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Blockchain technology has taken the world by surprise. Many leading countries of the world have been consistently looking in to useful applications of blockchain technology. In the race of adopting technology as quickly as possible, Japan has been conspicuous while deploying blockchain technology for devising a voting system. Tsukuba, a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture,Japan, is the first one from the country to implement a blockchain based voting system.
The latest voting system is expected to perform voting procedure for social development programs in a convenient way. Japan used a system with a 12 digit number ID known as ‘My Number‘ that is issued to all of its citizens. My Number is used to verify the identity of voter prior to the casting of his vote and then, blockchain technology is acquired to stop the voting data from being falsified. The procedure of casting vote was so convenient that even Tatsuo Igarashi, Tsukuba Mayor, agreed with ease of the system. After casting a vote, he said:
I had thought it would involve more complicated procedures, but I found that it’s minimal and easy.
The aim of voting was to allow residents to decide the initiative they wish for. There were a total of 13 initiatives that needed to be prioritized through the process of voting. The options provided were:
- Creation of new cancer diagnostic technology
- Revitalization of Tsukuba utilizing existing resources
- Smart application exercise support for prevention of dementia
- AR Entertainment x Town Okoshi
- Construction of support system for safely managing outdoor sports competitions
- Smart Arena implementation
- Navigation and street sounds
- Effective utilization of tourism resources in Tsukuba City
- Improve regional disaster prevention capability
- Society 5.0
- Realize a society that cares for dementia
- Color code (IoT seal) functioning as a temperature sensor
- Social implementation experiment using portable blood analysis device
Although the prospect of involving blockchain was very bright but due to some irregularities, the desired results couldn’t be achieved as many people who forgot their passwords did not cast their votes. To pass verification process, password was necessary along with the My Number so ultimately, this resulted in partial success of the latest voting system. Observing the entire situation, Kazunori Kawamura, professor at Tohoku University, shared his views on the latest developments. He said:
Due to fears of errors, administrative organizations and election boards are likely to find it difficult to introduce these (systems)….It’s necessary to first enhance their reputation by using it for voting by expatriates.
In the past, Yoshitaka Kitao, the CEO of SBI, expressed his trust on blockchain technology for influencing the economy of Japan. Japan’s biggest bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ( MUFG ) has begun its working on blockchain-based payment solutions. The switch to blockchain is a big step pioneered by Japan, but in future, time will mark the true essence and value of the steps taken by Japan today. | <urn:uuid:487e7efa-b726-49f4-96fb-287f4f396f5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://blockpublisher.com/japan-is-introducing-blockchain-based-election-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130615.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001030529-20201001060529-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.955357 | 618 | 2.546875 | 3 |
SEEKING TO focus the attention of lawmakers and election reform groups on the obstacles to full participation of the American electorate and the path to election reform, Women’s Voices. Women Vote (WVWV) has recently released a comprehensive report titled, “Access to Democracy: Identifying Obstacles Hindering the Right to Vote.” Consolidating a variety of studies from expert sources into one document, the findings confirm the most significant obstacles to voter participation and outline those election reforms which would yield the most positive results.
While the study discusses obstacles to voter participation in general, it focuses on the unique impact it has on traditionally under-represented groups who comprise the majority (52%) of the population — African Americans, Latinos, unmarried women and young voters — it is unmarried women who drive this majority and the mission of Women’s Voices Women Vote.
“Unmarried women are the fastest growing large demographic in the population, comprising 25% of the voting age population,” said Page Gardner, president and founder of WVWV, a national nonpartisan organization focused on the increased participation of unmarried women in the civic process.
“Challenges that affect unmarried women most particularly, include greater mobility and access to less economic resources — they have the highest poverty rate of any cross-section of the adult population,” said Gardner. “Yet it is exactly this portion of the population for whom we make voter registration most difficult in this country.”
According to the report, laws posing the most significant obstacles to voter participation fall into five key areas:
1. Voter Registration: controversies over voter registration produced more litigation than any other election issue in 2008, primarily due to outdated and problematic voter registration systems. By allowing reforms such as universal registration and greater uniformity of registration standards, many registration issues could be resolved.
2.Absentee and Early Voting: the rate of voters casting ballots via absentee or early voting methods is on the rise (38 million Americans in 2008). However, the rules surrounding these methods vary significantly from state to state. Given the increased flexibility of these voting methods, relaxing the requirements would increase participation of underrepresented populations, such as hourly workers who cannot afford to take time off from work.
3.Voter Identification Requirements: lack of consistency across state lines in relation to the types of ID required (e.g., driver’s license, proof of citizenship) as well as whether ID is required at all, make it confusing and cumbersome to register and/or cast a ballot.
4.Provisional Ballots: among the top five complaints logged by the Election Protection Coalition’s hotline during the 2004 election were problems with provisional ballots. While the Help America Vote Act of 2002 requires that voters not on the registration list or lacking proper ID be given a provisional ballot, the regulations surrounding this practice vary from state to state.
5.Voter Lists: state regulations are notably inconsistent when it comes to the maintenance of voter registration lists — from who updates them to how the state maintains them, whether state or local election officials allow for name variations, and how and when the lists are purged.
The full report, “Access to Democracy: Identifying Obstacles Hindering the Right to Vote” may be accessed at the Women’s Voices Women Vote Web site by clicking here. | <urn:uuid:683150a4-956b-4e26-b11a-4e7216f5d4cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://warrenslocum.blogspot.com/2009/06/access-to-democracy-5-important-reforms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794871918.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528044215-20180528064215-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.93946 | 680 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Native Indian languages
American Indian cultures
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Tabasco Chontal (Yocot'an)
Chontal of Tabasco is a
Mayan language not to be confused with the
Chontal of Oaxaca, to which it bears no similarity other than a similar
name bestowed upon both by the Aztecs ( chontalli just means "foreigner" in the Nahuatl language.)
Tabasco Chontal is spoken by more than 50,000 people in Mexico today.
Chontal Maya Vocabulary:
Our list of vocabulary words in the Chontal de Tabasco language, with comparison to words in other Mayan languages.
Chontal Maya Pronunciation Guide:
How to pronounce Tabasco Chontal words.
Tabasco Chontal Animal Words:
Illustrated glossary of animal words in the Tabasco Chontal language.
Tabasco Chontal Body Parts:
Online and printable worksheets showing parts of the body in Chontal Maya.
Tabasco Chontal Colors:
Worksheet showing color words in Chontal de Tabasco.
Tabasco Chontal Numbers:
Worksheet showing how to count in the Chontal Maya language.
˜Tabasco Chontal Language Resources – Tabasco Chontal Phonology Tabasco Chontal Grammar Tabasco Chontal Numbers:
Scanned-in Chontal Mayan language materials from the Rosetta Project.
Words and sentences in the Chontal Tabasco language.
Bible Verses in Mexican Languages: Chontal de Tabasco:
Chontal translation of several Biblical passages.
Language Museum: Chontal (Tabasco): Lord's Prayer in Chontal:
Christian prayers translated into Chontal Maya.
El chontal de Tabasco
The Mexican national anthem translated into the Tabasco Chontal language.
An untranslated Chontal text.
Lengua Chontal de Tabasco
Information on the Chontal language, including a linguistic map of Mexico. Page in Spanish.
Demographic information about Chontal from the Ethnologue of Languages.
Wikipedia: Chontal Maya:
Encyclopedia entries about the Chontal Maya language.
Yokotán Language Tree:
Theories about Chontal Maya's language relationships compiled by Linguist List.
Chontal Maya Language Structures:
Chontal Maya linguistic profile and academic bibliography.
Spanish-Chontal-Spanish dictionary for sale online.
Chontal Mayans Fight Oil Company
Article on the Chontal struggle for land rights in Mexico.
Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel: A Contribution to the History and Ethnography of the Yucatan Peninsula
Book on the Chontal de Tabasco tribe for sale.
Back to the list of Indian tribes
Back to our Native American Indian Websites for kids
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Native Languages of the Americas website © 1998-2015 Contacts and FAQ page | <urn:uuid:8a4d209c-5366-4a64-8aae-957a50704c65> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.native-languages.org/tchontal.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094510.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00128-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.715909 | 685 | 3.484375 | 3 |
On January 29, 1812, Captain A. Gray wrote to Sir George Prevost Brock, commander of the British forces in North America. In his letter he relays some intelligence with respect to the actions of the Americans concerning Detroit.
The letter also had information about the Battle of Tippecanoe. This battle had been fought in November 7, 1811 between American forces, led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory, and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, also known as the Prophet, were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans tribes. The British view was that the Battle of Tippecanoe had not been a victory for Harrison. See my earlier post here for more information.
Excerpts from Captain Gray's letter follows:
York 29th Jan 1812
I have communicated to General Brock an Extract from the Letter I had the honor to write your Excellency from Montreal relative to the protection of the Trade of the N. West and S. West Companies. The General most perfectly concurs in the ideas submitted in that Letter, and has directed me to communicate to you his anxious wish that the Post of St. Joseph might be removed to the falls of St. Mary. In short the General's general Policy, and plan of Defences, agrees so exactly with the ideas I had formed, previously to my communicating with him, that I can be at no loss in giving your Excellency every information on that head on my return, it may not therefore be necessary to enter more into details at present.
I propose remaining here till after the House of Assembly has met which will be abut a week from this day...
...There is likewise some interesting information received respecting Detroit which he and Col. Elliot(t) (who is also expected) will be enabled to confirm. It seems the Americans are collecting a vast quantity of Ordnance at that Post, which with other indications, pretty clearly manifests their intentions in that quarter.
….We have got a Detailed account form the Prophet's Camp. He had gained a glorious Victory. His loss is 25 men, and his No. actually engaged did not exceed 100. | <urn:uuid:4059f420-5630-4f84-aef9-da73bebb418e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://1812now.blogspot.com/2012/01/jan-29-1812-captain-gray-to-prevost.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00844.warc.gz | en | 0.979542 | 459 | 2.734375 | 3 |
You may call it a valve, electron valve, electron tube, vacuum tube or simply a tube but we all love them just the same. We use them in our home audio and guitar amplifiers for making some seriously amazing tone, but their history goes way beyond that. Back in the day tubes had a vast array of jobs. They could be found in TV’s, radios, cameras, medical devices, computers, space equipment, radars, planes, trains, and automobiles. At one time they were so common you could pick up a new tube at every general store. Eventually technological advancements pushed the vacuum tube towards extinction and they were headed the way of the dinosaur thanks to the transistor. The power of the musical world has held on tight though and kept the tube alive through these dark ages.
Things tend to go in cycles and it seems that tube technology could be making a comeback in the future. As you will read in this article from The New York Times, tube technology is being developed on a microscopic level. The day may come where we see vacuum tubes being used once again in all of the equipment they were previously retired from. Our grandchildren’s tubes may not look like our grandparent’s tubes but they will follow the same basic principles.
By JOHN MARKOFF, JUNE 5, 2016
PASADENA, Calif. — The future of computing may be in its past.
The silicon transistor, the tiny switch that is the building block of modern microelectronics, replaced the vacuum tube in many consumer products in the 1970s. Now as shrinking transistors to even more Lilliputian dimensions is becoming vastly more challenging, the vacuum tube may be on the verge of a comeback.
In a darkened laboratory here, two stories beneath the California Institute of Technology campus, two students stare through the walls of a thick plastic vacuum chamber at what they hope will be the next small thing — a computer chip made from circuits like vacuum tubes whose dimensions are each roughly one-thousandth the size of a red blood cell.
At stake is the future of what electronic engineers call scaling, the ability to continue to shrink the size of electronic circuits, which is becoming harder to do as they become as small as viruses.
It has been more than half a century since the physicist Richard Feynman predicted the rise of microelectronics, noting “there’s plenty of room at the bottom.” He used the phrase in 1959 when he speculated about engineering with individual atoms. Several years later, Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, wrote that the number of transistors that could be etched into silicon wafers would double at regular intervals for the foreseeable future.
Now, however, there is growing evidence that space, if still available, is increasingly at a premium. Progress is slowing down. The time between each new chip generation is stretching out, and the cost of individual transistors, although infinitesimal, is no longer falling. The tiny transistors also bedevil chip designers because as they get smaller, they generate unwanted heat.
For Axel Scherer, who heads the Nanofabrication Group at Caltech, that means going back to the future. With his students Max Jones and Daniil Lukin, he is pursuing what is in effect an ultrasmall vacuum tube as a candidate to replace the transistor. In their laboratory here, they have fabricated circuits that function like vacuum tubes but are a millionth the size of that 100-year-old technology.
“Computer technologies seem to work in cycles,” said Alan Huang, a former electrical engineer for Bell Laboratories. “Some of the same algorithms that were developed for the last generation can sometimes be used for the next generation.”
Continue reading the main story
Moore’s Law Running Out of Room, Tech Looks for a Successor MAY 4, 2016
An Error Leads to a New Way to Draw, and Erase, Computing Circuits OCT. 9, 2015
Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, Over: The Future of Computer Chips SEPT. 26, 2015
Researchers Report Milestone in Developing Quantum Computer MARCH 4, 2015
The last time researchers explored vacuum tubes was in the 1990s, when they were a promising option for building flat-panel displays. The technology failed to take off, however, because of cheaper and more efficient liquid crystal displays.
“The vacuum tube comes back about every decade,” Dr. Scherer said with a laugh.
And for decades, that has been the story of vacuum tubes: There has always been a better option. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes because they were more compact, did not generate skin-burning heat and did not need a vacuum — the absence of atmosphere made it possible for electrons to jump between positively and negatively charged elements.
The vacuum tubes the Caltech researchers are looking at are nothing like the bulky objects that hummed in the old family radio and even early computers. Both transistors and vacuum tubes — the British called the devices valves — control the flow of electricity, but they do so differently.
The researchers have created a tiny tube formed from metal and capable of turning on and off the flow of electrons between four even smaller probes, which under an electron microscope appear like the tips of four ballpoint pens almost touching one another.
The Achilles’ heel of today’s transistors is the smaller they get, the more they leak electrons. In modern computer chips, as much as half of the power consumed is lost to electrons leaking from transistors that are only dozens of atoms wide. Those electrons waste energy and generate heat.
In contrast, Dr. Scherer’s miniature vacuum tube switches perform a jujitsu move by using the same mechanism that causes leakage in transistors — known by physicists as quantum tunneling — to switch on and off the flow of electrons without leakage. As a result, he believes that modern vacuum tube circuits have the potential to use less power and work faster than today’s transistor-based chips.
“Effects that are currently problems in scaling are precisely those that we would like to use for switching in these next-generation devices,” Dr. Scherer said, noting that while there are efforts to redesign semiconductor-based transistors around the tunneling effect, his approach is significantly simpler.
Vacuum tubes are one of a range of ideas that engineers are looking at as they work to create chips that can do more while using less power. Other promising approaches include exotic materials such as carbon nanotubes and even microscopic mechanical switches that can be opened and closed just like an electronic gate.
The Caltech researchers returned to the idea of vacuum tubes several years ago after they had begun experimenting with the idea of making ultrasmall incandescent light bulbs no larger than a modern transistor that would be bright enough to be seen by the naked eye from across a room.
The group previously worked in research areas like quantum dots, nanoscale structures now used in television displays to produce precise colors, and optoelectronics, a field that explores the use of lasers in electronic circuits. But they decided to look for new research areas that were less crowded with competitors.
Today, semiconductor companies like Intel are making silicon chips with minimum dimensions between 10 and 20 nanometers. (A strand of DNA is roughly 2.5 nanometers in diameter.) Once the industry shrinks below 10 nanometers, Dr. Scherer expects that researchers will be surprised by the behavior of silicon at such atomic dimensions.
For one thing, silicon emits light below 10 nanometers, he said. More significantly, it also becomes remarkably elastic as it becomes that small.
“It’s a different material, and it gives you this different behavior,” he said. He sees the future in other materials and in old ideas that would be made new again.
In contrast to silicon, a semiconductor, which can either conduct or insulate, depending on how it is chemically modified, Dr. Scherer’s tubes can be made from a range of conducting metals, such as tungsten, molybdenum, gold and platinum. This will be an advantage because it will significantly simplify the tiny switches at the atomic scale.
Dr. Scherer does not think the tiny tube will immediately replace the transistor, but the possibility of applications in space and aviation has caught the attention of Boeing, which is financing the research. Such specialty chips might be ready commercially before the end of the decade.
“Ten years ago, silicon transistors could meet all of our demands,” he said. “In the next decade, that will no longer be true.”
Image courtesy of Tau Zero | <urn:uuid:a5f1fd72-1ca3-4eab-a6c6-bba7088aee08> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://blog.thetubestore.com/back-to-the-future-for-vacuum-tube-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.958459 | 1,790 | 3.375 | 3 |
The problem of optimal inequality
Sukharev Mikhail Valentinovich
PhD in Economics, Senior Research Fellow
Russia, Institute of Economics of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The article provides an overview of modern publications on the problem of social inequality. On the one hand, social equality (especially in post-socialist countries) is perceived as a desirable ideal. On the other hand, everyone understands that people are unequal both by nature (genetically) and by their activity, and they need incentives to work. But how great should this inequality be? History teaches that many societies have been destroyed by social tensions caused by too much inequality. Consequently (and ancient thinkers agreed with this), there is a certain level of inequality that is optimal for the life of society. The problem is to establish this level. But for this you need, firstly, to learn how to measure it and, secondly, using this measure, explore enough different communities to understand what level of inequality is optimal. The third important condition is to accept the correct criterion of optimality; today it is the rate of economic growth (because the advantage in the rate of growth makes the community richer than others in a historically short time). Modern economics is in a unique situation: never in history has there been such accurate information about inequality and the economic situation in so many countries and regions. An analytical review of the existing literature is the first step towards solving the optimal inequality problem.
social inequality, economic development, social institutions, modeling, human capital.
The article was prepared within the framework of the state assignment of the KarRC RAS on the topic “Institutions and social inequality in the context of global challenges and regional restrictions”.
Full article text is available only in Russian.
Please select from the menu Russian language and continue reading. | <urn:uuid:ac204379-acac-46ef-ace9-c595e46cae46> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://sovman.ru/en/article/the-problem-of-optimal-inequality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488551052.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624045834-20210624075834-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.942543 | 374 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Revelation, 14 November 1835
- Source Note
Dictated by JS on 14 November 1835, this revelation was directed to the man who recorded it, . Since joining the church in 1833, Parrish had become a trusted associate of JS and had already served informally as a clerk. Less than a year after his conversion, Parrish and his wife, Elizabeth Patten Parrish, marched with JS and approximately 225 other men, women, and children to , Missouri, on the expedition. Sometime in late June or early July, Elizabeth Parrish died from cholera, as did approximately twelve other members of the expedition. Warren Parrish likely remained in until 12 September, when he and his brother-in-law, , left on a proselytizing mission that took them through Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Patten and Parrish, later joined by , established several small branches in those states between October 1834 and July 1835, when Parrish returned to . Shortly after his return, Parrish was named to the First Quorum of the .Upon his return, fulfilled a number of clerical responsibilities during fall 1835 and winter 1836. In addition to periodically taking minutes for the , acting as a scribe to the , keeping a personal journal for JS, and copying material from the journal and other records into JS’s 1834–1836 history, Parrish acted as a scribe as JS translated portions of the Egyptian papyri that had arrived in Kirtland sometime in late June. It is to these “ancient records” that the following revelation most likely refers.
Parkin, Max H. “Zion’s Camp Cholera Victims Monument Dedication.” Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation Newsletter 15 (Fall 1997): 4–5.
Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.
“History of George Albert Smith,” ca. 1857–1858. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 1.
Bradley, James L. Zion’s Camp 1834: Prelude to the Civil War. Logan, UT: By the author, 1990.
Burgess, Harrison. Autobiography, ca. 1883. Photocopy. CHL. MS 893. Also available as “Sketch of a Well-Spent Life,” in Labors in the Vineyard, Faith-Promoting Series 12 (Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1884), 65–74.
Patten, David W. Journal, 1832–1834. CHL. MS 603.
Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate. Kirtland, OH. Oct. 1834–Sept. 1837.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
Partridge, Edward. Journal, Jan. 1835–July 1836. Edward Partridge, Papers, 1818–1839. CHL. MS 892, box 1, fd. 2.
Jessee, Dean C. “The Writing of Joseph Smith’s History.” BYU Studies 11 (Summer 1971): 439–473.
Hauglid, Brian M. A Textual History of the Book of Abraham: Manuscripts and Editions. Studies in the Book of Abraham, edited by John Gee and Brian M. Hauglid. Provo, UT: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, Brigham Young University, 2010. | <urn:uuid:5fb206d8-281e-4faa-afea-ef7f1474d93a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/transcript/revelation-14-november-1835?print=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103516990.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628111602-20220628141602-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.94418 | 828 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Located a little more than 10 miles or 15 kilometers from Mosul there stands a, “Hill of Stones.” For many Westerners this would seem to be an uninspiring and gloomy place to live. However, to many Chaldeans the rich and fertile land of Tel-Kepe (Telkaif), Iraq was once a wondrous place of adventure, peace, and communal living. In contrast to its name Tel-Kepe (The Hill of Stones) the region was quite fertile making many Chaldeans rural farmers living off the land and mastering the science of agriculture in some of the harshest of conditions.
A very high majority of the inhabitants of Tel-Kepe were Chaldean Catholics. Indigenous people of the region who were converted to Christianity by Mar Addai and Mar Mari, disciples of St. Thomas and later merged with the Roman Catholic Church in the seventh century.
As Muslim invaders conquered the Mesopotamian regions Christians fled to mountainous areas for protection and to eek out a living. The mountainous terrain provided protection and solitude from persecution. The man-made stone hills are thought to be remaining forts, looking posts, and strategic obstacles of the ancient. The geography and topology of Tel-Kepe remained a protective barrier until the 20th century for Christians.
Tel-Kepe made significant contributions in the sharing of knowledge and Catholicism throughout the region. The famed Rabban Hurmiz Monastery remains as one of the primary school centers of the region during the 1800’s.
The first wave of the region’s Christian eradication or exodus came during the genocide of Mesopotamian Christians during World War I. The Middle Eastern Christian Holocaust perpetuated by the Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey) drew little attention outside of the region.
The second wave was during the middle and early-late 1900’s. The Iraqi governments systematically began forced integration of Christian communities for a number of reasons. One plausible theory was the ongoing problems the Iraqi government was having with Kurdish and Iranian rebels in the north of Iraq. The problem forced an immediate need for government security officers to blend easily among the population in order to collect information on rebel plots. Arab Iraqi security officers were easily identified in Christian towns making the strategy doubtful. The answer was to blend the towns with Muslims whereby Saddam Hussein’s agents could easily hide in the open.
To implement the strategy the government used the “Slow Cook” strategy of cultural change; an engineered cultural change or shift done slowly over time. Since Christian communities were often more educated, organized, and wealthy their property could easily serve as a reward center for party loyalists. The cooperative nature of the Christian faith and communities’ naturally inspired economic and educational prosperity through virtue, character, and godly behavior.
As a reward the Iraqi government would often seize or purchase Christian homes or property under the smallest pretence. They would then give or sell the property to Muslims or government officials. This allowed government agents to eventually blend into the communities easily. Other benefits of the “Slow Cook” strategy included, keeping Christian communities divided to reduce their influence and strength as brokers between Kurds and Iraq, reducing any possibilities of organized objections to being treated as second-class citizens. Instead Christians were used as scapegoats for terrorist and criminal acts of either warring factions.
The Iraqi government also moved Christians out of the rural mountains and areas into major cities and towns with offers of education and government jobs. The effort diluted Christian influence and created vacancies in Christian towns that were often filled with Muslim residents furthering aiding the “Slow Cook” efforts.
Over time, towns like Tel-Kepe began having a growing population of Muslims who then objected to Churches have public displays of faith or schools teaching non-Arabic or Muslim curriculum.
Christians aware of the strategy began to move out of the country. The government was happy to comply with travel visas and discounted travel costs knowing that the slow exodus provided opportunities for the government to meet its control objectives of the region.
The third wave occurred during the Iraq War. Chaldeans and other Christians were aggressively targeted, kidnapped for ransom, and tortured to raise money, inspire radical Muslims, reward soldiers, and win fanatic Muslims to the cause of fighting the west’s invasion.
The three waves have left an endearing memory of a peaceful and wondrous time on the hearts and minds of Chaldeans. Grandparents, older uncles and aunts, parents, and older siblings fondly reflect on a time when Tel-Kepe’s beauty was unsurpassed and the land’s offerings were plentiful.
Although a minority of Christians still resides in the area, continued tensions and attacks against them threatens to empty the region of the indigenous people. | <urn:uuid:7693e671-400f-4942-88f1-43e73f60abb5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.chaldean.org/NewsInformation/CommunityCulture/tabid/63/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/351/Chaldeans-Fondly-Remeber-Tel-Kepe.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662018.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00104-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959339 | 972 | 3.375 | 3 |
A new study has found further evidence linking hits to the head rather than concussions to the onset of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, the neurodegenerative disease traced back to the kind of head trauma experienced by football players, other athletes and combat veterans.
“The concussion is really irrelevant for triggering CTE,†Dr. Lee Goldstein, an associate professor at Boston University School of Medicine and College of Engineering, and a corresponding author of the study, told The Post. “It’s really the hit that counts.
“Although that’s the headline, this is the best scientific evidence to date, in fact some of the only scientific evidence, that we have that that’s so. . . . This is the first really solid evidence that we have where we have controlled experiments where we can make that case very strongly and convincingly.â€
The study, led by Boston University researchers and published Thursday in Brain, a peer-reviewed journal of neurology, analyzed the brains of teenagers with head injuries and used mice to recreate head trauma, revealing more about the origins of CTE and its relationship to traumatic brain injuries (TBI), concussions and subconcussive head injuries.
“The same brain pathology that we observed in teenagers after head injury was also present in head-injured mice. We were surprised that the brain pathology was unrelated to signs of concussion, including altered arousal and impaired balance, among others. Our findings provide strong causal evidence linking head impact to TBI and early CTE, independent of concussion,†Goldstein said. “The results may explain why approximately 20 percent of athletes with CTE never suffered a diagnosed concussion.â€
The study’s findings extend beyond athletics and the military.
“There are many vulnerable populations at greatly increased risk of repetitive head injury including domestic abuse, incarcerated populations, homeless,†Goldstein said. “It’s a big problem for the NFL, a bigger problem for amateur athletics and an even larger problem still for the greater public.â€
When it comes to head injuries and CTE, Goldstein spoke of three categories that are being jumbled: concussions, TBI and CTE. Concussion, he says, is a syndrome defined “by consensus really every couple of years, based on the signs and symptoms of neurological syndrome, what happens after you get hit in the head. It’s nothing more than that, a syndrome. You take one [symptom] from column A, one from column B.â€
You usually have two years from the date you were injured to either settle your case or file a lawsuit. Exceptions do exist and should be discussed with a lawyer.
A TBI is different. “it is an injury, an event,†he said. “It’s not a syndrome. It’s an event and it involves damage to tissue. If you don’t have a concussion, you can absolutely have brain injury and the converse is true.â€
CTE is “a bona fide neurodegenerative disease. It will progress independently of whether you have future hits and a lot of people think that the injury is the disease and it’s not. There is an injury and then it goes on to spread in the brain, like other neurodegenerative diseases.â€
Which means that the focus on concussion doesn’t prevent the development of CTE.
“My analogy for this is it’s like having health officials focus on the hacking cough in smokers rather than the lung cancer,†Goldstein said. “A cough can be related to smoking — there can be many other causes of a cough. But the fact that you have or do not have a cough is irrelevant to whether you have cigarette-caused lung cancer. . . . It’s the same with chest pain and a heart attack. We would no more rely on chest pain to be the single indicator of whether you’ve had a heart attack.
“So concussion may or may not be a TBI and equally important not having a concussion may or may not be associated with a TBI. A concussion doesn’t tell you anything about a TBI. Nor does it tell you anything about CTE.â€
The cumulative effect of smaller hits is something that Goldstein and Dr. Ann McKee and others labeled “the bobblehead effect†in a 2012 paper on blast neurotrauma in the military. That effect is, Goldstein says, “the injury on top of the injury, on top of the injury†and it means that the focus on concussion protocol, while important, may not prevent CTE. Concussion, according to Goldstein, is “a minor subset of all hits.†The vast majority are subconcussive, which the Concussion Legacy Foundation says are below the concussion threshold: “the brain is shaken, but not so violently that the damage to brain cells is severe.†Those are the ones to worry about, especially in young people.
The researchers in the new study looked at the brains of four teenage athletes who had sustained closed-head impact injuries anywhere from one to 128 days before death and found the results particularly alarming. Two were 18 and two 17; two died by suicide. One died suddenly 10 days after the second of two sports-related head injuries, the fourth succumbed after sustaining three sports-related concussions (26 days, 6 days and the day before death.) The last concussion came during a football game in which the player absorbed a hard tackle and landed on his helmet. Analysis of their brains showed a range of post-traumatic pathology that included one case of early-stage CTE and two cases with abnormal accumulation of tau protein, a CTE marker typically found in small blood vessels in the brain.
“You get hit the first time and a minute later you get hit again. We learned that from blasts because those happen in milliseconds. In football, it happens in minutes, tens of minutes or over a day or week. But the cumulative effect, when the brain is not fully healed, particularly in younger people, is really, really damaging,†Goldstein said, “and that’s the problem. You won’t see it by focusing on concussion. In fact it’s guaranteed that you won’t see it.
“Ultimately, being active, getting outside, playing sports, particularly team sports, is important. There are also concerns about the risks involved in playing sports, including football, which is why it has been encouraging to see similar developments at the youth level such as the certification of over 130,000 youth and high school coaches through USA Football’s Heads Up program; USA Football’s National Practice Guidelines — including limits on full contact; Pop Warner’s initiatives, from no intentional head-to-head contact to requiring players who suffer a suspected head injury to receive medical clearance from a concussion specialist before returning to play; and 50 states have a Return to Play law, which can help reduce the rates of recurrent concussions. We hope that all youth sports will continue to take measures to reduce head contact through similar rules changes, education and improved protective equipment.†| <urn:uuid:0a2e296b-5b4c-43b7-b5cb-feb8b279f014> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://austinaccidentlawyer.com/medicine/new-study-shows-hits-head-not-concussions-cause-cte/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.957859 | 1,607 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The seventh annual Arctic Report Card released by NOAA finds the rapid melting underway in northern lands and waters is unlikely to diminish in the face of continued global warming. The single biggest finding: Despite fewer weird warm spells in the Arctic in 2012, compared to the past ten warm years, snow and ice extent continued to melt at a record-breaking pace.
Ominously a new mechanism seems to be driving these changes. Disappearing ice and snow no longer reflect as much sunlight from the Earth. Meanwhile increasingly open waters and snow-free lands absorb more sunlight. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle of continued melting even during cooler times. It bodes poorly for recovery or stability in the far north.
No one is more amazed at the staggering rate of change than the scientists observing it. Bob Pickart, a physical oceanographer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and co-author of the Report Card (also principle investigator of the icebreaker cruise I tagged along on in the Arctic Ocean in October: see my Arctic Ocean Diaries)—tells me:
It is mind-boggling how quickly the Arctic system is changing and how unstable it appears to be. It is clear that there are strong, disturbing trends, but it is also evident how complex the system is and hence how hard it is to predict what all the consequences will be. In some ways I feel that the scientific community simply can’t respond quickly enough to sort all these issues out.
Jeremy Mathis, a chemical oceanographer at University of Alaska Fairbanks, and also principle investigator on the Arctic Ocean cruise I joined in October, tells me:
The 2012 Arctic Report Card is another stark reminder of how quickly the Arctic is charging. Sea ice extent is diminishing in summer at an unprecedented rate and we do not yet understand the biological consequences for other stressors such as ocean acidification. While there is no base-line left to study in the Arctic we should increase our efforts to monitor and anticipate how the rapid changes we our observing today will impact high latitude ecosystems and the charismatic megafauna that they support.
Stay tuned. I’ll be writing more in-depth about other changes in NOAA’s Arctic Report Card in the coming days. | <urn:uuid:0583cf75-3d03-4870-97a7-79187472b354> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://develop.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/ominous-and-growing-momentum-arctic-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327220742-20230328010742-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.930362 | 452 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Glorious History Of Valentines Day
Whenever we think about valentines day, all that comes in our mind is cards, flowers, chocolates and gifts. But have you ever thought about the history of valentine’s day? From where it started and what prompted the world to celebrate this blissful day?
Let us take us a look at some interesting facts associated with valentine's day:
Origin: Valentine’s day, the term was originated from the name of a church priest called St. Valentine. He was a roman priest who went against the wish of the emperor of that time and got married secretly. Roman emperor of 5th century did not allow man to get married. Later on, the saint was jailed and executed because of getting married.
Cards were banned: Earlier in Victorian times, presenting valentine day cards was considered as a sin and a sign of bad luck. As per the historical facts, people used to give their valentine cards to their pets.
Food facts: It is said that girls in medieval times used to eat insane food combinations to get the dreams of their future spouse. Ketchup pancakes is one of the myths they implied.
“Wearing heart on sleeve”: The phase came into existence as the time progressed. Young men and women pinned the name of their spouses on their sleeves for the whole valentine’s week. This was done as a display of love.
Blues of past: In the year 1537, the king of England Henry VII declared 14th february as an official valentine’s day. Doctors and physicians of the ancient times advised their patients to eat chocolates in case they are going through a disturbed love life. This was considered as the best remedy for broken heart.
Choosing your mate on V-day: In Europe, it was believed that birds picked their partners on valentine day. Similarly, people used to choose their partners on 14th Feb. Slowly and steadily it became a tradition.
It is also believed that many lovers used to rob the banks to buy jewellery and flowers for their spouses.
Coming back into present era, 1 billion valentine’s day cards are exchanged by the couples in love. Cards have become the symbol of love. An interesting fact about valentine’s day is that, singles can celebrate valentines day as single’s awareness day. It is also known as “SAD”. Pun Intend!
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- Honeymoon (1) | <urn:uuid:c502cf2c-36c6-4914-bc65-90514f3db269> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.mydearvalentine.com/articles/glorious-history-valentines-day.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891428.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026145305-20201026175305-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.968995 | 632 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Pediatric Skeletal Growth
A skeleton in progress
In infants, the bones in the head are not fused together. This allows the head to be flexible so it can pass through the birth canal during childbirth. The bones in the skull don’t fully fuse until ages 1 to 2.
Children have more cartilage (a dense, elastic type of tissue) in their joints and other bony structures (such as the ribs). This allows the bones to continue to develop and grow as the child grows. This extra cartilage develops into bone over time. By about age
16, all extra cartilage has matured into bone.
Children have growth plates in each long bone. A growth plate is an area of soft bone at each end of the long bones. Growth plates allow the bone to grow as the child grows. The growth plates fuse (harden) by the time a child is | <urn:uuid:7783c944-1c86-433b-8fd9-c57ce15b6f4a> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://fairview.org/HealthLibrary/Article/89080 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064919.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00104-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943603 | 181 | 3.828125 | 4 |
About our work
New Perimeter undertook a comprehensive study and prepared a report analyzing the successes and failures of special economic zones (SEZs) and identifying best practices in existing global SEZs. The comprehensive report includes background information about SEZs, provides an overview of ten potential “model” zones for Timor-Leste, gives an assessment of the risks and benefits relating to the creation of an SEZ in Timor-Leste and provides information on next-steps should the Government choose to pursue the creation of an SEZ.
- Developed and delivered a report analyzing SEZ successes and failures; identified best practices in existing global SEZs; and delivered a series of in-country workshops on SEZs.
- Timor-Leste, which became independent in 2002, has given high priority to economic development.
- SEZs are designated geographic areas that typically have economic laws more progressive than those in the rest of a country. They are often used to test new policies designed to boost trade and foreign direct investment. | <urn:uuid:c976169d-9d50-46f0-88cd-77236594ae5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.newperimeter.com/our-work/economic-development/east-timor-economic-empowerment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463615093.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530105157-20170530125157-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.921357 | 215 | 2.53125 | 3 |
At the north end of the Galapagos’ largest island, Isabela, a volcano straddles Earth’s equator. It is the Wolf Volcano, or Volcan Wolf, and it ranks among the archipelago’s most active volcanoes. Volcan Wolf’s first historical eruption was recorded in 1797, and nine more documented eruptions followed over the next two centuries.
NASA’s Landsat 7 satellite captured this true-color image of Volcan Wolf on October 16, 2001. A combination of fresh green vegetation and old lava flows encircle the elongated caldera. The lava flows predominate on the volcano’s southeastern flank—dark rivulets of rock reaching all the way to the sea. Isolated lava flows also appear west of the summit. On the western and northern flanks, in between old lava flows, vegetation appears bright green. An especially bright band of vegetation appears west of the caldera.
Although ancient by human standards, today’s Galapagos Islands, Volcan Wolf included, are geologically young and dynamic. They likely result from a mantle plume, a column of searing-hot rock that rises from the Earth’s interior and builds volcanoes at the surface. Some parts of the island chain are less than a million years old. Likewise, some older volcanoes may have surfaced for a brief geologic time span before sinking below the ocean waves. Such surfacing followed by sinking might explain a new discovery at Volcan Wolf: pink lizards.
First observed in 1986, a group of pink-tinged iguanas, named “rosada” were described in detail by an international team of researchers in January 2009. The researchers believe that this group of iguanas are a previously unknown species and that they provide evidence of ancient diversification among Galapagos land iguanas.
The rosada iguanas do present a puzzle. The research team describing the iguanas estimated their age at 5.7 million years, yet geologists estimate the age of Volcan Wolf at less than half a million years. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the iguanas evolved on an older volcano that eventually sank below the waves, and their descendants moved to new quarters.
The nineteenth-century naturalist Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands on the Beagle expedition of the 1830s. He later developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based partly on his observations of the archipelago’s animal life—though not the pink iguanas. Darwin’s visit didn't include a stop on Wolf Volcano.
- American Museum of Natural History. Darwin. Accessed January 16, 2009.
- Black, R., (2009, January 5). Pink iguana rewrites family tree. BBC. Accessed January 15, 2009.
- Gentile, G., Fabiani, A., Marquez, C., Snell, H.L., Snell, H.M., Tapia, W., Sbordoni, V. (2009). An overlooked pink species of land iguana in the Galapagos. PNAS, 106(2), 507-511. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806339106.
- Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program. Wolf. Accessed January 15, 2009.
- White, W.M. (2001, January 23). Galapagos Geology on the Web. Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University. Accessed January 16, 2009. | <urn:uuid:37a85bdc-a953-4499-8ccb-28d0cbcae2a4> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=37003 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645176794.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031256-00147-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90218 | 736 | 4.3125 | 4 |
Glossary of Terms
a term in the text box and press Find.
For a list of terms, select a letter or enter starting letter(s).
- A condition of reduced bone mass, with decreased outer thickness and a decrease in the number and size of the spongy structures in the bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence. Osteoporosis is primarily classified as an age-related decline in bone mineral density. Secondary osteoporosis results from an identifiable disease (for example, diseases of the parathyroid glands, or, for instance, certain medications). See the Osteoporosis page for additional information. | <urn:uuid:14c648b4-1ee1-467b-95e7-cc8bf382bea2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/glossary/glossary1.cfm?Term=osteoporosis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206118.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00474-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.833784 | 136 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Childhood Depression Research Paper
Childhood Depression Essay
In recent years, we have heard of depression and the affects of the disorder, and what medications and theories help to prevent depression in adults. Many people are not aware that not only is depression diagnosed in adults, recently studies show that depression is diagnosed in adolescents. Not only adults become depressed. Children and teenagers also may have depression.
Depression is defined as an illness when it persists. Childhood depression is one of the most overlooked disorders. Depression probably exists in about 5 percent of children in the general population. Children under stress, who experience loss, or who have, learning or conduct disorders are at a higher risk of depression. Studies show that depression is more likely to show up in boys than in girls. Depression in men and meal adolescents most of the time is over looked are misdiagnosed. Men for instance, have higher rates of drug abuse and violent behavior that do women or young female adolescents do, and some researchers belie that this behavior masks depression or anxiety (Canetto, 1992; Kessler al., 1994).
Some Psychologists believe that the reason that young males are more likely to suffer from depression because of the stigmatism of being a male and being taught by adults that expressing there feelings are wrong. According to Carol Wade, Travis, Depression (Major Depression) is a disorder that is sever enough to disrupt a person's ordinary functioning (Physiology filth edition, 586).
The diagnoses of depression might be the same for adults and adolescents, but the behavior of depressed children and teenagers differs from the behavior of depressed adults. Child and adolescent psychiatrists advise parents to be aware of signs in there youngsters such as persistent sadness, A major change in sleeping and eating patterns and increased activity or irritability.
Depression is accompanied by physical changes as well. Frequent complaints of physical illness such as headaches and stomachaches A child who used to play often with friends may now spend most of the time alone and without interest. Things that were once fun now bring little joy to the depressed child. Then symptoms could trigger antisocial personality, a disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as sealing, lying and sometimes violence: a lack of social emotions and impulsively.
Children and adolescents and adolescents who are depressed may say they want to be dead or may talk about suicide. Depressed adolescents may... | <urn:uuid:463da0f1-943f-4a56-b702-d4b1ff2ae571> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.echeat.com/free-essay/Childhood-Depression-Research-Paper-26602.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296169.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00038-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955226 | 474 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Many Americans are remarkably unaware and uninformed about arthritis, a disease that affects about one of every five U.S. adults. Arthritis runs under the public’s radar because it isn’t a killer like heart disease and cancer. Yet it can take a huge toll on the quality of life through the pain and problems it causes. Arthritis is often viewed as an inevitable part of growing old. But it isn’t—there are many things you can do to keep your joints healthy.
May is National Arthritis Awareness Month. It isn’t aimed at people with arthritis—they’re quite aware of it already. It’s for the rest of us, some of whom are unknowingly on their way to living with this condition, and others who live with, work with, or play with folks who have it.
If you have arthritis, a new Special Health Report from Harvard Health Publications called Arthritis: Keeping Your Joints Healthy, can help you manage your condition. At the link you’ll find a description of the report, table of contents, and an excerpt. If you don’t have arthritis, the Arthritis Foundation offers 10 tips for protecting your joints. These include: Read more »
*This blog post was originally published at Harvard Health Blog* | <urn:uuid:edb70b07-d84b-4e84-b5b9-a7b1d6f4bb24> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://getbetterhealth.com/tag/arthritis-keeping-your-joints-healthy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170434.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00468-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945633 | 269 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Emotional eating or comfort eating has become a mechanism for many of us to reduce stress and anxiety. Other ways of reducing stress might be socially less acceptable (or difficult to access in the middle of the day) such as alcohol or smoking, so comfort eating fills an accessible gap in terms of instant stress relief that can be undertaken in public any time of the day.
The primary reason we should be eating is because we are hungry. That's it. However, it's easy to get confused between physiological hunger (rumbly tummy, etc) and emotional hunger (we want to feel something different than what we are feeling right now). There is only one thing food should be used for and that's fuel.
Regularly or habitually using food as a drug to create an altered state of mind or mood can lead to disastrous long-term consequences. Why? We will overeat because the food can never actually meet that emotional need.
