hand, goes out of its way to source grapes from literally every cool wine growing region in Australia, including Margaret River, the Yarra Valley and Tasmania.
Methode champenoise producers harvest based upon the flavour and aroma of the juice, as well as analysis of °Brix (approximate concentration of grape sugars), acid and pH, according to the desired style. Producers are generally striving for base wines that are clean, delicate, not varietally assertive, yet not dull or lifeless either. Immature fruit produces wines that are green or grassy while overly ripe fruit can produce a base wine that is excsertive. Early harvest in warmer climates helps minimize excessive varietal character which can be overpowering.
Most producers carefully hand-harvest into small containers to avoid berry breakage and then bring the fruit in from the fields quickly. Grapes must be harvested as cool as possible with the least possible skin contact, particularly with red varieties used for Blanc de Noirs. Reduced skin contact produces a more elegant, less varietally dominant base wine, whereas skin contact releases more aromas, but may also extract coarser components. Proximity to the processing facility is therefore important. Conveyors and delivery systems that may break the berries prior to either pressing and draining, and prolonged transport of warm, machine-harvested fruit is undesirable for methode champenoise production. Oxidation at this stage would reduce desirable aroma / flavour profiles and provide excessive phenols which may cause bitterness and reduced aging capacity.
For premium methode champenoise, the grapes are usually pressed rather than crushed and pressed. No separation of the stems need occur before pressing. The stems insure efficient and improved draining and pressing of the whole grapes at lower pressures. Ultimately, this aids in obtaining a higher quality, more delicate first-cut press juice. Pressing of the fruit is carried out in three stages, owing to the way in which the sugars and acids are positioned in the grape. The juice flowing out of the berry comes from the juice of the pulp during the early stages of pressing and is usually better suited for méthode champenoise. Figure 1 [right] illustrates the three juice zones in the grape berry: the juice of the pulp (Zone 1), the juice of the pulp area around the seeds (Zone 2), and the juice from just beneath the skins (Zone 3). The point of rupture is usually opposite the pedicel. The intermediate zone (2) which contains the most fragile cells, is first extracted before the central zone (1) and finally the peripheral zone (3)(Dunsford and Sneyd, 1989). The concentration of tartaric acid is highest in zone 1 and lowest in zone 3 and hence should be extracted initially. Malic acid concentration decreases from the centre (zone 2) to the skin, and so is also extracted fairly quickly. By contrast, the concentration of potassium, the dominant cation, is highest in zone 3, which is extracted last. A juice extracted from the first two zones will, therefore, have the highest acidity, lowest potassium, lowest pH and the lowest susceptibility to oxidation which will result in a wine of greater freshness. The goal is usually to preserve the integrity of the berry so that the components of the different zones are not mixed.
Flavonoids such as catechins are extracted from the skins with increased press pressure and may vary with the type of press employed. Catechins account for most of the flavour in white wines with limited skin contact. Moderate pressures or combining portions of later press fractions are methods of stylistic input that can affect such things as the tactile base of the aroma/flavour character of the cuvee. The champagne basket press of cocquard [left] is still used by some houses in Europe. This device is unique in that it has a very shallow press basket, rarely over two feet deep, with a diameter of 10 feet. The shallowness of the base relative to its width allows for grapes to be spread out in a fairly thin layer which reduces skin contact with the juice as it flows through the pressed mass of grapes. Thus, less press pressure is required. Unlike the basket press, newer tank presses are pneumatic, give complete control, higher yields, produce less non soluble solids, low phenols, and require much lower press pressures(Downs, 1983). Low pressure minimizes the chance of macerating the stems and releasing bitter compounds into the juice. Gentle pressing of cool fruit extracts fewer flavonoid phenols. These compounds are responsible for astringency, bitterness and colour. The juice near the skins and seeds, released by heavier press pressures, has more intense aroma / flavours and more flavonoid phenols. A tank press can press to dryness at two atmospheres or less and take cuts.
The juice obtained from the different stages of the pressing cycle is drawn and stored in separate vessels. All or portions of the second press fractions may be blended with the primary fraction due to sensory and economic necessity, but the third fraction is seldom employed in premium methode champenoise production. Most producers are looking for delicacy, which is associated with the initial juice extracted.
Sulphur dioxide is added to the juice expelled from the press but never directly into the press in order to avoid extraction of phenols. The press juice fractions are often clarified then cold-settled The resultant wines are called "base wines". The winemaker thus ends up with at least three base wines from each pressing operation. The different pressings from the different grape varieties and from each vineyard are usually stored and fermented separately. Makers of sparkling wine then have many different wines in their cellars at the end of vintage, increasing their options in the blending process that follows.
|VIDEO: Making the Base Wine.|
4. Primary Fermentation of the base wines
The base wines may be made in different ways. For example, some producers choose to ferment their cuvees warm (18-21°C) to reduce the floral intensity, thus making a more austere product. Elevated fermentation temperatures are desirable if a malolactic fermentation is sought to decrease perceived acidity. The yeast employed is occasionally the same for the primary and secondary fermentation. Sparkling wine yeasts are selected for their ability, among other things, to produce esters. Those yeasts often used for primary fermentation include Montrachet UCD 522, Pasteur Champagne UCD 595, and California Champagne UCD 505, among others. However, using the same yeasts for both fermentations can result in an end product that is too floral and too high in volatile components.
The primary fermentation is generally conducted in stainless l, however, European houses use small wooden casks and barrels to ferment all or part of the cuvee. Barrel fermentation results in added structure, often without significant harshness or astringency. But those who suggest that greater finesse and elegance results from wood are countered by the majority who fear the wine will pick up excess tannin and colour. The famous Champagne house "Krug", ferment their entire vintage slowly at low temperatures in oak vats, believing this to add more bouquet. This is consistent with their desired style, which is full flavoured, mature tasting and amongst the most complex of all Champagnes.
Because it is rare that a single wine of a single vintage from a single vineyard will be perfectly balanced in composition and flavour for a premium sparkling wine, blending is often performed from as many as 30-40+ base wines. The selection of the final cuvee components is conducted with three main objectives in view:
2. the enhancement of the quality of the individual wines; and
3. the production of a base wine of sufficient quantity.
It is a very interesting exercise to taste the fermented base wines as they come in, with some of the very cool vineyard areas producing base wines of exceptionally high acidity, and others of wonderful fruit. The first decision to make is whether the new wines are of sufficient palatability to produce methode champenoise. A desired cuvee is one with body, length, substance and structure with no single varietal character dominating. Chardonnay alone, for example, can be highly perfumey and somewhat candy-like, with intense richness. Pinot noir often produces a light, earthy, strawberry aroma. Our European colleagues use the analogy: "the Pinot Noir is the frame; the Chardonnay, the picture; and the Pinot Meunier, the dressing for Champagne."
Some prescribed chemical attributes of the cuvee usually include alcohol (between about 10.5%-11.5%), high acid, low pH (less than 3.3), low flavonoid phenol content, low aldehydes, low metal content, low volatile acidity and little colour. Ultimately, however, it is the gifts and talents of the wine maker that will determine a blend in order to create a wine with both finesse and complexity. Indeed, blending was, and still is, considered by most to be the key to the art of great methode champenoise. The supreme challenge for the winemaker is that he or she must blend the wines when they have the better part of their lives yet to come. This requires considerable insight. One can appreciate the difficulty of predicting the final results of blends that will be consumed years later.
6. Reserve Wine
Because the Champagne region's cold climate ripens grapes fully only about once every three years, the solution was to create a non-vintage style that overcomes vintage variability. New World sparkling wine producers have followed suit, sometimes blending hundreds of base wines drawn from subregional vineyard sites and many vintages into a standard, non-vintage wine. The idea is to create a consistent "house style" (light, medium or full bodied) that smells, tastes and feels like the previous year's release. Reserve wines are key to maintaining consistency in non vintage Champagne, and also in making the wine easier to drink at an early stage. Generally, at least one eighth of new wine is put into reserve for this purpose in Champagne. Reserve wine is stored in magnums (as is the case with Bollinger) or in bulk, sometimes under an inert gas environment. A typical non-vintage Champagne is produced largely from wine of the current vintage augmented by reserve wine. Reserve wine can be added during assemblage or blending and may be a component of the dosage. Such practices are based upon production and vintage dating considerations.
7. Cuvee Filtration
Immediately prior to bottling, many producers filter their cuvees. This occurs, of course, before yeasting. The purpose of such an operation is twofold: to help prevent malolactic fermentation and to begin the secondary fermentation with "clean" wine. Some, such as Krug, do not filter at all, but simply clarify once with isinglass(Duijker, 1980). Those concerned with the possibility of a malolactic fermentation in the bottle generally sterile filter their cuvees.
8. Yeasts & Preparing for the Secondary Fermentation
After the composition of the cuvee is decided, the selected wines are mixed with an amount of yeast, sugar and other additives such as riddling aids (see below), and then transferred to the bottles in which the secondary fermentation will take place and in which the wine will be sold.
Because the demands on the yeast are very specific, the vintner must be specific in yeast selection. For example, Chardonnay is sometimes difficult to ferment to dryness; therefore, a strong fermenter may be desirable. Some yeasts are very delicate, others assertive or defined, with regard to the character they impart to the sparkling wine. This is another stylistic consideration. Sparkling wine yeasts are available on slants, in liquid, and in active dry forms. Many sparkling-wine makers also employ their own proprietary yeast strains. Some sparkling wine producers use mixed cultures for the secondary fermentation believing that such a procedure adds complexity.
A common preparation method is as follows:(Bannister, 1983) 500 millilitres of a solution of sterile wine (the cuvee to be fermented) and sterile water are diluted to 7% alcohol. To this, 5% sugar and 12 grams of yeast extract are added. This media is inoculated from a slant yeast culture using strict aseptic techniques and incubated at approximately 80°F. When the sugar is half utilized, the culture is transferred directly into 1.5 litres of undiluted wine to which 5% sugar has been added. This is repeated using a 10% inoculum into a new-wine volume that has 5% sugar added. Transfers are made at 2.5% sugar. This is repeated again until a 5% inoculum volume has been produced (5% of the cuvee volume that is to be fermented). Care be taken not to allow the culture to go to dryness prior to transfer because the alcohol level will increase and begin to inhibit the yeast. When all the sugar has been depleted in the media, the yeasts rapidly begin the death phase. Transferring the growing culture at 2.5% sugar will acclimate the yeast to be able to grow in a 2.5% sugared cuvee. Additionally, during the transfers it is desirable to go from inoculation temperature to the temperature at which the cuvee wie fermented. To insure secondary bottle fermentation, a minimum of 1 million cells per millilitre should be added to each bottle (Geoffroy and Perin, 1965).
If equipment is limited, the use of active dried yeast may be considered easier. It is preferable to feed and grow several generations of active dried yeast prior to the addition into the cuvee. This allows the producer to train the yeast to go in the cuvee as well as monitor yeast viability and possible contamination. An increase in the number of yeast cells in the cuvee may give a fuller character and flavour to the sparkling wine(Berti, 19 Care must be used, however, to avoid rapid secondary fermentation and the development of hydrogen sulphide and other off odours. (For additional information regarding yeast culture preparation, see Fuglesang, 1997.)
To sum up then, for the secondary fermentation (prise de mousse), a yeast with the following attributes is desirable: pressure tolerance, alcohol tolerance, cold tolerance, SO2 tolerance, one that produces little SO2, ferments to dryness, dies or becomes inactive following fermentation, does not stain the wall of the bottle, has desirable flocculating or agglutinating ability, produces no off flavours or odours, and has a desirable effect on carbonation.
Liqueur de Tirage (Sugar) & Sparkling Wine Styles
Different wineries use various sugar sources for the 'prise de mousse' (or capturing the sparkle). Bottler graded sucrose or dextrose are perhaps the most common in the New World. arger operations may choose to employ sugar syrups. Many French producers use high quality beet sugar. Some use a 50% sugar solution - 500 grams/litre (g/L) of sugar in wine, with 1.5% citric acid frequently added to invert the sugar if sucrose is used. The various champagne styles with their corresponding degrees of sugar are as follows:
Extra Brut or Brut de Brut (not dosed). A less common style these days, resulting in a very dry wine.
The sugar content or dosage is from 0-6 g/L.
Brut. (Dry) Most Champagnes fall into this category. The sugar content is from 0-15 g/L. In exceptional vintages the grapes have enough natural sugar to be a "Brut" style without any dosage.
Cremants, produced by the addition of 15-18 g/L sugar, were first made in 1850 as meal compliments and possess a creamy mouthfeel. They should be consumed young as they age quickly.
Extra-Sec. (Off-Dry to Medium Dry) A very unusual style with 12-20 g/L sugar.
Sec. (Medium-Dry) 17-35 g/L sugar.
Demi-Sec. (Quite Sweet) This style is ideal with desserts and foie gras. Most houses do a Demi-Sec. The sugar content is between 35-50 g/L.
Doux. (Rich and Sweet) This style is intensely sweet at over 50 grammes of sugar per litre, and quite rare. The early Champagnes, particularly those favoured in Russia (which was a major Champagne market until the revolution in 1917) were of this style.
To enhance riddling ability during maturation, disgorgement, and even the potential wine palatability, some vintners add riddling aids at the time of cuvee bottling. Such aids (fining agents) may enhance the riddler's ability to convey the yeast to the neck of the bottle. When there is sedimentation of the yeast with the proper fining agent, riddling can be much easier. Some common riddling aids are:
Clarifying Agent C
Bentonite is, perhaps, the most popular riddling aid in countries like the U.S.A. because of its relatively inert nature. It seldom has a detrimental effect on product palatability at the levels employed (usually less than 6 g/HL or 2 pound/ 1000 gallons). In Europe, calcium bentonite (3.5 g/HL (1/4 lb per 1000 gallons) is frequently used. Care must be taken to avoid the addition of too much riddling aid, which can make riddling, and particularly disgorgement, difficult (Zoecklein, 1987a).The choice of riddling aids should ale based upon the expected time sur lie. Clays are often preferred for young wines while gelatins are aged or older wines. The major disadvantage with the use of riddling aids is that their effects on both riddling ease and sparkling wine palatability are not predictable. Riddling aids may influence foam and/or bubbles as well as wine clarity. Tirage tannin, for example, may positively influence mousse quality (Munksgard, 1998). Because each cuvee is different, the winemaker must wait until riddling and disgorgement to review the merits or deficiencies of the riddling aid(s) employed.
Finally we arrive at the cuvee bottling line. Here are added to the bottle the afore-mentioned ingredients, as a uniform mixture of wine yeast, dissolved sugar, sulphur dioxide, possibly riddling aids and nutrients too. The bottle fill level should be based upon an understanding of disgorgement volume loss and desired dosage volume. Disgorgement volume loss should not exceed 2%. In Europe, the minimum pressure for sparkling wines recommended by l'Office International de la Vigne et du Vin is 51 psig at 20°C in bottles over 250 mL capacity. Accurate determination is critical. The bottles themselves must be heavy weight, and pressure tested.
After the cuvee has been placed in the bottle, a bedule is inserted into the bottle either by hand or by machine. This is a hollow polyethylene cup usually 17 mm dia x 14 mm high. Bedules help prevent leakage and metal contact from caps; further, they give a better seal and aid in disgorgement. A closure is then placed on the bottle - usually a specially designed, stainless steel or aluminium crown cap with a liner and sufficient skirt length to grip over the bead of the bottle for a proper seal.
9. Bottle Fermentation
Following sealing, sparkling wines are stored for the secondary fermentation. The storage method is dictated by general economics, the intended riddling system and space considerations. There are several bottle storage systems(Zoecklein, 1986d).'Sur lattes' (stacking bottles on the floor) is labour-intensive, although it can add an aesthetic appeal to the cellar. One person can stack approximately 2000 bottles a day.(Berti, 1981) This system requires considerable bottle handling going from cuvee line to stack, to poinitage (bottle shaking), then to the riddling system. Another choice is to use bins. Wooden or caged bins, often holding from 380-504 bottles, are available. These can be stacked, thus requiring much less floor space. A third method of bottle storage is to place bottles into cartons (the same cartons that will go to market) and allow the secondary fermentation and riddling to transpire in those cartons. This is a system designed and patented by California's 'Korbel' winery. Twenty pallet loads at a time are tied down on a conveyor that employs a shaft to shake the wine gently and evenly on a programmed cycle and air bags that inflate and tilt the bottles by lifting one side of the pallet.
During binning, in either cases or cartons, most producers at some time store their bottles with the neck slightly down so the air bubble in the bottle moves away from the neck toward the back of the bottle. This helps avoid any bottle staining in the neck and allows the winemaker to use the bubble as a 'scrubber' to free k yeast deposits prio remuage (riddling). Of course, the bottle storage area should be cool and have minimum temperature fluctuations and minimum lighting.
Fermentation within the bottle can often be observed as a ring of CO2bubbles around the base of the air bubble and its progress is usually noted by examination of either the reducing sugar, the bottle pressure, or both. A secondary fermentation at 12-15°C can be expected to last 0.5-1.5 months, though sometimes it will continue over several months. The rate of the secondary fermentation is a function of the yeast, yeast volume, the temperature, and cuvee chemistry. The rate is increased by high pH, high yeast nutrients, a low phenol content, a low alcohol content, low sulphur, and low carbon dioxide pressure(Reed and Peppler, 1973). The fermentation temperature is usually not lower than 48°F (8.89°C) and not greater than 55°F (12.78°C). Some prefer a cool secondary fermentation temperature of 12°C (54°F) believing this to affect the amount of carbon dioxide chemically and physically bound (Merzhanian, 1963). Growth at low temperatures is believed to increase the production of lipids which favour bubble retention. A high secondary fermentation temperature is believed to result in coarse bubbles that are larger with less retention(Brusilovski et al., 1977). Other factors affecting bubble retention include yeast strain, the nature of the still wine, and the length of time under pressure in contact with yeast (Berti, 1981). When poor fermentation in the bottle occurs it can usually be attributed to a poor starter (low inoculum, low temperatures, and/or undesirable cuvee chemistry).
As a result of storing wine in contact with yeast, there is an enrichment of the wine with amino acids(Bergner and Wagner, 1965).However other compounds are known to be increasing too: Esters, amides, fatty acids, and terpenoids are all shown to increase due to yeast autolysis. The products of yeast autolysis and aging not only improve flavour, bouquet, complexity, and depth, but possibly also CO2 retention and bubble size.
10. Aging Surlie
During the secondary fermentation there is an accumulation of amino acids from the cuvee into the yeast cell. At the end of fermentation, when the sugar has been depleted, the yeast restores the amino acids back to the medium. This is not autolysis but simply a free exchange back to the wine. After this excretion of amino acids by the yeast at the end of the secondary fermentation, the concentration of amino acids remains stable for several months. Yeast autolysis then begins with a slow rise in the amino acid concentration, particularly between the 12th to the 43rd month sur lie. The proline, lysine, leucine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, phenylalanine, serine, and valine content also significantly increase with age in bottle-fermented sparkling wine. (Bergner and Wagner, 1965)
Influences contributing to the increased rate of autolysis include elevated pH levels and temperatures. However to have a detrimental effect on both bubble retention and sensory attributes of the final wine.
The chemical changes in from the cuvee to the final wine contribute to the character and complexity of Methode Champenoise wines(Schanderl, 1943).These along with the changes that occur during aging, help explain the sensory differences between methode champenoise and charmat produced champagne.(Janke and Rohr, 1960). Adequate aging sur lie is, in particular, needed to develop roundness in the body and general flavour and complexity. (The 'yeasty' character does not refer to bread-type yeasty fermentation aromas, but to a toasty-like note that is the result of aging and yeast autolysis). If maturation is not carried out during the aging in contact with the yeast, it cannot be attained later. The dosage liqueur can add only a slight attenuation to the sparkling wine palatability. (In fact, wines cannot be sold as Champagnes in France if they have not been kept on the yeast for at least nine months).
All of the critical factors that influence bubble size conditions of the secondary fermentation, concentration of nitrogenous compounds in the cuvée and yeast autolysis appear to play an important role.
|VIDEO: Bottle Fermentation & Remauge.|
11. Remuage (Riddling)
When the winemaker considers that his wine has matured for a significant length of time sur lie, the process of removing the sediment is begun. Most believe that the wine should be left in contact with the yeast deposit at least a year before disgorging in order to allow the yeast cells to die and to permit the development of the 'champagne bouquet'. Remuage (riddling) is the process by which gravity conveys the sediment the neck of the bottle, causing the heavy particles to ride over and bring down the lighter more flocculent particles. The sediment in the bottle is not quite homogenous, being composed of yeast, protein material and possibly some bitartrate and riddling aids. The heavy substances are fairly willing to descend, but the lighter particles tend to easily float up into the wine, adding a significant degree of difficulty to the riddling process. However, the longer the yeast has been in contact with the wine, the more homogeneous is the sediment and the easier it is to remove. As to why certain wines and certain vintages riddle easier than others is not fully understood (Zoecklein, 1987).
Riddling is performed by hand, automatically, or semi-automatically. (The widow Clicquot is credited with pioneering a way of removing the yeast sediment from mature bottles which has changed little to this day.) After shaking, the bottles are allowed to rest before riddling to allow the lees to settle. It is important that air currents in the riddling area be minimized. Air movement will cause convection currents within the bottle, which will make riddling more difficult. The use of air conditioning, therefore, is not encouraged. In the hand-riddling operation, bottles are loaded into 'pupitres' (A-frames) that are about 6-feet high & 10-feet wide, spread out to approximately 40-42 inches, holding 60 bottles per side. Hand remuage is said to have 3 phases. The bottles are first rotated, then oscillated, and finally tilted slightly. It is said to take years to learn how to properly perform these steps efficiently and effectively.
The bottles begin at an angle approximately 25-30° from the horizontal. Generally, two bottles are grasped, lifted approximately 1/4 inch from the rack and twisted rapidly 1/8 turn to the right then back to the left. The bottles are then placed back into the rack 1/4 inch to the right of the original position and at a steeper angle. The 'twist-counter-twist' is designed to create a backspin by causing the liquid to move one way and the glass another, and then stop abruptly. This rotative movement ensures that the main mass of sediment as it descends toward the neck does so at a different point on the circumference of t of the gla oscillation. The bottle is placed back into the rack at a slightly steeper angle and ends up at approximately 50-55° from the horizontal. Gravity causes the the sediment to slide down a fraction of an inch toward the crown. Each bottle is turned every 8 hours or once per day. A skilled hand-riddler may turn as many as 25,000 bottles per day(Reventos, 1982).The process may take 1 week to 3 months or longer depending upon the nature of the sparkling wine and the skill of the remueur.
However, the Remueurs are slowly becoming an endangered species. Automatic riddling machines are now more common. The gyropallete, is one such machine, which consists of a pallet basket that holds approximately 504 bottles. The pallet basket can shift in all directions up and down as well as from side to side- and stop abruptly. These units can be controlled by a computer system that can operate many units under different riddling cycles. California's Korbel winery perfected an early auto-riddling system consisting of 7 layers of dntal racks. The upper rack in each level is stationary, the lower movable. Bottles are placed into this system by hand and are at about 20° angle from the vertical. The bottles are then flip-flopped back and forth four times a day by moving the lower movable rack and are vibrated for several minutes. Riddling is often accomplished within 7 days (Berti, 1981). Korbel's second innovation was a system allowing wine to be riddled in the same case that goes to market. Bottles undergo 12-18 months in the carton, neck-up. The cartons are then inverted and moved to special pallets that tilt 25° and vibrate briefly to loosen the yeast from the walls of the bottles. The elevated side of the pallet abruptly falls, thus jolting the bottles. One thousand cases at a time are riddled, which takes 5-7 days (Stashak, 1983).Some small producers, on the other hand, use a batch, semi-automatic system that consists of a metal frame rotated on a pivot. Each rocker holds approximately 500 a metal bin that has a bottom which is mounted on an eight-sided fulcrum that enables the bin to revolve by one-eighth of a turn in one movement. Other innovators have adapted such things as paint shakers. But neither the auto-riddler nor the rocker systems universally do as good a job as the hand-riddler. This is principally due to the fact that in bin-riddlers, bottles are usually not given the same jolting action received by hand-riddling and even those sparkling-wine houses that have heavily invested in auto-riddlers also rely on hand riddling for difficult bottles. When riddling is complete the winemaker reviews the clarity of the riddled bottles. When the sediment has been fully convoyed to the neck of each bottle, they wine is ready to be disgorged.
The next bit of action will be a mystery to many wine lovers: How to get the dead yeast cells and other sediments out of the bottle? This relatively simple process is known as 'disgorgement'. Prior to disgorging, the wine is usually chilled to about 4-10°C. This aids in preventing any significant loss of either product or carbon dioxide. (The lower the temperature, the less carbon dioxide will be lost). The chilled bottles are placed neck first into a brine of calcium chloride or a glycol solution (-15°C or 5°F) which freezes the sediment and a small portion of the liquid in the top one inch of the bottle neck. Care must be taken to avoid freezing too much liquid, which may make disgorging difficult.
The yeast & sediment is entrapped in the bedule and ice plug. (The bedule, as described before, helps to insure that the plug will be ejected uniformly and that no yeast residue will be left). If disgorgement is not properly executed, refermentation may occur. Small producers disgorge by hand: Holding a single bottle, neck-up, at about a 45° angle, the crown cap is lifted from the bottle. The pressure within the bottle ejects the bedule and ice plug. The disgorger places his thumb over the mouth of the bottle to prevent pressure loss. He then evaluates the wine for clarity, checks that all the yeast sediment has been expelled and smells it to ensure there are no off odours. Wines with a reductive character (hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans, etc.) are separated and often discarded. When done properly, only about 2% of the bottle's volume is lost and 1-2 atmospheres of carbon dioxide pressure. One person can hand-disgorge about 1,500-2,000 bottles per day (Fowler, 1983b). Automatic units are also employed which can disgorge in excess of 2,700 bottles per hour. After disgorgement, the bottle is then placed on a tourniquet device for the dosage.
The dosage (or 'liqueur d'expedition') material is any that alters the taste and composition of the sparkling wine and its addition permits a certain 'rounding of the edges' of the final wine. It should be noted, however, that while excessive sweetening can help to mask the defects of a sparkling wine, it can also conceal qualities.
Each firm has a slightly different formula for the dosage, and some use no dosage at all in certain products. The dosage may consist of wine, sugar, brandy, sulphur dioxide, ascorbic acid, citric acid or copper sulphate amongst other substances. The dosage liqueur must be filtered until brilliantly clear and free from suspended materials. If this is not done, gushing will occur (see below). With a hand-operated dosage machine, a piston adds a given amount of dosage to each bottle (0-45 mL). These machines also add sparkling wine from another bottle to bring the volume to the proper fill level. Having the dosage and the sparkling wine at the same temperature and chilling the bottle helps reduce gushing. Following the dosage and corking, bottles are shaken to distribute the dosage liqueur. Mnay sparkling wine houses allow the wine and dosage to marry prior to release with such 'empilage' periods frequently lasting up to six months.
Sugar in the dosage is added for the purpose of sweetening, balancing the acidity, masking astringency/bitterness and slightly modifying flavour. The sugar source is often sucrose, invert sugar, or sugar syrup. Corn sugar is reported to add a candied-fruit character, whereas beet sugar may affect palatability. The sugar is dissolved in wine or occasionally deionised water. The volume of sugar syrup will alter not only the sugar/acid perception but also the character of the wine. Most wines are dosed with sucrose which, with time, will be inverted to glucose and fructose which might change the level of perceptible sweetness or dryness. Carbon dioxide can cause a reduction of one's perception of sugar. Only the best wines have the gentleness to be 'perfect' without some added sweetness. (Perhaps the best known naturals are the 'Brut Sauvage' of Piper Heidsieck and the 'la Brut Zero of Laurent Perier'). Sugar dosages are often produced from secondary and later press fractions. The use of wine in the dosage allows for minor attenuationacter. The addition of a recent of the dosage can aighten up the finished product. Oak-aged wine can be used to add depth and complexity. A red wine in the dosage can be used to add depth and brightness to the colour of sparkling roses. (Some sparkling roses are made by cuvaison, a method in which the colour comes from keeping the juice in contact with the skins for some time. The rather pale hue that develops can be corrected by adding red wine to the dosage. The advantage of such a prstomization of the desired colour.)
There are varying opinions about the desirability of espirit de cognac and its effects on methode champenoise palatability. The limited use reflects the desire for natural grape flavours. In years when the cuvee alcohol is low, addition of spirits may be desirable. The cognac or brandy should be chosen with great care. Diluted with deionized, distilled water, cognacs or brandies more readily reveal their true character. Usually, only very small quantities of brandy are now employed whereas previously, brandy was added to a level of 5-6%. Cognac additions can have dramatic effects on the sensory quality of the finished product. The dosed wine will change quickly over a period of months, therefore, dosage trials should be conducted.
Some makers add limited amounts of citric acid as an aid to increasing the freshness of older wines.
Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant added in a range of 60 mg/L in conjunction with sulphur dioxide in the range of 40 mg/L. The use of ascorbic acid allows for a reduction in the amount of sulphur dioxide required. This may be a benefit due to the fact that CO2 will magnify one's perception of SO2.
The appearance of sparkling wines is a very important quality feature affected by foaming and effervescence (amount, size and duration of bubble formation). There are some 250 million bubbles waiting to gush out of the average bottle of sparkling wine. In such wines, some of the gas is free and some is fixed with an equilibrium between free dissolved gas and combined gas(Miller, 1966). Gushing in sparkling wine is a sporadic but significant problem. Particulate matter in the form of case dust, cork dust, fibres or particles from packaging materials, and possibly particles from the wine or dosage itself, can cause gushing(Rankine, 1979).Such particles, particularly those present in the bottle before filling, occlude very small air bubbles that act as nuclei on which carbon dioxide comes out of solution when the pressure is released. The sharpness or jaggedness of particles appears to be important in the occlusion of fine air bubbles(Rankine, 1979).Such conditions as incomplete yeast riddling and potassium bitartrate crystal formation can contribute to gushing. When bottles have imperfections on their inside walls, bubbles will originate from this area, due again to occluded air. The need for strict control of glass and cork quality cannot be overemphasized. Shrink-wrapped glass and predusted corks are an asset.
(Lovers of Sparkling Reds will know that gushing of red often occurs when they are opened. To help reduce this potential problem, some producers fine their young cuvees with gelatin to lower the tannin content.)
A note on 'Light struck' bottles
Light struck is a sensory defect occasionally noted in wines as a result of methionine decomposition. In the presence of UV light, methionine can be broken down to yield the following odour compounds: hydrogen sulphide, methane thiol, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulphide, and ethyl methyl sulphide. Light struck wines are characterized as having cheese, plastic, vegetable and/or honey-like aromas. Due to the magnifying effect of carbon dioxide, these compounds can pose a serious quality loss. Green glass is reported to help filter out ultraviolet light that can produce "off" compounds but does not assure control(Thoukis and Stern, 1962).Even limited exposure to light (including fluorescent) can result in the production of light struck aromas. Some Champagnes, such as Roederer Cristal, are shipped with a yellow anti UV wrapping, which should be left on during storage. Brown glass bottles offer better protection against ultra-violet than green glass bottles.
15. Champagne Bottle Sizes
Early sparkling wines were stoppered in relatively brittle, thin-walled bottles. When the wine went through a secondary fermentation, in which carbon dioxide increased and back pressure built up, monks were left at the mercy of potentially lethal time bombs (one can imagine monastic debates over who was to fetch the next bottle from the cellar!) The 17th century English had developed a fondness for Champagne, but wisely preferred bringing it over in barrels rather than risk the unwelcome surprise associated with French glass. At about this time, a new form of harder, thicker glass was developed in the super-hot, coke-fired kilns of northern England. Capable of withstanding the pressure of secondary fermentation, this new bottle allowed sparkling wine to be produced, contained and transported reliably for the first time. With the stronger glass, bottle sizes also increased, as pictured below. Today, bottles of different sizes and shapes are used for special occasions or for special cuvees. For example, extremely rare is the 18 litre Solomon, and even rarer is the gigantic 36 litre Primat bottle (pronounced "preemah"), which weighs in at 65 kg. Big bottles have a novelty and theatrical value, but because of the difficulty in moving such a large mass for riddling and disgorgement (a full Nebuchadnezzar weighs 38 kg), in most houses the secondary fermentation is carried out in magnums. The wine is then decanted into the larger bottles. This inevitably results in a loss of pressure. Some would say that there is a chance of more oxidation as a result of this, and that Champagne from a giant bottle is inferior to that from the magnum it was fermented in.
|Bottle name||Volume (ml)||Equivalent in
|Derivation of bottle name|
|1. Quarter or Piccolo||187 ml|
|2. Half-Bottle||375 ml|
|3. Standard Bottle||750ml||1 bottle|
|4. Magnum||1.5 litres||2 bottles|
|5. Jeroboam||3 litres||4 bottles||Founder and first king of Israel, 931-910 BC|
|6. Rehoboam||4.5 litres||6 bottles|| Son of Solomon, King of Judah, 922-908 BC
|7. Methuselah||6 litres||8 bottles||Biblical patriarch who lived to the age of 969|
|8. Salmanazar||9 litres||12 bottles||King of Assyria, 859-824 BC|
|9. Balthazar||12 litres||16 bottles||Regent of Babylon, son of Nabonide, 539BC|
|15 litres||20 bottles||King of Babylon, 605-562 BC|
Champagne - The Inside Story
French Wine Regions
A History of Sparkling Red in Australia
The Bollinger Story
The Official Website for Champagne Wines
Acknowledgement: The above account of modern Champagne production is an abridged version of "A Review of Methode Champenoise Production" by Bruce Zoecklein (2002), Associate Professor & Enology Specialist, Dept. of Food Science & Technology, Virginia Polytechnic & State University and describes the general production philosophy and practices of méthode champenoise producers. Introductory notes on champagne history partly sourced from http://www.maisons-champagne.com
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1995. Wine analysis and production. 621 pp. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. | <urn:uuid:c5d68b66-332f-4cc4-80d6-a85a11b43bea> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.nicks.com.au/vintage-school-2-10-76.1404 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189127.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00119-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911393 | 15,080 | 2.609375 | 3 |
NEW YORK (Jun. 24)
Maurice Soussa was a high school student in Baghdad when Iraq’s most prominent Jew was brought down in a ferocious frenzy.
Shafiq Adas was charged with spying for the new Jewish state, Soussa said. The Ford dealer, whose five partners were all Muslim, had his property, worth an estimated at $100 million at the time, confiscated.
Since no lawyer would defend the Jew, the case was heard in a military court. The next day, Adas was hanged in his own courtyard.
Crowds came to Adas’ estate to gawk at the dead Jew, Soussa says. It all happened in the summer of 1948.
Fifty-five years later, Soussa relayed the story at a press conference here on Monday to release a document charging Arab countries with systematic persecution of Jews amid the creation of the State of Israel.
The document, published by Justice for Jews from Arab Countries — a group formed in September by a coalition of Jewish organizations — lists human rights violations in several Arab countries where Jews lost the right to vote or even their citizenship and suffered pogroms, confiscations and intimidation.
Leaders of the Justice for Jews group flew to Israel to hand the report to President Moshe Katsav on Tuesday. The group will meet with Israeli government ministers later in the week.
Through quotes from Arab leaders on the partition of Palestine and newspaper articles around 1948, the document builds the case that Arab countries colluded in their persecution of the Jews, hoping to force them to emigrate and steal their property.
“From the sheer volume of such state-sanctioned discriminatory measures, replicated in so many Arab countries and instituted in such a parallel fashion, one is drawn to the conclusion that such evidence suggests a common pattern of repressive measures, if not collusion, against Jews by Arab governments,” the report states.
More than 850,000 Jews left Arab countries after the 1948 Arab-led war on Israel. Similar numbers of Arabs fled Israel around the same time.
While Israel absorbed the Jewish refugees, Arab countries kept the Palestinians in camps and refused to give them citizenship, using their plight as a weapon in the political struggle against the Jewish state. Today, the number of Palestinian refugees and their descendants tops four million, according to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, which provides them with services.
Palestinians demand that the refugees and their descendants be granted a “right of return” to the homes they fled inside Israel. Israel, which has indicated that it would offer the refugees compensation, sees that as tantamount to a call for the Jewish state’s destruction, since the influx of so many Arabs would negate Israel’s identity as a Jewish state.
Peace negotiations broke down over the right of return issue in 2000. Now, some feel that Israel should use the claims of Jewish refugees as a bargaining chip in future negotiations.
Jewish groups recently have begun highlighting the issue, hoping to seek redress if peace talks resume.
Last spring, then-Justice Minister Meir Sheetrit announced that his ministry was preserving and computerizing more than 10,000 claims from previous compensation initiatives that had been abandoned.
The ministry had partnered with the American Sephardi Federation, a co-founder of Justice for Jews, to collect claims from Jewish refugees.
Now Justice for Jews is hoping the evidence compiled in the 39-page document will advance their cause.
It marks the “opening of the second stage” of a campaign — which began last year with the group’s formation — to highlight the Jewish refugee issue, said Malcolm Hoenlein, executive vice chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, which helped found Justice for Jews.
The group will be “taking the report to the White House, leaders in Congress, the State Department, as well as to leaders in Britain, Israel and Canada in the next few days,” Hoenlein said. “We have a commitment that there will be hearings in Congress based on the report.”
Avi Beker, secretary-general of the World Jewish Congress, which also co-founded the group, delivered testimony on the subject in Congress earlier this month.
The document is “clear evidence that there was really a systematic effort to expel Jews from Arab countries and to take their rights as part of the Arab-Israeli conflict,” Beker said.
Irwin Cotler, a member of Canada’s parliament and honorary chairman of the group, accused Arab countries of “a pattern of ethnic cleansing.”
Beker, whose group will hold a conference on the issue this weekend in London, added that Justice for Jews got a jolt of prestige from honorary chair Richard Holbrooke, former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.
“In this particular part of the world, almost all of the attention has been devoted to one side,” Holbrooke said at the press conference, staged across from the United Nations. “Let’s remember that there were refugees on both sides.”
Some left-wing Jewish groups also are attentive to the issue: The Tikkun Community articulated a similar message in a Middle East peace resolution the group submitted to members of Congress.
The resolution calls for reparations for both Jewish and Palestinian refugees “to make it fair and to make it clear that the peace process is not only about making things good for Palestinians. It’s also about making things good for Israelis,” said Michael Lerner, editor of Tikkun magazine and national chairman of the Tikkun community.
But Lerner said it’s important that Jews not use the Jewish refugee card as a way of dismissing Palestinian claims.
Jewish assets confiscated by Arab countries are estimated at more than $100 billion, according to Justice for Jews. While the United Nations has devoted 101 resolutions to the plight of Palestinian refugees, none has dealt with Jewish refugees, the group’s report states.
“The legal case of displaced Jews to redress is as strong as, if not stronger than, the case of Palestinian refugees,” the document states.
“Justice in the Middle East requires acknowledgment of the historical narrative and rights of Jews uprooted from Arab countries,” it says, listing possible remedies such as litigation in countries where Jews were displaced or a compensation fund established under an Arab-Israeli peace agreement.
“There is no way to have a peace in the Middle East if the Palestinians and the Arabs are to continue to demand a ‘right of return,’ ” said Beker, whose group has followed the issue for a decade but intensified its work in the last few years.
There was an “exchange of population in the Middle East, and the Arabs are responsible for the two refugee problems,” Beker told JTA, blaming the Arab countries for ejecting their Jews and for keeping the Palestinians as perpetual refugees. | <urn:uuid:187dfa77-1968-473d-a939-31c8edcb9831> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.jta.org/2003/06/25/archive/with-report-group-highlights-flight-of-jewish-refugees-from-arab-world | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296603.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00043-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957857 | 1,440 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In its 57th meeting in December 2002, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, 2005- 2014, (DESD) 'emphasizing that education is an indispensable element for achieving sustainable development'. It also designated UNESCO as the lead agency to promote and implement the Decade.Read more
These documents highlight developments of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) which are only a small reflection of the extraordinary number of activities, events, networks and support for the DESD from countries, regions, civil society, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and stakeholders from all over the world.Read more
India , like any other developing country is spread across in vast subcontinent and enveloped in diverse colours of community, culture and religion. We live in a rapidly changing developing world and nowhere is it more evident than in India . It is a country experiencing both an accelerating growth rates alongside unequal socio-economic ...Read more
Education for Change (EfC) is the ENVIS Newsletter of Centre for Environment Education. EfC seeks to share views about the role of education in different aspects of development; the need for reorienting educational processes.
Handprint is a measure of ESD action; action that is directed to decrease the human footprint and make the world more sustainable....Read more
The 2014 World Conference pursues the following four objectives:
Inside Classrooms in India -Education for ...Read more | <urn:uuid:401dae6f-05bb-4f86-8586-888310afa43b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://desd.in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480240.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216085312-20190216111312-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.907671 | 298 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Australian National Botanic Gardens
A weekly news sheet prepared by a Gardens' volunteer.
Numbers in square brackets [ ] refer to garden bed Sections. Plants in flower are in bold type.