We are asking food to do something it can't do. So we never reach that point of satiety. It's a strategy that is doomed to failure. Getting back to basics and letting food be just food, and taking care of changing our emotional state in other ways is often the secret to effortless weight loss and maintaining our natural body weight.
In this seven week mini-series we will look at some of the most common ways we use food to change our mood and some strategies to change that, so that if this is an issue for you, you will have the tools you need to overcome emotional eating.
We will cover:
1. We reward or treat ourselves with food for something we have
accomplished. We use food as praise.
2. We use food as comfort. We use it to distract us from thoughts of sadness.
3. We overeat because we are bored. We use food as entertainment.
4. We use food as a reason to rest and to stop doing what we are doing. We use food as permission to rest.
5. We use food as company. We eat because we are lonely. We want to feel connected and loved, and food represents love.
6. We will look at the principles of intuitive eating.
7. Social and celebratory eating. How to still have fun without it undermining your healthy eating intentions.
Listen to the messages your body is sending you. Your body has a very clear set of signals that it will send you when it is physiologically satisfied, and when you are physiologically hungry and requiring fuel. As you go through this week I want you to quietly and regularly observe this:
• When I am really stuffed and have overeaten my body feels ______
• When I am lightly satisfied once I have eaten my body feels ______
• When I am peckish my body feels ______
• When I am really hungry my body feels ______
Try and include as many physical registers and signals as you can. Does your tummy rumble? Do you feel light-headed or irritable? There are dozens of physical cues on the scale of satiety. Get clear on what your signs are so that next week when we dive into how to effectively tackle emotional eating you can feel the difference between true physiological hunger and emotional hunger - which will make every bite you take more delicious.
Get super conscious on what physiological hunger looks like for you. This is the only reason we should be eating so it's important to be really clear on what it feels like which, if you have had years of yoyo dieting or starving and binging, you might not be. | <urn:uuid:ad54ecfb-e0b4-4bc5-8d75-98e706f60554> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/louise-thompson-emotional-eating-exposed/YA2F7FZUOTYPZ2JVJB66VVXWO4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303747.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122043216-20220122073216-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.96711 | 737 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Taxonomy - Schemes of Classification in Incident Response and Detection
A key success factor, while performing incident response, is to share a common understanding of the security incident. A common definition can be achieved by a shared vocabulary as described below.
Incident classification is the classification of the method(s) used by an attacker through unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of data, and/or denial of service (ref:ENISA). An incident can cover one or more types of incident classification as described below.
- Incident involving the reception or the sending of unsolicited emails or any other notification.
- System Compromise
- Incident involving the compromise of a computer-based element.
- Incident including any act of network or system reconnaissance that could lead to a security incident. Legitimate security assessment will not be categorized as an incident.
- Denial of Service
- Incident involving a temporarily disruption of a computer-based element or network service.
- Copyright Issue
- Reported incident including disclosure of information covered by a restrictive copyright. The classification is used for reports which are not classified and handled as a security incident.
- Incident including attacks posing as legitimate company, organization or people.
- Incident including malicious software or software deliberately designed or abused by an attacker to pursue his goal(s).
- Incident including Cross-Site Scripting vulnerabilities being or potentially being abused.
- A vulnerability reported or discovered that could lead to a security incident.
- Incident involving techniques of hiding malicious activities by an ever-changing set of compromised systems.
- SQL Injection
- Incident involving techniques to directly abuse the backend database (not limited to SQL databases).
- Information Leak
- Incident including disclosure of information where distribution should have been restricted.
- Incident forcing a potential victim to act for the benefit of an attacker.
- Incident involving techniques to use computers or computer devices to mine cryptocurrency without the user consent.
Topic is the identified area of activity from the structure (owning the IP address if final owner is not known) having the potential incident. An incident can cover one or more topic(s) as described below.
- Financial sector including banks, card and payment processing companies or third-party providers handling financial information.
- Overall information and communication technology sector including Internet Service Provider (ISP), hosting provider, and telecom provider.
- Physical person having a direct relationship with the incident as a victim or as a reporter.
- Sector dealing with the processing of materials and/or manufacturing of goods in factories including any supporting activities to industries.
- Sector handling health of people including companies doing hospital management or dealing with medical information.
- Overall sector of activities not dealing with the previously mentioned topic providing a service (Finance, ICT, Individual, Industry or Medical).
- Sector of activities not falling in the previously mentioned categories (Finance, ICT, Individual, Industry, Medical or Services) or cannot be defined during the incident handling classification. This topic of classification might be temporary upon an adequate topic is found.
Machine readable format
CIRCL also relies on a common set of indicators and categories used for information sharing within MISP and other similar threat sharing platforms.
Classification of this document
TLP:WHITE information may be distributed without restriction, subject to copyright controls.
- Version 1.1 March 15th, 2018 Updated to include cryptojacking.
- Version 1.0 October 1st, 2015 Initial version TLP:WHITE. | <urn:uuid:7b301f6c-c6cb-41d3-9409-e247def846cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.circl.lu/pub/taxonomy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946807.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424154911-20180424174911-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.913472 | 716 | 2.9375 | 3 |
S03.1–MSU, Legumes, Environmental Enteropathy, the Microbiome and Child Growth in Malawi
Washington University in St. Louis as Lead University
U.S. PIs and Institutions and Collaborating Host Countries
Lead U.S. PI
- Mark Manary MD, Helene Roberson Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Collaborating Scientists: U.S.
- Indi Trehan, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Collaborating Scientists: International
- Ken Maleta, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Malawi
- Chrissie Thakwalakwa, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Malawi
Annual Technical Project Reports
Workplans and Project Descriptions
Project Problem Statement and Justification (Brief)
Approximately 45 percent of all deaths worldwide among children under the age of five (i.e., 3.1 million deaths annually), are directly or indirectly related to undernutrition. Additionally, stunting permanently affects an additional 165 million children worldwide and reduces the affected individual’s physical, immunological, and cognitive capacity throughout his or her lifetime. Stunting is estimated to account for 21 percent of all disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in children. Both stunting and wasting are causally related to the dietary intake and gut health in children younger than three years of age.
In developing, impoverished settings, a nearly ubiquitous gut inflammatory condition known as environmental enteropathy (EE) often develops within the first three years of life, a high-risk period marked also by the transitions from exclusive breastfeeding to mixed feeding with complementary foods to the complete reliance on adult foods for sustenance early in life. While subclinical, EE predisposes children to more clinically manifest forms of malnutrition: wasting and stunting. Given the significant contribution of malnutrition to childhood morbidity and mortality, meaningful progress on reducing EE is needed to establish a lasting foundation for progress against global hunger.
In traditional sub-Saharan African societies, complementary foods are dominated by monotonous, protein-poor, and micronutrient-poor starches such as maize, cassava, and sorghum. Alternative, yet culturally acceptable, complementary foods that can provide a better and more palatable balance of nutrients may promote a decrease in EE and improved growth. Legumes provide just such an opportunity, since their protein content is significantly higher than cereals and they are rich in dietary fiber, starch, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. Common beans and cowpeas, for example, have three- to four-fold more protein per gram than corn. The zinc content in legumes is also relatively high and might further decrease the progression of EE, as has been demonstrated recently in a prospective randomized trial. Legumes make an excellent complementary food for children weaning from exclusive breastfeeding and with appropriate preparation are quite digestible and well tolerated. Successful legume–maize blends have, in fact, already been developed in the past and demonstrated favorable acceptability profiles in children younger than one year of age; they were also nutritionally sound as a weaning supplement. Cowpea is also attractive for study, as it grows well in the African context, is culturally accepted, and is a hardy, drought-tolerant, crop. Cowpea also has significant anti-inflammatory effects, mediated by specific phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity.
Human and animal studies of the effect of legumes on the intestinal microbiome are limited. A recent study comparing the gut microbiota in children from rural Burkina Faso who consumed a diet rich in legumes with European children showed a relative lack of potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in the African children, conceivably protecting these children from severe gut inflammation and bacterial translocation.
Since EE is a chronic inflammatory condition, interventions with anti-inflammatory effects might also improve gut health. A growing body of evidence suggests that a diet enriched in legumes decreases inflammation markers correlated to illnesses with inflammatory component,s such as colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease. Legumes could therefore serve as a complementary food in this high-risk population, with key measurable endpoints and biomarkers, including markers of EE and growth parameters.
- Evaluate changes in childhood anthropometry (height-for-age and weight-for-height z scores), biomarkers of EE (lactulose:rhamnose and a panel of human mRNA messages correlated with EE) and the characteristics of the microbiome (population taxonomy from phyla to genus, and the collective metabolic capacity expressed as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) categories) after inclusion of either cowpeas or common beans as an integral component of complementary feeding for 6–11-month-old rural Malawian children.
- Evaluate changes in child growth (height-for-age and weight-for-height z scores), biomarkers of EE (lactulose:rhamnose and a panel of human mRNA messages correlated with EE) and the characteristics of the microbiome (population taxonomy from phyla to genus, and the collective metabolic capacity expressed as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG, categories) after adding either cowpeas or common beans to the diet of 12–35-month-old rural Malawian children.
- Analyze changes in the developing intestinal microbiome among both age cohorts and all three intervention cohorts (cowpeas, common beans, standard feeding) to inform an understanding of the role of the microbiota in early childhood growth and gut health.
- Development of legume recipes for specific aims with LUANAR colleagues.
- Acceptability testing of legume recipes in infants and children
- Continuous enrollment, randomization, intervention delivery, and specimen collection in Mitondo for both groups of children
- Specimen processing and data analysis
- Manuscript preparation and submission
- Evaluation of future directions and implications of findings with key local and international stakeholders | <urn:uuid:41d470c9-3837-4355-9ae9-a54be2d4a6cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://legumelab.msu.edu/project/s03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.914727 | 1,237 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What Do the Data Tell Us About Inflation Expectations?
Inflation expectations are central to economics because they affect the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy as well as realized inflation. We survey the recent literature with a focus on the inflation expectations of households. We first review standard data sources and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We then document that household inflation expectations are biased upwards, dispersed across individuals, and volatile in the time series. We also provide evidence of systematic differences by gender, income, education, and race. Turning to the underlying expectations formation process, we highlight the role of individuals' exposure to price signals in their daily lives, such as price changes in groceries, the role of lifetime experiences, and the role of cognition. We then discuss the literature that links inflation expectations to economic decisions at the individual level, including consumption-savings and financial decisions. We conclude with an outlook for future research.
We thank Rudi Bachmann, Giorgio Topa, and Wilbert van der Klaauw. Weber gratefully acknowledge financial support from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Fama Research Fund. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. | <urn:uuid:9986f5bf-5bf1-42b1-8cb1-1fe7a0e23e73> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.nber.org/papers/w29825 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655143.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608204017-20230608234017-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.920631 | 255 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Homer (Disputed - c 850 B.C.E. / Disputed)
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The Odyssey (Bki)
Tell me, O muse, of that ingenious hero who travelled far and wide after he had sacked the famous town of Troy. Many cities did he visit, and many were the nations with whose manners and customs he was acquainted; moreover he suffered much by sea while trying to save his own life and bring his men safely home; but do what he might he could not save his men, for they perished through their own sheer folly in eating the cattle of the Sun-god Hyperion; so the god prevented them from ever reaching home. Tell me, too, about all these things, O daughter of Jove, from whatsoever source you may know them.
So now all who escaped death in battle or by shipwreck had got safely home except Ulysses, and he, though he was longing to return to his wife and country, was detained by the goddess Calypso, who had got him into a large cave and wanted to marry him. But as years went by, there came a time when the gods settled that he should go back to Ithaca; even then, however, when he was among his own people, his troubles were not yet over; nevertheless all the gods had now begun to pity him except Neptune, who still persecuted him without ceasing and would not let him get home.
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- Hits: Number of visitors who read the poem on the given date.
- Posts: Number of visitors who posted the poem to a friend (via e-mail) on the given date.
- Dates that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list.
- Dates, poems and poets that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list. Statistics are generated daily. | <urn:uuid:4f738d2e-2d62-462f-a919-b5609f11a6cd> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.poemhunter.com/homer/stats/?poet=3160&show=poem&poem=385344 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701147492.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193907-00141-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987939 | 391 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Hello, dear readers! Today on drawingforall.net you will find a drawing lesson, in which we will teach you to draw a cartoon character from the universe of My Little Pony.
First things first draw a circle as a guide for the head of Spike. We want to note, that in the first steps you should not press down too hard on a pencil. Use smooth lines for outlines.
Sketch out guidelines of facial symmetry. At first draw a vertical line which will help us to find a centre of the face of Spike. Draw two horizontal lines as in our example. They will help us to draw Spike’s eyes. Note that the lines should be slightly curved. Below the head outline a torso, using a shape similar to a drop.
Using the guidelines from the previous step draw facial features of Spike. At first, using ovals draw the eyes. Then, using a curved line draw a nose. By the way, the similar nose we drew for Karlsson in the tutorial about how to draw Karlsson.
At this step, we add some details to the face of Spike. At first, using circles draw irises. Then, inside of the irises draw pupils. Using a curved line draw a cheek and move to the next step.
Erase all unnecessary guidelines and draw a contour of the ear of Spike.
Using curved lines draw crest at the upper part of the Spike’s head. Draw a sharp tooth and sketch out two lines under the nose. Note, that the mouth – is the bottom line of the nose. Using curved lines draw eyebrows. Draw highlights in the eyes and move to the next step.
At this step we will sketch out the limbs of Spike. Using curved lines draw hands. Draw legs in the form of ovals. In this step you also should not press down too hard on a pencil.
Slightly change a form of the legs and draw feet as in our example. Draw a thick tail with an “arrow” on the end.
So we got to the last step of the tutorial about how to draw Spike from My Little Pony. Erase all the guidelines. Now draw an area with horizontal stripes on the front of the torso and bottom of the tail. Sketch out knees and draw toes. Delete remaining unnecessary strokes and darken the lines.
It was the tutorial about how to draw Spike from My Little Pony. We hope you enjoyed this tutorial. By the way, if this tutorial seems too easy for you, we recommend you tutorials about how to draw Wolverine or how to draw Sub-Zero. Stay tuned and wait for new drawing tutorials on Drawingforall.net! | <urn:uuid:a2363270-faf3-4fcf-9a45-48c9c4de17e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.drawingforall.net/how-to-draw-spike-from-my-little-pony/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726082204-20170726102204-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.902569 | 545 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Most people don’t think about specific ways to keep their eyes healthy. Eyes are an important organ. Landing on this article was a fortunate thing for you. It has many tips to help you with eye care. Read to to learn more valuable information.
If you want the best eye health possible, only visit highly trained eye professionals for your exams. To get a practitioner that’s good, you may want to ask the people that you know if they know of who has the best feedback in the industry. This will help you get the best help possible.
In the summer, sunglasses are crucial. It is important to do so in winter, too. It makes good sense when your realize how reflective snow can be. Even without snow, the sun shines brightly. This is true even on overcast days.
If you are a smoker, stop now. You may already know that smoking causes lung damage, but you may not have known that it can cause damage to your eyes, too. Long-term smokers tend to develop eye problems. If you stop smoking now, you greatly reduce your chance of nerve damage and cataracts.
Wear sunglasses to protect your eyesight. Even on cloudy days, there are UV rays that can cause eye and skin damage. UV protection is always important when picking sunglasses. The extra cost is worth the benefits.
Have regular eye exams. Naturally, if you are experiencing difficulty seeing, you must visit an optometrist; however, some vision issues can remain hidden. This is why you should always have regular eye checkups. Many issues are treatable and have favorable outcomes if caught early.
Learning how to care for your eyes properly is important for your health. With these tips, you have more knowledge. Keep these tips in mind, and use them. It will ensure that your eyes are always protected. You might also make your vision better. | <urn:uuid:a7cce163-1321-41f6-8b62-b0458bb7c933> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://clearvisionfamilycenter.com/2019/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304528.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124094120-20220124124120-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.957881 | 385 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Think about it. What happens if I sing “A, B, C, D, E, F… ?’ What do you do in your head if I play seven notes of a scale ” Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Ti… ,” and I leave out the last note? Do you not fill it in in your head? What happens when you hear a significant song from your teen years? Do you go back in time in your memory to either a particular event, time, or emotion?
Everyone who works with children with speech and language difficulties knows to use visuals, visuals, visuals, Yes, they certainly help. Using another sense helps not only to integrate but also distracts from the pressure we put on ourselves to get it right. When you couple a visual with a repeatable, predictable tune, its effects can demonstrate a quicker response with much less effort. Did you know it has been proven that when you put a motor task, such as exercise or appropriate music, reduces the effort the individual needs to perform the task be 15%? Talking is a motor skill. Why not utilize music, then? We are all musical beings. From birth, we hum first, vocalize next, babble, then talk. Toddlers with absolutely no training spontaneously compose their own songs often. Shut off the critical part of your mind and just try it. Use a tune to help your child or client get the words out. This lessens their effort by 15%. Allow the child to automatically have the last word.
I often play with young children who have speech difficulties, singing the same tune over and over in their play, and then begin to leave out a single word. The child uses the subject, the play, and I insert the tune. As far as the child ins concerned, we are just playing together. A simple tune adds to the playfulness. Pretty soon the child is using words, putting phrases together, and as time goes on, we drop some of the music so that now they can use this language without even realizing that they have learned it. I often call methods like these “coming in the back door.”
Come in the back door sometime. It is less formal, and has nor worries. Let me know how it turns out. | <urn:uuid:d844ba8a-45fb-49d4-8471-ffbf19eaef0e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://backmountainmusictherapy.com/2013/01/music-and-visuals-a-key-to-success-with-speech-difficulties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.959477 | 470 | 3.03125 | 3 |
6 Min Read
Many people in the world would not have heard of Dystonia, a not-so-common disease. Dystonia is a movement disorder in which a person's muscles contract uncontrollably. The contraction causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia can affect a muscle, a group of muscles, or the entire body.
What Is Dystonia?
Dystonia is often described as a movement disorder. It is a state of abnormal muscle tone resulting in muscular spasm and abnormal posture, typically due to neurological disease or due to the side effect of drug therapy.
It is characterized by persistent or intermittent muscle contractions that cause abnormal, often repetitive, movements, or postures. The movements are usually patterned and twisting, and maybe quite similar to a tremor. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary movements, and symptoms may pass on to the adjacent muscles.
Dystonia may affect a single body area or be generalized through a number of muscle groups. It affects men, women, and children, regardless of their age and background, and causes varying degrees of disability and pain, ranging from mild to severe. There is no definite cure as yet, but multiple treatment options exist.
What Are The Symptoms Of Dystonia?
Stress or fatigue may bring on the symptoms or cause them to worsen. People with dystonia often complain of pain and exhaustion because of the constant muscle contractions. Dystonia can affect different body parts, and often the symptoms progress through stages.
Some of the common symptoms of Dystonia include excessive gripping of a pen or utensil, flexing of the wrist, the elevation of the elbow, and extension of a finger or fingers causing the utensil to fall from the hand. Sometimes the disorder progresses and includes the raising of the shoulders or the retraction of an arm while writing. Tremor is not usually associated with a writer's cramp. In Dystonia, the symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 50 and affect both men and women. Cramping or aching of the hand can be seen and mild discomfort may occur in the fingers, wrist, or forearm.
Some Early Symptoms of Dystonia Include;
- A 'dragging leg'
- Cramping of the foot
- Involuntary pulling of the neck
- Uncontrollable blinking
- Speech difficulties
If dystonia symptoms occur in childhood, they generally appear first in the foot or hand. But they quickly progress to the rest of the body. After adolescence, the progression rate tends to slow down.
When dystonia appears in early adulthood, it typically begins in the upper body. Then there is a slow progression in the symptoms. Dystonias that start in early adulthood remain segmental, i.e., they affect either one part of the body or two or more adjacent body parts.
In writer's cramp dystonia, symptoms can be seen not only when the person is writing, but also when performing other activities, such as shaving, or eating. This type of cramp can be seen in musicians, in certain athletes such as golfers, or in typists.
Two basic types of dystonia are seen;
- Simple writer's cramps and;
1. Simple Writer's Cramps
People with simple writer's cramps have difficulty with only one specific task. For example, if writing activates the dystonia, as soon as the individual picks up a pen - or within writing a few words - dystonic postures of the hand begin to hinder the speed and accuracy of writing.
It can be associated with numerous diseases and conditions. These include specific vascular conditions, infections, brain tumors, metabolic conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, demyelinating disorders, and structural conditions.
If the symptoms appear at the age of 30 or earlier, it is known as childhood-onset or early-onset. If symptoms develop after the age of 30, it is called late-onset or adult-onset.
When distance only affects the muscles on one side of the body, it is called hemidystonia. Certain dystonias are called task-specific, which means that the symptoms occur only when the person is performing a specific task or movement. These types often involve the fingers and hands or the mouth.
The cause of dystonia is not fully understood. There would appear to be a problem with the region of the brain called the basal ganglia. This is the area of the brain that is responsible for initiating muscle contractions. In most cases of dystonia in adults and in some cases in children, there is no clear explanation for the problem.
However, in a minority of cases, the dystonia can be caused due to;
- Another Medical condition
- In the case of dystonia in children, in most of the cases, the dystonia would be secondary to another condition. In the majority of cases, it is cerebral palsy.
- Some dystonias appearing in adults may be caused by stroke or tumor.
- Drug Reactions
- Dystonia, called Tardive, is caused by certain drugs such as dopamine blocking drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders.
- Genetical factors
Diagnosis of Dystonia is based on information collected from the individual as well as a physical and neurological examination. Unfortunately, there is no test to confirm the diagnosis of dystonia, and in most cases, the results of the laboratory tests are normal. Often, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is sometimes mistaken for Writer's cramp.
The diagnosis of focal dystonia, such as writer's cramp, is initially done by observing the abnormal posture of the hand muscles that prevents writing. Brain imaging studies are done to rule out a stroke or other structural etiologies. Electrodiagnostic studies are sometimes performed to rule out a variant of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Forms of Dystonia
There are many types of Dystonia, which are classified by:
1. Clinical characteristics such as the age of onset, body distribution, nature of the symptoms, and associated features such as additional movement disorders or neurological symptoms.
2. Cause such as changes or damage to the nervous system.
Based on Regions of The Body Affected, Dystonia is Classified As;
1. Generalized Dystonia
This is the most widespread form of dystonia. It affects both the legs, or one leg and the trunk, and other regions, usually, the arms.
2. Focal Dystonia
This type of dystonia involves only one region of the body, such as the neck, vocal cords, or hand. Focal dystonia includes blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, cervical dystonia, laryngeal dystonia (also called spasmodic dysphonia), and limb dystonia. Writer's cramps are one type of Focal dystonia.
This type of dystonia affects one-half of the body.
4. Segmental Dystonia
Segmental Dystonia affects two or more adjacent body regions, such as the neck and an arm.
5. Multifocal Dystonia
This type of dystonia affects two or more distant regions of the body, such as the upper face and the hand.
Symptoms usually appear when a person is trying to do a task that requires fine motor movements such as writing or playing a musical instrument.
No single treatment is available for every case of dystonia. One of the most effective methods of treatment is to adapt to tasks that try to avoid triggering the Dystonic movements. This may involve the use of occupational therapy or by using assistive or adapted devices.
Though a number of medicines have been suggested for Dystonia, none of them seem to be effective. Some of the people who used anticholinergic drugs, such as Artane (trihexyphenidyl) or Cogentin (benztropine) reported improvement in the symptoms.
Injecting Botulinum neurotoxin injection into selected muscles are helpful in treating the writer's cramp, especially when the significant deviation of the wrist or finger joints is present. Though this treatment is not effective for all people, quite a lot of improvement in writing and reduction of pain is seen in a number of people who were treated. | <urn:uuid:afe9a0cf-6566-4f2c-865d-c2d384a4e3da> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.sehat.com/dystonia-symptoms-causes-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.938842 | 1,795 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Saņem informāciju par jaunajiem Atlants.lv darbiem!
Akcija: ZiņotājsPRO uz 6 mēnešiem - bezmaksas!Abonēt bez maksas
Gay and Lesbian Marriages
Gay and lesbians should have the same rights as those of married heterosexual couples. All the gay community wants to do is have the same benefits and responsibilities like other married couple. I believe that regardless of who you want to marry no one should have the right to tell you not to. Yes it is true that it may not be moral to marry the same sex, but morals or no morals, we should always be happy with who we are and what we believe in.
As of June 10, 2003, Canada legalized same-sex marriage. "Between the June 10 court ruling, 590 gay and lesbian couples had taken out marriage licenses in Toronto's city hall, out of a total of 5,500 couples receiving licenses. And more than a hundred of the gay couples were American who crossed the border to marry."
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu: | <urn:uuid:ff07ee48-8007-4e7b-9f8d-36add6d8ad04> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.atlants.lv/eseja/gay-n-lesbian-marriages/216757/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608004.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525063740-20170525083740-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.860991 | 261 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Friday, March 29, 2013
Energy Storage Using Trains and Hills
Because of this problem any electrical system relying heavily on wind and solar power needs a lot of energy storage. Energy storage has been part of our grid for decades, related more to fluctuations in demand than in supply. The most common technology has been to pump water uphill when power is plentiful, store it behind a dam, and then let it flow back downhill, through turbines, when power is in short supply. It works great, provided you have a lot of water. But much of our energy demand, and our solar power, are in places like Los Angeles and Phoenix where water is in short supply. So utility companies have been experimenting with other systems -- flywheels, compressed air, even batteries. All have problems.
Now a company called ARES -- Advanced Rail Energy Storage -- thinks that they have the solution: trains. When power is plentiful their system would use it to send heavy trains up steep hills; when power is needed, the trains would roll back down. Their trains would be based on automatic heavy hauling systems used by mining companies, so most of the technology already exists. There is no loss of power during storage, since potential energy never decays and trains don't evaporate. We have gotten very efficient at building train tracks after 170 years of experience, so initial costs are lower than for some other alternatives, such as flywheels. Of course there is some environmental impact, because you have to build a rail yard in the desert somewhere, but you could use an area already heavily disturbed by mining. Water demand, one of the biggest factors in storing power for LA or Las Vegas, would be very low. | <urn:uuid:0a466a62-6858-4acc-8f2b-08f9f088929e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://benedante.blogspot.com/2013/03/energy-storage-using-trains-and-hills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836368.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023225038-20191024012538-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.969998 | 343 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The term somatic is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes (ovum or sperm). These somatic cells are diploid containing two copies of each chromosome, whereas the germ cells are haploid as they only contain one copy of each chromosome. Although under normal circumstances all somatic cells in an organism contain identical DNA, they develop a variety of tissue-specific characteristics. This process is called differentiation, through epigenetic and regulatory alterations. The grouping of like cells and tissues creates the foundation for organs.
Somatic is also defined as relating to the wall of the body cavity, particularly as distinguished from the head, limbs or viscera.
The frequency of mutations in mouse somatic tissue (brain, liver, Sertoli cells) was compared to the mutation frequency in male germline cells at sequential stages of spermatogenesis. The spontaneous mutation frequency was found to be significantly higher (5 to 10-fold) in the somatic cell types than in the male germline cells. In female mice, somatic cells were also found to have a higher mutation frequency than germline cells. It was suggested that elevated levels of DNA repair enzymes play a prominent role in the lower mutation frequency of male and female germline cells, and that enhanced genetic integrity is a fundamental characteristic of germline cells. DNA repair processes can remove DNA damages that would, otherwise, upon DNA replication, cause mutation.
- Perikaryon (soma), the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus
- Walter CA, Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (17): 10015–9. PMC . PMID 9707592.
- Murphey P, McLean DJ, McMahan CA, Walter CA, McCarrey JR (2013). "Enhanced genetic integrity in mouse germ cells". Biol. Reprod. 88 (1): 6. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.103481. PMC . PMID 23153565.
|This developmental biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:ea066ce4-bb19-48ab-b6fd-41b5335f32b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_(biology) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948544124.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214124830-20171214144830-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.910172 | 493 | 3.515625 | 4 |
‘Well it depends on what you’d call play’: Parent perspectives on play in Queensland’s Preparatory Year
Queensland University of Technology
In the context of recent education reform, Queensland’s Preparatory Year (Prep) is undergoing a period of significant change. The framing of Prep under a new national curriculum reflects a shift from its play-based roots to a formalised, subject-based approach. This shift coincides with suggestions that parents may favour more formalised approaches to teaching and learning in the early years. This paper reports on two studies in which parents were interviewed about their views of play in Prep. Data were analysed thematically, with a focus on themes that parents used to talk about play. While parents broadly valued play, the findings suggest that parent participation greatly influenced their acceptance of play-based learning in the formal learning context of Prep. The findings raise implications for educators in fostering strong parent–teacher partnerships in order to facilitate improved parental understanding and support of play in early childhood programs.
Australasian Journal of Early Childhood—Volume 41 Number 2 June 2016
Don’t forget, the Australasian Journal of Early Childhood is tax deductible for early childhood professionals. | <urn:uuid:2d185827-cb32-470e-8532-7174546c8583> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-publications/australasian-journal-early-childhood/index-abstracts/ajec-vol-41-no-2-june-2016/well-depends-youd-call-play-parent-perspectives-play-queenslands-preparatory-year/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256494.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521162634-20190521184634-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.935747 | 247 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Peat and re-peat.
This spring, many gardeners will be doing just that to prepare their garden beds and landscaped areas for the season. However, one might want to ask whether this treatment is advantageous or even necessary.
I brought a package of the ubiquitous, plastic-wrapped square of peat last weekend to add to my garden. In retrospect and after a bit of research, it appears that I might not have needed it.
There is currently much debate on whether to use this natural resource. Opponents argue that peat is not a renewable resource, taking centuries to regenerate, and that humans are mining it at an irreplaceable rate. Producers contend that with proper harvesting, peat bogs will restore reasonably quickly.
Peat is a unique and unusual material. It hails from wetlands, mainly in the northern hemisphere, where over 90 per cent of peat bogs are found. Russia, Finland, Canada, Ireland, the United States and Sweden have significant peat bogs used for harvesting. Peat forms slowly as plant material decomposes under oxygen-deprived conditions where decay is inhibited.
This no-oxygen environment has also yielded other precious things. During peat cutting activities, it is not uncommon to find bog bodies. These are human remains which have been preserved over thousands of years as a result of the rotless environs.
In addition to providing an almost eternal burial site, peat has been historically employed for many other uses besides just garden mulch. In areas where it is plentiful, locals used peat as a fuel for cooking and domestic heating. It has even been employed as fuel for small-scale electrical power generating stations.
For those concerned with climate change, note peat’s ability to sequester large amounts of carbon. In Britain, half a million tons of carbon dioxide a year are emitted as a result of peat extraction. Alternately, that country’s existing peat bogs store carbon equivalent to 20 years’ worth of the country’s industrial emissions.
Aficionados of Scotch whiskey probably already know of and appreciate peat. Peat was traditionally, and in some cases still is, used as a fuel to dry the malted barley that will be fermented for the distillation of the Scotch whiskey. This is what gives this whiskey its smoky, often also called, peaty flavor. Now you know why! I would never want to stand in the way of the production of this spirit, so long live those peat bogs!
Keep up your and others’ spirits and use peat sparingly. Look for substitutes for your garden and yard needs. Improving soils and retaining moisture can be accomplished using household compost, mulched leaves and bark, manure, and other products that can be found at garden stores such as coir (the brown fiber from coconut husks), and spent mushroom compost.
Don’t do what I did and use peat out of habit or take it for granted as the best option — use it thoughtfully, sparingly, and after consideration of the alternatives. Preserve the bog for peat’s sake!
Suzan Bellincampi is director of the Felix Neck Wildlife Sanctuary in Edgartown. | <urn:uuid:5b7ef33e-c948-4c06-8436-b8e49d22f42d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://vineyardgazette.com/news/2011/04/14/bog-bound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541886.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00005-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955497 | 670 | 2.84375 | 3 |
You might be surprised at how encounters with nature can fascinate and teach your baby. Share the excitement of new sights, smells and sounds with your baby on nature explorations.
Even if you just stroll around the block, take your little one along! Strap your baby into a front carrier so they can look around as you move. Let the baby feel the sun and the wind, but remember to dress them appropriately for the weather and to protect delicate baby skin from the sun. Walk at a leisurely pace, and stop often to allow the baby to look at and touch small bushes or flowers. They will be intrigued by the feel of the leaves and the fragrance of the blooms. As you walk, talk quietly to the child -- giving the names of the things and the colors they are seeing, feeling, smelling and the new sounds they are hearing. Baby won't be frightened if you talk to them in a low, soothing voice. Listen to the birds, encounter dog walkers, let the baby hold a smooth stone. Point out new things to your child as you walk: a scurrying squirrel, insects buzzing around, a bird perched on a branch. The world of animals and nature is an exciting new experience to a baby.
Spread a blanket in the backyard and let your baby observe nature from ground level. The feel of the grass, the rough bark of a tree, the perfumed smell of the garden will all be interesting. Lay back and look at the sky and the cloud formations together. Encourage touching as you explain what the baby is looking at and feeling. Nurse the baby outdoors under the shade of a tree, or let him practice rolling over and crawling from your spot on the blanket. Your infant will enjoy this mini-exploration in a safe and comfortable place just steps from the house.
As the baby becomes accustomed to outdoor experiences you can continue to explore nature further from home. Take a hike or spend an hour in the park, at the zoo or in a local botanical garden. If there's a pool near your home, go for a swim together. Slather your little one with protective sunscreen and add a hat, then dip in together with the baby securely in your arms. This is a new sensory experience for the infant: cool water on the skin, warm sunshine and the comfort of being held through it all lovingly in your arms where they feel safe.
Natural outdoor experiences should come in small doses for infants, so start slowly and keep your outings to a reasonably short time.
The right equipment speeds you on your explorations -- invest in a sturdy stroller or a front-view baby carrier.
And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed .
SheKnows is making some changes! | <urn:uuid:000ca8e3-96fb-44cc-8572-d986fa1eabb9> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/973081/exploring-the-outdoors-with-baby | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948627628.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218215655-20171219001655-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.944916 | 562 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In this book Rabkin, who teaches international law and American constitutional history at Cornell University, elaborates further on Why Sovereignty Matters, an essay of his published in 1998 by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). Rabkin is a staunch supporter of American sovereignty, and in this articulate, well-documented work he offers compelling arguments for resisting attempts to restrict the prerogatives of that sovereignty.
These arguments fall into two distinct categories, the legal and the historical/pragmatic. Both are pursued concomitantly. Rabkin sharply delineates his position in the first five chapters-“Sovereignty in Principle,” “Sovereignty despite Atlantic Community,” “Sovereignty and Security,” “Holy Empire of Human Rights,” and “Trade Rights and Sovereignty.” The last chapter, “American Aims in a Diverse World,” expresses Rabkin’s political credo and ends thus:
The United States does not own the world. It cannot be responsible for everything that happens in the world. But we cannot ignore the fact that the very preponderance of American power gives the United States choices-and, therewith, responsibilities-that no other nation faces…. Independence requires a degree of moral discipline. Americans can take pride in maintaining it. A central cord of American discipline is the commitment to live by rules-not any rules, not necessarily the rules endorsed by others, but the basic political rules laid down in our national constitution. That can be an especially good example to a world in which people in so many nations still expect outside powers to fix their problems, because they cannot rely on their fellow citizens. The United States may still provide the greatest service to the world by the power of its example.
This statement goes well beyond legal or constitutional issues. Therein, however, lies the book’s main difficulty.
From Academia to Politics
It is easy to follow the book’s logic as Rabkin demonstrates the nature of sovereignty step by step-“Hugo Grotius, the seventeenth century Dutch jurist…gave a precise definition of sovereignty: the power to act without being ‘subject to the legal control of another'”-and goes on to state: “A sovereign entity would not be sovereign in its own territory if it could not exclude claims by outsiders against its own citizens-or if it could not rely on its own people to ignore such claims when raised against their own government.” It follows that:
No international authority has the same claim over a sovereign state that the federal government has over states in the United States. International authorities cannot order the deployment of American troops (nor troops of any other nation) in the way the President can mobilize and deploy state National Guard forces. Since international authority cannot compel the deployment of force, it cannot readily protect nations when force may be needed. And if it cannot protect nations, it cannot readily control what they do to protect themselves-at least, not without their direct and continuing consent.
The problem is that this direct and continuing consent is what Rabkin does not want the United States to give. And this is where he lays down his academic mantle and steps into the realm of politics. The question is not whether he is right or wrong. Sovereignty versus globalization, internationalism, international tribunals, the role of the United Nations, the power of any country to intervene in another country’s affairs, as happened, for instance, in Iraq-all are issues being hotly debated in the United States today. Usually the controversy is waged on strictly partisan lines.
But can these and related issues be resolved solely on the basis of examining the principles governing the Constitution and the obstacles these principles pose to voluntarily relinquishing some elements of sovereignty? The issue is further muddied by the fact that, in the past, the United States has indeed accepted some such limitations-as Rabkin acknowledges, albeit with certain provisos and strong criticism, in the chapters devoted to security and to trade.
Rabkin mounts a scathing attack on the United Nations’ failure to act on various key issues-from common human rights to preventing massacres and genocides-and also criticizes the functioning of the fledgling European Union. This is problematic-not because it is not justified, but because it could be taken to imply that, were those institutions to function better, the case for resisting any attempt to limit American sovereignty would accordingly be weaker.
The Case for Sovereignty is a fascinating and puzzling book. There is no disputing the author’s deeply rooted conviction or the soundness of his arguments and research. But at the end of the day, the basic issue will be decided in the political sphere rather than on its legal and constitutional merits. | <urn:uuid:9ab8f6cb-d2f6-428d-9a56-4803d715be52> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://jcpa.org/article/arguing-from-the-constitution-the-case-for-sovereignty-why-the-world-should-welcome-american-independence-by-jeremy-rabkin-aei-press-2004-255-pp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363782.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302065019-20210302095019-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.939826 | 983 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Sarcodes sanguinea is a striking and relatively well known member of subfamily Monotropoideae that grows in California and southern Oregon (see below). On my last field trip to northern California in late May, this species was blooming in full force!
The flowers of S. sanguinea are incredible. All perianth parts are bright red, just like the rest of the plant. Only the carpels are light colored! The flowers also produce copious amounts of nectar, which began oozing out as soon as I sliced the flowers in half. Check out the anthers of this plant– pollen is released through an apical slit-like pore. Fancy, right? How do you think these are pollinated– by bees or by hummingbirds?
Doyel, B. E. and L. M. Goss. 1941. Some details of the reproductive structures of Sarcodes. Madroño 6(1): 1-7.
Wallace, G. D. 1975. Studies of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): taxonomy and distribution. The Wasmann Journal of Biology 33(1 and 2). | <urn:uuid:d59411b7-0b16-4d55-a3a3-2f586671c7d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://pyrola.org/2014/06/26/sarcodes-sanguinea-snow-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141747887.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205135106-20201205165106-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.934178 | 240 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Where Does Noni Come From?
Noni is a fruit that is found in Asia, where the noni health benefits have been experienced for thousands of years! The tree fruit Noni is also known as great morinda, cheese fruit, Indian mulberry as well as beach mulberry. Noni can also be found in many other regions throughout the world as well. It is available in India, Tahiti, and Polynesia and in Polynesia as well. The Latin name for Noni is Morinda Citrifolia.
Nutritional Value of Premium Organic Noni
Noni is a good source of fiber and carbohydrates. The fruit also provides protein. The nutritional value makes the fruit a very good, healthy food. The pulp of the Noni fruit is fat free and is used to prepare Noni juice. Noni juice is also high in Vitamin C, Vitamin A, niacin and iron.
Medicinal Benefits of Premium Organic Noni
Although medical benefits have not been studied in detail in clinical laboratories, people believe that Noni juice is good for the skin. Many people with acne are using Noni juice to help cure skin problem. It is believed that drinking Noni juice will help with skin beautification. Skin cream can be created and used on skin afflictions.
Many individuals have used the fruit to heal constipation, stomach aches, as well as gum problems. Another benefit of Noni juice is prevention of hair loss.
The limited number of studies done have shown that using hair products such as shampoos can reverse the hair loss process. The lost hair can be regenerated using Noni fruit containing products.
Researchers also believe that Noni juice may have cancer fighting abilities. The research that has been conducted looks promising related to fighting cancer with Noni Juice. Noni Juice has been used in laboratories for cancer testing in labs. The testing has been conducting on mice. The results have shown that the cancerous tissue can be prevented from spreading.
Studies done using mice for research have shown that Noni Juice can stop or slow the growth of tumors over a period of time.
The cancer fighting abilities have not been proven in laboratories as more research is required. A result of using Noni Juice for cancer fighting is not guaranteed. Information has not been validated.
Although the medical research of Noni Juice is limited, conducted research has proven Noni Juice can decrease cholesterol level.
Look at how Noni can increase your immune health to keep you healthy year round!
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For centuries Islanders of the South Pacific have benefited from the amazing healing powers of Noni. Now you can too with Premium Organic Noni. With Noni's long list of health benefits; full of antioxidants, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, a natural antihistamine, anti-inflammatory and full of vitamins and nutrients, improve your health by having Noni daily. Your health demands the powers of Noni. Get your Premium Organic Noni today.
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Use the products, love the products, but if you are not 100% satisfied return them as all products have a money back guarantee. Start your order today by clicking below. | <urn:uuid:863a58ee-50e9-4b53-873d-1301b783f60a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.engineeredlifestyles.com/noni/noni-health-benefits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171971.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00482-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94752 | 731 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The recent increase in publications regarding implementations of world wide web-based electronic medical record systems makes it necessary to compare different systems and to understand how they support particular needs. The world wide web is not physically located anywhere it is avirtual goldmine of knowledge to which people constantly makecontributions. Iso/iec 18036:2003 defines a consistent set of icons and related functions that are represented by world wide web browser applications on a computer screen and that users interact with to control such applications. The world wide web is another way to describe the internet, which is a network of computers which are connected and that share information and allow communication around the world. Functions chapter 4 python for informatics: exploring information wwwpythonlearncom. The present article describes a genome database reviewing gene-related knowledge of two model bacteria, bacillus subtilis and escherichia coli the database, indigo, is open through the world-wide web ( ) the concept used for organising the data, the concept of. Performance evaluation 42 (2000) 205–222 nonparametric estimation of long-tailed density functions and its application to the analysis of world wide web traffic.
One of the most significant differences between web 20 and the traditional world wide web media message-management functions controlled by an. The world wide web in education: a closer look of all the recent developments in advanced computer networking, it is the world-wide web that has truly captured the imagination of millions of technophiles and information buffs. The world wide web, or internet, was created to provide an information highway to any person that is looking for specific pieces of information. Sir tim berners-lee invented the world wide web in 1989 sir tim berners-lee is a british computer scientist he was born in london, and his parents were early computer scientists, working on one of the earliest computers growing up, sir tim was interested in trains and had a model railway in his.
The world wide web is made from millions of interlinked webpages discover how it was founded and how it has grown and changed over the years. Enjoy having some fun learning interesting and humorous fun facts fun facts fun with facts on the world wide web all bodily functions stop.
Most of the businesses and varied applications have been used to mark the impact of the online world the world wide web is what is the importance of world wide web. A layman's description of the world wide web, including easy to understand explanations. The world wide web (www) the w3 world view is of documents referring to each other by links for its likeness to a spider's construction. If it crosses more than once it is still a valid curve, but is not a function some types of functions have stricter rules, to find out more you can read injective.
The difference between the internet and the web the web is just one part of the internet share pin email print the world wide web was born in 1989.
Introduction this and world wide web sources sections following the body of the wetlands functions and values discussed in this module appear. The world-wide web (also known as www or just the web) is the provision of independent distributed servers which can work together and link. The size of the world wide web: according to worldwidewebsizecom the indexed web contains at least 332 billion pages as of july 10, 2014. Features of the world wide web hypertext information system cross-platform distributed approximately 70 million active sites as of december 2007. Iso/iec 18036:2003, information technology - icon symbols and functions for world wide web browser toolbars [iso/iec/jtc 1/sc 35] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers. | <urn:uuid:367b22e5-32d5-4edf-a01b-6093f6b2adff> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://paassignmentkhqg.caribbeansoul.us/the-functions-of-the-world-wide-web.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591718.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720154756-20180720174756-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.933374 | 764 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Fracking Linked to Cancer-Causing Chemicals, Yale Study Finds
Yet another study has determined that hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, might be a major public health threat. In one of the most exhaustive reviews to date, researchers from the Yale School of Public Health have confirmed that many of the chemicals involved and released by the controversial drilling process can be linked to cancer.
Yale researchers have unpacked "the most expansive review of carcinogenicity of hydraulic fracturing-related chemicals in the published literature."Pixabay
"Previous studies have examined the carcinogenicity of more selective lists of chemicals," lead author Nicole Deziel, Ph.D., assistant professor explained to the school. "To our knowledge, our analysis represents the most expansive review of carcinogenicity of hydraulic fracturing-related chemicals in the published literature."
For the study, published in Science of the Total Environment, the researchers assessed the carcinogenicity of 1,177 water pollutants and 143 air pollutants released by the fracking process and from fracking wastewater. They found that 55 unique chemicals could be classified as known, probable or possible human carcinogens. They also specifically identified 20 compounds that had evidence of leukemia/lymphoma risk.
One of the scarier parts from this study is that the researchers could not completely unpack the health hazards of fracking's entire chemical cocktail. More than 80 percent of the chemicals lacked sufficient data on cancer-causing potential, "highlighting an important knowledge gap," the school noted.
The unconventional drilling rush in the U.S. has expanded to as many as 30 states, spelling major consequences to the air we breathe and the water we drink. The Wall Street Journal reported in 2013 that more than 15 million Americans lived within a mile of a well.
The biggest concern is for people and especially children with fracking operations right in their backyards. In fact, Environment America found that more than 650,000 kindergarten through 12th grade children in nine states attend school within one mile of a fracked oil or gas well.
“Because children are a particularly vulnerable population, research efforts should first be directed toward investigating whether exposure to hydraulic fracturing is associated with an increased risk," Deziel said.
Per the study, "Childhood leukemia in particular is a public health concern related to [unconventional oil and gas] development, and it may be an early indicator of exposure to environmental carcinogens due to the relatively short disease latency and vulnerability of the exposed population."
According to the school, the researchers are now taking air and water samples in a community living near a fracking operation. They are testing for the presence of known and suspected carcinogens and will determine whether these people have been exposed to these compounds, and if so, at what concentrations.
A rare species of giant tortoise, feared extinct for more than 100 years, was sighted on the Galápagos island of Fernandina Sunday, the Ecuadorian government announced.
By Jennifer Skene and Shelley Vinyard
For most people, toilet paper only becomes an issue when it unexpectedly runs out. Otherwise, it's cheap and it's convenient, something we don't need to think twice about. But toilet paper's ubiquity and low sticker price belie a much, much higher cost: it is taking a dramatic and irreversible toll on the Canadian boreal forest, and our global climate. As a new report from NRDC and Stand.earth outlines, when you flush that toilet paper, chances are you are flushing away part of a majestic, old-growth tree ripped from the ground, and destined for the drain. This is why NRDC is calling on Procter & Gamble, the manufacturer of Charmin, to end this wasteful and destructive practice by changing the way it makes its toilet paper through solutions that other companies have already embraced.
By John Rennie Short
As cities strive to improve the quality of life for their residents, many are working to promote walking and biking. Such policies make sense, since they can, in the long run, lead to less traffic, cleaner air and healthier people. But the results aren't all positive, especially in the short to medium term.
By Pete Stauffer
For those of us who love the coast, the negative impacts of offshore oil drilling are obvious. Offshore drilling has a proven track record of polluting the ocean, damaging coastal economies and threatening a way of life enjoyed by millions of people. Yet, the oil and gas industry—and the elected officials who prioritize them over the public interest—would like you to believe that offshore drilling is somehow a safe and necessary practice. | <urn:uuid:e62f0d22-4c9a-484f-b2e5-fe2b11843805> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.ecowatch.com/yale-fracking-cancer-study-2063265923.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247505838.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221152543-20190221174543-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.953532 | 937 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Trees on development sites and landscaping schemes
On sites with existing trees, planning applications must include a tree survey and tree constraints plan, as detailed in British Standard 5837: 2012 trees in relation to construction, with their planning application.
Any existing trees to be retained should be protected during the course of development in accordance with measures specified in the British Standard.
We often grant planning permission subject to conditions requiring the submission of a landscaping scheme. Such schemes usually involve tree and shrub planting. This is known as soft landscaping.
Soft landscaping should be carried out in the first planting season following the completion of development. A planting season normally runs from 1 October in any one year to 31 March in the next following year.
Any landscaping is normally protected by condition for a period of five years.
The following guidelines are also applicable to general use:
- before planting any trees, be sure you understand how large they will grow;
- consider planting locally native species. These are more likely to thrive and provide better wildlife habitats; and
- for a guide as to species which will grow well, look at what is already growing locally.
Forestry is regulated by the Forestry Commission, which gives grants for planting new woodlands in certain circumstances under the Woodland Grant Scheme.
Anyone intending to fell more than five cubic metres of timber per calendar quarter (or two cubic metres if it is for sale) must have a licence from the Forestry Commission. | <urn:uuid:f52f9e2d-661d-41d7-b9d7-7caaed855586> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://dacorum.gov.uk/home/planning-development/planning-applications/trees-and-hedgerows/trees-on-development-sites-landscaping-schemes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155676.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918185612-20180918205612-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.956782 | 298 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Movement toward same-sex marriage (SSM), LGBT equality etc.
2014-JAN: Accelerating steps towards
marriage (SSM), LGBT equality etc.
We use the acronym "SSM" throughout this section to represent "same-sex marriage"
We use the acronym "LGBT" to refer to lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender persons
and transsexuals. The acronym "LGB" refers to lesbians, gays, and bisexuals.
See also the previous essay describing events during 2013-DEC
2014-JAN-01: Year-end review for 2013:
Six states achieved marriage equality during 2013: Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Rhode Island.
- Illinois' law won't take effect until 2014-JUN-01.
- Hawaii's achievement was at the end of a battle lasting over two decades.
- Twenty-nine states still have constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriages in place. SSM can come to these states by a slow route involving citizen initiatives to repeal their constitutional bans and introduce marriage equality, or by a fast route involving federal courts.
- Ballot challenges to repeal state Constitutional bans on SSM during 2014 and 2016 are being prepared in Arizona, Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, Ohio and Oregon.
- President Chad Griffin's email from the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) at the beginning of the year made an ambitious promise:
"We can't tolerate the persistence of two Americas when it comes to equality. Right now, in one America, complete legal equality has finally been realized. But in the other America, even the most basic statewide legal protections are non-existent. Within 5 years, we will bring marriage equality to all 50 of our states. We will secure full equality everywhere, for everyone.
HRC reports that 38.35% of Americans live in states where opposite and same-sex couples can marry.
If SSMs resume in Utah later in 2014, this would increase to 39.3%. If both Utah and Oklahoma were to attain marriage equality, the percentage would exceel 40%. The HRC also reports that there are 30 currently active lawsuits challenging marriage laws and constitutional amendments in state and federal courts.
- In a seventh state, Utah,the federal District Court legalized SSM on 2013-DEC-20.
- 2014-JAN-06: Utah:
The State of Utah appealed the 2013-DEC-20 decision of the federal District Court that had legalized SSMs.
After the State of Utah had unsuccessfully requested three stays of the District Court's ruling, it was finally successful in obtaining a stay from the U.S. Supreme Court on 2014-JAN-06. The high court appears to be motivated by a desire to slow down the dozens of existing lawsuits seeking the legalization of SSM in many states across the country.
By this time,
1,300 marriages of same-sex couples were solemnized. The stay halted further marriages by same-sex couples until at least the Tenth U.S. Court of Appeals issues its ruling. That will probably be during 2014-SPRING.
The federal government, three states (Delaware, Maryland, and Massachusetts) and the Utah State Tax Commission all recognize the 1,300 marriages. However, the state of Utah does not. More details.
After nine years, the federal District Court in Oklahoma finally issued its ruling. In a close parallel with the District Court in Utah, District Court Judge Terence Kern in Oklahoma declared Question 711 -- the 2004 state constitutional amendment that banned SSM -- to be unconstitutional. He determined that it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In order to avoid the chaos generated by the District Court in Utah, Judge Kern immediately stayed his ruling. The state has appealed this decision to the 10th U.S. Court of Appeals -- the same appeals court that is hearing the Utah case. The two lawsuits will not be merged, but will be synchronized to proceed in parallel.
Six same-sex couples and Equality Florida Institute filed a lawsuit in state court seeking marriage equality. More details.
- 2014-JAN-21: California, etc.:
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that discrimination by the government based on sexual orientation subject to heightened constitutional scrutiny. The National Center for Lesbian Rights issued the following press release:
"Today, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that attorneys in federal cases may not dismiss prospective jurors on the basis of the jurors’ sexual orientation. In its opinion, the court held that laws and government actions that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation are subject to heightened scrutiny under the U.S. Constitution and may not impose stigma or second-class status based on sexual orientation.
Today’s decision in Smithkline Beecham Corp. v. Abbott Laboratories involved the dismissal of a gay man as a juror in a federal trial. The Ninth Circuit concluded that the United States Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in United States v. Windsor, which struck down section 3 of the federal Defense of Marriage Act, requires courts to carefully scrutinize all laws and governmental actions that discriminate based on sexual orientation.
Writing for the panel, Judge Stephen Reinhardt said: 'Windsor requires that when state action discriminates on the basis of sexual orientation, we must examine its actual purposes and carefully consider the resulting inequality to ensure that our most fundamental institutions neither send nor reinforce messages of stigma or second-class status. In short, Windsor requires heightened scrutiny.'
Statement by NCLR Constitutional Litigation Director David Codell, Esq.:
'Today’s ruling by the Ninth Circuit, which covers much of the western United States, is a major advance for equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. The court recognized that laws that treat persons as second-class citizens based on sexual orientation are anathema to the U.S. Constitution’s guarantee of equality. Today’s ruling will make it exceedingly difficult for states to justify laws that discriminate based on sexual orientation'." 1
The following information sources were used to prepare and update the above essay. The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today.
- "Press Release: Additiona civil rights," National Center for Lesbian Rights, 2014-JAN-21, at: http://www.nclrights.org/
How you may have arrived here:
Copyright © 2014 by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
First posted: 2014-JAN-02
Latest update: 2014-FEB-09
Author: B.A. Robinson | <urn:uuid:6e4d77f2-d5c6-4648-a085-b198a5379679> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://religioustolerance.org/hommartip14a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500836106.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021356-00036-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938318 | 1,366 | 2.703125 | 3 |
I don't know what makes for good studying. I've never been much of a studier when it comes to textbooks. Here's the advice that I can give you to tell her:
1. Listen in class. Take notes if the class is very information loaded.
2. If the class requires extra studying, rewrite what she thinks to be the most important information from her notes and textbook.
3. Study with a partner if they can keep their focus.
The problem with her testing is most likely a mixture of two things: Lack of knowledge of what is needed for the test(s) and a lack of confidence. What she should do is start studying a small bit every night a week before a test. Whenever test time comes, she should have more confidence than usual because she will know she has studied hard and learned the material well. Over time, she will be more confident with testing. I only gather this because as a musician, the difference between when I play well and when I play badly are those two things(In MOST cases). I don't know my music well enough and/or a lack of confidence.
Of course, the ideas I have listed are something that no teen really wants to hear.(I'm assuming she's a teenager) but they are things that sometimes have to be done. I have used all three ideas to great success, and I know I'm not the only one. The biggest thing is getting her to do those things and for her to carry them out properly. Also, if she only chooses to do one thing, stress the idea of studying around 20 minutes every night a week before the test. That will allow the information to be learned better more efficiently and longer. Best of luck to her. | <urn:uuid:1f8ee8e8-ece7-42aa-9aab-adc0970f6f47> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://muscleandbrawn.com/forum/289923-post2.html?routestring=289923-post2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930866.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00072-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976982 | 355 | 2.671875 | 3 |
April 24, 2022
22 After these things Jesus and His disciples came into the land of Judea, and there He was spending time with them and baptizing. 23 John also was baptizing in Aenon near Salim, because there was much water there; and people were coming and were being baptized—
26 And they came to John and said to him, “Rabbi, He who was with you beyond the Jordan, to whom you have testified, behold, He is baptizing and all are coming to Him.”
1 Therefore when the Lord knew that the Pharisees had heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John 2 (although Jesus Himself was not baptizing, but His disciples were), 3 He left Judea and went away again into Galilee.
18 And Jesus came up and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. 19 “Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.”
What is Baptism?
Why is Baptism important?
Why should I think about being baptized?
Questions about Baptism:
I. Where did Baptism come from?
A. The Meaning of báptō and baptízō. báptō, “to dip in or under,” “to dye,” “to immerse,” “to sink,” “to drown,” “to bathe,” “wash.” The New Testament uses báptō only in the literal sense, e.g., “to dip” (Luke 16:24), “to dye” (Revelations 19:13), and baptízō only in a cultic sense, mostly “to baptize.”
1. Rooted in ancient Judaism
The roots of baptism come from an ancient practice of Judaism regarding proselytes. Converts to Judaism.
2. John the Baptizer made it a public declaration of repentance.
And he came into all the district around the Jordan, preaching a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins;
And historical theologians tell us that a powerful spiritual awakening was sweeping across all of Judea and the regions around it.
3. Jesus radically changed the meaning of Baptism forever
II. What does Baptism mean?
Baptism is a public declaration of my faith in Christ.
Baptism is a personal declaration that I have placed my faith in Christ and I want to follow Him with all my heart.
It’s the reason that we would not baptize a baby, or a really small child who isn’t mature enough to understand following Jesus.
In the book of Acts, the historical account of the first-generation NT Church, twenty seven times we see a baptism in the book of Acts; all 27 times they believed and placed their faith in Christ, first.
And if you were baptized as a baby – and you’re wondering if you should be baptized NOW after you, yourself, have put your faith in Jesus --- the answer is YES.
That won’t dishonor your parents. In fact, it will honor exactly what they were hoping for when they presented you as a baby. That this little one would grow up to embrace Christ and follow Him with their lives.
III. Why is Baptism important?
1. It’s your testimony of what happened to you when you received Christ
2. It’s a commitment to devotion
3. It’s the way you are joined to the NT Church
4. It’s a way to give you confidence in your faith
Is how and when important?
When Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River in Matthew 3 – it describes Him “coming up out of the water”
When the Ethiopian Finance Minister was baptized by Philip in Acts 8 – it describes him “coming up out of the water.”
It’s pretty clear in the New Testament that you are symbolizing the death of Jesus, burial of Jesus, and His resurrection when you are baptized.
All of that really means – that immersion is the New Testament form of baptism.
When were the people of the New Testament baptized? In Acts, the first generation of the church, twenty seven times people are baptized, 27 times its after they, themselves have chosen, themselves to place their faith in Christ.
It’s AFTER you, yourself, make the decision for yourself, to put your faith in Christ – then it’s time for baptism.
If you’re a Christian, if you have not been baptized since you became a Christian, then you need to be baptized. This is a point of simple obedience to what Jesus has called on you to do, to show that you are a follower of His; it’s a point of discipleship.
You’ll share with more people at one time, that you are a Christian, in that 2 minutes, than you probably ever will again.
If you say – I want to obey Jesus – and I want to do that by being baptized. We want to be a part of that process with you.
Are you ready to talk to someone about your Baptism? | <urn:uuid:e57b6f07-0a23-4b10-b506-64f8a381e717> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.bearcreek.church/post/blog-sermon-baptism-your-first-obedience-to-jesus-pastor-david-welch-april-24-2022 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00709.warc.gz | en | 0.974634 | 1,159 | 2.546875 | 3 |
On April 2nd, 2016 Essex Heritage hosted over 80 scholars, teachers, museum staff, historians, and other interested members of the public at Salem State University to explore the history and legacies of slavery in the North. Via panels, interactive sessions, and presentations, participants grappled with questions such as: What are the stories about slavery that our institutions are not telling? What are best practices for approaching these topics with visitors, students, and the public?
Keynote Speaker, Dr. Joanne Pope Melish, presented her scholarly research on the topic, reminding us that “knowing the history is a catalyst for reconciliation.” Essex Heritage encourages continued discovery and dissemination of the complex history of slavery and emancipation.
Please visit our online platform for a full list of resources from the symposium and beyond!
Click here to see video footage from the day produced by Salem Access Television.
The symposium was funded in part by Mass Humanities, which receives support from the Massachusetts Cultural Council and is an affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities. | <urn:uuid:b3762484-135c-4a60-85c0-4e78cf48771b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://essexheritage.org/NorthernSlavery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608954.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527133144-20170527153144-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.93467 | 216 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Obama administration is dedicated to improving the overall energy efficiency of government buildings. Ultimately, the federal government is targeting a 28 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Energy efficient retrofits of the nearly half a million existing federal buildings as well as constructing new buildings to green building code will help the government achieve this goal. Although this reduction has a 10-year timeline, the federal government is already acting on these plans. A new Department of Defense building will soon begin the construction phase and it is already on track for a LEED Silver certification.
Construction of the new Hazardous Material Response Facility (HMRF) is scheduled to begin later this month. Four different design and construction teams submitted plans for the HMRF building and ultimately the architectural firm of Lord, Aeck & Sargent and the construction firm The Christman Company were chosen to go forward with the building, which features many green building design elements.
A few of the eco-friendly features include:
- Steel frame with 95 percent recycled content
- Regionally sourced products
- High efficiency air handling unit
- Low flow plumbing
- Bike rack and showers for those that want a truly eco-friendly commute to work | <urn:uuid:f258744b-ab8f-4d82-b38c-b8650c0beb98> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.mnn.com/money/green-workplace/blogs/new-dod-building-aims-for-leed-silver | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583763839.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121070334-20190121092334-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.957067 | 241 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What are the Primary Functions of the Center?
Information Clearinghouse – The Center disseminates credible, accurate, and practical nutrition, physical activity, diet, and health information for nutrition and health professionals, educators, government personnel and consumers.
Access nutrition, diet and health information at the click of a mouse! Visit the Nutrition Information and Resource Center web site. (www.clemson.edu/nirc)
Research – The Center’s Activities involve discovering new knowledge through research that integrates social, behavioral, cultural, and physical factors critical to understanding problems, implementing programs, and developing policies designed to prevent obesity, and reduce chronic disease risk.
Education – The Center offers many educational programs that focus on healthy eating and active living. | <urn:uuid:684cf5a6-df3e-41f5-b1e6-98fdeb0192c1> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.clemson.edu/yli/pages/healthyfunctions.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091587.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00252-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894897 | 150 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A literature review of the impact of rabbits on Australian vegetation and ecosystems highlighted the effects of rabbits on a wide range of native trees and shrubs. By removing seedlings and promoting weeds rabbits are a significant factor contributing to native vegetation decline and biodiversity loss.
Despite rabbits having been kept low for some years by Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease, a survey of remnant vegetation at 220 sites adjacent to farmlands in south-eastern Australia indicated that rabbits were present in 54% of sites visited and were causing noticeable vegetation damage in 26% of sites (i.e. about half the infested sites). Rabbits are more widespread in south-eastern South Australia, western Victoria and Tasmania than in eastern Victoria, New South Wales and south-east Queensland.
A major result from this survey is that low numbers of rabbits (1 – 2/ha) are capable of removing all seedlings of the more palatable native tree and shrubs and exacerbating weed competition with native flora. However, most land managers are not aware that a problem exists except where acute rabbit damage is observed.
Data obtained during the survey have been used to develop and calibrate rapid methods for scoring rabbit abundance and vegetation damage. This has enabled development of an assessment tool that land managers can use to quickly reach a decision on actions necessary for reducing rabbits and maintaining biodiversity. It is applicable for native vegetation on roadsides, reserves and natural shrub-lands used for pasture. The method has been tested using Landcare groups, farmers and government agency staff and progressively improved to increase its robustness and practicality.
A report complied for Australian Wool Innovation and Meat and Livestock Australia as part of the Invasive Animals Co-operative Research Centre Project 7.T. 6 – Biodiversity Impact of Rabbits.
|Author||BD Cooke and SR McPhee|
|Publisher||Invasive Animals CRC|
|Department||Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre|
|Region||Australia - national|
|Documents||Rabbits and Native Plant Biodiversity [1 Mb PDF]| | <urn:uuid:962d779a-e656-4445-b921-dfcfe574838d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.pestsmart.org.au/rabbits-and-native-plant-biodiversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944742.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420213743-20180420233743-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.936747 | 419 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Vicksburg During The Siege
Edward S. Gregory
On January 24,1862, a fleet bearing the united forces of Generals Grant and Sherman, descending the Mississippi from Memphis, appeared before the "terraced city of the hills"-the name given Vicksburg, according to local tradition, by Daniel Webster.
The disastrous experiment made in the previous December by General Sherman of approaching the town on the Yazoo line--was not repeated. The troops were disembarked on the west bank of the river, and began to dig a canal across the isthmus which the great bend of the river opposite Vicksburg makes; the original idea of which scheme of isolation had occurred to General Williams the year before. Demonstrations in other directions were not neglected, meanwhile. Nine gunboats, carrying 4,000 men, in March made a move down the Tallahatchie, but were repulsed by General Loring at Fort Pemberton. General Pemberton, in command of the Department of Mississippi, was induced for a while to think that the city was in no immediate danger, and that a large part of General Grant's army had been sent to join Rosecrans. He soon had occasion to alter his mind in this connection, and the troops which he had dispatched to General Bragg, at Chattanooga, were promptly withdrawn.
Early in April, a new plan of campaign was adopted by General Grant. He struck work on the canal. His new scheme was to march his troops down on the west bank of the river to some suitable point below Vicksburg, and throw them over in transports that were to pass the batteries under veil of night. Already, in March, the "Hartford " and "Albatross," of Farragut's squadron, had passed the Port Hudson guns. On the night of April 16th, a Federal fleet of gunboats and three transports, towing barges, ran by the batteries at Vicksburg and moored at Hard Times, La. (thirty miles, say, below the city), where the forces had arrived. On the night of the 22d six more transports and barges followed. The damage done by the Confederate artillerists on these two occasions summed up as follows: One transport sunk, one burned, six barges rendered unserviceable. We shall hear more fully of these feats hereafter. The rigor of the game began when, on the 29th of April, Admiral Porter opened the guns of his ships on the Confederate entrenchments at Grand Gulf, the Thirteenth Corps (McClernand's) being held in readiness to cross over when these were silenced. At sunset the guns were still vocal, and General Grant determined to land at Bruinsburg, which was ten or twelve miles lower down. Gunboats and transports gave the batteries the slip at night in numbers sufficient to ferry over a division at a time. More than twenty vessels of different descriptions had then passed the Confederate fortifications.
On April 30th the four divisions of McClernand's corps crossed, and on the 1st of May moved, and in brief time encountered the Confederate command of General Bowen, consisting of the brigades of Green and Tracy, four miles from Port Gibson. The Confederatos were choice men, and fought gallantly against great odds; but on the next day General Bowen was forced out of Port Gibson, and retired across the suspension bridge of the Bayou Pierre to Grand Gulf. His stay here was transient, seeing that his flank was almost immediately turned. On the 3d he marched to Hankinson's Ferry, on the Big Black, and there met Loring and his division, sent from Jackson by Pemberton, whose headquarters were at Edwards' Depot. On the 30th of April, General Sherman, commanding the Fifteenth Corps, after a slight feint on Haines' Bluff, on the Yazoo, returned to Milliken's Bend and proceeded to the main body. On the 8th, the three corps met at Willow Spring, where McClernand and McPherson (commanding the Seventeenth Corps) had been waiting since the 3d. On the same day they advanced, on parallel roads, northeast; but the Thirteenth shortly turned off toward Edwards' Depot; while the Seventeenth, followed by the Fifteenth, kept their faces toward Jackson. The latter column, on the 12th, encountered the single brigade of Gregg at Raymond and drove it away-not till after a stout resistance. McPherson then moved on Clinton-a station on the railroad ten miles west of Jackson--interposing between Vicksburg and General Joseph E. Johnston (who had arrived in Jackson on the 13th and assumed command), and breaking the line of Confederate communications.
Prior to his departure from Tullaboryia for the scene of war, General Johnston had sent an order to General Pemberton in these words:"If Grant's army crosses [the Mississippi], unite all your forces to beat him. Success will give you back what you abandoned to win it." One dispatch had been received from General Pemberton, bearing date the 12th, and beginning: "The enemy is apparently moving in heavy force toward Edwards' Depot, on Southern Railroad." The "movable army" of Pemberton, consisting of the divisions of Bowen and Loring, which had come up from Grand Gulf, and Stevenson, who was detached from the garrison of Vicksburg, leaving the two divisions of Forney and M. L. Smith in loco, was now at Edwards' Depot, eighteen miles east of Vicksburg; and headquarters were at Bovina, a station some four miles west.
On the 13th, General Johnston rent a dispatch to the War Department in these words: "I arrived this evening, finding tile enemy in force between this place and General Pemberton. I am too late." These were ominous words. Through Captain Yerger be dispatched that order to General Pemberton which has been the bone of contention in all the subsequent discussions on the responsibility of failure. It directed the latter to come up, if practicable, on the rear of McPherson at Clinton at once. "All the strength ,you can quickly assemble should be brought. Time is all important." This was put into Pemberton's hands at 1 o'clock on the morning of the 14th. He answered at once, signifying his purpose to obey, though he did not think his force justified attacking. But immediately he summoned a council of war, to which the question was submitted for discussion, and a majority of the major generals present sustained the execution of the order; others said "nay." General Pemberton concluded that he would obey the order in this wise: He would set off for Clinton, which was twelve miles east, by moving on Dillon's, which was eight miles south. By this route he might break the communications of the enemy, and force them to attack. If his luck was good, he might proceed to Clinton, or else take advantage of any improved posture of affairs that the movement might bring about. On the morning of the 15th, the three divisions set out on their march, being compelled to make a tedious detour because of the destruction by flood of a bridge over Baker's creek, which runs a little east of Edwards' Depot, in a southwesterly course, to the Big Black river. That such was to be his mode of obeying the order, General Pemberton had written General Johnston in a note dated the 14th, at 5 P.M.; which contained, however, no reference to the council of war. It was part of the tragedy of errors which the whole campaign illustrated, that this answer reached General Johnston before the note previously sent.
Meanwhile, no grass was growing under Sherman's feet. On the 14th, Johnston, bearing that the Fifteenth Corps was twelve miles from Jackson, on the Raymond road, and that both it and McPherson were moving on Jackson, sent out one brigade to meet each corps, and evacuated the city, which was promptly entered. McClernand, who had been near Edwards' Depot, having received orders to that effect, joined the main body in the neighborhood of Jackson, out of which General Johnston had marched with his little army, then 6,000 at most, toward Clinton, twenty odd miles north. Ascertaining the Federal concentration, he dispatched an order to Pemberton on the same day, informing him of the situation of affairs and the disposition of forces, and asking if he could not close their communications with the river, and above all beat them if for want of supplies they were compelled to fall back. It was part the second of this tragedy of errors that Pemberton received this communication not till after the battle of Baker's creek, when too late to affect his action.
The battle of Bakers creek happened in this wise: When General Johnston, on the 15th, received General Pemberton's second note of the day before, disclosing his designs on Dillon's, Johnston instantly replied that "the only mode by which we could unite was his [Pemberton's] moving directly to Clinton and informing me [Johnston], that I might meet him there with 6,000 men." Hardly had -Pemberton got well clear of Baker's creek when this order reached him. He reversed his columns and prepared to obey it promptly, and dispatched a courier so to inform General Johnston. Just at this point a new factor appears, in the shape of Grant, who had heard in Jackson of Pemberton's designs to attack him piecemeal and who bad conceived the design of reversing the operation. McPherson, McClernand, Blair and Hovey were ordered on the 15th to march to Bolton's Depot, eight miles east of Edwards' Depot. Returning to Edwards' Depot, General Pemberton formed his line of battle-remaining, General Johnston contends, for five hours in front of a single Federal division, which he might have crushed. Battle was delivered by Grant on the 16th, with all his force. The, Confederate resistance was spirited, but unavailing. General Pemberton lays the blame of defeat on Loring, who declined to reinforce the Confederate left. For this same inaction General Loring is equally praised by Johnston. The field was lost, and Loring, after guarding the retreat of the army across the creek, and seeing the bridge burned, moved out by a wide detour and joined General Johnston with his division. Next day the Federals, crossing Baker's creek on pontoon bridges, renewed the battle at the Big Black river, east of which Pemberton had stationed Bowen, while Stevenson was bivouacked on the other side. The Confederates were disheartened and divided, and the fight soon became a flight. Eighteen Confederate cannon were captured. The remnant of Bowen's command was conducted from the field by Stevenson. Grant followed swiftly, and the pickets of the advance were before Vicksburg on the 18th. On the next day the investment was complete.
On the 17th, Johnston, marching his two brigades on the road from Livingston to Edwards' received Pemberton's account of events, including the council of war on the 14th, and the battle at Baker's creek. The action at the river was progressing at the moment of General Pemberton's latest communication. Hearing immediately afterward of the abandonment of the Big Black, General Johnston orders Pemberton: "If Haines' Bluff is untenable, Vicksburg is of no value and cannot be held. * * * Evacuate Vicksburg, if not too late, retreating to the northeast." Expecting that this order was obeyed, Johnston marches to the northwest to meet the garrison. On the 18th he received a dispatch from Pemberton, at Vicksburg, announcing his retreat into the entrenchments, and adding that the order of evacuation had been submitted to a council of war, and while it was holding the enemy's guns opened. "I have decided to hold Vicksburg as long as possible. I still conceive it to be the most important point in the Confederacy." Johnston answers Pemberton encouraging him to hold out-" I am trying to get together a force to help you" -and orders Gardner to evacuate Port Hudson. Before this order could be repeated Port Hudson was invested by the whole force from Baton Rouge. Thus far the preliminary narrative, which has been condensed to the exclusion of many important points among them the discussion between General Johnston and the administration as to the authority of the former over the army in Tennessee to order reinforcements from it to Mississippi. How far results were affected and responsibility fixed by these disagreements, and that between the generals in the field, may be considered on a later page.
It may be well credited that the garrison and the populace had not been indifferent while these great actions sped. That a crisis impended, every man and woman felt; and that the odds were greatly against us was equally evident. Still the people would not harbor the thought of defeat, and they were equally unprepared for the siege. The city had been bombarded once before; an ordeal invoked by the defiant reply of the mayor speaking for the citizens, when S. P. Lee demanded their surrender after the fall of New Orleans. When, therefore, the sudden unfolding of a ball of dense white smoke in the sky above them gave sign on the 18th that the enemy had arrived, the fact did not frighten the brave community, however much it may have surprised them. At first the depressing shadow of exclusion, with constant peril of death and the corrosion of anxiety and of imminent famine, was relieved by the excitement of battle; for on the 19th and 20th sharp attacks were made on the lines, which were repulsed with great slaughter of the Federal column. The novelty of the situation sustained the spirits of the people still longer, and their courage was never dimmed. But the sickness of hope deferred was of gradual growth, while the sordid conditions of life, made necessary by the exigencies and exposure which were incident to the siege, had their own sad effects of steady and hard attrition. Just how and by what distinct stages a 11 city full of stirs-a tumultuous city-a joyous city," such as the Jerusalem of the prophet's vision, takes on itself the aspect of a camp or a trench, devoid of the attendants of home and ease, and marked by every feature of war's worst exactions and destructions, nothing short of a diary of contemporaneous experience could describe. It answers the purpose of a picture to select any period when the siege was well advanced and distinctly charactered; when the life of the people had become adapted to it, and when the full consequences of such abnormal influences were developed.
I have spoken of the element of danger. The Federals fought the garrison in part, but the city mainly. Even the fire on the lines was not confined to them in its effects, for hardly any part of the city was outside the range of the enemy's artillery from any direction except the south. Shot from opposite quarters might have collided above the city. But the city was a target in itself, and was hit every time. Just across the Mississippi, a few days after the lines were closed, seven, eleven, and thirteen inch mortars were put in position and trained directly on the homes of the people; and if any one of them was silent from that time till the white flag was raised any longer than was necessary to cool and load it, I fail to recall the occasion. Twenty-four hours of each day these preachers of the Union made their touching remarks to the town. All night long their deadly hail of iron dropped through roofs and tore up the deserted and denuded streets. It was a feature of their practice that early in the night their favors would be addressed to one part of the city, and afterward changed so as to reach the cases of persons in other parts who had gone to bed in fancied security. Those Who could forget the deadly design and properties of these missiles might admire every night the trail which they made across the western heavens; rising steadily and shiningly in great parabolic curves, descending with ever-increasing swiftness, and falling with deafening shriek and explosion; hurling in many a radius their ponderous fragments. It is believed by the expert that a mortar shell is the most demoralizing agency of war. Throughout the war the Confederates had the same horror of them that the other side felt for masked batteries and Black Horse cavalry. For forty days and nights, without interval, the women and children of Vicksburg took calmly and bravely the iron storm which, in less volume and in a few minutes, turned back the victorious column of Beauregard from Pittsburg Landing. They wreaked their worst and utmost on the town, bringing out the most vicious of all war's aspects. That the ordinary atmosphere of life, the course of conversation, the thread of every human existence took in for nearly two months the momently contingency of these messengers of thunder and murder, is past ordinary comprehension. How many of them came and burst, nobody can have the least idea. An account says that on June 22d 150,000 shells fell inside of the city; but this was probably an exaggeration. They became at last such an ordinary occurrence of daily life that I have seen ladies walk quietly along the streets while the shells burst above them, their heads protected meanwhile by a parasol held between them and the sun.
Nothing was spared by the shells. The churches fared especially severely, and the reverend clergy had narrow escapes. The libraries of the Rev. Dr. Lord, of the Episcopalian, and of Rev. Dr. Rutherford, of the Presbyterian church, were both invaded and badly worsted. One Baptist church had been rendered useless for purposes of worship by the previous shelling. But what mattered churches, or ally-sacred place, or sacred exercise at such a time? There was nothing more striking about the interior of the siege than the breaking down of the ordinary partition between the days of the week, as well as the walls which make safe and sacred domestic life. During those long weeks there was no sound or summon of bell to prayer. There was no song of praise. The mortars had no almanac, and the mortars kept at home a perpetual service of fast and humiliation.
I have spoken of the wretched expedients to which families resorted in the hope of safety. Vicksburg hangs on the side of a hill, whose name is poetical--the Sky Parlor. On it thousands of people assembled to see the great sight when the Federal ships went by on the night of the 16th of April; at which time the houses of De Soto were kindled on the other side, lending a lurid background to the dark shadows of the boats, while the fire of the batteries made the, river a mirror of flame I But the Sky Parlor was reserved for other uses. Its soil was light and friable, and yet sufficiently stiff to answer the purpose of excavation. Wherever the passage of a street left the face of the bill exposed, into it and under it the people burrowed, making long ranges and systems of chambers and arches within which the women and young took shelter. In them all the offices of life had to be discharged, except that generally the cooking stove stood near the entrance, opportunity to perform -upon it being seized and improved during the shells' diversions in other quarters. Sometimes the eaves were strengthened by pillars and wooden joists, and beds and furniture were crowded in them. Whether they were really effective as against the largest she@ dropped directly above, I cannot tell. Stories were told, more than once during the siege, of people who had been buried alive by the collapse of caves; but they probably were not true. They made good shelter against the flying fragments of the bombs, and this was no small matter. It was rather a point of honor among men not to bide in these places, which were reserved for the women and children. Under all circumstances of difficulty, the modesty of these was supported in the half-exposed life of the caves with a pathos which affected me more deeply than any other circumstance of the siege. Another refuge of a few young ladies in the neighborhood of General Smith's headquarters, which had been a bank, was a vault in its cellar. One night, when more than a dozen of them were huddled in it, a shell struck the brick arch squarely and burst the same moment. None of the pieces penetrated; but would the whole bomb have gone through, was the question. And suppose it had, and had then burst? I believe the vault was never again occupied by the ladies. Considering the constant danger and the many narrow escapes, it is a great wonder that the casualties among the non-combatants were so few. I know of but one, and that was not fatal; the loss of tn arm by Mrs. Major Reid, while bringing her children under shelter from a sudden storm of shells. There were doubtless others, but I have sought in vain to obtain the facts and names. Inside and outside the lines there were many exaggerated stories in this connection. One of the mortalities published was that of Mrs. General Pemberton, who was at Gainesville, Alabama, the while.
How these people subsisted was another wonder. The straits to which the garrison were reduced are known, in part. "After the tenth day of the siege," says the report of General Stephen D. Lee, "the men lived on about half rations, and less than that toward the close." The ration has been described to consist of one-quarter pound of bacon, one-half pound of beef, five-eighths quart of meal, beside an allowance of peas, rice, sugar, and molasses. Of this, anon. The citizens must have had less; and where they got that from was a mystery. Business, of course, was suspended. There were some stores that had supplies, and at these prices climbed steadily in a manner suggestive of the prophecy of Jerusalem's undoing. A barrel of flour at last came to sell for one thousand dollars-an immense figure then; but worse than the figure were the two later facts-that nobody had the money and then nobody had the flour. Some people eked out their supplies by cooking the tender sprouts of the common cane, of which there was an immense " brake " just below Vicksburg. I have reason to believe that few applications, and these only by the poorest people, were made to the military powers for help throughout all this trial. Sympathy and patriotism must have improvised a practical communism. The cruise and barrel had a little dust and unction to the last.
How about the mule meat? everybody will inquire, while rations are being treated. Both horse and mule meat were extensively sampled during the siege, though not in the way that by many may be imagined. On account of the want of provender nearly all the horses of the garrison were turned out of the lines, and as the other side could not safely take them unless they strayed within reach, many of them were killed by the crossfire. Early in the siege, when some of the men complained of the scanty ration, General M. L. Smith, I believe, who had seen the thing done on the Plains, issued a circular to his brigades, recommending that the experiment of horse meat be tried to piece out supplies. I was on hand that very evening, when somebody, waiting till dark, slid over the works and cut a steak out of a horse that had been shot that day beneath them. It was cooked at General Vaughn's fire, and everybody tasted a little; but the flesh was coarse and nobody hungered for any more. Some of the soldiers did like it and eat it; not to speak of rats and other small deer which the Louisianians, being Frenchmen, were said to prepare in many elegant styles for the table. When Pemberton was thinking about forcing his way out, he had half a dozen fellows, men who looked like Mexicans or Indians, cutting mule meat at the old depot of the Southern Railroad. and Jerking it over slow fires to make it handy and lasting. One morning, for trial, I bought a pound of mule meat at this market, and had it served at breakfast for the mess. There was no need to try again. On the day of the surrender, and only .then, a ration of mule meat was actually issued; but nobody need eat it, as General Grant issued abundant supplies of the best that his army had.
Another expedient, amiably intended by General Pemberton to. reinforce his commissariat, became unhappily famous at the time by the name of pea bread. It has been mentioned that part of the siege ration was the common stock pea. It occurred to the General, or to some profound commissary, that this could be ground up and mixed with meal and issued as the "staff of life." But the scheme did not succeed for the best of reasons, to wit: that the meal part was cooked an hour or so before the pea part got well warmed. The effects on the human system of a hash composed of corn bread and rare pea bread combined, may probably be imagined, without any inquiry of the doctors. From that time the soldiers had their peas and meal served them at separate courses.
One great trouble in the trenches, not so great in the town, was the scarcity and bad quality of the water. The use of the cisterns, on which the people in that country have to rely, was confined to the citizens necessarily; and the drink of the soldiers had to be hauled in barrels from the river. It was muddy and warm, and not wholesome for many reasons, and caused many of the disorders which prevailed with effects so fatal. As to spirituous drinks, I believe the city was as bare of them as Murphy himself could wish. Even Louisiana rum, the poison that had once been so abundant, withdrew its consolations from the beleaguered city. Of ice, also, there was never a pound in the city during all the war.
A state of siege fulfils, in more ways than would be imagined by the uninitiated, all that is involved in the suspension of civilization. Its influences survive; its appliances vanish, The broader lines of the picture have been drawn; the instant danger, the hovering death, the troglodyte existence, the discomfort, hunger, exposure. These are things which affect the needs of life; but to them men become more easily habituated than to the absence of many really dispensable comforts and pleasures. I have said all partitions were broken down-as completely as in that valley residence of a Revolutionary general of Virginia, in -which the apartments assigned to his guests were indicated by chalk lines upon the floor. Home was a den shared with others, perhaps with strangers. All of the Invasions into normal restraints and sanctities that this implied was known, perhaps, only to those -who could not undress to rest or Change their clothing except by arrangement. That people had to wait on themselves was a matter of course, and by comparison a minor hardship. It has been said there was no business, no mails, no open stores, no hotels, or places of congregation and discourse; no passage of vehicles, no social pastimes, no newspapers, no voice of the Sabbath bell. When the weight of anxiety that rested on the hearts of the people is duly reckoned, and with it the total lack of all means by which anxiety is usually diverted and the tension of thought relieved, it is a great wonder that many did not become insane. That they did not, gives another proof of the heroic texture of the beleaguered population.
It is not quite true that there were no papers. Three copies. of the Citizen were published by Mr. John J. Shannon, an old gentleman, in whom, however, there was no lack of ardor and courage. The Whig office was burned just before the siege, and the Citizen's quarters were struck by the Shells time and again, its type scattered, its floors flindered; but the semi-occasional issue was continued to the last. It was printed on the back of wall-paper, and its circulation was limited. Sometimes papers were handed across the lines and sent to headquarters and afterward, by regular grade, through the circle of headquarter attaches. Every one was worn to a frazzle, though the news it contained was not generally of a kind to encourage perusal. In this state of suspended animation, it is really wonderful how people continued to drag out their endurance from one hopeless day to another. Perhaps the very vigilance they had to exercise against the shells and the activity necessary to avoid them, kept the besieged alive. Every day, too, somebody would start or speed a new story of deliverance from without, that stirred up, although for a fitful season only, the hearts bowed down by deep despair. Now it was E. Kirby Smith, and now Joe Johnston, who was at the gates. The faith that something would and must be done to save the city was desperately clung to till the last. It probably never had deep roots in the reason of the generals, the men in the lines, or the people. But at such times men do not reason. The hand of Fate seems to rest upon them. Powerless to resist the tide of events, their only refuge is in the indulgence of a desperate hope, whose alternative is despair and madness.