15 August 2008
Acacia gordonii - click for larger image
The Gardens are yellow with so many wattles. There are about 260 species in the Gardens, not all flowering at this time. As this walk will follow the flowers encircling the Eucalyptus Lawn, wattles cannot be missed. Edging Banks Walk the Snowy River wattle, Acacia boormanii [Section 210] branches towards the path with its soft fluffy flower balls while opposite Acacia gordonii [Section 174] is a small shrub with arching branches tightly clad with dark foliage and bright with yellow flower balls scattered among the many buds. Another harbinger of spring is the Hardenbergia violacea [Section 210] with its purple pea-shaped flowers along the twining vine. Mondurup Bell, Darwinia macrostegia [Section174] is a small open shrub interesting with slim red buds which will mature to the renowned bells, hanging from the branches.
Taking the path on the far side of the Rainforest, Grevillea rosmarinifolia ‘Rosy Posy’ [Section 128] is a small shrub with pink and cream flower clusters hanging from its branches. Above, the Dagger Wattle, Acacia siculiformis [Section 128] is an upright shrub bearing deep cream flower balls. Around the corner Q’ld Silver Wattle, Acacia podalyriifolia [Section 126] is a tall shrub clad with its lovely fluffy flower balls almost concealing its silvery green foliage.
Continue uphill, passing Banksia spinulosa [Section 109] with many upright golden flower spikes, edges the Brittlegum Lawn to view the brilliance of a Geraldton Wax, Chamelaucium ‘Cascade Brook’ [Section 17]. This shrub is well clad with mottled pink open flowers and darker buds. Beside is Epacris calvertiana var. calvertiana [Section 17], bearing its pendulous cream tubular flowers. At another corner Dampiera salahae [Section 17] is a dwarf spreading plant now blue with its flowers. Across the road mint bushes, Prostanthera rotundifolia [Section 78] now have a haze of small pink flowers.
Following the angular path to the left passing more wattles including the fluffy yellow flowering Acacia kettlewelliae x pravissima [Section 2] to the Eucalyptus Lawn and across to Ducrou Pavilion. Edging the lawn, Dracophyllum secundum [Section 44] is an upright spreading shrub with linear arching leaves surrounding the stems and small pale pink tubular flowers crowded about the tips. Morinda jasminoides [Section 44] is a shiny leaved vine clad with orange berries which followed white perfumed flowers. A tea-tree, Leptospermum squarrosum [Section 44] is a tall shrub with terminal pink flowers which overlook Crowea saligna [Section 44] with bright pink star flowers and Grevillea sphacelata [Section 44] a larger open shrub with woolly pinkish grey flower clusters.
Following the road edging the Sydney BasinEpacris purpurascens var. purpurascens [Section 191E] is an upright plant with tiny pink flowers towards the branch terminals with many pink buds edging the branches. Banksia ericifolia var. ericifolia [Section 191G] is a tall shrub bright with its gold flower spikes while towards the next corner Hovea lanceolata [Section 191H] twines itself about anything with its deep purple pea-shaped flowers. Behind is Deua Flame, Grevillea rhyolitica subsp. rhyolitica [Section 191H] with its orange-red flower clusters pendent over the medium size shrub. About this area are numerous flowering plants which include Grevillea floribunda subsp. floribunda [Section 26] an upright shrub with pendulous rust coloured woolly flower clusters. Other flowering plants line the Main Walk back to the café with hot coffee and ……..
Good walking and great flowers … Barbara Daly. | <urn:uuid:431449da-170c-462d-8924-33522816ef58> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://anbg.gov.au/gardens/visiting/iftw/iftw-archive/iftw-2008-08-15.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928817.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00312-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879006 | 913 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Diabetes millitus (DM) is a disease that affects body’s ability to produce or respond to Insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is released in response to food intake. It facilitates both the transport of glucose into cells and its conversion to the energy. it is also required for protein synthesis and storage of excess energy as fat. Blood glucose levels are higher than normal in individuals with diabetes. Symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger and weight loss, despite increased food intake. If left untreated, diabetes can cause acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma, and serious infections which may lead to death. Long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.
• Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes".
• Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses, eventually no insulin is produced.This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". It is associated with excessive body weight and sedentary life style. | <urn:uuid:d809eed4-3364-4ed2-8d6f-86807a5f1d8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.nutrition-atlas.nin.res.in/nutritionatlas/diabetes.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337490.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004085909-20221004115909-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.935877 | 281 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Written by Brooke Orosz, PhD
In 2016, an article in The Lancet claimed that increasing breastfeeding rates worldwide could save 800,000 children per year. The first problem with this study is that the authors are somewhat overly optimistic in interpreting the evidence for breastfeeding. The second is that, although the vast majority of those hypothetical lost lives are in poor countries, this study has been used as a club to shame women into breastfeeding in wealthy countries.
The biggest problem, however, is that the article assumes “near-universal” exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months, with complementary foods until at least 12 months. They provide no evidence that this goal is realistic or even possible, and all available evidence suggests it is not possible.
There are no societies, today or in the past, that have near-universal exclusive breastfeeding for six months. While it works for some individual babies, no one has ever made it work across an entire society, not without allowing a lot of babies to starve, anyway.
In fact, it’s not at all clear that six months is even the best age to introduce complementary foods. Many babies outgrow their iron stores or their mother’s milk supply earlier, and they benefit from other foods at 4 to 5 months old. Earlier introduction of solids may even reduce the risk of food allergy.
Mothers in low and middle income countries do not fail to breastfeed because they are too stupid to know it’s important, they fail because breastfeeding doesn’t always work. Because women die in childbirth, or suffer complications so serious they are unable to care for the baby. With limited medical care, this is sadly commonplace. Because women are undernourished, which impairs their ability to produce milk. Because an unknown number of women across the population have insufficient glandular tissue and will not make enough milk under any circumstances. And because babies are born premature, sick, or otherwise unable to nurse effectively.
So, many women cannot breastfeed, even more cannot breastfeed exclusively, and even when breastfeeding is going well, there’s no reason to withhold solids until 6 months.
Sure, in a world in which mother and baby are always doing well after birth, and breastfeeding nearly always works out, then we can talk about “near-universal”. But it makes no sense to write public health goals based on completely unrealistic assumptions.
BROOKE OROSZ, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
Brooke Orosz, PhD is a professor of mathematics and the mother of a child who had to be hospitalized for dehydration due to insufficient breast milk intake. After her son’s crisis, she was stunned to learn that readmissions for nursing problems are commonplace, and that they are not tracked or penalized by health authorities. Since then, she has used her knowledge of statistics to study the problem and to advocate for evidence-based feeding protocols that put the baby’s safety and comfort first. Brooke will be delivering her second baby very soon, in a BFHI hospital again but she will be advocating and using our infant feeding plan to prevent accidental starvation–
Fed Is Best Infant Feeding Plan
MY SON WAS EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED AND WAS ADMITTED WITH HYPERNATREMIA AND JAUNDICE THE NEXT DAY AFTER DISCHARGE
The hospital where he was born was Clara Maas. I cannot name one single staff member who was clearly negligent, I think it was more a case of him slipping through the cracks. The on-staff LC never checked on us after the first day, and I still don’t know exactly who knew what, when or who made which decision. Nevertheless, they allowed an at-risk newborn (37 weeks and Small-for-Gestational-Age) to go home without double-checking that he was safe or providing any special instructions for his care. Personally, I would not deliver another baby there.
Details of the incident have been reported to Clara Maas hospital in a formal complaint, and to the Joint Commission.
Do you need to know how to file a formal complaint to your hospital? We can help you: Writing Your Hospital
The Religious and Cultural Bases for Breastfeeding Practices Among the Hindus
When Lactivism Kills
The influence of breast surgery, breast appearance, and pregnancy-induced breast changes on lactation sufficiency as measured by infant weight gain.
Some mothers can’t breast-feed There are physical reasons, and yet women get little help from most doctors, researchers
Markers of Lactation Insufficiency: A Study of 34 Mothers
Bust a Myth: Breastfeeding Advocates Need to Stop Using this Statistic!
Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology.
Early exposure to cow’s milk protein is protective against IgE-mediated cow’s milk protein allergy.
Introducing Highly Allergenic Solid Foods
Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy or Infancy and Motor Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The limits of intensive feeding: maternal foodwork at the intersections of race, class, and gender. | <urn:uuid:963d5330-3d5f-4671-b100-2f47957fa2d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://fedisbest.org/category/evidencebasedmedicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806509.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122065449-20171122085449-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.952321 | 1,075 | 2.96875 | 3 |
How a fluidised bed filter system works
A fluidised bed unit takes the biological filtration out of the tank and supersedes outdated substrate systems.
Silica sand is held in suspension in tank water pumped through an external cylindrical container. This has the added benefit of allowing the sand molecules to move around as opposed to being packed together. This allows for a larger surface area to be created for beneficial bacteria colonisation. This produces a much more efficient conversion of ammonia into nitrite then into nitrate.
Certain systems include a carbon filter cartridge which removes any colouration from the water before being pumped back into the aquarium. The fluidised system is quite consuming in regards to oxygen and water being pumped back into the aquarium should be given every chance to re oxygenate. A spraybar is a good method plus using an airstone or a venture system fitted to the outlet to re oxygenate the tank.
The problem with this system is when a power failure happens. If the power goes out all of the suspended sand in the system will fall and compact and you may need to give the system a little help re suspending the sand. The system may need to be put on full power to get it started again. If the filter is shut off for a long period of time the bacteria colony may die off and will need to be re established.
A typical fluidised bed filter. The sand is held in suspension creating a moving biological bed. A valve in the unit prevents sand from siphoning back into the pump if the power fails. | <urn:uuid:fe9097db-2065-4e69-953e-252794d4c304> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.fishforinfo.net/how-a-fluidised-bed-filter-system-works.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500331.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331053639-20200331083639-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.936889 | 312 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Personal exposure to particulate air pollution, assessed by number and mass
This study aimed to develop a model to estimate personal exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs) and PM2.5, both for total exposure of an individual, and for exposure to particles excluding particles generated by indoor sources. The model was then used in a panel study of patients with chronic lung disease. The practicality of the model was tested, by examining whether ultrafine particle count or particle mass were related to respiratory health effects, and whether there were differences in observed health effects in relation to total exposure and exposure excluding indoor sources. DustTrak and PTrak monitors were used to measure PM2.5 and UFP concentrations in different microenvironments and during different activities. Conclusions: The PM2.5 and UFP personal exposure model represented total personal exposure relatively accurately. This is the first time an attempt has been made to model personal exposure to UFPs and although some improvements are required, both PM2.5 and UFP models were shown to be effective in a panel study with susceptible individuals. Ambient UFP concentrations the previous day were associated with a decrease in PEF the next morning. The UFP personal exposure estimates calculated from the model were not associated with respiratory symptoms or peak flow rate. However, it has recently been suggested that exposure to ultrafine particles might be more important in relation to potential cardiac effects and it is recommended to evaluate the model in a panel study of patients with coronary heart disease. | <urn:uuid:80711938-de4a-421d-9e49-d3f4ade587fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430903 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00287-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970353 | 303 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Christ Before Bethlehem
What Isaiah Predicted About Jesus Centuries Before His Birth
Of course Christians know that the coming of Jesus was prophesied. But what is not as widely known is the accuracy with which the ancient prophets saw the future of the coming Messiah. These messages, all derived from the book of Isaiah, help us understand both the first and second coming of Jesus as revealed centuries before His birth. You'll be encouraged to trust your Bible and the Christ presented within its pages. | <urn:uuid:b5e5b132-69c1-454e-8340-5d5f706fc365> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.moodymedia.org/sermons/christ-bethlehem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585183.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017210244-20211018000244-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.966933 | 97 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The ancient Greeks are widely seen as having been the founders of Western medicine more than 2,000 years ago. But since then our understanding of the human body and how to treat it has changed beyond recognition. So what would be the point of studying ancient Greek medicine today?
It’s part of a more general question: why bother studying medicine from times before people knew about germs, antibiotics, the circulation of the blood, or anaesthetics? Although we now have a far more detailed and accurate picture of medicine, I think the ancient Greeks can help us think through a number of topics that are still relevant today.
1. New (Old) Treatments
The idea that we might uncover an unknown treatment in a forgotten treatise looks like a promising reason to study the ancient Greeks. But it’s not that simple. Yes, it’s possible that a forgotten plant used in the ancient world will prove to be the basis for a new drug today but that hasn’t happened yet. It would have to get through the various stages of testing that we now regard as essential, and that’s not always straightforward. And ancient Greece was not some golden age of simple, safe medicine. Some treatments such as womb fumigation were unpleasantly invasive. Others used very dangerous materials such as hellebore.
However, drugs weren’t the starting point of ancient medicine. First came diet, in the broad sense of your whole way of life, including food, drink, exercise, excrement and sleep. Health was seen as the balance of different fluids in the body. The focus on diet was never a call to eat raw foods, whatever the claims of modern charlatans who use the name of the ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates to sell their diet regimes.
A patient’s condition was thought to result not just from the balance of their body, but from how that body relates to the environment. With diseases related to obesity and mental health today taking an increasing amount of doctors’ time, it’s not surprising medicine is turning more and more to a Greek-style holistic approach. | <urn:uuid:60baaa22-3407-4eb8-b1f5-d55c86d9aa0f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.empr.com/home/features/what-the-ancient-greeks-can-teach-us-about-medicine-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323586043.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024142824-20211024172824-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.962322 | 437 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus
On this page you will find some information about the medical consequences of spina bifida and hydrocephalus. While learning about all these new terms can be overwhelming at first, it is important to remember that treatment is possible, in some cases of spina bifida even through surgery before birth, and that a diagnosis doesn’t define a person. With timely and appropriate care and support, and respect for the rights of persons with disabilities, the majority of people born with spina bifida and hydrocephalus will be able to live their lives equal to others.
Spina bifida is a congenital condition, which means that it has developed during pregnancy and is present at birth. The words spina bifida literally mean “split spine”, as during the first 4 weeks of pregnancy and onwards, the neural tube and spine will not have developed correctly.
The neural tube is the part of the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord are formed. A disruption of this process can occur anywhere along the spine.
This can result in one of 4 types of spina bifida:
- Spina bifida occulta, also referred to as “hidden” spina bifida
- Closed spina bifida
- Myelomeningocele, also known as spina bifida “aperta”, or “open” spina bifida, or spina bifida cystica
Spina bifida occulta is considered the mildest type of spina bifida, as there may be little or no damage to the spinal cord and nerves, and there is no opening on the back. It occurs when one or more of the bones in the spine (vertebrae) don’t properly form. It may go undetected, or it may only be discovered during late childhood or adulthood. However, in some cases there can be neurological complications associated with spina bifida occulta. The most frequently occurring complication is tethered cord syndrome, or spinal cord tethering.
Closed spina bifida is a type of spina bifida in which there are malformations of fat, bone or membranes on the spinal cord. Most children with this type of spina bifida have few or no symptoms. In some cases, it can cause difficulty walking or urinary and bowel dysfunction.
Meningocele is the rarest form of spina bifida, where a sac of fluid comes through an opening in the baby’s back, but the spinal cord is not in it. Some children born with meningocele may have only minor symptoms, while others can have more serious problems with walking and bladder and bowel function.
Myelomeningocele is the type of spina bifida that can have the most serious consequences. It occurs when the spine and spinal canal fail to close and the spinal cord does not develop normally. With a prevalence of approximately 1 per 1,000 births worldwide, myelomeningocele is one of the most common congenital conditions. When people talk about spina bifida, most often they are referring to myelomeningocele.
The severity of myelomeningocele will be determined by the size and location of the opening in the spine, and which part of the spinal cord and nerves are affected. The higher the defect is located in the spinal column, the greater the number of functions it can potentially affect. Nerve damage can result in varying degrees of paralysis, which can affect mobility, but also bladder and bowel control. It can also cause lack of sensation.
With open spina bifida, the lesion is ideally surgically closed within 24-48 hours after birth by a paediatric neurosurgeon, to prevent infection.
A multidisciplinary approach to care is required, to address any possible additional health issues, such as hydrocephalus and incontinence, but also to ensure the mental health and well-being of those born with spina bifida and hydrocephalus, and their families.
Hydrocephalus is one of the most commonly associated conditions with myelomeningocele, as is a condition called Chiari II malformation, or hindbrain herniation.
Hydrocephalus is also called “water on the brain”. This “water” is actually cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), which is produced by the brain, and surrounds it, for instance to protect it against trauma. Hydrocephalus occurs when there is an imbalance between the amount of CSF that is produced and the rate at which it is absorbed into the bloodstream. As the CSF builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase.
Currently, the only treatment option for hydrocephalus remains brain surgery, either to place a medical device called a shunt, or if possible, to perform a technique called Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV), which can be combined with Choroid Plexus Cauterization (ETV/CPC).
Secondary health issues
Apart from the above mentioned conditions, other possible issues often associated with spina bifida are:
- orthopaedic (bone) problems, such as scoliosis, kyphosis, hip dislocation, joint deformities or clubfoot
- urinary tract infections or kidney damage
- latex allergy
Due to the reduced mobility, children, adolescents and adults with spina bifida will be at increased risk of obesity. Combined with the lack of sensation, there is a the risk of skin breakdown and pressure ulcers. A healthy lifestyle and diet are key, as are regular skin checks.
In some cases, spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus may result in impaired cognitive development and learning disabilities, yet many children born with these conditions have a normal IQ and will attend regular classes. Others may need assistance to maximise their learning capacity.
For scientific information about spina bifida and hydrocephalus, you can search through our Publications’ section.
We highly encourage you to visit our Members page, as our members will be able to offer individual support and help you find national resources.
If you are part of a spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus group or association that is not yet a member of IF, please check out our IF Membership Guide to learn how to become part of our network of organisations, institutions, companies and individuals that have an interest in spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus. | <urn:uuid:a76d5715-233f-4d08-9402-90f1722be709> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.ifglobal.org/spina-bifida-and-hydrocephalus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817123129-20190817145129-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.947381 | 1,380 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Eight new planets found in ‘Goldilocks' zone, 2 hailed as 'most Earth-like'
"Most of these planets have a good chance of being rocky,
like Earth," Guillermo Torres, the lead scientist from the
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge,
US, told a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in
According to the astronomers, the two most Earth-like planets of the group are called Kepler-438b and Kepler-442b. Both orbit red dwarf stars that are smaller and cooler than the Sun. Their daily routine is as follows: Kepler-438b circles its star every 35 days, while Kepler-442b completes one orbit every 112 days.
— NASA Kepler (@NASAKepler) January 7, 2015
According to the scientists' calculations, with a diameter just
12 percent bigger than Earth, Kepler-438b boasts a 70-percent
chance of being rocky. Its closest rival, Kepler-442b, is about
one-third larger than Earth, but still has a 60-percent chance of
To be in the habitable zone, an exoplanet must receive about as much sunlight as Earth. Too much and any water would boil away as steam, while too little means it will freeze solid, scientists explain. "For our calculations we chose to adopt the broadest possible limits that can plausibly lead to suitable conditions for life," Torres said.
Kepler-438b gets about 40 percent more light than Earth. To
compare, Venus, the second planet from the sun, gets twice as
much solar radiation as Earth. So, the team believes, Kepler-438b
enjoys a 70 percent probability of being in the habitable zone of
Kepler-442b gets about two-thirds as much light as Earth. The scientists give the champion a 97 percent chance of being in the habitable zone.
— Jason Major (@JPMajor) January 6, 2015
Although the scientists admit they don't know for sure whether
any of the planets in their sample are "truly
habitable," they are being referred to as "promising
candidates." The paper reporting the research in detail has
been published in The Astrophysical Journal.
Prior to the latest discovery, the two most Earth-like planets known were Kepler-186f, which is 1.1 times the size of Earth and reaps 32 percent as much light, and Kepler-62f, 1.4 times the size of Earth, which gains 41 percent as much light.
The latest discoveries were made with the help of NASA’s
trailblazing Kepler Space Telescope, which was launched to hunt
for Earth-sized planets outside the solar system. Since 2009,
astronomers have discovered hundreds of exoplanets through the
telescope alone; most of them are believed to be planets ranging
between the size of Earth and Neptune (which itself is four times
the size of Earth).
As with many Kepler discoveries, the newly found planets are distant enough to make additional observations strenuous. Kepler-438b is 470 light years from Earth, while Kepler-442b is 1,100 light years away.
Since the planets were too small to be confirmed by measuring their masses, scientists said they used a computer program called Blender to determine that they are statistically likely to be planets. The same method has been used previously to "validate some of Kepler’s most iconic finds, including the first two Earth-size planets around a sun-like star and the first exoplanet smaller than Mercury." | <urn:uuid:3a7bd2be-4ed7-4967-9b51-25db0188f946> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.rt.com/news/220439-earth-planets-goldilocks-zone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00414-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957644 | 748 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Did the history text books speak the same language as the students?
When my nephew was in the fourth standard, he had a fabulous imagination but a poor command of the English language.
How poor, we were to know only after this incident.
He was studying his history text. The story of Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre fascinated him.
I am sure many of you know the story:
In 1919, when India was under the British rule, people gathered at Jalliwalah Garden in Amritsar for the Punjab New Year celebration. General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar at that time, according to history books, ‘assumed’ that they were going to rebel against the British. He gave orders to his soldiers to shoot at the peaceful Indian gathering. Many Indians lost their lives that day.
My nephew read this historical information over and over again. One particular line in the text kept him pondering for long.
It was : Thousands of UN-ARMED Indians died that day”
We thought that he was feeling sorry for the massacre. But his next question kept us in splits for a very long time. He asked in his halting English:
“ Were many Indians born without hands during the British time?”
The poor fellow had mistaken the word un-armed to mean people without limbs and not those without weapons!
Story by Gulsum Basheer @ talkalittledo
On the eve of his first unit test in Numbers, I was busy cooking for half a dozen unexpected guests. So from the kitchen I asked him to write 1 to 10.
When he brought the note book, he had written only 1, 2 and 10. I ordered him to go back and write 1 to 10.
Again he came back with the same three numbers witten in his book. With irritaion I asked him what happened to the rest of the numbers.
With much equanimity he replied, “You only asked me to write 1, 2, 10.”
He had mistaken ‘to’ for ‘two’.
Story contribution : Eswari. | <urn:uuid:1c7369e2-5da6-4150-9543-3e8ec0e41a34> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://talkalittledo.com/2012/05/22/prize-winning-post/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401583556.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928010415-20200928040415-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.986823 | 449 | 2.84375 | 3 |
On January 17, 1771, American novelist, historian, and editor Charles Brockden Brown was born. He is generally regarded as the most important American novelist before James Fenimore Cooper. Although Brown was not the first American novelist, the breadth and complexity of his achievement as a writer in multiple genres makes him a crucial figure in U.S. literature and culture. However, outside the U.S. Charles Brockden Brown is mostly unknown. Thus, you might wonder why we have picked him for our blog. Now, this is simply a matter of personal choice. I always was a fan of gothic literature and Charles Brockden Brown falls into the same romantic period preceding today more famous authors such as Edgar Allan Poe. I’ve read ‘Arthur Mervyn‘, one of his most famous novels, and I really can recommend it to you.
“I used to suppose that certain evils could never befall a being in possession of a sound mind; “
— Charles Brockden Brown, Wieland, or: The Transformation (1798)
Brown was born five years before the start of the American Revolution, the fourth of six surviving siblings in a Philadelphia Quaker merchant family to Elijah Brown, a land-conveyancer and agent in real estate transactions. Brown’s father was a liberal merchant who, like other colonists, opposed the Stamp Act and supported the goals of the Revolution. From early age on Brown was of delicate constitution, and he early devoted himself to study. From 1781 to 1786 he received a classics-oriented secondary education under Robert Proud at the Friends’ Latin School of Philadelphia and displayed an enthusiasm for literary composition. His family intended for him to become a lawyer. After six years in Philadelphia at the law office of Alexander Wilcocks, he ended his law studies in 1793. He became part of a group of young, New York-based intellectuals who helped begin his literary career.
During most of the 1790s, Brown developed his literary ambitions in projects that often remained incomplete and frequently used his correspondence with friends as a sort of laboratory for narrative experiments. His first publications appeared during the late 1780s, but generally he published little during this period. By 1798, however, these formative years gave way to a period of novel-writing during which Brown published the titles for which he is best known. In complex ways, these novels and the rest of Brown’s career are informed by the progressive ideas he uses and develops from the period’s British radical-democratic writers, most notably Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, Thomas Holcroft, and Robert Bage. Brown was influenced by these writers and in turn exerted an influence on them and their younger studiers, for example in Godwin’s later novels, or in the work of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley, who reread Brown as she wrote her novels Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818).[7,8]
Although Brown was a prolific writer who excelled in a range of genres, from poetry and fiction to essays and historiography, his reputation developed almost exclusively around his six major novels. The first of his novels, Wieland, or: The Transformation (1798), is generally considered a minor masterpiece in American fiction. It shows the ease with which mental balance is lost when the test of common sense is not applied to strange experiences. The story is about Theodore Wieland, whose father died by spontaneous combustion apparently for violating a vow to God. The younger Wieland, also a religious enthusiast seeking direct communication with divinity, misguidedly assumes that a ventriloquist’s utterances are supernatural in origin; driven insane, he acts upon the prompting of this “inner voice” and murders his wife and children. When apprised of his error, he kills himself.
A Side Job
In 1799-1800, Brown cofounded and edited The Monthly Magazine and American Review. After one of his friends was killed in a yellow fever epidemic that struck New York, Brown’s work took a marked change, ruminating on moral choice in the face of plague and death. Since his writing did not prove financially stable, he began working in his brother’s mercantile importing firm. In 1803, he founded another magazine, The Literary Magazine and American Register, a semi-annual of book reviews, fiction, government reports and essays which he vowed would embrace the cause of religion.
His novel Arthur Mervyn draws on his experiences during the yellow-fever epidemics. It describes the adventures of Arthur Mervyn, a young man left to make his own way in the world. Leaving his rural home for Philadelphia, he becomes caught up in the schemes of the unscrupulous Welbeck in the nightmarish but still alluring setting of the plague-ridden city. Arthur ultimately establishes himself financially by marrying a wealthy woman. The embodiment of the self-made individual at the heart of liberal capitalist society, Arthur is ambiguously characterized as both a virtuous innocent and an opportunistic man on the make, revealing Brown’s own ambivalence about the individualistic values so cherished by his countrymen.
Brown was not the first significant American novelist, but he was the first important American writer to envision an exclusively literary career based on the romantico-modern assumption that literature constituted a separate sphere of culture worthy of pursuit in its own right. Brown’s novels are often characterized simply as gothic fiction, although the model he develops is far from the Gothic romance mode of writers such as Ann Radcliffe . Brown’s novels combine several revolutionary-era fiction subgenres with other types of late-Enlightenment scientific and medical knowledge. Most notably, they develop the British radical-democratic models of Wollstonecraft, Godwin, and Holcroft and combine these with elements of German “Schauer-romantik” gothic from Friedrich Schiller and the enlightened sentimental fictions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau or Laurence Sterne.
“Dost thou wish me to complete the catalogue by thy death? Thy life is a worthless thing. Tempt me no more. I am but a man, and thy presence may awaken a fury which may spurn my control. Begone!”
— Charles Brockden Brown, Wieland, or: The Transformation (1798)
When Brown died form tuberculosis in Philadelphia in 1810 at the age of 39, he was an obscure author who had struggled to establish himself in an era that financially and socially discouraged literary careers.
At yovisto academic video search you can learn more about Gothic literature in general in the lecture of Prof. Cyrus Patell with the title ‘American Gothic‘.
References and Further Reading
- Charles Brockden Brown, American author, Britannica Online
- The Charles Brockden Brown Electronic Archive
- Brown, Charles Brockden, at The American National Biography Online
- Ann Raddcliffe – Pioneer of the Gothic Novel, SciHi blog, Jul 9, 2013.
- “Brown, Charles Brockden (1771-1810).” American Eras. 1997. Encyclopedia.com
- The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe, SciHi Blog
- Gothic – The Life and Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, SciHi Blog
- Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, the Mother of the Monster, SciHi Blog
- Charles Brockden Brown at Wikidata
- Works by or about Charles Brockden Brown at Internet Archive
- Timeline for Charles Brockden Brown, via Wikidata | <urn:uuid:ba02b852-ec07-42ed-a5b8-046c12e59f2a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://scihi.org/charles-brockden-brown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.959092 | 1,585 | 3.34375 | 3 |
If you’re interested in frogs then here’s a great opportunity to learn more about them and the sounds they make.
MN Department of Natural Resources
Spring has sprung
It’s officially spring and with it comes color and clamor! Many of our migrant bird species have or are starting to return, bare trees will soon give way to budding leaves, and our noisy (but welcomed) frog friends have started chorusing.
You may already know that different frog and toad species have distinct calling periods, but do you know which species are calling now? If not, think about attending the “Calling All Frogs” event at Gateway State Trail starting at 7 p.m., Thursday, April 6. Contact Linda Radimecky (651-231-6968, email@example.com) for more details.
You can also learn and get involved by signing up for a Minnesota Frog and Toad Calling Survey route. Since 1996, volunteers have generously collected valuable data by listening to and identifying the frog and toad species heard at 10 stops along each driving route. The results have provided important insights into species’ distributions and abundances. This is citizen science at its finest! | <urn:uuid:a89b91f3-ed7e-4eef-9166-e24d615071be> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.boundarywatersblog.com/frog-calling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.938498 | 258 | 3 | 3 |
Souvenir Painting of a Woman with a Parrot
Artist/maker unknown, Indian
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In the 1870s, competition from mass-produced woodcuts and lithographs challenged professional artists working near Kalighat to produce souvenir paintings more quickly. This brush drawing of a woman resembles those done as studies for full-color paintings, but they were intended as finished works. The simple elegance of drawings like this influenced the creation of modern art in India, and may have served as one of the so-called "primitive" types that inspired European artists. | <urn:uuid:bc4a6fdc-4392-4b9e-b46c-911e671e2a56> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/88448.html?mulR=6421%7C17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00270-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960003 | 157 | 3.015625 | 3 |
These are the latest articles and videos I found most interesting.
- A View From The Other Side
- Image Composite Editor from Microsoft
- Kepler Mission Discovery Summary
- Deadly Flamboyant Cuttlefish Puts on Flashy Display
- Why Are These Dolphins Beaching Themselves?
- Do These Fish Really Shoot Their Prey with Spit?
- Bushbabies Are Cute. They’re Also Ruthless.
- The Slimy, Deadly Velvet Worm
- Stay Away from Packs of Hungry Lionfish
A number of people who’ve seen NASA’s annual lunar phase and libration videos have asked what the other side of the Moon looks like, the side that can’t be seen from the Earth. This video answers that question. The imagery was created using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter data.
Image Composite Editor (ICE) is an advanced panoramic image stitcher. Given a set of overlapping photographs of a scene shot from a single camera location, the app creates a seamless high-resolution panorama. ICE can also create a panorama from a panning video, including stop-motion action overlaid on the background. Finished panoramas can be shared and viewed in 3D on the Photosynth web site, or saved in a variety of image formats.
First confirmed earth-sized planet in a habitable zone.
The flamboyant cuttlefish performs a hypnotic dance across the ocean floor. But don’t be fooled by its beauty—this flashy cephalopod could be deadly. Filmmaker and biologist Shane Siers captured the cryptic creature in Puerto Galera, Philippines. “Usually no more than three inches [in length], their small stature is offset by big and bizarre behavior and literally flashy coloration,” he says. “They usually move around by ‘walking’ along the [seafloor], moving the bottom of the mantle back and forth in a comical, elephant-like shuffle while undulating their fins and waving their brightly colored tentacles.”
Just how far will humpback dolphins go to kill their prey? Apparently, very far.
Archerfish are the only fish in the world that shoot its prey with streams of water.
A bushbaby can jump more than 20 feet from one tree to another. Which is why this rat doesn’t stand a chance against this primate.
Velvet worms are 400-million-year-old caterpillars that have an unusually gooey way of subduing their prey.
With giant pectoral fins and colorful stripes, the lionfish is an imposing underwater predator. What’s even more intimidating is how it hunts. | <urn:uuid:6ccca18b-1248-44a1-87c9-c97ca162be7a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://tatourian.blog/2015/02/27/my-picks-2015-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703521139.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120151257-20210120181257-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.908579 | 560 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Nelson Shanks unveiled his new portrait of the female Supreme Court Justices to the press last week. The painting, called "The Four Justices," is an enormous 9-feet-6-inches by 7-feet-9-inches canvas that will hang at the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.
While some bloggers have commented on the painting’s idiosyncrasies, what stands out to me is the content. The painting reminded me that to this day, only four women have presided on the U.S. Supreme Court. As a feminist and a millennial, the many lessons of their careers inspire me.
Here are just four:
Sandra Day O’Connor has pissed off both sides of the aisle in cases such as Roe v. Wade. Change doesn't happen if you don’t ruffle some feathers.
Although traditionally conservative, Sandra Day O’Connor was the deciding factor on Roe v. Wade. O’Connor gave the vote needed to uphold the court’s earlier decision on abortion rights, despite the Republican call to reverse Roe v. Wade.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the first justice to officiate a same-sex wedding. Day O’Connor officiated the first same-sex wedding to take place in the Supreme Court’s halls. Despite their political affiliations, these fabulous four have tended to put politics aside when it comes to civil rights and true equality.
In a country obsessed with partisanship, it is a relief to know there are influential people who are willing to look at new information, and change their opinion accordingly.
Sandra Day O’Connor was well known for her conservative agenda. However, belonging to the Republican party didn’t stop her from being open to change her opinions on hot button issues, such as gay rights and abortion laws. While mainstream media might force this binary of red versus blue down our throat, following O’Connor’s lead to work across the aisle could do our other leaders a world of good.
While Sandra Day O’Connor paved the way by being the first female to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court, each one of these justices have broken one glass ceiling or another.
In addition to being the second female appointed to the court, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the first female tenured professor at Columbia University. In 2009, Sonia Sotomayor became the first Latina Supreme Court Justice in the United States. Elena Kagan was the first female to serve as solicitor general of the United States.
Clearly, these ladies prove that staying within the lines society has drawn for you inhibits functioning at your highest potential.
Ultimately, these women have become role models for a whole generation. In fact, it’s clear to me why Ginsburg would claim: "I’m sometimes asked when will there be enough [women on the Supreme Court]…I say, when there are nine." | <urn:uuid:3cb6b372-35d1-42d2-a9df-50742beb5d84> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://mic.com/articles/71245/how-to-get-a-gigantic-painting-of-yourself-in-the-national-portrait-gallery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541995.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00220-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959772 | 612 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The blockchain is a distributed ledger that allows reliable exchanges through the internet, without reliance on an independent authority. A shared record is distributed using a consensus to every participant in a network, validating transactions and removing the requirement for third-party integrations. This means that the blockchain can create secure digital transactions complete with proof of ownership.
If you’ve heard of blockchain before, it’s likely that your knowledge comes from an insight into its role within the management of cryptocurrency and Bitcoin. However, over the last year or so, the applications of the blockchain have been expanding, and today, it may even have a role to play in our telecommunications.
How Telecommunications Can Benefit from The Blockchain
Today’s telecommunication operators are facing greater competition and increasing challenges within the marketplace. That means that everyone needs to find a new way of minimising costs, and enhancing revenue if they want to succeed. When it comes to performance, the blockchain has a lot to offer, including better trust and transparency. The distributed nature of the blockchain means that there are no single points of failure, no worries about hacking attacks, and no stress caused by control from a single entity.
Additionally, the blockchain’s distributed position means that there’s no need for expensive infrastructure or third-party intermediaries. The speed of exchanges between people is increased, and the system is more secure too because cryptography and digital signatures are accessed to prove identities. Because every block is linked to another block, it’s almost impossible to change records or alter the history of the chain.
So, what are some of the ways we could use this technology in telecommunications?
The Blockchain and IoT
The internet of things has recently emerged as a trending topic in the communication industry. While it presents a lot of opportunities, it also represents numerous challenges in the need to secure interactions among machines and sensors. On top of that, the information gathered by IoT devices needs to be secured too.
The decentralised nature of the Blockchain means that IoT security can be accessed on a more scalable level, with inherent capabilities for validation and verification that stop rogue devices from disrupting situations with false information. Although the blockchain isn’t the only way to create a more secure environment for IoT, it could be a key player in the future of this technology.
The Blockchain and Identity Management
A telecommunications company could access the benefits of blockchain identity management to enhance their services, and deliver better solutions to their partners. Blockchain technology can apply identity authentication strategies across a range of organisations, applications, and devices, removing the need for users to select separate passwords for their accounts. A user could instead access all their services through a master key.
A project called ID2020 has already been established by the UN, which will be a public and private partnership designed to give identity services to up to 1.1 billion people now living without a recognised identity. The goal of this process is to use the blockchain system to make digital identity more of a reality in the future.
The Blockchain and Fraud Prevention
Finally, one last area where telecommunication companies could easily benefit from the power of blockchain is in fraud prevention. According to a survey by the Association for Communication Fraud Control, fraudulent activity losses generally come out at about $38.1 billion. In other words – we need to get a handle on our fraud problem.
In the world of identity fraud, Blockchain could help us to identify people more accurately, and validate actions to ensure that devices are being used in the correct way. Ultimately, this could help to cut down on the amount of money that’s wasted because of fraud each year.
Is Blockchain the Future of Telecommunications?
Ultimately, blockchain might not be essential to the future of the Telecom industry, but it is a unique technology that could represent huge opportunities for telecommunication providers around the world.
Right now, we’re only beginning to tap into the possibilities of blockchain technology for wider applications. The more we learn about this incredible solution, the more likely it is that we’ll find more ways that communications and blockchain strategies can be linked together.
Originally appeared on Robs blog | <urn:uuid:18e014c5-8b43-4731-8ed4-62d0eb868f68> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.experfy.com/blog/call-me-on-the-blockchain-could-blockchain-enhance-telecommunications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260358.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527005538-20190527031538-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.942289 | 840 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Definition of prepubescent in English:
Relating to or in the period preceding puberty: a prepubescent girl
More example sentences
- The change is a steady one, a smoothly continuous development to the final prepubescent physique, rather than any passage through a series of separate stages.
- These responses are based on a sentimental view of nature, permissible in prepubescent girls, perhaps, but disturbing in anyone old enough to know better.
- This is a show aimed at prepubescent girls after all, we wouldn't want anything inappropriate.
nounBack to top
A prepubescent boy or girl.
- The film showed prepubescents that bad things could happen to them, too.
- If you're a veteran actor who's nervous or excited about your chances to win an Oscar, the last thing you wanna see is a montage of prepubescents who have already scored the golden statuette!
- He's sold millions of books over the years, keeping prepubescents and spotty adolescents alike hooked on his dynamite prose, all while pretending to do real work.
- Example sentences
- Think of the last two and a half years as his prepubescence.
- During prepubescence, relations between brothers and sisters are free and easy.
Definition of prepubescent in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:b9c7252b-543f-4d55-b539-8128bff5d9eb> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/prepubescent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644068098.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025428-00195-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90666 | 313 | 3.125 | 3 |
Definition of Incompatibility, Rh
Incompatibility, Rh: The state of mother and fetus having different Rh blood group types so that means their Rh types are "incompatible." The red blood cells of an Rh+ (Rh positive) fetus may in this situation be attacked by antibodies produced by the Rh- (Rh negative) mother. The antibodies pass across the placenta from mother to fetus and the result is hemolytic disease for the fetus and newborn.
Treatment may include watchful waiting, putting the baby "under the light" (under a UV light) or an exchange transfusion. Prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn is by giving the mother Rh0 (D) immune globulin (brand name: RhoGAM).
History: Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn was first described by a French midwife in 1609 in a set of twins: the first twin was hydropic (swollen with edema fluid) and stillborn; the second twin was deeply jaundiced and subsequently died of kernicterus.
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
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- Viral Skin Diseases
- Additional Skin Conditions | <urn:uuid:3fe48895-48ac-4e59-bc23-a25309e1daae> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15494 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988840.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00160-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88378 | 369 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Courts may require witnesses to appear and give testimony in court. A privilege is an exception to this rule. Some privileges are actually a constitutional right. Privileges allow an individual to object to proposed testimony regarding communications that they had with a person in a confidential relationship. There are different privileges that are recognized under state and federal law.
In the United States government, executive privilege is the power claimed by the President of the United States and other members of the executive branch to resist certain subpoenas and other interventions by the legislative and judicial branches of government to access information and personnel relating to the executive branch. The Supreme Court confirmed the legitimacy of this doctrine in United States v. Nixon, but only to the extent of confirming that there is a qualified privilege. Once invoked, a presumption of privilege is established, requiring the prosecutor to make a "sufficient showing" that the "Presidential material" is "essential to the justice of the case" (418 U.S. at 713-14). Chief Justice Burger further stated that executive privilege would most effectively apply when the oversight of the executive would impair that branch's national security concerns. Chief Justice Burger, writing for the majority in US v. Nixon noted: "Whatever the nature of the privilege of confidentiality of Presidential communications in the exercise of Art. II powers, the privilege can be said to derive from the supremacy of each branch within its own assigned area of constitutional duties. Certain powers and privileges flow from the nature of enumerated powers; the protection of the confidentiality of Presidential communications has similar constitutional underpinnings." Because Nixon had asserted only a generalized need for confidentiality, the Court held that the larger public interest in obtaining the truth in the context of a criminal prosecution took precedence.