There were, it is true, occasional breaks in the heavy monotone of time and things. One of these was the sinking of the gunboat "Cincinnati," on May 26th. With notable audacity this vessel attempted to run suddenly upon and close with the batteries at the north end of the city, which were manned by a gallant command of Tennesseans, and constituted the protection of the garrison's extreme left wing. As soon as she began steaming down the river, and even before she had passed the bend, the "Cincinnati" became the target of a concentrated and powerful cannonade, which was made none the less steady and effective by the Federals' own heavy fire. Before she reached the middle of the stream it was evident that her vitals were wounded. Reversing her course, she steamed heavily up the current, but only succeeded in running ashore on tho west bank, a little above the extremity of the isthmus. Forty of her people had been killed or hurt. The glory of this victory was short-lived, seeing that the heavy rifled-guns of the steamer were promptly removed from her decks and remounted near the spot of the wreck. They. were her avenging spirits; if not doing more damage, certainly causing more fear, by the intense and hideous hiss of their conical balls' passage and explosion than even the heaviest of the smooth-bore mortars effected.
A great fire broke out on the night of June 6th-the Federal accounts say caused by the explosion of their shells. There was nothing to do except to remove the articles of value from the houses within its range. A great crowd collected, notwithstanding the concentration of the mortar fire; and yet there were no remembered casualties. The whole block was burned, of course, and the wonder is only one.
On the 21st of June, a mine constructed in McPherson's front was sprung under that part of the Confederate line occupied by Hebert's Brigade of Louisianians-immediately under the Thirty first Regiment, I believe. The mine was a failure, and the truthful chroniclers of the time report did more harm to the diggers than the under-dug. Hebert's men had their revenge, too, on the troops that had been moved up close to take advantage of the panic that did not ensue; among other things, rolling down on their heads bombs with fuses cut short, which barely had time to leave the Confederates' hands before they burst.
A Lynchburg man performed, late in the siege, a feat never heretofore recorded, and of courage worthy of the honest Irish blood that flowed in his veins. Major Mike Connell, having resigned his commission in a Memphis regiment as having passed the age of service, undertook to convoy a large purchase of sugar from somewhere in Louisiana to its owner in Virginia. Ile had maneuvred it as far as Vicksburg, and there the siege settled on it. After awaiting its issue from week to week, being satisfied that he could accomplish no good by remaining, and was only one more mouth to be fed out of next to nothing, Major Connell decided to make his escape. He intimated his purpose to the numerous Virginians in the city, and to other friends, and received from these a great budget of letters, which was all his load. Waiting for a stormy night, he laid himself flat in the bottom of a dug-out, just large enough to hold him, and was pushed out to take the chances of the Mississippi's arrowy current. He drifted, by good luck, between the gunboats and the guard-boats around them, and late next day was swept by a turn of the stream to the east bank near Rodney, and struggled through swamps and across bayous to terra firma. Borrowing somebody's mule (on what terms history is silent), lie made his way painfully across the country to the nearest station on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, whence he took cars for Mobile. His letters were mailed, and a six weeks' brain fever was the penalty paid for his hardihood. Not many letters have seemed to come so nearly out of the grave as did these missives to their astonished recipients.
Other people went and came between the garrison and the world outside. Others started who never reached their destination; some were captured and some deserted. General Johnston had ten dispatches from Pemberton during the siege, but the number received from him was smaller. How these messengers made their way in and out I have no means of knowing; perhaps through the woods, and between the intricate system of hills and vales that surround the city, and perhaps in disguise as citizens of the country. One of the deserters was a youth named Douglass, a native of Illinois, who had lived several years in Texas, and was supposed to be 11 loyal "-Our way. It was he who refreshed the correspondents with the news that Mrs. Pemberton (in Alabama) had been killed by a mortar shell. There were reports from time to time of the flitting of Lamar Fontaine, one of the numerous poets for whom the authorship of "All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight " is claimed, between the garrison and the outside world. I do not know if they were true or not.
Once in a while authentic information, from official sources, of the enemy's proceedings reached General Pemberton in a way they did not suspect. Just prior to the siege the alphabet of the Federal Signal Corps was communicated to Captain Maxwell T. Davidson, the very valuable officer in command of the Signal Corps of M. L. Smith's Division, from the Bureau at Richmond, and was required to be committed to memory by his men. It may be said, apropos, that we always had the Federal alphabet during the war; and I suppose they had ours. The Confederate signal station on the Devil's Backbone, a high hill running along the river to the north of the city, commanded a Federal signal station on the isthmus, and every motion of its :flags and lamps was readily seen by the officer in charge of the former-an alert and intelligent Creole named Mathew H. Asbury. Asbury made the watching of the Federal flags the business of his life, and hardly every missed a communication of those exchanged between General Grant and Admiral Porter. By this means the first intelligence of Banks' attack upon and repulse from the works of Port Hudson was received and communicated to headquarters. A more noticeable feat remained to be achieved by the gallant Louisianian. After Pemberton's last proposition was submitted to Grant, there elapsed an interval during which its fate was uncertain. The bombardment was still suspended. This was the -night of July 3d, and an ominous and awful quiet reigned over all the scene-less welcome, no doubt, to the hearts of many than the utmost fury of the bombardment. Suddenly the lamps flashed, and then began swinging, and their message was traced letter by letter and word by word-not only by the eyes for which it was designed, but by others, if possible, more keen and eager. It said, in effect, to Admiral Porter (being sent by the general in command), that a council of the generals was, in the main, opposed to the paroling of the surrendered garrison, and thought it would be better to send the whole party North; but that he, General Grant, had ruled otherwise, on the principle that the garrison was probably demoralized enough to spread the same feeling wherever they -went in the South; and that he could not spare sufficient guards and transports to send them to Northern prisons, because their absence would interfere with his proposed advance into the country. (I do not pretend to give the words.) Asbury mounted a horse and dashed into town, and found a grave council of generals in silent session at Pemberton's headquarters, awaiting the verdict. With intense feeling lie laid, before them the intercepted dispatch which fulfilled their hopes or their fears. With never a word more the council of war broke up-the stroke had fallen. When the garrison marched out, Captain Davidson concealed the sheets containing all the dispatches intercepted during the siege between his cap and its lining, but lost them in after years, and was unable to respond to my desire to have their very language for this paper.
The Signal Corps headquarters in the city was a room in the courthouse, and its station was the cupola of the same. The court' house was set on the highest point of the town, and the cupola formed the most prominent feature of its river facade, except, perhaps, the soaring light spire and gold cross of the Catholic church, which was, I believe, never defaced by the fire of the enemy. Whether this was chance or intention is another study. I suspect Porter's Pats and Mikes didn't want to hurt it. Far otherwise with the Temple of Justice. The Federal papers say it was the general centre of their fire, and so say I, who was in it. The building and grounds were struck twenty-four times or more, and yet but one shell was fatal in its effects. That came at midnight, crushing through the roof, and, passing below to the marble pavement of the ground floor, exploded and flung two. poor fellows against the wall with such mutilation that their mothers would not have known their dead darlings. They were Mississippi militiamen. Their comrades above suffered only less cruelly. The heavy shell passing through the court-room, which was packed with sleeping men, struck squarely a massive iron railing that inclosed the seats of the lawyers and witnesses, and scattered its fragments on every hand. Legs were broken, heads crushed-all manner of injury inflicted. This one shell killed and disabled fourteen men; and, by strange fatality, two more men of those who went out to bury the two first killed, lost their lives on their way to the graveyard. This enclosure, also-the beautiful City Cemetery-was riddled by the plunging shot. That was, doubtless, an accident of war. It was cleared that the Federals did fire on the Marine Hospital, which was full of wounded men, and over which the yellow flag was hoisted. It was struck frequently, and wounded men wounded anew; but whether by aim or accident I do not know.
No history of the siege would be complete without some detailed allusion to the ceaseless generation of sensational reports within and without the city, both North and South. Considering the fertility of inventions then displayed, it is a wonder that the coming American novel has never come. There may have been something in the sulphurous atmosphere more favorable to the stimulation of genius than belongs to the ordinary environment. Munchausen was prosaic to the fellows who wrote and talked and were believed at that time. The Richmond papers pathetically complained of the "telegraphic genius at Jackson." The telegraphic geniuses at Young's Point and Milliken's Bend were far greater masters of the art of fiction. I will mention a case that preceded the investment. On the 3d of May, the tug Sturgis, with two barges, loaded with 400,000 rations and medical supplies, was ordered to pass the batteries, and tried to do so, carrying a picked guard. The late A. D. Richardson, representing the New York Tribune, Junius Henri Browne, of the Times, and somebody else of the World, volunteered for the passage. At 12.45 the tug was exploded by the batteries' fire, several men killed, others drowned, and the Scribes and Pharisees, clinging to bales of hay, with which the barges were fortified, drifted to land, were picked up and conveyed to a room in the courthouse with other victims. They were treated as handsomely as circumstances allowed, and Richardson, in particular, a hearty fellow, made almost too good an impression, for he -,vas so thoroughly full of faith in the resources of the Union and in the approaching downfall of Jeff Davis, that he cast a shadow of doubt over some young Confederates' breasts. They were all soon exchanged, going home by way of Richmond. They saw a few things from the windows of jails and cars, and wrote to their papers from Fortress Monroe most astonishing letters, containing revelations which they could hardly have been possessed of, unless they were members of the Cabinet of Mr. Davis.
Another correspondent of the Tribune essayed to describe the passage of eight gunboats on the 16th. He was evidently not so venturesome as Richardson, and his picture reads as those pictures look of shipwrecks, which no soul survives, in the illustrated papers, "by our special artist." His coquetry with truth consisted in describing, as a mysterious and dreadful beacon that rose out of the earth at Vicksburg, the homely burning of some shanties in De Soto, which were set on fire to assist the aim of the artillery. The scene was terrific, and, no wonder, took on it for this correspondent a supernatural expression. But the war maps that were published were the greatest feats-quite distancing the creations of Ptolemy and Psalmanazar. The Herald had one representing "rebel batteries in the streets," "rebel redoubts" on the same, "masked batteries" lying around loose, a tall signal station whose architect was the artist, and the Marine Hospital at the wrong end of the town. And every day some new version of victory thrilled across the wires. One hundred women were killed the first day, was one statement; a woman and two children fell at the first fire, said another. General C.C. Auger telegraphed, on the 23d of May, that "deserters report that General Pemberton has been hanged by his own men!" 3,600 shells lodged in the town in one hour, said somebody else. One paper gave a detailed statement of the amputation of General Sherman's leg. Another said "the citizens demand the surrender of Vicksburg, and Pemberton refuses!" Another said Pemberton had answered with profane violence the charge of his men shooting poisoned balls. In the city the reports took shape mainly with reference to the supposed movements of Johnston and E. K. Smith. One day the forces had gone to Memphis, to cut Grant off from his supplies, a report that provoked a poem from a gallant, gay boy named Cannon (afterward killed), which had this refrain:
"Damn Memphis and strategy-Vicksburg's the place,
And I am, dear Joseph, your Cannon, in haste."
Next time it was Milliken's Bend that had been captured (there was a fight there). And then Kirby Smith had crossed the river at Natchez, and had a division at Young's Point. And so on, over and over, like the dreams of fever. General Johnston appears, from his dispatches, to have really believed that assistance could be expected from the Trans-Mississippi Department; a strange delusion which might even appear, in the minds of the prejudiced, an attempt to transfer the responsibility of events. One of the rumors that somehow reached us in Vicksburg was that Virginia had elected a Union State ticket, and was making ready to desert the Confederate cause. The joke of this story consists in the circumstance that Governor William Smith, known as " Extra Billy," bravest of soldiers and staunchest of rebels, headed the ticket described as "Union."
In order that the circumstances under which the surrender was finally made, and the train of events which served to make it inevitable may be fairly judged, I condense the dispatches. exchanged between Generals Johnston and Pemberton after the siege began. The first of the series has been given. On May 25th, General Johnston wrote that he was coming, and asked Pemberton what route he ought to take. On the 29th he wrote that he was too late to save Vicksburg, but would assist in saving the garrison. On June 3d, Pemberton wrote that he had heard nothing from Johnston since May 29th; that the man bringing musket-caps had been captured, and that he hopes General Johnston will move on the north of Jackson road. On the 7th, Johnston again: wants to know how co-operation can be effected. On the same day Pemberton writes of the enemy's entrenching, the good spirits of the men, and that he had twenty days' provisions. On the 10th, Pemberton says the enemy is bombarding night and day with seven mortars and artillery, and that he is losing many officers and men. He will hold out while he has anything to eat. Activity is urged by General Pemberton in a dispatch of the 15th.
On June 14t]i and 15th, General Johnston writes Pemberton that he can only hope to save the garrison, and asks for the details of a plan of co-operation. He also holds out the hope of General Dick Taylor's reinforcing the outside army with 8,000 men from Richmond, La. On the 21st, Pemberton suggested as his plan that Johnston should move at night to the north of the railroad while he marched by the Warrenton road, by Hankinson's ferry, to which Johnston was to send two brigades of cavalry and two batteries. Snyder's Bluff was also suggested as his objective point. By verbal message General Pemberton said the army for his relief ought not to be less than 40,000 men. General Johnston asserts that his force never amounted to more than two-thirds of this minimum. On the 22d, however, he still engages to make a trial, but recommends that General Pemberton cross the Mississippi river rather than surrender. On that date, General Pemberton asked General Johnston to treat with Grant for the surrender of the place without the troops. On the 27tb, General Johnston declines to negotiate, and makes another flourish of Kirby Smith. No other dispatches were received. After dispatching Pemberton that he would advance to see what could be done on the 7th of July, he examines the country to the north of the railroad, and is satisfied that nothing can be effected. When he has just begun the like examination of the southern line, he hears on the 4th of the surrender of the town 'and its defenders. General Johnston was again too late.
On the 3d, the white flag went up for a parley. The first proposition of General Pemberton, which was delivered by Major General Bowen and Colonel Montgomery, suggested that the terms of surrender should be left for decision to three commissioners on either side. General Grant, courteously receiving the flag-of-truce, made answer, rejecting the proposal of commissioners as unnecessary, and suggesting a personal conference with the general of the defense, whose gallantry and stubbornness he highly lauded. At three o'clock P. M. the two commanders met in what is described by some correspondent, who, perhaps, never saw the place, as "a small vale, where the apricots and fig-trees had bloomed in happier times." The same correspondent says the two men had been personal friends in the same " happier times." Certainly the bearing of General Grant was all that magnanimity and the sympathy of the brave could inspire. General Pemberton's proposition, however, that the men should march out, was met with the blunt qualification, "not except as prisoners of war." After the conference between the generals, Grant's ultimatum was sent by General Logan and Lieutenant Colonel Wilson. Pemberton's proposed amendments were that the men should stack arms and march out, and that the rights of the citizens should be guaranteed. Grant rejected the amendments, contending that every officer and man should be paroled over his own signature, and he would not be restricted with respect to the citizens. He allowed each soldier, however, to carry his private kit, the officers their sidearms, and the field officers their horses. These terms were accepted, and the white flag remained on the works.
The suspension of the firing had prepared the minds of the men and citizens for the event which many had long perceived to be written in the book of Fate. Yet was there great reaction and great sorrow when the iron crown of the Mississippi, a fortress maiden as Namur and defiant as Ghazi Schumla, became the enemy's prize. During the night many officers went wandering sadly around the town, taking a last look at its honorably scarred homes and ploughed streets, and making farewell to the heroic citizens whom they knew. A load was no doubt lifted from the hearts of the surrendered; but a new load, that seemed even heavier, was deposited in its place. What feeling the people had, made no public demonstration; for they prudently returned to their homes, and made the best shift that the time allowed, reserving their sorrow for their own home-circles. When the poor wasted garrison rose out of the long imprisonment of the trenches to stack the weapons they had used so well, many reeled and staggered like drunken men from emaciation and from emotion, and wept like children that all their long sacrifice was unavailing.
To Logan's Division was assigned the duty of taking possession of the captured town. The boys in blue entered by the north end of Cherry street, and made a grand procession as they stepped by in extended line, their flags waving, their officers glittering in full uniform, and the air torn with the glad shouts that went up from victorious throats. Logan himself stood on the east portico of the court-house and looked with swelling pride and profound gratification on the scene so picturesque and historic. He dropped some emphatic exclamations as to the joy it gave him to hear the boys cheer. By-the-by, the fact has never been published, but is no less true, that a company of Illinois soldiers, on the Southern side, once constituted part of the Vicksburg garrison, though it went to pieces long before the siege. Some of -their unassigned officers-I well recollect one named Parker-may still-have been there.
In the main, nay, almost without exception, during the five days occupied by the paroling of the garrison, the Federal army of possession conducted itself in an exemplary manner. The men who had leave to go over the city expressed the greatest curiosity as to the caves and other objects of interest, and were mad to lay hands on relies. The wall-paper copies of the Citizen were in great demand. A general officer, who, I think, was Grant, accompanied by a full suite, some of whom were full of other exhilerations than success, went up to the cupola of the court-house, and when they came back, the staff were vociferously chanting the "Star Spangled Banner", and brandishing as a trophy an old signal flag that had been carelessly left there. I well remember the silent general in the midst of them, who ii,6u8t have been Grant. During all this time I heard but two phrases of o:ffense to the Confederates, and one of these offenders was a drunken newsboy, selling copies of Harpers Weekly, whose front page was garnished with a picture of Beall's execution. The other, an officer, walking up the iron stairway of the courthouse, and, noticing the name of the Cincinnati maker moulded on it, damned the impudence of the people who thought they could whip the United States when they couldn't even make their own staircases.
The paroling of the men in duplicate was rapidly effected by means of printed forms and a full staff of clerks, who filled in the names and commands of the soldiers and officers. One of these duplicates was retained by the prisoner, the other for the government by the paroling officials. The examination of knapsacks made on the lines was carelessly done, and with many apologies, by officers who seemed to be ashamed of the service. During the five days full rations had been issued by the commissaries of General Grant to the whole garrison, sick and well, the whole amounting to thirty-one thousand people, of whom but eighteen thousand were effective. They consisted mainly of hard-tack and rich Western bacon; and many a Confederate can say, on the conscience of his stomach, that he never ate anything that tasted better.
The armies parted with mutual good will, as is the case with foemen who axe worthy of each others' steel. But the discontent of the disarmed captives began to gather volume, and to speak in no bated breath, very soon after the lines were passed. The march, owing to the feeble state of the men, was very painful and tedious. Jackson was left to the north, and the column's first sight of streets was when, after four days, the town of Brandon, ten miles east of Jackson, was reached. It had been generally supposed by the men that their paroles gave them the right to go-home as soon as they could get there, and without restrictions. Many had already deserted to the Trans-Mississippi, despite the aid of Federal guard-boats to check the stream. But when, at Brandon, it was learned that the cars would not receive them to take them home, and that they were to march to Enterprise, and there go into parole camp, their indignation burst all bounds. Efforts were made, by moving the switch, to throw the trains, on which General Johnston was removing supplies from Jackson, from the track; and the officers had to draw and threaten to use their side-arms before the mob could be subdued., One man got up in the plaza of Brandon and offered to be one of fifty to go and hang Pemberton, the traitor. What further befell these mad patriots I cannot, as a spectator, narrate, for a sick leave enabled me to depart on the last train from Jackson that went east riding to Enterprise on the top of a freight car, at the end of a long train, and exposed to worse risk, I believe, for those forty miles than even in the Vicksburg courthouse. I ought to remark that one pleasing feature of the march through Mississippi was the habit which women and children bad of coming out to the fences and inquiring what made us surrender Vicksburg.
The demoralization of the garrison extended beyond the State. At Demopolis the guard of the provost marshal came down to the wharf to stop the prisoners who had gotten so far, and to put them in parole camp at that point. The prisoners attacked them, broke through the line, and flung some of them into the gutter. They soon yielded to reason, however, and surrendered their paroles to the provost marshal. And this was the last I saw of the ill-starved garrison until, at Enterprise, Mr. Davis told them that Bragg would pave Rosecrans' way in gold if he (Bragg) could get the Federal general to attack him on Lookout Mountain-with more of the same sort; and where Johnston, following, spoke more to the point, in saying: "Soldiers! I hope to see you soon, with arms in your hands, in the presence of the enemy!"
Who was to blame? The answer is, everybody-nobody. There were great adverse odds to begin with. General Grant, according to Badeau, had 130,000 men at his disposal with which to effect the reduction of Vicksburg; while the electives of Johnston and Pemberton combined-and they were never combined-never reached one third that number. General Johnston was too sick when he arrived at Jackson to take command in the field, an illness which ,infected the very life-blood of our enterprise," like the Earl of Northumberland's. General Johnston covers the whole ground in saying of General Pemberton, "His design and objects and mine are founded on exactly opposite military principles." General Johnston was not in accord with the Richmond government, and General Pemberton was not in accord with General Johnston. Those whom God had put asunder, man had, joined together. Mistaking and mistrusting each other, neither one did as well as he might have done without the other. General Pemberton thought the objective of the campaign was to save Vicksburg, or make a fight for it, and in this was supported by the administration. General Johnston thought the safety of the army was the first consideration, that the enemy might still be confronted, no matter what position he might gain. Each accuses the other of slowness, and each, probably, is right. General Pemberton, brave man, stout fighter, doubtless, and faithful to the South as any native son-a fidelity never doubted by the intelligent among his men--,was deliberate, slow of assuming responsibilities, perhaps not equal to the movement and management of large bodies, and utterly devoid of personal magnetism. What character General Johnston has as a soldier, history has already, in part, decided, In military resources perhaps no captain of the South excelled him; but at Jackson he was flustered by a responsibility suddenly assumed, and for which his mind was not schooled; between which and the discharge of duties well grasped in advance, there is the same difference as between "two o'clock in the morning courage," and the ordinary daring of the soldier who obeys orders and feels the contact of his comrade's elbow.
General Pemberton is said to have felt keenly the injustice done him with respect to the fall of Vicksburg. At one time during the siege, when some exaggerated victory was reported in Richmond, the press almost smothered him with laurels. The Dispatch said that Beauregard and Lee had both urged his promotion, and that Johnston had fairly begged for him to be his chief-of-staff! But public sentiment told a different tale when failure befell his army. Assigned to command of the artillery around Richmond, he was greeted with jeers by the men as he rode down the lines. Ever since the war General Pemberton is said to have felt most deeply the odium attaching to him as the man who surrendered Vicksburg and sundered the South. It is a curious fact that no portrait of him appears among Confederate collections. I never saw him in person, but I do him the bare justice of recording my own conviction that his fealty to the cause which he espoused was beyond all peradventure of suspicion; that he did the very best he could; that he acted in accordance with his orders from Richmond; and that he departed no further from his immediate orders than did General Loring from his at Edwards' Depot, an act of independence for which General Johnston warmly lands the latter.
The effect of the surrender, North and South, was immense. At Washington Mr. Seward, in response to a serenade, was ready to swear that even old Virginia would soon be asking forgiveness on her knees. He never saw Virginia in that posture; but it may be doubted whether, after Vicksburg and the twin tragedy of Gettysburg, there was ever any vital hope in the Southern heart except among the soldiers. The army kept its high crest and stern front to the last, and died only with annihilation; but many a Vicksburg prisoner, gone home, spread the tale of disaster and the influence of dismay among simple folk whose faith never rallied. There were desperate battles afterward, and occasional victories, but their light only rendered deeper the advancing and impending shadow of ultimate failure. The world is familiar with the story. Magnifying, as they deserve to be, the heroism of the garrison, and the community of Vicksburg, and the "vindictive tenacity" with which Pemberton held it till the last spark of hope had faded, I believe that the surrender was the stab to the Confederacy from which it never recovered; and that no rational chance of its triumph remained after the white flag flew on the ramparts of the terraced city, and the dumb guns around it no longer spoke defiance to its foes.
Source: "Annals of the War"
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Sulfate Attack Resistant Cement
Concrete used for environmental applications will most likely be prone to abuse from components of the environment. Concrete that will encounter some of these harsh conditions must therefore be somewhat resistant to them. Many concrete applications of civil and environmental engineering will experience sulfate attack.
Sulfate attack is the term used to describe the series of chemical reactions between sulfate ions and the components of hardened concrete. Many of the components of the hardened concrete that react with the sulfate ions come from cement paste. Sulfates will cause the most damage when they are in the gas or liquid state. It is important to note that not all sulfate attacks will be the same. The type of environmental and physical conditions that the sulfate reacts with governs how much and how strenuous the damage will be.
There are two mechanisms that can be considered a sulfate attack. These two mechanisms are:
1. Formation of gypsum
2. Formation of ettringite
Both of the mechanisms listed above will damage concrete. The damage is caused by an increase in overall solid volume. They will also cause a loss of strength and loss of mass. This is caused by the deterioration of the cohesiveness of the cement hydration products. Once again, it is important to note that the amount of damage relies heavily on the surrounding environmental conditions.
Sulfate attack is broken up into two parts. They are categorized as “chemical vs. physical” and “internal vs. external.” The chemical sulfate attack is caused by chemical reactions involving the sulfate anion (SO42-). This reaction causes an increase in solid volume and may lead to an expansion in the concrete.
The physical sulfate attack is caused by the formation from the solution of sodium sulfate decahydrate, followed by its repeated recrystallization into sodium sulfate anhydrite. This process is temperature dependent. It leads to repeated increase in volume, which can lead to fatigue and a loss of cohesion.
Internal sulfate attack refers to attack where the source of sulfate is internal to the concrete. The internal source of sulfate can come from the cement, aggregate, chemical admixtures, water, or supplementary materials.
External sulfate attack refers to attack where the source of sulfate is external to the concrete. The external source of sulfate can come from groundwater, soil, solid industrial waste, fertilizers, etc.
Sulfate Resistant Cements
There are many different types of cement that can sustain sulfate attack. “The three main types can be categorized as follows:
A high percentage of concrete uses Portland cement in its mixture. Ordinary Portland cement contains tricalcium aluminate (C3A). The presence of this clinker makes the sulfate resistance of ordinary Portland cement limited. This is because in the first phase of hydration ettringite is yielded. After the calcium sulfate within the mixture has been consumed, it is converted to monosulfate. Once the concrete has hardened, it will be exposed to sulfates from an external source and the monosulfate converts back to ettringite. This will lead to scaling, cracking, and loss of cohesion.
A sulfate resistant Portland cement exists. In this version the amount of Al2O3 in the clinker is reduced. The oxidation of this material mainly occurs within the ferrite phase. The amount of C3A is decreased or may not be included. The amount of ettringite formed in the hydration of this cement is therefore notably reduced. Due to this, the amount of monosulfate available for reaction is also reduced. This will help reduce the amount of scaling, cracking, and loss of cohesion.
Although many measures can be taken to resist the amount of sulfate attacks, sulfate resistant Portland cement cannot eliminate all attacks. This is due to the hydration of the ferrite phase is very slow and some ferrite may be present in mature pastes. When this ferrite reacts with sulfate ions, ettringite can be formed. Expansion will result from this. Although expansion will occur, it will progress much more slowly and less severe than if normal Portland cement was used. The main reason that sulfate resistant Portland cement is efficient is due to the fact that the amount of monosulfate present in the mature paste has been greatly reduced. It is important to note that the use of sulfate resistant Portland cement helps minimize expansion. “It does not apply to its ability to resist degradation of the Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) phase, a damage mechanism typical or magnesium sulfate attack.” (Marchand p.108).
Another type of Portland cements that resist sulfate attack better than normal Portland cement is “Fly ash-Portland Cements.” A cement is to be considered a “Fly ash-Portland Cement” when 30% of the clinker is replaced by fly ash. When using Fly ash, one must be careful with the class used. Certain classes of fly ash are better than others. For example, Class F ashes are more effective than Class C ashes.
The combination of clinker with natural pozzolanas or with silica fume can have a similar effect as with the fly ash-Portland cement combination. A benefit to using pozzolanic materials is that a lower porosity and reduced permeability of the hardened cement paste is achieved. This helps prevent the sulfate solution from penetrating deeper regions of the concrete. A reduced amount of C3A will make this combination even more efficient.
The only drawback is that cement with pozzolanic additives are more susceptible to magnesium sulfate attack. This can be corrected by adding high ash contents (such as 70%).
Yet another type of Portland cement that is resistant to sulfate attack is “Portland-slag cement.” This type of Portland cement occurs when there are high amounts of slag (60%) present within the mix. The efficient performance of this cement is due to the reduced amount of C3A. A fraction of this clinker is replaced with granulated blast furnace slag. Once again, the amount of monosulfate within the cement is reduced. “Portland-slag cement” can be used in systems where there is alkali or calcium sulfate attack. This cement performs poorly with magnesium sulfate attack and cannot be recommended.
A type of cement that exhibits high sulfate resistance is Supersulfated Cement. The reason for this cements excellent efficiency is that it prevents Al2O3 from reacting with ettringite. These cement pastes have a tendency to be incompletely hydrated years after hydration. Although this is true, they still display an excellent sulfate resistance. This is due to there is a very low free calcium hydroxide content. This prevents significant ettringite formation in the presence of sulfates.
Another type of cement used for sulfate resistance is calcium aluminate cement. This cement performs very well when exposed to sulfate solutions and even better when the water to cement ratio is low. This is so because the cement exhibits very low permeability of the surface layer. An important observation with this cement is that magnesium sulfate solutions are less aggressive to calcium aluminate cement based concrete than alkali sulfate solutions.
Certain measures can be taken to prevent sulfate attack. One way to do this is to protect the concrete against composition-induced internal sulfate attack. The cement used to make concrete can be a source of sulfate attack. Due to this, standards and requirements of ASTM (see ASTM C150; ASTM C1157; BS 5328) and other organizations on cement and clinker composition should be followed very strictly. If this is done, then proper concentrations and ratios of the clinker materials to give sulfate levels that will lead to excessive expansion will be prevented.
Aside from clinker materials, aggregates and mineral additives are other potential sources of excessive sulfate. Therefore, aggregates and intermixed mineral admixtures should not contain sulfate-bearing compounds that will be allowed to react with cement components of concrete mixture in the future.
Quality control is the best method to use in preventing composition-induced internal sulfate attack. Continuous monitoring and proper records of the clinker material and other sources of sulfates should be kept in order to allow Quality control to work in its most efficient manner.
Another measure taken is the protection of concrete against heat-induced internal sulfate attack. Proper mixture design is an efficient way of protecting concrete from degradation by heat-induced internal sulfate attack. The materials used in designing concrete mixtures must pass specifications and have a history of satisfactory performance. An important note is that the lowest possible water to cementitious material (w/cm) ratio is recommended.
A very important time during the production of concrete that should be taken special care of is during casting and curing. The formwork material and the thickness of it can affect the heat transfer of the concrete. This must be taken into consideration when designing for homogeneous heat and humidity distribution within the concrete. Exposed concrete surfaces should be kept wet. An even distribution of heat and humidity should be maintained when inside the curing chamber. Another important consideration that should be taken note of is the preset time. A preset time should be accurate to allow the cement to set properly.
The heating rate can effect to concrete. The heating rate should be kept steady at approximately 15-208 C (25-358 F) per hour. The temperature rise should be evenly distributed within the concrete specimen and within the curing chamber. When heating the specimen, it should not be heated to the extent that the external surfaces are dried out. While heating the specimen, the difference in temperature between the inside and outside surfaces should be monitored. The difference between the external and maximum internal temperature of a specimen should never exceed 208 C (358 F). The maximum temperature of the specimen should not rise above 658 C (1508 F).
Once again, quality control must be followed to produce effective results. The control of the time-temperature regime is crucial to heat-cured process and must be followed closely.
A third measure to be taken is the protection of concrete against external sulfate attack. This measure is extremely important because the external surfaces of a structure are in contact with their surrounding environment. Therefore a good understanding of this environment should be taken note of, especially the sulfate-containing species.
An important procedure for this measure involves the variation of sulfate concentration. If the sulfate concentration varies, the concrete should be designed for the highest observed sulfate level. The environmental and atmospheric conditions should also be taken into consideration when properties such as temperature and humidity vary.
“The three main strategies for improving resistance to sulfate solutions are:
Problems can be experienced if sulfate or other aggressive chemicals penetrate hardened concrete. This is the reason why the concrete used should be dense and have a low porosity. As shown in the table below, the maximum w/cm ratio should be 0.5 and the minimum should be 0.4.
Proposed requirements to protect against damage to concrete by sulfate attack by external sources of sulfate:
In severe sulfate rich environments, the use of appropriate mineral admixtures may be used. Special notice should be taken to use of fly ash and/or slag. This is due to the fact that research shows performance of concrete using these materials can vary significantly.
It is always important to remember that sulfate resistant cements are not a substitute for proper concrete making. The use of sulfate resistant cements is to be used in addition to protection provided from a low w/cm ratio, adequate cement content, good mix design, etc.
Corrosion of Concrete in Sanitary Systems
The concrete used in sanitary systems (i.e. pipes, tanks, etc.) can be subject to harsh conditions. These conditions can lead to deterioration or even disintegration of the concrete. This generally occurs when a noticeable amount of hydrogen sulfide is present within the system. Typically the process begins with the dissolution of cement paste over time. In spots where the bacteriogenic degradation has taken place, the cement is completely broken down leaving it in a soft mass. Flowing water enhances this chemical action by transporting the products of dissolution to different locations. The cross sections of the pipes (or concrete materials effected) are gradually reduced.
“The bacteriogenic degradation of concrete is in essence a combined sulfate-acid attack” (Marchand p.113). The rate of bacteriogenic degradation also influences the development of corrosion. This corrosion is also effected by the quality of the cementitious binder used, acid solubility of the aggregate, and flow conditions of the pipe (or system).
It has been shown that calcium aluminate cement is more effective than Portland cement for this application. This is because the calcium aluminate cement has better stability at low pH values and better neutralization capacity than does Portland cement. The efficiency of the calcium aluminate cement can be further advanced by combining it with a synthetic calcium aluminate based aggregate rather than a non-reactive silicate material. | <urn:uuid:189bc0ef-cb59-42b3-9021-12e6acb196c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://psuce336.tripod.com/sulfate_attack.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719542.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00257-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92934 | 2,718 | 3.5 | 4 |
Germans Still Finding New Moral Burdens of War
By RICHARD BERNSTEIN
Published: May 8, 2005
This attractive town on the Danube River is endowed with dozens of memorials dedicated to those who suffered in the two world wars, with one memorial in particular, a group of seven inscribed slabs surmounting a knoll in the main cemetery, serving officially as Ulm's all-inclusive and all-encompassing memorial to the victims of Nazism.
But there is a local controversy about these memorials, and it reflects a larger fact of German life. Even now, on the eve of the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II, this country still has not settled exactly on how to remember the victims, or on whose suffering and losses are entitled to be commemorated.
A small group of young people here has been getting attention in the local newspapers as it argued, in pamphlets and at public meetings that the array of Ulm memorials fails to honor one category: those who deserted the German Army, many of whom were executed during the war.
''It's completely obvious that World War II was a horrific crime,'' said one of the young people, Johanna Nimrich, 18. ''It's impossible to understand why people who participated in the war are honored, but those who resisted participation are not.''
Ms. Nimrich and the five other young people, who organized around opposition to the American invasion of Iraq, want to honor the deserters, who, in their view and in the view that prevails in Germany, were acting morally in response to a war defined by its immorality.
Their demand, that a large work by the artist Hannah St?Mentzel honoring the deserters be displayed permanently in some public place, is certainly a local issue, given only modest coverage by Germany's national press.
But other thoughts and arguments have emerged in recent years as well, including an insistence by historians and others that Germany be allowed to mourn its own suffering in the war, not least the suffering caused by the Allied bombings.
Meanwhile, also making themselves heard are members of the millions of ethnic German families who were deported from Eastern European countries like Poland and Czechoslovakia after the war, and who want public recognition of what they lost.
''The trauma is too familiar, the moral burden weighed and accepted,'' J?n Leinemann, an essayist for the magazine Der Spiegel, wrote recently. ''Now attentions are turning to Germany's own sufferings.''
Germany has had a long evolution in grappling with the war. In the early years, an embarrassed and ashamed wartime generation dealt with Nazism and the Nazi persecutions very delicately, if at all.
''Even the scholarly scrutiny of the genocide of the Jewish people,'' Mr. Leinemann wrote, ''was tentative and uncertain during those first three decades.''
But in the 1960's and 1970's, powerfully influenced by the war crimes trials of those years, the generation born during the war began to question its parents' complicity in the crimes of the Nazis. At the same time, figures like the novelists G?r Grass and Christa Wolf and student movement leaders like Joschka Fischer, now foreign minister, demanded a full and frank accounting of Germany's crimes, especially the persecution of the Jews.
And by now, it is fair to say, there is very little official denial or even avoidance of the full horror of the Nazi crimes, which are fully taught in German schools and chronicled by hundreds of museums and exhibits throughout this country.
Tellingly in this sense, Germany's end-of-war commemoration is Sunday, but what is perhaps the biggest related national event will take place Tuesday when the immense Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe will be officially opened in Berlin. It mainly consists of 2,711 dark gray concrete steles erected in a cemeterylike field in the heart of reunified Berlin, little more than a stone's throw from the Brandenburg Gate.
The memorial's size and central location are widely seen here as testimony to the centrality and uniqueness of the Holocaust among the many crimes of the Nazis, as well as to the willingness of Germany to accept responsibility, both moral and material, for the Nazis' crimes.
Also tellingly, in the wake of the decision to build the Holocaust memorial, several groups, including gays and Gypsies, or Roma, who were also persecuted by the Nazis, have demanded memorials of their own, as have members of families deported from the East.
In this sense, the only thing that is different about Ulm, a town of more than 100,000 people on the banks of the Danube in southern Germany, is that it seems to be the only place to have given rise to a demand that a movement to honor the deserters from the Wehrmacht become part of the public commemoration.
The roots of the Ulm initiative date back 18 years, when a group of people opposed to the draft in Germany commissioned Ms. St?Mentzel, a local artist, to create a work dedicated to the deserters. Ms. St?Mentzel produced a large metal sculpture that showed a series of slabs, from quite small to quite large, in which the smallest slab initiates a domino effect, causing the larger slabs to lean over.
''The idea is that even the smallest level soldiers can influence higher ones,'' she said recently, in her studio.
In 1989, Ms. St?Mentzel and her allies placed the sculpture in a public place on the outskirts of Ulm where some deserters are believed to have been executed. But the city authorities ordered her to remove it. As a consequence, for the past 16 years, Ms. St?Mentzel's work has been stored in the small back garden of a local English teacher, Hildegard Henseler, where, from time to time, people stop by to see it.
Then, a few months ago, the small group of high school students in Ulm heard about Ms. St?Mentzel's semi-discarded sculpture. The City Council has rejected the students' demands that the work be given a public home. The students and their supporters suspect that is because desertion is still too delicate a subject, especially in a city like Ulm, home to a large German Army base. But Ulm's mayor, Ivo G?r, a 52-year-old Social Democrat, denies that that is the case.
''The deserters are included already in the general monument as victims of the Nazi regime,'' Mr. G?r said in an interview in his office. ''It's not so much a matter of deserters, as it is a matter of principle, not to have more memorials.''
Others, including the students who have reignited the debate in Ulm about Ms. St?Mentzel's sculpture, disagree.
''The deserter did not fit, how shall I say it, into our unprocessed history,'' Manfred Messerschmidt, a professor of military history at Ulm University, said. According to Dr. Messerschmidt, about 22,000 German soldiers were executed for desertion during the war. Among the deserters who survived was Joseph Ratzinger, a young soldier who left in the final weeks of the war and more than half a century later became Pope Benedict XVI.
''The deserter, who is a sort of potential conscience, does not fit in here, and that is disturbing,'' Dr. Messerschmidt said. ''That is why one doesn't deal with this. That's why no memorials are wanted.''
Photo: Hannah StŁtz-Mentzel with her sculpture honoring Germans who deserted during World War II. A group of students wants to see the sculpture, which is in a private garden in Ulm, displayed permanently in public. (Photo by Christoph PŁschner/Zeitenspiegel, for The New York Times)
Map of Germany highlighting Ulm: A monument to 1940's deserters is among war memorials in Ulm. | <urn:uuid:6b9d9607-45bc-4741-be5f-2ccfdcf017d0> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E1DA1530F93BA35756C0A9639C8B63&pagewanted=all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988511.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00335-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968773 | 1,692 | 3 | 3 |
Electronic Sensors Printed Directly on the Skin
New electronic tattoos could help monitor health during normal daily activities.
Wearable electronic devices could be useful for a range of medical applications.
Taking advantage of recent advances in flexible electronics, researchers have devised a way to “print” devices directly onto the skin so people can wear them for an extended period while performing normal daily activities. Such systems could be used to track health and monitor healing near the skin’s surface, as in the case of surgical wounds.
So-called “epidermal electronics” were demonstrated previously in research from the lab of John Rogers, a materials scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; the devices consist of ultrathin electrodes, electronics, sensors, and wireless power and communication systems. In theory, they could attach to the skin and record and transmit electrophysiological measurements for medical purposes. These early versions of the technology, which were designed to be applied to a thin, soft elastomer backing, were “fine for an office environment,” says Rogers, “but if you wanted to go swimming or take a shower they weren’t able to hold up.” Now, Rogers and his coworkers have figured out how to print the electronics right on the skin, making the device more durable and rugged.
“What we’ve found is that you don’t even need the elastomer backing,” Rogers says. “You can use a rubber stamp to just deliver the ultrathin mesh electronics directly to the surface of the skin.” The researchers also found that they could use commercially available “spray-on bandage” products to add a thin protective layer and bond the system to the skin in a “very robust way,” he says.
Eliminating the elastomer backing makes the device one-thirtieth as thick, and thus “more conformal to the kind of roughness that’s present naturally on the surface of the skin,” says Rogers. It can be worn for up to two weeks before the skin’s natural exfoliation process causes it to flake off.
During the two weeks that it’s attached, the device can measure things like temperature, strain, and the hydration state of the skin, all of which are useful in tracking general health and wellness. One specific application could be to monitor wound healing: if a doctor or nurse attached the system near a surgical wound before the patient left the hospital, it could take measurements and transmit the information wirelessly to the health-care providers.
Rogers says his lab is now focused on developing and refining wireless power sources and communication systems that could be integrated into the system. He says the technology could potentially be commercialized by MC10 (see “Making Stretchable Electronics”), a company he cofounded in 2008. If things go as planned, says Rogers, in about a year and half the company will be developing more sophisticated systems “that really do begin to look like the ones that we’re publishing on now.” | <urn:uuid:2f3120fe-f6e6-4f16-a92c-9e0bc8737589> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.technologyreview.com/s/512061/electronic-sensors-printed-directly-on-the-skin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541187.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00102-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955479 | 650 | 3.5 | 4 |
Lack of investment in public schools
In this excerpt, Nickerson worries that African American parents are not involving themselves in their children's education any more. Increasingly, black people do not feel a sense of ownership of their community schools, perhaps because they never attended a segregated school they felt was really theirs, or because increasingly, parents are moving to the area. This excerpt points to, from the perspective of one African American who experienced segregation, the long term damage wrought by integration.