A privilege guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution bans a a witness from being compelled to give testimony that is self-incriminating. A witness in “any proceeding, civil or criminal, administrative or judicial, investigatory or adjudicatory” may assert the privilege against self-incrimination. Kastigar v. U.S., 406 U.S. 441, 444-45 (1972). The assertion must be related to the witness’s “reasonabl[e] belie[f] that the information sought, or discoverable as a result of his testimony, could be used in a subsequent . . . criminal proceeding.” U.S. v. Balsys, 524 U.S. 666, 672 (1999).
The privilege applies generally only to testimonial evidence. See, e.g., Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 304 (1985) (“The Fifth Amendment, of course, is not concerned with nontestimonial evidence.”). Physical evidence is not testimonial. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Conkey, 430 Mass. 139, 142 (1999) (“If evidence sought is real or physical evidence, such as hair and blood samples, voice exemplars, fingerprints, lineups, sobriety tests, or breathalyzer tests, art. 12 does not protect a person from having to provide such evidence.”). However, when admitted to show consciousness of guilt, conduct evidence is “always testimonial because it tends to demonstrate that the defendant knew he was guilty,” e.g., threat or intimidation of potential witness, attempt to commit suicide, refusal to turn over physical evidence, refusal to take field sobriety test, destruction of evidence, flight, altered appearance, and false statements. Id. at 142 (internal citations omitted).
If a witness testifies about incriminating matters and does not assert his privilege against self-incrimination, it is waived. U.S. v. Monia, 317 U.S. 424, 427 (1943). However, if a witness is compelled to testify, the witness has no reason to assert the privilege until “testimony sought to be elicited will in fact tend to incriminate.” Brown v. U.S., 356 U.S. 148, 156 (1958) (“He must be able to raise the bar at the point in his testimony when his immunity becomes operated.”).
“It is well-established that a witness, in a single proceeding, may not testify voluntarily about a subject and then invoke the privilege against self-incrimination when questioned about the details.” Mitchell v. U.S., 526 U.S. 314, 321 (1999); Brown v. U.S., 356 U.S. at 156 (witness cannot testify on her own behalf and then assert the privilege during cross examination “on matters raised by her own testimony on direct examination.”). A criminal defendant “has no right to set forth to [the factfinder] all the facts which tend in his favor without laying himself open to a cross examination upon those facts.” Brown, 356 U.S. at 155 (internal quotation omitted). When a witness testifies voluntarily, “certainly if he is a party, [he] determines the area of disclosure and therefore of inquiry.” Id. at 155-156. The witness, therefore, can face cross examination on those facts which he puts into dispute. Id.
If a witness waives his privilege in regard to a particular topic, he does not waive his privilege as to all possible related topics. See Rogers v. U.S., 340 U.S. 367, 373-374 (1951); Hashagan v. U.S., 283 F.2d 345, 352 (9th Cir. 1960). See generally 3 Nancy Hollander et al., Wharton’s Criminal Procedure, §20:12, at 20-46 – 20-49 (14th ed. 2008) (explaining precedent in regard to waiver and related topics). If a witness has testified regarding an incriminating matter, he has waived his privilege in regard to that matter; however, he has not waived the privilege in regard to testimony which might further incriminate him regarding other crimes. Hashagan, 283 F.2d at 354. | <urn:uuid:854704d8-5a9c-435f-ae0f-9ddda3424fa5> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.paulksicinskilaw.com/blog/fbi-director-james-comey-trump-and-the-right-to-privileged-communications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152156.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726215020-20210727005020-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.936021 | 1,265 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Raw sewage flows into the sea at Westbrook beach
Raw sewage has been flowing unhindered into the sea at the Westbrook Blue Flag beach for more than...
As communities throughout KwaZulu-Natal take stock in the aftermath of the flood damage last week, the spotlight has been turned on the amount of waste that has washed up along the KZN coastline.
Thousands of volunteers throughout KZN got together and collected bags upon bags of plastic waste. Here in Port Shepstone, the Sai Centre in Marburg heeded the call to have Mbango beach cleaned up and the support was overwhelming.
Morgan Naidoo, chairman of the Umbango River Conservancy, said the extent of pollution that washed out of the Mbango River in Port Shepstone is shocking.
Plastic is destroying the environment. These plastic packets and bottles were picked up at Mbango last Saturday.
“The debris is obviously the indiscriminate and blatant pollution by residents who live along the Umbango river. It is possible that some of the culprits are also from businesses who use the river as a dumping outlet. Plastic in every form was picked up by group of volunteers who decided to make a difference. Plastic in the ocean is an international problem and is a killer of ocean life. I appeal to all to lessen pollution and start recycling,” said Mr Naidoo. | <urn:uuid:5b829fe6-f87e-42a2-8d33-490baedfbe11> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.coastkzn.co.za/floods-wash-loads-of-litter-onto-beaches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.965685 | 280 | 2.515625 | 3 |
An aerotropolis is a metropolitan subregion where the layout, infrastructure, and economy are centered on an airport which serves as a multimodal "airport city" urban core. It is similar in form and function to a traditional metropolis, which contains a central city core and commuter-linked suburbs. The term was first used by New York commercial artist Nicholas DeSantis, whose drawing of a skyscraper rooftop airport in the city was presented in the November 1939 issue of Popular Science. The term was appropriated by air commerce researcher John D. Kasarda in 2000 based on his prior research on airport-driven economic development.
Airports, connectivity, and development
According to Kasarda, airports have evolved as drivers of business location and urban development in the 21st century in the same way as highways did in the 20th century, railroads in the 19th century, and seaports in the 18th century. The engine of the aerotropolis is the airport and its air routes which offer firms speedy connectivity to their distant suppliers, customers, and enterprise partners worldwide. Some aerotropolis businesses are more dependent on suppliers or customers than those located nearby. As economies become increasingly globalized and reliant on air commerce for trade in goods and services, the speed and agility aviation provides to long-distance movement of people and goods generate competitive advantages for firms and places. In the aerotropolis model, time and cost of connectivity replace space and distance as the primary metrics shaping development, with "economies of speed" becoming as salient for competitiveness as economies of scale and economies of scope. In this model, it is not how far, but how fast distant firms and places can connect.
The aerotropolis encompasses aviation-dependent businesses and the commercial facilities that support them and the multitude of air travelers who pass through the airport annually. Airport-linked businesses include, among others, time-sensitive manufacturing, logistics, and e-commerce fulfillment; high-value perishables and biomeds; retail, sports, and entertainment complexes; hotels; conference, trade, and exhibition centers; and offices for businesspeople who travel frequently by air or engage in global commerce. Clusters of business parks, logistics parks, industrial parks, distribution centers, information technology complexes and wholesale merchandise marts locate around the airport and along the transportation corridors radiating from them. As increasing numbers of aviation-oriented firms and commercial service providers cluster around airports, the aerotropolis is becoming a major urban destination where air travelers and locals alike work, shop, meet, exchange knowledge, conduct business, eat, sleep, and are entertained often without going more than 15 minutes from the airport.
Some aerotropolises have arisen spontaneously, responding to organic market forces with a lack of planning and of appropriate surface infrastructure creating bottlenecks and other inefficiencies. Principles of urban planning and sustainability are essential to the creation of a successful aerotropolis, as is stakeholder alignment. Governance entities aligning airport management, airport-surrounding communities, and city and regional officials with local business and economic development leaders should implement aerotropolis planning to achieve greater economic efficiencies and more attractive and sustainable development.
Criticisms of the concept
One major criticism is the question of whether oil will stay relatively inexpensive and widely available in the future or whether a downturn in oil production will adversely affect aerotropolises. Others have criticized the aerotropolis model for overstating the number and types of goods that travel by air. While many types of high-value goods, like electronics, tend to travel by air, larger, bulkier items like cars and grain do not. Those who point this out suggest that the relationship between seaports, airports, and rail facilities should be studied in more depth. Other criticisms of the aerotropolis include loss of farmland and forests, excluding affected people and communities, and locking in high-carbon infrastructure for decades to come.
List of aerotropolises
While no quantitative model exists to determine if an airport and its surrounding real estate can be seen as an aerotropolis, a qualitative list has been developed by researchers at the Center for Air Commerce at the Frank Hawkins Kenan Institute of Private Enterprise at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This list is updated as new projects are announced and economic development related to airports accelerates. They choose to define sites as "operational" or "under development," and criteria include the following:
- Demonstrated commitment to the aerotropolis or airport city model as seen in the establishment of aerotropolis steering committees, strategic planning, and development initiatives.
- Government/regulatory support of the aerotropolis or airport city through aerotropolis legislation, tax incentives or other mechanisms.
- Media announcements by proponents with substantiated evidence that an aerotropolis or airport city initiative is moving forward.
The African Aerotropolis
In September 2011, the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa officially announced its intention to transform the municipality into a functioning Aerotropolis. Prof. John D. Kasarda was consulted to define roadmap for the preparation of the planning guidelines. Ekurhuleni also appointed METROPLAN Town and Regional Planners in order to prepare a Regional Spatial Development Framework - which is to be the primary planning document of the municipality in facilitating the transformation of Ekurhuleni into the first African Aerotropolis. Pieter Swanepoel, the manager of the Aerotropolis Project, insists that the South African Aerotropolis will be formed on the basis of the strength of the OR Tambo International Airport, and that it will be the long awaited restructuring tool that will put South Africa on the world map, and transform Ekurhuleni into the "gateway to Africa". Dr. Marinda Schoonraad, the consultant town planner and urban designer for the project stresses the importance that regardless of the positive examples in Europe, Asia and Americas, a strong accent should be put on effort to create a unique identity which will put the concept of the Aerotropolis into the African context.
The California Aerotropolis
A 2010 report published by Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA) identified America's commercial airports as powerful economic engines, generating 10.5 million jobs and $1.2 trillion in total economic impact. Recognizing this reality and potential, the South County Economic Development Council (SCEDC) led efforts to develop feasibility assessments for an Aerotropolis concept around Brown Field Municipal Airport in San Diego County, California. In 2013, the U.S. Economic Development Administration awarded a federal grant, which the SCEDC will use to research ways to create economic growth through a regional airport-focused "aerotropolis" concept.
Brown Field Municipal Airport already is an economic driver in the South County and the San Diego Region, providing General Aviation, corporate business services and military and public safety support. Recently approved plans for phased construction at Brown Field are projected to create 4,000 jobs and contribute more than $500 million annually to the local economy.
The recent approval of land use entitlements for the Metropolitan Airport project, along with the airport's proximity to the U.S./Mexico border, including the construction of the new Cross-Border Xpress, which will connect directly with the Tijuana International Airport, all contribute to the economic potential of the area. The creation of an Aerotropolis in the South County will foster a new employment center that can grow jobs near where people already live. This fast-track border crossing will be staffed much like any other U.S. border crossing by U.S. customs officers on the San Diego side and Mexican officers on the Tijuana side.
Failed St. Louis Aerotropolis proposal
In 2011, state legislators in Missouri proposed a tax incentive package to bring Chinese air cargo companies to St. Louis Lambert International Airport and establish a "China Hub" for the transportation of Chinese goods to the United States. The incentive package did not become law, however, and although a handful of partially-loaded cargo flights arrived from China while the incentives were debated, those flights had ceased by the end of that year. In May 2015, Lambert officials said that the market for an aerotropolis-type project had since "disappeared amid a downturn in international cargo." The failure of the St. Louis effort suggests that not all airports and airport areas can develop into successful aerotropolises. Without an appropriate market, extensive airline connectivity, qualified labor, and an alignment of the public and private sectors, major barriers to aerotropolis development will exist.
- Kasarda, John (21 April 2013). "Airport cities: The evolution - Airport World Magazine". Retrieved 2015-08-27.
- Kasarda, John D., "The Way Forward," Global Airport Cities, 2010. http://www.aerotropolis.com/files/GlobalAirportCities.pdf
- Kasarda, John D., 3-D Aerotropolis Schematic with Airport City Center. http://www.aerotropolis.com/files/AerotropolisSchematicWithCore.jpg
- "Skyscraper Airport for City of Tomorrow". Popular Science (November 1939): pp. 70-71. http://books.google.com/books?id=QywDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=aerotropolis+popular+science&hl=en&ei=CqGYT8byCKei2wW4tYjzBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Kasarda, John (1991). "AN INDUSTRIAL AVIATION COMPLEX FOR THE FUTURE". Urban Land 50 (8): 16–20. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- Kasarda, John (December 1998). "Time-Based Competition & Industrial Location in the Fast Century". Real Estate Issues 23 (4): 24. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- Kasarda, John D. "Logistics & the Rise of the Aerotropolis". Real Estate Issues, Vol. 25 (Winter 2000/2001): pp. 43–48.
- Kasarda, John (2000). Aerotropolis: Airport-Driven Urban Development. ULI on the Future: Cities in the 21st Century (Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute).
- Kasarda, John; Lindsay, Greg (2011). Aerotropolis: The Way We'll Live Next. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374533519.
- Kasarda, John (November 2014). "Gateway Airports: Commercial Magnets and Critical Business Infrastructure" (PDF). McGraw Hill Financial Global Institute. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
- Kasarda, John (2013). "Aerotropolis: Business Mobility and Urban Competitiveness in the 21st Century". In Klaus, Benesch. Cultures and Mobility. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitatsverlag Winter. pp. 9–20.
- Appold, Stephen J.; Kasarda, John D. (2013-05-01). "The Airport City Phenomenon: Evidence from Large US Airports". Urban Studies 50 (6): 1239–1259. doi:10.1177/0042098012464401. ISSN 0042-0980.
- "About the Aerotropolis," http://www.aerotropolis.com/airportCities/about-the-aerotropolis
- Freestone, R. (2009). Planning, Sustainability and Airport-Led Urban Development. International Planning Studies, 14(2), 161-176. doi:10.1080/13563470903021217
- Appold, Stephen; Kasarda, John. "Love thy neighbour". Airport World Magazine. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- Kasarda, John; Appold, Stephen (2014). "Planning a Competitive Aerotropolis". In Peoples, Jr., James H. The Economics of International Airline Transport. Advances in Airline Economics 4. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 281–308. ISBN 978-1-78350-639-2. ISSN 2212-1609.
- Plumer, Bradford (27 August 2008). "The End Of Aviation". The New Republic. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
- Charles, M. B., Barnes, P., Ryan, N., & Clayton, J. (2007). Airport Futures: Towards a Critique of the Aerotropolis Model. Futures, 39 (9), 1009-1028.
- Bridger, Rose (8 May 2015). "Aerotropolis alert! Airport mega-projects driving environmental destruction worldwide". The Ecologist. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- Kasarda, John D., 2013 Aerotropolis Status List. Hosted by Aerotropolis.com at http://www.aerotropolis.com/files/2013_AerotropolisStatus.pdf
- Kasarda, John D., "Criteria for Aerotropolis Selection," Aerotropolis at Center for Air Commerce at Kenan-Flagler Business School, Website, University of North Carolina. Hosted at http://www.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/KI/airCommerce/files/2011_CriteriaForAerotropolis.pdf
- "Aerotropolis facts". City of Ekurhuleni Website. September 2011
- "Aerotropolis concept at the heart of Ekurhuleni’s new development thrust" by Tracy Hancock. Engineering News. 14 October 2011.
- "First aerotropolis in Africa is launched" by Annalie Reid. Kempton Express. 15 July 2011
- "Status Quo Report". RSDF for Region A. Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality. February 2012. Page 2
- "Clean Take-off?" by Engela Petzer. Urban Green File. June 2012
- "PLANNING THE AFRICAN AEROTROPOLIS" by Dr. Marinda Schoonraad. METROPLAN NEWSLETTER. March 2012. Page 1-2
- "The Economic Impact of Commercial Airports in 2010" (PDF). Airports Council International – North America. January 6, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
- "Federal Grant Will Fund Aerotropolis Study". Lou Hirsch and SDBJ Staff. December 23, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
- "Brown Field Aerotropolis Feasibility Study" (PDF). South County EDC Staff. March 31, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- "New Bridge Will Let People Walk From San Diego To Tijuana". Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan. December 4, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2015. | <urn:uuid:13f82e1f-0a1e-405e-9b2d-aafb223f900e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotropolis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675795.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00221-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875915 | 3,113 | 3.125 | 3 |
Childhood obesity has become a major problem for the United States of America for the last few decades. This problem puts the kids at risk of a poor health condition. Too much intake of high calorie foods with no or a little physical activity is the main reason of children becoming obese or overweight. Though the problem is lessened in preschoolers, the overall picture is still not good. Childhood obesity America has reached the top among kids and adolescents. In the year 1970, only 5% of the U.S children aged 2-19 years were obese. But now according to the Center for Disease Control, the rate of children and adolescent obesity is 17%. About 12.7 million children and adolescents were affected by this problem.
Facts and Figures
Childhood obesity trends in USA shows us the following results:
- Children obesity rate remain stable at about 17% for the last couple of years.
- The obesity rate among Hispanics is 21.9%
- 5% of Hispanic Blacks are affected by obesity
- Among non-Hispanic whites, 14.7% people are suffering from this condition
- Among all the youths in America, non-Hispanic Asian youths are the least sufferer of childhood and adolescent obesity. The rate stands at only 8.6%
Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in the United States 2011-2016:
Age group Percentage
3 – 23 months 12.3%
2 – 5 years 8.9%
6 – 11 years 17.5%
12 – 19 years 20.5%
These rates depict a horrible situation prevailing in the American society. Parents every day are getting more and more worried for their kids. What will be the health consequences are their primary concern.
Health consequences of Childhood obesity in America
Obesity tells upon your child’s health to a great extent. Having unbalanced diet, especially taking in foods like snacks, chocolate chips, cookies, take away foods and sweetened beverages, will make your child fat. In addition, if (s)he does not have enough physical activity like playing outdoors or swimming, the fat will accumulate in his/her body. This fat has a long term negative effect on both a child’s health and mind. Obese children are more likely to become the victim of cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, insulin tolerance, sleep apnea, asthma etc. Apart from these, there is also a deep impact on your kids’ psychology as well. Obese kids go under low self-esteem and low confidence level. Social insecurity is another issue as they have a higher chance of being bullied at school.
Remember, obesity is a curse for your child. Save him/her from this abyss. | <urn:uuid:80affee9-b691-400f-9a11-2e447790bbeb> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://childhoodobesity21.com/childhood-obesity-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823516.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210233803-20181211015303-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.946097 | 552 | 3.3125 | 3 |
What is my dangerous idea? Although arcane, evidence for this dangerous concept is overwhelming; I have collected clues from many sources. Reminiscent of Oscar Wilde's claim that "even true things can be proved" I predict that the scientific gatekeepers in academia eventually will be forced to permit this dangerous idea to become widely accepted. What is it?
Our sensibilities, our perceptions that register through our sense organ cells evolved directly from our bacterial ancestors. Signals in the environment: light impinging on the eye's retina, taste on the buds of the tongue, odor through the nose, sound in the ear are translated to nervous impulses by extensions of sensory cells called cilia. We, like all other mammals, including our apish brothers, have taste-bud cilia, inner ear cilia, nasal passage cilia that detect odors. We distinguish savory from sweet, birdsong from whalesong, drumbeats from thunder. With our eyes closed, we detect the light of the rising sun and and feel the vibrations of the drums. These abilities to sense our surroundings, a heritage that preceded the evolution of all primates, indeed, all animals, by use of specialized cilia at the tips of sensory cells, and the existence of the cilia in the tails of sperm, come from one kind of our bacterial ancestors. Which? Those of our bacterial ancestors that became cilia. We owe our sensitivity to a loving touch, the scent of lavender , the taste of a salted nut or vinaigrette, a police-cruiser siren, or glimpse of brilliant starlight to our sensory cells. We owe the chemical attraction of the sperm as its tail impels it to swim toward the egg, even the moss plant sperm, to its cilia. The dangerous idea is that the cilia evolved from hyperactive bacteria. Bacterial ancestors swam toward food and away from noxious gases, they moved up to the well-lit waters at the surface of the pond. They were startled when, in a crowd, some relative bumped them. These bacterial ancestors that never slept, avoided water too hot or too salty. They still do.
Why is the concept that our sensitivities evolved directly from swimming bacterial ancestors of the sensory cilia so dangerous?
Several reasons: we would be forced to admit that bacteria are conscious, that they are sensitive to stimuli in their environment and behave accordingly. We would have to accept that bacteria, touted to be our enemies, are not merely neutral or friendly but that they are us. They are direct ancestors of our most sensitive body parts. Our culture's terminology about bacteria is that of warfare: they are germs to be destroyed and forever vanquished, bacterial enemies make toxins that poison us. We load our soaps with antibacterials that kill on contact, stomach ulcers are now agreed to be caused by bacterial infection. Even if some admit the existence of "good" bacteria in soil or probiotic food like yogurt few of us tolerate the dangerous notion that human sperm tails and sensitive cells of nasal passages lined with waving cilia, are former bacteria. If this dangerous idea becomes widespread it follows that we humans must agree that even before our evolution as animals we have hated and tried to kill our own ancestors. Again, we have seen the enemy, indeed, and, as usual, it is us. Social interactions of sensitive bacteria, then, not God, made us who were are today. | <urn:uuid:fc92544a-dfed-4fc9-9eee-10a5e47db5b3> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://edge.org/response-detail/11243 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464840.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00158-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957327 | 694 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This four-session project allows students to create their own Native American village, using the knowledge learned in their Early American studies. This project is designed to aid students in meeting National Social Sciences Standards expectations.
This Classroom Pack includes enough materials for 12 individual or group projects. Easily modify the four-session project format to fit your lesson plan and time frame. Students can modify the template to create one large tepee, two medium tepees or three small tepees.
Ages 7 and up. Adult supervision recommended for younger children.
Click Contents for complete list of included materials.
WARNING: Sharp Objects! Choking Hazard!
Small parts. Not intended for children under 3 years. Adult supervision required.
AVERTISSEMENT: Objet pointu! Danger d'étranglement! Petites pièces. Pas recommandé pour les
enfants de moins de 3 ans. Supervision d'un adulte requise.
ADVERTENCIA: ¡Objeto puntiagudo! ¡Peligro de ahogarse! Partes pequeñas. No diseñado para el
uso de niños menores de 3 años. Supervisión de un adulto requerida.
CAUTION: Cutting tool recommended. Use with care.
MISE EN GARDE: Outil de coupe recommandé. Utiliser avec précaution.
PRECAUCIÓN: Herramienta cortante recomendada Utilizar con cuidado.
Woodland Scenics Quality Brands is committed to manufacturing superior quality, safety-tested products. All of our modeling materials are evaluated by a Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Approved Toxicologist to ensure they meet the standards for art materials set out by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) International, if applicable. "ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus standards. Today, some 12,000 ASTM standards are used around the world to improve product quality, enhance safety, facilitate market access and trade, and build consumer confidence." For more information about ASTM International, visit http://www.astm.org/ABOUT/overview.html. | <urn:uuid:d005b7b7-fb1e-49ba-8032-4b796b9cb70d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://scenearama.woodlandscenics.com/show/item/SP4250 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203462.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324145706-20190324171706-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.715453 | 492 | 3.046875 | 3 |
In order to understand the importance of each vitamin, we must look at how they function in the body. Vitamins are divided into two main categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Cystic fibrosis patients, due to their low body fat, have trouble absorbing fat-soluble vitamins.
A: divided into retinols and beta carotenes, vitamin A is needed for growth and cell development. It helps the body maintain healthy skin, hair and nails, not to mention gums, bones and teeth. Some studies have even linked it to being a likely way to prevent lung cancer.
When the body doesn’t get enough vitamin A, nightblindness is the most noticeable symptom. In children, insufficient levels of vitamin A can cause stunted growth or small stature. Cystic fibrosis patients without enough vitamin A are more prone to infection of any type. Dry skin is also a symptom of lack of vitamin A in the body.
D: also called calciterol, vitamin D is a precursor to calcium absorption. It helps the body maintain bone density. This is one vitamin that the body is able to generate on its own. Exposure to direct sunlight in reasonable amounts is what triggers the body to produce this vitamin.
Food sources of Vitamin D include milk, butter, egg yolks, and fatty fish. These are excellent food choices for people with cystic fibrosis since they provide high calories, good and some protein. The body doesn’t need much vitamin D—only 5 micrograms.
Vitamin D deficiency commonly presents itself as diarrhea, loss of appetite and headaches. Determining whether these symptoms are caused by lack of vitamin D or are signs of some other complication of cystic fibrosis can be difficult, especially in children.
E: tocopherol is the technical term for vitamin E. An important antioxidant, this vitamin helps the body maintain muscle structure and red blood cells. Healthy red blood cells are important for people with cystic fibrosis, since adequate oxygen saturation is needed to maintain good health.
There are no physical symptoms that are associated with low levels of vitamin E, but inadequate concentrations of it in can interfere with a woman’s ability to carry a pregnancy to term. Food sources of vitamin E are those high in “good cholesterol,” for example, eggs, vegetable oils, margarine and mayonnaise and nuts. Dark green leafy vegetables, particularly spinach and asparagus are high in vitamin E.
K: Without vitamin K, the body cannot clot blood properly. In people with cystic fibrosis, deficiency in vitamin K can lead to challenging bouts of hemoptysis (coughing up blood) even to the point of requiring an embolization to stop the bleeding. Excess bleeding, especially for women, can also result in iron deficiency. This impairs the body’s ability to heal from infection. People who bruise easily may be deficient in vitamin K.
One amusing way to tell if a person is deficient in vitamin K is to take a piece of real gold (14k or better) and press it to the person’s cheek and “draw” a line with it. If the person’s cheek develops a dark gray line where the gold was, the person is vitamin deficient.
Biotin: This vitamin sets the pace of a person’s metabolism and is a source of energy for the body. Egg yolks, soybeans, cereal and yeast products (excluding beer) are foods that contain biotin. Lack of biotin can lead to depression, dry, scaly skin and hair loss. Although uncommon in people with cystic fibrosis, high blood cholesterol is a sign of biotin deficiency.
Folate: Also known as folic acid and folacin, this vitamin is needed to make DNA, RNA and the ever-essential red blood cells. It also helps the body synthesize amino acids. Without it, weight loss, anemia and digestive issues can occur. Women who are pregnant and have insufficient folic acid levels are at a greater risk for having a baby with birth defects. Folate also helps liver function—which is useful for cystic fibrosis patients with liver damage.
Sources of folate in food include: liver, avocados, raw vegetables, and crunchy vegetables like broccoli and celery.
Niacin: B3 is the form of niacin needed to metabolize energy. It’s important as it promotes normal growth of the body, especially early in life. Sources of niacin include: lean meat, chicken and turkey, seafood, eggs, legumes and fortified cereal.
Lack of niacin can lead to diarrhea and particularly watery (as opposed to fatty) stool. It can also cause mouth sores.
B: along with niacin (B3) B5, B2, B1 and B6 are required for energy. In patients with cystic fibrosis, a lot of energy is used in fighting lung infections, carrying out airway clearance, and remaining as active as possible. One particularly useful role of vitamin B1, also called thiamine, is that it promotes normal digestion, and appetite. The other B vitamins are essential in helping the body convert carbohydrates (sugars and starches) into usable energy. They also contribute to healthy growth and synthesis of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
Insufficient levels of vitamin B have been linked to depression and mood swings. Along with depression is a lack of appetite and weight loss. In people with cystic fibrosis it is important to properly assess whether any mood changes are the result of vitamin insufficiency, or if there is something else going on. Weakness and anemia are other symptoms of low vitamin B.
Patients with cystic fibrosis related diabetes should also be sure they are getting adequate amounts of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) in the diet since one symptom of deficiency is low blood sugar. This, combined with a decreased ability to fight infection can cause instable blood sugar levels.
Studies have shown that the leading cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is caused by an inability to properly absorb the vitamin in the intestinal tract. This is largely the case in patients with cystic fibrosis. The thick, sticky mucus in the digestive tract is what keeps the small intestine from absorbing B vitamins.
C: ascorbic acid, found mostly in citrus fruits, melons and other brightly colored fruits and vegetables, was once considered a panacea for the common cold. Though its cure-all reputation has been debunked, there’s no denying the benefits of vitamin C. The body uses this vitamin to strengthen the walls of blood vessels and prevent atherosclerosis or hardening of the veins—good news for patients who need PICC lines or midlines.
Signs of vitamin C deficiency include: loose teeth, bleeding gums, poor or decreased appetite and the inability to heal from a simple infection. Since vitamin C increases iron absorption, extremely low levels of vitamin C can lead to internal bleeding or massive hemoptysis. | <urn:uuid:357ab347-8ee0-428a-b2b0-2550150d311d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://understandingcysticfibrosis.blogspot.com/2008/03/understanding-vitamins.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105086.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818175604-20170818195604-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.926329 | 1,470 | 3.8125 | 4 |
With the development of science are being created and new materials used for decoration. However, they are fraught with certain dangers and can negatively affect the person. Although such harm is minimized, the human reality is entirely artificial the room. It is on this basis and created a new direction of design eco style.
Kitchen in eco style includes the use of solutions in accordance with environmental requirements. It is the use of environmentally friendly materials, as well as the design of the kitchen under the appropriate type. But it is the use of natural materials that cause minimal harm to the environment, is the basis of this style.
Basis eco style was already defined — it is natural. The use of pure materials in the creation of which the human hand has played a minimal role. But it is worth noting that the basis of this design is the absolute environmentally friendly and safe for the environment. Therefore, it is allowed the use of some artificial materials or coatings, if they do not harm.
The main features of eco style include:
- The use of natural materials
- The use of soft lighting
- The use of various decorative elements
- The use of natural light
- The warmth and softness of style
If the choice of materials is clear, it is explained and other points. In this type of decor to make maximum use of natural light from the Windows. This will allow you to achieve a perfect atmosphere in the room. Often for such tasks are creating large window openings, but the standard window size will be enough. As for artificial lighting, often used in soft warm light. Cold glow is better not to use.
Often, the kitchen of this style are full of a variety of elements. Various traditional utensils made from wood, carved stone countertops — all this is combined in a similar style. Plants are also popular, but they make up only a small part of the overall decor.
Warmth and softness is the basis, combined with other style elements. It is worth remembering that an eco kitchen should look nice and warm, though who has survived from a country house. The combination of natural materials allows to achieve this result by creating a unique kitchen design. Even though it will follow the eco style, the variety of creative solutions and ideas will allow you to create individual kitchen.
The use of the materials for eco cuisine is limited to only natural solutions. This is the basic concept of the idea, so in its implementation it is necessary to abandon all types of plastic, often used for food. Should exclude other artificial materials, being confined to:
Also allowed the use of metal elements, but this applies only to appliances, and water. The rest is limited to the previously mentioned materials.
Special emphasis is placed on the wood and the stone. These two materials were used to build the first dwellings, being originally of natural. They are perfect for the eco kitchen, as able to create a unique design just due to its texture.
Materials for finishing of walls and floors should choose mainly from wood and ceramic. Stone is also permitted, but such coverage will be very expensive. Often used for floor tiles, though the usual parquet is quite a good solution. The walls are recommended to be finished with stone or tile, the wood here looks pretty bad.
It is worth noting that you can use different types of wood. They may differ not only shades, but also textures. Well as furniture for perfect vine, which formed a wonderful chairs, stands and tables. To Supplement their can glass elements, but it is not necessary to use glass in large quantity.
Colors in the room should strive to nature, to be natural and unobtrusive. The main background premises should prevail bright or white shade. A good option is a milky color, ivory and other similar options. Also the following colors and shades:
It should be noted that the colors for an eco kitchen should be soft and tender. Therefore, the first three options should be chosen accordingly, using cool shades for the room. Also, do not use too bright shades like orange and red, they are not able to fill the room with warmth.
Use cool or too bright colors are not recommended. This also applies to black color, which is rarely found in nature. Its application is allowed only when used stone of the corresponding color. Such options should only be used for countertops or small elements of the interior decoration of walls or floor black stone is not recommended.
The basis for eco — style-the use of natural resources and materials. Therefore, the best option would be to use natural lighting. Therefore, the window can get rid of Drapes and curtains, using the window as a permanent light source during the day. For this reason, the kitchen should be at least of objects, are capable of luminous flux.
It should be noted that eco style eliminates any strict rules of interior design or environment. If the design solution fits the basic idea of style, it can be applied. Therefore, you can use blinds and curtains if the owner considers it necessary. In such cases it is better to use cotton or linen.
As for artificial lighting, lighting better razmerami around the perimeter of the room. In eco style it is not recommended to use a single light source, it is better to disperse in the kitchen. Optimal use of LED strips and lamps. The lamps can be made of glass, but a good solution is the use of paper options. This will allow you to obtain a pleasant diffused light from normal bulbs.
The lighting is distributed throughout the room, but to pay special attention to the cooking area and the dining table. Because that is where the most people are often available. Also want to avoid bulky elements on the path of illumination. Although it may look beautiful, with such decisions in the kitchen can occur dark areas.
What kind of furniture should be used in the kitchen that support eco style? Here the optimal solution will be classic wood. But do not forget about other natural materials like stone and glass. Supplementing with them your interior, you can achieve a wonderful result.
However, the kitchen not only forms of these elements. There is no place for minimalism, after all, eco style supports the idea of practicality and naturalness. Therefore, various pillows on the chairs, covers, towels, pot holders and many other items will allow to create a unique look and lived-in home kitchens, which has already touched the hand of a housewife. These elements can be complemented with purely decorative items like traditional utensils of pottery, a variety of weaves of vines and other.
In the decorations this style is not limited. Allowed to use any items that complement the look of the kitchen. But they include the same requirements regarding natural materials.
For a better understanding of the eco style it is recommended to watch this video. Here are shown interesting design solutions such directions. Because of this you’ll find original ideas for your kitchen. | <urn:uuid:a4427e5a-43c8-47b6-81c1-097d463217f5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://construct-yourself.com/design-and-interior/kitchen/kitchen-design-in-eco-style.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039503725.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421004512-20210421034512-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.942771 | 1,418 | 2.734375 | 3 |
China's space agency has released some more images taken by its Mars rover named Zhurong, and this time we can see that the rover is visiting some old "friends".
The images were released by the China National Space Agency (CNSA) and show off close-up shots of rock formations on the surface of Mars, landscapes, and tracks left by the rover. Additionally, the CNSA released more images that show off the parachute and the backshell that assisted the rover landing on the Red Planet back on May 15.
The black and white images seen above show off the rover departing the back cover and the chute. As for the fourth image, it shows the parachute deployed during the rover's descent down to where it landed in the Utopia Planitia. China became the first nation to ever successfully get to Mars with a lander, orbiter, and rover in the same mission. Until now, space agencies have had separate missions for each of those elements, usually in this order; orbiters, followed by surface missions - landers first, then landers with rovers, according to Universe Today.
"The picture shows the full view of the parachute and the complete back after aerodynamic ablation. Cover structure, the attitude control engine diversion hole on the back cover is clearly identifiable, the rover is about 30 meters away from the back cover and about 350 meters away from the landing site during imaging," per CNSA.
For more information on this story, check out this link here. | <urn:uuid:6fd0ee87-afb7-4104-a986-4dc483937d04> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tweaktown.com/news/80644/china-releases-images-showing-its-mars-rover-visiting-friends/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.953636 | 304 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Imagine a city, any city, having to contend with smog for three-quarters of a century. Seventy-five years; that’s a lifetime!
Recognizing Los Angeles’ 75-year battle with smog is what this thread is about.
How it happened
On July 8, 1943, Los Angeles smog was born. The smog was so thick, in fact, that area visibility was substantially reduced. And, smarting eyes along with respiratory discomfort, that plus nausea, were the more common associated symptoms.
At first sight, the community at large instinctively knew not only that there was something wrong but that action had to be taken to rid the air of the miasmic and unsightly crud in it. But, where to start looking was the question.
Initially it was believed that a butadiene plant was to blame. However, when the plant shut down, there was no change. Other things were suspected, but, ultimately, it was the automobile that was identified as the culprit.
Once the source was determined it became crystal clear that a solution was required and the correct one at that.
What one needs to understand is that smog is typically a warm-weather phenomenon. Light from the sun, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC) combine to create ozone. It is this ozone in addition to heat, motor-vehicle emissions coupled with gasoline vapors, chemicals, solvents and paints (volatile organic compounds or VOC), for example, that enable smog’s formation and why such ingredients are referred to as smog-forming emissions.
That L.A. had been transformed in just this manner, the question was what to employ to best get rid of the smog – or at least lessen its severity. Area air cleanup had become the main preoccupation of that time.
Automobiles were only one of the puzzle’s keys, obviously. With miles of paved roads and highways, scores of automobiles, with a corresponding, downward trend and plummeting usage in public transit (meaning streetcar and interurban trains) due to their elimination beginning most likely in the mid- to late-1930s, was the impetus for the development of smog. The handwriting was on the wall. Driving had become all the rage. Transit buses, meanwhile, took the place of area trolleys and trains.
Strides were made, but population always being a factor, as long as there is population growth, the likelihood that there will be more driving activity, is indeed strong, the two going hand in hand with driving or vehicle miles traveled (VMT) almost always outpacing the rate of population rise.
Port-based and oil-refinery activity are each an added factor in the southern California air-pollution equation. Emissions from these sources are a constant concern and thus are monitored and regulated.
Progress at both the Port of Long Beach and the Port of Los Angeles has been ongoing. There have been many air-quality improvement measures implemented such as the Clean Trucks Program; shore- (electrical) power provisions for container ships made available upon docking; the switching of fuel in the container ships to a type far cleaner than what is used in these vessels while in transit on the high seas, once within 24 nautical miles of shore; as well as the use of electrically-powered cranes and other equipment related to the loading and unloading of containers, that is, the equipment utilized during the shipping container transfer process.
Add to this a trend in the automotive and trucking manufacturing trades to improve vehicle fuel-efficiency standards while industry efforts to significantly reduce tailpipe emissions have done just that.
Better air-days ahead?
But, there is still so much more work that needs doing, obviously as the South Coast Air Basin to which Los Angeles is a part, had in 2017, 145 days in which the air was unhealthy at least preliminarily, this against the area’s 132 bad-air days in 2016.
As to air-cleansing, rocket science, this is not.
That said, change could come provided the will to change exists. Los Angeles needs to get this right as 75 years of episodes of smog in the city has taken a toll.
Here’s hoping Los Angeles and environs have more auspicious and good-air-quality days ahead!
This post has been updated. | <urn:uuid:2322341a-c9a3-442e-99c9-bae6821ddcab> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://alankandel.scienceblog.com/2018/07/11/75-years-of-l-a-smog-thats-more-than-enough-you-would-think/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593004.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722022235-20180722042235-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.978473 | 914 | 3.09375 | 3 |
February 19, 1997
Web posted at: 8:45 p.m. EST (0145 GMT)
(CNN) -- Key events in China after the fall of its last dynasty:
October 10, 1911: Imperial rule collapses when provinces
declare independence from the Qing dynasty.
January 1, 1912: Sun Yat-sen, regarded as the father of modern
China, is named provisional president of the Chinese Republic.
February 1912: Sun resigns and Yuan Shih-kai, a reformist
official and chief trainer of the army, becomes first president.
1913: Yuan dissolves parliament and takes dictatorial powers.
1916: Yuan dies; China disintegrates into regionalism ruled by
April 1917: Sun declares himself generalissimo of his own
1921: Communist Party founded in Shanghai.
1923: Communists and Sun's Nationalists ally to drive out the
1925: Sun dies, is succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek.
1927: Communist-Nationalist alliance breaks, civil war follows.
1928: Chiang establishes Republic of China in Nanjing, but most
of China still ruled by warlords.
1931: Japan invades northeast China, sets up former Qing
emperor as puppet-emperor of Manchukuo.
1937: Communist-Nationalist civil war suspended for
Anti-Japanese War, which merges into World War II.
1945: World War II ends; civil war resumes.
February 3, 1949: Communist troops enter Beijing.
October 1, 1949: Communist leader Mao Tse-tung declares founding
of People's Republic of China.
1950: Mao quickly brings China under his control, and allies the
country with the Soviet Union.
October 25, 1950: Troops from the United States and China clash
near Pukchin, Korea.
November 26-27, 1950: China sends a huge army against United Nations
troops in Korea.
1953: China begins its first Five Year Plan for economic development.
1976: After an extended illness, Mao Tse-tung dies.
July 22, 1977: Deng is named vice premier and goes on to lead
China through its greatest period of modernization and foreign
January 1, 1979: China and the U.S. establish normal diplomatic
relations. The U.S. recognizes Beijing as capital of China.
April 1988: Li Peng named premier.