Citing this Excerpt
Oral History Interview with Stella Nickerson, January 20, 2001. Interview K-0554. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) in the Southern Oral History Program Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Full Text of the Excerpt
BG: What are the problems that you see in schools today?
SN: The problems I see when I first think about is, the lack of African Americans really getting involved in what’s going on in their schools. The parents are really staying away. They are not there as our parents were there. They are not there for the meetings. They are not there—the only time they will come is if their child is in a play or something like that. But that’s about it. They do not come to special events. I think they need to be more and more involved. Even if you try to set things up for their interest. Getting them there is hard some times.
BG: Why do you think that’s so? Do you think that they don’t have the feeling of ownership?
SN: The feeling of ownership, and I think a lot of them may have had bad experiences themselves in school. Or they don’t feel—the majority of the teachers are white teachers—I don’t think they feel as if that’s a place they can go and be comfortable.
BG: Do you think there’s a socio-economic thing going on here also?
SN: In Chapel Hill? Oh, yeah!
BG: Between the teachers and the parents? The white teachers and the black parents?
SN: Oh! No. It happens not only between white teachers and black parents. It happens between teachers and parents period. Which is a shame, it really is.
BG: Why do the blacks not get more involved in the schools?
SN: I really think they do not see it as their school. They just happen to live in the neighborhood and their children go to that particular school.
BG: Where do you think that stems from?
SN: Because the majority—I’m thinking back to the parents we have now—they didn’t go to a Lincoln High or a Northside. They were always in an integrated school. They didn’t have the ( ) experience that we had to say that this was “our” school. They never had “our” school.
BG: What do you think could be done to give ownership to the blacks in the community so that it’s “their” school? Do you think there’s anything?
SN: One thing that’s going to have to be done is going to have to be a change of attitude of not only the teachers in the school but also the parents. It’s not just one side that has to do it; I think both sides will have to work on it. Parents—and it doesn’t matter what color they are—need to start going into the schools and asking questions. You have the ones that are there all the time that are asking questions. But then you have this group that the only time they’re there is when there’s conflicts or whatever. They’re not there, asking, you know, why isn’t my child doing this, why isn’t my child in enrichment? They just basically take whatever is told and don’t ask any key questions. Trying to reach out to them and trying to get them in there is hard.
BG: You don’t have a magic cure for getting them involved?
SN: No. And also in Chapel Hill, the number of African Americans in schools is decreasing. It really is. And you look at a lot of them, the parents didn’t even grow up in Chapel Hill. They moved here from somewhere else. So the African-American family that actually grew up here—the parents grew up here, the grandparents grew up here, and all that—that number is decreasing.
BG: Now I had asked you something about socioeconomic. You were about to jump on it. Then I specified about socioeconomic. But I would love to hear what you were going to say about the socioeconomics of the black community. Could you recall?
SN: Yes. I think that it is still in decreasing. We almost headed back to the haves and the have-nots in Chapel Hill. And that’s sad. There was a time when it was all beginning to blend. But now I think we’re moving up to the ones that have and the ones--. And the have nots, they have, but when they compare to what it is that when you think of—I call call off some neighborhoods here. It’s obvious.
BG: The difference. Economic success between the black community and the white community. Is that fair to say that you’re saying that?
SN: I’m saying that. But the white communities, the ones that are living there, moved into Chapel Hill. They did not grow up here. The majority of them are moving in from somewhere. | <urn:uuid:e7f238b9-52d0-4e66-b28e-019931969331> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/K-0554/excerpts/excerpt_644.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835505.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00146-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98295 | 1,190 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Around half of all people who suffer from one or more of the eating disorders also commonly struggle with anxiety and depression. In order for any of the mental health issues involved to be effectively treated so that the individual can recover all of the disorders must be properly diagnosed and treated. If someone has an eating disorder like anorexia nervosa or bulimia, and this is diagnosed and treated but other underlying disorders like anxiety or depression are not addressed, then the chances are the individual will eventually end up right back where they started. In order to fully recover every mental disorder and condition must be diagnosed, addressed, and treated. Since approximately 1 in 2 people with an eating disorder will also have a co-occurring disorder it is extremely important to have a dual diagnosis in these cases.
Unless the eating disorders, and any other conditions like anxiety or depression, are all properly identified, diagnosed, and then treated at the same time the results will not be as effective as they could be. Research has shown that those with an eating disorder and another condition like anxiety or depression have a much more difficult road to recovery, but that does not mean that this is impossible. If you or someone you know has one of the eating disorders then it is essential to seek out qualified treatment professionals and facilities that can handle these disorders and any other conditions that may be involved. Treating one condition without treating any other conditions involved will not work long term. | <urn:uuid:db3dd4cb-1c8d-4b79-b661-0866e6e830a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://valiantrecovery.ca/are-eating-disorders-and-anxiety-connected-is-a-dual-diagnosis-important.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689874.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924044206-20170924064206-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.967392 | 286 | 2.75 | 3 |
Every year, 300 million people are infected with malaria.
While the disease was eradicated in the U.S. 60 years ago, half the world's population remains at risk.
If you travel to an affected country, you could be at risk, too.
Now, a first-of-its kind drug could help put a stop to that.
Three years ago, Dawn Dubsky was studying overseas in Ghana when a mosquito bit the back of her leg. Back at home, she went to the ER. Ravaged by the malaria parasite, Dawn woke up a month later, a quadruple amputee.
"My parents had chosen to amputate my limbs to save my life,” she said.
20,000 travelers are infected with malaria each year. Dr. Mats Wahlgren of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden is working to change that.
"It kills around 1 million people each year, and how many died in 9/11? 3,000. It's more or less the same figure per day that malaria takes away,” Dr. Wahlgren said.
The parasite penetrates the red blood cells where it produces proteins that clog up the blood vessels, a potentially deadly situation. The new intravenous drug treatment would prevent that from happening by preventing infected blood cells from binding and releasing blood cells that are already bound.
While the breakthrough comes too late for dawn, she is taking steps to help others. Her non-profit America Against Malaria is her way of fighting back against a disease that nearly took her life.
Scientists have been able to treat severe malaria in rats and primates with the new malaria drug.
It remains to be seen whether the results will be replicated in people.
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has donated hundreds of millions of dollars to fight malaria around the world.
Dawn Dubsky's nonprofit is raising money to help educate children in Ghana about the disease.
BACKGROUND: Malaria is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a specific type of mosquito that feeds on humans. Common symptoms of malaria include high fever, shaking, chills, and flu-like illness. About 1,500 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States each year. The majority of these cases happen in travelers and immigrants returning from countries where malaria transmission occurs. This was the case for Dawn Dubsky who, while traveling in Africa, was bitten by a mosquito. Upon returning home to the United States, she went to the emergency room, ravaged by the malaria parasite. Dawn woke up a month later as a quadruple amputee.
PREVALENCE OF MALARIA: About 20,000 travelers are infected with malaria each year. It kills nearly 3,000 people each day and up to 1 million people every year. The parasite penetrates red blood cells where it produces proteins that clog blood vessels. Following the parasitic bite, a period of time passes before the first symptoms start to show. This period can last from seven to 30 days. These long delays between exposure and development of symptoms can result in misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis because of reduced clinical suspicion by the health care provider.
CURRENT TREATMENTS: Anti-malarial drugs can be prescribed to people traveling to areas where malaria is prevalent. It is important for travelers to see their health care providers well in advance of departure because treatment may begin as early as two weeks before entering the area and continue for a month after leaving the area. The types of anti-malarial medications prescribed will depend on the drug-resistance patterns in the areas to be visited.
(SOURCE: New York Times)
NEW TREATMENT IN THE WORKS: A new intravenous drug treatment is in the works to treat malaria. Researchers from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden are currently studying the therapy. Scientists have been able to treat severe malaria in rats and primates with this new malaria drug, and they hope to replicate the results in humans.
(SOURCE: Karolinska Institute)
FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT:
Karolinska Institute Press Office
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation | <urn:uuid:fc57900f-6262-4b52-afef-18b83533efa5> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.wndu.com/mmm/headlines/New_drug_could_help_those_infected_with_malaria_128089398.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997878518.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025758-00145-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941711 | 855 | 3.453125 | 3 |
There are opportunities in the Marine Sector in India. It’s a growing industry, and there are opportunities within capture fisheries, aquaculture, fish genetics and biotechnology, harvest and post harvest, fishery engineering and education.
The ‘fisheries and aquaculture sector‘ is recognized as the sunshine sector in Indian agriculture. It stimulates growth of number of subsidiary industries and is the source of livelihood for a large section of economically backward population, especially fishermen, of the country. It helps in increasing food supply, generating adequate employment opportunities and raising nutritional level. It has a huge export potential and is a big source of foreign exchange earnings for the country.
The ‘Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries‘ is the main authority for development of fisheries’ industry in India. It has been undertaking, directly and through the State Governments and the administrations of the Union Territories, various production, input supply and infrastructure development programs and welfare-oriented schemes; besides formulating and initiating appropriate policies to increase production and productivity in the fishery sector. Further, the ‘Ministry of Food Processing Industries’ is another main agency responsible for sound growth of fish processing segment in India.
However, fishery is basically a State subject and the primary responsibility for its development mainly rests with the State Governments. The major thrust in fisheries development has been focused on optimizing production and productivity; augmenting export of fishery products; generating employment and improving welfare of fishermen and their socio-economic status.
Over the years, fisheries’ industry is emerging and rapidly growing. This covers both capture and culture including inland and sea, aquaculture, gears, navigation, oceanography, aquarium management, breeding, processing, export and import of seafood, special products and by-products, research and related activities. There exists several investment opportunities in the sector for the entrepreneurs world over.
But, there are several challenges and issues facing the fisheries development in the country, such as, accurate data on assessment of fishery resources and their potential in terms of fish production; development of sustainable technologies for fin and shell fish culture; yield optimization; harvest and post-harvest operations; landing and berthing facilities for fishing vessels and welfare of fishermen; etc.
Thus, there is greater need to transform the sector by taking into account its achievements and capabilities. The strong and sustaining ecological resource base, rational and pre-emptive policy, public and private investments, good governance, etc holds the key for sustainable growth of the sector.
The fuller utilization of its potential can be achieved through infrastructure, investments, technology intensification, diversification and value addition. In a nutshell, various issues related to fishing activities in India need to be addressed in a time bound manner with mutual understanding and cooperation between public and private sectors.
Thrust Areas (Priority wise)
Capture Fisheries (Marine & Inland)
- Species-wise biological database of commercially exploited marine fish stock and estimate of existing fish yield.
- Meeting the challanges of responsible fisheries.
- Computer based models for fishery management in open waters.
- Developing marine and estuarine biodiversity database, formulating conservation and management action plan on GIS platform
- Using remote sensing technology, mapping potential inland fishery resources in the country incorporating information on production, dominant catch trends, species composition and ecological status.
- Impact of river linking on fish stocks, aquatic biodiversity and estimating environmental flows in river systems to sustain ecosystem properties and production.
- Generating long term data base on ecosystem ecology, responses of fish behaviour including physiology to climate extreme changes in inland and marine environments.
- Develop climate change action plan ensuring to minimize negative impacts and exploit new opportunities.
- Environmental impact assessment and bioremediation of stressed aquatic ecosystems
- Assessment and action plan for hill fishery resource management.
- Pilot-scale testing of appropriate management models for improving fisheries in reservoirs, lakes and floodplain wetlands.
- Addressing the issues related to safety at sea for fishers both in terms of policy and support.
Aquaculture: (Freshwater, Brackishwater, Mariculture & Coldwater)
- Developing sustainable technologies for mariculture, open sea culture.
- Diversification in aquaculture by bringing more potential fin/ shellfish species and varied culture systems in fresh and brackishwater farming.
- Breeding and culture of high value fin-fish and shell-fishes.
- Organic aqua-farming
- Fish health management, immuno-prophylaxis and therapeutic against common diseases.
- Ornamental fish breeding and farming
- Up-scaling of breeding and culture technologies for potential coldwater fish species.
- Technology development for aquaculture inland saline water areas.
- Up-scaling pen and cage culture technology in reservoirs and wetlands.
- Fish nutrition, feed development and technology for live feed organisms.
- Water budgeting in inland aquaculture
- Development of water re-circulating units for different aquaculture systems.
- Genetic improvement in existing finfish and shellfish species for growth and disease resistance.
Fish Genetics & Biotechnology:
- Cataloguing fish germplasm resources for developing biodiversity repository.
- Developing technologies for post-mortem sperm preservation and genome conservation.
- Exotics and quarantine, import risk analysis and disease diagnostics
- Genotyping of fish and shellfishes and allied taxonomic groups across different ecosystems.
- Genetic cataloguing of microbes
- Cytogenetics and genotoxicity studies in fish and shellfish.
- Developing standards and certification norms for primary fish produce and products.
Harvest & Post- harvest:
- Design of new generation (fuel efficient) fishing vessels and gears.
- Eco-friendly and responsible fishing techniques for EEZ.
- Energy conservation in fish harvesting, processing and transportation.
- Technologies for utilization of fish by-catch
- Develop eco-friendly fishing techniques for harnessing sustainable fishery from the rivers and reservoirs.
- Processing, value addition, packaging and marketing of fishery products.
- Minimize post-harvest losses and effective utilization of fishing waste.
- Extraction of Bioactive substances of pharmacological importance.
- Protocols for sanitation, hygiene and quality control
- Quality management and food security
- Development of on board and on shore equipment for fishing and fish processing.
- Bioinformatics and IT based solutions to fisheries harvest and post-harvest issues.
- Development of techniques to control seepage in ponds for aquaculture.
- Develop techniques for fish farm construction in porous and loose soils.
- Human Resource Development in emerging areas of fishery, aquaculture, harvest-post harvest, processing, aquaculture engineering, aquatic environment and agri-business management.
- Documenting entire information on fisheries and aquaculture in the country for providing inputs to policy and governance.
Future Outlook :
- Impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture
- Development of designs of new-generation, fuel efficient, multi-purpose fishing vessels
- Development of innovative gears like large mesh size purse seine to exploite deeper water fishes.
- Monitoring of health of inland and coastal aquatic ecosystems.
- Development of technology for bio-remediation process of degraded aquatic resources.
- Water budgeting in inland aquaculture
- Seed production, grow out technology for ornamental fishes
- Species diversification in inland and brackishwater aquaculture
- Low cost –low input shrimp farming technology based on organic farming principles .
- Modified zero water exchange technology for fish and shrimp farming
- Open sea mariculture for fish and shellfish
- Affordable ready to eat fish products
- Improved processing technologies for fishery products and by-products of international standards.
- Development of bioactive and pharmaceutically important products from aquatic resources.
- Reduction in loss of fish during harvest and post harvest period.
- Fishery waste utilization.
- Evolving techniques to ensure seafood safety
For more info, contact:
Arti Bhatia Kumar
Market Advisor, Innovation Norway in New Delhi | <urn:uuid:355180a4-4748-410b-b1e9-b6bf2255e2a3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.opportunities-abroad.no/2016/07/15/the-blue-revolution-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156724.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921013907-20180921034307-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.869704 | 1,684 | 2.625 | 3 |
“My math teacher knew what he was doing. He was full of energy and even if we were tired, he would still push and encourage us. I never liked math, but now I love math.”–Cynthia. CUNY Start Student, Class of 2014
In CUNY Start Math, students will study a mix of pre-algebra and algebra topics. Students will also study abstract mathematical functions and functions applied to real-world situations. Participants in this course do not simply memorize rules and formulas. Our goal is to help students develop thinking skills that will enable them to understand, discuss and write about mathematics. Understanding is maximized through in-depth study of core math concepts in an interactive, supportive learning environment.
Academic Reading and Writing
The Reading and Writing course focuses on analyzing and discussing works of non-fiction, including autobiographical essays, in which the authors consider the role of language and literacy in the shaping of identity. The purpose of this class is to help students examine their own reading habits and skills as well as their identity as a writer and learner. The Reading and Writing course prepares students to pass the CUNY Assessment tests in Writing (CAT-W and the ACT Compass reading exams.) Skill development includes argumentative and analytic writing, and college-level reading and study skills.
College Readiness Seminar
All students in CUNY Start participate in a weekly College Readiness Seminar class to explore their academic identity and learn about college structures and campus resources. The course helps students align their career goals with BCC educational requirements and prepares them for academic achievement and graduation. CUNY Start advisors assist students with time management, navigating the BCC campus, developing communication and self-advocacy skills, and academic planning. | <urn:uuid:4f448557-663e-4628-be59-02d2dae16965> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://site.bcc.cuny.edu/CUNY-Start/?p=cs-Course-Descriptions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305006.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126222652-20220127012652-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.961623 | 370 | 2.8125 | 3 |
We’ve already seen our fair share of pandemic-driven fraud and cybercrime, but what can we expect as vaccine rollouts pick up pace worldwide?
Cyber Espionage to Steal Vaccine Data
A viable vaccine is valuable intellectual property. Beyond the pharmaceutical formula itself, even data on testing and drug trials can be valuable to an organization working to develop its own drug. With countries struggling to secure an effective vaccine,2 such data is a tempting target. We’ve already seen some attacks.
In late 2020, North Korean cyber attackers reportedly targeted the vaccine maker AstraZeneca in the UK.3 They apparently used spear phishing via social media to try to inject malware by way of job description documents. Over the summer, Russian cyber attackers were also detected in a vaccine theft attempt.4
Threat actors on the hunt for vaccine data are advanced cyber attackers, either working for or hired by nation states. This makes them the most capable and well-resourced threat that organizations could face.
The goal of these attackers is unauthorized access to information, such as data related to research proposals, drug development, manuscripts, virus testing, clinical trials, and drug manufacturing.
Healthcare and drug research facilities tend to have elevated security controls to protect their intellectual property. However, cyber attacks will also target their business partners and third parties, which may have lower levels of security.
The likelihood of vaccine cyber espionage is high, and we’ve already seen attacks targeting coronavirus research organizations, including academic institutions, biomedical research laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, and drug manufacturers.
Sabotage the Vaccine Pipeline
In October 2020, a large U.S. clinical trial software manufacturer involved in coronavirus drug testing experienced a ransomware attack.5 And we’ve seen ransomware and malware hitting hospitals regularly.
In 2017, the NotPetya malware attack that targeted Ukraine appeared to be ransomware but later, experts concluded that it was a denial-of-service weapon wielded by Russian threat actors. The software was designed to be more crippling than ransomware; not just encrypting data but wiping it out permanently.6
The cooling systems required by vaccines are also vulnerable to cyberattack, especially if they are tied to IoT controls. As we’ve seen over the years, IoT systems have very poor security controls and are often subverted and infected by malware. We have also seen anti-vaccine activists in trusted positions physically sabotaging vaccine cooling systems.7 IoT tampering would be much easier and potentially harder to trace.
Cybercriminals could stand to make a lot of money by slowing or crippling vaccine distribution efforts. But it also would be easy for competitor nation states to use ransomware (and cybercriminals) to conceal other sinister moves such as slowing down a nation’s recovery. Right now, the vaccine pipeline is as essential as much of our other critical infrastructure.
Vaccine saboteurs are likely to be highly motivated and well-resourced, and the newer versions of ransomware are faster, smarter, and stealthier than before. Attackers are looking to deny access to data and critical computing resources, either short-term for ransom payment or as long as possible to sabotage the rollout.
Many targeted facilities are regulated and aware of the threat of malware. But, again, third parties are a potential Achilles heel. Many smaller clinics, retail drugstores, regional government agencies, and other entities with reduced cybersecurity capabilities are also potential victims.
Using Stolen Vaccine Data for Disinformation
In October of 2020, the Centre for Countering Digital Hate reported that 50 million people follow anti-vaccine groups on social media.8 In January of 2021, regulatory data regarding the COVID-19 vaccine was stolen by cyber attackers, reportedly to fuel disinformation campaigns.9
In the past, F5 Labs wrote about how hacktivists can use doxing (the unauthorized release of private or personal information) to intimidate or embarrass an opponent. We also noted that leakers can release carefully curated and incriminating emails or confidential documents, which can be effective against organizations or public figures. Sometimes they will modify leaked vaccine data prior to publication in an attempt to sow disinformation.10
Vaccine Cyber Thieves
The most proficient attackers are hostile nation states that use misinformation to slow down vaccinations.
There are also the anti-vaxxers, who tend to act as a loose confederation.
It is important to note that the anti-vaxxer movement isn’t only about fear or ignorance, but also about profit. There are individuals and groups attempting to discredit vaccines in order to sell alternative medical therapies for COVID-19.12
The attackers’ goal here is to violate confidentiality by stealing data for disclosure. They may modify that stolen data to help sway opinion. The targeted assets are the same as the cyber espionage attacker’s, most notably research data, virus testing, and clinical trials that show side effects or potential problems.
Most targeted organizations will be subject to regulation and intellectual property protection. However, their connections with third parties can expand the attack surface. Furthermore, individual researchers’ personal accounts, such as home emails, are also potential targets. These could perhaps hold personal notes expressing vaccine doubts. which attackers could use to influence opinion.
Hacking the Vaccine Appointment System
The likely attackers here would be individuals with hacking skills and cyber criminals looking to sell vaccine access. Their capabilities would be variable but tending toward the lower end of the scale. There is a profit to be made, but it’s not as lucrative and easy as other cybercrime schemes. The ultimate goal is to weaken the integrity of the appointment system by unauthorized modifications or additions to the waiting list.
The controls around the vaccine registration systems are likely to be highly variable, but also tending towards the higher side, as they are also regulated medical systems.
Evidence of this type of criminal activity is starting to emerge. For example, a healthcare provider in Michigan recently cancelled 2,700 vaccine appointments after a breach allowed people to cut in line. The attempt failed, and the likelihood of similar successful attacks remains on the low side. There is a considerable risk of getting caught. Less traceable methods of getting early access to vaccines like bribing medical professionals are more likely.
Mitigation Against Vaccine Cyberthreats
If you or your organization have any role in the vaccine supply chain, you should evaluate your security and strengthen defences accordingly. The two most probable attacks are either by phishing or web attacks.
If you are an individual, a good resource is the Department of Justice Coronavirus Response web page, which gives information about COVID-19 fraud and steps to take to prevent or combat it. Before you start sharing personal or financial information online, it’s a good idea to double-check the request with state or local health department websites as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). You should never share health or financial information over untrustworthy Internet channels such as email or social media.
One warning though: Don’t spend too much time trying to figure out how attackers think. Even if we could perfectly understand their motives and methods (and we can’t), they will shift over time. The key is to assess the most likely kinds of attacks each system and asset could face, and build defences for them accordingly. | <urn:uuid:7045c915-23dd-4577-9e86-4bba49a437cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://informationsecuritybuzz.com/articles/cybersecurity-threats-to-the-covid-19-vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104248623.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703164826-20220703194826-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.951053 | 1,508 | 3 | 3 |
May is the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Motorcycle Safety Awareness Month – the perfect time for a refresher on basic motorcycle safety. Although many motorcyclists enjoy the freedom that riding offers, the best riders also know that motorcycles require more focus to operate and don’t provide the same protections cars do in the event of a crash. According to the NHTSA, 4,957 motorcyclists were killed in 2012, representing a 7 percent increase from 2011. Regardless of how long you’ve been riding, take a few moments to review the following quick motorcycle safety tips:
- Wear proper safety gear and, most importantly, a helmet – no matter how short your trip may be. On average, riders wearing a helmet have a 29 percent better chance of surviving a crash than riders without a helmet, the NHTSA reports.
- Make sure you will be visible to other motorists. Make it easier for them by wearing reflective clothing, always using turn signals (and perhaps hand signals as well) and keeping your headlight on.
- Even when taking the above precautions, stay alert and assume that other drivers don’t see you, especially at intersections and when making lane changes or passing.
- Be patient. Don’t tailgate, and if someone is tailgating you, get out of his/her way.
- Never ride after drinking or taking any medications that could impair your abilities.
- Again, make sure you’re visible, particularly at dusk. Consider upgrading your headlight or adding other lights to your ride. Is your bike black? What about your clothing? Both will make you more difficult to see at night.
- Your vision needs to be clear, so keep your visor or goggles clean and free from scratches. If you typically don’t use face or eye protection, consider beginning to.
- Carry a flashlight or other emergency gear with you so a mechanical problem doesn’t leave you stranded – and invisible – on the side of a dark road.
- Riding in Inclement Weather
- Keep rain and cold-weather gear handy. Riding isn’t just more enjoyable when you’re warm and dry – it’s safer, too.
- Use extreme caution when it first begins to rain, as the roads are most slick at that point. Pull over and wait if necessary. It’s better to be late than ride in unsafe conditions.
During Motorcycle Safety Awareness Month, and every month you ride, think about safety every time you start up your bike! And remember to give us at the Barton Insurance Agency a call at 603-526-6991 or click here and submit our online quote request form when you need to get motorcycle insurance, or coverage for any of your vehicles for that matter! At Barton Insurance, your safety is our priority. For additional safety tips, please review our other blog posts, or connect with us on Facebook. | <urn:uuid:8792ed0e-eff2-4b9c-ad25-2bcffde8f95a> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.nhins.com/may-is-motorcycle-safety-awareness-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864139.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621094633-20180621114633-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.917967 | 611 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A scourge that Africa’s leadership inflicts on their people is presiding over derelict and ailing health systems, while they get treatment at top hospital in European, American and Asian lands. African hospitals are not built for African presidents.
One of the most common phenomena across the African continent is that of African leaders seeking medical treatment abroad. It is such a rare case to see an African president or prime minister getting medical treatment in their own countries (a notable exception is Nelson Mandela, who received treatment and care in his own country until he passed away).
The average African citizen may also wish to get first-class medical treatment abroad. But it just remains a pipe dream. The majority of the people are treated by our own doctors in our own hospitals, sometimes derelict hospitals. In Africa, ill health is one of the major characteristics. A lot of people do not even have medical aid. That is not the concern of the African president. As long as he gets his treatment overseas, all is settled for them.
It seems only reasonable to say that African hospitals are not built for African presidents. A few of them use these. The rest, it is something else. This just goes on to highlight the magnitude of the ailing and crippled health system in African countries. When seriously ill, an African leader simply won’t get treated in his own country, and yet, the citizens toil it all out at public hospitals, frantically battling for their lives. We can’t afford to go overseas for medical treatment.
A host of deadly diseases ceaselessly ravages Africa, tearing its children into shreds. Populations in many countries have high mortality rates, maternal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, and TB and HIV infection, compared to other regions. Ebola has shown it’s ugly face and many people have been devoured especially in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ebola has shown its ugly face too. These grim diseases swallow us without even boarding a plane to France, Belgium, USA, UK, or wherever. What about the African president?
There are many examples of African presidents who have sought treatment abroad. Some actually died in office while on treatment abroad, or at least they had received treatment abroad. In March 1984, President Ahmed Sekou Toure of Guinea at age 62 passed away after 26 years as President. He was undergoing cardiac treatment in the USA where he had been rushed after being stricken in Saudi Arabia the previous day.
In February 2005, after 38 years in office, President Gnassingbe Eyadema died on board the aircraft that was evacuating him for emergency treatment abroad. Some information said that he was already dead by the time he was put on the plane. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving head of state in Africa.
In August 2008, President Levy Mwanawasa of Zambia died in office. Aged 59, he passed away in France where he was evacuated after he collapsed at a meeting in Egypt. He had been in office for six years. In the same year in December, Guinea’s President Lansana Conté, 74, died in Conakry. He had been receiving treatment overseas, including in Switzerland and Morocco, for many years. He was President for 24 years.
In June 2009 it was Gabon’s President Omar Bongo Ondimba who passed on at age 73 in Spain. He had ruled for 38 years.
In May 2010 Nigeria’s President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua died at age 58 in Abuja. He had returned from Saudi Arabia two months earlier where he had been receiving treatment. He spent three months overseas receiving treatment on his last trip abroad.
In July 2012, Ghana’s President John Atta Mills died in Accra at age 68. He had been in office for almost three years. Rumours of his ill health circulated for several months before his death, including when he went to the USA for treatment. He and his ministers denied that he was in poor health.
In April 2012, Malawi’s President Bingu wa Mutharika died at age 78 in Lusaka. Several reports said that he died in South Africa where he was flown to receive treatment. He was in office for eight years.
In August 2012, Ethiopian leader Meles Zenawi died at 57 in Belgium where had been receiving treatment for some time. The Prime Minister and head of government had ruled the country for 17 years.
In November 2012, Guinea Bissau’s President Bacai Sanha, 64, passed away in a hospital in Paris. He had ruled for only three years. Most recently in October 2014, President Michael Sata of Zambia died in London. He was 77 years old and had been in office for three years.
You can agree that the list is endless. We have the likes of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Muhamadu Buhari of Nigeria, with the former incessantly visiting countries in the Far East like Singapore for treatment while the latter regularly goes to London. Angola’s president Dos Santos regularly gets treated in Spain for illnesses that are never disclosed. Often times we are not told of the reasons why they have left the country other than “routine check-ups” or “official reasons.” Even when they die, it takes the officials weeks or months to officially announce the deaths. When they are sick, the illness is never told.
What usually happens with these overseas treatments is that the presidents are treated at the expense of the taxpayer. They are flown at the expense of the taxpayer. Meanwhile, the taxpayer is left to languish in a weak hospital which may even struggle to provide the necessary medicines. The taxpayer’s money is abused. is something that our presidents take us for granted. Why are they afraid to get treated in their very own countries? Fix your countries, dear African presidents. | <urn:uuid:5e399c0e-39d6-4d3f-957f-19747d86f6d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://talkafricana.com/african-hospitals-are-not-built-for-african-presidents-details-inside/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334579.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925132046-20220925162046-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.986806 | 1,224 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Curly bamboo plants are pleasing to the eye and require relatively low maintenance. They thrive in a spot with little direct sunlight but plenty of clean water. Curly bamboo is also expensive to purchase and sometimes hard to find. However, with some patience and a little skill, anyone can make their own curly bamboo. While curly bamboo can be trained by simply adjusting the position of light exposure, it can also be done using wire supports.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Young bamboo plant
- Clean water
- Plastic cable ties, twine or tape
Get a young bamboo plant with small green shoots. Hardened bamboo will not have the ability to be trained. Make sure the plant is rooted in a vase with pebbles or marbles at the bottom to support the stalk in an upright position. The vase should be filled with water free of excessive chlorine, and it should be placed in a spot with consistent indirect sunlight available throughout the day.
Purchase a spiralled wire stake from a garden supply store, or make one yourself by bending a solid wire into a spiral shape. Place the wire into the vase with the bamboo stalk so the straight portion of the wire is parallel to the bamboo stalk itself and secure it to the stalk with ties or tape.
Secure the bottom portion of the bamboo shoot to the first bend of the wire spiral using plastic cables or thick twine. Tie it firmly so it adheres to the shape of the wire, but do not tie it so tightly that it cuts into the bamboo. Leave the top portion of the growth free so that it can continue to sprout and grow outward. As the bamboo plant continues to grow, train it to grow following the lines of the wire coil by adding a new tie around the bamboo at each wire loop.
Remove or replace the ties once the bamboo has made a complete revolution upward around the wire; it should begin to harden. Start at the bottom with the first tie that was installed and carefully snip it to release it from the bamboo. If the bamboo is still pliant and does not retain the curly shape, replace the tie. Ties may need to be removed and adjusted for girth as the bamboo plant grows thicker. When the plant is hardened enough to retain the spiral shape, the ties and the wire support can be removed. New shoots can continue to grow, or they may be pruned as desired.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:212a8c2a-a727-45af-9972-dc1e514c5206> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_6395977_instructions-curl-lucky-bamboo-wire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542412.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00505-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938217 | 530 | 2.921875 | 3 |
It takes a lot of effort to train emotional intelligence in children. but to have a child with good emotional intelligence does not have to wait long. Or no need to wait until the child is an adult to train our children's emotional intelligence. This needs to be trained as early as possible in order to help emotional development in children.
The faster and more often they are trained, the more children will be able to interpret every emotion that occurs to them. Not only that, he can also learn independently and is able to sharpen social skills in socializing.
So how to train children's intelligence from an early age?
- Helping children recognize emotions
The first step we have to do is to help children recognize their emotions. Not only that, we also have to train children to control their emotions. You can guide your child to express their emotions, for example while watching a movie or after listening to a story or fairy tale.
For this stage, two things are needed, namely communication and love they are the main key to training children to recognize emotions and control them. So, it is important for every parent to frequently ask what the child is feeling and to train the child to express his emotions honestly and openly.
When children behave violently or have tantrums because they feel negative emotions, such as upset, anger, or disappointment, then it is necessary to teach him to relieve or divert his emotions with positive things, for example inviting children to play or hugging him.
- Train children to have empathy
Empathy in children will help children care for others and build good relationships with their environment later. You can build a child's empathy by educating them to be more sensitive to the feelings of others. For example, when he tells a story about a friend who lost a toy, try asking "How would you feel if you lost your bag, notebook, or toy?"
If he answers "sad", try asking again, "Would you like to lend me your toy?" then watch the response. Children who have empathy will certainly be willing to lend toys to their friends.
- Getting kids used to working together
Cooperation and mutual assistance are skills that can be taught through direct experience. ii is Indonesian culture This can be practiced in everyday life, For example, by asking children to help with homework simple ones, such as cleaning the table and washing fruit or vegetables or sweeping
After he has done this, thank your child for helping you. This simple thing can give children the motivation to be more empathetic and happy to help others. thank you, short words that can spur children's enthusiasm. | <urn:uuid:2be826b9-c8de-426f-901a-9df5eb886d65> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://hive.blog/hive-122108/@maulida/how-to-strengthen-your-child-s-emotional-intelligence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303779.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122073422-20220122103422-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.967792 | 529 | 3.71875 | 4 |
3. A written plan specifically accounts for special needs children in emergency situations.
Let's talk today about the most gaping hole in our crisis preparation efforts – planning for the unique concerns of our students with special needs. In examining the 29 states that did not meet the four standards in the Save the Children report, 76% had an all hazards disaster plan mandate, 45% had a parent reunification plan requirement, 41% required evacuation plans, but only 17% addressed the needs of special education students during emergency events. In other words, the most significant area of deficit identified in the report was in the area of planning for special needs students.
It is critical that educators and planners acknowledge that there are a significant number of students in our schools who do not have the physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioural capabilities to respond to emergency situations the same way as their typical peers. Emergency planning must address ways to provide for the safety and well being of special needs students in preventing, responding, and recovering from crisis events. Review your school’s crisis protocols and/or EOPs with this in mind. Is there even a single notation or plan for dealing with the unique concerns of special education students during the crisis events that we know will occur in the building? | <urn:uuid:62e6c5be-608d-4373-8ba9-07c6b4efa3d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://eschoolsafety.org/blog/school-safety-planning-for-special-needs-students.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314852.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819160107-20190819182107-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.966082 | 253 | 3.125 | 3 |
Justinianus I was the emperor who left a big heritage for today’s world. He gave a new order to East Roman Empire. He decorated New Rome (Constantinople). In addition to his services to East Roman Empire, he had a legendary project; Codex Justinianus.
Emperor Justinianus collected the Roman laws in 6th century AD. This was the first constitution of the world. He believed in force of law in order to organize the public so he decided to use the previous laws and also he added some codes for necessary situations. He made the first arrangement of civil code. Also he became his project true with a commission.
He was the revolutionary emperor of East Roman Empire. | <urn:uuid:170db1fb-a670-401c-988a-69dec749a6e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://amateurtourismvolunteer.com/codex-justinianus-basic-codex-of-modern-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584913.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016170013-20211016200013-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.974527 | 145 | 2.953125 | 3 |
When the winter chill is out of the air and spring starts to settle in, a lot of people out there break out their shovels and plows and decide to plant a garden. If you want to plant a garden this year, why not make it an organic garden? Here are some fantastic tips you can use to make sure that your garden grows.
Make use of a ground cover, such as mulch or hay. Be sure when you are purchasing your ground cover, that it is also organic, as any chemicals contained in the mulch or hay can be absorbed by your plants. Organic ground coverings will protect the roots of your plants and help prevent water evaporation.
When starting your organic garden, a great tip is to make sure you have the right timing when sowing your seeds. If your timing is off when planting a particular plant, you will have very disappointing results. If you make sure you have your timing correct, you will likely be pleased with your results.
Choose carefully the plants you want to grow. Some plants are simply not made to grow indoors. If you want to grow vegetables, you can easily grow broccoli or Brussels sprouts indoors. Alyssums and zinnias are great flowers to grow indoors. You can also experiment with other kinds of plants, but keep in mind that it might not work.
Start your organic garden with a good strategic plan. This helps you know exactly where each plant will go in your garden so that you can maximize the few hours you have to garden each day. As part of your plan, take notes on what plants you will use to replace short-lived crops such as spinach and lettuce.
As soon as your seeds start sprouting make sure they have enough light. Move your plants next to a sunny window or put them inside a greenhouse. If you cannot do this, use fluorescent lights. Remember that your plants need up to sixteen hours of light every day.
If you have a compost pile, but have very few leaves to add to it this fall, try incorporating straw or hay into your compost pile. This is a great way to add carbon which is very beneficial to the growth and health of plants. The straw and hay may contain seeds, so it is best to use an organic weed spray on your compost pile to get rid of the unwanted weeds.
Use compost to feed your crops. In organic gardening, compost is necessary for the survival of your plants. A home compost pile is a great, inexpensive source of compost. Many food scraps, grass, and dry leaves can be used in your compost. However, avoid cooked foods, ash, and animal waste in an organic compost pile.
One of the best things about a garden is that once you put in the initial labor, you can sit back and enjoy the fruits – or vegetables – of this labor as your garden begins to grow. Make sure that you’re using these tips correctly if you want to experience the best possible results with your organic garden. | <urn:uuid:800c717e-fd26-435f-899a-afc6579ec45e> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://homezcontractor.info/how-to-grow-an-organic-garden-that-you-can-be-proud-of/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347394074.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527110649-20200527140649-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.956377 | 606 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Another beautiful image from Terry Hancock at Down Under Observatory.
7000 light-years distant in the constellation of Cassiopeia lies the emission nebula colloquially known as the Soul Nebula. The gasses (mostly hydrogen) that comprise the nebula are being ionized by the stars within the region and as a result, the gasses glow, much like a neon sign.
The pressures exerted upon the material by the stars nearby are causing the material to become compressed. When enough of the gas becomes highly compacted, it triggers the birth of new stars. In effect, this is a beautiful snapshot of a multimillion-year process of an enormous cloud of dust and gas transforming itself into new stars.
— written by Adam Stirek | <urn:uuid:e89c45c2-6540-4af6-ae10-e1f0991c22d2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://silver-rockets.blog/tag/hubble/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.946026 | 152 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Data corruption problem
IDM started to download the file using one connection because of data corruption when newly received data in several connections did not match the same data downloaded earlier.
IDM started to download the file from the beginning since data was corrupted because newly received data did not match the same data downloaded earlier.
When IDM downloads a file using several connections, IDM requests several bytes more for every file part to match the adjacent file part data which was downloaded by another connection. When IDM resumes a download, it falls back on several bytes and compares the beginning on new data with the end of old data downloaded earlier. When the data does not match, IDM will re-download the non-matching file part from the beginning. When the data does not match in several connections, IDM will start downloading the file from scratch using one connection.
The corruption of data may happen because of the following reasons:
1. Firewalls, antiviral and other security software control the process of downloading from network and writing data to disks. These programs interfere in opening network connections and in file creation process. When IDM wants to write received data to files, security programs first pass all data through their internal buffers where they scan data for possible viruses. Several firewalls and some antiviral software mix the data of different connections, and thus they mix file parts. For example, several versions of Eset NOD have this problem. When IDM opens several files quickly in one thread, it mixes file descriptors. Also many other cases are known when security programs caused a data corruption. Note that even disabling the security program may not help because they still have their drivers in memory which do this job in background. Users reported successful problem resolution only after uninstalling a security program.
Note that IDM cannot in any way bypass a security program when downloading or saving files, and data corruption does not depend on IDM.
Many firewall and antiviral programs gives IDM maximum access rights on downloading and writing to disks during first IDM installation. But after IDM updates, security software may see that IDM executable file has changed and starts to block access or turns on detailed download/write verification without user notification. In this case customers report high CPU load, timeouts, and several customers reported data corruption.
2. Different "Internet accelerators" or "video accelerators" may also interfere in a download process. They also may cause the same problems just like security software
3. Such problems are possible with proxy servers either set in IDM or transparent proxy servers that can be used by your Internet provider. In this case try to change the proxy server, try another Interney provider, or use VPN.
4. If IDM downloads from the majority of sites without a problem, but has a problem with specific site(s), then the problem is in the site(s). There are sites which send incorrect data on resume, or the site always send files from scratch. In this case please contact site(s) administrators.
Internet Download Manager, Tonec Inc. 641 Lexington Avenue, 15th fl. New York, NY, 10022 E-mail: email@example.com© 1999-2012. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:042901ce-cbea-443a-9101-7fb6f83f0872> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.internetdownloadmanager.com/support/data_corruption.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655589.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00051-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938534 | 660 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Presented at the 7th International RiverSymposium, Brisbane Australia, Aug 31st – 3rd Sept 2004
Place of Publication
Phosphorus, nutrient balance, agriculture, BMP, modelling
The ecology of estuaries on the south coast of Western Australia has been disrupted because of increased nutrient and sediment discharge from predominantly rural catchments. Given the strong link between landuse and nutrient export, it is important to evaluate nutrient balances and flows so that opportunities for intervention can be better targeted. Specific data on the levels of nutrient export, and the nutrient inputs that give rise, are often limited. The case studies reported here developed nutrient balances for a broad range of land uses in the Peel Harvey catchment, in part to provide nutrient data for associated BMP modelling work. The studies indicate that inputs exceed outputs in most instances, suggesting nutrient accumulation (‘positive balance’). A range of nutrient balance and input:output signatures have emerged for different land uses, describing the general nutrient efficiency of each. Ratios vary significantly within land uses, possibly due to management practices, and environmental situation. The P input:output ratio provides some indicator of production P loss, but estimated levels of P loss to the environment are strongly correlated with farm P inputs. The selection and prioritisation of management practices needs to consider how each management action addresses the issue of “nutrient balance”.
Neville SD, Weaver DM, Lavell K, Clarke MF, Summers RN, Ramsey H, Grant J (2004) Nutrient balance case studies of agricultural activities in south west Western Australia. Presented at the 7th International RiverSymposium, Brisbane Australia, Aug 31st – 3rd Sept 2004 | <urn:uuid:71452af2-5edf-420e-9d23-20de033a506c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/conf_papers/20/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247497858.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221010932-20190221032932-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.880136 | 342 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Using drugs, especially over a prolonged period of time, makes severe physical changes to the human brain. While drugs are also capable of altering the brain in the short-term, such as nitrous oxide, frequency and length of use play a major role. Often, many drugs will play a significant role in one’s likelihood of developing neurodegenerative brain complications later in life, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Researchers have found that methamphetamine use can affect the brain in a similar manner as traumatic brain injuries. People are generally under the impression that the effects of drugs wear off as soon as the intoxication of the drug wears off, but methamphetamine can cause severe problems in the long-term. University of Florida researchers studied the effects of MDMA and methamphetamine in the brain and found that the drugs “lead to the same type of brain changes, cell loss and protein fluctuations in the brain that occur after a person endures a sharp blow to the head,” according to Science Daily. Firas Kobeissy, a postdoctoral associate in the College of Medicine department of psychiatry said, “Using methamphetamine is like inflicting a traumatic brain injury on yourself. We found that a lot of brain cells are being injured by these drugs. That’s alarming to society now. People don’t seem to take club drugs as seriously as drugs such as heroin or cocaine.” However, the potential effects on the brain from taking club drugs and methamphetamine can be quite severe. The study, published in the journal of Biological Psychiatry, Methamphetamine- and Trauma-Induced Brain Injuries: Comparative Cellular and Molecular Neurobiological Substrates, explains, “METH abuse has been linked to numerous adverse neuropsychological effects showing deficits in execution memory (novel problem solving), motor skills, and episodic memory.” The study also points out that both people suffering from drug addiction and people with traumatic brain injuries share many similar neurological symptoms, such as “apathy, poor self-control, and poor executive control.” Methamphetamine and MDMA are not the only drugs that can cause severe brain damage. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, some drugs can cause damage to the brain via seizures, stroke, or direct toxicity on brain cells. The NIDA explains, “repeated drug use leads to changes in the function of multiple brain circuits that control pleasures/reward, stress, decision-making, impulse control, learning and memory, and other functions.” Some, but not all, of the damage to the brain caused by drug use is reversible.
Your story doesn’t have to be one of mental and physical health problems. You can begin repairing the damage caused by addiction and build a brighter future by reaching out for help now. Oceanfront Recovery, a licensed dual diagnosis treatment center in the heart of beautiful Laguna Beach, is staffed with caring and compassionate professionals dedicated to providing perfect environment for men and women to begin the process of healing from addiction. For information about individualized treatment options, please call today: (877) 279-1777 | <urn:uuid:7feba9ee-ee1e-4812-b7c0-6b522178224c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.oceanfrontrecovery.com/rehab-blog/the-link-between-drug-use-and-brain-damage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.947913 | 633 | 3.25 | 3 |
Pluralismthat is, the conception that there are many different ends that men may seek and still be fully rational, fully men, capable of understanding each other and sympathising and deriving light from each other.
"If you loved as I do,' she earnestly replied, 'you would not have so nearly lost me - these scruples of false delicacy and pride would never thus have troubled you - you would have seen that the greatest worldly distinctions and discrepancies of rank, birth, and fortune are as dust in the balance compared with the unity of accordant thoughts and feelings, and truly loving, sympathising hearts and souls."anne brontë
Create and save customized flash cards. Sign up today and start improving your vocabulary! | <urn:uuid:b1244fed-803e-4488-830f-d3205133840b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://quotes.yourdictionary.com/sympathising | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815843.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224152306-20180224172306-00761.warc.gz | en | 0.959037 | 150 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sakamoto Ryoma's Biography
Who was Sakamoto Ryoma?Sakamoto Ryoma was born in 1835 in Kochi Prefecture (formerly referred to as Tosa), the second son of Sakamoto Hachihei Naotari, a goshi (low ranked samurai).
He lived only until his 33rd birthday but is credited with being a crucial force in transforming the feudal Japan of the Tokugawa Shogunate into a more outward looking modern unified nation.
Although, some people argue that Ryoma's fame exceeds his actual contribution during the restoration period.
In 1868, the year after Sakamoto Ryoma's death the modern age of Japan commenced with the Meiji period, taking over the Edo period.
It is all the more extraordinary as Sakamoto Ryoma was originally a somewhat xenophobic nationalist.
As a child Sakamoto was bullied, but he took up swordsmanship at 13 and would eventually achieve the highest standards of swordsmanship.
In 1853 he moved to Edo (now known as Tokyo) for further training in swordsmanship at the Chiba exercise hall under Sadakichi Chiba.
His sojourn in Edo coincided with the historic arrival of American ships trying to open up Japan's markets to trade.
On July 8, 1853 four black ships led by USS Powhatan, commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry, anchored at Edo Bay.
The Japanese had never before seen ships steaming with smoke and were shocked by the size of the guns on board the ships.
The following year Japan signed a treaty with the USA. Many in Japan were against making what they saw as concessions to the foreigners.
Against this backdrop Sakamoto Ryoma joined the Tosa Loyalist Party, a group led by Takechi Zuizan, who wanted to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate with violence.
Having gone back to Tosa, Sakamoto Ryoma, in 1862, returned to Edo to work towards expelling all foreigners from Japan, and restoring the status of the Emperor as the real ruler of Japan.
Because Sakamoto Ryoma had left Tosa without the permission of officials, he became a ronin, i.e. a 'masterless samurai'.
December 1862 saw a remarkable turnaround in Sakamoto Ryoma's beliefs and therefore a change in the direction of Japanese history.
That month, Sakamoto Ryoma was going to assassinate Katsu Kaishu, the admiral of the shogunate, the commander of the ship "Kanrin-maru", and a pivotal player in the Japan-U.S.A treaty.
Amazingly Katsu talked round Sakamoto Ryoma, who not only spared his life, but joined his cause, becoming his pupil.
Sakamoto Ryoma then worked strenuously to gain a coalition between two traditional enemies, the Satsuma clan (Kagoshima Prefecture) and the Choshu clan (Yamaguchi Prefecture).
Eventually he got Saigo Takamori of the Satsuma clan and Kido Takayoshi of the Chushu clan to make a pact that would pave the way for power to return peacefully to the Emperor.
Sakamoto Ryoma had also established the "kaientai" - a cross between a shipping firm and a naval force.
In November of 1867, Sakamoto Ryoma and his friend Nakaoka Shintaro were assassinated in Kyoto.
Ryoma was 33. His death came just before the bloodless Meiji revolution which he had been working towards.
Back to Top | <urn:uuid:c9c9e110-028c-466c-aac8-f2973832b76f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.biogs.com/famous/sakamoto.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.973494 | 737 | 2.6875 | 3 |
SFDR – these 4 letters are creating a buzz for so many businesses and are driving forward the EU’s low-carbon transition. But for many organizations, there are still questions as to how this regulation is related to other disclosure mandates, who is affected, and how.
SFDR, or the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation, is a major step to increasing transparency and greening the financial sector. It will have impacts for many organizations, but to understand the SFDR it is important to first understand where it fits in the hierarchy of sustainability legislation in the EU.
This hierarchy starts with the EU Green Taxonomy, the basis for all EU sustainability regulation. The Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD), Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), and Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) build off the classification system established by the Taxonomy and adds reporting and disclosure requirements for entities in scope. This information is critical for understanding the purpose and actionable items surrounding the regulations.
Sustainable regulations 101
What is the EU Taxonomy?
The EU Taxonomy is a classification system that translates the European Union’s climate and environmental objectives into a framework that recognizes and provides a common language for environmentally sustainable economic activities. In addition to identifying activities that contribute to at least one of the EU’s sustainability goals, the Taxonomy requires that economic activities “do no significant harm” to the environmental objectives and meet minimum social safeguards. It is a transparency tool that will introduce mandatory disclosure obligations for companies and investors, requiring them to publish their share of Taxonomy-aligned activities.
What is the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD)?
The NFRD aims to deliver a comprehensive corporate reporting framework with qualitative and quantitative information to facilitate the assessment of companies’ sustainability impacts and risks. The Directive requires large public-interest entities to disclose information in their non-financial statements concerning Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) matters. According to the EU Taxonomy, companies falling within the scope of the existing NFRD are expected to report on the extent to which their activities are sustainable.
What is the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)?
The CSRD extends the scope of the NFRD requirements to include all large companies (listed or not). This change broadens the scope of entities from 11,600 to 49,000 and means that all large companies are publicly accountable for their impact on people and the environment. The extended scope of the CSRD also includes small and medium-sized enterprises that have securities listed on regulated markets, except listed microenterprises. The EU Taxonomy will ensure that companies falling under the scope of the CSRD disclose their environmental performance information and their Taxonomy-aligned economic activities. CSRD aims to ensure alignment, specifically with the SFDR, and to reduce complexity and potential duplicative reporting requirements. It ensures that companies report the information that investors need to meet SFDR requirement.
What is the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR)?
SFDR is a regulation designed to complement corporate disclosures by creating a comprehensive reporting framework for financial products and financial entities. Different investment strategies will inevitably result in the funding of activities with varying levels of environmental performance. To address this, the SFDR categorizes financial products and distinguishes disclosure requirements for each. The SFDR links to the EU Taxonomy requirements by aligning its definition of “sustainable investments” with how the Taxonomy defines environmentally sustainable economic activities.
Who does SFDR impact, and when?
The SFDR will have both direct and indirect effects for various financial market participants (FMPs).
Several groups are directly impacted:
- FMPs in the EU: Such as investment firms that provide portfolio management, insurers providing insurance-based investment products (IBIPs), and pension product providers.
- Financial advisors in the EU: Such as investment firms that provide investment advice and intermediaries advising on IBIPs. Financial advisors with less than 3 employees are exempt from the disclosure obligation.
- Non-EU financial market participants: Investment managers and financial advisors who market and conduct services for EU financial products that are subject to SFDR regulation. The full list of financial market participants the SFDR impacts is available here.
Many other companies will be indirectly impacted. Portfolio companies or companies interested in attracting investments will have to get ready to provide ESG-related data to financial market participants for their disclosure. Investees will also be affected by a new invest-ability assessment. The SFDR and Taxonomy regulation outline criteria that investee companies will have to meet to qualify as sustainable investments.
How are financial products classified under SFDR?
The SFDR details product-level classifications that are used to disclose varying strengths of sustainability considerations in their investment strategies. All Products must be classified as falling under either article 6, 8, or 9, and follow reporting requirements as defined below:
- Article 6 covers products that traditionally do not integrate sustainability within the investment process. FMPs must disclose how they integrate sustainability risks in their investment decisions and how the impacts of sustainability risks affect the returns on these financial products. Article 6 products are classified as “grey” funds and require pre-contractual and website disclosures.
- Article 8 includes products that promote environmental or social characteristics and follow good governance practices. These are classified as “light green” funds and require pre-contractual disclosures, website disclosures, and periodic disclosures.
- Article 9 is any product that has a clear sustainable investment objective. As defined by the SFDR regulation text, a sustainable investment is “an investment in an economic activity that contributes to an environmental or social objective, provided that the investment does not significantly harm any environmental or social objective and that the investee companies follow good governance practices.” These are classified as “dark green” funds and require pre-contractual disclosures, website disclosures, and periodic disclosures.
SFDR Principal Adverse Impact indicators
Principal Adverse Impacts (PAI) are impacts of investment decisions and advice that result in negative effects on sustainability factors. Sustainability factors are defined as environmental, social and employee matters, respect for human rights, and anti‐corruption and anti‐bribery issues. Examples of PAI indicators include increased GHG emissions or energy consumption, production of hazardous waste, and a worsening gender pay gap or board diversity.
Principal Adverse Impacts are intended to be collected at the entity/company/asset level. Data collection includes information on relevant ESG policies as well as specific PAI metrics. Several ubiquitous FMPs are expected to disclose PAI information on a financial product/fund level. This information must include how PAIs are integrated into all aspects of the financial product.
Schneider Electric is working with several FMPs to develop ESG surveys that collect PAI-related data for public reporting. These surveys are created, distributed, and published in our data management platform, Resource Advisor, which provides a single view for all ESG data and allows for in-depth visualization, year-over-year comparison, and public reporting assistance. More developments on Schneider Electric’s sustainable finance work with FMPs is available here.
What steps can organizations take to prepare?
- Identify any fund-level ESG practices relevant for reporting under the SFDR and develop a compliance roadmap.
- Develop a data collection strategy for fund and asset-level information and disclosure.
- Prepare entity-level evaluations and disclosures on sustainability risk integration policies, remuneration policies, and PAI statements.
- Identify whether products meet Article 6, Article 8, or Article 9 requirements and prepare appropriate product-level disclosures. Understand that financial products marketed as green products (light – Article 8, or dark – Article 9) trigger additional disclosure requirements.
This article is written by Kevin Mikita & Victoria Mansfield. Both are Sustainability Consultants for Schneider Electric Sustainability Business and specialize in delivering ESG services to clients.
Subscribe to receive the latest energy & sustainability perspectives. For more information about business ESG disclosures or to develop an SFDR compliance roadmap get in touch.
This article first appeared in the GRESB newsroom. To view, click here. | <urn:uuid:5f04bdf3-9995-42ea-bdf9-b3915de05304> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://perspectives.se.com/latest/a-deep-dive-into-the-sustainable-finance-disclosure-regulation-sfdr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00783.warc.gz | en | 0.929687 | 1,689 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Our study demonstrates that water-level fluctuations are greater in wetlands located in areas of intensive agricultural activity relative to those in more natural grassland settings. The extent to which these increased fluctuations affect the plant, invertebrate, and ultimately the vertebrate communities of these wetlands is unknown. However, impacts are likely substantial if the increased fluctuations in a wetland are sufficient to alter the concentrations and species of salts present. In addition, increased fluctuations were directly related to increased runoff from adjacent uplands. How sediments and agricultural chemicals transported to wetlands in runoff affect plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate communities is poorly understood. Future studies should concentrate on determining how agricultural alteration of the natural hydrology of prairie wetlands affects their water chemistry and biota.
The differences observed in water-level fluctuations among the 3 wetland classes are related to the unique hydrology of each wetland class in the semiarid Prairie Pothole Region. In addition to surface runoff, semipermanent wetlands receive a large proportion of their water as input from ground water. This input of ground water has a stabilizing effect on water levels of semipermanent wetlands and results in wetlands of this class typically retaining water throughout the year. By contrast, seasonal, and to an even greater extent, temporary wetlands are dependent upon surface runoff for the majority of their water input. In addition, water loss in semipermanent wetlands is largely from evapotranspiration; whereas water loss in temporary wetlands is primarily from recharge to ground-water tables. Water loss in seasonal wetlands may be attributable to ground-water recharge and evapotranspiration, depending upon the wetland's hydrologic function and position in the landscape (Winter and Rosenberry 1995). The greater influence of surface runoff in the maintenance of water levels in temporary and seasonal wetlands highlights the critical role of vegetation in mitigating impacts from precipitation events.
While it would be highly desirable to use continuous water-level monitoring systems to monitor water-level fluctuations, the high cost of these devices precludes their use except on a very limited scale. The low cost devices we designed and tested in this study performed well despite being exposed to a severe winter and a spring thaw. The only major problem we encountered with the devices installed at CLSA occurred in 1993, when we received record rainfall that flooded area wetlands to depths beyond the capacity of our devices. The reason our prototype water-level recorders failed was because the guide rods were too short. We recommend that the lengths of the devices exceed maximum anticipated water depths. Of the 36 recorders placed in our study wetlands, 1 malfunctioned due to corrosion of its guide rod and 3 were destroyed by cattle. To avoid corrosion problems, we recommend that guide rods be made with a thicker copper plating. The thinly plated welding rods used in this study often had scratches and other imperfections that facilitated corrosion. Also, we suggest that the PVC casings of the devices be constructed out of 10.2-cm I.D. pipe instead of the 7.6-cm I.D. pipe we used. This would allow use of a larger, more buoyant float whose mass would overcome any friction associated with minor corrosion and fouling of the guide rod. Finally, if water-level recorders are installed in wetlands where cattle may be present, efforts should be made to exclude the cattle from the area immediately surrounding the recorders. | <urn:uuid:89add407-8118-4325-b2f1-841f43c277a7> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wetlands/h2ofluct/discussi.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463318.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00123-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946579 | 691 | 3.140625 | 3 |
✵The TCM herbalism is also known as pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, or Chinese pharmaceutics, is the branch of health science dealing with the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of Chinese herbs. It is majorly composed of Introduction of Chinese Medicinals, Classification of Chinese Herbs, Formulas, and Patent medicines.
Classifications of Herbs:Pungent-Warm Exterior-releasing Herbs.
Introduction: Pungent-warm exterior-releasing herbs: an agent or substance herbs pungent in flavor and warm in property, which is usually used for treating a wind-cold exterior syndrome.
✵Till the date Oct 10th,2019, there are totally kinds of common TCM herbs, kinds of related plant species, are recorded in this category. These pungent-warm exterior-releasing Herbs are briefly introduced separately:
Fructus Xanthii(Siberian Cocklebur Fruit).
Brief Introduction: The herb Fructus Xanthii is the dried ripe fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin.(family Compositae), used to disperse wind, eliminate damp, relieve nasal congestion and alleviate pain for the treatment of wind-cold affliction of a stuffy nose, rhinitis, nasosinusitis, urticaria with pruritus, and rheumatism.
✵The herb Fructus Xanthii(Siberian Cocklebur Fruit) is the dried ripe fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin, it is a plant of the Xanthium L. genus, the Compositae family of the Campanulales order. It is also known as Siberian Cocklour Fruit, Fruit of Siberian Cocklebur, Fructus Xanthii, or Cānɡ ěr Zǐ.
Common official herbal classics and other famous herbal classics defined the herb Fructus Xanthii(Siberian Cocklebur Fruit, or Cānɡ ěr Zǐ) as the dried ripe fruit of:(1). Xanthium sibiricum Patrin.ex Widder, (2). Xanthium mongolicum Kitag. They are plants of the Xanthium L. genus, the Compositae family of the Campanulales order. These 2 commonly used species are introduced as:
(1).Xanthium sibiricum Patrin.ex Widder.: Annual herbs, 20~90 cm high. Roots are spindle-shaped, branched or unbranched. Stem erect unbranched or rarely branched, lower cylindric, upper longitudinally furrowed, gray with strigose hairs. Leaves alternate; It has a long stalk, 3~11 cm long; Leaf blade triangular-ovate or epicardial, 4~9 cm long, 5~10 cm wide, entire, or 3~5 inconspicuously lobed, first acute or obtuse, base 3-veined, above the green, below pale, scabrous or short white pubescent. Inflorescence nearly sessile, aggregated, unisexual; Male inflorescence globose, involucral bracts, involucral bracts small, 1 row, densely puberulent, receptacle columnar, receptacle inverted, florets tubular, apex 5-dentate, 5 stamens, anthers oblong-linear; Female inflorescence ovate, involucral bracts 2-3 rows, outer bracts small, inner bracts large, saccate ovate, 2-loculate hard, outside with barbed hairs, apex with 2 conical tips, florets 2, ovary within involucre, each loculus with 1 flower, style linear, protruding outside involucre. Involucral bracts with mature achene become firm, ovate or elliptic, margin with beak 12~15 mm long, 4~7 mm wide, green, yellowish or reddish-brown, beak 1.5~2.5 mm long, 2 achenes, obovate, achene containing 1 seed. Its flowering period is from July to August, fruiting from September to October.
Ecological environment: the plant grow in plains, hills, low mountains, wilderness, roadside, ditches, fields, grasslands, villages, etc. It is distributed throughout areas of China.
Trait identification: Fruit enveloped in involucre, fusiform or ovoid, 1~1.5 cm long, 0.4~0.7 cm in diameter. Surface yellowish-brown or yellowish-green, all with hooked spines, apex with 2 coarser spines, detached or connate, base bearing sessile marks. Hard and tough, cross-section with a septum, 2 cells, 1 achene each. Achene slightly fusiform, one side flatter, apex with a raised stylopodium, pericarp thin, grayish-black, longitudinally striated. Seed coat membranous, light gray, longitudinally striated; 2 cotyledons, oily. Slight smell, slightly bitter taste. With grain big, full, color yellow-brown is preferred.
(2).Xanthium mongolicum Kitag.: This species is distinguished from xanthium by an isolated achene involucre elliptic, with a beak 18~20 mm long, 8~10 mm wide, with a relatively sparse involucre spine outside, a hard involucre spine 2~5.5 mm (usually 5 mm) long, thickened at the base.
Ecological environment: It grows on arid hillsides or sandy wasteland. It is distributed in north area of China. | <urn:uuid:0b7dd76b-46cc-408f-b499-77590e4450ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.tcmfans.club/herbalism/pwer/FructusXanthii.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.831744 | 1,234 | 2.625 | 3 |
IceCube cosmic ray data contributes to understanding of interstellar space
In a paper recently published in Science Express, cosmic ray data from IceCube was used alongside observations from NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer, or IBEX, in a study of the magnetic fields that surround our solar system.
IBEX orbits the Earth looking at interstellar space beyond the heliosphere, a magnetized bubble of charged particles around the sun. The satellite detects energetic neutral atoms generated during interactions at the heliosphere border. Some energetic neutral atoms observed by IBEX are thought to have originated from the electron-stripped ions trapped by the interstellar magnetic field outside the heliosphere.
While IceCube is primarily designed to record high-energy neutrino interactions, the detector is constantly bombarded by cosmic ray muons. In 2010, the IceCube Collaboration published a study reporting evidence of an anisotropy in the arrival direction of cosmic rays. Subsequent studies have reinforced the influence of magnetic fields on cosmic ray particles.
Based on IBEX data on energetic neutral atoms, researchers developed a model of the magnetic system in interstellar space. Cosmic ray data from IceCube and the Tibet AS-gamma experiment confirmed their model.
“The magnetic field that drapes around the heliosphere has a similar influence on low-energy particles, like those that produce energetic neutral atoms in the KeV range, and high-energy particles like the TeV cosmic rays that IceCube sees,” says Paolo Desiati, an IceCube researcher at the Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center. High-energy cosmic rays are generated in unknown sources in the galaxy but interact with the magnetic system around the heliosphere in a similar way to particles created at its edge.
“It’s interesting to use IceCube data in a different way,” explains Desiati. “Traditionally, we are looking at astrophysical sources of neutrinos and cosmic rays. The interstellar medium is a much closer environment.”
- Info: “Global Anisotropies in TeV Cosmic Rays Related to the Sun’s Local Galactic Environment from IBEX,” N.A. Schwadron, et al. Science, 1245026 (2014) DOI: 10.1126/science.1245026 | <urn:uuid:31681b9b-7dc0-49c4-97a1-711a8e03e3df> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://icecube.wisc.edu/news/view/206 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105451.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819124333-20170819144333-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.884466 | 477 | 3.578125 | 4 |
World AIDS Day 2011Posted: December 2, 2011
Today is World AIDS Day, an annual occasion for raising awareness about HIV/AIDS, remembering those who have died, for people living with HIV to share their stories and for those who don’t to support and stand in solidarity with them. This year’s theme is “Get to Zero,” i.e. – to get to zero AIDS-related deaths and zero new infections by 2015.
Many changes need to take place in our society and globally for this goal to be reached. HIV testing needs to become a routine part of health care for all sexually active people (the CDC recommends that all people between 13-64 be tested at least once in their lifetimes for HIV). Access to HIV treatment needs to become far more widespread and equitable than it currently is. In the U.S., only half of people living with HIV are receiving any treatment for it, and only 28% have the infection under control with medication [Loop 21]. About 1 in 5 are unaware of their positive status.
And as I’ve written before, HIV/AIDS is a problem that intersects with and is exacerbated by societal oppressions and injustices like sexism, racism, classism, and anti-queer and anti-trans bigotry. Concrete examples from the U.S.:
– Women of color are at significantly higher risk of HIV infection than white women, even more so if they are poor and/or transgender. Black women are infected at fifteen times the rate of white women, and three times the rate of Latina women. Black women also make up over 50% of new infections in women. [CDC, PDF]
– Black people make up 14% of the U.S. population, but make up almost half of all people living with HIV and 44% of new HIV infections. The percentage of black men who have sex with men who are HIV positive is nearly twice that of white men who have sex with men. [CDC, PDF]
– Transgender people are at significantly higher risk of HIV infection than cisgender people, with some studies suggesting that over half of black trans women are HIV positive [TransHealth, PDF].
Disparities along lines of oppression and privilege apply not only to rates of infection, but also to access to treatment. Similar disparities in infection rates and care exist worldwide. As the Latina Institute puts it, HIV/AIDS is a “two-way road” of marginalization: ”
It is not only that our society marginalizes HIV-positive individuals, but that the most marginalized people in our communities are most likely to become positive.
Yes, it is important to get tested. Yes, condoms, condoms, condoms. But the truth is that some of us are at higher risk than others merely because of who we are and the communities in which we move. At particular risk for HIV are women of color,transgender folks, young women. In short, HIV is not simply a disease, but rather an indicator of marginalization and injustice in our society…In the end, AIDS is a disease of marginalization and injustice, and we will not see an end to AIDS without ending inequity.
As most of us know, HIV/AIDS is a global issue – a pandemic. By focusing on U.S. numbers, I don’t mean to be overly US-centric or imply that the U.S. matters any more than any other part of the world. But I think we tend to think of HIV/AIDS as a “third world” problem, and especially a black African problem. And there’s truth to the fact that most people living with HIV or AIDS are in the Global South – again in large part due to dynamics of power and privilege on an international scale, and due to oppressions like misogyny and poverty on local and national scales. But the reality is that the U.S. remains in the throes of an HIV/AIDS epidemic that is often invisible because most of its victims are marginalized in various ways.
An analysis by the Black AIDS Institute found that if black America were its own country, it would rank 16th in the world in the number of people with HIV — ahead of Ethiopia, Botswana, and Haiti. [CDC]
“A great amount of attention has been put overseas,” said Marconi, who’s also an associate professor at Emory University’s School of Medicine. “Especially in these economically challenged times, we tend to be myopic in our efforts in our charitable giving. People say, ‘I’m already giving towards the international HIV effort – I can’t see two epidemics happening.’ No one wants to believe that extreme poverty and neglect exist in such a rich and powerful nation as this one.” [CNN]
The invisibility of the American HIV/AIDS epidemic is even more heightened in devout Christian communities. American churches are often willing to talk about HIV/AIDS as an African problem, but unwilling to talk about it as a problem in their own congregations or communities. CNN, for example, ran a few articles this week on HIV/AIDS in the U.S. South, which has a higher rate of infections than other parts of the country, and where HIV/AIDS are highly stigmatized topics – that is, even more so than in American culture in general. This seems to be correlated to high rates of religiosity and the “Bible Belt” culture of the South.
Dealing with the epidemic in the South “is extremely challenging, because the stigma and discrimination is worse,” said Dr. Kevin Fenton…”There is less discourse around prevention, sexual health, comprehensive sex education in schools or having strong, community-based advocacy activities.” [CNN Also see: Pastor fights HIV stigma in rural town]
I think the tendency to conceptualize HIV/AIDS as only an overseas problem is a reflection of the very same oppressions that cause HIV/AIDS to disproportionately affect marginalized communities in the U.S. In both formulations the status quo in terms of power and privilege is maintained. HIV is constructed as an issue “over there” affecting poor, pitiable, ignorant black Africans who need to be rescued from their plight by knowledgeable and resource rich Americans (mostly white). This formulation falls in line with what’s expected in terms of racial, economic, and international political power dynamics. Similarly, the resistance in the U.S. against recognizing HIV as a very real and present epidemic in this country reflects the fact that the burden of HIV/AIDS is predominantly borne by people who are queer, trans, female, poor, and/or of color. There’s no way so many Americans would be unaware that we continue to have an epidemic on our hands if it were a disease that disproportionately struck down white, straight, middle class, etc., people.
And that casts the charity and goodwill of many conservative U.S. churches towards African “AIDS orphans” and other overseas people affected by HIV/AIDS in a less than flattering light. The patronizing nature of this sort of charity becomes clear when you factor in that it’s coming from the very same groups of Christians who complain and rage about the slightest bit of focused attention or resources spent on U.S. communities of color, LGBT people, women, or poor people (i.e., the groups disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS) as “reverse discrimination” and “divisive.” In both cases – paternalistically providing charity to black people “over there” and angrily demanding that the government withhold support and resources to marginalized people over here – the position of white middle class “mainstream” people as privileged over all others is insisted upon and maintained.
Of course, stigma and invisibility are not only the result of racism – they are also the work of ignorance and resistance, often religious, to talking about sex and sexuality within those communities most affected by HIV/AIDS (See, e.g., HIV AIDS and Black Churches: Ignorance can kill).
So this World AIDS Day, let’s think not only about the AIDS as a global problem, and how injustice on an international scale feeds that, but also about the forces that operate in our local and national contexts, wherever those might be, to produce higher rates of infection and lower rates of effective treatment in various communities.
If you are sexually active and don’t know your status, get tested! Folks living in the U.S. can find an HIV testing site near you by using AIDS.gov’s testing and services locator. Encourage people you know to get tested as well.
And check out some of these reads on World AIDS Day:
– On Twitter, ChrisMacDen shared about living with HIV. A must read..
– Indigenous Youth in Canada are launching National Aboriginal AIDS Awareness Week to address higher rates of infection among native youth.
– Black Women’s Health Imperative: What will it take to get Black women to Zero? A discussion.
– On The Issues magazine: Women HIV activists make Sex Ed a reality | <urn:uuid:3dedf1a3-7c99-48af-b825-7d40658f30eb> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://arewomenhuman.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/world-aids-day-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398448506.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205408-00081-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962118 | 1,895 | 2.859375 | 3 |
There isn’t an athlete alive that hasn’t felt tired from time to time. Even if you aren’t overtraining, you likely experience occasional fatigue not only from your exercise routine, but also from the demands of your busy life.
There has never been a more important time to prioritize the healthy habit of sleep.
Every bit as important as diet and exercise, a regular seven or more hours of deep sleep is critical to long-term health. Doctors, psychologists, sports trainers, and coaches are jumping on the sleep bandwagon, prescribing sleep for optimal achievement. Not convinced?
Here are just six critical functions of your nightly rest.
Sleep Benefits You Need to Achieve
1. Deep sleep repairs heart and blood vessels. While you rest, your body protects you against the long-term damage of cardiovascular disease and stroke. This important repair work to your heart and blood vessels can only occur during sleep. Those who get less than six hours a night have a much higher risk of heart attack or stroke.
2. Deep sleep regulates appetite and metabolism. Each night, your body takes advantage of your sleeping hours to re-regulate your hormones, including those that control hunger. As a result, you will experience less hunger and feel satisfied sooner. Also, sleep restores a healthy metabolism, so you will more efficiently use the calories you do consume and put on less weight overall.
3. Deep sleep manages growth hormone. Not just for children and teens, growth hormone is key to adult long-term health. Your body uses this hormone to rebuild muscle tissue and bone, helping you heal faster, exercise safer, and live longer. You need this to repair damage done daily during workout and regular wear-and-tear.
4. Deep sleep minimizes inflammatory proteins. Guard against the aches and pains of arthritis with restorative sleep. Those who sleep longer are at less risk of osteoarthritis, and even chronic inflammatory arthritis sufferers experience a decrease in symptoms with more sleep.
5. Deep sleep maximizes the immune system. During sleep, your immune system is strengthened and restored, helping you fight off common illnesses and protecting you against disease. Conversely, those who sleep less than seven hours each night experience fewer sick days and are more prone to serious disease and disability.
6. Deep sleep improves brain function. One of the most critical of all sleep benefits is the tremendous renewal of mental ability. During sleep, your brain builds new pathways to work more efficiently, while memories are organized effectively for better recall later. This results in faster reaction time, better decision-making skills, less stress, and heightened sense of confidence during the day. This may be why athletes who sleep close to ten hours on a regular basis overcome obstacles and achieve their goals faster.
These are just a few of the powerful benefits of regular restorative sleep. Be sure to schedule seven to ten hours each night to ensure you are maximizing your health and making the most of every waking hour. | <urn:uuid:9249af88-4de1-4354-ac0b-7c3956b7e4f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.promaxnutrition.com/count-them-6-facts-sleep-stronger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986669057.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016163146-20191016190646-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.941739 | 604 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Chairs for the children to sit in, but one could also use a large rug, or even a specific part of the floor in the classroom.
- Invite the children to the game.
- Turn off the lights so it is calm and pleasantly dark enough.
- Ask the children to grab one chair each and make a small circle.
- Sit down.
- Explain that the children need to be very quiet, very still, and make no noises.
- Ask the children if they know what being quiet means.
- Tell the children that after sitting down for a little bit, you will quietly get up and move to the other side of the classroom.
- Tell the children that you will whisper one of their names at a time, very quietly.
- Sit with the children for five whole minutes of stillness and silence.
- When the child hears his or her name, he or she has to quietly get up from his or her chair and come to the other side of the classroom where the teacher is.
- For every child, whisper his or her name one by one until every child’s name is called and they are all lined up on the other side of the classroom.
Same as presentation.
Points of Interest
Seeing if they can maintain silence as both a group and as individuals.
Enhance listening skills, sitting quietly, not making noise, participating in an activity as a community.
This game is a point of arrival.
The children need to show signs of self control in regards to silence to play this game; some children who are not yet ready should be given a different activity to do and go elsewhere such as playing outside or for a walk. | <urn:uuid:f49ac3a5-7f6c-4f24-b99e-6d5fcf78a008> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://childhoodinstitute.org/knowledge-base/silence-game/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.964504 | 349 | 3.890625 | 4 |
What does AMH tell you about fertility?
Did you know that tests exist to tell you how fertile you are?
Your ability to become pregnant depends on your chronological age and biological age.
Your chronological age reflects your current age, while your biological age is in reference to your ovarian reserve (the quantity of and quality of oocytes at a certain time point). Chronological age increases year after year, while biological age decreases year after year until menopause.
When women are undergoing infertility evaluation, a flurry of testing is usually done. This may includes particular tests like:
- Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH)
- Follicle stimulation hormone (FSH)
AMH and Fertility
AMH is produced by developing follicles, and serves as an indicator of ovarian function. An AMH greater than 0.8-1.0 ng/mL is suggestive of a normal ovarian reserve (the ability of your ovaries to provide eggs that are capable of being fertilized and resulting in a pregnancy).
Your AMH levels will gradually decrease after peaking at around 25. Around 5 years before menopause, AMH levels decrease below the detectable limit.
Studies have also shown that low AMH is associated with increased risk of miscarriage. Women with an AMH of 0.4% had over twice the risk of miscarriage, with the increased risk primarily associated with clinical pregnancy loss.
AMH does not tell you how many eggs you have left or give you information about your egg quality. Ideally it should be run with other markers (like FSH and estradiol).
FSH and Fertility
FSH is a hormone produced in the pituitary and stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and develop. In some women, the pituitary secretes a lot of FSH to get the ovary to respond. This usually happens when your ovarian reserve starts to decline. When FSH is over 10mIU/mL, it’s suggestive that ovarian reserve is in decline.
Overall, AMH decreases as you age and FSH increases as you age.
Testing AMH and FSH
If you are sent for testing to better understand your fertility, most of the tests will be done on day 3 of your period (ex. 3 days after you start your period).
FSH needs to be tested on Day 3, whereas AMH remains stable throughout your period. It’s independent of any other hormones (ex. FSH, LH and estradiol are usually tested together). AMH is also more predictive of hyper-response and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome risk during IVF than FSH.
Getting your AMH tested may sound frightening especially as it tells you about your ovarian reserve – and this can cause a lot of undue stress in people hoping to achieve fertility. Nevertheless, this is something that your Naturopathic Doctor can test for you (and should be done with other tests to get a more representative picture of what’s going on).
Iwase, Akira et al. “Clinical Application Of Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone As An Ovarian Reserve Marker: A Review Of Recent Studies”. Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology Research, vol 44, no. 6, 2018, pp. 998-1006. Wiley, doi:10.1111/jog.13633.
Wang, Shunping et al. “Discordant Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) And Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Among Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Which One Is The Better Predictor For Live Birth?”. Journal Of Ovarian Research, vol 11, no. 1, 2018. Springer Nature, doi:10.1186/s13048-018-0430-z. Accessed 13 Jan 2019.
Zamah, A. Musa, and Mary D. Stephenson. “Antimüllerian Hormone And Miscarriage: Fifty Shades Of Gray…”. Fertility And Sterility, vol 109, no. 6, 2018, pp. 1008-1009. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.140.
Zhu, Jieru et al. “Chronological Age Vs Biological Age: A Retrospective Analysis On Age-Specific Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels For 3280 Females In Reproductive Center Clinic”. Gynecological Endocrinology, vol 34, no. 10, 2018, pp. 890-894. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/09513590.2018.1462317. | <urn:uuid:0c7e04e8-2ddc-4410-9fca-cf75db98cf9c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.alexsiapriolo.com/amh-fertility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998369.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617022938-20190617044938-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.877745 | 995 | 2.859375 | 3 |
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
Whose woods these are I think I know.
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
The rhyme scheme is: aaba bbcb ccdc dddd
Since there are 4 iambs per line, this is a tetrameter.
This poem is an "iambic tetrameter."
Thesis: Robert Frost uses metaphors with euphonic sounds to express his desire for adventure in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.”
Many people consider Robert Frost to be one of America's greatest poets, myself included. I believe one of his best poems to be "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.” In this poem, Frost describes a person stopping just outside of town in a wooded area with his horse. He stops for a moment to appreciate the wonder of the world that he has spent so much time in, something that he may not have done much in his younger years or lately. This horse could be a metaphor for the pressures of the rest of the society. The horse nudges the speaker on as if to ask if there is some mistake, just as society might nudge someone into movement and not understand the necessity of "stopping to smell the roses.” The last three lines of the poem could be the realization that, although the speaker might like to stay in the woods much longer, there are responsibilities that must be attended to or adventures desired before the final rest, or death, takes him.
The poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” is, therefore, an allegory of life showing the need
Page 1 of 4 | <urn:uuid:3fc9ebe4-e83d-4318-b13f-bd0d1f4d92b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/93643.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823670.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00255-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967154 | 359 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What is a Medical Residency?
Residency is a stage in the process of graduate-level medical training. Medical residency gives in-depth and detailed experience in a particular branch of medicine. A medical resident, also known as a resident physician, has a medical degree (this can be an M.D., a D.O., or other type of degree) who practices medicine while under the supervision of other physicians who are fully licensed. This usually happens in a hospital or a medical clinic. A residency usually follows the "internship" portion of medical training, though at times the first year of a residency program includes the internship period. Residencies are sometimes followed by a fellowship program in which a physician can gain experience in a sub-specialty.
Joining a Residency Program
After completion of medical school, people that would like to become licensed physicians will choose a specialty and apply to residency programs throughout the country. After the applications have been accepted, the student will have to travel to multiple sites in order to interview for the position. These interviews will tend to focus on the applicant's interest and knowledge of the specialty that she is applying for. Then, the "match" process begins. Students make a list of their preferences for residency programs, in order, and the programs do the same for applicants. Then, a computer process matches the two lists using an algorithm that tries to create the optimum result.
What Do Residents Do?
Medical residents within a hospital are responsible for a large amount of the medical care and procedures that take place. Although residents are supervised by higher level physicians, much of the time they work on their own or with other residents. Historically, residents spend large amounts of time working the hospital, often working 36-hour shifts that are separated by 12 hours of rest. Currently, legislation is in the works to create an 80-hour maximum work week, in an effort to both ease the burden for medical residents and to ensure higher quality medical care. | <urn:uuid:8fc4f7a6-a528-49fa-a499-7915fbf11eda> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://classroom.synonym.com/medical-residency-program-work-4741377.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320545.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625170634-20170625190634-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.967879 | 400 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Between September 2013 April 2015 Adede conducted a large scale archaeological excavation for Artes Depret in Wervik, Belgium.
The reason for this excavation is the widening of the river Leie in the area of the town centre and construction of a new bridge connecting Wervik and France. Work in Wervik is part of a huge water intrastructure venture which will connect the Scheldt and Seine estuaries which involves digging a new 106 km long canal, construction of locks and adapting or replacing existing bridges to allow for passage of larger vessels. The project is known as the European Scheldt-Seine project.
Adede conducted GPR surveys, test trenches and intrusive prospection in order to establish an archaeological valuation of the project area. This resulted in the excavation of an area east of the Brugstraat in Wervik. Given the fact that the area showed a risk of presence of UXO from both WW1 and WW2 excavation and dredging was preceded by a UXO survey of the Leie and subsequent work was guided by our archaeologists who had an eye out for both heritage and UXO.
Section revealing a wooden drain underneath a brick drain demonstrating the fact that the ground level was raised during the 17th-18th centuries
Foundations of an old chalk oven, along the river Leie.
Entrance of a WW2 era air raid shelter.
The project has revealed several interesting stages in Wervik’s development from the late Middle Ages onward. Footprints of the original brick buildings reveal the development of linear building planning starting in the 15th century. A chalk oven foundation that was discovered near the bank of the river was evidence of the industrial history of the town whereas the orientation of an old alley with wooden and brick drainage system on top of each other suggest elevation of ground level and early use of the Leie for drainage. We found relatively little in the way of UXO or remnants of war. Near the bank a few rifles, rifle munitions and jerrycans were found practically on the surface as well as the entrance stairway to a WW2 era air raid shelter. Through archaeology we managed to find, identify, analyse, record and save Wervik’s history before it is sacrificed for the future. | <urn:uuid:4e41072c-d497-4809-83a2-b8511eb65aa6> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://adede.com/project_land/uxo-survey-archaeology-wervik/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027170516-20201027200516-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.949189 | 464 | 2.671875 | 3 |
About healthy diet for kids
There is a vital formula for a healthy and nutritious diet for kids. It is based on a firm foundation of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, protein and fat. Wait! Isn’t that the same combination necessary to maintain healthy adults with the best nutrition? What gives? Well, isn’t it true that kids are human, too?
Once children have graduated from the baby food jars, their solid food should and can be the same foods adults eat – or should be eating. The quantities of the individual components of carbohydrates, protein and fat will vary from adult combinations, but basically, it’s the same stuff.
Children should have fruits and vegetables, but do not be fooled that fruit juice will compensate for a fruit or vegetable serving unless it has been juiced with the whole fruit or vegetable at home and known that everything that was contained in the natural package, including seeds and even the skin, if desired, survives to the glass. Fruit and vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals and should be consumed with every meal.
Just as with babies, processed foods should not be a major staple of a child’s diet because of their excessive content of salt, sugar and trans fat, all of which are not healthy for children or adults in excessive quantities. They should eat more fresh food and so should adults. Carbohydrates are best sourced from whole grains and vegetables.
Protein for children is best derived from fish, meat, poultry, dairy and nuts. Beans are also a good source of protein.
Fat is an essential ingredient for children, but there are good and bad fats. There are three types of fat: Unsaturated, saturated and trans fat. Of these, unsaturated fat, like salmon has the most healthful benefits. Trans fats are not natural fats; they are processed and should be limited to very low quantities.
If children are given a wide variety of fresh foods in sufficient quantities, they will consume the right nutrients for a healthy body.