1989: Thousands thought killed as government moves to stifle pro-democracy
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In February 1966, flood waters north of Ma'an, in Jordan, brought down into the Hasa Valley near Petra a single dying specimen of the species called Struthio Camelus Syriacus -the ostrich or, as the Chinese call it, the Camel Bird of Arabia. Since no ostriches had been seen on the Arabian Peninsula since 1941, the unexpected appearance of even one specimen gave hope to some optimists that these ostriches - which once roamed freely through Arabia—were not extinct but in hiding.
Ostriches were well known in the ancient world. The Egyptians, for example, took their feathers as the symbol of justice - because the vanes are exactly equal in width on either side of the shaft -and the Pharaohs were cooled with ostrich-feather fans; one fari with a handle made of gold was found in the tomb of an Egyptian queen of about 1700 B.C. And in Mesopotamia, ostriches, usually being sacrificed to the gods, were carved on seals. Mesopotamia also made ostrich eggs into cups, and eggs found in Etruscan graves, and in those at Mycenae, suggest that they were articles of trade in early times.
Many of the classical writers provided good descriptions of ostriches and their habits - indeed, it was Pliny, some 1,900 years ago, who first called them "camel birds" - and they seem to have cropped up in all sorts of ways. Apicius gives recipes in his cookery book for preparing ostriches and one emperor had himself drawn by an ostrich team in the hope it would look as if he were flying. Ostriches also made their appearance in the ampitheater, taking part in the games -not as odd as it sounds, since ostriches, kicking backwards, can bend an iron rail into a right angle.
Ostriches also appear frequently in Islamic verse and especially in the poetry from Arabia itself, where the birds were common. The pleasures of ostrich hunting, for example, were extolled, and large numbers of ostriches and eggs were considered an indication of prosperity
In one of the great Arabic romances, "the Deeds of the Bani Hilal" - a story of the conquest of North Africa - one image describes Tripoli as a "city of merchants, proud and wary as the she-ostrich guarding her eggs."
Arab naturalists also focused on the ostrich - and often described it quite accurately. The following passage, for example, comes from Qazwini, whose Cosmography, written in the mid-13th century, includes a long section on birds:
When the ostrich has laid her eggs, 20 in number or more, she buries them under the sand, leaving one third in one place, exposing another third to the sun, and hatching another third. When the chicks have come out, she breaks the hidden eggs and feeds her young with them. And when the chicks have grown strong, she breaks the last third on which vermin will collect, and this serves as food for the young until they are able to graze.
Not all writings on the ostrich were accurate. The belief that ostriches are bad parents, for example, probably goes back to Lamentations:"... the daughter of my people is become cruel, like the ostriches of the wilderness.. ."and to Job, where the ostrich "leaveth her eggs in the earth and warmeth them in dust and forgetteth that the foot may crush them or that the wild beast may break them. She is hardened against her young as though they were not hers..." And this is quite unfair. Ostriches, at least in the wild, are excellent parents, the female incubating the nest by day, the male by night.
A case recorded in the Nairobi National Park in 1960 illustrates this. A male ostrich was sitting on a clutch of 40 eggs, when he was driven off by a pride of lions. The cubs played with the eggs as if they were balls, dribbling them all over the surrounding area. When they had gone, the he-ostrich came back and laboriously succeeded in rolling the eggs back into the nest. Amazingly enough, they hatched.
Ostriches are the largest living bird and have existed in their present form for at least a million years, and though their origins have been much disputed, there is an Arab myth to explain why they cannot fly. Once upon a time, the falcon and the ostrich had a wager as to which could fly the best. The falcon said, "In the name of God!" and flew straight up towards heaven while the ostrich, who forgot to invoke his Creator's blessing, was scorched by the sun and fell to earth, never to fly again.
The present-day ostrich is two to three meters tall (seven to nine feet), weighs about 136 kilos (300 pounds), lives up to 70 years and has a number of physical peculiarities which set it apart from all other birds. The ostrich, for example, is the only bird that yawns, and, having an extraordinarily efficient heart, can run at 30 miles an hour for an hour at a time without showing distress, and can manage 40 miles an hour for 15 minutes.
Many of the popular stories about ostriches have an element of truth. They do swallow metal and stones - although not to the extent described by writers in the past- and the idea that they hide their heads in the sand to avoid being noticed isn't quite as silly as it sounds. Originating with the Arabs and passed on by the Romans, this legend is based on the fact that ostriches stretch their necks straight out on the ground to sleep and, when pursued, will suddenly throw themselves down flat, preferably with their head in a bush - to apparently vanish before reaching the horizon.
In the Arab world, the ostrich was hunted for pleasure. As a by-product of the sport, the feathers were used as decoration and the skins for cuirasses and the handles of knives. The skins are beautifully marked and very tough, although heavy, and now serve to make extremely elegant luggage. The eggs were sometimes blown and hung in churches, as ornaments where all kinds of legends came to be attached to them.
In early Islamic times, there was a lively trade in live ostriches. The Arabs, for example, sent them to China from Aden and Hormuz, and Tang sources record that "the camel bird who inhabits Arabia is four feet and more in height, its feet resembling those of a camel; its neck is very strong, and men are able to ride on its back; the birds thus walk for five or six miles. Its eggs have the capacity of two pints'
The ostrich had a much more serious role in Africa, since it was hunted not for sport but for food. The Kalahari bushmen were particularly adept at this - disguising themselves in ostrich skins in order to lure the birds into traps - and buried the eggs in the sand full or water, providing small reservoirs that permitted them to hunt far out in the desert. Women also used them as containers and would carry great grass nets full of them to and from the pools or springs. In the Kalahari and by the Orange River, rock carvings and paintings of unknown age have been found showing ostriches and the hunt. In other areas of Africa, such as the Sudan, ostriches were kept semi-domesticated as food and for their feathers, which in many regions were simply pulled out in handfuls at a time and sold as the owner of the bird needed cash.
Towards the end of the 19th century, ostriches became rare. This was partly because of changing patterns of agriculture and urbanization, and partly because of changing fashions. The demand by European women for feathers for hats and boas - exports from South Africa rose from about 9072 kilos (20,000 lbs) to nearly 453,590 kilos (one million lbs) in 50 years - might well have led to the ostrich becoming extinct. Fortunately, ostrich farming was introduced and proved successful all the way from Australia to Florida.
In Arabia, the introduction of firearms caused a great decline in the number of ostriches. On April 14,1914, a British explorer, Captain William Shakespear, bought an ostrich chick when he was encamped near Jawf in today's Saudi Arabia, and about the same time a customs officer at the Allenby Bridge in the Jordan Valley reported that he had an ostrich that used to follow him about. But these were rare examples, and when, in the early 1920's, a hunter in Jordan discovered a clutch of ostrich eggs, they were rushed to England and incubated in the London Zoo. In 1941, though, the ostrich was declared extinct. Now, with the discovery of the ostrich near Ma'an, hope has revived that the Arabian ostrich may still be strutting about somewhere in the Middle East.
Caroline Stone writes regularly for Aramco World. | <urn:uuid:c8fe62ad-179f-47dd-ab89-9aaf2c02968c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/198202/the.camel.bird.of.arabia.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320443.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625064745-20170625084745-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.982441 | 1,897 | 3.515625 | 4 |
FRIDAY, September 8th
Our Parsha this week includes a long passage enumerating the blessings that await us if we serve God and the curses that will follow if we do not. Among these is the warning that if we fail to obey God, “In the morning you will say, ‘if only it were evening,’ and in the evening you will say ‘if only it were morning,’ because of the dread that your heart shall dread and the sights that your eyes shall see.” (Dev. 28:67) Rashi explains that this means that in the morning we will be longing for the previous evening, and in the evening, the previous morning, always longing for the past, because each moment things will be getting worse and worse. Rashbam (Rashi’s grandson) disagrees, saying the plain meaning is that when the curses come upon us, we will be waiting impatiently for the future, like someone sick, wishing time would pass more quickly. Whether Rashi or Rashbam have the correct interpretation, in effect the curse is the same. Dissatisfaction with the present, expressed as longing for another time, is a curse in and of itself, regardless of external circumstances.
The great 19th century scholar, the Natziv explains that the last part of the verse, “because of the dread that your heart shall dread and the sights that your eyes shall see,” describes two different sources of suffering: “the sights that your eyes shall see” refers to real dangers, while “the dread that your heart shall dread” means that we will imagine dreadful things even where there are none. Interestingly, the Torah mentions the imagined fears before it does the real ones. Perhaps this is because our own internal assumptions, prejudices, and dispositions influence our perception of reality, more than concrete facts and experiences. This means that the curse about longing for night when it is morning and longing for morning when it is night is as much about our own state of mind as it is about negative circumstances.
Many of us spend much of our lives caught between nostalgia for the past and looking forward to (or dreading) the future. It’s much rarer to simply focus on the experience of the present, whether that experience is joyful or sad, pleasurable or painful. If constantly longing for the past and the future is in itself a curse, let us practice being alive to our present reality and really doing everything we can in the present to make our lives and the world around us a little bit better.
Rabbi Garth Silberstein | <urn:uuid:7f453c37-0f95-4333-8f47-f3b76c10b0e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://kitcsacramento.org/parshat-ki-tavo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889325.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120043530-20180120063530-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.952419 | 537 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Step 1: The history
Historically in Europe it would have been made from wool or if your were fabulously wealthy linen, cotton or even silk. This may apply in Asia, I do not know.
Many argue that the lozenge or diamond pattern quilting is not historically accurate, but I'm not so sure, I've seen a chess piece from the Isle of Lewis that clearly depict a diamond pattern and the pieces carved there demonstrate a high degree of accuracy. Additionally the Bayeux Tapestry show something that may be diamond pattern, the diamond pattern is logical since it holds the batting in place very well.
Regardless of historical influence, diamond pattern sewn padded material is readily available at most fabric stores and is acceptable to average observer as not dispelling the illusion of authenticity.
If you must be historically accurate this is not the project for you, I have no primary evidence but would be happy to hear from someone who does. | <urn:uuid:747dc988-b4d1-4e28-852d-96573788e329> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-make-an-11-Cent-Padded-Gambeson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645195983.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031315-00057-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9568 | 193 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This professionally prepared ebook is an electronic edition of the book that is designed for reading on digital readers like Nook, Kindle, iPad, Sony Reader, and other products including iPhone and Android smart phones. The text reflows depending on your font preferences and it contains links from navigation.
Israel Kirzner is an outstanding student of Mises's, and here is his sweeping defense of the Misesian definition of the scope and meaning of economic science. He compares the Misesian view of human action with the neoclassical and classical school, and contrasts their views on rationality, human choice, scarcity, and scientific method.
The book came out in 1960, before Rothbard's treatise and before the growth of the Austrian movement. It therefore exercised an important influence on the rising generation. Its contribution is to place the Misesian perspective within the context of the history of thought, demonstrating its unique contribution.
If you would like to submit a video review of your own please contact the Mises Store.
Austrian Economics, Freedom and Peace | <urn:uuid:335b4427-5dd7-4c12-9251-c0e37e603b58> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://mises.org/store/product.aspx?ProductID=10796 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00015-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938814 | 213 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How Did the New Testament Canon Come Together?
by Ken Berding
In this issue
- How Did the New Testament Canon Come Together?
- Revising the Roots of Orthodoxy
- Dean's Column
- Alumni Focus
- Campus News
- Faculty Activities
Recent discussions in the public square have given rise to questions in many people’s minds about how we got our New Testament. This article will discuss how the New Testament canon came together. To keep things clear, early church history will be divided into seven stages so that we can focus upon what was happening at a particular stage regarding the question of the limits of the New Testament canon. The reader will discover that the church did not arbitrarily decide which books should be in the New Testament; early Christians simply acknowledged the books that were apostolic and orthodox.
Stage 1: 30s-50s
After Jesus’ resurrection, the stories about Jesus and his teachings were passed along orally by the apostles, who were committed to guard the message they proclaimed. From the very beginning of the church, these oral teachings of Jesus were viewed alongside the Old Testament Scriptures as authoritative and binding on all followers of the “Way,” as early Christians were called. Furthermore, the apostles’ own teaching was authoritative and binding. Acts 2:42 says that the new believers “were continually devoting themselves to the apostles’ teaching.” The apostles functioned not only as transmitters of the teaching of Christ, but also as prophets in their own right.1 Thus, from the very beginning, orthodox Christians accepted three streams of authority: 1) the Jewish Scriptures (Old Testament), 2) the teachings of the Lord, and 3) the teachings of the apostles.2
Stage 2: 50s-70s
During this period, the first written documents of the apostolic circle (e.g., Paul, James, Peter) mediated the authoritative instruction of these apostles to particular congregations or groups of congregations. Soon, the first written gospels (Mark, Matthew, Luke) and Acts were written down as the apostles began to die off. The gradual loss of guardians of the oral tradition necessitated preserving written records.
There is a self-authentication represented in these writings that is tied to the authority of the apostles who wrote them (cf. Eph 3:5; 2 Thes 2:15; 1 Cor 14:37; and 2 Pet 3:16 which refers to Paul’s letters as “scripture”; cf. Rev 22:18-19). The authority of these writings was not transferred back onto the documents by later church decisions; the original recipients of these writings were expected to understand that the authority conferred upon the apostles—who were prophets in their own right—meant that the readers should obey the instructions they received.
Stage 3: 70s-90s
Jerusalem and the temple were destroyed in A.D. 70 and Jewish Christians were scattered. Thus, people who had heard the teaching of the apostles were more likely to reside not in Palestine, but in such places as Asia Minor and Rome. John, who was apparently the last living apostle, composed the last apostolic books to be written: the Gospel of John, 1-3 John, and the Revelation. But even though written records now existed, the oral teaching of Jesus continued to play an important role for those who had known the apostles and had been trained by them.
Stage 4: 90s-150s
By the end of the first century and beyond, although there were still a few around who felt connected to the apostolic period and who valued the orally-mediated teachings of Jesus (e.g. Papias3), written documents played an increasingly important role for Christians. Christians began extensively using the new technology of the day, the codex (book) format, rather than scrolls when they copied their writings. The codex allowed collections more easily to be gathered together than did scrolls.4
It has been common for critical scholars to assert that orthodox Christians only began to form collections of Christian writings after Marcion formed a “canon” consisting of a truncated version of Luke and the Pauline letters (except the Pastorals) some time around A.D. 150.5 But most scholars—including more critical scholars—now consider this idea to be overly skeptical and to be an exaggeration of Marcion’s role in the process.6
During this period of the “apostolic fathers,”7 there is evidence that Paul’s letters were already circulating as a collection8 and were regularly being referred to by Christians authoritatively, as were other writings of the apostles. Separately, the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) were probably already circulating together at this time.9
Stage 5: 150s-200s
David Trobisch has argued convincingly (in my opinion) that the New Testament, containing the same 27 books as are found in our New Testament (though in a slightly different order than they are presently arranged), was published at some point in the middle of the second century. Unlike earlier discussions of canon, Trobisch’s arguments are based primarily upon evidence from early manuscripts of the New Testament rather than from statements in the church fathers.10 This does not mean that questions were not sometimes raised about particular books; it does mean that the 27 book collection circulated widely from this point forward.
Conflicts with three aberrant groups in particular, (1) Marcionites, with their truncated “canon”, (2) Gnostics, who had begun to compose additional gnostic “gospels”, and (3) Montanists, who claimed to be recipients of new divine revelation, may have contributed to the acceleration11 of discussions among orthodox Christians of which books were acceptable and which were unacceptable. Thus, orthodox Christians such as Irenaeus had to affirm the authority of more books than did the Marcionites, exclude Gnostic literature, and stake a claim that the apostolic writings were qualitatively different (in terms of authority) than the new revelations of the Montanists.
Writers from this period and beyond acknowledged authoritative writings by referring to what had been “handed down.” “The early ecclesiastical writers did not regard themselves as deciding which books to accept or to reject. Rather, they saw themselves as acknowledging which books had been handed down to them.”12 Furthermore, during this period—and perhaps even before—various authors began to use or suggest in some way the expression “New Testament,” which suggests that they conceived of authoritative writings as cohering in a single collection, rather than simply as unconnected individual writings or various small collections of writings.13
By the end of the second century, the four Gospels, Acts, all thirteen of Paul’s letters, 1 Peter and 1 John were fully accepted everywhere.14 It should not escape our notice that these documents about which there was no doubt comprise 86% of our present New Testament.
Stage 6: 200s-360s
In 303 Diocletian ordered an empire-wide persecution of Christians in which Christian books were confiscated and burned.16 Christians apparently knew which books were sacred and which were not. They had to know which books they could and could not hand over to the officials who wanted to destroy them.
After Christianity was legalized by Constantine, Constantine financed the copying of fifty copies of the “sacred Scriptures” and appointed Eusebius to oversee the task.17 It should be remembered in this regard that before Constantine, there were no church councils because Christians were an often persecuted and shunned minority. But they also knew which of their writings were worth preserving from the flames of their persecutors.
Stage 7: 360s onward
Although complete lists of the twenty-seven books of our New Testament may have existed earlier, the first extant list of these books that has no additions or deletions is Athanasius’s thirty-ninth festal letter (ca. 367). Most lists henceforth included the same books with the exception of Revelation which is not found on a number of lists from the church in the East.
The teachings of the Lord and his apostles were considered self-authenticating and authoritative from the days they were first spoken/written. As the apostles died off, orthodox Christians continued to use the writings of the apostles as authoritative. Such Christians recognized a distinction between the writings of the apostolic circle and later Christians who wrote edifying material. The church did not establish a canon of its choosing; it is more proper to speak of the church recognizing the books that Christians had always considered to be an authoritative Word from God.
Ken Berding (M.A. Talbot, Ph.D. Westminster Seminary) is Associate Professor of New Testament at Talbot. A former church planter in a Middle Eastern country, Ken’s most recent book is What are Spiritual Gifts: Rethinking the Conventional View (Kregel, 2006). Ken and his wife Trudi have two daughters, and live within walking distance of Biola, frequently hosting students for dinner.
1 “The apostles are the New Testament counterpart to the Old Testament prophets (see 1 Cor. 2:13; 2 Cor. 13:3; Gal. 1:8-9; 11-12; 1 Thess. 2:13, 4:8, 15; 2 Peter 3:2).” Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (Zondervan, 1994), p. 1050.
2 These continued to be the three streams of authority for Christians in the post-apostolic period. Note 1 Clement 45-47; Ignatius, Epistle to the Philadelphians 9.1-2; and Irenaeus, Haer. 2.2.5. Polycarp mentioned the three streams about 120, “As he [Christ] himself commanded us and the apostles who preached the gospel to us and the prophets who announced beforehand the coming of our Lord” (Pol. Phil. 6.3).
3 Papias, Interpretation of the Lord’s Oracles, quoted in Eusebius, H.E. 3.39.1-4.
4 See David Trobisch, The First Edition of the New Testament (Oxford University Press, 2000), 19-21.
5 Adolf von Harnack, Marcion: Das Evangelium vom fremden Gott, 2d ed. (Hinrichs, 1924), 210-15, 441-44; Hans von Campenhausen, The Formation of the Christian Bible, trans. J. A. Baker (Fortress, 1972), 148.
6 See John Barton, “Marcion Revisited,” in The Canon Debate, ed. Lee Martin McDonald and James A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002), 342-344.
7 The “apostolic fathers” are the first set of Christian literature written after the apostolic age. Normally included in this collection are: 1 Clement, 2 Clement, seven letters of Ignatius, Polycarp’s letter(s) to the Philippians, The Martyrdom of Polycarp, The Didache, The Letter of “Barnabas”, The Shepherd of Hermas, The Letter to Diognetus, and fragments from Papias.
8 See Kenneth Berding, review of Paul Hartog, Polycarp and the New Testament in WTJ 64 (2002), 416-417 for comments about Polycarp’s probable possession of the entire Pauline corpus and Polycarp and Paul (Brill, 2002), 33-125 for a comprehensive analysis of Polycarp’s biblical allusions.
9 See Graham Stanton, “The Fourfold Gospel,” New Testament Studies 43 (1997): 317-46 for arguments. Note also Everett Ferguson’s comment in “Factors Leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon: A Survey of Some Recent Studies,” in The Canon Debate, p. 304, that the separation of Luke from Acts attests to an already extant collection of the four Gospels. Since they are parts one and two of the same book, they had to be separated to make the four-fold Gospel. “And this separation presumably occurred before Marcion, for he accepts Luke but not Acts.”
10 Trobisch’s argument is based upon the recurrent abbreviation in NT manuscripts of nomina sacra, the use of the codex form, commonalities in arrangement of the four earliest “complete editions,” and the book titles. Trobisch, First Edition.
11 Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance (Clarendon, 1987), p. 99.
12 Ferguson, “Factors,” in The Canon Debate, p. 295. On the same page, Ferguson gives these examples: “In reference to the Gospels, for instance, Irenaeus spoke of ‘The gospels handed down to us from the apostles’ (Haer. 3.11.9), and ‘The gospel handed down to us by the will of God in scriptures’ (ibid., 3.1.1). Clement of Alexandria specified ‘The four gospels that have been handed down to us’ (Strom. 3.13.93). Serapion of Antioch rejected the Gospel of Peter as ‘pseudepigraph,’ ‘knowing that we [orthodox Christians] did not receive such writings’ (Eusebius, H. E. 6.12.3).”
13 Including Clement of Alexandria, Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Origen, and perhaps also Melito of Sardis and an anonymous anti-Montanist tract. See Trobisch, First Edition, pp.43-44.
14 Our main evidence for this are statements in Irenaeus and the Muratorian Fragment. Recently, since an article by Sundberg in 1973, some have argued that the fragment is actually from the fourth century (See A. C. Sundberg, “Canon Muratori: A Fourth-Century List,” Harvard Theological Review 66 : 1-41.) But this flies in the face of the statement in the fragment that the Shepherd of Hermas “…was written by Hermas in the city of Rome quite recently, in our own times, when his brother Pius occupied the bishop’s chair in the church of the city of Rome.” See rejoinder to Sundberg by E. Ferguson, “Canon Muratori: Date and Provenance,” Studia Patristica 18.2 (1982): 677-683.
15 Hebrews: The main issue was authorship. Since one of the main criteria was that a document had to come from the time of the apostles, this became difficult for Hebrews since it was not known whom the writer was. But this sermonic letter was evidently written by someone from the time of, and among the broader apostolic circle, as it shows evidence of having been written by someone who knew Timothy (13:23) and before the ceasing of temple sacrifices in A.D. 70 (10:1-2; 8:13).
James: There was apparently a bit of hesitancy toward acceptance of James, as Eusebius seems to indicate (Eusebius, H.E. 3.25.3) when he says that it was a “disputed” book, though Eusebius himself seems to have accepted it as genuine since he often quoted James. Clement of Alexandria much earlier apparently wrote a commentary on James, though it is no longer extant. See B. F. Westcott, A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament, 6th ed. (Macmillan, 1898; repr. Baker, 1980), pp. 357-58.
2 Peter: There were occasional doubts about whether Peter wrote it. But, as E. M. B. Green notes, even though it is the least externally attested book of the New Testament, it “has incomparably better support for its inclusion than the best attested of the rejected books.” E. M. B. Green, 2 Peter Reconsidered (Tyndale, 1961), p. 5 as cited in D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo, and Leon Morris, An Introduction to the New Testament (Zondervan, 1992), pp. 434.
Jude: It was used often by writers around the end of the 2nd century and into the 3rd century. But Jude’s reference to the book of Enoch created a problem, especially in the 4th century and onward, by people who could not believe that a canonical writer would refer to a piece of non-canonical literature.
2 John and 3 John: They were so small that they were easily overlooked.
Revelation: Justin Martyr attributed it to the apostle John. Clement of Alexandria cited it as Scripture. The main reason some people in the Eastern church had trouble with acceptance of this apocalypse was because of its visionary content, its materialistic eschatology, and, for some, its millenarianism.
16 Eusebius, H.E. 8.2.1 and 4.
17 Eusebius, Vit. Const. 4:34, 36-37. | <urn:uuid:cc739626-f0b3-4930-8d2a-e42916cdec25> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.talbot.edu/sundoulos/spring-2007/lead-article/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172775.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00096-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964996 | 3,664 | 3.0625 | 3 |
University students have to submit numerous academic writings during their course whether in the form of essays, papers, thesis, or dissertations. However, they need to consult and take references from published sources to have a thorough research before writing.
During academic writing, they can’t state someone else’s ideas or words as it is. They just need to mention them in their own words to avoid plagiarism. For this purpose paraphrasing is employed either manually or via the tool.
This article throws light on some of the best paraphrasing tools used by university students.
What is Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a writing technique devised a long time ago to evade plagiarism. The paraphrase while retaining its meaning changes the sentence structure, readability, and words’ synonyms to form a completely unique copy of the original text.
Thus the sentence created after paraphrasing is a completely new sentence having distinct synonyms of words in the original text and a form of sentence structure.
In this way, plagiarism is completely ruled out from the text as the new text is created as a new form of a sentence with different synonyms involved. Paraphrasing text is legal and allowed to university students.
If you are having a hard time with paraphrasing, you should consider using a tool to do it for you. A paraphrasing tool will automatically paraphrase the text, so you don’t have to think about finding synonyms and changing the sentence.
The paraphrasers also ensure that the meaning of the original paragraph remains. It is simple to use and produces perfect results quickly while retaining the context.
Paraphrasing tools available online are also free to use most of the time while premium tools require you to buy their subscriptions for optimum results. For unlimited paraphrasing in no time, you can opt for any paraphrase tool that suits your needs.
Best Paraphrasing Tools
Below are mentioned some of the best paraphrasing tools that can assist university students with their academic writings and assignments.
The AI-powered software uses machine learning and artificial intelligence to rephrase the content. Its limited words version is free but to paraphrase unlimited words you need to buy premium plans.
QuillBot can rephrase both bland and technical text, however, for university students, it’s the best of all choices. It can even rephrase scientific scholarly articles but students must not forget to cite their sources.
A free version is available, as is a forever-free trial. The premium version is capable of producing citations, rewriting sentences, and checking grammar and usage. Moreover, it offers a built-in thesaurus that suggests synonyms based on their relevancy and similarity.
Using QuillBot, students can make their sentences sound natural, avoiding the use of slang or awkward words. While using a paraphrasing tool is convenient, some instructors have concerns. QuillBot does not cite its sources when it rephrases text.
That is why you should always cite the source before closing a phrase or paragraph. After using QuillBot, make sure that you proofread the final results before you submit them. There is no guarantee that QuillBot won’t copy the original text, but it can help you structure your sentences correctly and avoid plagiarism.
With an easy-to-use interface and customizable features, it’s a great tool for university students to operate. Even though it’s a little expensive, it offers superior accuracy and time optimization. You can use the free trial version for a limited time, and you can check your work before making a purchase.
Here comes another best option for students to create error-free, unique content. Yes, parapgrasing.io works effectively to help students keep plagiarism from academic assignments.
This online paraphrasing tool requires the students to enter their content (either passage by passage or as a whole) and hit the paraphrase button. No matter how complicated the wording is, this tool will take only a few seconds to rewrite the content and make it unique.
Every student can use this paraphrasing tool’s advanced rewriting modes to not only remove plagiarism but also improve their writing skills. Multiple paraphrasing modes are available, each of which can be used to perfect the tone per the required writing style. Whether the students need to rewrite simple statements in a completely formal tone or make word choices more creative, this paraphrasing tool will cover them all.
The best thing is that this tool doesn’t require students to create an account or pay a subscription fee to paraphrase content for their assignments. This paraphrasing tool is free and guaranteed to deliver 100% accurate results.
All the students and especially researchers, can use it to rewrite content for essays, research papers, or any other type of academic assignment at superspeed.
If you are a university student you must have heard about the Paraphrasing tool AI from any senior or professor. The process of paraphrasing requires you to visit several websites. In addition to that, it is also very time-consuming.
Paraphrasing tool AI can spin content into a plagiarism-free article that is easily understood. With its advanced artificial intelligence algorithms, the Paraphrasing tool AI can help you ace your academic assignments.
The tool uses NLP technology and can produce high-quality human-readable articles. It works in all major web browsers and supports English, French, Spanish, German, and several other languages.
Paraphrasing tool AI works with in-built artificial intelligence to make your writing more readable. This tool uses AI to identify the context of an original document and paraphrase content accordingly. It also detects errors in spelling and grammar.
Paraphrasing tool AI has an extensive vocabulary for paraphrasing, so you can insert appropriate phrases into your text. The tool is simple to use, and it’s free for a trial. You can also choose to pay a monthly subscription plan for $99. The monthly fee is reasonable and the software offers a 30-day money-back guarantee.
If you’re looking for a tool that can help you rewrite articles for publication, consider using Spin Rewriter. This paraphrasing tool produces multiple, unique versions of a single article to remove plagiarism completely.
Once you’ve completed your first spin, the tool will automatically save the rewritten article online so that you can read it again. Spin Rewriter also has a customer support team that can help you if you need help.
It works by analyzing original texts and producing 1,000 variants. Its customizable parameters allow you to choose synonyms and spin metrics that suit your particular needs. It is easy to use and can generate paraphrasing articles that are free of plagiarism.
Another feature of this paraphrasing tool is its massive database of articles. It’s possible to spin a large volume of content in under 30 seconds, and it’s widely considered the best paraphrasing tool for university students.
It uses artificial intelligence (AI) to understand the content of input and uses the resulting results to ensure originality. You can also check the rewritten articles with a plagiarism checker tool to ensure their authenticity.
If you’re a university student, you may be wondering how a paraphrasing tool can help you. A paraphrasing tool is a tool that can help you rephrase the text in a unique way, and it can check for plagiarism and word density.
Paraphrasing is a key component of writing – every writer has his or her own way of capturing the reader’s attention. But while you can write on similar subjects, a paraphrasing tool can help you change your style and avoid copying.
It is a powerful paraphrasing tool that allows you to quickly spin content. CleverSpinner paraphrasing tool is one of the most accessible paraphrasing tools on the market, and it is preferred by researchers, students, and professionals alike.
It converts words and sentences at all levels, understanding meaning before spinning. If you’re a university student, CleverSpinner is an excellent choice. The program can spin up to 500 words per minute, and you can take advantage of a free three-day trial.
REF-N-WRITE, a paraphrasing tool for university students, is now available as a Word add-in. The tool includes new buttons and options to search through and identify academic phrases.
With this tool, university students can compare their own writing with that of their peers, providing valuable feedback for the writing process. However, the tool is not a substitute for learning how to paraphrase.
The academic phrase bank is a database of English phrases. Students can use the academic phrase bank by selecting a text in MS Word and clicking the ‘Writing Ideas’ button.
This database of phrases is derived from peer-reviewed scientific papers and journals. These phrases are generic in nature, so they can be used without plagiarism concerns. Moreover, REF-N-WRITE’s phrase bank contains synonyms of academic words and phrases.
One of the most important aspects of a paraphrasing tool is its accuracy. This paraphrasing tool does not change the grammar, word order, or structure of the original text.
It also ensures that students don’t copy the sentence structure of the source text. It also avoids using colloquial terms, which can have different meanings depending on the context. | <urn:uuid:b5fd4a9c-f810-4b9f-93d7-1cca4b8f242c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://naijaschool.com.ng/what-are-the-best-paraphrasing-tools-for-university-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.918557 | 1,993 | 2.53125 | 3 |
I am writing this on Earth Day.
It’s a day that many of us associate with recycling and celebrating trees, wildlife and rivers. And as a recreational tree-hugger, I can appreciate those traditional connotations of Earth Day.
But today’s environmental issues run much broader than just our waterways and forests.
Examining environmental issues with a feminist lens enables us to see the intersection of gender, socio-economics and the environment.
The exploration and study of this intersection is formally referred to as eco-feminism.
Although no single definition of it exists, I would define it as a feminism that works to examine how environmental degradation and climate change impact communities and community members based on their socio-economic status and gender.
It’s important that the valuable intersectional perspective of eco-feminism doesn’t get lost amidst the green frenzy on Earth Day.
Women and Global Climate Change
Natural disasters and resource shortages hit impoverished communities first and worst. With women making up an estimated 70 percent of those living below the poverty line, they are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation.
Women living in developing nations tend to be natural resource managers as the gatherers of food, water and firewood. And from a young age, girls traditionally assist their mothers with this work.
As resources become scarcer with decline in the environment’s health, girls are attending less and less school to be able to dedicate more time to finding water, or simply because school fees are no longer available as crop cycles become less predictable.
You can imagine the cycle of poverty that this spawns.
As primary natural resource managers, these women are especially well-equipped to lead environmental mitigation and adaptation efforts.
But due to traditional and patriarchal gender roles that devalue unpaid work like childcare and water retrieval, women’s specialized knowledge in smart and effective climate change adaptation is typically not respected or taken into consideration in most community decision-making processes.
Environmental and Social Injustice in the United States
In our own backyard, low-income communities and communities of color bear the greatest burden of environmental injustice.
Take Mossville, Louisiana as an example.
The small, rural, and predominantly African American town became the site of the highest concentration of vinyl plastic manufacturers in the U.S., in addition to housing a coal-fired power plant, oil refineries and other chemical production facilities.
Together, these facilities produce more than 4 million pounds of carcinogenic toxic chemicals that end up in the soil, air and water of Mossville. This community’s exposure to these toxins has resulted in grave health impacts, from high incidences of asthma to a cancer epidemic.
It is not a coincidence that these toxic plants were built in a lower-class community of color and not a place like downtown Washington, D.C., a place populated by people of privilege and significant socio-political power.
Mossville, Louisiana is a clear cut incidence of environmental racism.
Another alarming instance of environmental and social injustice happening right before our eyes has to do with toxic chemical exposure.
Mounting scientific evidence reveals that chemicals in our air, water and everyday products—from our furniture to our personal-care and cleaning products—are harming our reproductive health and fertility.
This is frightening news for those of us that are planning big spring cleaning extravaganzas or like to paint our nails every few weeks.
But what about if you clean houses for a living or work in a nail salon? Your exposure to toxic chemicals is likely to be constant and severe.
Women of color and immigrant women are overrepresented in professions that entail extreme and dangerous exposure to toxic chemicals.
Again, it’s not a coincidence that low-income women of color are disproportionately burdened by toxic chemicals through their jobs, and the eco-feminist lens helps illuminate this reality.
Applying Eco-Feminism on Earth Day and Beyond
The eco-feminism lens is helpful in addressing environmental issues because it allows us the unveil oppressive societal structures—like racism, sexism and classism—that play a significant role in the health of the environment and who is most impacted by this health declining.
So from now on, when you’re discussing recycling with your friends, don’t just think about where your un-recycled items will end up.
Dig deeper and consider which communities tend to live near the landfills in which non-recyclable waste is dumped.
Then dig even deeper and consider how living near the landfills may impact their health and wellbeing and if they are likely to have access to health insurance or not when it comes time to address these health impacts.
That is the beauty of the intersectional nature of eco-feminism.
Sara Alcid is a young feminist living and working in Washington, D.C. as a reproductive health and justice advocate. Sara loves thinking, reading and writing about the socially and personally transformative power of feminism, queer issues and women’s health. Follow her on Twitter @SaraAlcid. | <urn:uuid:a5853bfa-e745-4aea-8623-1a7b23700469> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://blackoliveco.com/what-is-eco-feminism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592150.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721012433-20180721032433-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.939876 | 1,049 | 3.53125 | 4 |
RUPEES (XRUP) DECENTRALIZED CURRENCY TOKEN
vlad2323 last edited by TechnoL0g
The RUPEES or RUPEE is the common name for the currencies of India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Bhutan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and formerly those of Afghanistan, Tibet, Burma and British East Africa, German East Africa and Trucial States.
In the Maldives, the unit of currency is known as the rufiyah, which is a cognate of the Sanskrit rupya. The Indian rupees (₹) and Pakistani rupees (₨) are subdivided into one hundred paise (singular paisa) or pice. The Mauritian and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents. The Nepalese rupee subdivides into one hundred paisas (both singular and double) or four sukas or two mohors. | <urn:uuid:e5e3ce35-f152-4c91-ba4f-ffc98636abdb> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://community.smartholdem.io/topic/568/rupees-xrup-decentralized-currency-token | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655933254.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711130351-20200711160351-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.819714 | 208 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Most parents will agree that they want their children to have good values, morals, and ethics. From this desire to a strategy to make it happen, is often where gaps occur.
A good beginning point is realizing how important values are. For a number of years I taught a class on how to start a small business. The very first assignment in the course was to write a personal values statement. Why? Because as the owner of a business you are called on to make many decisions daily and you have to train your staff to make many decisions daily. If you have a firm grasp of your values, decisions can usually be made quickly and with confidence. If a small business owner is unsure of his values, decision making will become a task that will likely overwhelm him in a short period of time.
Building close relationships likewise requires one to know your personal values to connect those of similar values.
It is true that values are caught by children as much as they are taught. By the same token, sometimes we as parents do not take advantage of the teachable moments we have with our children. Consciously teaching values is not an easy process and most of us have never had a class in it.
Research has shown that a large portion of a child’s values are set by the age of 8. When kids are younger they are interested in learning and are very open. They love to be read to. There are some wonderful books that incorporate values into the story lines. I remember the Value of Truth and Trust: The Story of Cochise. I just looked this books up in Amazon to make sure it was still in print and here were the first two reviews:
“When I was little, my Dad made me read these books and he used them for discipline as well. If I lied, I had to read “The Value of Truth and Trust”. If I thought the grass was greener on the other side, I had to read the one about Helen Keller. Here I am, 20 years later and I found myself searching for them online, because they’ve helped me tremendously. I consider myself to be a very honest and grateful person now and these books were the core.” – Amazon.com Customer 1
“As a young kid I would read these books for fun and enjoyed them. Like the previous reviewer, my father used these books for discipline as well – with a twist. If I lied I didn’t have to read the book (I would have enjoyed that) – I had to write it. Believe me, that corrected any behavioral issues quite quickly. It often took a couple of days to hand copy these books and was quite an effective punishment. I feel that I learned my lessons quite well and that these books strengthened my moral fiber. Now, tonight, twenty years later – my own son gets to write his own copy of Truth and Trust for the first time. Here’s to hoping that it only takes one time. – Amazon.com Customer 2
I’m not advocating the books as discipline, but I found it interesting how these adults remembered the lessons for their youth. The root of the word “discipline” is “to learn.”
Books are a great way to teach values to your kids. And kids like to have a good book read to them again and again.
The Value series above was a motivation for the children’s video series we did to teach values. The first one we did was “Truth and Trust.” We love books, but we also saw that many kids were more into other forms of media so we did videos and songs that were entertaining and also taught. Like a book, pre-school kids will watch the same video again and again and again. It is not unusual for a pre-school child to watch a favorite video more than 100 times. Each video was on one value with a storyline a preschooler could understand along with fun music and a Bible story creatively interwoven into the program.
A favorite story that I have is about a grandpa and grandma that bought three Quigley videos for their granddaughter who was coming for a visit Thanksgiving weekend with her parents. The grandma and grandpa had a friendly wager about whether their 3 year-old granddaughter would watch one video all the way through. The granddaughter came for the weekend and wound up watching all three videos through 7 times. One of the videos was on sharing. At the airport when the granddaughter was leaving with her parents, she saw another little girl waiting for a plane with no toys to play with. Without prompting, she went over and shared one of her toys with the girl she didn’t know. The grandpa was so impressed he sent one of his staff to my office the next week to explore selling Quigley’s Village videos.
During children’s first 8 years, they are very open to parental input, but that will often change. As children grow older, peers, television, computers, video games, and other media will become more influential. As a parent, you will still be a significant influence, but it is much more challenging to effectively communicate good values amidst the whirlwind of contemporary media messages.
Parents, please be proactive!
Particularly be proactive in the first 6-8 years of your child’s life. They are the most formative years and the years where you have the most opportunity to provide input. | <urn:uuid:a12e8c99-8aa4-4fd8-bbe3-1627ff58093a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://kidsandvalues.com/why-teachi-values/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.983056 | 1,114 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Scientists from MIT and Caltech, along with others around the world, have made the first direct detection of gravitational waves reaching the Earth, using an instrument known as LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory).
LIGO is a system of two identical detectors located 1,865 miles apart. Each detector consists of two 4-kilometer-long vacuum tubes, arranged in an L-shape, through which scientists send laser beams. As each beam reaches the end of a tube, it bounces off a mirror and heads back in the opposite direction. All things being equal, both laser beams should arrive back at their source at precisely the same time and, due to interference, cancel the light that would go to a photodetector. If, however, a gravitational wave passes through the detector, according to Albert Einstein’s predictions of 100 years ago the wave should stretch space in one tube while contracting the space in the other tube by an infinitesimal amount, thereby destroying the perfect cancellation and allowing light to reach the photodetector.
On Sept. 14, 2015, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration detected a very slight disruption in both detectors. After careful analysis, the researchers have confirmed that the disruption is indeed a signal of gravitational waves, originating from the merging of two massive black holes 1.3 billion light years from Earth.
Today, LIGO involves some 950 scientists at universities around the United States, including MIT, and in 15 other countries. But nearly four decades ago, the instrument was merely an MIT class exercise, conceived by Rainer Weiss, now a professor emeritus of physics. MIT News spoke with Weiss about the history of LIGO’s design and the 40-year effort to prove Einstein right.
Q: Where does the story of LIGO begin?
A: It started here in 1967. I was asked by the head of the teaching program in physics to give a course on general relativity. By the time 1967 had rolled around, general relativity had been relegated to mathematics departments. It was a theory of gravity, but it was mostly mathematics, and in most people’s minds it bore no relation to physics. And that was mostly because experiments to prove it were so hard to do — all these effects that Einstein’s theory had predicted were infinitesimally small.
Einstein had looked at the numbers and dimensions that went into his equations for gravitational waves and said, essentially, “This is so tiny that it will never have any influence on anything, and nobody can measure it.” And when you think about the times and the technology in 1916, he was probably right.
The big thing that’s happened in the last 100 years is, people discovered things in astronomy which were very different from what they knew in 1916 — tightly compact sources, enormously dense, like a neutron star, and black holes. And there was technology for doing precision measurements, because you had lasers, masers, electronics, computers, and a whole bunch of stuff people didn’t have in 1916.
So the technology and knowledge of the universe made it possible by the time we got into this, to contemplate trying to look for gravitational waves.
In the 1960s, Joseph Weber at the University of Maryland had the idea that maybe the technology had gotten to the point where you could look for gravitational waves, and he invented a method for doing that. He imagined a sort of xylophone made of a great big mass, called resonant bars. He expected a gravitational wave would come along and pull on one of the bars and squeeze it, and as the wave left, it would leave a pulse, and the thing would ring and you could hear it.
It was the first idea that you should do something active to go look for gravitational waves. And he had claimed a discovery in the 1960s.
When I taught my course, the students were very interested in finding out what this was. And I’ll be honest with you, I couldn’t for the life of me understand the thing he was doing. That was the problem. Because it completely countered every intuition I had now developed about general relativity. I couldn’t explain it to the students.
That was my quandary at the time, and that’s when the invention was made. I said, “What’s the simplest thing I can think of to show these students that you could detect the influence of a gravitational wave?”
The obvious thing to me was, let’s take freely floating masses in space and measure the time it takes light to travel between them. The presence of a gravitational wave would change that time. Using the time difference one could measure the amplitude of the wave. Equations for this process are simple to write and most of the students in the class could do it. Forget for a moment that this was a thought experiment requiring impossibly precise clocks. The principle was OK.
I didn’t think much more of it until about a year later, when I began to realize something about Weber’s experiments — nobody was getting the answer he was getting. He had made a huge and powerful claim. And I began to realize, maybe this was wrong, and maybe even his idea of how it works was wrong.
So I sat down one summer in a little room in Building 20, the “Plywood Palace” on Vassar Street, and worked the whole summer on the idea that I had talked with my students about. And knowing what you could do with lasers, I worked it out: Could you actually detect gravitational waves this way? And I came to the conclusion that yes, you could detect gravitational waves, at a strength that was much better than what Weber was looking for.
Q: What did it take to bring this idea into physical form?
A: We had been building a 1.5-meter prototype in RLE [the Research Laboratory of Electronics] using [military] funding, and were fairly well along. All at once funding was gone, due to the Mansfield amendment, which was a reaction to the Vietnam War. In the mind of the local RLE administrators, research in gravitation and cosmology was not in the military’s interest and support was given to solid-state physics, which was deemed more relevant. For the first time, I had to write proposals to other government and private agencies to continue our research.
Nobody was seriously working on gravitational wave interferometry yet, although as I learned later, others had thought about it as well. A German group at the Max Planck Institute in Garching had just been through building a Weber bar. They had worked with the Italians and found that Weber was wrong. They had probably done the very best experiment of anybody to show this. That was the mid ’70s.
They were asked to review my proposal to the National Science Foundation, just as they were thinking about the next thing to work on. They had been thinking, as many other groups in the world had at the time, to make even better Weber bars by cooling them to close to absolute zero. Instead they made a decision to try the interferometer idea. They called me to ask if there were any students that had been trained on the 1.5-meter prototype so that they could offer them a job. (At exactly the time they called there were none; a little later David Shoemaker, who had worked on the MIT prototype, did join the Garching group.) They then built a 3-meter prototype, got it working, and did a beautiful job.
Next they built a 30-meter one. By the time I got funding from the NSF and got going again, the German group had really solved most of the technical problems of the idea, and shown that all the calculations I had done were right on the money, that it worked just as calculated. They also added some ideas of their own that made it better.
A key step was in 1975: Because I was also doing studies in cosmic background radiation supported by NASA, I was asked by NASA to run a committee on uses of space research in the field of cosmology and relativity. What came out of that committee, for me, was that I met [Caltech physicist] Kip Thorne, whom I had asked to be a witness for the committee.
I picked Kip up at the airport on a hot summer night when Washington, D.C., was filled with tourists. He did not have a hotel reservation so we shared a room for the night. Kip had developed one of the best theory groups in gravitation at Caltech and was thinking of bringing an experimental gravitation group there. We laid out on a big piece of paper all the different experiments one could build a new group around. I told him about this thing we were working on. He had never heard about it, and he got very interested. What came of it was that Kip and I eventually decided Caltech and MIT would do this [project that became LIGO] together.
Q: This was an ambitious vision, with undoubtedly a long and complicated history. What were some key moments that drove the project forward?
A: In the later 1970s, the MIT group, now including Peter Saulson and Paul Linsay, did a study with industry to determine the feasibility of building a large, kilometer-scale gravitational wave interferometer. The study looked at how to make large vacuum systems and considered how to develop scaling laws for costs, the possible sites where one could build 5- to 10-kilometer L-shaped structures with minimum earth-moving, and the availability of optics and light sources. We looked at the possible sources of gravitational waves and several competing interferometer concepts that had been prototyped in different labs in the world. The information was put in a report, called the Blue Book, and presented to the NSF in 1983. Scientists from Caltech and MIT together presented the ideas developed in the Blue Book, as well as the results of the prototype research.
The proposal we presented was to make a detector system sensitive enough to actually detect gravitational waves from an astrophysical source (not just a new prototype). The proposal was to build two detectors. You couldn’t do science with one; you had to have two separate detectors, equally sensitive, and long enough.
That was a real struggle later on. You wanted to maintain those ideas, and people later wanted to shave it down: Why not just build one long one? Why build it so long? All these arguments were made but we stuck it out. We had to, otherwise we would never have survived and we wouldn’t be here today. We got an endorsement from the committee: risky research with the possibility of a profound outcome well worth considering as a new project by the NSF.
By the mid 1980s, NSF kept trying to figure out how to start this. Then in 1986, an interesting thing happened that finally broke the logjam. Richard Garwin, who had worked with Enrico Fermi [1938 Nobel laureate in Physics] and with the Department of Energy, and made all the calculations and did the actual development of the first hydrogen bomb, had become chief scientist of IBM. He had read about Weber’s experiments and decided with another IBM associate to build a little one, much smarter than what Weber had built — and he saw nothing.
NSF was trying to sell this huge new program for gravitational waves. Garwin gets wind of it, and he thought he had slayed this dragon. He wrote a letter to the NSF saying, “If you’re going to persist with this, you’d better have a real study.”
So we ran a study at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on Beacon Street in Cambridge. It was a one-week meeting with an excellent committee of hard-nosed scientists. The recommendation the committee made was unbelievably good: The project is absolutely worth doing, don’t divide it up into one detector at a time, make it the full length, no more prototypes. It also recommended a change in the management of the project to have a single director rather than a steering group, which was the way we had managed the project.
By 1989, we wrote another proposal under the direction of Rochus Vogt [a former Caltech provost], which took us almost six months to write — it was a masterpiece. The proposal was to build two sites with 4-kilometer-long interferometers. The interferometers were to be staged. The first detector was based on the research, now reasonably mature, from the prototypes with a sensitivity that offered a plausible chance for detection. The second detector was based on newer advanced concepts that had not yet been fully tested but that offered the capability of a good chance for detection. The proposal made it through the National Science Board, got accepted, and money started coming in significant amounts.
By the 1990s, the rest of the history is easier. Now under the direction of Barry Barish [a Caltech physics professor] the sites were being built and developed, vacuum systems were made, and we started running the first detectors. By 2010, we had run and made vast improvements in their sensitivity but had seen nothing. It was a clean nothing; the detectors had run at design and we saw no anomalies that could be interpreted as gravitational waves. Based on the fact that we [had achieved our desired] design sensitivity and had carried out the science to determine some interesting upper limits on possible sources, we received funding to build Advanced LIGO.
Q: How momentous for you is this discovery?
A: As far as having fulfilled the ambitions of a lot of us who have worked on this project, it is momentous. It’s the signal that all of us have wanted to see, because we knew about it, we had never had real proof of it, and it’s the limit of Einstein equations never observed before — the dynamics of the geometry of space-time in the strong [gravitational] field and high velocity limit.
To me, it’s a closure to something which has had a very complicated history. The field equations and the whole history of general relativity have been complicated. Here suddenly we have something we can grab onto and say, “Einstein was right. What a marvelous insight and intuition he had.”
I feel an enormous sense of relief and some joy, but mostly relief. There’s a monkey that’s been sitting on my shoulder for 40 years, and he’s been nattering in my ear and saying, “Ehhh, how do you know this is really going to work? You’ve gotten a whole bunch of people involved. Suppose it never works right?” And suddenly, he’s jumped off. It’s a huge relief. | <urn:uuid:49b40f83-94a5-4870-940b-034ef26436be> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://news.mit.edu/2016/rainer-weiss-ligo-origins-0211 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.985392 | 3,080 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Brass Gunter sector made by Elias Allen in 1623, near St Clement's Church (without Temple Bar), London. It is signed 'Elias Allen fecit 1623.'
Elias Allen made the sector according to the designs of the mathematician Edmund Gunter who published a description of it in the same year. Sectors are mathematical instruments that were used for calculations concerning proportion and for making small measurments. They were particularly useful for technical drawing. This example contains logarithmic and trigonometric lines and scales used in drawing and calculations of area and volume. Elias Allen (active 1607-53) was a mathematical instrument maker who was apprenticed to Charles Whitwell in 1602 and became a Freeman of both the Grocers' and Clockmakers' Company (eventually becoming Master of the latter). His workshop was located near St Clement's Church, near what is now Aldwych, in London.
- Object Number:
Closed: 45 mm x 200 mm x 10 mm, 0.265 kg
Open: 75 mm x 200 mm x 10 mm, 0.265 kg
- sector (gunter)
- Faber, W.E.
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Our records are constantly being enhanced and improved, but please note that we cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information shown on this website. | <urn:uuid:fa77685c-fdd6-4952-a312-5585a75c5b65> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co60299/gunter-sector-signed-elias-allen-sector-gunter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576965.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923125729-20190923151729-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.933924 | 335 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Battle of Beecher Island, also known as the Battle of Arikaree Fork, was an armed conflict between elements of the United States Army and several of the Plains native American tribes in September 1868. Beecher Island, on the Arikaree River, then known as part of the North Fork of the Republican River, near present-day Wray, Colorado, was named afterwards for Lieutenant Fredrick H. Beecher, an army officer killed during the battle. [wikipedia]
Annual gatherings of Beecher Island survivors were held; the photo here was taken at the 1917 reunion. Visiting this site was so strange; it played such a huge role in the Indian Wars and yet today it feels like a forgotten footnote in American history.
This is the second monument erected here; the first (built in 1905) was washed away in a 1935 flood of the Arickaree River. The site is located on County Road KK just west of the Arickaree River bridge. To get there from Wray go south about six miles on US 385 and follow the Beecher Island signs ten more miles. | <urn:uuid:6d1bcf1e-c3d8-45fe-b5c5-f043857464f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.frontiertraveler.com/colorado/battle-of-beecher-island-wray-colorado/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659512.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00131-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979781 | 234 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Geometry for Elementary School/Constructing equilateral triangle
In this chapter, we will show you how to draw an equilateral triangle. What does "equilateral" mean? It simply means that all three sides of the triangle are the same length.
Any triangle whose vertices (points) are A, B and C is written like this: .
And if it's equilateral, it will look like the one in the picture.
|The corresponding material in Euclid's elements can be found on page 31 of Book I, Proposition 1 in Issac Todhunter's 1872 translation, The Elements of Euclid for the Use of Schools and Colleges.|
- Using your ruler, Draw a line segment whatever length you want the sides of your triangle to be.
Call one end of the line segment A and the other end B.
Now you have a line segment called .
It should look something like the drawing below.
- Using your compass, Draw the circle whose center is A and radius is .
- Again using your compass Draw the circle , whose center is B and radius is .
- Can you see how the circles intersect (cross over each other) at two points?
The points are shown in red on the picture below.
- Choose one of these points and call it C.
We chose the upper point, but you can choose the lower point if you like. If you choose the lower point, your triangle will look "upside-down", but it will still be an equilateral triangle.
- Draw a line segment between A and C and get line segment .
- Draw a line segment between B and C and get line segment .
- Construction of is completed.
The triangle is an equilateral triangle.
- The points B and C are both on the circumference of the circle and point A is at the center.
- So the line segment is the same length as the line segment . Each is a radius of circle , or more simply .
- We do the same for the other circle:
The points A and C are both on the circumference of the circle and point B is at the center.
- So we can say that .
- We've already shown that and . Since and are both equal in length to , they must also be equal in length to each other. This can be shown by substitution. So we can say
- Therefore, the line segments , , and are all equal.
- We proved that all sides of are equal, so this triangle is an equilateral triangle by definition.
Problems with the proof
The construction above is simple and elegant. One can imagine how children, using their legs as compass, accidentally find it.
However, Euclid’s proof was wrong.
In mathematical logic, we assume some postulates. We construct proofs by advancing step by step. A proof should be made only of postulates and claims that can be deduced from the postulates. Some useful claims are given names and called theorems in order to enable their use in future proofs.
There are some steps in its proof that cannot be deduced from the postulates. For example, according to the postulates he used, the circles and do not have to intersect.
Although the proof was wrong, the construction is not necessarily wrong. One can make the construction valid, by extending the set of postulates. Indeed, in later years, different sets of postulates were proposed in order to make the proof valid. Using these sets, the construction that works so well using pencil and paper is also logically sound.
This error of Euclid, the gifted mathematician, should serve as an excellent example of the difficulty in mathematical proof and also the difference between proof and our intuition. | <urn:uuid:f285d3d7-b27a-4ce8-9d4d-b63beaf68dc9> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Geometry_for_Elementary_School/Constructing_equilateral_triangle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096208.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00092-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934976 | 773 | 4.5625 | 5 |
This study examines the correlation between identity and the use of Facebook. When creating a profile on Facebook, the user is met with a series of choices. Among these are the profile pictures, status updates and so forth. Depending on how the user chooses to interact with Facebook, a picture of his identity is painted. This picture is basically how the user’s Facebook friends perceive the user. This, and the fact, that the social actions of young teenagers have an impact on their identity, establishes the main problem of this research. The problem statement – How does 13-16 year olds portray themselves on Facebook compared to their identity? - is a result of these observations. Comparing three main theories with empirical data, the research concludes on both two hypothesizes constructed during the beginning of the project, as well as the problem statement.
|Uddannelser||Basis - Humanistisk-Teknologisk Bacheloruddannelse, (Bachelor uddannelse) Basis|
|Udgivelsesdato||18 jan. 2012| | <urn:uuid:682d39ff-e242-461c-9422-735fd17656be> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://forskning.ruc.dk/da/studentProjects/fremstilling-af-identitet-via-facebook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.897167 | 216 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Mice Have Passed the Mirror Test: What It Means
The “mirror test” is used by scientists to help them determine if an animal is self-aware—if an animal looks in the mirror and recognizes themselves in it, rather than thinking that there’s another animal looking back at them, they pass the test and are considered self-aware.
Several animals have passed this test, such as primates, Asian elephants, and bottlenose dolphins, among others. More recently, a study has shown that mice can also recognize themselves when they look in the mirror.
The Experiment That Proved Mice Can Pass the Mirror Test
To figure out if mice can pass the mirror test, scientists put some white ink on the foreheads of black mice. Then, they let the mice look into a mirror. What they discovered was fascinating: the mice recognized themselves in the reflection and started grooming themselves once they realized that there was something on their head that shouldn’t be there.
Also, if the mice didn’t realize that something was on their forehead (when black ink was used so it would match the color of their fur or when the spot of ink wasn’t large enough), they didn’t start grooming themselves. This shows that there was a reason the mice groomed their heads after looking in the mirror, and it was an attempt to clean themselves of the ink stain.
In addition to looking at their behavior, the scientists also used gene expression mapping to see which neurons in the brain became activated when the animals saw themselves in the mirror.
Findings Shed Light on Self-Recognition in Mice
This research shows that mice may be self-aware, but there are some things to consider. For example, the mice who groomed themselves to remove the ink were already used to mirrors, while mice who weren’t familiar with mirrors didn’t groom themselves. Also, mice who were socially isolated didn’t groom themselves during the experiment with the mirror, unlike mice who lived with other mice that looked like them.
There’s still more to discover and learn about these animals, so scientists are planning on doing more research in this area.
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Lisa Selvaggio is a freelance writer and editor, and our resident cats-pert, with certifications in pet nutrition and pet first aid. She enjoys producing content that helps people understand animals better so they can give their pets a safe and happy home.
More by Lisa Selvaggio | <urn:uuid:cffd6379-6d39-4090-9d08-5c5f95f0e5bd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.petguide.com/pets/mice-have-passed-the-mirror-test-what-it-means-44629675 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476452.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304133241-20240304163241-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.969052 | 535 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The vision of a “New South” was heralded by southern landowners, entrepreneurs, and newspaper editors in the decades following the Confederacy’s defeat in 1865 and the abolition of racial slavery across the South. These “New South” boosters argued that, with its plantation economy destroyed by the Civil War and Reconstruction, the South would develop a new economy more attuned to the industrial capitalism that defined the rest of the American economy. Atlanta Constitution editor Henry Grady was the leading exponent of a “New South” based on industrial development, giving speeches throughout the country and writing articles and editorials in his newspaper. Both of the following speeches by Grady—one given in Boston in 1889, the other in New York in 1886—conveyed not only the message of industrialization as a panacea, but also Grady’s fierce regional pride and his general moderation on racial issues, which were becoming increasingly contentious in these years.
Henry Grady to the Bay State Club of Boston, 1889
I attended a funeral once in Pickens county in my State. . . . This funeral was peculiarly sad. It was a poor “one gallus” fellow, whose breeches struck him under the armpits and hit him at the other end about the knee—he didn’t believe in decollete clothes. They buried him in the midst of a marble quarry: they cut through solid marble to make his grave; and yet a little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburg. They buried him by the side of the best sheep-grazing country on the earth, and yet the wool in the coffin bands and the coffin bands themselves were brought from the North. The South didn’t furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones.
Now we have improved on that. We have got the biggest marble-cutting establishment on earth within a hundred yards of that grave. We have got a half-dozen woolen mills right around it, and iron mines, and iron furnaces, and iron factories. We are coming to meet you. We are going to take a noble revenge, as my friend, Mr. Carnegie, said last night, by invading every inch of your territory with iron, as you invaded ours twenty-nine years ago.
To the New England Club in New York, 1886
We have established thrift in city and country. We have fallen in love with work. We have restored comfort to homes from which culture and elegance never departed. We have let economy take root and spread among us as rank as the crabgrass which sprung from Sherman’s cavalry camps, until we are ready to lay odds on the Georgia Yankee as he manufactures relics of the battlefield in a one-story shanty and squeezes pure olive oil out of his cotton seed, against any down-easter that ever swapped wooden nutmegs for flannel sausage in the valleys of Vermont. Above all, we know that we have achieved in these “piping times of peace” a fuller independence for the South than that which our fathers sought to win in the forum by their eloquence or compel in the field by their swords.
It is a rare privilege, sir, to have had part, however humble, in this work. Never was nobler duty confided to human hands than the uplifting and upbuilding of the prostrate and bleeding South—misguided, perhaps, but beautiful in her suffering, and honest, brave and generous always. In the record of her social, industrial and political illustration we await with confidence the verdict of the world.
But what of the negro? Have we solved the problem he presents or progressed in honor and equity toward solution? Let the record speak to the point. No section shows a more prosperous laboring population than the negroes of the South, none in fuller sympathy with the employing and land-owning class. He shares our school fund, has the fullest protection of our laws and the friendship of our people. Self-interest, as well as honor, demand that he should have this. Our future, our very existence depend upon our working out this problem in full and exact justice. We understand that when Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation, your victory was assured, for he then committed you to the cause of human liberty, against which the arms of man cannot prevail—while those of our statesmen who trusted to make slavery the corner-stone of the Confederacy doomed us to defeat as far as they could, committing us to a cause that reason could not defend or the sword maintain in sight of advancing civilization.
Had Mr. Toombs said, which he did not say, “that he would call the roll of his slaves at the foot of Bunker Hill,” he would have been foolish, for he might have known that whenever slavery became entangled in war it must perish, and that the chattel in human flesh ended forever in New England when your fathers—not to be blamed for parting with what didn’t pay—sold their slaves to our fathers—not to be praised for knowing a paying thing when they saw it. The relations of the southern people with the negro are close and cordial. We remember with what fidelity for four years he guarded our defenseless women and children, whose husbands and fathers were fighting against his freedom. To his eternal credit be it said that whenever he struck a blow for his own liberty he fought in open battle, and when at last he raised his black and humble hands that the shackles might be struck off, those hands were innocent of wrong against his helpless charges, and worthy to be taken in loving grasp by every man who honors loyalty and devotion. Ruffians have maltreated him, rascals have misled him, philanthropists established a bank for him, but the South, with the North, protests against injustice to this simple and sincere people. To liberty and enfranchisement is as far as law can carry the negro. The rest must be left to conscience and common sense. It must be left to those among whom his lot is cast, with whom he is indissolubly connected, and whose prosperity depends upon their possessing his intelligent sympathy and confidence. Faith has been kept with him, in spite of calumnious assertions to the contrary by those who assume to speak for us or by frank opponents. Faith will be kept with him in the future, if the South holds her reason and integrity.
But have we kept faith with you? In the fullest sense, yes. When Lee surrendered—I don’t say when Johnson surrendered, because I understand he still alludes to the time when he met General Sherman last as the time when he determined to abandon any further prosecution of the struggle—when Lee surrendered, I say, and Johnson quit, the South became, and has since been, loyal to this Union. We fought hard enough to know that we were whipped, and in perfect frankness accept as final the arbitrament of the sword to which we had appealed. The South found her jewel in the toad’s head of defeat. The shackles that had held her in narrow limitations fell forever when the shackles of the negro slave were broken. Under the old regime the negroes were slaves to the South; the South was a slave to the system. The old plantation, with its simple police regulations and feudal habit, was the only type possible under slavery. Thus was gathered in the hands of a splendid and chivalric oligarchy the substance that should have been diffused among the people, as the rich blood, under certain artificial conditions, is gathered at the heart, filling that with affluent rapture but leaving the body chill and colorless.
The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement—a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core—a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace—and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age.
The new South is enamored of her new work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten.
Source: Joel Chandler Harris, Life of Henry W. Grady (Cassell Publishing Company, 1890). Reprinted in Paul D. Escott and David R. Goldfield, Major Problems in the History of the American South, Vol. II, The New South (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1990), 71–73. | <urn:uuid:2a490cd4-c4a9-401e-9b27-2e615caee8ea> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5745/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00214-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977559 | 1,994 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Origin of opprobrious
Examples from the Web for opprobrious
To my great relief, I was mentioned only once or twice and not in opprobrious terms.
You may call me a 'blue book,' but spare my snobbery the opprobrious epithet of 'directory.'Other Things Being Equal|Emma Wolf
The captain stood at the stern addressing the bow with opprobrious language.Last Words|Stephen Crane
The Iroquois had conquered them, disarmed them, and forced them to adopt the opprobrious name of women.
In Boston he had taken on himself every opprobrious epithet.Recollections and Impressions|Octavius Brooks Frothingham
They repaid him with the opprobrious nickname of “Sheemas-a-Cacagh,” or dirty James.
British Dictionary definitions for opprobrious
Word Origin and History for opprobrious
"full of reproach, intended to bring disgrace," late 14c., from Old French oprobrieus (Modern French opprobrieux), or directly from Late Latin opprobriosus, from Latin opprobare "to reproach, taunt," from ob "against" (see ob-) + probrum "reproach, infamy." Etymological sense is "disgrace attached to conduct considered shameful." Related: Opprobriously; opprobriousness. | <urn:uuid:adc2bcea-2fff-450b-92e2-ea0a304dcdec> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/opprobrious | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999041.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619204313-20190619230313-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.935125 | 295 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Stockholm Conference, called at the instance of the Russian Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates to discuss and formulate the basis of a democratic and durable peace between the masses of the peoples, has been postponed because the governments of Italy, France, England, and the United States have refused passports to delegates. For this action the American government is largely responsible.
At the entente conference in Paris, it was the Italian government, through Baron Sonnino, which headed the opposition to the Stockholm conference. France also voted no, though the favorable attitude of Petrograd was known. The Russian representative did not vote. England declared herself in favor of allowing Socialists and Labor delegates to go to Stockholm.
There remained only the American government, which practically cast the deciding vote. The American government voted no. We do not understand President Wilson's course of action. When, in the Senate in December, 1916, he addressed the peoples of the world, the Socialists and Labor organizations of Europe supported him with all their strength.
In all Wilson's public utterances it has been made perfectly plain that the main obstacle to American peace with Germany is the German political autocracy, and that America's object in the war is to secure the democratization of the German government.
The Stockholm conference is the best and, perhaps, the only opportunity for the representatives of the entente peoples to make clear to the German masses the conditions upon which peace is possible. And yet President Wilson refuses to allow the delegates of American Socialist and Labor groups to come to Stockholm.
The peoples of the world are sick of war, whatever policy their governments see fit publicly to adopt.
In the invitation to the Stockholm conference and its acceptance by democratic political and economic elements in all the belligerent countries is to be seen the first action of the international masses, growing conscious of their power, awakening to the colossal error of unending war and determination that government shall be of, by and for the Social Democracy.
Return to World War I Document Archive | <urn:uuid:eab5a827-8be7-47bb-9e50-3cb6f4b92678> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1917/socstock.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006593.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00127-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958966 | 407 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What exactly is the meaning of math? Should you ask this of ten each person, you are likely to get ten different answers. It can be hard to define math, nevertheless the fact of your matter is, it is important to understand how to use math to help make sense around the globe around us. From the very early age, children are in the middle of math in fact it is as much as those who take care of them to foster their mathematical growth by supplying all of them with many different opportunities. Luckily, there are many different ways to do this. You might orally count together with your child or your students, you might introduce numbers and provide youngsters using the names of such numbers and eventually discuss the correspondence between the oral counting and also the actual number. Based on a child’s development, there are actually a number of strategies to encourage math understanding and growth.
Teaching With Multiplication On A Number Line Worksheets Pdf
You will recognize that using our worksheets to train with is an excellent option. Whether you are teaching one or twenty five children, it is possible to print from the worksheet which you feel will be great for their demands. Then, you may prove to them how to complete it while counting out loud. This provides you with a chance for your students to find out the best way to count coming from a given number then how to write the numbers. This visualization of the procedure is extremely important for pupils. Although some will catch on faster than the others, you will probably find that you should provide additional experiences for several of the students you work with. This means you can make use of the worksheets with your whole class, a compact group, or maybe one student who needs support or enrichment.
Multiplication On A Number Line Worksheets Pdf Enhance Learning
You may also provide students by using a solid math foundation is actually by introducing those to Multiplication On A Number Line Worksheets Pdf. There are many good things about this type of resource for both you and your students. One important thing that is great about them is that they are really easy to use. We provide you with different alternatives so you may target instruction. For example, if you are focusing on counting within ten, you will find worksheets that start out with one and check out ten or the ones that start with five and head to ten. Or, should your students are able to count the smaller numbers and desire practice with counting in the hundreds or thousands, we now have Multiplication On A Number Line Worksheets Pdf for your, too. The ability to start with a given number and continue counting from you will find a very important skill. We provide you with a helpful tool that you can use based upon your child’s or students’ abilities and desires.
Another benefit of our worksheets is the fact that students enjoy doing them. With our simple to use format and different options, being a parent or teacher, you may choose the best beginning point for that children you happen to be working with. In that way, this helps them become successful inside their counting experience. And once students are successful, they get the tasks they are doing to get fun. When your child has mastered counting with the worksheets and various experiences you provide them, it is possible to continue counting larger numbers and providing them with the ability to do so.
Multiplication On A Number Line Worksheets Pdf Provides Opportunities
As being a teacher or even a parent, you are aware that children vary with their abilities. Using our worksheets, you will find one which targets the requirements your young ones have. When your student is bored with their learning and requirements a challenge, you can use worksheets to push these people to count greater than they can be currently doing. Or, in the event you child is struggling with grade-level expectations, you will discover worksheets that provide the practice required to keep on your journey of learning how to count.
You can find our worksheets are helpful for a number of reasons. They give your students using the learning and exercise they must continue their math growth. Regardless of what level your students are, you can get the very best counting worksheets to offer practice or enrichment for college kids of all the levels. When you don’t find the thing you need, call us and tell us how we will help. We have been always very happy to improve math learning. | <urn:uuid:13f65ef6-e5f1-46cd-8963-a34bf877344d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://numbersworksheet.com/multiplication-on-a-number-line-worksheets-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304947.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126101419-20220126131419-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.959003 | 912 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Propolis is the protective substance gathered and used by bees to disinfect and protect their hives. Forever Bee Propolis is collected from pollution-free regions to assure purity. N.B. Contains soy, tree nuts and almond flavouring.
When we think of bees – honey and pollen are our first thought. However another very important substance called propolis is a sticky resin collected by honeybees. The bees collect and metabolize the propolis and line their hives with it for protection. The interior of the bee hive has been found to be safer than most surgical operating rooms!
Forever Bee Propolis
The name Propolis is derived from the Greek meaning “before the city”. This demonstrates the effectiveness of propolis as a guard to defend the entire community. Propolis has a 5000-year history, Assyrians and the Greeks used propolis to help maintain good health. Fortified with royal jelly, Forever Living Bee Propolis is an excellent way to help support the body’s natural defenses and immunity.
Forever Living Bee Propolis
Order At Forever Shop
Forever Living Products GB.
ITEM # 027. | <urn:uuid:10737623-0b9a-488f-bf7f-ab3353d9690a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://shopforeverproducts.com/forever-living/bee-products/forever-bee-propolis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684226.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018154409-20191018181909-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.910298 | 235 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This 50-Cent Paper Microscope Could ‘Democratize Science’
Tuesday, September 1, 2015
A couple of months ago, I received an interesting package in the mail. It looked like a standard manila envelope, but inside was a device that could quite possibly revolutionize the way we view the microscopic world. I'm referring to the Foldscope, an origami-based optical microscope that is small enough to fit inside your pocket. The real kicker: the entire cost of the instrument is less than one dollar.
The Foldscope has received some recent and well-deserved media attention (the lab's publication on this device recently made it in the top 20 papers in PLOS One for 2014) but I hadn't seen many videos on the Foldscope being put to the test in the field. It seemed like there was a lot of potential for this invention, but I wondered how it would fare on one of my expeditions through a jungle searching for unknown species. So I decided to assemble my miniature paper microscopes and travel to one of the most remote places in the world, the rainforest of the Peruvian Amazon, to give them a go. | <urn:uuid:bbc76d41-c64a-4a0d-a149-cf10d75755b2> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://nextbillion.net/news/this-50-cent-paper-microscope-could-democratize-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525402.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717201828-20190717223828-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.969971 | 238 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Chevron’s refusal to pay for the cleanup of oil contamination in Ecuador demonstrates the crisis of multinational corporations prioritizing profit over human rights.
American oil corporations hail from a nation built on the concept of human equality. So how, when assuming a position of power over the indigenous communities whose land they profit from, do these corporations get away with discarding all concepts of equal treatment in favor of unethical means of generating revenue?
In the Ecuadorian Amazon, the Secoya people have lived off the land for centuries. Their rich culture is rooted in the jungle landscape that surrounds them, from which Secoyan families grow their food and make their living. However, hidden within the lush landscapes of the Secoya people, the corruption of big oil has spread into the lives of the people of San Pablo village. The Secoyans, who for ages have trusted the earth above all things, are being poisoned by the contamination of the water and ground from which they draw life.
Texaco, now owned by Chevron, recklessly drilled for oil throughout the 1970s and 1980s, sidestepping environmental regulations and permanently altering indigenous communities’ way of life. Ricardo Piaguaje, the president of the Secoya Foundation, recalls an immense transformation of his community to a center of industry, claiming that “[Texaco] drilled wells and set off dynamite next to our people’s houses…. We began to live in a world very different from before, with noise, big machines and oil spills and petroleum waste products.”
When Texaco became inactive in Ecuador, it left a catastrophic mess behind. Rather than injecting the toxic sludge and various contaminants that are brought to the earth’s surface during oil drilling back into the deep ground, Texaco left over 1000 pits of hazardous oil waste all over the Secoyan land, contaminating the surrounding water sources.
When initially pressured to clean up the mess, Texaco chose the money-saving shortcut of covering these pits with dirt, leaving the indigenous people just as susceptible to health impacts from this contamination as before. Because Chevron bought Texaco in 2001, an Ecuadorean court ruled in 2011 that Chevron pay $18 billion – which was reduced to $9.5 billion in 2012 – to clean up the mess that caused both environmental ruin and a health crisis for the native people. Chevron has since taken every measure to avoid paying for the costs of Texaco’s pollution, repeatedly attacking the credibility of the Ecuadorean court system and the lawyers representing the Ecuadorean people.
Today, the Secoya people in the areas in the contamination radius are particularly affected by water pollution, as Texaco dumped 18 billion gallons of toxic wastewater into the rivers from which the Secoya people obtain their water source. The contaminated water has been identified as the root cause of the elevated cancer rate of the indigenous Ecuadorians, as well as high rates of birth defects and miscarriages. Despite the visible signs of oil in the water, the Secoya people had no choice but to drink it, as their water sources are very limited. The Secoyan village of San Carlos has a cancer rate of 2.3 times that of the massive city of Quito.
The prevalence of cancer in the Secoyan communities has an immense impact on indigenous families, as the tragedy of these cancer deaths transcends generations. One Ecuadorian woman from the Sacha village near San Carlos describes the conditions of contamination that led to the death of her son, recalling how her family “lived in a house about 20 yards away from an oil well. Another Texaco oil well was upstream from where we got our drinking water, and the water was usually oily with a yellowish foam…. I lost Pedro when he was 19…. He had three cancerous tumors: in his lungs, liver and his leg.” For people who live in the natural world, purely off the land, there is no other explanation for these elevated cancer rates besides the toxic effects of the oil pollution. Still, Chevron maintains the absurd claim that the contamination and high cancer rates are not connected.
All throughout Latin America and in developing nations across the world, indigenous communities are too often left uninformed and without a say in decisions about what happens to their land. Regardless of the profits at stake, there should never be a situation in which economic gains are prioritized over human rights. Chevron’s crude means of handling the Ecuadorean environmental crisis highlights the need for corporations across the world to make a big change in how they treat indigenous societies and to stop making excuses for their consistent disregard for others’ humanity. | <urn:uuid:fb9818d9-456d-4cbb-9b63-ba2aab321737> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://truthout.org/articles/chevron-in-ecuador-representative-of-multinationals-continuing-abuse-of-indigenous-peoples/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592150.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721012433-20180721032433-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.965704 | 942 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Geography[change | change source]
The Urals stretch 2,500 km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The island of Novaya Zemlya forms a further continuation of the chain. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Asian and European sections of the Eurasian continent. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya (Poznurr, 1895 m).
Other websites[change | change source]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ural Mountains.| | <urn:uuid:30120b3e-6c53-4775-a26b-045c9a2f744e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.82816 | 118 | 2.703125 | 3 |
As for terrestrial remote sensing, pixel-based classifiers have traditionally been used to map coral reef habitats. For pixel-based classifiers, habitat assignment is based on the spectral or textural properties of each individual pixel in the scene. More recently, however, object-based classifications, those based on information from a set of contiguous pixels with similar properties, have found favor with the reef mapping community and are starting to be extensively deployed. Object-based classifiers have an advantage over pixel-based in that they are less compromised by the inevitable inhomogeneity in per-pixel spectral response caused, primarily, by variations in water depth. One aspect of the object-based classification workflow is the assignment of each image object to a habitat class on the basis of its spectral, textural, or geometric properties. While a skilled image interpreter can achieve this task accurately through manual editing, full or partial automation is desirable for large-scale reef mapping projects of the magnitude which are useful for marine spatial planning. To this end, this paper trials the use of multinomial logistic discrete choice models to classify coral reef habitats identified through object-based segmentation of satellite imagery. Our results suggest that these models can attain assignment accuracies of about 85%, while also reducing the time needed to produce the map, as compared to manual methods. Limitations of this approach include misclassification of image objects at the interface between some habitat types due to the soft gradation in nature between habitats, the robustness of the segmentation algorithm used, and the selection of a strong training dataset. Finally, due to the probabilistic nature of multinomial logistic models, the analyst can estimate a map of uncertainty associated with the habitat classifications. Quantifying uncertainty is important to the end-user when developing marine spatial planning scenarios and populating spatial models from reef habitat maps.
- Coral reef
- Discrete choice model
- Multinomial logistic
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Earth and Planetary Sciences(all) | <urn:uuid:bdc276bb-4947-43cb-9598-c0813ba4d1ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/semi-automated-object-based-classification-of-coral-reef-habitat- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191160.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919075646-20200919105646-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.913888 | 406 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Judge Adam Black (1801-1890) is remembered in Daviess County as the Justice of the Peace during the period of the Mormon struggles of 1838.
Adam Black was born in Henderson County, KY, on Sept. 11, 1801, into a large Virginia family. The family moved to Missouri in 1819 when Adam was 18 years old, stopping for a short time at Boonville before moving into Ray County soon after it was formed from the western part of Howard County (Ray County included all of northwest Missouri until 1822).
In November, 1824, Black was elected Sheriff of Ray County. He held that office until February, 1827, when he served as county assessor for one year. William Black, a judge of the Ray County court (1825-27), was probably the father or older brother of the young sheriff Adam Black. The first census of Ray County was conducted by Adam Black while he served as sheriff.
In September, 1825, Adam Black married Mary W. Morgan, the daughter of Ira and Abigail Morgan. The couple raise nine children, including two girls. The 1830 census shows Adam Black in Ray County with three children and a wife in her 20s.
In 1833 Adam Black selected a new place to settle in the Grand River, just south of what is presently Jameson, MO. He was one of the election judges at Millport in Grand River Township, a voting precinct which included the northeast part of Daviess County and all of the land east of the river. In that election, Adam Black was named Justice of the Peace. He later became a judge of the county court in 1838, serving four years. In 1837 he was commissioned to lay off the road districts in Grand River Township, and in 1841 he built the first county bridge across Muddy Creek on one of those roads.
The 1840 census shows Adam Black with wife and seven children in Daviess County.
When Gentry County was formed, Black moved up the valley (in 1845) to be on the first grand jury of that county. He served as Justice of the Peace and was a judge of that county court for four years. In February, 1849, Black married Margaret Groom in Gentry County. This couple had no children.
In October, 1857, Black married Sallie Kelley, the daughter of Edward Kelley and this union had three children, including one daughter.
In March, 1861, Judge Black was apoitned by the governor to the commission to organize a new county, to be called Worth County. Because of the Civil War, Black left that county court job and moved to Jackson Township in Livingston County. He was elected to that county court as a district judge in 1872 and served three years.
From 1861 to 1890, Adam Black resided on Poosey land in Jackson Township. His farm was near the old Lilly Grove Church. He was buried just east of there in the Hutchison-Black Cemetery. His grave is in Poosey State Forest, north of the Indian Creek Community Lake.
Even in his old age, Adam Black continued his interests in politics. His views were conservative, reflecting his family ties to Virginia and to states’ rights. In spite of his service as county judge in Daviess, Gentry, Worth and Livingston counties and his work as sheriff of the vast Ray County, Black considered himself a farmer.
Written by David Stark, Gallatin; October, 2001. | <urn:uuid:2e913619-8ee4-4dd0-884e-26cead8345fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://daviesscountyhistoricalsociety.com/2004/03/24/the-prominence-of-judge-adam-black/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319688.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622181155-20170622201155-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.987167 | 716 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is compost?
On a homemade level, garden compost is a mix of green and brown materials that have been decomposed over a matter of time depending on the materials and the size and type of composting facility.
Green materials include:
- Plant stems, leaves and flowers
- Food waste such as potato peelings, banana skins, apple cores
- Green materials are high in nitrogen.
Brown materials include:
- Cardboard & paper
- Woody stems
- Dried leaves
Brown materials contain carbon and are needed to stop the compost from going slimy and smelly.
These materials are mixed together and after a few months of decomposing the materials break down into a rich humus, ready for the garden.
Compost is used to help improve soil texture, aid soil fertility as it is rich in nutrients and it also contains healthy bacteria that improves the soil health
What types of compost are there?