If you have questions about a healthy diet for kids, see your local doctor who will arrange for you to see a dietitian. Contact us Today! | <urn:uuid:76c77c28-26c4-453d-b14e-9a6dc989fb02> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.entwellbeing.com.au/a-not-so-unique-diet-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651820.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325044627-20180325064627-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.956898 | 441 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Vitamin B2, a water-soluble member of the B-complex family of vitamins, plays a crucial role in converting protein, fats, and carbohydrates into the energy that the body demands to grow and develop property. Along with Vitamin B6 and niacin, riboflavin protects the nervous system. Vital to maintaining proper metabolism, riboflavin also helps to shore up the immune system by reinforcing antibody reserves. Along with iron, riboflavin is essential for producing the red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. In addition, the body uses extra riboflavin to keep tissue in good repair and speed healing of wounds, burns and other injuries. | <urn:uuid:4c37191a-1e81-455a-9702-a06b97131c81> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://richardsfoodporium.com/vitamin-b2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.922734 | 138 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Since 2010, I have been posting on the development of a new course I have been developing for our first year law school students, "Elements of Law." The course originally had a quite modest objective--to introduce law students to legal research and reasoning through case law, statutory interpretation, and legal history, processes, and institutions. I chose to broaden its objectives within these specific parameters and development a framing and concepts course that would provide a deep foundation to law students on the legal system they were undertaking to study.
This and the posts that follow produces some of the materials I will be presenting to the class. I offer these materials in hopes that they may prove of use and that you might share comments, perspectives and suggestions as I develop those materials on this site. Thanks.
This post includes a draft of the fourth Chapter of Part II (Hierarchies of Law and Governance; Sources and Uses) --Chapter 11 (Role of Law/Rule of Law).
Chapter 11The Relationship of Law and the Government of the State―Role of Law/Rule of LawI. IntroductionThe last chapter of Section II seeks to put all the materials we have considered before around the notions, now increasingly important in framing discussion about the legitimacy of law and law systems, which are understood as rule of law. The notions of rule of law as a set of process values (thin rule of law) and normative values (thick rule of law) are explored. A comparative approach suggests the malleability of the concept of rule of law but also its importance as a sign of law system legitimacy. The idea of due process and rule of law as a human right is also explored. More importantly, the student will be introduced to the fundamental difference between rule of law as a political concept—one that embraces a particular ideology of political organization and social structuring—and rule of law as a legal concept within the United States legal system. In its later aspect, rule of law as been subsumed within the core constitutional principles of due process and equal protection understood as tools to avoid governmental tyranny or the assertion of arbitrary power. Those principles, and the rule of law construct it embodies, find expression in the United States in the jurisprudence of fundamental rights. The focus on rule of law in the United States will introduce students to due process as a constitutional and rule of law concept. Consideration of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 124 S Ct 2633 (2004) will serve to provide context to these notions. The problem will focus on the methodologies for determining and protecting fundamental rights within a rule of law legal context.II. Chapter Readings· United Nations Rule of Law, “What is the Rule of Law”· Norhiro Urabe, “Rule of Law and Due Process: A Comparative View of the United States and Japan,” Law and Contemporary Problems 53(1):61-72 (1990)· David Clark, “The Many Meanings of the Rule of Law”· Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 124 S Ct 2633 (2004) READ PARTS I, IIIOptional· Mary Crock and Daniel Ghezlbash, “Due Process and Rule of Law as Human Rights: The High Court and the ‘Offshore’ Processing of Asylum Seekers,” READ 1-9__________United Nations Rule of LawAboutWhat is the Rule of LawAristotle said more than two thousand years ago, "The rule of law is better than that of any individual."The notion of the “rule of law” stems from many traditions and continents and is intertwined with the evolution of the history of law itself. The Code of Hammourabi, promulgated by the King of Babylon around 1760 BC, is one of the first examples of the codification of law, presented to the public and applying to the acts of the ruler. In the Arab world, a rich tradition of Islamic law embraced the notion of the supremacy of law. Core principles of holding government authority to account and placing the wishes of the populace before the rulers, can be found amid the main moral and philosophical traditions across the Asian continent, including in Confucianism. In the Anglo-American context, the Magna Carta of 1215 was a seminal document, emphasizing the importance of the independence of the judiciary and the role of judicial process as fundamental characteristics of the rule of law. In continental Europe notions of rule of law focused on the nature of the State, particularly on the role of constitutionalism.Recent attempts to formalize its meaning have drawn on this rich history of diverse understandings. The modern conception of the rule of law has developed as a concept distinct from the “rule of man”, involving a system of governance based on non-arbitrary rules as opposed to one based on the power and whim of an absolute ruler. The concept of rule of law is deeply linked to the principle of justice, involving an ideal of accountability and fairness in the protection and vindication of rights and the prevention and punishment of wrongs. Long before the United Nations, States were working towards a rule of justice in international life with a view to establishing an international community based on law.Today, the concept of the rule of law is embedded in the Charter of the United Nations.[] In its Preamble, one of the aims of the UN is “to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained”. A primary purpose of the Organization is “to maintain international peace and security… and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace.” The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948,[] the historic international recognition that all human beings have fundamental rights and freedoms, recognizes that “… it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law…”For the UN, the Secretary-General defines the rule of law as “a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency." (Report of the Secretary-General: The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies” (2004))[]The principle of the rule of law applies at the national and international levels. At the national level, the UN supports a rule of law framework that includes a Constitution or its equivalent, as the highest law of the land; a clear and consistent legal framework, and implementation thereof; strong institutions of justice, governance, security and human rights that are well structured, financed, trained and equipped; transitional justice processes and mechanisms; and a public and civil society that contributes to strengthening the rule of law and holding public officials and institutions accountable. These are the norms, policies, institutions and processes that form the core of a society in which individuals feel safe and secure, where legal protection is provided for rights and entitlements, and disputes are settled peacefully and effective redress is available for harm suffered, and where all who violate the law, including the State itself, are held to account.At the international level, the principle of the rule of law embedded in the Charter of the United Nations encompasses elements relevant to the conduct of State to State relations. The Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations[] recognizes the inherent link between the UN and the international rule of law. Its preamble emphasizes “the paramount importance of the Charter of the United Nations in the promotion of the rule of law among nations.” Drawn from existing commitments in international law, the core values and principles of the UN include respect for the Charter and international law; respect for the sovereign equality of States and the principle of non-use or threat of use of force; the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations; the need to resolve disputes by peaceful means; respect for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms; recognition that protection from genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and war crimes is not only a responsibility owed by a State to its population, but a responsibility of the international community, the equal rights and self-determination of peoples; and the recognition that peace and security, development, human rights, the rule of law and democracy are interlinked and mutually reinforcing. Appropriate rules of international law apply to the Organization as they do to States.Notes and Questions.1. Since 2006, the United Nations system has sought to take a more pro.-active role in rule of law issues. To that end, a Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group was created in 2006. The Secretary General’s Report provided:I have decided to establish a Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group within the Secretariat. This Group, chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General, will be the focal point for coordinating system-wide rule of law activities so as to ensure quality control and greater policy coherence and coordination. The Group, which will be supported by a small secretariat unit, will act as a repository of rule of law materials, expert rosters, web resources and best practices, in close cooperation with the relevant lead entities. The Group will also give consideration to recommending the establishment of a rule of law trust fund.The Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group will also lead a consultative process with relevant partners , first and foremost Member States. This will identify priority gaps in capacity of the United Nations that need to be filled in the rule of law area and recommend where, and by when, these capacities should be established.Id., 2.2. While the initial focus of the United Nations was on transitional justice in states emerging from periods of lawlessness and misrule, the focus on rule of law clearly has wider application. To some extent, the work of conceiving the meaning and implementation of rule of law concepts at the international level is likely to be influential not just in the way that international law and norms is shaped and understood, but may also trickle down and have some influence in the way in which courts might be persuaded to understand the concept and apply it to their own constitutional systems. Is that the case in the United States?3. In its 2008 Guidance Note of the Secretary General: UN Approach to Rule of Law Assistance, the United Nations also suggested the constituent parts of a rule of law state in the following terms:B. FRAMEWORK FOR STRENGTHENING THE RULE OF LAW1.A Constitution or equivalent , which, as the highest law of the land, inter alia:• Incorporates internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms as set out in international treaties, provides for their applicability in domestic law, and establishes effective and justiciable remedies at law for violations;• Provides for non-discrimination on the basis of race, color, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, and which protects national minorities;• Provides for the equality of men and women;• Defines and limits the powers of government and its various branches, vis-à-vis each other, and the people;• Limits emergency powers and derogations of human rights and freedoms under states of emergency to those permissible under international standards;• Empowers an independent and impartial judiciary.2. A legal framework, and the implementation thereof, consistent with international norms and standards, which protects human rights and provides for effective redress, including:• Fair immigration, nationality and asylum laws;• Penal laws, including for transnational crimes, and criminal procedure laws that ensure the effective and fair administration of justice for perpetrators, including juveniles in conflict with the law as well as victims and witnesses, consistent with, among others, the Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power;• Prison laws and regulations that are consistent with, among others, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners;• Laws for the protection of minorities, children, displaced and returning populations, and other marginalized or vulnerable groups that take into account their special status and international standards for their protection, and that outlaw and address the effects of discrimination;• Laws that establish legal protection for the rights of women on an equal basis with men, and that ensure through competent national tribunals and other public institutions the ffective protection of women against any act of discrimination;• Laws protecting free association and assembly, and guarantees that press, libel, broadcasting and other laws respect free expression, opinion and information;• Security legislation that protects non-derogable human rights, and ensures civilian control and oversight;• Laws on the judiciary, legal practice and prosecution that reflect, among others, the standards embodied in the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, and Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors;• Laws, guidelines and directives that govern the conduct of police and other security forces consistent with, among others, the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials and Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials;• Fair procedures for the settlement of civil entitlements and disputes under the law and fair administration of laws, regulations, procedures and institutions.3. An electoral system, which, inter alia:• Assures, through periodic and genuine elections, that the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government;• Assures the right of everyone to take part in the government of his or her country, either directly or through freely chosen representatives, including through the application of temporary special measures;• Assures equal access to public service, including elective public service;• Guarantees universal and equal suffrage, and secrecy of the ballot;• Provides for non-discrimination in the area of political rights, and secures an electoral atmosphere that is free of intimidation and respectful of certain prerequisite rights, such as freedom of opinion, expression, information, assembly and association;• Provides for objective, unbiased and independent electoral administration, and independent review of alleged irregularities;• Provides for the transfer of power to victorious parties and candidates under the law.4. Institutions of justice, governance, security and human rights that are well-structured and financed, trained and equipped to make, promulgate, enforce and adjudicate the law in a manner that ensures the equal enjoyment of all human rights for all, including:• A legislative institution or mechanism for the formulation and public promulgation oflaws in a procedurally transparent manner;• Effective oversight institutions or mechanisms (e.g., anti-corruption bodies, parliamentary committees, national human right s institutions, independent commissions on human rights and ombudsman offices consistent with the Paris Principles);• A judiciary, which is independent, impartial and adequately empowered to adjudicate the law with integrity and ensure its equal application to all within its jurisdiction;• State institutional capacities to make policy for and manage the effective administration of justice, the provision of security, crime prevention, and to investigate and prosecute violations of the law;• Police and other law enforcement agencies that protect individuals and communities, enforce the law without discrimination and take appropriate action against alleged violations of the law, including appropriate oversight mechanisms;• Corrections services that provide for a safe, secure and humane prison and rehabilitationsystem, including alternatives to deprivation of liberty and diversion measures;• An accessible capacity to provide legal and paralegal assistance to those unable to afford it, and adequate and effective defense for those alleged to have violated the law;• A social service capacity to assist victims and witnesses of crime and abuse of power, including children, to participate effectively in the administration of justice in a mannerthat ensures redress for harm suffered;• A system to effectively adjudicate rights and responsibilities within the family, on the basis of gender equality and in the best interest of the child, which ensures that the protection of children from abuse, exploitation, harm and neglect;• A professional training regime for lawyers, judges, prosecutors, law enforcement and prison officials that promotes a culture of service, discipline and ethics;• Military and civil defense forces that has allegiance to the Constitution, or equivalent, and other laws of the land, and to the democratic government, and follows international humanitarian law;• Effective and accessible mechanisms for resolution of entitlements and disputes between and among individuals, State organs, and groups in society, including courts, administrative tribunals, alternative or traditional dispute resolution mechanisms, and commissions or mechanisms for, among others, the fair settlement of property and housing disputes.5. Transitional justice processes and mechanisms that respond to country contexts while anchored in international norms and standards to address the legacy of large-scale past abuses in order to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation, which may include both judicial and non-judicial mechanisms such as ad hoc criminal tribunals, truth commissions, vetting processes and reparations programmes.6. A public and civil society that contributes to strengthening the rule of law and holds public officials and institutions accountable , including:• A system of governance that promotes a culture of legality, legal empowerment and ensures the public is aware of and educated in the full-range of its rights and responsibilities;• Communities that have equal access to justice and are empowered to participate in resolving disputes peacefully and responding to community safety needs and concerns;• Full access to judicial and other mechanisms for independent oversight of the exercise of executive authority and abuse of power;• A strong civil society, including, inter alia, adequately trained, equipped, financed and organized non-governmental organizations and professional associations, women’s groups, labor unions and community organizations;• A free, responsible and flourishing mass media.To what extent are these political rather than legal notions? Is it possible to entirely separate political form legal issues? Is law understood only as an instrument of political policy or does it exist within its own self referencing structures? Is the United Nations approach compatible with that of the United States in the way in which it has structured its own legal system? What are the differences?4. The American Bar Association also has a “Rule of Law Initiative.” It is described as an international development program promoting the rule of law through in country partnerships. Its core principles are described this way:The core principles that guide ABA ROLI’s work are:Employing a highly consultative approach to the delivery of technical assistance that is responsive to the requests and priorities of the Initiative’s local partners.Employing a comparative approach in the provision of technical legal assistance, with the U.S. legal system providing just one of several models that host country reformers can draw upon.Providing technical assistance and advice that is neutral and apolitical.Building local capacity by strengthening institutions in both the governmental and non-governmental sectors and by furthering the professional development of ABA ROLI’s host country staff, many of whom become the next generation of leaders in their countries.Providing thought leadership in the field of rule of law promotion that draws on both ABA ROLI’s extensive overseas field experience and on the resources and convening power of the ABA and its more than 400,000 members in the United States and abroad.The ABA’s ROLI has focused on access to justice and human rights, women’s rights, anti-corruption, criminal law reform, judicial reform and legal education. To what extent do these initiatives speak to issues of law or issues of politics policy and culture?5. Within the United States, the notion of rule of law tends to be understood within a cluster of other terms. More than half a century ago Paul Kauper noted; “Here in the United States we have not, on the whole, given a lot of thinking to the Rule of Law idea which Dicey developed at such length on the basis of his observation of the English system. We speak of “government under law”, of a “government of laws and not of men,” or some may even use the term “due process of law” to refer in a broad way to ideas that may otherwise find expression in the rule of law terminology.” This has not changed much in the intervening years. What appears to be clear is that in the United States, the meaning of rule of law takes on a distinctive cast depending on whether one is speaking of the internal system of the United States or of systems beyond the U.S. Internally, the idea of rule of law clusters around notions of fairness and of structural protections against arbitrary governance and tyranny. Externally it references a host of political and ideological objectives for which law and law systems may be used as an instrument for their achievement._________Hamdi V. Rumsfeld, et al.542 U.S. 507 (2004)
[Available at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-6696.ZO.html](footnotes renumbered)Justice O’Connor announced the judgment of the Court and delivered an opinion, in which The Chief Justice, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Breyer join.At this difficult time in our Nation’s history, we are called upon to consider the legality of the Government’s detention of a United States citizen on United States soil as an “enemy combatant” and to address the process that is constitutionally owed to one who seeks to challenge his classification as such. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held that petitioner’s detention was legally authorized and that he was entitled to no further opportunity to challenge his enemy-combatant label. We now vacate and remand. We hold that although Congress authorized the detention of combatants in the narrow circumstances alleged here, due process demands that a citizen held in the United States as an enemy combatant be given a meaningful opportunity to contest the factual basis for that detention before a neutral decisionmaker.IOn September 11, 2001, the al Qaeda terrorist network used hijacked commercial airliners to attack prominent targets in the United States. Approximately 3,000 people were killed in those attacks. One week later, in response to these “acts of treacherous violence,” Congress passed a resolution authorizing the President to “use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks” or “harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.” Authorization for Use of Military Force (“the AUMF”), 115 Stat. 224. Soon thereafter, the President ordered United States Armed Forces to Afghanistan, with a mission to subdue al Qaeda and quell the Taliban regime that was known to support it.This case arises out of the detention of a man whom the Government alleges took up arms with the Taliban during this conflict. His name is Yaser Esam Hamdi. Born an American citizen in Louisiana in 1980, Hamdi moved with his family to Saudi Arabia as a child. By 2001, the parties agree, he resided in Afghanistan. At some point that year, he was seized by members of the Northern Alliance, a coalition of military groups opposed to the Taliban government, and eventually was turned over to the United States military. The Government asserts that it initially detained and interrogated Hamdi in Afghanistan before transferring him to the United States Naval Base in Guantanamo Bay in January 2002. In April 2002, upon learning that Hamdi is an American citizen, authorities transferred him to a naval brig in Norfolk, Virginia, where he remained until a recent transfer to a brig in Charleston, South Carolina. The Government contends that Hamdi is an “enemy combatant,” and that this status justifies holding him in the United States indefinitely–without formal charges or proceedings–unless and until it makes the determination that access to counsel or further process is warranted.* * *The Fourth Circuit denied rehearing en banc, 337 F.3d 335 (2003), and we granted certiorari. 540 U.S. __ (2004). We now vacate the judgment below and remand.IIThe threshold question before us is whether the Executive has the authority to detain citizens who qualify as “enemy combatants.” There is some debate as to the proper scope of this term, and the Government has never provided any court with the full criteria that it uses in classifying individuals as such. It has made clear, however, that, for purposes of this case, the “enemy combatant” that it is seeking to detain is an individual who, it alleges, was “ ‘part of or supporting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners’ ” in Afghanistan and who “ ‘engaged in an armed conflict against the United States’ ” there. Brief for Respondents 3. We therefore answer only the narrow question before us: whether the detention of citizens falling within that definition is authorized.The Government maintains that no explicit congressional authorization is required, because the Executive possesses plenary authority to detain pursuant to Article II of the Constitution. We do not reach the question whether Article II provides such authority, however, because we agree with the Government’s alternative position, that Congress has in fact authorized Hamdi’s detention, through the AUMF.Our analysis on that point, set forth below, substantially overlaps with our analysis of Hamdi’s principal argument for the illegality of his detention. He posits that his detention is forbidden by 18 U.S.C. § 4001(a). Section 4001(a) states that “[n]o citizen shall be imprisoned or otherwise detained by the United States except pursuant to an Act of Congress.” Congress passed §4001(a) in 1971 as part of a bill to repeal the Emergency Detention Act of 1950, 50 U.S.C. § 811 et seq., which provided procedures for executive detention, during times of emergency, of individuals deemed likely to engage in espionage or sabotage. Congress was particularly concerned about the possibility that the Act could be used to reprise the Japanese internment camps of World War II. H. R. Rep. No. 92—116 (1971); id., at 4 (“The concentration camp implications of the legislation render it abhorrent”). The Government again presses two alternative positions. First, it argues that §4001(a), in light of its legislative history and its location in Title 18, applies only to “the control of civilian prisons and related detentions,” not to military detentions. Brief for Respondents 21. Second, it maintains that §4001(a) is satisfied, because Hamdi is being detained “pursuant to an Act of Congress”–the AUMF. Id., at 21—22. Again, because we conclude that the Government’s second assertion is correct, we do not address the first. In other words, for the reasons that follow, we conclude that the AUMF is explicit congressional authorization for the detention of individuals in the narrow category we describe (assuming, without deciding, that such authorization is required), and that the AUMF satisfied §4001(a)’s requirement that a detention be “pursuant to an Act of Congress” (assuming, without deciding, that §4001(a) applies to military detentions).The AUMF authorizes the President to use “all necessary and appropriate force” against “nations, organizations, or persons” associated with the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. 115 Stat. 224. There can be no doubt that individuals who fought against the United States in Afghanistan as part of the Taliban, an organization known to have supported the al Qaeda terrorist network responsible for those attacks, are individuals Congress sought to target in passing the AUMF. We conclude that detention of individuals falling into the limited category we are considering, for the duration of the particular conflict in which they were captured, is so fundamental and accepted an incident to war as to be an exercise of the “necessary and appropriate force” Congress has authorized the President to use.The capture and detention of lawful combatants and the capture, detention, and trial of unlawful combatants, by “universal agreement and practice,” are “important incident[s] of war.” Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S., at 28. The purpose of detention is to prevent captured individuals from returning to the field of battle and taking up arms once again. Naqvi, Doubtful Prisoner-of-War Status, 84 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 571, 572 (2002) (“[C]aptivity in war is ‘neither revenge, nor punishment, but solely protective custody, the only purpose of which is to prevent the prisoners of war from further participation in the war’ ” (quoting decision of Nuremberg Military Tribunal, reprinted in 41 Am. J. Int’l L. 172, 229 (1947)); W. Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents 788 (rev. 2d ed. 1920) (“The time has long passed when ‘no quarter’ was the rule on the battlefield … . It is now recognized that ‘Captivity is neither a punishment nor an act of vengeance,’ but ‘merely a temporary detention which is devoid of all penal character.’ … ‘A prisoner of war is no convict; his imprisonment is a simple war measure.’ ” (citations omitted); cf. In re Territo, 156 F.2d 142, 145 (CA9 1946) (“The object of capture is to prevent the captured individual from serving the enemy. He is disarmed and from then on must be removed as completely as practicable from the front, treated humanely, and in time exchanged, repatriated, or otherwise released” (footnotes omitted)).There is no bar to this Nation’s holding one of its own citizens as an enemy combatant. In Quirin, one of the detainees, Haupt, alleged that he was a naturalized United States citizen. 317 U.S., at 20. We held that “[c]itizens who associate themselves with the military arm of the enemy government, and with its aid, guidance and direction enter this country bent on hostile acts, are enemy belligerents within the meaning of … the law of war.” Id., at 37—38. While Haupt was tried for violations of the law of war, nothing in Quirin suggests that his citizenship would have precluded his mere detention for the duration of the relevant hostilities. See id., at 30—31. See also Lieber Code, ¶153, Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, Gen. Order No. 100 (1863), reprinted in 2 Lieber, Miscellaneous Writings, p. 273 (contemplating, in code binding the Union Army during the Civil War, that “captured rebels” would be treated “as prisoners of war”). Nor can we see any reason for drawing such a line here. A citizen, no less than an alien, can be “part of or supporting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners” and “engaged in an armed conflict against the United States,” Brief for Respondents 3; such a citizen, if released, would pose the same threat of returning to the front during the ongoing conflict.In light of these principles, it is of no moment that the AUMF does not use specific language of detention. Because detention to prevent a combatant’s return to the battlefield is a fundamental incident of waging war, in permitting the use of “necessary and appropriate force,” Congress has clearly and unmistakably authorized detention in the narrow circumstances considered here.Hamdi objects, nevertheless, that Congress has not authorized the indefinite detention to which he is now subject. The Government responds that “the detention of enemy combatants during World War II was just as ‘indefinite’ while that war was being fought.” Id., at 16. We take Hamdi’s objection to be not to the lack of certainty regarding the date on which the conflict will end, but to the substantial prospect of perpetual detention. We recognize that the national security underpinnings of the “war on terror,” although crucially important, are broad and malleable. As the Government concedes, “given its unconventional nature, the current conflict is unlikely to end with a formal cease-fire agreement.” Ibid. The prospect Hamdi raises is therefore not far-fetched. If the Government does not consider this unconventional war won for two generations, and if it maintains during that time that Hamdi might, if released, rejoin forces fighting against the United States, then the position it has taken throughout the litigation of this case suggests that Hamdi’s detention could last for the rest of his life.It is a clearly established principle of the law of war that detention may last no longer than active hostilities. See Article 118 of the Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S. T. 3316, 3406, T. I. A. S. No. 3364 (“Prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active hostilities”). See also Article 20 of the Hague Convention (II) on Laws and Customs of War on Land, July 29, 1899, 32 Stat. 1817 (as soon as possible after “conclusion of peace”); Hague Convention (IV), supra, Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2301(“conclusion of peace” (Art. 20)); Geneva Convention, supra, July 27, 1929, 47 Stat. 2055 (repatriation should be accomplished with the least possible delay after conclusion of peace (Art. 75)); Praust, Judicial Power to Determine the Status and Rights of Persons Detained without Trial, 44 Harv. Int’l L. J. 503, 510—511 (2003) (prisoners of war “can be detained during an armed conflict, but the detaining country must release and repatriate them ‘without delay after the cessation of active hostilities,’ unless they are being lawfully prosecuted or have been lawfully convicted of crimes and are serving sentences” (citing Arts. 118, 85, 99, 119, 129, Geneva Convention (III), 6 T. I .A. S., at 3384, 3392, 3406, 3418)).Hamdi contends that the AUMF does not authorize indefinite or perpetual detention. Certainly, we agree that indefinite detention for the purpose of interrogation is not authorized. Further, we understand Congress’ grant of authority for the use of “necessary and appropriate force” to include the authority to detain for the duration of the relevant conflict, and our understanding is based on longstanding law-of-war principles. If the practical circumstances of a given conflict are entirely unlike those of the conflicts that informed the development of the law of war, that understanding may unravel. But that is not the situation we face as of this date. Active combat operations against Taliban fighters apparently are ongoing in Afghanistan. See, e.g., Constable, U.S. Launches New Operation in Afghanistan, Washington Post, Mar. 14, 2004, p. A22 (reporting that 13,500 United States troops remain in Afghanistan, including several thousand new arrivals); J. Abizaid, Dept. of Defense, Gen. Abizaid Central Command Operations Update Briefing, Apr. 30, 2004, http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2004/tr20040430-1402.htm l (as visited June 8, 2004, and available in the Clerk of Court’s case file) (media briefing describing ongoing operations in Afghanistan involving 20,000 United States troops). The United States may detain, for the duration of these hostilities, individuals legitimately determined to be Taliban combatants who “engaged in an armed conflict against the United States.” If the record establishes that United States troops are still involved in active combat in Afghanistan, those detentions are part of the exercise of “necessary and appropriate force,” and therefore are authorized by the AUMF.Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 2, 125 (1866), does not undermine our holding about the Government’s authority to seize enemy combatants, as we define that term today. In that case, the Court made repeated reference to the fact that its inquiry into whether the military tribunal had jurisdiction to try and punish Milligan turned in large part on the fact that Milligan was not a prisoner of war, but a resident of Indiana arrested while at home there. Id., at 118, 131. That fact was central to its conclusion. Had Milligan been captured while he was assisting Confederate soldiers by carrying a rifle against Union troops on a Confederate battlefield, the holding of the Court might well have been different. The Court’s repeated explanations that Milligan was not a prisoner of war suggest that had these different circumstances been present he could have been detained under military authority for the duration of the conflict, whether or not he was a citizen.Moreover, as Justice Scalia acknowledges, the Court in Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942), dismissed the language of Milligan that the petitioners had suggested prevented them from being subject to military process. Post, at 17—18 (dissenting opinion). Clear in this rejection was a disavowal of the New York State cases cited in Milligan, 4 Wall., at 128—129, on which Justice Scalia relies. See id., at 128—129. Both Smith v. Shaw, 12 Johns. *257 (N. Y. 1815), and M’Connell v. Hampton, 12 Johns. *234 (N. Y. 1815), were civil suits for false imprisonment. Even accepting that these cases once could have been viewed as standing for the sweeping proposition for which Justice Scalia cites them–that the military does not have authority to try an American citizen accused of spying against his country during wartime–Quirin makes undeniably clear that this is not the law today. Haupt, like the citizens in Smith and M’Connell, was accused of being a spy. The Court in Quirin found him “subject to trial and punishment by [a] military tribunal[ ]” for those acts, and held that his citizenship did not change this result. 317 U.S., at 31, 37—38.Quirin was a unanimous opinion. It both postdates and clarifies Milligan, providing us with the most apposite precedent that we have on the question of whether citizens may be detained in such circumstances. Brushing aside such precedent–particularly when doing so gives rise to a host of new questions never dealt with by this Court–is unjustified and unwise.To the extent that Justice Scalia accepts the precedential value of Quirin, he argues that it cannot guide our inquiry here because “[i]n Quirin it was uncontested that the petitioners were members of enemy forces,” while Hamdi challenges his classification as an enemy combatant. Post, at 19. But it is unclear why, in the paradigm outlined by Justice Scalia, such a concession should have any relevance. Justice Scalia envisions a system in which the only options are congressional suspension of the writ of habeas corpus or prosecution for treason or some other crime. Post, at 1. He does not explain how his historical analysis supports the addition of a third option–detention under some other process after concession of enemy-combatant status–or why a concession should carry any different effect than proof of enemy-combatant status in a proceeding that comports with due process. To be clear, our opinion only finds legislative authority to detain under the AUMF once it is sufficiently clear that the individual is, in fact, an enemy combatant; whether that is established by concession or by some other process that verifies this fact with sufficient certainty seems beside the point.Further, Justice Scalia largely ignores the context of this case: a United States citizen captured in a foreign combat zone. Justice Scalia refers to only one case involving this factual scenario–a case in which a United States citizen-POW (a member of the Italian army) from World War II was seized on the battlefield in Sicily and then held in the United States. The court in that case held that the military detention of that United States citizen was lawful. See In re Territo, 156 F.2d, at 148.Justice Scalia’s treatment of that case–in a footnote–suffers from the same defect as does his treatment of Quirin: Because Justice Scalia finds the fact of battlefield capture irrelevant, his distinction based on the fact that the petitioner “conceded” enemy combatant status is beside the point. See supra, at 15—16. Justice Scalia can point to no case or other authority for the proposition that those captured on a foreign battlefield (whether detained there or in U.S. territory) cannot be detained outside the criminal process.Moreover, Justice Scalia presumably would come to a different result if Hamdi had been kept in Afghanistan or even Guantanamo Bay. See post, at 25 (Scalia, J., dissenting). This creates a perverse incentive. Military authorities faced with the stark choice of submitting to the full-blown criminal process or releasing a suspected enemy combatant captured on the battlefield will simply keep citizen-detainees abroad. Indeed, the Government transferred Hamdi from Guantanamo Bay to the United States naval brig only after it learned that he might be an American citizen. It is not at all clear why that should make a determinative constitutional difference.IIIEven in cases in which the detention of enemy combatants is legally authorized, there remains the question of what process is constitutionally due to a citizen who disputes his enemy-combatant status. Hamdi argues that he is owed a meaningful and timely hearing and that “extra-judicial detention [that] begins and ends with the submission of an affidavit based on third-hand hearsay” does not comport with the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Brief for Petitioners 16. The Government counters that any more process than was provided below would be both unworkable and “constitutionally intolerable.” Brief for Respondents 46. Our resolution of this dispute requires a careful examination both of the writ of habeas corpus, which Hamdi now seeks to employ as a mechanism of judicial review, and of the Due Process Clause, which informs the procedural contours of that mechanism in this instance.AThough they reach radically different conclusions on the process that ought to attend the present proceeding, the parties begin on common ground. All agree that, absent suspension, the writ of habeas corpus remains available to every individual detained within the United States. U.S. Const., Art. I, §9, cl. 2 (“The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it”). Only in the rarest of circumstances has Congress seen fit to suspend the writ. See, e.g., Act of Mar. 3, 1863, ch. 81, §1, 12 Stat. 755; Act of April 20, 1871, ch. 22, §4, 17 Stat. 14. At all other times, it has remained a critical check on the Executive, ensuring that it does not detain individuals except in accordance with law. See INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 301 (2001). All agree suspension of the writ has not occurred here. Thus, it is undisputed that Hamdi was properly before an Article III court to challenge his detention under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Brief for Respondents 12. Further, all agree that §2241 and its companion provisions provide at least a skeletal outline of the procedures to be afforded a petitioner in federal habeas review. Most notably, §2243 provides that “the person detained may, under oath, deny any of the facts set forth in the return or allege any other material facts,” and §2246 allows the taking of evidence in habeas proceedings by deposition, affidavit, or interrogatories.The simple outline of §2241 makes clear both that Congress envisioned that habeas petitioners would have some opportunity to present and rebut facts and that courts in cases like this retain some ability to vary the ways in which they do so as mandated by due process. The Government recognizes the basic procedural protections required by the habeas statute, Id., at 37—38, but asks us to hold that, given both the flexibility of the habeas mechanism and the circumstances presented in this case, the presentation of the Mobbs Declaration to the habeas court completed the required factual development. It suggests two separate reasons for its position that no further process is due.BFirst, the Government urges the adoption of the Fourth Circuit’s holding below–that because it is “undisputed” that Hamdi’s seizure took place in a combat zone, the habeas determination can be made purely as a matter of law, with no further hearing or factfinding necessary. This argument is easily rejected. As the dissenters from the denial of rehearing en banc noted, the circumstances surrounding Hamdi’s seizure cannot in any way be characterized as “undisputed,” as “those circumstances are neither conceded in fact, nor susceptible to concession in law, because Hamdi has not been permitted to speak for himself or even through counsel as to those circumstances.” 337 F.3d 335, 357 (CA4 2003) (Luttig, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc); see also id., at 371—372 (Motz, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc). Further, the “facts” that constitute the alleged concession are insufficient to support Hamdi’s detention. Under the definition of enemy combatant that we accept today as falling within the scope of Congress’ authorization, Hamdi would need to be “part of or supporting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners” and “engaged in an armed conflict against the United States” to justify his detention in the United States for the duration of the relevant conflict. Brief for Respondents 3. The habeas petition states only that “[w]hen seized by the United States Government, Mr. Hamdi resided in Afghanistan.” App. 104. An assertion that one resided in a country in which combat operations are taking place is not a concession that one was “captured in a zone of active combat operations in a foreign theater of war,” 316 F.3d, at 459 (emphasis added), and certainly is not a concession that one was “part of or supporting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners” and “engaged in an armed conflict against the United States.” Accordingly, we reject any argument that Hamdi has made concessions that eliminate any right to further process.CThe Government’s second argument requires closer consideration. This is the argument that further factual exploration is unwarranted and inappropriate in light of the extraordinary constitutional interests at stake. Under the Government’s most extreme rendition of this argument, “[r]espect for separation of powers and the limited institutional capabilities of courts in matters of military decision-making in connection with an ongoing conflict” ought to eliminate entirely any individual process, restricting the courts to investigating only whether legal authorization exists for the broader detention scheme. Brief for Respondents 26. At most, the Government argues, courts should review its determination that a citizen is an enemy combatant under a very deferential “some evidence” standard. Id., at 34 (“Under the some evidence standard, the focus is exclusively on the factual basis supplied by the Executive to support its own determination” (citing Superintendent, Mass. Correctional Institution at Walpole v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 455—457 (1985) (explaining that the some evidence standard “does not require” a “weighing of the evidence,” but rather calls for assessing “whether there is any evidence in the record that could support the conclusion”)). Under this review, a court would assume the accuracy of the Government’s articulated basis for Hamdi’s detention, as set forth in the Mobbs Declaration, and assess only whether that articulated basis was a legitimate one. Brief for Respondents 36; see also 316 F.3d, at 473—474 (declining to address whether the “some evidence” standard should govern the adjudication of such claims, but noting that “[t]he factual averments in the [Mobbs] affidavit, if accurate, are sufficient to confirm” the legality of Hamdi’s detention).In response, Hamdi emphasizes that this Court consistently has recognized that an individual challenging his detention may not be held at the will of the Executive without recourse to some proceeding before a neutral tribunal to determine whether the Executive’s asserted justifications for that detention have basis in fact and warrant in law. See, e.g., Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 690 (2001); Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 425—427 (1979). He argues that the Fourth Circuit inappropriately “ceded power to the Executive during wartime to define the conduct for which a citizen may be detained, judge whether that citizen has engaged in the proscribed conduct, and imprison that citizen indefinitely,” Brief for Petitioners 21, and that due process demands that he receive a hearing in which he may challenge the Mobbs Declaration and adduce his own counter evidence. The District Court, agreeing with Hamdi, apparently believed that the appropriate process would approach the process that accompanies a criminal trial. It therefore disapproved of the hearsay nature of the Mobbs Declaration and anticipated quite extensive discovery of various military affairs. Anything less, it concluded, would not be “meaningful judicial review.” App. 291.Both of these positions highlight legitimate concerns. And both emphasize the tension that often exists between the autonomy that the Government asserts is necessary in order to pursue effectively a particular goal and the process that a citizen contends he is due before he is deprived of a constitutional right. The ordinary mechanism that we use for balancing such serious competing interests, and for determining the procedures that are necessary to ensure that a citizen is not “deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,” U.S. Const., Amdt. 5, is the test that we articulated in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976). See, e.g., Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 330—331 (1993); Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 127—128 (1990); United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 746 (1987); Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253, 274—275 (1984); Addington v. Texas, supra, at 425. Mathews dictates that the process due in any given instance is determined by weighing “the private interest that will be affected by the official action” against the Government’s asserted interest, “including the function involved” and the burdens the Government would face in providing greater process. 424 U.S., at 335. The Mathews calculus then contemplates a judicious balancing of these concerns, through an analysis of “the risk of an erroneous deprivation” of the private interest if the process were reduced and the “probable value, if any, of additional or substitute safeguards.” Ibid. We take each of these steps in turn.1It is beyond question that substantial interests lie on both sides of the scale in this case. Hamdi’s “private interest … affected by the official action,” ibid., is the most elemental of liberty interests–the interest in being free from physical detention by one’s own government. Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 80 (1992) (“Freedom from bodily restraint has always been at the core of the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause from arbitrary governmental action”); see also Parham v. J. R., 442 U.S. 584, 600 (1979) (noting the “substantial liberty interest in not being confined unnecessarily”). “In our society liberty is the norm,” and detention without trial “is the carefully limited exception.” Salerno, supra, at 755. “We have always been careful not to ‘minimize the importance and fundamental nature’ of the individual’s right to liberty,” Foucha, supra, at 80 (quoting Salerno, supra, at 750), and we will not do so today.Nor is the weight on this side of the Mathews scale offset by the circumstances of war or the accusation of treasonous behavior, for “[i]t is clear that commitment for any purpose constitutes a significant deprivation of liberty that requires due process protection,” Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354, 361 (1983) (emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted), and at this stage in the Mathews calculus, we consider the interest of the erroneously detained individual. Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 259 (1978) (“Procedural due process rules are meant to protect persons not from the deprivation, but from the mistaken or unjustified deprivation of life, liberty, or property”); see also id., at 266 (noting “the importance to organized society that procedural due process be observed,” and emphasizing that “the right to procedural due process is ‘absolute’ in the sense that it does not depend upon the merits of a claimant’s substantive assertions”). Indeed, as amicus briefs from media and relief organizations emphasize, the risk of erroneous deprivation of a citizen’s liberty in the absence of sufficient process here is very real. See Brief for AmeriCares et al. as Amici Curiae 13—22 (noting ways in which “[t]he nature of humanitarian relief work and journalism present a significant risk of mistaken military detentions”). Moreover, as critical as the Government’s interest may be in detaining those who actually pose an immediate threat to the national security of the United States during ongoing international conflict, history and common sense teach us that an unchecked system of detention carries the potential to become a means for oppression and abuse of others who do not present that sort of threat. See Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall., at 125 (“[The Founders] knew–the history of the world told them–the nation they were founding, be its existence short or long, would be involved in war; how often or how long continued, human foresight could not tell; and that unlimited power, wherever lodged at such a time, was especially hazardous to freemen”). Because we live in a society in which “[m]ere public intolerance or animosity cannot constitutionally justify the deprivation of a person’s physical liberty,” O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 575 (1975), our starting point for the Mathews v. Eldridge analysis is unaltered by the allegations surrounding the particular detainee or the organizations with which he is alleged to have associated. We reaffirm today the fundamental nature of a citizen’s right to be free from involuntary confinement by his own government without due process of law, and we weigh the opposing governmental interests against the curtailment of liberty that such confinement entails.2On the other side of the scale are the weighty and sensitive governmental interests in ensuring that those who have in fact fought with the enemy during a war do not return to battle against the United States. As discussed above, supra, at 10, the law of war and the realities of combat may render such detentions both necessary and appropriate, and our due process analysis need not blink at those realities. Without doubt, our Constitution recognizes that core strategic matters of warmaking belong in the hands of those who are best positioned and most politically accountable for making them. Department of Navy v. Egan, 484 U.S. 518, 530 (1988) (noting the reluctance of the courts “to intrude upon the authority of the Executive in military and national security affairs”); Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 587 (1952) (acknowledging “broad powers in military commanders engaged in day-to-day fighting in a theater of war”).The Government also argues at some length that its interests in reducing the process available to alleged enemy combatants are heightened by the practical difficulties that would accompany a system of trial-like process. In its view, military officers who are engaged in the serious work of waging battle would be unnecessarily and dangerously distracted by litigation half a world away, and discovery into military operations would both intrude on the sensitive secrets of national defense and result in a futile search for evidence buried under the rubble of war. Brief for Respondents 46—49. To the extent that these burdens are triggered by heightened procedures, they are properly taken into account in our due process analysis.3Striking the proper constitutional balance here is of great importance to the Nation during this period of ongoing combat. But it is equally vital that our calculus not give short shrift to the values that this country holds dear or to the privilege that is American citizenship. It is during our most challenging and uncertain moments that our Nation’s commitment to due process is most severely tested; and it is in those times that we must preserve our commitment at home to the principles for which we fight abroad. See Kennedy v. Mendoza&nbhyph;Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 164—165 (1963) (“The imperative necessity for safeguarding these rights to procedural due process under the gravest of emergencies has existed throughout our constitutional history, for it is then, under the pressing exigencies of crisis, that there is the greatest temptation to dispense with guarantees which, it is feared, will inhibit government action”); see also United States v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258, 264 (1967) (“It would indeed be ironic if, in the name of national defense, we would sanction the subversion of one of those liberties … which makes the defense of the Nation worthwhile”).With due recognition of these competing concerns, we believe that neither the process proposed by the Government nor the process apparently envisioned by the District Court below strikes the proper constitutional balance when a United States citizen is detained in the United States as an enemy combatant. That is, “the risk of erroneous deprivation” of a detainee’s liberty interest is unacceptably high under the Government’s proposed rule, while some of the “additional or substitute procedural safeguards” suggested by the District Court are unwarranted in light of their limited “probable value” and the burdens they may impose on the military in such cases. Mathews, 424 U.S., at 335.We therefore hold that a citizen-detainee seeking to challenge his classification as an enemy combatant must receive notice of the factual basis for his classification, and a fair opportunity to rebut the Government’s factual assertions before a neutral decisionmaker. See Cleveland Bd. of Ed. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542 (1985) (“An essential principle of due process is that a deprivation of life, liberty, or property ‘be preceded by notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case’ ” (quoting Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313 (1950)); Concrete Pipe & Products of Cal., Inc. v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust for Southern Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 617 (1993) (“due process requires a ‘neutral and detached judge in the first instance’ ” (quoting Ward v. Monroeville, 409 U.S. 57, 61—62 (1972)). “For more than a century the central meaning of procedural due process has been clear: ‘Parties whose rights are to be affected are entitled to be heard; and in order that they may enjoy that right they must first be notified.’ It is equally fundamental that the right to notice and an opportunity to be heard ‘must be granted at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’ ” Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 80 (1972) (quoting Baldwin v. Hale, 1 Wall. 223, 233 (1864); Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965) (other citations omitted)). These essential constitutional promises may not be eroded.At the same time, the exigencies of the circumstances may demand that, aside from these core elements, enemy combatant proceedings may be tailored to alleviate their uncommon potential to burden the Executive at a time of ongoing military conflict. Hearsay, for example, may need to be accepted as the most reliable available evidence from the Government in such a proceeding. Likewise, the Constitution would not be offended by a presumption in favor of the Government’s evidence, so long as that presumption remained a rebuttable one and fair opportunity for rebuttal were provided. Thus, once the Government puts forth credible evidence that the habeas petitioner meets the enemy-combatant criteria, the onus could shift to the petitioner to rebut that evidence with more persuasive evidence that he falls outside the criteria. A burden-shifting scheme of this sort would meet the goal of ensuring that the errant tourist, embedded journalist, or local aid worker has a chance to prove military error while giving due regard to the Executive once it has put forth meaningful support for its conclusion that the detainee is in fact an enemy combatant. In the words of Mathews, process of this sort would sufficiently address the “risk of erroneous deprivation” of a detainee’s liberty interest while eliminating certain procedures that have questionable additional value in light of the burden on the Government. 424 U.S., at 335.We think it unlikely that this basic process will have the dire impact on the central functions of warmaking that the Government forecasts. The parties agree that initial captures on the battlefield need not receive the process we have discussed here; that process is due only when the determination is made to continue to hold those who have been seized. The Government has made clear in its briefing that documentation regarding battlefield detainees already is kept in the ordinary course of military affairs. Brief for Respondents 3—4. Any factfinding imposition created by requiring a knowledgeable affiant to summarize these records to an independent tribunal is a minimal one. Likewise, arguments that military officers ought not have to wage war under the threat of litigation lose much of their steam when factual disputes at enemy-combatant hearings are limited to the alleged combatant’s acts. This focus meddles little, if at all, in the strategy or conduct of war, inquiring only into the appropriateness of continuing to detain an individual claimed to have taken up arms against the United States. While we accord the greatest respect and consideration to the judgments of military authorities in matters relating to the actual prosecution of a war, and recognize that the scope of that discretion necessarily is wide, it does not infringe on the core role of the military for the courts to exercise their own time-honored and constitutionally mandated roles of reviewing and resolving claims like those presented here. Cf. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214, 233—234 (1944) (Murphy, J., dissenting) (“[L]ike other claims conflicting with the asserted constitutional rights of the individual, the military claim must subject itself to the judicial process of having its reasonableness determined and its conflicts with other interests reconciled”); Sterling v. Constantin, 287 U.S. 378, 401 (1932) (“What are the allowable limits of military discretion, and whether or not they have been overstepped in a particular case, are judicialquestions”).In sum, while the full protections that accompany challenges to detentions in other settings may prove unworkable and inappropriate in the enemy-combatant setting, the threats to military operations posed by a basic system of independent review are not so weighty as to trump a citizen’s core rights to challenge meaningfully theGovernment’s case and to be heard by an impartialadjudicator.DIn so holding, we necessarily reject the Government’s assertion that separation of powers principles mandate a heavily circumscribed role for the courts in such circumstances. Indeed, the position that the courts must forgo any examination of the individual case and focus exclusively on the legality of the broader detention scheme cannot be mandated by any reasonable view of separation of powers, as this approach serves only to condense power into a single branch of government. We have long since made clear that a state of war is not a blank check for the President when it comes to the rights of the Nation’s citizens. Youngstown Sheet & Tube, 343 U.S., at 587. Whatever power the United States Constitution envisions for the Executive in its exchanges with other nations or with enemy organizations in times of conflict, it most assuredly envisions a role for all three branches when individual liberties are at stake. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 380 (1989) (it was “the central judgment of the Framers of the Constitution that, within our political scheme, the separation of governmental powers into three coordinate Branches is essential to the preservation of liberty”); Home Building & Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 426 (1934) (The war power “is a power to wage war successfully, and thus it permits the harnessing of the entire energies of the people in a supreme cooperative effort to preserve the nation. But even the war power does not remove constitutional limitations safeguarding essential liberties”). Likewise, we have made clear that, unless Congress acts to suspend it, the Great Writ of habeas corpus allows the Judicial Branch to play a necessary role in maintaining this delicate balance of governance, serving as an important judicial check on the Executive’s discretion in the realm of detentions. See St. Cyr, 533 U.S., at 301 (“At its historical core, the writ of habeas corpus has served as a means of reviewing the legality of Executive detention, and it is in that context that its protections have been strongest”). Thus, while we do not question that our due process assessment must pay keen attention to the particular burdens faced by the Executive in the context of military action, it would turn our system of checks and balances on its head to suggest that a citizen could not make his way to court with a challenge to the factual basis for his detention by his government, simply because the Executive opposes making available such a challenge. Absent suspension of the writ by Congress, a citizen detained as an enemy combatant is entitled to this process.Because we conclude that due process demands some system for a citizen detainee to refute his classification, the proposed “some evidence” standard is inadequate. Any process in which the Executive’s factual assertions go wholly unchallenged or are simply presumed correct without any opportunity for the alleged combatant to demonstrate otherwise falls constitutionally short. As the Government itself has recognized, we have utilized the “some evidence” standard in the past as a standard of review, not as a standard of proof. Brief for Respondents 35. That is, it primarily has been employed by courts in examining an administrative record developed after an adversarial proceeding–one with process at least of the sort that we today hold is constitutionally mandated in the citizen enemy-combatant setting. See, e.g., St. Cyr, supra; Hill, 472 U.S., at 455—457. This standard therefore is ill suited to the situation in which a habeas petitioner has received no prior proceedings before any tribunal and had no prior opportunity to rebut the Executive’s factual assertions before a neutral decisionmaker.Today we are faced only with such a case. Aside from unspecified “screening” processes, Brief for Respondents 3—4, and military interrogations in which the Government suggests Hamdi could have contested his classification, Tr. of Oral Arg. 40, 42, Hamdi has received no process. An interrogation by one’s captor, however effective an intelligence-gathering tool, hardly constitutes a constitutionally adequate factfinding before a neutral decisionmaker. Compare Brief for Respondents 42—43 (discussing the “secure interrogation environment,” and noting that military interrogations require a controlled “interrogation dynamic” and “a relationship of trust and dependency” and are “a critical source” of “timely and effective intelligence”) with Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S., at 617—618 (“one is entitled as a matter of due process of law to an adjudicator who is not in a situation which would offer a possible temptation to the average man as a judge . . . which might lead him not to hold the balance nice, clear and true” (internal quotation marks omitted). That even purportedly fair adjudicators “are disqualified by their interest in the controversy to be decided is, of course, the general rule.” Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, 522 (1927). Plainly, the “process” Hamdi has received is not that to which he is entitled under the Due Process Clause.There remains the possibility that the standards we have articulated could be met by an appropriately authorized and properly constituted military tribunal. Indeed, it is notable that military regulations already provide for such process in related instances, dictating that tribunals be made available to determine the status of enemy detainees who assert prisoner-of-war status under the Geneva Convention. See Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees, Army Regulation 190—8, §1—6 (1997). In the absence of such process, however, a court that receives a petition for a writ of habeas corpus from an alleged enemy combatant must itself ensure that the minimum requirements of due process are achieved. Both courts below recognized as much, focusing their energies on the question of whether Hamdi was due an opportunity to rebut the Government’s case against him. The Government, too, proceeded on this assumption, presenting its affidavit and then seeking that it be evaluated under a deferential standard of review based on burdens that it alleged would accompany any greater process. As we have discussed, a habeas court in a case such as this may accept affidavit evidence like that contained in the Mobbs Declaration, so long as it also permits the alleged combatant to present his own factual case to rebut the Government’s return. We anticipate that a District Court would proceed with the caution that we have indicated is necessary in this setting, engaging in a factfinding process that is both prudent and incremental. We have no reason to doubt that courts faced with these sensitive matters will pay proper heed both to the matters of national security that might arise in an individual case and to the constitutional limitations safeguarding essential liberties that remain vibrant even in times of security concerns.IVHamdi asks us to hold that the Fourth Circuit also erred by denying him immediate access to counsel upon his detention and by disposing of the case without permitting him to meet with an attorney. Brief for Petitioners 19. Since our grant of certiorari in this case, Hamdi has been appointed counsel, with whom he has met for consultation purposes on several occasions, and with whom he is now being granted unmonitored meetings. He unquestionably has the right to access to counsel in connection with the proceedings on remand. No further consideration of this issue is necessary at this stage of the case.* * *The judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings.It is so ordered.