Generally, compost falls into two categories:
1. Bagged compost
Bagged compost that is bought from a garden centre, DIY shop or supermarket is made using a different and faster process with different ingredients that produces compost ready to be used straight away, with different formulas suiting different plants as well as being weed and disease free and with varying levels of nutrients in them.
Bagged compost is perfect for using in pots, containers, seed trays and hanging baskets as well as for filling up raised beds. It can also be used mixed in the bottom of a planting hole with garden soil.
2. Homemade compost
Homemade garden compost is best added to beds and borders as a mulch to improve structure and health and it’s best not to use it for containers as disease and pests might be in it, the nutrient levels may not be right and it tends to dry out more quickly.
Let’s have a look at the different types of composts available to buy and what goes in them.
Peat Free All Purpose (or Multi Purpose) Compost
All purpose compost does what it says – it can be used around your garden in beds, borders, pots, containers or hanging baskets. It comes in different blends of ingredients and usually contains mineral-based plant foods that will feed your plants anywhere from 6 weeks up to 6 months. Others can limit the amount of watering you need to do by absorbing water then storing and releasing it as the plant requires.
All purpose is generally not recommended for small seeds as often the nutrient levels can be too high although it tends to work for larger seeds like beans and sunflowers.
Peat free compost is the replacement for peat and will often contain a mix of more fibrous material ingredients including:
- Expanded Wood Fibres
- Green Compost
- Composted bark
- Top Soil
Multi-Purpose Compost with added John Innes has added grit so is perfect for larger plants grown in containers such as smaller trees and shrubs as it adds a heavier weight and helps to prevent the compost from collapsing.
This compost is specially formulated to be used for growing plants that need a more acidic soil type. These plants include Rhododendrons, Camellias, heathers, Pieris, Acers as well as blueberries. If plants like these are grown in a lime-based non acidic soil (called ‘alkaline’) they will be unable to access the nutrients they need and the plant’s foliage will go yellow and have very few flowers and fruit and eventually die.
Loam and soil based composts
These composts are based on the John Innes formulation which as well as green compost, expanded wood fibre and fertiliser, also includes top soil or loam and sand or grit. The grit or sand helps to keep the structure of the compost open, improving aeration and drainage around the roots.
There are 4 types of compost in the John Innes range
- Seed and cutting with added John Innes
- No 1 – For seedlings
- No 2 – For larger plants
- No 3 – For mature plants in their final positions.
These are great if you are limited on growing areas in your garden or don’t want to buy additional containers. They take up very little space and can be placed just about anywhere. You can grow all sorts of fruit, veg and herbs in these but tomatoes, aubergines, peppers and strawberries in particular work really well. These planters have a plant food mixed in that usually feeds for about 8 weeks - after then you’ll need to feed regularly with a liquid plant food.
As well as those mentioned above there are other specialist composts for plants with special tastes. Including:
These dedicated composts contain what the specific plant needs and will help that plant not only survive but thrive.
How do you choose the right compost for your plants?
With so many different types of compost to choose from, sometimes it can be a little difficult to know which is the right compost to buy for your plants. The best way to think of it is by breaking it down into the life cycle of a plant.
Seeds and seedlings
As a plant begins its life, it needs the right conditions to grow. Give your seeds and very young plants a head start by potting them in a fine compost designed to allow delicate roots to explore easily.
Compost containing sand is specifically well-suited for seeds and young plants due to their lighter structure. This means new roots aren’t restricted or smothered by heavy soil conditions — vital for early development.
As your plant starts to grow and you can see that its roots are filling the container, it’s time to repot into a slightly bigger home (transplanting). Don’t be tempted to go too big too soon though; just a few inches bigger and be prepared to transplant a few times if needed.
2nd stage – established plants
Plants still need to be transferred to a pot with more room so that root systems continue to spread throughout their life. This helps build strong foundations, anchoring the expanding growth above ground. Even though the plants are better established, there’s plenty more development to go, so the right nutrients are essential to keep growth healthy.
Keep a close eye on plants that spend their life in pots and containers. As they only have limited access to soil, they tend to dry out quicker and deplete the soil’s resources much faster. Miracle-Gro’s Premium Peat Free Moisture Control Compost for Pots and Baskets delivers a unique mix of ingredients that helps keep the plant hydrated.
Improve the soil
Although not strictly a compost, garden soils can be boosted using soil conditioners to greatly benefit plant development in beds and borders.
These are used to improve aeration and drainage in heavy clay soil and add body to light sandy soil to help retain moisture and nutrients. It also boosts the soil fertility by adding nutrients to encourage healthy foliage, flowers and root growth.
They make a great mulch and are best added to the top of moist borders and beds in a thick layer to help suppress weeds and lock in hydration.
The dos and don’ts of compost
Do choose a specialist compost for the task in hand. This will ensure you create optimum growing conditions.
Do check your garden soil pH balance before you get planting to see if you have acid, neutral or alkaline soil. This will help you work out what type of plants will work best in your garden. Tests are easy to find online and in garden centres.
Do use any leftover compost by raking it into your existing soil around your garden as a soil improver.
Do use fresh compost each year to pot up your existing and new plants as this minimises risk of pests and diseases being carried over. It will also provide fresh nutrients to replace those that have been used up.
After planting, always water in your plants (even if the ground is moist) to remove air pockets and ensure the roots are in contact with the soil.
Do use gloves when handling compost.
Don’t sow seeds in standard all purpose compost. For best results use a specialist seed compost that provides for optimum root growth and provides the right plant food to help them develop.
Don’t be put off growing fruit and vegetables by lack of space. You can achieve healthy crops in pots, hanging baskets and grow bags; even in the smallest of areas.
Don’t forget that some acid-loving plants such as azalea, camellia or rhododendron will require an ericaceous compost with a lower pH.
Don’t use your garden soil for potting up containers and baskets.
Don’t forget to always follow the compost label instructions.
Frequently asked questions about compost
How do you know if compost is good quality?
When it comes to shop-bought compost, always buy a reputable brand so that you know the quality will be consistent and of a high standard such as Miracle-Gro or Levington. Homemade compost needs to be a rich dark brown colour and should be dry and crumble between your fingers. You know when your compost is ready as there will be no nasty smell, just a deep earthy smell.
What is the best compost for beginners?
The best compost to use in your garden will depend on what you’re planting. However, most beginner gardeners will likely start off with patio pots, hanging baskets, herbs or flowering bedding plants. For these jobs we recommend a peat free all purpose compost. For houseplants it’s always best to use a peat free houseplant compost.
Which compost is best for all plants?
For the majority of plants in your garden – whether planting in pots, hanging baskets, containers, beds or borders – a good peat free all purpose compost will cover all bases. But just remember, some plants will need a specialist compost such as roses, orchids or cacti.
Can I re-use my patio pots year after year?
You can certainly re-use them but it’s best to tip out all of the old compost and then give your pots a clean to minimise risk of pests and disease. If you have a really large container then you can re fresh the top few inches of old compost with fresh and remember to keep feeding.
Why shouldn't I use my own garden soil to pot up plants?
Garden soil doesn’t hold as much water and can lack essential nutrients, so plant growth will be slower and watering can be difficult. Garden soil will often also harbour pests, diseases and weeds.
For more answers to compost questions, check out our dedicated compost FAQs page. | <urn:uuid:8a199e1b-5728-4860-8a89-40a5285c42da> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.lovethegarden.com/uk-en/article/how-to-choose-the-best-compost-for-your-plants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00649.warc.gz | en | 0.93987 | 2,220 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Location: 14.5N, 90.9W
Elevation: 13,041 feet (3,976 m)
Main volcanoes of the Central American arc in Guatemala.
Acatenango's first historic eruption was in 1924. Two other eruptions occurred in 1924-1927 and
1972. Geologists visited the summit in 1981 and report the strong smell of sulfur but no
visible fumaroles. Acatenango is one of the highest stratovolcanoes in central America. Photograph copyrighted and provided by
Steve O'Meara of Volcano
Sources of Information:
McClelland, L., Simkin, T., Summers, M., Nielsen, E., and Stein, T.C., 1989, Global Volcanism 1975-1985: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 655 p.
Simkin, T., and Siebert, L., 1994, Volcanoes of the World: Geoscience Press, Tucson, Arizona, 349 p. | <urn:uuid:40013e31-8471-48a7-98f1-5f2043d7e71a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/guat/acatengo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590443.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719012155-20180719032155-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.719969 | 211 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Mother was still angry into the 1950s. There was lots more to learn about this the period in U.S. history that led up to World War II.
In Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America’s Fight Over World War II, 1939-1941, Olson tries to help her readers imagine the passions of that time. Because, after the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, most U.S. people quickly rallied around winning the two-front war in the Pacific and in Europe, pre-war animosities have tended to disappear from our memories. But Olson makes a strong case that coming to U.S. intervention was a hard fought popular struggle, one she believes had positive consequences for the nation.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt apparently harbored no real question that the U.S. would eventually have to fight the European dictators.
Olson's picture of FDR portrays him as a hyper-cautious politician repeatedly hesitant to make a case for war, even after popular opinion moved toward his views after the Nazi blitzkrieg overran western Europe in 1940.
The anti-interventionists are personified in this book by aviator Charles Lindbergh whose first solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927 had made him the country's most admired celebrity-hero. Lindbergh seems to have been a strange, shy, introverted and distant character who never properly understood the reactions others might have to his views. Olson describes him as believing that the United States was completely unready to fight Germany and so therefore willing to throw himself into the "America First" cause. Many contemporaries thought he had Nazi sympathies but Olson doesn't reinforce that.
The book contains much about the emotional turmoil of Charles' wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, whose family were leading interventionists. This didn't much interest me -- anachronistically, we expect women to have their own opinions and wonder when they act trapped by their husband's leanings. On Martha's Vineyard where the Lindberghs moved to get out of the public maelstrom, older people can still point out, sometimes with a bit of disdain, where this slightly notorious couple resided.
There are many details of this period that Olson enlightened me about. It's fascinating to imagine a time in which numerous well-known luminaries, including private citizens like Lindbergh, Republican Henry L. Stimson (who later became FDR's Secretary of War) and Elizabeth Reeve Cutter Morrow, Anne Morrow Lindbergh's literary mother, could command vast audiences for radio speeches and thus move public opinion. I cannot imagine equivalent figures capturing so much attention these days -- maybe if they made clever two minute YouTube videos?
Olson highlights the forgotten bravery of businessman Wendell Willkie whose interventionist stance unexpectedly inspired a groundswell that won him the (doomed) Republican presidential nomination in 1940. Party leaders were mostly isolationists as were most Republican voters. But in a nominating convention held just after the fall of France to Hitler's armies, Willkie received the party nod.
Willkie's nomination meant that the election of 1940 was not fought over the country's most contentious issue: whether to help the British to fight on against the aggressors. Willkie agreed with FDR not to raise the topic. Later, when FDR did go to Congress for authorization to send supplies to Britain and later start a draft, Willkie bucked much of his party, explaining:
Congress felt the wrath of those seeking the keep the U.S. out of the war.
The horrors of European battlefields in World War I proved to many citizens that a foreign war would be a fruitless, murderous national misstep; great masses of people simply didn't want to do that again, however little they liked Hitler.
Olson's account of the popular conflicts of this period has a gaping hole: she simply ignores the gyrations of the left, both Communist and intellectual/socialist. In 1936, military fascists rose up against the elected republican government of Spain with the support of Hitler and Mussolini. The U.S. Congress almost unanimously voted to embargo arms shipments to Spain's government and let that democracy be overthrown. That isolationism came easily. Meanwhile Communists and socialists of every stripe rallied to extra-legal private efforts to support the doomed Spanish government against General Franco's atrocity-filled (and ultimately all too successful) assault. So by the beginning of the period Olson covers, the left, a significant force at the time, was united in trying to rally people against European right-wing dictators.
Then, in 1939, the Soviet Union's ruler Joseph Stalin cut a deal with Hitler to partition Poland and, he hoped, keep his country out of the Nazi bomb sights. Loyal party-member Communists turned on a dime from warning about the dangers of fascism to preaching nonintervention. They only came around when the Germans invaded Russia in 1941 and subsequently experienced the sort of popular rejection that Willkie had warned that the Republicans risked if they became isolationists. Meanwhile, the non-Communist left remained staunchly interventionist. Olson simply omits this drama. Her book is the poorer for skipping over this significant sub-plot in the period's history.
Olson shares some of her reflections on the book's website:
But what would I have thought during the 1938-1941 debate?
I'm sympathetic to pacifism -- that is, I strongly suspect that refusing to take up the sword is how we ought to live. I have a t-shirt that says "anything war can do, peace can do better." People like it. And I think it is true … But …
But back then, as now, I would probably have been what I call a "non-aligned leftist." Then, that would have meant that I knew a lot about the atrocities of fascism in Spain and the anti-Semitic pogroms in Hitler's Germany. I might not yet have appreciated the horrors of Stalinist Russia, though I would have had suspicions. And I would have felt that FDR had made too many dirty compromises with Southern white supremacy, such as allowing segregation in New Deal programs. But in that time and place, I probably would have moved from isolationism to an early belief in the necessity of defeating fascism.
Where I'm sure that Olson is right is that having the long contentious national conversation as prelude helped make possible World War II's subsequent status as our "Good War." | <urn:uuid:084f1524-5e2f-4276-9e15-103dd56f9209> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://happening-here.blogspot.com/2013/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104692018.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707124050-20220707154050-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.974063 | 1,319 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A small step for extrasolar planets
Aug 31, 2004
Astronomers have discovered three new extrasolar planets that are much smaller than all the other planets that have been found orbiting around stars other than the Sun. The new planets are about 10 to 20 times the size of the Earth, which means that they are similar in size to Neptune. All the other extrasolar planets discovered so far are closer in size to Jupiter, which is some 318 times as massive as the Earth.. Almost 140 extrasolar planets are now known.
Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, Geoffrey Marcy of the University of California at Berkeley and colleagues discovered one of the new planets orbiting around a small star called Gliese 436 every two-and-a-half days. Barbara McArthur of the University of Texas in Austin discovered the second new planet orbiting around a nearby star called 55 Cancri with a period of just under three days. It is the fourth planet to be discovered around this star. The results have been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal.
The latest discoveries come a week after a group led by Michel Mayor of the Geneva Observatory announced that it had found a planet 14 times as big as the Earth orbiting around the star mu Arae.
Astronomers think that the new planets will be made of rock, or rock and ice, like the Earth, rather than gas. The new planets were all discovered using the radial velocity technique, which relies on measuring tiny Doppler shifts in light from the parent star, caused by its motion around the centre of mass of the combined star-planet system.
"These Neptune-sized planets prove that Jupiter-sized, gas giants aren't the only planets out there," says Marcy. "We are beginning to see smaller and smaller planets," adds Butler. "Earth-like planets are the next destination."
About the author
Peter Rodgers is Editor of Physics World | <urn:uuid:c324524a-5776-4888-bf34-7545612aa13a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2004/aug/31/a-small-step-for-extrasolar-planets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261771.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00323-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950508 | 390 | 3.53125 | 4 |
For the first time, KKH to study whether long COVID is a problem in children in Singapore
It is likely that some children have come down with long COVID, which could affect their development. The coming study will determine how prevalent it is, among other important aims, the programme Talking Point learns.
SINGAPORE: Some studies overseas have put the prevalence of long COVID in children at anywhere from 4 to nearly 60 per cent of those who became infected with the virus.
But in Singapore, such a study — which would help to better manage children here who have had COVID-19 — has not been done yet.
That is about to change. KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital (KKH) is planning to embark on a study to determine whether long COVID is indeed a problem in young children and teenagers in Singapore.
Long COVID is the experience of lingering symptoms. And it can affect a child’s development if he or she has it.
“We do know that long COVID might potentially be a problem in children,” said KKH consultant Li Jiahui, who specialises in paediatric infectious disease. Hence the coming study will be “important”, she noted.
KKH intends to roll it out in the second half of this year, over a period of three to six months, she told the programme Talking Point. Results are expected by year end.
The study comes in the wake of the Omicron wave having seen children contract COVID-19 at the highest rate among all age groups in Singapore. For example, between December and February, around 27,000 children aged five to 11 were infected with the virus.
So far, KKH has not seen any cases of children with long COVID. But there are “several possibilities” as to why this is so, said Li.
One that she cited might be the way the hospital defines long COVID: As typically lasting for more than two months after the initial infection.
“And (children) might very well have symptoms that are really mild,” she added. “But they might otherwise be well enough to be attending school and not seek medical attention (for) these persistent symptoms.”
This means it is likely that some children have come down with long COVID, she noted.
The main aims of the KKH study are to determine how common it actually is and what “some of the risk factors are that can predispose a child or teenager to develop long COVID”, she said.
“(The study) will help us define the natural cause of long COVID in children. It will identify … how to better follow up on children who’ve had COVID-19.”
Persistent symptoms, such as sleep difficulties and disturbances in concentration and memory, can potentially affect children’s development and learning, she said.
“We do need more studies to characterise these difficulties and symptoms. Right now we don’t know the … trajectory of long COVID.”
Most of the studies of long COVID in children are from the West, she noted. And their findings “may not be entirely applicable to our context” and may not give an “accurate representation” of long COVID in children in Singapore.
For one thing, Asian children may show particular symptoms differently. “Secondly, the symptoms may be partly attributable to various factors such as lockdowns, social restrictions, safe management measures, which differ from country to country,” she cited.
Nonetheless, some symptoms are “red flags” that should alert parents to seek further attention for their children.
“In very young kids, if they’re unusually sleepy, lethargic, if they have a great disturbance in their appetite and their energy levels, all these would be warning signs,” she advised.
In older children, the symptoms include a persistent cough, headaches and disturbed sleep cycles. The children may not necessarily have long COVID, but “they’d need further evaluation and possibly further tests to see why they’re having these symptoms”.
LONG COVID IN ADULTS
Among adults, classic symptoms of long COVID include a persistent cough, breathlessness, chest tightness, heart palpitations and loss of stamina.
“In many ways, it’s complex … It’s a big mixture of different symptoms,” said Barnaby Young, who heads the Singapore Infectious Disease Clinical Research Network at the National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID).
“Sometimes people say that they didn’t have them initially, and they came on a couple of weeks later and can often be going through a waxing and waning pattern.”
Then there is brain fog, which is also common but is an area he highlighted as important and needing further research, “to really understand whether this is going to be a long-term problem”.
A recent United Kingdom study found that persistent brain fog from severe COVID-19 can cause cognitive impairment that is equivalent to losing 10 IQ points — and studies like this have been “very worrying for people to hear”, he noted.
At the NCID’s long COVID clinic, which he runs and was started in November, he has heard people describe brain fog as a loss of concentration and having difficulty focusing throughout the day.
Hor Chor Kiat, for one, has “difficulty choosing certain words to describe certain things” at times.
He was among Talking Point viewers who replied to the programme’s call for questions and stories from people suffering from COVID-19 symptoms two months after they tested negative for the disease.
Some of them had what they thought were lesser known symptoms, such as ringing in the ears and a headache that lingered on from time to time.
Joanne Thum had a back pain that she already recovered from, but after her COVID-19 infection, it “came back stronger” and became “even more painful”.
CNA executive producer Pearl Forss complained that her stomach “has just not been the same” following her infection.
“I’ve had constant bloating and discomfort. And I’ve had several rounds of food poisoning when my friends and family would be eating the same food and they’ll be okay,” she recounted.
It may be difficult to be sure, but all these symptoms can be attributed to long COVID, said Young. More than 200 different symptoms have been reported internationally.
There are also studies showing that long COVID affects women more than men.
Paradoxically, the immune system in women is “often better”, which probably means a higher risk of long COVID “because the immune system’s reactivity is continuing after the infection has resolved”, said Young.
But why do some people have such bad symptoms while others feel fine? And why do some people with mild initial symptoms also end up getting long COVID?
“We don’t really know what the exact trigger is,” he replied. “Something going wonky with the immune system is the most likely explanation.”
WATCH: Do you have long COVID? When COVID-19 symptoms linger (21:57)
What the data show, however, is that the elderly aged above 70 — a high-risk group for severe COVID-19 compared to younger patients — will also have more long COVID symptoms, pointed out Steve Yang, a consultant in The Respiratory Practice.
“If you’ve been in the ICU, if you’ve been on the ventilator … with a lot of scarring in your lungs, you’ll have a lot of long COVID symptoms,” he continued.
People can develop long COVID even if they are vaccinated. But vaccination helps: The evidence points to “around a 50 per cent reduction in the rates of long COVID”, noted Young.
According to the NCID, in findings published last year, one in 10 unvaccinated adult patients in Singapore had persistent symptoms six months after their initial infection.
WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT IT
For good management of long COVID’s symptoms, the general advice of Tan Tock Seng Hospital rehabilitation medicine consultant Wong Chin Jung is to “do light intensity exercises and not to over-exert”.
“For example, instead of jogging or running, maybe start with walks first and gradually increase them in intensity or even duration,” he suggested.
What people need to recognise is that there’s a period of time when the body doesn’t respond in a normal manner. Doing more doesn’t necessarily equate to significant improvement.”
The question of exercise was on the mind of Talking Point viewer Alif Adam, who felt that his muscles were taking longer to recover than before.
That experience is a typical one, observed Wong. “Even without COVID, just (by) resting at home for one month, most people will undergo deconditioning. There’ll be an element of the heart rate not being so good, muscles deteriorating,” he said.
“What long COVID does is it hinders the ability to tackle the deconditioning aspect.”
As for antiviral options such as Pfizer’s oral medicine Paxlovid, “don’t expect there to be a good treatment soon”, said Young.
Paxlovid is now approved only for adult patients with early-onset COVID-19 who are at high risk of severe illness.
A few reports suggest that it may also help those who already have long COVID, but Young thinks the chances are slim because their symptoms are “probably being driven by the immune system” and not the virus any more.
“Finding something that can modulate the immune system without suppressing it, without overstimulating it … is going to be very challenging,” he said.
In the United Kingdom, trials are being done to determine whether statins such as cholesterol medication and blood thinning agents can be used against long COVID. So there may be “some options” within the next year or so, he reckoned.
“But I don’t think we’ll get anything before then, and it may be that these agents turn out to not be effective.”
For Stephen Lim, who started to develop new symptoms a week or two after his initial recovery around mid-February, it took many specialist tests before he was put on medication for his lungs, heart and gastrointestinal tract.
Previously, he had been to accident and emergency four times; at one stage, he thought he was having a heart attack. His treatment plan gives him “a sort of assurance”, but he is still suffering from symptoms.
“I don’t go out as much any more. If I do go out, it’s best that I have someone with me,” he said.
Most people, according to Young, will be “back to where they were” within three months of infection. But some will continue to struggle after that.
“I’ve seen a few patients in the long COVID clinic who’ve had symptoms that have gone on for more than a year,” he said.
“We could be talking about this … in two years’ time. It could be something that drags on for that long for a small number of people.”
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One of our secondary school Ed Tech programs is the Digital Learning Workshop. This January, we were able to host one at Pacific Cascade Middle School where we had the pleasure of visiting Heidi Fielden’s 7th grade English Language Arts classroom to observe how she incorporates Actively Learn as both a collaborative classroom discussion as well as an individual student platform for reading and question/answer.
In this particular lesson, students were reading a memoir and looking at the use of figurative language. Ms. Fielden had the class work through the first half together with class read aloud, individual answer, and then group sharing and discussion. A student or Ms. Fielden would read a chunk of text, and then students had the opportunity to answer a question. One required students to rewrite a highlighted sentence using figurative language referring to their notes. Ms. Fielden could check their progress with her teacher-view to see who had completed the question, who might need support, and who was working ahead. Though students were reading on the computer, they were still talking and sharing answers in collaborative groups while determining what type of figurative language their tablemates had used. She then let them work at their own pace and complete the memoir text and questions, monitoring students’ progress and checking in with students that needed more support.
To learn more about how Ms. Fielden uses Actively Learn in the classroom, I was able to ask her some questions and get her ideas on how to implement its use in other contents. Ms. Fielden uses Actively Learn in a variety of ways in both Language Arts and Social Studies, sharing, “I had students watch a TedTalk in social studies and I added the transcript so that students could read along and answer questions. I will use it as preparation for Socratic seminars and for reading current events and NewsELA articles.”
Actively Learn has a variety of content available for several subject areas, but Ms. Fielden did note that the content you might want is not always available, so she recommends connecting it to Google Docs so that when texts are uploaded they can still be chunked for questions as opposed to uploading a PDF, which functions as a single image. She also suggested starting with a practice assignment first. She shared, “I gave my students a practice text (a fairytale) to get them familiar with the tool. I asked them to practice all of the skills that I thought I might use this year (annotation, defining words, answering short answer questions, answering multiple choice questions, looking at peers’ responses, etc.).” By having them practice the skills first, they are better prepared for when the assignment counts in class.
The integration of Actively Learn might seem daunting to a teacher who does not have 1-to-1 in their classroom, so Ms. Fielden offers suggestions for effective ways of incorporating Actively Learn to support student collaboration and even supporting emerging readers. She states, “It is a great tool for students to use at home. Teachers can assign readings with questions for homework and then use the responses to have discussions in class. It also has a collaboration feature for students to use when working on group projects, so they can have discussions and annotate articles together. If you don’t have enough computers for all students, it could be very helpful to allow ELL students to use a computer and read on Actively Learn because they can use the translation feature built into the program.”
Ms. Fielden has explored many of the features that Actively Learn has to offer and has even used the “extra help” feature, which can be applied to specific students who need that little bit extra. Specifically, Ms. Fielden suggests Actively Learn as a tool for ELL students as it can provide the extra help tips and prompts as well as a translation option. Some of her other favorite features of Actively Learn include the ability to connect questions to standards, tracking individual progress based on standards, and providing immediate feedback via a score or comment or both.
Watching Ms. Fielden use Actively Learn in this blended way showed how students could engage with technology, yet still engage with one another and the class. It was a showcase of how it is another effective tool to use engage students in reading, higher-level thinking, and discussion. For a quick reference of what Actively Learn is and the benefits of using it, Actively Learn Reference Sheet. | <urn:uuid:5e534a8a-b45b-46c1-a75a-152e2210b23c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://thebnp.org/2019/01/18/teacher-feature-actively-learn-with-heidi-fielden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244353.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926165308-20200926195308-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.975062 | 907 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Abraham didn’t have the fertility problem that Sarah did. In today’s reading (Genesis 25-26:33), we discover that he married Keturah some time after Sarah’s death – when he was 137 years old – and fathered six sons. And while he gave gifts to these sons, when he finally passed away at age 175, he left it all to Isaac and was buried in the cave tomb he bought for Sarah.
I don’t know whether the custom of leaving an entire inheritance to the firstborn son began with Abraham or not, but it persisted. I also don’t know whether his choice was based on a preference for Isaac over the others, or the hope that under the patriarchy of a much older brother, they would work together to maintain his shepherding empire.
Ishmael remained pretty much out of the picture. With the wife his Egyptian mother secured for him in Egypt, he fathered the twelve sons God had prophesied.
“And they lived in hostility toward all their brothers.” ~ Genesis 25:18b
That just seems to be a running theme throughout this section of Genesis.
Cain murders Abel. Ishmael scorns Isaac. And, in the verses to come, fraternal twins Jacob and Esau will develop a fraternal rivalry so intense that it eventually becomes the subject of a Jewish proverb (Malachi 1:2-3; Romans 9:13).
It was so from the start. Within Rebekah’s womb, they jostled each other to the point where she inquired of the Lord, and His answer was:
“Two nations are in your womb,
and two peoples from within you will be separated;
one people will be stronger than the other,
and the older will serve the younger.” ~ Genesis 25:23
Esau (“Hairy”) came out first, but Jacob (“He Grasps”) came out ahead.
The rivalry may have begun with their parents:
“The boys grew up, and Esau became a skillful hunter, a man of the open country, while Jacob was a quiet man, staying among the tents. Isaac, who had a taste for wild game, loved Esau, but Rebekah loved Jacob.” ~ Genesis 25:27-28
You know, that’s probably never a good idea. Had Rebekah ever shared God’s prophecy with her husband? Was she secretly backing a winner? Here’s how it played out …
Once, when Esau came in from hunting empty-handed and starved, he found Jacob cooking red stew. Jacob agreed to sell him some in exchange for his birthright, the inheritance. Esau reasoned that if he starved, everything would pass to his brother anyway, and sold it.
Isaac went on to the same kind of maturity as his father. Fearful of his life over his gorgeous wife Rebekah, he lied to the same king (or heir with the same name), Abimelech, about her being his sister (when, in fact, she was more of a cousin). This time Abimelech’s household dodged the bullet of God’s punishment by illness and barrenness (or worse). Abimelech, king of the Philistines, happened to look down from a window and saw Isaac caressing Rebekah – apparently in an un-brotherly fashion – and reached the right conclusion.
Quarrels over Abraham’s wells separated the two, and at the as-yet unnamed Beersheba the Lord confirmed His promise to Isaac.
“Isaac built an altar there and called on the name of the LORD. There he pitched his tent, and there his servants dug a well.” ~ Genesis 26:25
Abimelech came there and made a peace covenant with Isaac – perceiving that God was with him. They swore an oath on their treaty, enjoyed a feast together, and the new well turned out wet. Everything was going along pretty well, except …
“When Esau was forty years old, he married Judith daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and also Basemath daughter of Elon the Hittite. They were a source of grief to Isaac and Rebekah.” ~ Genesis 26:34-35
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Freemasonry is an ancient and honorable fraternity whose beliefs and principles are based on the concept of personal and spiritual growth through self-improvement. Freemasonry has a long history that stretches back to the Middle Ages, and its members have long been associated with high moral standards, charity work, and intellectual pursuits. While many of the details of Freemason beliefs remain shrouded in mystery, it is known that Freemasons share a devotion to a higher power, as well as a set of moral teachings known as Masonic principles. These shared beliefs are at the heart of Freemasonry’s commitment to making good men better. Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that is based on the belief in a Supreme Being and the practice of moral and ethical principles. Its members are joined together by shared ideals of both spiritual and social fellowship. Freemasonry has set principles which include: a belief in a Supreme Being, the practice of charity, integrity, mutual respect and tolerance. It also encourages its members to be active in their communities, to engage in charitable works and to be supportive of each other. Freemasons believe in personal growth through study, self-reflection, contemplation and service to others.
Symbols of Freemasonry
Freemasonry is a fraternal organization with its own set of symbols and rituals. These symbols and rituals serve as a way to identify members, strengthen the bonds of brotherhood, and remind members of their purpose. The symbols used by Freemasonry are derived from a variety of sources, including the Bible, ancient mythology, and even Greek and Roman architecture. Some of the most recognizable symbols include the square and compass, the all-seeing eye, the letter “G”, and the beehive.
The square and compass is one of the most iconic Masonic symbols. It symbolizes two important aspects of Freemasonry: morality and brotherly love. The square represents morality because it reminds us to conduct ourselves with fairness and integrity in all our dealings. The compass is a reminder that we should strive to help our brothers in need. Together, they represent the ideals of Freemasonry: to promote fellowship among men while striving for truth and justice.
The all-seeing eye is another popular Masonic symbol. It is traditionally depicted as an eye within a triangle surrounded by rays of light or glory. It is believed to represent God’s omniscience – his ability to see all things – as well as his watchfulness over mankind. This symbol also serves as a reminder that we should always strive to live up to our highest ideals so that we can be worthy in God’s eyes.
The letter “G” is another important Masonic symbol that stands for geometry or God (depending on context). Geometry was an essential part of early Freemasonry because it was used in many building projects such as cathedrals or castles. As such, it was seen as an important tool in helping Masons attain their goal of creating beautiful works of art while also working towards spiritual enlightenment through self-improvement. Today, many Lodges still use geometry in their teachings as a way to remind Masons about their duties to their faith and fellow man.
Therefore, there is the beehive which serves as an emblem for industry and diligence among Masons. This symbol reminds us that we must work hard both inside and outside our Lodge so that we can make meaningful contributions to society at large while also growing spiritually through self-improvement activities such as reading philosophical texts or studying history.
In short, these Masonic symbols are more than just emblems; they are reminders that guide us towards fulfilling our obligations both within our Lodge walls and out in society at large. They serve not only to identify members but also to inspire them towards excellence both professionally and spiritually.
Masonry and Religion
Freemasonry is an ancient fraternal organization that has members from all walks of life and backgrounds. It is a men’s society, but it also has some female members. Freemasonry is based on principles of morality, brotherly love, charity, justice, and temperance. The primary aim of Freemasonry is to make good men better.
One of the most debated topics in Freemasonry is the relationship between Masonry and religion. There are many opinions on this subject, from those who see Masonry as a religion in itself to those who see it as compatible with any religion or none at all.
Freemasonry does not require its members to believe in any particular set of religious beliefs or practices. In fact, Freemasons must swear an oath before joining the fraternity that they will not use their membership for religious purposes. This oath protects the integrity of the Masonic Order and ensures that its members are free to practice whatever religion they choose without pressure from their Masonic brothers.
That being said, there are certain elements of Freemasonry that contain religious symbolism and teachings. For example, the rituals used by Masons during initiation ceremonies often include references to God or a Supreme Being. The Masonic symbols used also have spiritual meanings attached to them which may be interpreted differently by different individuals depending on their own beliefs and faith systems.
Although some people may view Freemasonry as incompatible with their own beliefs or practices, it is important to remember that Masonry seeks only to promote good moral values such as charity and justice above all else. As long as one’s faith does not conflict with these principles then there should be no issue with becoming a Mason regardless of one’s religious beliefs.
Ultimately, Freemasonry provides its members with an opportunity to learn more about themselves and others through fellowship and mutual understanding regardless of their faith background or lack thereof.
The Three Great Principles of Freemasonry
Freemasonry is based on three great principles: Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth. Brotherly Love is the most important of the three principles, and it encourages members to treat each other with kindness and respect. Relief is the second principle, which teaches members to take care of those in need and help them in times of hardship. Lastly, Truth is the third principle, which emphasizes honesty and integrity in all aspects of life.
These principles are the foundation of Freemasonry and are essential for its members to adhere to them. The purpose of these principles is to promote harmony among all Freemasons regardless of their background or beliefs. They also encourage members to be more understanding and tolerant towards others who may have different views or opinions than their own.
The Three Great Principles have been part of Freemasonry since its inception, and its members strive to uphold them every day. They are a reminder that no matter who you are or where you come from, we should all strive for unity and understanding within our community. By adhering to these principles, Freemasons can create a better world for everyone to live in.
Through education and outreach programs, Freemasons are able to spread these values throughout society so that everyone can benefit from them. By teaching individuals how important it is to be kind, generous, honest, and tolerant towards one another, they can foster greater understanding between different cultures or religions and promote peace within communities.
Freemasonry continues to be an important part of many societies around the world today, as it has been since its inception centuries ago. Its timeless principles provide guidance for all who wish to join its ranks or simply learn more about its teachings. By following these principles we can work together towards creating a better future for ourselves and those around us.
Benefits of Joining a Masonic Lodge
Joining a Masonic Lodge can be a great way to gain knowledge, experience, and make connections. It is an organization that has been around for centuries and many of its members are well-respected individuals in the community. There are many benefits associated with joining a Masonic Lodge, including educational opportunities, networking opportunities, personal and spiritual growth, and charitable giving.
One of the most significant benefits of joining a Masonic Lodge is the educational opportunities it provides. The organization offers classes and seminars on topics such as leadership, history, philosophy, and much more. These classes can help its members gain valuable knowledge that can be applied both personally and professionally. Additionally, these educational opportunities often come at a discounted rate for members of the organization.
Masonic Lodges also offer excellent networking opportunities for its members. Through the organization’s various events and meetings, members are able to meet other like-minded individuals from different walks of life. This can be invaluable in building professional relationships or making new friends. Additionally, many lodges have committees that organize social events throughout the year where members can meet each other in a more relaxed setting.
Joining a Masonic Lodge also provides an excellent opportunity for personal growth and spiritual development. The organization emphasizes building character through teachings such as integrity, honesty, fairness, justice, charity, brotherly love, relief and truth. This emphasis on self-improvement can encourage members to strive for excellence in all aspects of their lives.
Therefore, one of the most important benefits of joining a Masonic Lodge is their commitment to charitable giving. The organization provides financial assistance to those in need as well as donating time towards community service projects. These philanthropic activities help build strong communities while also providing members with an opportunity to use their skills and resources to make a difference in their local area or abroad.
Overall, joining a Masonic Lodge offers numerous benefits ranging from educational opportunities to charitable giving activities. If you are looking for an organization where you can grow personally while making valuable connections then consider becoming a member today!
Roles and Responsibilities of a Freemason
Freemasonry is a fraternal organization that has been in existence for centuries. It is devoted to the moral and spiritual betterment of its members, and it has a long-standing tradition of providing support to those in need. As such, Freemasons have certain roles and responsibilities that they must adhere to in order to uphold the values of the organization.
One of the primary roles of a Freemason is to act as an example of good moral character. This includes upholding personal integrity, treating others with respect, and avoiding behavior that may be seen as detrimental to the organization’s mission or reputation. The ritualistic ceremonies that are part of Freemasonry also serve as a reminder to members of their obligations and commitment to upholding these values.
Freemasons are also expected to support charitable causes both within their own lodges and within the wider community. Many lodges have established charities or other initiatives that support local communities, such as food banks or educational initiatives. By supporting these causes, members demonstrate their commitment to helping others, while also staying true to the principles of Freemasonry.
In addition, Freemasons are expected to be active members within their local lodge. This means attending meetings regularly, participating in lodge events, and helping other members when needed. Being active within the lodge also helps ensure that Freemasonry continues to thrive by providing for its members’ needs and ensuring that they remain connected with one another in meaningful ways.
Therefore, Freemasons are expected to be stewards of Masonic knowledge and tradition by sharing what they learn with others who may benefit from it. By doing this, they help ensure that Masonic teachings remain relevant and accessible for future generations. This includes not only teaching new members about Masonic history and traditions but also engaging with non-members who seek more information about what it means to be a Freemason.
In sum, being a part of this ancient fraternity requires dedication and commitment from its members in order for it to remain strong through the ages. The roles and responsibilities outlined here provide an idea of what is expected from all who choose to join this esteemed organization.
History and Origin of Freemasonry
Freemasonry is an ancient fraternal organization that has been around for centuries. The history of Freemasonry dates back to the Middle Ages, when it first emerged in England in the 1600s. Since then, it has spread around the world and become a popular fraternal organization with millions of members.
The origins of Freemasonry are not clear, but many scholars believe that it originated in medieval stonemason guilds. Over time, these guilds evolved into more philosophical and religious organizations with secret rituals and meetings. Freemasons used their craftsmanship to construct some of the most impressive buildings in Europe during this era, such as King Solomon’s Temple in London and the Parthenon in Athens.
The first Grand Lodge was established in London in 1717, which marked the beginning of organized Freemasonry as we know it today. The Grand Lodge was responsible for overseeing all Masonic Lodges across Europe and eventually around the world. Since then, Freemasonry has grown into a global fraternity with Lodges located all over the world.
Despite its long history, there is still much mystery surrounding Freemasonry and its rituals. It is believed that Masonic Lodges are only open to members who have been initiated into its ranks, although there is no definitive proof of this theory. The meanings behind Masonic symbols remain unknown to outsiders, as these symbols are meant to be understood only by those who have undergone initiation into the order.
In recent years, Freemasonry has become more open about its practices and beliefs, allowing outsiders to learn more about them without having to join the organization itself. As a result, many people have become interested in learning about its rich history and traditions. Whether you are curious about joining or just want to learn more about this fascinating society, there is much to explore when it comes to understanding the history and origins of Freemasonry.
Requirements to Become a Freemason
The process of becoming a Freemason is one that can take some time and dedication, but the rewards are worth the effort. In order to become a Freemason, there are several requirements that must be met. Firstly, you must be male and at least 18 years of age. You must also have a belief in a Supreme Being and be of good character. Applicants must also be recommended by two current Freemasons who are familiar with the applicant’s character. Once an application is submitted, it is reviewed by the lodge committee, and if accepted, the prospective candidate will go through an initiation ceremony before being accepted as a full member of the lodge.
In addition to these requirements, prospective members should also be aware that membership fees will need to be paid on a regular basis; these fees vary depending on the lodge in question. It’s important to note that applicants should not expect to receive any special privileges or financial gain from becoming a Freemason; rather, they should expect to contribute to their community through charitable works and other activities sponsored by their lodge.
Therefore, it’s important to remember that membership in a Masonic Lodge is not open to everyone; each candidate must meet all of the requirements in order to become a full-fledged member of the fraternity. Prospective members should research their local lodges thoroughly before submitting an application; this will ensure that they understand all expectations and commitments associated with joining Masonic lodges before making any commitments.
By taking the time to understand the various requirements and expectations associated with joining Masonic lodges, prospective members can ensure they are well-prepared for their initiation ceremony and fully committed to their new role as Freemasons.
Freemasonry is a fraternal organization that is strongly based on the principles of self-improvement, charity and brotherly love. Its members are guided by a set of beliefs and values that reflect these principles. These beliefs include the search for truth, an emphasis on morality and ethical behavior, respect for all human beings, and a commitment to charity and helping others. Freemasonry is also highly committed to upholding the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by law in most countries.
Freemasons take part in activities such as charity work, social gatherings, meetings, rituals, and learning opportunities. All members are encouraged to use their skills to improve themselves and other people in their community. Freemasonry is a way for people of different backgrounds to come together in friendship and brotherhood to help one another succeed in life.
It is important to remember that Freemasonry is not a religion or political organization; it is an organization built on shared values and traditions that bring people together from all walks of life. By following the basic principles of Freemasonry, its members can make the world a better place for themselves and others around them. | <urn:uuid:029e3ab1-7586-41c8-8012-7a81c0ad6358> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://eatonlodge533.com/what-are-freemason-beliefs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.969487 | 3,297 | 3 | 3 |
Genocide is an internationally recognized crime where acts are committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. These acts fall into five categories:
- Killing members of the group
- Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
- Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
- Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
- Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
There are a number of other serious, violent crimes that do not fall under the specific definition of genocide. They include crimes against humanity, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and mass killing.
Origin of the Term Genocide
The word “genocide” did not exist prior to 1944. It is a very specific term coined by a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) who sought to describe Nazi policies of systematic murder during the Holocaust, including the destruction of European Jews. He formed the word genocide by combining geno-, from the Greek word for race or tribe, with -cide, from the Latin word for killing.
Genocide as an International Crime
On December 9, 1948, the United Nations approved a written international agreement known as the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This convention established genocide as an international crime, which signatory nations “undertake to prevent and punish.” Preventing genocide, the other major obligation of the convention, remains a challenge that nations, institutions, and individuals continue to face. | <urn:uuid:b467e667-6481-4c62-8d0b-c0590496ffc4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/learn-about-genocide-and-other-mass-atrocities/what-is-genocide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670559.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120134617-20191120162617-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.935466 | 332 | 3.71875 | 4 |
After a 25-year reprieve from their use in conflict, the effects of chemical weapons are once again back in the headlines. From repetitive chemical attacks in Syria by the Assad regime to the use of mustard gas by Islamic State militants in Syria and against Kurdish forces in Iraq, to the assassination of Kim Jong Un’s half-brother in Malaysia, the threat of chemical weapons not only endures in the 21st century but is spreading. In this IFRS FSLP seminar Cindy Vestegaard, a Senior Associate with the US-based Stimson Centre, will explore some of these events and their implications for our understanding of chemical weapons and the norms surrounding their use.
Dr Cindy Vestergaard
Cindy Vestergaard is a Senior Associate with the Nuclear Safeguards program at the Stimson Centre and currently a visiting fellow at the University of Sydney’s Centre for International Security Studies (CISS). Vestergaard was previously a senior researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) in Copenhagen, Denmark. Her current research focuses on the global governance of natural uranium and the debates surrounding potential emerging suppliers and consumers. Her research portfolio also includes chemical weapons disarmament, biosecurity and import/export controls.
Before joining DIIS, Vestergaard worked on non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament policy and programming at Canada’s Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Positions, among others, included Senior Policy Advisor, Global Partnership Program; Senior Policy Advisor, Foreign Intelligence Division; and Political Officer at Canada’s Mission to Hungary and Slovenia.
Vestergaard has been an external lecturer at the University of Copenhagen; a regular contributor to media outlets and presents nationally and internationally on weapons of mass destruction, proliferation and disarmament issues.
She has a B.A. in International Relations from the University of British Columbia, M.A. in International Relations and European Studies from Central European University (Budapest, Hungary) and Ph.D in Political Science from the University of Copenhagen.
Venue: Frederick Barker Room, 1 King Street, Newtown, Sydney
Time: 5.30 for 6.00 pm - 7 pm
Catering: tea/coffee on arrival | <urn:uuid:d4cca7ca-9745-4030-9e2e-20d3fec0aa27> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.regionalsecurity.org.au/event-2551356 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578602767.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423114901-20190423135803-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.915107 | 457 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Examine the differences and similarities between Western and Eastern concepts and practices of kingship. A monitor capable of displaying at least x pixels is recommended. Nevertheless, continued growth and development will occur during this time.
It should be noted that interpersonal skills includes two factors: Eventually, Lenz explained, the entire portfolio will be archived online. You must be able to access and are responsible for correspondence sent to your my.
How did Cleopatra come to power in Egypt. Interpersonal refers to phenomena that occur between people Forchuk,p. As supported by a series of studies, Zillman and colleagues showed that a preexisting state of arousal can heighten reactions to affective stimuli.
Interpersonal Nursing Theory Introduction Nursing theories are critical to the survival of nursing as a scholarly discipline. What was the Manhattan Project and what impact did it have on the world.
The existing definitions and taxonomies of interpersonal skills, he explained, were developed in the context of interactions that primarily occur face to face, but new technologies foster interactions that do not occur face to face or in a single time window.
Because of the high stakes for this test, they have also encountered problems with maintaining the security of the test items. The next step was to determine how the assessments would be delivered and how they would be validated.
Once accepted for medical school, students may choose the university at which they will study—the school must accept all of the students who select it. If any words or ideas are used that do not represent those original words or ideas, the student must cite all relevant sources and provide a clear definition of the extent to which such sources were used.
Background[ edit ] While traditional psychologists specializing in close relationships have focused on relationship dysfunction, positive psychology argues that relationship health is not merely the absence of relationship dysfunction.
How did journalists influence US war efforts in Vietnam. This team developed eight workplace scenarios—workplace challenges that were complex enough to require a team response.
How did Genghis Khan conquer Persia. Attraction — Premeditated or automatic, attraction can occur between acquaintances, coworkers, lovers, etc. She noted the process encouraged thinking about how students might apply particular knowledge and skills, and how one might distinguish between high- and low-quality applications.
Dismissing people are usually self-reliant and uninterested in intimacy and are independent and indifferent towards acquiring romantic partners. Bizfluent can still have damaging effects on Incommunication researchers Jessica Carlson and Mary Crawford found that employees perceived Interpersonal Responses.
August Learn how and when to remove this template message After studying married couples for many years, psychologist John Gottman has proposed the theory of the "magic ratio" for successful marriages.
Analysis of Interpersonal Function in Advertising By: Her theory focuses on the interpersonal development and the therapeutic relationship that develops between the nurse and the patient, unlike many theories that put the attention solely on the client.
More committed relationships by both genders were characterized by greater resource display, appearance enhancement, love and care, and verbal signs of possession. Loughry, Ohland, and Moore asked members of work teams in science and technical contexts to rate one another on five general categories: In terms of gender differences, men used greater resource display than women, who used more appearance enhancement as a mate-retention strategy than men.
Who was a greater inventor, Leonardo di Vinci or Thomas Edison. Cutting across this basic distinction between giving and demanding relates to the nature of the commodity being exchanged. The nurse not only focuses on the client, he or she also reflects on him or herself. Lenz reported that all of their students meet the requirements to attend a 4-year college in California as opposed to 37 percent of public high school students statewideand 94 percent of their graduates enrolled in 2- or 4-year colleges after graduation.
Over time, therapy aims to turn these interpersonal strategies into more positive ones, which include complaint, appreciation, acceptance of responsibility, and self-soothing. It is generally a long, relatively stable period.
Compare and contrast the Russian Czarism of Peter, Elizabeth, and Catherine with the monarchies of England and France in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Introduction methodology in international relations research paper 5 stars based on 98 reviews. Students are also asked to assess themselves regularly.
Joseph addison essayist with addison. This limited access often causes problems for students, which is why having your own service provider is required. Try our writing service at EssayLib. Prejudice and Stereotyping — Psychology — Oxford Bibliographies Prejudice and stereotyping are biases that work together to create and maintain First, Whitley and Kite covers the general field of research on.
According to the VSA model, in order to achieve a complete understanding of relationship functioning, research must consider all functional dimensions, including enduring vulnerabilities, stress, and adaptive processes simultaneously. Each of these Research Paper Topics can be a standalone subject for a research paper, or can give you a general idea for a good place to start.
Interpersonal Communication. Decline of communication due to technology; and how did this influence early international relations? Research and analyze how Japan moved from a feudalistic to. Interpersonal Relations Syllabus Outlines and PowerPoints Paper Assignments Studying Advice: Interpersonal Relations Psychology Note: This content is not going to be updated.
Course materials are available in Blackboard instead of here on this web site. Interpersonal Communication Reflective Paper Our ability to communicate well with others is important to personal and professional success.
The interpersonal communications course is planned to help us in being familiar with the system of effective, and to assess our own interpersonal ability to sharpen our critical understanding of the. Final Research Paper A final research paper ( pages in length) covering some topic of interpersonal communication will comprise a significant portion of the student’s grade for this course.
Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Jennifer Holzer Chamberlain College of Nursing Nursing Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Spring Nursing theory is important because it is the foundation and structure for the profession of nursing.
There are many different types of. Questia, your online research library and paper writing resource, contains thousands of scholarly articles and books about Relationships and the Family. Friendship, dating, and family are all considered interpersonal relationships within the .Interpersonal relations research paper | <urn:uuid:e382217a-b19d-473e-8e10-84ba26a7341e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://fidybavohenaqi.sgtraslochi.com/interpersonal-relations-research-paper-30092pt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155268.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805000836-20210805030836-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.944229 | 1,303 | 3.109375 | 3 |
English Cocker Spaniel is a gun dog breed. Spaniels originated in Spain but were prized in England (and other places) for their hunting abilities. Bred to hunt birds, the English Cocker Spaniel and English Springer Spaniel were the same breed, differentiated only by size, until the late 1800s. The American Cocker Spaniel became a separate breed in the early 1900s, although the English and American Cockers were interbred until the 1940s.
The English Cocker Spaniel stands between 15 and 17 inches tall and weighs between 26 and 34 pounds. He has a softly arched skull, long muzzle, large oval eyes, and hanging ears. The tail is docked, and the coat is medium length and silky. The English Cocker Spaniel coat on the head is short, but the ears, legs, and tail are feathered. The coat may be solid colored or parti-colored. Black, liver, and red are all acceptable English Cocker Spaniel colors. This coat needs regular grooming to prevent tangles and mats. The coat should be brushed and combed two to three times a week—more if the dog gets wet or dirty. The coat should be trimmed every six to eight weeks.
The English Cocker Spaniel is a moderately active dog breed. Adults can be calm in the house, although puppies are quite active. These dogs will enjoy a walk mornings and evenings, a good run, a training session on the agility course, or a vigorous game of flyball. The breed is still used for hunting. Socialization and training are important to this breed, if for no other reason than they are friendly, social, intelligent dogs who thrive on social contact and activity.
Training should continue into adulthood to keep their minds busy. English Cocker Spaniels also do well in obedience competition. This breed needs an active owner who likes grooming. The English Cocker Spaniel is good with children who treat him with respect; he does not like to be handled roughly. He is good with other dogs and pets, although interactions with smaller pets should be supervised. Health concerns include deafness, hip and knee problems, allergies, and seizures. | <urn:uuid:cdecce80-bcb4-4145-a5f8-4cd980945fb8> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.dogbreedstandards.com/english-cocker-spaniel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398466178.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205426-00068-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965543 | 443 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We may think that our metabolism rate is predetermined by factors such as genetics, but new evidence suggests that the speed at which we burn through calories can be shaped by our lifestyle.
A study out of Brazil found that intensive aerobic exercise, such as High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) or a challenging treadmill run, not only boosts communication between skeletal muscles and fat tissue, it can also boost our metabolism and even provide new treatments for metabolic diseases associated with aging and obesity.
Related: 10 signs you’re dehydrated.
The research, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, found that the exercise increased the production of certain microRNAs – signaling molecules – which decrease with age and obesity.
However, as expected, there was quite a bit of variation in the impact of exercise person-to-person, which might explain why some people may benefit from exercise more than others. | <urn:uuid:f51b480d-7016-4d97-b470-a8e90c8b79a2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.slice.ca/exercise-can-help-with-your-metabolism-according-to-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.969545 | 191 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The source from which the data should be fetched.
- scope="name" (The emit source)
The name of the scope within the emit tag.
Limits the number of rows to this maximum. Note that it is
often better to restrict the number of rows emitted by
modifying the arguments to the emit plugin, if possible.
E.g. when quering a MySQL database the data can be restricted
to the first 100 entries by adding "LIMIT 100".
Makes it possible to skip the first rows of the result. Negative
numbers means to skip everything execept the last n rows. Note
that it is often better to make the plugin skip initial rows,
The number of rows in the result, after it has been filtered and
limited by maxrows and skiprows, will be put in this variable,
if given. Note that this may not be the same value as the number
of emit iterations that the emit tag will perform, since it will
always make one iteration when the attribute do-once is set.
The number of rows left to output, when the emit is restricted
by the maxrows attribute. Rows excluded by other means such as
skiprows or filter are not included in hte remainderinfo value.
The rows counted in the remainderinfo are also filtered if the
filter attribute is used, so the value represents the actual
number of rows that should have been outputed, had emit not
Indicate that at least one loop should be made. All variables in the
emit scope will be empty, except for the counter variable.
The filter attribute is used to block certain 'rows' from the
source from being emitted. The filter attribute should be set
to a list with variable names in the emitted scope and glob patterns
the variable value must match in order to not get filtered.
A list might look like name=a*,id=??3?45. Note that
it is often better to perform the filtering in the plugin, by
modifying its arguments, if possible. E.g. when querying an SQL
database the use of where statements is recommended, e.g.
"WHERE name LIKE 'a%' AND id LIKE '__3_45'" will perform the
same filtering as above.
<emit source='values' values='foo,bar,baz' split=',' filter='value=b*'>
The filter exclude attribute is
used to filter out unwanted rows that would otherwise be emitted.
Uses the same syntax as the filter attribute.
The emit result can be sorted by the emit tag before being output.
Just list the variable names in the scope that the result should
be sorted on, in prioritized order, e.g. "lastname,firstname".
By adding a "-" sign in front of a name, that entry will be
sorted in the reversed order.
The sort order is case sensitive, but by adding "^" in front of
the variable name the order will be case insensitive.
The sort algorithm will treat numbers as complete numbers and not
digits in a string, hence "foo8bar" will be sorted before
"foo11bar". If a variable name is prefixed by "*", then a
stricter sort algorithm is used which will compare fields containing
floats and integers numerically and all other values as strings,
without trying to detecting numbers etc inside them.
Compatibility notes: In 2.1 compatibility mode the default sort
algorithm is the stricter one. In 2.2 compatibility mode the "*"
flag is disabled.
The results will be output in reverse order.
<emit source='path' path='/path/to/file' reverse=''> | <urn:uuid:49b90aa8-dbc3-48b7-aaf4-7709cdb3a1a7> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://docs.roxen.com/roxen/4.5/web_developer_manual/output/emit.tag | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00061-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.791317 | 792 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Plans and Worksheets for Grade 4
Plans and Worksheets for all Grades
Lessons for Grade 4
Common Core For Grade 4
Videos, examples, solutions, and lessons to help Grade 4 students learn to use place value understanding to round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.
Common Core: 4.NBT.3
Suggested Learning Targets
- I can explain how to use digits to round a number.
- I can write a multi-digit number rounded to any place.
Rounding multi-digit whole numbers to any place (Common Core Standard 4.NBT.3)
Rounding Large Numbers to the nearest 10 and 100.
Find your place
Look next door
5 or more
You raise the score!
4 or less
You let it rest!
Look to the right
there's zeros in sight
We will, we will round you,
Rounding Large Numbers to the nearest 1,000; 10,000; and 100,000
4 NBT 3 Rounding Multi Digit Numbers
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page. | <urn:uuid:60a0da94-c5a2-4152-8099-9c5ee5461fe7> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/rounding-numbers-4nbt3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576965.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923125729-20190923151729-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.780254 | 336 | 3.984375 | 4 |
What is Vertigo and How is it Treated?
Vertigo is a feeling that you’re off balance. It’s a strange sensation to many people and it’s often characterized by dizzy spells or a feeling that you’re spinning around. Some people often describe it as not themselves that’s spinning, but the world and environment around them. It can be an unusual feeling to experience, so in this post, we’ll be discussing what vertigo is and how it can be treated.
What are the symptoms of vertigo?
People who experience vertigo find that it triggers when there’s a change in the position of your head. For instance, if you move your head suddenly or lift yourself off a bed, then you might experience the following symptoms of vertigo:
- A feeling that you’re being pulled in a direction
- Swaying from side to side
- An unbalanced sensation, making it difficult to stand or stay still
- A spinning feeling
As a result of these symptoms, you may experience the following effects:
- Abnormal eye movements
- Hearing loss
Symptoms often last anywhere between a couple of minutes to a couple of hours.
What causes vertigo?
Vertigo is caused by an issue with the inner ear. There are a couple of common causes of vertigo, including BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo), Meniere’s disease or vestibular neuritis. In some cases, vertigo can be associated with head and neck injuries, migraines, brain problems or medications that can cause ear damage.
How is vertigo treated?
Vertigo is treated in different ways depending on what’s causing it. In most cases, vertigo can go away without any treatment. As long as you’re dealing with the symptoms as they appear with plenty of rest and the underlying issues are resolved, vertigo can easily be treated.
However, if your vertigo is being caused by something else that is more difficult to treat, then it’s best to visit an ear, nose and throat specialist to help you diagnose the cause. In many cases, it will just take time for your brain to adapt to the inner ear changes and rely on other bodily functions to maintain your balance and reduce the symptoms.
Some vertigo treatments include vestibular rehabilitation, which is a physical therapy that aims to strengthen the vestibular system. The function of this system is to send signals to the brain regarding body and head movements relative to gravity. It’s the recommended form of treatment if you have recurring episodes of vertigo and could potentially train your their senses to cope with vertigo and compensate for it.
Another option is canalith repositioning maneuvers. This is a series of specific head and body movements for BPPV that are recommended in guidelines from the American Academy of Neurology. The purpose of these movements is to remove the calcium deposits out of the canal into an inner ear chamber to be absorbed by the body. | <urn:uuid:18965f0f-91af-481f-b90a-c61046215175> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://scentmd.com/blog/what-is-vertigo-and-how-is-it-treated | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739370.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814190500-20200814220500-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.936341 | 634 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Download the Report
The 2019/2020 cyclone season is particularly intensive this year compared to previous years. Following Cyclone Belna in December 2019, a tropical disturbance formed in the Mozambique Channel in the third week of January 2020 and caused heavy, incessant rains and floods in northern parts of Madagascar.
Below normal cumulative rainfall and below-average vegetation have been recorded in southern Madagascar between October 2019 and February 2020, particularly in northern Amboasary and parts of Ambovombe, Tsihombe and Bekily.
The Fall Army Worm (FAW, Spodoptera Frugiperda) continues to infest cereal crops. Pest infestation rates remain high (80-90 percent) in Ambovombe district and dry conditions will likely result in significant losses and well below normal maize production.
Poor and very poor households in south and southwest Madagascar are experiencing Stressed (IPC Phase 2), with humanitarian food assistance in Beloha, Tsihombe, and Ambovombe, are experiencing Stressed (IPC Phase 2!), and households in Ampanihy remain in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) due to the emergency nutrition situation and the onset of the lean season.
Rainy season progress: Below normal cumulative rainfall has been recorded in southern Madagascar between October 2019 and February 2020, particularly in northern Amboasary and some parts of Ambovombe, Tsihombe and Bekily. This occurred at the time when some maize crops had already been harvested but the majority were at flowering stage except in Ambovombe where some maize had just been sown. Cassava crops were in development and pulses were also at maturation stage. Dryness has led to the determination of drought likely. Based on remote-sensing data, vegetation in the South is below the median, about 70 percent of normal. In terms of absolute vegetation, remote-sensing data indicates greenness still exists. In contrast, northern Madagascar received well above-average rainfall, among the highest in some areas for that period, resulting in reports of flooding for several regions, including northern and central Madagascar.
Cyclones and floods: The 2019/2020 cyclone season is particularly intensive. After the Cyclone Belna in December 2019, a tropical disturbance formed in the Mozambique Channel in the third week of January 2020 and caused heavy incessant rains and floods in northern parts of Madagascar. In total, 128,000 persons were affected in seven districts, which is about eight percent of total population in each district. In Mampikony district, however, the total affected population exceeds 20 percent of the total population. The main damages recorded were infrastructural such as road cuts (most of which have been restored), dike ruptures, classroom destruction and damage to homes and storage.
Agricultural campaign: About 58,000 hectares of rice fields have been silted up or flooded as of January. Nine percent of the rice fields in the main rice producing area (Alaotra Mangoro region) remained under water for about two weeks after the heavy rains due to the failure of Tanambe dam in Amparafaravola district. This will likely have negative effects on the main rice season. Rainfall deficit in southern Madagascar, particularly in Betroka district, where most of maize sold in the Grand Sud comes from, has affected the cropping season. Elsewhere, normal rain allowed farmers to expand cropped areas and to insure the normal development of crops.
Rice imports: On average, Madagascar imports around 360,000 metric tons (MT) of rice per marketing year to meet local demand, preference and to fill localized gaps. Imported rice volumes are most significant from November through April and typically enter the country through the three main ports of Fort-Dauphin, Tulear and Toamasina. India and Pakistan supply close to 80 percent of the imported rice in Madagascar. From June to December 2019, Madagascar imported near 257,000 MT, or 90 percent of 2019/2020 needs, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This quantity is similar to what was imported in 2018 but 40 percent above the five-year average of the same period. The most significant quantity was imported in June 2019, at the peak of harvest, in anticipation of the lean season.
Export cash crops: Vanilla accounted for the fourth largest share of Madagascar’s export value in 2019. Vanilla crops are currently flowering and will be mature in June-July. Depending on expected production, market prices will be fixed at the end of April but will likely decrease because of reduced quality as well as the projected 20 percent decline of international prices. In the meantime, the government issued a public notice setting the minimum FOB export reference price at USD 350 per kilo and the local market reference price at MGA 900,000 per kilo. These prices are slightly higher than in 2019 but remain nearly half of 2018 prices. Due to favorable rainfall, litchi production was above average, bringing income to small farmers on the east coast of Madagascar. Annual production is around 100,000 MT on average while the exported quantity is capped at 18,000 MT. Litchis are mainly exported to the European market, but some are also traded to Russia and Saudi Arabia. Consumer prices increased in 2019 compared to 2018. As with other cash crops, such as clover, pepper, cinnamon and Ylang Ylang, the growing global demand will support steady price increases.
Livestock body condition: Livestock body condition was good in southern Madagascar in early January 2020. Herd sizes increased compared to previous years as pastoralists restocked during the post-harvest period. Observed herd sizes varied between 14 and 60 animals, including among poor households. Pastures are generally in good condition, with the exception of northern MG24, in Betroka and Amboasary. Cattle are also fed with both fruit peels and cactus leaves.
Wild food availability and consumption: In southern Madagascar, yellow cactus fruit (Opuntia Fiscusindica) is largely available in fields and at the markets. Mangoes have been available for longer than usual because of the above-normal rain before December 2019 at the time of their flowering and maturation. Yams and other wild tubers are also available but to a lesser extent compared to previous years due to deforestation. Other wild food, such as Malagasy prune (lamonty), continue to contribute to a near normal part of very poor and poor households’ food in southern Madagascar in January 2020. It is consumed to complement meals. In southeast Madagascar, poor households also currently consume breadfruit. In this area, wild food consumption is near normal.
Livestock prices in Southern Madagascar: Livestock sales have slightly increased from October 2019 to January 2020 because households relied more on markets as their own production stock depleted. Nevertheless, no abnormal sales have been reported. Cattle prices across markets in the South decreased slightly by six percent and small ruminants decreased by nine percent compared to the last quarter because of the lean season. Nevertheless, prices remained above last year and five-year average levels. Price trends improved household income compared to previous years and improved food access as well.
Macroeconomic context: The exchange rate between the Malagasy Ariary and the US dollar slightly improved by two percent between September 2019 and January 2020 but declined by four and 28 percent compared to January 2019 and October 2014 respectively. The depreciation of Malagasy Ariary has negative impacts on domestic prices of imported food and non-food products and is hampering purchasing power of local producers. According to INSTAT, the Consumer Price Index in Madagascar increased by 0.4 percent on average per month in 2019. The national Inflation rate slightly decreased to five percent between November 2018 and November 2019. Food price inflation was 4 percent, which was lower than that of electricity and petroleum, which were nine percent. Prices overall in Madagascar increased by 24 percent in the last three years.
Prices of staple foods: In general, staple food prices in most markets were below last year’s level throughout Madagascar in December 2019, due to the improvement in supply. While cereal prices were above the five-year average, except in the South, tuber prices were below average. The main reasons for above-average cereal prices are the below-average production of maize and the fact that imported rice is relatively more expensive considering the depreciation of the Malagasy Ariary. In January 2020, staple food prices remained stable compared to previous month except for the price of maize, which started to decline with the beginning of harvests in the Central Highlands and in the South.
FAW infestations: Fall Army Worm (FAW) are still present in Madagascar during the current cropping season. In the South, FAW mainly affects maize but can also be found in sorghum crops. According to the Agricultural Production and Food Security Assessment report, the national infestation rate was 53 percent on average in 2018 and yield losses on maize crops are estimated at 47 percent. The infestation rate was lower in 2019 than 2018 because of normal rainfall and the use of treatments in certain areas like in Bongolava Region. Nevertheless, FAW infestation remains significant in drier areas like southern Madagascar. Infestation rates are higher (80-90 percent) in the district of Ambovombe, likely due to better breeding conditions. In this area, crops have been particularly affected in late January and early February, i.e. during a critical stage of the maize cycle, between flowering and the cob formation. The pest is also present in other southern areas of concern, but at a lower infestation rate.
State policy, migration and insecurity: Last January the government announced to have reached a deal in lending 60,000 ha of land in the Bas-Mangoky area, in the Southwest region near the Tsiribihina Delta, to a foreign agricultural firm. In return for the 30 years free lease, mainly rice will be produced in this area but also maize, wheat, soybeans. The government will have the first purchase option at a lower price. FEWS NET will continue monitoring the impacts of this agreement on creating new agricultural employment opportunities to poor and very poor households in the area, on migration, on national rice supply, but also the effect that public opposition to the agreement will have at political level. Migration is still important particularly in southern Madagascar, where pastoralists from districts where dry spells occurred in January and February migrated to more southern areas where water was still available. Meanwhile, given the increasing livestock from last year, cattle and some zebu thefts have been reported in Ambovombe and Amboasary.
Humanitarian Assistance: In response to the 2019/2020 lean season and based on the national IPC analysis conducted in October 2019, humanitarian stakeholders are currently undertaking some emergency programs in the South. WFP’s emergency program consists on distributing food to about 220,000 beneficiaries from November 2019 to March 2020 in the 8 districts of the Grand Sud particularly in Ambovombe, Beloha and Tsihombe. Catholic Relief Services (CRS) also have a large program, which includes food distribution, targeting 279,400 beneficiaries in the districts of Beloha, Tsihombe and Ampanihy starting from January 2020 and lasting four years. Apart from that, FAO through their PROACT project and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) support very poor and poor household livelihoods by diversifying their income sources and by distributing seeds to promote more resistant agriculture in the area. Action Against Hunger (ACF) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) also support nutrition programs by preventing severe malnutrition in Bekily and Ampanihy.
In the meantime, contingency stocks have been mobilized in response to floods in northern Madagascar. The Bureau National de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes (BNGRC) distributed 76 MT of food assistance to both displaced and affected people. Through the World Food Program (WFP), a free distribution of food for 15 days of assistance is underway for 178 households in Ambato-Boeny and 80 households in Mampikony (9.58 MT) as well as cash transfers for 1,020 households in the districts of Ambatondrazaka (200 households), Amparafaravola (301 households) and Maevatanana (519 households). Monetary transfers are being targeted in coordination with stakeholders including WHH, Malagasy Red Cross and FID. Humanitarian assistance also continues in southern Madagascar to combat the effects of the lean season. Most of current activities will end in March.
The most likely scenario for February to September 2020 period is based on the following national level assumptions:
- 2019/2020 rainy season: According to the National Department of Meteorology, southern and western Madagascar will receive normal to slightly below normal rainfall in March. This may relieve crops in the South from three months of dryness since December but will be late for their development, particularly for young maize crop sown in January in Ambovombe. Meanwhile, the rest of the country will receive normal to above-normal rainfall during March, which will likely allow farmers to restart the rice cropping season, following the floods, provided they have access to seeds. NMME, however, forecasts below-normal rainfall in north central Madagascar from March to May and a deficit in the East from June to September.
- Cropped areas and staple production: maize and peanut cropped areas have been extended in the South. Maize production from the remaining harvests starting from April will likely be below last year and average levels. The effects of FAW is more significant in rainfall deficit areas. Cassava production is also assumed to be at a similar level to last year because of extended cropped areas but yields may slightly decline because of dryness. In main producing areas, the rice cropping season will likely be delayed as farmers are expected to sow rice again after the floods. The harvest may be delayed, and production will likely decrease if some farmers do not have enough seeds to plant their entire fields anymore.
- Rice imports: Imports of rice are expected to be below average, between 20,000 and 30,000 MT per month, from March to May 2020 because large quantities were already imported just after the harvests in June 2019. Monthly imports will likely decrease at the time of main harvests but will likely remain near average between 10,000 and 20,000 MT per month. In total, more than 400,000 MT of rice will likely be imported in the 2019/2020 marketing year.
- Staple prices: Prices of locally produced cereals will likely decrease in February with the beginning of early harvests. With a single main harvest in Beloha, maize prices will likely continue to decrease until April, when they will likely start to increase again. In Ambovombe, however, maize crops are currently in different stages and will likely be harvested in different periods. Therefore, maize prices in Ambovombe will likely decrease until June before increasing again through the end of the outlook period. Rice prices, both imported and local, will also likely decrease until June-July and then steadily increase through the end of the outlook period. As for dried cassava, prices will constantly decrease until the end of the outlook period. In general, food prices will likely be slightly above last year’s level but near the five-year average, because of the stability of food availability. The exception will be local rice in Antananarivo and dried cassava in Ampanihy, both of which will be above the five-year average.
- Livestock body condition: Livestock body conditions are expected to deteriorate between February and May due to the decrease of pasture and water availability in southern Madagascar and furthermore by the current rainfall deficit, particularly in Amboasary and Ambovombe. Livestock will likely be fed with cactus leaves. Weights will likely increase between June and September with the availability of cassava and sweet potatoes leaves and the reappearance of grass again after a few months of rain.
- Wild food availability and consumption: Wild food availability and contribution to poor and very poor household’s source of food and income in southern Madagascar will likely increase between February and March because of below-normal cereal production expected in March/April. During that period, red cactus fruit will be available and expected to be consumed at a higher rate to fill the gap of staple food. Fresh cassava will likely be available starting in May, as a result, wild food consumption will likely reduce. Tamarind and sugar cane will replace the cactus fruit in August and its sales will likely contribute more in household’s income source.
- Livestock prices in southern Madagascar: Livestock prices will likely stabilize between February and May as sales will likely slow down with the onset of cereal and pulse harvests. Livestock prices will likely increase between June and September due to peak staple food harvests as households will depend on recently harvested food for consumption, reducing their need for cash as they will be less dependent on markets at that time. Livestock prices will likely be similar to last year’s level and higher than the five-year average because food production, particularly cassava, will likely increase.
- Nutrition in southern Madagascar: Between February and April, acute malnutrition will likely increase due to decreased availability of food and access to safe water following the rain. However, most of the districts currently “under control” will remain as is. Bekily will likely shift from “alert situation” (proxy-MAG between 10 and 15 percent) to “under control” and Ampanihy will remain in “Emergency” (proxy-GAM above 15 percent) because of the poor resilience of the population to food insecurity and the poor coverage of support programs. The number of admissions at the Centre de Réhabilitation Nutritionnelle Ambulatoire pour la Malnutrition Severe (CRENAS) will likely increase between February and April and will likely decrease from May through July and then increase again between August and September.
- Humanitarian Assistance: Following January emergency responses to the floods in the northwest and center-east of the country, the current contingency stocks will likely no longer be enough to cover short-term humanitarian needs in the event of future hazards. Most activities that have been planned for southern Madagascar are mainly for recovery activities starting March 2020. Many humanitarian actors planned to transition from emergency to resilience programs starting from April 2020. Following poor rainfall in January and February, however, lean season may last longer than anticipated and the planned and funded assistance may not be sufficient to meet needs.
Most likely Food Security Outcomes
In the Extreme south: cassava, maize, and livestock rearing livelihood zone (MG 24), food insecurity is currently more severe than previous months with the onset of the lean season. However, some households still have stocks from previous harvests and from new harvests of maize and pulses. Nevertheless, food is mostly accessed through markets, and household dependence is increasing. Prices of staple food, however, have stabilized and remained lower than this period last year but above the five-year average. Livestock sales are increasing. Wild food will increase in importance as both a food source and an income source for very poor and poor households. Humanitarian assistance to face the lean season is ongoing in the area between December 2019 and March 2020 as a result of previous warnings, with a large coverage. As a result of humanitarian food assistance, a smaller proportion of the population in the area currently has severe food gaps putting the area in Stressed (IPC Phase 2!) acute food insecurity in February 2020. Most households will likely continue to consume staple foods but with fewer cereals and more purchased tubers of poor quality. Cowpeas will likely remain part of the diet. More poor households will likely eat wild food like cactus fruit as a main meal. Generally, a higher proportion of households will likely have livelihood protection deficits and survival deficits particularly in February and March. Moreover, more animals will likely be sold, as well as cash crops, both at lower prices. More wild food as well as charcoal and firewood selling will likely be observed. With the unchanged nutritional situation in the area and the ongoing emergency assistance until March 2020, very poor and poor households will likely remain in Stress (IPC Phase 2!) between February and May 2020. From June onwards, most households will likely continue to eat staple food mainly based on fresh tubers from own production. Consumption of pulses will likely reduce. Cowpeas also will likely remain part of the diet. In general, a smaller proportion of households will likely have food gaps. Households will likely engage in less animal selling and more staple food selling. Additionally, households will engage in more agricultural labor work for tuber harvests and preparation for next cropping season. In the second and third quarters, the nutritional situation in the whole district is typically in “under-control”, so poor households will likely return to Stressed (IPC Phase 2) acute food insecurity between June and September 2020.
In the Southwest: cassava and small ruminants (MG 23), food insecurity deteriorated compared to previous months due to the lean season. Increased consumption of mangoes was observed, and food availability decreased at markets. The situation remains more severe in Ampanihy because of the persistence of an emergency nutrition situation. Most livelihood changes consist of expanding small ruminant sales, increasing labor work (particularly in peanut fields), selling wild food and watermelons and engaging in petty trade. Temporary migration to Ilakaka, Ambanja, Morondava and Diego was also reported by some of poor household members. Therefore, the very poor and poor households in the area are experiencing Stressed (IPC Phase 2) acute food insecurity and in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) in Ampanihy in February 2020. From February, food consumption will improve in the zone as some maize harvests are expected in March although harvests will likely be below-average. Consumption of fresh cassava and sweet potatoes will begin in April. Humanitarian assistance will likely be little to none during this period. Nevertheless, more than 20 percent of households in Ampanihy will likely have livelihood protection and survival deficit particularly in February and March. The sale of wild foods will reduce while the sale of staple food and cash crop production like pulses and peanuts will likely increase. Agricultural labor will likely be normal while livestock selling will likely increase. Given the remaining emergency nutritional situation, households in Ampanihy will likely remain in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) between February and May 2020. Between June and September 2020, food consumption will improve as very poor households will have access to new harvests and consumption of wild foods will reduce. Less animal selling will likely be observed. More staple food will likely be sold.
Increased agricultural labor work will be undertaken for tuber harvests and for land preparation for the next cropping season. Poor and very poor households in the area will likely face Stressed (IPC Phase 2) acute food insecurity between February and May 2020.
In other dry spell affected areas in MG25, MG26 and eastern part of MG22, maize cropping season has been delayed in Betroka, the main staple food production area which supplies the Grand Sud during the lean season, particularly in bad years. Some large-scale movement of cattle has been observed since February from northern Amboasary to coastal southern areas in search of water. In Bekily, severe food consumption gaps concerned few households in January 2020 and the nutrition situation remained at an alert level since the third quarter of 2019. Labor opportunities and wages were above normal because of expanded cropped areas of peanuts. Nevertheless, after the dryness, those areas will likely be in Stress (IPC Phase 2) acute food insecurity during the outlook period because of expected below normal production.
Local stresses have been identified in some localized areas of Madagascar like in Mampikony district where recent floods affected more than 20 percent of population putting that district currently in Stress (IPC Phase 2) acute food because of major damages on food stock and rice fields. However, the situation in that district will likely return to Minimal (IPC Phase 1) acute food insecurity in March because households in the area are more resilient and will likely able to recover from the shock.
Elsewhere, no major shocks affected the food security situation. Therefore, households throughout Madagascar will remain in Minimal (IPC Phase 1) acute food insecurity from October 2019 through May 2020 outside the areas of concerns.
Possible events over the next eight months that could change the most-likely scenario.
|Area||Event||Impact on food security|
|National||Cyclones||2019/2020 cyclones will continue until March. Other disturbances may affect Madagascar. Potentially powerful cyclones are still forecasted from the Northwest, which will likely improve rainfall projections along the western and southwestern parts of the island but may damage and flood rice fields and cash crops in northern areas. Depending on the strength of the cyclone, food insecurity in the affected areas may deteriorate.|
For more information on the outlook for specific areas of concern, please click the download button at the top of the page for the full report.
Current Situation for February 2020
Source: FEWS NET
Seasonal Calendar for a typical year
Source: FEWS NET
Source: FEWS NET
To project food security outcomes, FEWS NET develops a set of assumptions about likely events, their effects, and the probable responses of various actors. FEWS NET analyzes these assumptions in the context of current conditions and local livelihoods to arrive at a most likely scenario for the coming eight months. Learn more here. | <urn:uuid:c1b762d0-0e9e-4489-a4ae-781b04a4b0c1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://fews.net/es/southern-africa/madagascar/food-security-outlook/march-2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949573.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331051439-20230331081439-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.965601 | 5,332 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We have a problem.
Question is Aaron and 5 of his classmates are organizing a car wash to raise money.
They must purchase soap and sponges. The group expets to wash 100 cars. They plan to use 30 sponges.
A - pack of 5 @ $6 total
B - pack of 10 @8 total
C - pack of 15 @ $10 total
Aaaon expects that if they purchase the least expensive sponges, they will need twice the number of sponges. Write a new estimate for the cost of the least expensive sponges.
Would that be $12? -- or another answer. Tx for looking. | <urn:uuid:c00d147a-68ba-40ce-a445-a84d0dace20f> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://mathhelpforum.com/math-topics/61222-problem-decision-making.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00257-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95119 | 139 | 2.65625 | 3 |
by Amitav Ghosh, ‘The New York Times,’ December 30, 2016
GOA, India — For many years the word “globalization” was used as shorthand for a promised utopia of free trade powered by the world’s great centers of technological and financial innovation. But the celebratory note has worn thin. The word is now increasingly invoked to explain a widespread recoiling from a cosmopolitan earth. People in many countries are looking nostalgically backward, toward less connected, supposedly more secure times.
But did such an era ever exist? Was there ever an unglobalized world?
The question struck me during the final hours of the American election, when I happened to be traveling by ferry in the Maluku archipelago of Indonesia. Once known as the Moluccas, this corner of the world is considered remote even within Indonesia. Two time zones removed from Jakarta, it straddles one of the most seismically volatile zones on earth; many of its islands are active volcanoes rising steeply out of the sea. In size they range from small to minuscule. Surely if ever there were a global periphery, it would be here.
Yet for millenniums these islands have been at the forefront of global history. This is because their volcanic soils have nurtured two miraculous trees, which grew nowhere else on earth: One is Syzygium aromaticum, which produces the clove, and the other is Myristica fragrans, of which nutmeg is the seed and mace the seed’s lacy outer covering.
For thousands of years these spices were among the world’s most sought-after commodities, making the sultans of the “Spice Islands” famously wealthy. Cloves from around 1700 B.C. have been found at the site of a settlement in Tell Ashara, Syria. To get there, they would have had to travel more than 6,000 miles, through the ports of the Indian Ocean and overland through Mesopotamia. At every stop, their price would have multiplied hugely. In Renaissance Europe, the value of some spices was thousands of times more than at their point of origin.
The Republic of Venice possessed a virtual monopoly on the spice market in the Mediterranean for centuries. Although pepper and ginger, mainly from India, accounted for the bulk of the cargo, cloves, nutmeg and mace from the Moluccas commanded much higher prices by weight.
It was in hopes of bypassing Venice and the Middle East that the monarchs of Spain and Portugal funded the great voyages of the age of discovery. The Portuguese mariners who pioneered the sea route to the Indian Ocean brought with them not just their religion but also the prevalent European faith in monopolies. This notion was alien to the trading cultures of the Indian Ocean, where the rulers of the major ports had always vied with one another to attract as great a variety of merchants as possible. The Portuguese, and the Spanish, Dutch and English who followed them, were unheeding of these traditions: They never veered from their quest for monopolies, especially amid the vulnerable islands of the Moluccas.
A murderous, decades-long struggle ensued in which the competing European powers were pitted against one another, as well as the people of the Moluccas. In the process the English gained their first Asian possession, a pair of tiny islands, Ai and Run, part of a Moluccan chain called the Bandas.
In the end it was the Dutch who won, but at the cost of atrocities that included an attempted genocide. In 1621, on the orders of the Dutch East India Company’s governor general, some 14,000 of the Banda Islands’ estimated 15,000 inhabitants were slaughtered or taken into slavery. Two years later, officials of the Dutch East India Company beheaded 10 Englishmen and a number of others in a mass execution that is known known as the Massacre of Amboyna.
Although the bloodshed sealed the Dutch hold on the East Indies, the British did not relinquish their claim to the island of Run until several decades later. So eager were the Dutch to get them out of the Moluccas that in 1667 they agreed to an exchange in which the English gave up their claim on Run in return for the recognition of their right to territories that included another island on the far side of the planet — Manhattan.
This connection may be forgotten in New York, but it is remembered by many in Run, which is today a sleepy, sunbaked island with a population of a few hundred. “Donald Trump made his money in Manhattan, didn’t he?” an Indonesian friend joked when we visited the island, the day before the election. “If he wins maybe he will build a tower in Run, to say thank you for Manhattan.”
For many decades, Run, and the other spice-growing islands of the Moluccas, provided the Dutch East India Company with huge and easy profits. But then, as European tastes changed, the price of spices began to fall. Drastic measures, like the uprooting of millions of trees and the destruction of warehoused supplies, failed to prevent the company’s collapse in the late 18th century.
By the mid-19th century, clove and nutmeg trees were being grown far beyond their original habitat, and the long history of the Spice Islands, as creators of great wealth, had come to an end.
The obvious lesson of this history is that it is impossible to imagine a world without global connections: They have always existed, and no place has escaped their formative influence. But this does not mean that there is any inherent merit in interconnectedness, which has always been accompanied by violence, deepening inequalities and the large-scale destruction of communities. Nor should proponents of unfettered globalization forget that in the 19th century “free trade” was invoked by Britain and other Western powers to prevent China from stopping the inflow of opium into the country, where it was causing widespread addiction.
These aspects of globalization are often overlooked because the advocacy of interconnectedness has come to be equated with tolerance, while the resistance to it is identified with prejudice. But neither cosmopolitanism nor parochialism is a virtue in itself. We need to ask: cosmopolitanism in the service of what? Protectionism to what end?
The story of the Spice Islands holds another alarming portent. In a clove garden on the island of Ternate, I found that most of the trees were leafless, their trunks the color of ash. I was told that clove trees are dying all over the island, and the farmers cited the same cause: The trees had been affected by changes in rainfall patterns over the last several years. There was less rain, and it fell more erratically. This, in turn, had led to the spread of blights and disease. The island has also experienced forest fires of unprecedented intensity.
If these changes continue, the clove, one of the earliest of commodities, could be endangered in its ancestral home by greenhouse gas emissions caused precisely by humanity’s ever-expanding appetite for commodities.
Only in this one respect are we truly in a new era of interconnectedness.
Amitav Ghosh is the author, most recently, of “The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable.” | <urn:uuid:d838e46f-5684-45c8-bf65-47e2eec43824> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://sangam.org/nutmeg-nafta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001014.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627075525-20190627101525-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.970492 | 1,529 | 2.640625 | 3 |
National Nutrition Month
Now, eating healthfully in America can present a special challenge, compared to the rest of the world, which is ironic because our country is agriculturally the most diverse and food abundant. Here are some cold hard facts to digest:
- We consume more calories per day than any other place on earth
- We spend 50-100% less per Europeans on food.
- Americans eat more fast foods than any other nation
Do you see the correlation? Eating more + cheaper = fast food. America is the land of cheap, junk food, which many experts believe is the primary culprit behind our obesity epidemic. While we eat more, we really don’t consume that much more calories than Western Europeans (about 15% more). The difference is that much more of our calories comes from processed food including, notably, fast food.
Two related issues, then, are making us fat. The amount of food we eat and the kind of food we eat. Interestingly, one often masks the other. Take, for example, fast-food vendor Chipotle, heralded for its slow-food and organic ingredients. In other words, it gets high points for avoiding processed foods. On the other hand, the typical order at Chipotle has almost 1,110 calories, according to The New York Times, which is more than half of the recommended daily caloric intake for women. Compare that to the Ultimate Bacon Cheeseburger from Burger King that weighs in at 820 calories.
Did you know that just one pound of fat is equal to 3,500 calories? A typical daily diet suggests women intake approx. 1,800 to 2,000 calories per day and men anywhere between 2,400 and 2,800 calories. When it comes to calories, it’s important to know just what you’re looking at when reading a nutrition label and it is equally important to have some knowledge of the foods and beverages that surround us every day.
Bring juice into your diet – The biggest health benefit of cold-pressed juice is the number of servings of fruits and vegetables in each bottle – up to six pounds of produce in some cases. Someone who might not normally have the desire to eat the recommended servings can consume the same amount (if not more) in an easy, tasty drink. If making your own juice is your thing, take a look of some of these recipes courtesy of The Champion Juicer.
Don’t let restaurants ruin your diet – Surprisingly, “Many chefs use an ounce of butter to make meats look juicier, so ask in advance to go light on the butter and choose a salad already tossed in dressing because it’s usually a much lighter coating than what most people end up dumping on salads themselves, even if you order it on the side.” The NEW! Abs Diet for Women by David Zinckenko (p. 73)
Try to schedule or plan your meals in advance – The timing of when we eat and what we eat can influence our body and weight. Fitness expert Jillian Michael’s suggests three balanced meals, spaced out every four hours — with a snack between lunch and dinner is the ideal meal plan for weight loss. Your body will use your energy stores and burn more fat! Also, try to avoid eating too late at night. Those late night meals don’t give your body enough time to be active and burn off those calories, which means going to bed shortly after eating will result in more calories ultimately being converted to fat.
Need help staying full and healthy? Try these surprising foods with health benefits –
- Iceberg Lettuce – contradictory to popular belief that iceberg lettuce is nutritionally weak, it actually contains significantly more alpha-carotene, a powerful disease-fighting antioxidant, than romaine lettuce or spinach.
- Mushrooms – digesting mushrooms creates metabolites that have been shown to boost immunity and prevent cancer growth.
- Red-Pepper Flakes – half a teaspoon of red pepper just thirty minutes before you eat can reduce your calorie intake by 16 percent. Plus, its active ingredient, capsaicin, may help kill cancer. But careful, they’re hot!
- Full-Fat Cheese – full-fat cheese is one of the top sources of casein protein—one of the best muscle-building nutrients you can eat.
- Vinegar – just 2 tablespoons of basic white vinegar sprinkled on a meal high in carbs can lower blood sugar by 23 percent.
All Sourced From: The NEW! Abs Diet for Women by David Zinckenko (p. 149)
Helpful Nutrition Resources
- Take a look at a Body Mass Index (BMI)calculator. BMI, calculated from your height and weight, provides a reliable indicator of body fat and is used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems. You can calculate your BMI here.
- A great book with narrowed down advice and tips to staying fit is New York Times Bestseller, The NEW! Abs Diet for Women by David Zinckenko – nutrition and wellness contributor for Yahoo! Heatlh, ABC Television Network, Men’s Fitness & Shape Magazines, as well as the publisher and editor for “Eat This, Not That!,” both online and print. Although Zinckenko’s Abs Diet book is geared towards women, men can benefit from the advice it provides as well.
- Utilize the USDA approved website Choose My Plate. This is one of the best sources for meal planning, nutrition tips, and physical activities. They even offer printable materials that will help motivate you to stay on track and make those tough steps in a healthier direction.
- You can also find out how many calories you should eat per day, especially if you want to lose weight by using a calorie calculator.
It Comes Down to This
You have all the facts, tips, and guidance at your fingertips.
Your health and nutrition is up to you. You can make it easier for yourself by signing up to a site like Thrivo which offers discounts on health and wellness products including nutrition.
You have to pay attention and you have to take the steps to improve.
Dr. Meshulam, a primary care physician with SignatureMD explains, “Understanding your health habits and not letting them master you is essential to making positive nutritional changes,” he continues, “That understanding is a wonderful bullet in the therapeutic gun.”
- http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/8-ways-to-celebrate-national-nutrition-month/2014/03/04/9c1d0cee-9efe-11e3-a050-dc3322a94fa7_story.html. 8 Ways to Enjoy National Nutrition Month.
- http://www.foodminds.com/. Food Minds.
- http://www.nutrition.gov/smart-nutrition-101/commonly-asked-questions-faqs. Smart Nutrition 101 – Commonly Asked Questions.
- http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Frequently-Asked-Questions-FAQs-About-Nutrition_UCM_305740_Article.jsp. Frequently Asked Questions About Nutrition.
- http://www.nationalnutritionmonth.org/nnm/. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
- http://www.webmd.com/diet/estimated-calorie-requirement. Estimated Calorie Requirements.
- http://www.choosemyplate.gov/NNM.html. My Plate – USDA.
- http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/english_bmi_calculator/bmi_calculator.html. BMI Calculator – CDC.
- file:///C:/Users/Tyler/Downloads/NNMhistory_032006JADA%20(1).pdf. National Nutrition Month – A Brief History.
- http://blogs.usda.gov/2015/03/02/national-nutrition-month-raising-a-healthier-generation-through-diet-education/. National Nutrition Month: Raising a Healthier Generation through Diet, Education.
- http://www.eatright.org/. Eat Right – Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
- http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/menu-planning/art-20048199. Menu planning: Eat healthier and spend less.
- http://www.livescience.com/36579-eat-meals.html. 9 Meal Schedules: When to Eat to Lose Weight.
- https://signaturemd.com/concierge-physicians/joelmeshulammd/. Dr. Meshulam, SignatureMD page.
- http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/weight-loss/in-depth/calories/art-20048065. Counting Calories: Get back to weight-loss basics.
- https://signaturemd.com/concierge-physicians/concierge-physician-blog/cold-pressed-juice-trend-hotter-than-ever/. Cold-Pressed Juice Trend, Hotter Than Ever.
- https://www.championjuicer.com/pages.php?CDpath=0_4&pID=19&osCsid=4acbd36deed279832c951b4b932dc3d7. Champion Juicer – Recipes Page.
- http://www.jillianmichaels.com/fit/lose-weight/myth-small-meals. MYTH: Constant Grazing Boosts Your Metabolism.
SignatureMD (signaturemd.com), with offices in Los Angeles, California and Richmond, Virginia, is one of the nation’s largest providers of initial conversion and ongoing support services to concierge medicine physicians, with an expanding network of over 160 affiliated primary care physicians and specialists across 31 states. | <urn:uuid:0194e2e8-26e1-4959-9e9c-bd577f5ffe93> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://signaturemd.com/concierge-physicians/concierge-physician-blog/national-nutrition-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492295.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604223445-20200605013445-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.890062 | 2,138 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Technical Rescue Training is for all crew members who could be required to carry out technical rescues in the following are:
- Trench rescue
- Confined space
- High angle rope rescue
- Fast water rescue
Technical Rescue Training
- Recognise and control the risks and hazards associated with any trench related rescue incidents.
- Describe the various types of soil and distribution forces within a trench.
- Demonstrate a safe approach to incidents and scene management.
- Describe the various causes and types of trench collapse.
- Identify and select suitable equipment for the purpose of trench rescue.
- Demonstrate safe work systems using protective systems in both straight and intersecting live trenches.
- Perform rescues from straight and intersecting trenches.
- Effectively manage confined space incidents and conform to legal requirements.
- Identify and categorise confined space incidents.
- List environments which are categorised as confined space incidents.
- Identify gases using the Zellweger air monitoring equipment.
- Describe ventilation principles.
- Select the correct PPE and required equipment.
- List the effects of heat and humidity on human performance.
- Operate USAR ventilation apparatus.
- Operate USAR Conspace communications apparatus.
- Operate USAR entry control board.
- Operate the SavOx TR re-breather equipment.
- Operate the Microvent resuscitator.
- Operate USAR line access on safe working at height.
- equipment in confined space operations.
High Angle Rope Rescue:
- Develop skills in the care, maintenance and use of the rescue equipment.
- Develop a knowledge of anchor selection and rigging.
- Understand rescuer safety.
- Gain effective two rope rescue system rigging skills.
- Understand how to effectively package casualties.
- Rappel techniques.
- Understand the one rescuer technique (pick-off).
- Gain casualty lowering skills.
- Conduct casualty raises using mechanical advantage.
- Use stokes-type baskets for structural rescues.
- Be able to problem solve rope rescues.
- Understand the rescue team structure.
Fast Water Rescue:
- Gain an understanding of hydrology.
- Introduction to the technical rescue equipment.
- Hazard identification and risk assessment.
- Introduction to the relevant rope systems.
- Gain skills and knowledge surrounding swimming in moving water.
- Consideration of medical issues and implications.
- Basic boat handling skills.
- Skills in scene management.
- Contact and in-water rescue skills.
- Basic incident command skills.
- Gain skills surrounding water crossing techniques.
- Understand search operations.
- Flat water boat handling skills. | <urn:uuid:dcfbf5e6-14f3-41d0-815d-4098a74b0593> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://premierfst.com/kuwait/aviation-fire-training-all-training-is-accredited-by-nfpa-joiff-icao/technical-rescue-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746926.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121011923-20181121033818-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.763149 | 560 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Besides water, coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world. That makes the coffee maker one of the most common appliances in the kitchen and even in office pantries. Coffee drinking is almost as old as civilization, yet most of us have never thought about how ancient people prepared their coffees and what brewing devices did they use. Consider giving a thorough read to the coffee maker blog to know more about the versatile coffee maker machines. Here’s a little background:
History of Coffee Makers
Legend has it that the coffee was first discovered in a region in Ethiopia, wherein a goat herder noticed his animals were stronger and more enthusiastic after eating the red beans. But it was the Turks who were known to brew coffee and create the first coffee maker.
Way back in 575 A.D., the Turkish developed the Ibrik, a coffee maker made of copper and brass that was shaped like a small pot with a round bottom half and a tall and slender upper body. The spout was at the top and its handle on the side is usually C-shaped and made of metal. It worked just like a basic pot: coarsely ground beans were placed in the bottom and hot water was poured over the top. They will let it boil for a few hours until the liquid was considered “coffee.”
It was in the early 1700s where another significant progress in coffee making was recorded: it was when the infusion brewing process was introduced in France. It involved submerging the ground coffee, usually enclosed in a linen bag, in hot water and letting it steep until the desired brew was achieved.
In 1806, the first French press was invented. This was used to brew coffee by stirring it into the water, allowing the beverage to sit for a few minutes. Then, a plunger with a metal disk at the bottom would be pressed to trap coffee grounds.
In America, the Boston Tea Party in 1773 made it unpatriotic to sip tea. It triggered the inspiration to drink more coffee and the Americans started to develop a better coffeemaker. James Nason of Massachusetts patented an early design of percolator in 1865, while it was Hanson Goodrich of Illinois who patented the first market-ready design of the device in 1889. With his percolator, water is heated in a boiling pot with a removable lid, until the heated water is siphoned into a filter compartment containing the coffee. The extracted liquid then drains from the brew basket, where it drips back to the pot. Unfortunately, the pot makes the coffee grounds exposed to very high temperatures and overcooking the brew, eventually ruining the flavor.
Evolution struck when someone started to pour hot water through sock containing coffee grounds – the method being called drip brewing. This was considered the first known use of a filter. It originated in France with the use of biggin, a two-level pot holding coffee in a cloth sock in an upper compartment into the coffee pot below. For quite some time, coffee filters were made of cloth, but the problem with it is that the taste of the cloth filter always transfers to the taste of coffee. It was in 1908, a German entrepreneur named Melitta Bentz invented the first coffee filter out of paper. She used her son’s blotter paper and lined it in the bottom of a tin cup with punched holes.
Throughout the 19th century, other brewing methods were developed, including machines using the vacuum principle. The Napier Vacuum Machine, which was invented in 1840, was an early example of the vacuum coffee maker that produces a clear brew. But the patent for the first automated vacuum coffee maker was granted in 1930 to Inez Pierce of Chicago, Illinois.
During World War II, the popularity of glass and Pyrex globes was revived, since metals used in traditional coffee makers were scarce at that time. In 1941, a German chemist Peter Schlumbohm invented the Chemex coffee maker with a one-piece, hourglass-shaped flask made of non-porous, heatproof glass. While it resembled nothing more than a piece of laboratory equipment, it became popular until the 1950s.
In the later years, creators of coffee makers began to standardize their devices to keep up with the growing consumer demand. Plastics and composite materials began to replace metal, particularly with the advent of the first in-home automatic drip brewer, Mr. Coffee, in the 1970s. By 1974, half of the 10 million coffee makers sold in the US are an electric drip.
In the 1990s, manufacturers started to create more attractive appliances to complement expensive modern kitchens. Coffee makers were redesigned and were made available in a wider range of colors and styles. In 1997, Keurig launched a single-cup brewer for the office, and a kitchen countertop-size version was released in 2003. Coffee is also big in the work place Check This Out for more details.
With thanks to Daily Barista for supporting this article. Also be sure to check out Mr coffee cafe barista reviews as well.
Benefits of Coffee Makers
The coffee maker is considered as a necessity for most people, especially those who cannot live without getting a daily fix of freshly brewed coffee in the morning. Besides that, these are some advantages you can get with having your own coffee maker:
With just a push of a button on the automatic coffeemaker, you can enjoy a fresh cup of coffee at your home without having to do it manually. No need to scoop and blend ground coffee, creamer and sugar (and other stuff you like in your coffee) and then add ingredients if you can’t get the taste right. Plus, if you’re having house guests, the coffee maker can save you time and effort with its ability to easily serve coffee. Look for great options at Marcus Sherman.
2. Saves money
If you would compare the amount of money you are going to spend a month on coffee shops to the cost it takes to make coffee at home, you will surely see a significant difference. Most people come to coffee shops for espresso, but an automatic espresso machine can do the job for you, minus the excessive price tag for just a cup of coffee.
Coffee lovers who travel a lot gets their simple happiness in hotels with coffee makers, but there are many that don’t offer one. The portability of small coffee makers makes it so easy to pack it and take it to places you want to go and stay in for a while.
4. Promotes creativity
You can become creative in your coffee flavors if you can practice brewing and mixing like a barista using your own coffee maker. If you find two different coffee varieties you really like, you can brew it together and come up with your own unique blend of coffee.
5. Good for the health
You probably know that coffee has health benefits. Besides that, having your own coffee maker can spare you from unwanted calories you can get from coffeehouses. You would be surprised if you figure out how much sugar you are consuming with that Starbucks drink, but if you would prepare it at home, you can control your calorie intake better. | <urn:uuid:0b8798c7-337e-49ee-abe0-fa11aecf5951> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://didyouknowhomes.com/the-history-and-benefits-of-coffee-makers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.974706 | 1,470 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Use this back-to-school craft project to make an easy Cornhusk Doll with Indian corn to celebrate the arrival of fall.
What You'll Need:
- One ear of Indian corn
- Craft stick or frozen treat stick
- Craft glue
- Black felt-tip pen
Step 1: Bend the cornhusks on the ear of the Indian corn over the cob.
Step 2: Tie a piece of yarn around the husks about 2 inches from the top for the head.
Step 3: Tie another piece around the husks at the middle of the cob for the body.
Step 4: Insert a craft stick or frozen treat stick through the husks for the arms. Add a dab of glue to hold the arms in place.
Step 5: Draw a face on the husks.
Step 6: Glue yarn hair on top of the doll's head.
For another creative use of corn, see the next page and learn how to do Indian Corn Painting. | <urn:uuid:221174c6-4fcc-4efb-ac5d-ad022519226a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://lifestyle.howstuffworks.com/crafts/seasonal/back-to-school-crafts6.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906214.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710050953-20200710080953-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.825882 | 204 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Delaware • New Jersey • Pennsylvania
New York • United States of America
For Immediate Release
October 17, 2002
(TRENTON, N.J.) - A series of water monitoring demonstrations will be held on Friday, October 18, at the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park in Ewing Township, N.J., to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the federal Clean Water Act and to celebrate National Water Monitoring Day.
The public is invited to attend.
11:45 a.m.: Opening remarks by invited guests, including Carol R. Collier, executive director of the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC); Gary Sondermeyer, chief of staff, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP); and Richard H. Kropp, district chief of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS's) New Jersey office.
Noon to 2:30 p.m.: Water sampling will be conducted by representatives from the three agencies.Location: The monitoring will take place along both the Delaware and Raritan Canal and the Delaware River at the Scudders Falls area of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park. The site off Route 175 is accessible by a wooden plank bridge spanning the canal. It is located in Ewing Township, N.J., about 100 yards south of the spot where Route 175 veers off to the right from Route 29 South -- at the approach to the I-95 Trenton/Lambertville Interchange. A site location map can be accessed on the DRBC web site.
Students from Perth Amboy, N.J., who have been actively involved with environmental issues, are expected to be on hand to both observe and take part in measuring the quality of the water.
Water monitoring equipment will be on display and the public and news media will have a chance to meet with the invited guests, the students, and the technical personnel who are conducting the monitoring activities.
The Clean Water Act, enacted on October 18, 1972, set the goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. In the three decades since its passage, pollution abatement programs have yielded measurable improvements in water quality.
Lakes and streams that once were devoid of fish and other aquatic life now support numerous and varied aquatic populations. Point source discharges from municipal and industrial waste water treatment plants are being monitored and controlled.
However, the act has not resolved all of the nation's water pollution problems. Non-point source pollutants contained in storm water runoff from urban and rural landscapes alike are imposing a significantly increasing threat to the nation's waters.
A lot has been accomplished; a lot more needs to be done.
National Water Monitoring Day, to be conducted annually, is being coordinated by America's Clean Water Foundation and its many partners to bring together citizens from around the country to sample their rivers and streams. A major goal of the program is to create an awareness of how important it is to protect our waterways, a resource on which our lives depend. | <urn:uuid:97f5b761-2797-44a9-a28f-30b33fe5746b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.nj.gov/drbc/home/newsroom/news/approved/20021017_newsrel_nwmd.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645195983.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031315-00239-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946571 | 622 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the;major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens;central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout;life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma;families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided;into acidic and basic groups. Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting;peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Beta-crystallins, the most heterogeneous, differ by the presence of the;C-terminal extension (present in the basic group, none in the acidic group). Beta-crystallins form aggregates of;different sizes and are able to self-associate to form dimers or to form heterodimers with other beta-crystallins.;This gene, a beta acidic group member, is part of a gene cluster with beta-B1, beta-B2, and beta-B3.
CRYBA4; crystallin, beta A4; beta-crystallin A4; Beta A4 crystallin; Beta crystallin A4; Beta-A4 crystallin; CRBA4_HUMAN; Crystallin beta A4; Eye lens structural protein; lens structural protein; crystallin, beta polypeptide A4; MCOPCT4; zgc:109979 | <urn:uuid:36202329-feed-46d9-8e06-f8b646f9f77d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.creative-biogene.com/symbolsearch_cryba4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160641.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924185233-20180924205633-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.85741 | 346 | 3.25 | 3 |
Think! | Talk! | Take Action!
The THINK! ENERGY with E-power Bright Kids program is a 35-45 minute interactive, hands-on presentation with a strong literacy component, experiment on electrical circuits and take home energy efficiency kit for each participating student and teacher. The program teaches the importance of energy, renewable and nonrenewable resources and gives each participating student’s family energy-efficient technologies to install at home. The program is easy to implement and reinforces learning requirements with relevant content and inquiry-based activities. Teachers receive a selection of supplemental instructional materials and optional lessons (all correlated to state content expectations) that may be used in addition to the presentation.
You may direct questions about Bright Kids via email to email@example.com or by calling 1-855-494-2942.
For: Second and third grade students
When: September 28 – October 24, 2015
Home Energy Worksheets in English are not available for download from this site because they are coded for each individual teacher. You can contact your child’s teacher for a form, or simply email firstname.lastname@example.org with the name of your child’s teacher and school and we will send you the correct worksheet. | <urn:uuid:38603136-3a61-4fec-a365-30ff61d3ccca> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://thinkenergy.org/programs/bright-kids/pennsylvania/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097546.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00094-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892406 | 268 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Powdery mildew resembles a light dusting of flour on top of the leaves of the vegetable plant, it is actually caused by a fungus that is airborne. It can occur on just about any vegetable, even some fruits such as sage, tomatoes, beans, watermelons, honeydew, pumpkins and marrows
What to do?
Normal milk will actually control powdery mildew and contains a natural foliar fertilizer, boosting the plant’s immune system in the process. A mixture of at least 10% milk mixed with 90% water will significantly reduce the severity of powdery mildew when sprayed weekly on the infected plant. | <urn:uuid:5463c552-9966-4ac0-91be-6299e63fe5f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://aristonorganic.wordpress.com/tag/pests-and-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.926813 | 134 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Materials: Chess Board, Chess Pieces
Optional: Paper and pencil to keep track of the movement sets.
Key: Basic Piece means a Pawn, Rook, Knight, or Bishop.
1. Set up the chess board as if you were going to play a standard game of Chess.
2. Black goes first.
3. Follow all the standard rules of chess unless stated otherwise.
4. If you are the first player to move a Basic Piece, then you can choose what Basic Piece rule set it follows. This holds true for both players.
5. Instead of moving a piece on your turn you way change the movement pattern of a Basic Piece to that of another Basic Piece.
NOTE: I realize now that my documentations looks like rambling. I should have used proper grid coordinates to talk about the moves.
1. Player A and B sit down. Both A and B understand Chess, but are not experts.
2. Player A opens by moving his Pawn as a Rook to the center of the board.
3. Player B captures the Pawn with his own Pawn.
4. Both players do this back and forth for a bit laughing at the novelty of it.
5. After several turns, B decides to move his Bishop as a Bishop to capture a pawn.
6. A moves a Pawn forward.
7. B says Pawns move like Knights.
8. A uses a Pawn to capture a Bishop.
9. B lowers his head in shame for not seeing the play.
10. B captures a Pawn with his Pawn.
11. A moves his Bishop to the halfway line.
12. B moves a Pawn in to range of capturing a Bishop.
13. A says Pawns move like Pawns.
14. B says Pawns move like Rooks.
15. A captures a Queen with his Pawn.
16. B realizes he is far worse at Chess then he thought.
17. A laughs and says it’s only because hseCs is so different.
18. B realizes he is in Check and says Knights move like Rooks and takes out the Pawn.
19. A takes out a Pawn with his Pawn.
20. B realizes he has had A in check since he made Pawns move like Rooks.
21. Both players realize they are idiots.
22. B wins.
This was an idea I had kicking around in my brain for a while. Not this exact piece, but the core concept behind it. What I really wanted to do with this game was to create a version of a game that throws all preconceived notions on its head. A game in which a master could still find something shocking and novel. I eventually settled on Chess because it is a classical game. Everyone has played it at some point, and most understand how it works. This made it so that I didn’t have to teach the basic mechanics to players. I could strive solely for what I wanted.
During the first iteration of this game I had it so that all pieces could move like any piece. This lead to all pieces becoming Queens or Knights, and this was not the result I wanted. In my second iteration I decided to make it so that a Movement set could only be on one type of piece at a time. When I tested this, players were confused and had trouble keeping track. This was what lead me to compromise between the two and make the current rule set. While it might still need a bit of tweaking, for the most part I think it is quite engaging, and as can be seen in the documentation leads to quite some interesting games.
My biggest inspiration for this project was the concept of the fluxus movement. I liked the idea of constant change and uniqueness. Just like most of the fluxus pieces we looked at, each game of hseCs is novel. I was also inspired by Marcel Duchamp. Not by any of his pieces in particular (though I do love the idea of Portrait of Chess Players), but by his fascination with Chess. His fascination with the game was what made me think of it as a good base for my concept. | <urn:uuid:790ebbf1-2a67-4c7a-996f-c0aff26ad720> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://experimentalgamedesign.sites.northeastern.edu/2016/02/24/hsecs-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588053.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027022823-20211027052823-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.982404 | 874 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Learn something new every day
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A clerk typist is a person who does office work such as preparing letters and other paperwork. He or she types roughly written materials or dictated information into a finished format using a typewriter, word processor or computer. Clerk typists do many of the same duties as administrative assistants or secretaries; their exact work tasks will depend on the individual employer. Some companies have different levels of clerk typist, each with a corresponding, higher pay rate.
For example, a Level I clerk typist position requiring no prior experience or education, but paying near the minimum wage, may call for basic order form, memo and letter preparation. A Level II job that pays higher may require the capability to type a certain minimum number of words per minute (wpm) — typically 60 or higher. A Level I position may allow typing speeds of 40 wpm. A Level III or higher position may require special subject knowledge as well as prior experience or even an associate's degree.
Most basic clerk typist jobs require only high school graduation or equivalent. Fast, accurate typing is the most important qualification. In order to have the accuracy needed in professional offices, clerk typists must have excellent grammar, punctuation and spelling skills. Although many of the memos, letters and other office documents typed today are done using a keyboard and computer, software designed for checking spelling has its limitations. For example, while most programs clearly show misspelled words, they won't highlight those that are spelled correctly, but used incorrectly in a sentence; therefore, the typist must be able to carefully check his or her own work.
Many offices will administer a typing test to applicants who wish to become clerk typists. This practice can make clerk typist jobs, especially the higher paying ones, very competitive. In addition to typing rough paperwork and dictation into polished pieces, clerk typists may do some filing or other office duties.
Unless a position for a clerical typist pays extremely well and/or is identified as a junior writing job, the employee shouldn't have to write letters, articles or reports from scratch. Typists do some editing, but they aren't writers. Sometimes, businesses, especially smaller companies, may try to get a clerk typist to do the work of a writer for substantially less pay.
A clerk typist may work as a writer's assistant by typing the author's rough, written drafts into a completed manuscript. Some clerk typists work from their own homes for writers or as virtual office assistants. A virtual office assistant handles administration tasks remotely using a computer. Before clerk typists regularly work from home for clients, they typically have at least several years experience as full-time office employees.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:9ecc7b4a-d957-4e84-82a0-b19e638cbc0e> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-clerk-typist.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927824.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00280-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948619 | 600 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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A splint is any solid structure used to stabilize a bone or joint in the body, usually after a severe injury. A stirrup splint is a type of stabilizing device usually used to stabilize the ankle or bones in the lower leg. It is so called because the stirrup splint will generally include a strap or stabilizer that wraps around the bottom of the foot, much like a stirrup on a horse saddle would do. This helps to keep the splint in place, even during walking or other types of movements.
The sides of the splint are likely to be hard and made from plastic or other composite materials. These vertical stabilizers help prevent lateral movement in the joint, and they may be used after a severe ankle sprain or a fracture in the lower leg. Straps are usually attached to the hard stirrup splint stabilizers; these straps can be wrapped around the leg to ensure the splint fits snugly around the affected area. Hook and loop straps are common because they are easily adjustable. When the hard stabilizers press against the limb, discomfort is likely, so many splints feature soft padding between the rigid stabilizers and the limb itself. Air casts will feature air bladders to provide this cushioning.
The size and thickness of the splint will vary significantly according to the type of injury that has been sustained, as well as the size of the person who is wearing the splint. Generally, larger splints are useful for larger people, or for injuries that run far up the leg. Shorter splints are most useful for isolated ankle injuries or isolated lower leg injuries that do not extend far up the rest of the leg. The number of straps on the stirrup splint will also vary according to how much compression is needed and how large the splint itself is.
A makeshift stirrup splint can be made in emergency situations by using two rigid supports and pieces of fabric to tie them in place. In the woods, for example, two rigid sticks and a torn-up shirt or bandanna can easily create a splint, but it is important to be as careful as possible when using such a makeshift device. It is best to get training in wilderness first aid before attempting such splinting, as tying fabric strips can easily cut off circulation to the injury, thereby leading to further injury. | <urn:uuid:fd260792-6cbb-4768-a0a2-dae89a00185b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-a-stirrup-splint.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639414.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00068-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946214 | 486 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Although both yams and sweet potatoes are edible starchy root tubers, there are differences in their outer and inner appearances. Plainly speaking, the red-skinned and orange fleshed tubers we find commonly labelled as ‘yams’ in grocery stores in the United States are actually sweet potatoes! How did this happen? These ‘yams’ were labelled so originally by shippers and producers to distinguish them from the white potatoes, using the English form of the African word “nyami”. And that name stuck. Today, the United States Department of Agriculture requires these sweet potatoes to be labelled with both terms ‘yam’ and ‘sweet potato’. Personally, I think that makes it more confusing…Depending on the specific variety of sweet potato, the flesh of sweet potatoes can actually be anywhere from pale yellowish to a rich orange hue. In the United States there are two common types of sweet potatoes sold: a firmer pale yellow flesh with a golden skin and a soft sweeter kind with a deep orange flesh.
What about real yams? According to the North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission, “A true yam is a starchy edible root of the Dioscorea genus, and is generally imported to America from the Caribbean. It is rough and scaly and very low in beta carotene.” So as it turns out, there is more than just a name difference, and the dish we frequently serve at special occasions like Thanksgiving and Christmas is actually made from sweet potatoes, not yams!
- North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission. What is the difference between a sweet potato and a yam? http://www.ncsweetpotatoes.com/sweet-potatoes-101/difference-between-yam-and-sweet-potato/. Accessed June 20, 2017.
- Sweet Potato or Yam? Endurance Magazine. Endurancemag.com. November 2013.
- Foster K. What’s the Difference Between Yams and Sweet Potatoes? www.theKitchnn.com. http://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-difference-between-yams-and-sweet-potatoes-word-of-mouth-211176. Published October 6, 2014. Accessed June 20, 2016.) | <urn:uuid:1da95503-7452-4ea9-8652-e96d574e46e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://dietitianmom.com/2017/07/02/you-say-yam-i-say-sweet-potatowhich-is-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605510.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423134850-20190423160850-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.935818 | 478 | 2.890625 | 3 |
(45) Why could the Mishkan not have been sanctified by the death of Moshe, rather than the by death of Nadav and Avihu?
(45) The sefer Yaaros Devash brings a Midrash which says that the posuk in Tehillim (90,1) "A prayer of Moshe, man of G-d" is explained by the posuk in Koheles (1,5) "The sun rises and the sun sets" - the sun of Moshe did not set until the sun of Yehoshua rose. This Midrash is very puzzling.
But behold, Chazal taught that because Moshe took care of the bones of Yosef when they left Egypt, and there was no one greater than him in Yisrael, therefore Hashem took care of Moshe’s burial. But the commentaries questioned this assertion, because when the sons of Aharon died, Moshe said to Aharon "I thought that the Mishkan would be sanctified either with me or with you. Now I see that they are greater than me an you". From this we see that Nadav and Avihu were greater than Moshe. And afterwards their souls entered Pinchos, as is well-known, and if so, Pinchos was greater than Moshe. So how could Chazal say that there was no one greater than Moshe in Yisrael?
But in fact, although Moshe thought that since the Mishkan had been sanctified with Nadav and Avihu and not with him, therefore they were more eminent than him, in truth, there was no one greater than Moshe. But it was not possible that he should die and have the Mishkan sanctified through him, because the time for the rise of the sun of Yehoshua had not yet arrived, because he needed to serve Moshe for forty years until he would reach the level at which he could fill the place of Moshe, the most choice of Hashem’s creations. Therefore, it was not possible for the sun of Moshe to set at that time.
This is the meaning of the Midrash, which also explained that the phrase "man of G-d" which was used to describe Moshe, means an very eminent person whose greatness is exceeded only by G-d. But there is a difficulty with this appellation of Moshe, because there was Pinchos who had in him the souls of Nadav and Avihu who were greater than Moshe. Therefore, the Midrash taught that this was not so, that really none of Hashem’s creatures was greater than Moshe. Rather, the reason that the Mishkan had not been sanctified with him was because "the sun rises and the sun sets" - the sun of Moshe could not set until the sun of Yehoshua rose, and so it was not possible for Moshe to die at that time. | <urn:uuid:a62c284d-446c-4533-b512-2c745eb7fd6c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://shlomokluger.com/translated-books/midrashic-mysteries/midrashic-mysteries-4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202704.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323000443-20190323022443-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.98847 | 614 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Steven Reiner Urges Scientists to Tell Their Stories
It is Steven Reiner’s business to help other people tell their stories.
A lifelong journalist, Reiner started his career writing and editing for newspapers and magazines. Later he moved into broadcasting, becoming an Emmy award-winning producer for the CBS TV show, “60 Minutes,” and executive producer of National Public Radio’s “All Things Considered.”
Reiner is still helping others with storytelling — most recently a group of scientists, engineers and computation experts in Chicago at XSEDE12, the annual conference of the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE). At the closing luncheon on July 19, he talked about the value of scientists telling stories in a way that people can easily understand.
It is essential that scientists explain what they do, how they do it, and why it is important. And the ideal way to do that is through the telling of stories that have a beginning, middle, and end, protagonists, antagonists, and heroes. Our brains are wired to look for stories, especially those with an emotional connection, Reiner said, and “we tell stories to make sense of everything.”
“Journalists and scientists may seem like strange bedfellows,” he said, but he noted a similarity — they share a need to enhance understanding among the public, sift through vast amounts of information, and seek the truth.
“The good journalists — and there are many good journalists out there,” he said, “share with scientists a commitment to search for and evaluate evidence, a system of peer review, and an acknowledgement that all truth is provisional, subject to change when convincing verifiable evidence presents itself. Like scientists, journalists try to make sense of information and wade through and distill an ever more daunting amount of data. What journalists also do, and what scientists need to do more of, is tell stories.”
Five years ago, Reiner traded his storytelling job for the opportunity to teach journalism as an associate professor at Stony Brook University on Long Island, NY. Now he teaches students to tell convincing stories and conducts seminars and workshops in the university’s Center for Communicating Science. A joint venture of Stony Brook, the Brookhaven National Laboratory and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the center was created in 2009 to help “train the next generation of scientists and health professionals to communicate more effectively with the public,” he said. “We believe that scientists have a responsibility to share the meaning and implications of their work and that an engaged public encourages sound public decision-making.”
Reiner acknowledged that scientists invented jargon to talk with each other. “I’m here to report that many of you probably suffer from the quite curable disease of ‘jargonitis,’ he said. “But it’s not only your choice of language and the care with which you choose words …the more we are inundated with data, the more the story — the narrative — becomes a powerful way to impart information and meaning.”
To illustrate his point, Reiner cited a recent example of the power of storytelling.
Three years ago, the actor and writer Alan Alda helped found the Center for Communicating Science at Stony Brook as a result of his passion for science and a desire to help others better understand it. And when Alda was writing an opinion piece for Science Magazine in March 2012, he recalled the experience of being stymied by his grade-school teacher when he asked her to explain the concept of a flame. According to Alda, she dismissed him with a single word, “oxidation.” So, in the guest editorial for Science, Alda introduced “The Flame Challenge,” asking scientists around the world to explain a flame in language an 11-year-old can comprehend.
The competition generated a global response with entries ranging from written descriptions to charts and illustrations to video. The winning entry, as selected by 800 11-year-olds from around the world, is a seven-and-a-half-minute video. It includes animation, humor and music — all of which captured the attention of the 11-year-old judges — and was conceived of and produced by Ben Ames, a Ph.D. student from the United States who is studying quantum optics in Austria (see the video and more at http://flamechallenge.org/).
The point is not about “gimmicks or dumbing things down,” Reiner said, but to tell a narrative in a clear, compelling way that generates understanding. He drew a connection between the “incomprehensible” words that scientists often use to explain science and the lack of undergraduates who are attracted to, enter and stay in science, technology, mathematics and engineering (STEM) disciplines, a diminishing number that is causing concern, especially in the United States.
When he was working on “60 Minutes,” Reiner said his boss, the late Don Hewitt, had one demand: “ ‘Tell me a story. No matter what you do, tell me a story about it.’ It’s all he ever wanted us to do… whether or not we were taking down a crook or celebrating a great artist.”
He told the scientists in the audience that the importance of storytelling is not new, but that “it needs to be revived by those like you in this room who really are today’s greatest explorers.” Everyone knows how to tell a story, he said, and scientists need to recognize that they do have compelling stories to tell.
“What you do…for the lay person like myself, is nothing short of phantasmagoric.”
“How did our brains evolve? How did oil move through the water after the Deepwater Horizon blowout? What are the mysteries of the tectonic plates? What is the behavior of the HIV virus? How do cyclones travel through the atmosphere? Just what happens to a star at the end of its life? You’re searching for the answers. You’re the explorers. You have stories to tell that are richer than any tales of the Arabian Nights,” he said.
“If you can captivate an 11-year-old with those stories, you will captivate the rest of us, as well.” | <urn:uuid:b5f04798-d3e1-457c-af20-7360cba95785> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.hpcwire.com/2012/08/07/steven_reiner_urges_scientists_to_tell_their_stories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161942.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00166-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964709 | 1,343 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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