III. The Relationship of Law and the Government of the State―Role of Law/Rule of LawFor the second part of this course, we have been considering the relationship between law and the organs of state government. We have explored the two principal models that are the foundation of the organization of virtually every state in the West and many in most other parts of the world to some extent. We then examined the way in which law and any manifestation of the organs of government are ordered. We have come to understand the foundational importance of hierarchy in the structuring of law systems and of their relationship to government. We have examined in that connection the relationship between government and the “higher law” of the constitution in the West. We then examined the consequences of a systems structured with a higher law at its top and government and subordinate law forms extending beneath it. Lastly we considered the traditional relationship between the law inside a state―its domestic legal order―and the law outside of the state. The latter, now understood as international law, has undergone substantial changes since 1945 and the creation of a governance architecture built around international organizations, the United Nations, World Trade Organization, regional human rights courts and the like. Simultaneously, the ability of states to protect their domestic legal orders has been challenged as borders have become more porous to transactions in goods, capital, services and to a lesser extent, people, in a process usually understood as economic globalization. Together, these trends have made it harder for states to shut international out of their domestic legal orders; but not entirely. We ended our last chapter with a consideration of Medillin, the Supreme Court’s embrace of a very traditional and historically conventional approach to protecting the borders between domestic and international lawmaking within the United States. Medellin is not a unique expression of American values. It is reflected in the ideologies of important sectors of the American political class as well (e.g., President Bush’s Second Inaugural Address: A Revolutionary Manifesto For International Law in Chaotic Times, Law at the End of the Day, April 1, 2006).With this chapter we finish our consideration of the issues that frame Western, and particularly American, understandings of the relationship between law and government and that also structure the hierarchical relationships between law and government and among distinct classes of law. Our object today is to organize the preceding materials around its ideological core―an ideological core that probably best states the core premises of American legal theory. That core ideology is commonly referenced by lawyers―and increasingly by our political officials―as “rule of law.” I have elsewhere suggested a standard model for rule of law in the early 21st century:The normative basis for evaluating the proper conduct of a state, as the locus of political power within a defined territory, is to some large extent bundled up in the complex of concepts understood as the “rule of law:”What we in the West have come to call the “rule of law” has always been a multi-edged sword. It is most commonly deployed to guard against arbitrary use of state power by people with access to that power. It is in this sense that the rule of law is perhaps best understood. In its basic political sense it encompasses ideals such as free and fair elections, protected through the instrumentalities of the state, principally the independent judiciary, against abuse by individuals. The rule of law can also be used to protect a polity against its own excesses. [Larry Catá Backer, Using Law Against Itself: Bush v. Gore Applied in the Courts, 55 Rutgers L. Rev. 1109, 1110-11 (2003). I noted there the growing influence of these notions outside the West, citing to the work of Anwar Ibrahim, an influential Malay politician: “For Ibrahim, the rule of law encapsulates three principles. . .The first is the predominance of regular law so that the government has no arbitrary authority over the citizen. . .Secondly, all citizens are equally subject to the ordinary law administered by the ordinary courts. . And thirdly, perhaps the most significant, the citizen’s personal freedoms are formulated and protected by the ordinary law, rather than by abstract constitutional declarations.” Id. at 1109 n.1 (quoting Anwar Ibrahim, The Asian Renaissance 63 (1996)).As a consequence, conformity of the state to accepted standards of rule-of-law notions tends to be measured only against the performance of the state—principally through its government. The core of this measure is focused on the regularization of rulemaking. Power must be exercised only through regular processes of rulemaking. [On process and rule of law, see Randy E. Barnett, The Structure of Liberty: Justice and the Rule of Law 257-301 (1998)]. Rules must apply fairly to all, and the mechanisms for their enactment and enforcement must also be applied fairly and equally to all. [“The idea of the rule of law is also inextricably linked with certain basic institutional arrangements. The fundamental notion of equality, which lies close to the heart of our convictions about justice and fairness, demands an equal voice for all adult citizens in the legislative process.” T.R.S. Allan, Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism 22 (1993). See also Thomas M. Franck, Fairness in International Law and Institutions (1997)]. No individual is above fairly enacted rules, nor is any individual delegated the power to make rules other than as part of systems for rulemaking that are representative and not inherently arbitrary. Additionally, all laws must respect certain boundaries of state power. Law must not be used for bad ends. While this moral or ethical component can take many forms, it generally encompasses behavioral norms now commonly understood to comprise an international system of human rights.There is thus something of a consensus in the West with respect to the necessary connection between the form in which rulemaking power is manifested and political legitimacy. (See, e.g., Spencer Zifac, Globalizing the Rule of Law: Rethinking Values and Reforming Institutions, in Globalisation and the Rule of Law 32-65 (Spencer Zifcak ed., 2005)). For the earlier English version of the concept, see, e.g., A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of Law of the Constitution107-23 (Liberty Classics 1982) (1885). Rawls nicely summarized the consensus:Political power is legitimate only when it is exercised in accordance with a constitution (written or unwritten) the essentials of which all citizens, as reasonable and rational, can endorse in the light of their common human reason. This is the liberal principle of legitimacy. It is a further desideratum that all legislative questions that concern or border on those essentials, or are highly divisive, should also be settled, so far as possible, by guidelines and values that can be similarly endorsed. (John Rawls, Justice as Fairness: a Restatement41 (2001)).That law may not be used for bad ends, a premise we have first encountered in the Institutes, is here refashioned by some as the idea of “thick” rule of law. (See Randall Peerenboom, Varieties of Rule of Law: An Introduction and Provisional Conclusion, in Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the U.S. 1, 4 (Randall Peerenboom, ed., 2004). In German theory it encompasses the idea of the sozialstaat. “The Sozialstaat stands for social justice and obligates the government to provide for the basic needs of all Germans.” (Donald Kommers, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany 35 (1997)). Its international dimensions is grounded in ideas, current after 1945, that there were a group of basic substantive norms that must be held commonly by the community of states. This idea derived great impetus from the insight that a state could conform to a process-centered rule of law to commit bad deeds against the powerless. As a consequence, process alone would be insufficient to produce a thick rule of law ideology that produced appropriate conformity to actions and values. In the Twentieth Century, the great models of rule of law states gone awry were Germany between 1943 and 1945 and Japan prior to 1945. (e.g., See Meryll Dean, Japanese Legal System: Text and Materials 76-79 (1997); Donald P. Kommers, supra 30-41 (1997)). We have seen in our last class how some constitutions recognize this component explicitly. See, e.g., S. Afr. Const. 1996, art. 39(1) (“When interpreting the Bill of Rights, a court, tribunal or forum—(a) must promote the values that underlie an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom; (b) must consider international law; and (c) may consider foreign law.”).Our first reading, United Nations Rule of Law, “What is the Rule of Law,” adds context to the notion of Rule of Law. It seeks to draw on traditions across the world in ancient cultures for the idea that at some level the idea of Rule of Law is universal.The notion of the “rule of law” stems from many traditions and continents and is intertwined with the evolution of the history of law itself. The Code of Hammourabi, promulgated by the King of Babylon around 1760 BC, is one of the first examples of the codification of law, presented to the public and applying to the acts of the ruler. In the Arab world, a rich tradition of Islamic law embraced the notion of the supremacy of law. Core principles of holding government authority to account and placing the wishes of the populace before the rulers, can be found amid the main moral and philosophical traditions across the Asian continent, including in Confucianism. In the Anglo-American context, the Magna Carta of 1215 was a seminal document, emphasizing the importance of the independence of the judiciary and the role of judicial process as fundamental characteristics of the rule of law. In continental Europe notions of rule of law focused on the nature of the State, particularly on the role of constitutionalism. (Ibid).It then looks to recent efforts to formalize and combine these related global traditions into a working concept with legal and political implications. “The modern conception of the rule of law has developed as a concept distinct from the “rule of man”, involving a system of governance based on non-arbitrary rules as opposed to one based on the power and whim of an absolute ruler. The concept of rule of law is deeply linked to the principle of justice, involving an ideal of accountability and fairness in the protection and vindication of rights and the prevention and punishment of wrongs.” (Ibid).
It notes that a version of the concept of Rule of Law has been universalized and embedded in the Charter of the United Nations.In its Preamble, one of the aims of the UN is “to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained”. A primary purpose of the Organization is “to maintain international peace and security… and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace.” The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the historic international recognition that all human beings have fundamental rights and freedoms, recognizes that “… it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law…”
And it refers to a proffered definition put forward by the U.N. Secretary General:“a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency.” (Report of the Secretary-General: The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies (2004)) (Ibid., emphasis omitted).For the United Nations, Rule of Law is a concept that applies both to states and international organizations. It applies within domestic legal orders and to constrain the relationships among states.At the national level, the UN supports a rule of law framework that includes a Constitution or its equivalent, as the highest law of the land; a clear and consistent legal framework, and implementation thereof; strong institutions of justice, governance, security and human rights that are well structured, financed, trained and equipped; transitional justice processes and mechanisms; and a public and civil society that contributes to strengthening the rule of law and holding public officials and institutions accountable. (Ibid).At the international level, the core notion of Rule of Law has been elaborated to some extent in the The Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applies to state to state relations drawn from existing commitments in international law, the core values and principles of the UN include respect for the Charter and international law; respect for the sovereign equality of States and the principle of non-use or threat of use of force; the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations; the need to resolve disputes by peaceful means; respect for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms; recognition that protection from genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and war crimes is not only a responsibility owed by a State to its population, but a responsibility of the international community, the equal rights and self-determination of peoples; and the recognition that peace and security, development, human rights, the rule of law and democracy are interlinked and mutually reinforcing.(Ibid).Taken together, the United Nations proffers a dual track but parallel system of Rule of Law ideology that is both drawn from the cultural and legal traditions of the major centers of world civilization, but that is then articulated by the community of nations in congress at the United Nations, with application both to the organization of domestic legal orders (and the elaborations of constraints thereto) and to the organizational and operation of a parallel but equally binding system of international law. Rule of Law, then, comes up from the bottom but is formalized and protected from the top.
In our second reading, Norhiro Urabe, “Rule of Law and Due Process: A Comparative View of the United States and Japan,” Law and Contemporary Problems 53(1):61-72 (1990), suggests the optimism of the United Nations version of Rule of Law. Urabe considers the American embrace of rule of law by considering it from a perspective outside the United States. Urabe contrasts the thick rule of law that has become important in the ideology of American rule of law with the more process driven “thin” rule of law represented by modern conceptions of Rechtsstaat which he understands as “administration by law.” (Ibid., 62).In summary, the major distinction between the Rule of Law underlying Western constitutionalism and Rechtstaat or Rule of Law of German and Japanese origin is where power and rights are vested. The Western Rule of Law holds that `powers and rights vest naturally in individuals and that government is limited in its power to infringe upon these rights. On the contrary, the Rechtsstaat, a more hierarchical tradition, holds that all powers and rights naturally vest in government, which then allocates rights and powers to its citizens. Rechtsstaat does not recognize any individual rights as fundamental; government and not nature is the source of individual rights. (Ibid., pp. 62-63).Urabe characterizes the sources and expression of rule of law in the United States this way: “[O]ne can find a consensus in England and the United States that the central meaning of the Rule of Law is that governmental power should be bound by law. In Japan things are quite different.” (Ibid., 67). Urabe finds rule of law incorporated in Japanese law in a number of ways. First in the concept that the “supreme law in the constitution is deemed to be an expression of the Rule of Law.” (Ibid., 64). Second, the Constitution is understood as the source of the protection of human rights in Japan. (Ibid., 65). Third, the Constitution incorporates as a fundamental precept the concept of due process. (Ibid.). Fourth, the entire judicial power is vested in the Japanese Supreme Court. (Ibid). Lastly, this judicial power includes judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation. (Ibid).Urabe notes that in contrast to the United States, Japanese Rule of Law advocates embraced the idea that the central meaning of the Rule of law was that “people should obey the law.” (Ibid., 68) This was proffered as the antithesis of the “Rule of Force.” (Ibid), but not the use of force by the state―rather Urabe refers to what we now understand as the power of mass movement. This, Urabe notes, was the position taken by two influential advocates of the Rule of Law in Japan, Chief Justices Kotaro Tanaka and Kisaburo Yokota. (Ibid.). For them, the expression of direct popular power, whether through labor strikes or mass movements that affect the functioning of the Japanese legislature represented a breakdown of the rule of law in favor of what Westerners might call “mob rule” or the “Rule of Force.” Rule of law, then, “meant the exclusion of unlawful force of any kind.” (Ibid). And of course, the only lawful force was that provided in law by the legitimate state organs to government. While in England, these advocates noted, rule of law was used against government, which was unnecessary in Post War Japan. The difference was attributable to the state of government in England and Japan. In England the Rule of law was needed to constrain what had then been viewed as its exercise of autocratic and unlimited power. In post war Japan, there is no autocratic government and thus rule of law had to be deployed to constrain mass democratic movements as the real source of unlimited and potentially autocratic power. “Therefore the most important purpose of the Rule of Law was not to bind governmental power but to exclude the use of force by the people and to require people to obey the law.” (Ibid).If Rule of Law is directed against expression of popular power in Japan, in contrast to England the United States where it is directed against governmental power, then the role of the constitution in each state assumes a different character. Urabe suggests that a natural consequence in Japan is that “the Constitution is given much importance in Japan as a matter of form or theory. . . . In Japan, the Constitution is in most cases treated as important in principle, but of little importance in practice.” (Ibid, 69). And Japanese courts rarely tend to apply Rule of Law against assertions of governmental power. (Ibid., 69-70). He notes the few cases of judicial determinations that legislation exceeded the powers of government and suggested that even where the Supreme Court had declared a law unconstitutional, the effect was little felt on Japanese political or social life. (Ibid., 70).He concludes that the Rule of Law is, indeed, a universal principle, but only “so long as the phrase refers to the protection of the rights and liberties of the people.” (Ibid., 71). These protections have not been fully realized when measured against the American yardstick. But then, the current constitutional system was itself given to the people by a Higher Authority―the General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers―in a way reminiscent of the process of Imperial constitutionalism in the late 19th century. This tends to reinforce the idea of the rule of law as proceeding from a higher state power and directed toward the management of the population and to maintain proper democratic order. Still, the movement towards American style rule of law, Urabe suggests, continues to advance in Japan (Ibid., 72). Yet Urabe also illustrates the power of the distinct foundational schools of governance organization we began to study with the materials of Section II-A. For societies grounded on notions of communal power and on the identity of communal authority and the apparatus of state, the idea of obedience is strong, the protections of process and legality are powerful and the focus of Rule of Law must necessarily be on the management of individualistic and anti-social elements. The opposite is true for societies that embrace the premise of property and individual right, the idea of constraining the state is strong and the focus of rule of law is on process and substance, each crafted to provide rules limiting state power to affect individual autonomy while preserving enough power in the state to protect individual interests in life, liberty and property.If Urabe seeks to contextualize and challenge the move toward a unitary and well-disciplined ideology of “Rule of Law”, the third reading, David Clark, “The Many Meanings of the Rule of Law” seeks to develop taxonomy of the concept. “The expression refers to a doctrine―some would say, an ideology―about how the governments should act, and has been used as a synonym for constitutional government and sometimes, though as we shall see these terms are not coeval, to mean democratic government. In intellectual discussions there are various versions of the term and this short essay will assay some of these meanings and then deal with the relationship between the doctrine and legal institutions and also the relationship between the doctrine and the idea of rule by law.” (Ibid). After a brief historical introduction focused on the development of what becomes the rule of law notion in the West, and its eventual expression as constitutional practice in the United States and England, Clark considers the evolution of modern “Rule of Law” theories starting with the germinal work of Albert Venn Dicey on the rule of law in England. He summarized Dicey’s views this way:-that no person is punishable except for a breach of law established in the ordinary manner before the ordinary courts of the land; this is in contrast to arbitrary power and excludes wide discretionary authority;
-that no man is above the law; that every person, whatever be his rank and condition, is subject to the ordinary law of the realm and amenable to the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals, or equality before the law and this excludes exemptions of officials or others from a duty to obey the law which governs citizens;
-that general principles of the constitution are the result of judicial decisions determining the rights of private persons in particular cases brought before the courts. (Ibid)Later versions, Clark notes, “stressed the formal rather than the substantive aspects of the law, and eschewed all connections with human rights or a Bill of Rights, or in fact,with a democratic political order of the western type.” These purely procedural models might be reduced to notions that the term “in some states merely means that parties before a court are entitled to be treated in accordance with the rules in existence at the time the case is heard.” (Ibid).The problem with this view is that while it proved a way of distinguishing between arbitrary government, i.e., government where there are either no rules, or rules of a certain type, and the rule of law in the formal sense, this model was compatible with a range of political regimes including apartheid South Africa and even Nazi Germany, both of which had rules and laws. . . . Thus these conditions are a new substantive twist to the rule of law by saying something about the content of the rules themselves . . . . One argument for this approach is that unless there are such standards, governments will continue to treat their citizens, or some of their citizens, according to whim or even deliberate policies that entail abuses of human rights. This argument necessarily implies that national borders were permeable, and that governments did not have absolute sovereignty to do whatever they liked. (Ibid).As a consequence, especially inthe West, there has been a movement from rule of law from a process and institutional legitimation function to one more deeply concerned with substantive political ideals, especially that of the democratic organization of the state. These ideals, of course, Clark stresses, may be hard to implement consistently, even in democratic Western states. Thus, Clark notes, it is sometimes argued that rule of law serves as an ideological mask behind which social and economic hierarchies can continue to operate relatively unimpeded.Clark makes three points that reflect a general consensus in the West about at least the broadest outlines of rule of law:In practice, most rule of law systems recognise that large congeries of power are potentially dangerous and have sought to either divide power or at least balance off the various branches of government, and have also recognised that the executive in particular, ought to be accountable for what it does. . . .In practice, the operation of a rule of law state assumes that public officials are aware of the legal limits on their power, and will for the most part accept these limits. The evidence shows that this is not always so . . . , though this is normally not so widespread or blatant as to undermine the legitimacy of the legal system as a whole, but its corrosive effects on public sentiment towards the legal system ought not to be underestimated. . . .
Another assumption is that legitimacy comes from obeying the law, and in democratic systems by having attained power by free and fair elections; and also that the state recognises a relatively autonomous civil society consisting of voluntary organisations, . . . which the state does not directly control and in operations of which it does not interfere. (Ibid).These do not all always cut in the same direction; nor may be internally consistent. He ends with a consideration of a distinct approach to rule of law in East Asia. Taken together, though, one again, senses the importance of Rule of law as an organizing principle that is sometimes used as shorthand for the core premises on which institutional legitimacy is founded and a reaffirmation of the special role the core structural relationships among law, government, people and officials through which the political organs of state power are organized. In effect, then perhaps, Rule of Law is shorthand for the core principles of the organization of the law-state in its modern form. To the extent that this shorthand then serves to draw distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate forms of organizing and implementing state power through government and law systems, Rule of Law itself becomes an important ideological battleground. (e.g., Backer, Larry Catá, From Constitution to Constitutionalism: A Global Framework for Legitimate Public Power Systems. Penn State Law Review, Vol. 113, No. 3, 2009).We end with a consideration of the application of Rule of Law principles in contemporary American constitutional law, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 124 S Ct 2633 (2004), paying special attention to Parts I and III of the plurality opinion. In Hamdi a divided Supreme Court held that “although Congress authorized the detention of combatants in the narrow circumstances alleged here. Due process demands that a citizen held in the United States as an enemy combatant be given meaningful opportunity to contest the factual basis for that detention before a neutral decision maker.” Most interesting here is the way in which the process aspects of rule of law are embedded and shaped by the context in which they arise and that notions of absolutes in rule of law remain absent from the legal discourse in the United States within its judicial architecture. (Hamdi, slip op. 1).
The facts of the case are straightforward:This case arises out of the detention of a man whom the Government alleges took up arms with the Taliban during this conflict. His name is Yaser Esam Hamdi. Born an American citizen in Louisiana in 1980, Hamdi moved with his family to Saudi Arabia as a child. By 2001, the parties agree, he resided in Afghanistan. At some point that year, he was seized by members of the Northern Alliance, a coalition of military groups opposed to the Taliban government, and eventually was turned over to the United States military. The Government asserts that it initially detained and interrogated Hamdi in Afghanistan before transferring him to the United States Naval Base in Guantanamo Bay in January 2002. In April 2002, upon learning that Hamdi is an American citizen, authorities transferred him to a naval brig in Norfolk, Virginia, where he remained until a recent transfer to a brig in Charleston, South Carolina. The Government contends that Hamdi is an enemy combatant, and that this status justifies holding him in the United States indefinitely without formal charges or proceedings unless and until it makes the determination that access to counsel or further process is warranted. (Ibid., slip op. 2-3).Hamdi’s father filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the Eastern District of Virginia. He argued that the detention of his son violated the 5th and 14th Amendments to the U.S.Constitution because he was being held indefinitely without charges or access to counsel. The government argued that indefinite detention was procedurally legitimate against enemy combatants during wartime. The district court ordered that counsel be given access to Hamdi. On appeal, a Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals panel reversed, finding that the district court had failed to extend appropriate deference to the security and intelligence interests of the Government in wartime. It remanded to the district court to conduct a “deferential inquiry into Hamdi’s status.” (Slip op. at 4). If it determined that Mandi was an enemy combatant, the 4th Circuit opined, then the government’s detention would be deemed lawful.On remand and after consideration of the so-called Mobbs Declaration (a statement from a Special Advisor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, the 4th Circuit eventually affirmed a dismissal of the habeas corpus petition (Slip op. at 8).
We will not spend time on the first issue considered by the Supreme Court. That issue, whether the President has the authority to detain citizens who qualify as enemy combatants. (slip op. 8-17). A majority of the Court determined that the Executive had such authority, though the reasons supporting that authority remain contested. Much of it relies on interpretation of prior case law and the principles that can be extracted (and applied) therefrom. For our purposes, it suffices to know that citizens maybe held as enemy combatants. Justice Scalia’s vigorous dissent is worth reading as an insight to the ambiguities in judicial interpretation of prior cases, the process of extraction of principles therefrom and the application of those highly contextualized principles to the dispute before the court.
For purposes of considering the application of process based Rule of Law principles within the American constitutional law framework, the discussion that follows is more relevant (slip op. Part III).Hamdi argues that he is owed a meaningful and timely hearing and that extra-judicial detention [that] begins and ends with the submission of an affidavit based on third-hand hearsay does not comport with the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Brief for Petitioners 16. The Government counters that any more process than was provided below would be both unworkable and constitutionally intolerable. Brief for Respondents 46. (slip op. 17).The opinion starts from a set of general principles of process rights in the United States respecting writs of habeas corpus. First, the writ remains available to every individual within the United States. Its suspension requires Congressional action, which has only rarely been used. And its core objective is to serve as a “critical check on the Executive, ensuring that it does not detain individuals except in accordance with law.” (slip op.18). Because the writ has not been suspended, Hamdi could property petition for a writ of habeas corpus. (Ibid).
The writ of habeas corpus embodies not merely the right to seek to challenge deprivations of individual liberty before a court but also “provide a skeletal outline of the procedures to be afforded a petitioner in federal habeas corpus review.” (Ibid). This includes the right to deny the facts on which a deprivation was based and to take evidence by deposition, affidavit or interrogatories. (Ibid). Hamdi, then, would appear to have the right to present and rebut facts and courts retain a power to vary the ways in which this is accomplished. The Government, however, argued that even if this is the case, that the presentation of the Mobbs Declaration completed the requirement of factual development. In effect, the government affidavit, the government asserted, was all the process that Hamdi was due under both the habeas corpus statute and the due process provisions of the federal constitution. The government advanced two reasons to support this position, the first easily rejected by the Supreme Court, the second requiring more complex analysis.
The government first asserted that there was no factual issue subject to review. The Court rejected this assertion for a number of reasons. First, they were unconvinced that the circumstances surrounding Hamdi’s seizure were undisputed, especially since Hamdi had not been permitted to dispute them. Second, under the definition of enemy combatant adopted by the plurality, it is not clear that sufficient facts had been alleged to support the detention. “An assertion that one resided in a country in which combat operations are taking place is not a concession that one was ‘captured in a zone of active combat operations in a foreign theater of war.’” (Ibid slip op, 19).
The Government’s second argument merited more careful analysis. The Government asserted the factual exploration was unwarranted because its interests in preserving the security of the United States in a theater of war could not be overcome an individual’s habeas corpus rights. (Ibid., 20).At most, the Government argues, courts should review its determination that a citizen is an enemy combatant under a very deferential ‘some evidence’ standard. . . . Under this review, a court would assume the accuracy of the Government’s articulated basis for Hamdi’s detention, as set forth in the Mobbs Declaration, and assess only whether that articulated basis was a legitimate one. (Ibid., 20).
Hamdi, on the other hand, argued that his liberty interest, that is his interest in avoiding arbitrary detention by the Executive, is sufficiently strong enough to justify recourse to “some proceeding before a neutral tribunal to determine whether the Executive’s asserted justifications for that detention have basis in fact and warrant in law.” (Ibid., 21). The Court agreed that both positions had merit. “And both emphasize the tension that often exists between the autonomy that the Government asserts is necessary in order to pursue effectively a particular goal and the process that a citizen contends he is due before he is deprived of a constitutional right.” (Ibid).
The Court, then, suggested that where strong interests conflicted , basic procedural rights could be protected and the conflict resolved only by balancing the interests of each and fashioning the structure of process that ensure the harmonization of those interests to the extent possible. The balancing standard is articulated in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U. S. 319 (1976).Mathews dictates that the process due in any given instance is determined by weighing ‘the private interest that will be affected by the official action’ against the Government’s asserted interest, ‘including the function involved’ and the burdens the Government would face in providing greater process. 424 U. S., at 335. The Mathews calculus then contemplates a judicious balancing of these concerns, through an analysis of ‘the risk of an erroneous deprivation’ of the private interest if the process were reduced and the ‘probable value, if any, of additional or substitute safeguards.’The Court first weighed Hamdi’s liberty interest. (Ibid., slip op. 22-24). This liberty interest is described as the elemental of liberty interests, that of being free from physical detention from one’s own government. If liberty is the norm in American society, detention without trial must be understood as a carefully limited exception. (Ibid., 22). This liberty interest is not offset, according to the Court, by the “circumstances of war or the accusation of treasonous behavior” (Ibid., 23) especially where the Court must weigh the risk of erroneous deprivation. This risk of erroneous deprivation is heightened under a circumstance where there is no opportunity to rebut the government’s assertions.Moreover, as critical as the Government’s interest may be in detaining those who actually pose an immediate threat to the national security of the United States during ongoing international conflict, history and common sense teach us that an unchecked system of detention carries the potential to become a means for oppression and abuse of others who do not present that sort of threat.(Ibid., 23).The nature of the accusation cannot affect the balancing. And the Court reaffirmed “the fundamental nature of a citizen’s right to be free from involuntary confinement by his own government without due process of law, and we weigh the opposing governmental interests against the curtailment of liberty that such confinement entails.” (Ibid., 24).
The Court then weighed the government’s interest. (Ibid., 24-25). The Court reaffirmed as well the weight of the government’s interest in protecting the security of the United States and its citizens in time of war. “Without doubt, our Constitution recognizes that core strategic matters of war making belong in the hands of those who are best positioned and most politically accountable for making them.” (Ibid., 24).
But what balance? The Court essentially sought to protect both Hamdi’s interest in liberty and the government’s interest in security. First, the plurality held that “a citizen-detainee seeking to challenge his classification as an enemy combatant must receive notice of the factual basis for his classification, and a fair opportunity to rebut the Government’s factual assertions before a neutral decision maker.” (Ibid., 26). But the Plurality also was sensitive to the government’s interests. Thus the “exigencies of the circumstances may demand that, aside from these core elements, enemy combatant proceedings may be tailored to alleviate their uncommon potential to burden the Executive at a time of ongoing military conflict.” (Ibid., 27). First, hearsay could be accepted as the most reliable evidence. Moreover, the tribunal may permit a presumption in favor of the government’s evidence as long as Hamdi is provided with a fair opportunity for rebuttal. (Ibid).A burden-shifting scheme of this sort would meet the goal of ensuring that the errant tourist, embedded journalist, or local aid worker has a chance to prove military error while giving due regard to the Executive once it has put forth meaningful support for its conclusion that the detainee is in fact an enemy combatant. (Ibid).Those deviations from the usual structure of judicial practice may thus preserve the government’s interests while ensuring, to the satisfaction of the plurality, that the core protections of due process for Hamdi―notice and an opportunity to be heard before neutral and detached judge at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.In sum, while the full protections that accompany challenges to detentions in other settings may prove unworkable and inappropriate in the enemy-combatant setting, the threats to military operations posed by a basic system of independent review are not so weighty as to trump a citizen’s core rights to challenge meaningfully the Government’s case and to be heard by an impartial adjudicator. (Ibid., 28-29).Though the details of the decision remain contested―note that the opinion was able to garner the support of less than a majority of the members of the Supreme Court―it remains a useful exposition of the basic ideas and arguments that frame the process elements of rule of law in the United States. At the apex of procedural rule of law in the United is the premise that no deprivation of life, liberty or property by the State or its agents can be undertaken without the protection of a minimal set of process protections. That is, the interests of the state can never be sufficiently strong to obliterate completely the right of an individual to process protections before she is deprived of any interest in her liberty, life or property. On the other hand, the individual is not entitled to the full range of process protections that could be made available by the state―a trial on the merits in a federal or state court subject to the rules of evidence and procedure developed therefor. That is the essence of Matthews as applied in Hamdi; the state cannot deprive an individual of the opportunity for meaningful notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard before it deprives the individual of interest in life, liberty or property. However, the form and quality of the meaning opportunity for notice and hearing will depend on the circumstances, and the circumstances will be highly dependent on a judicial weighing of the relative interests of the state (public policy and objectives) and the individual (erroneous deprivations).
Critical to that analysis are the premises that procedural rights, even constitutionally grounded procedural rights are not absolute. The rights must be understood in context and may be applied differently depending on the weight of alternative rights against which it is deployed. Though Hamdi raises the question in the context of war, the same analysis applies in any number of other context―e.g., procedures required for student suspensions from public schools. The role of courts are central―they play a mediating role between the rights of the state and those of individuals. That mediating role permits the development of contextual applications of procedural rights in ways that preserve the basic principles of process rule of law in a flexible way that tends to satisfy the parties sufficiently that systemic integrity is preserved. The government may be bound by its own law and must conform to legality, but that legality is constrained by principles of higher law that may be applied against the state.IV. ProblemAn introduction to Fundamental Rights as Constraints on State Power in the United States. In Chapter 8 students were introduced to the problem of fundamental rights as an ordering principle of the U.S. legal system. The debate around the necessity for a “Bill of Rights”—a specification of those areas where state action was prohibited or constrained, was explored form the perspective f what it suggested about the relationship between law and the state. It was meant to suggest the ways in which law is treated both as autonomous of the state—and in some respects beyond the power of the state to interfere with such law—and as linked to the government of the state as the representative of the people as sovereign with ultimate authority to establish the rules by which society is governed. In this chapter 9 and 10, we considered the substantive effect of the premises that followed from the determination that law in the United States was in part a reflection of values that could not be interfered with by the state and in part a reflection of the popular will manifested through government legislation. Those consequences produced both a systemic approach to legal coherence grounded in hierarchy and established the importance of popular sovereignty at the nation’s frontiers.In this chapter we considered the underlying principle that holds all of these premises together—the concept of the rule of law. We noted that rule of law can embrace a significant political and ideological agenda. But in the United States, and for its effect on the legal system, rule of law tends to focus on a more precisely defined area—the protection of individuals in their rights against arbitrary discrimination against individuals or arbitrary interference with an individual without legally sufficient purpose. Both of those sets of rights against state interference with individual actions, activities, relationships, etc., arise through (not necessarily from) two provisions of the U.S. Constitution.Amendment VNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.Amendment XIVSection 1.All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.Generally the protection against state interference with rights is grounded in principles of equal protection when the purported interference denies a right to some but not others on the basis on some set of categorical distinctions. Where the state interference affects everyone, then the courts tend to apply an analysis grounded in due process.Let’s consider the use of due process as a constraint on state power. First, “[i] n their procedural aspect, the Due Process Clauses are understood first of all to require that when the courts or the executive act to deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property, they do so in accordance with established law. Judges and executive officers may not simply make up some method of proceeding and sentence someone to prison on that basis. This requirement that deprivation follow the rule of law is so fundamental that it is often forgotten, but there is good reason to believe that some version of it is the historical root meaning of due process. The Fifth andFourteenth Amendment provision speaks positively about the power of the state to deprive any person of life, liberty or property, once the requisite minimum formalities have been observed. It might be possible to argue that the provision permits variance in the minimum process necessary, depending on the importance of the deprivation; and we have built a huge jurisprudence on this notion. It requires resort to extra-constitutional principles of limitations of state power to derive from the Due Process Clause a notion that certain classes of deprivation may never (or hardly ever) be effected by the state irrespective of the amount of procedural due process provided.Generally, the doctrines that constitute substantive due process is grounded in a four part standard. First, a fundamental right must be identified (either within the Constitution, or form natural law or the traditions and customs of the people). Second there must be a determination of infringement and that the infringement is more than immaterial. Third, there is an assessment of the state’s justification for the infringement or interference with the fundamental right, and lastly there is balancing of the state’s interests in interference with the individual’s interest in here rights that included an assessment of proportionality—the relationship of the means used to the objectives of the interference.For interference with fundamental rights, the courts have adopted a strict scrutiny test, one that is generally quite difficult for a state to overcome. Under this standard the interference will be permitted if the court determines that it is justified by a compelling interest narrowly tailored to meet the objective giving rise to that interest. For all other interference with rights, the courts apply less stringent standards of review—either rational basis, or a heightened form of rational basis standard. Under this standard the court will permit the interference if it can discern a rational basis for the interference (whether to not that basis was the basis for the interference).This framework reflects the embrace of dual conceptions of the relationship between law and government that is the basis of the U.S. legal system. Fundamental rights exist autonomously of the state, indeed they are understood as existing prior in time and beyond the organizing rationale of the state. At the same time those fundamental rights may be given effect as a matter of law only if they can be understood as inherent in the constitutional framework itself—its text and structural objectives. The tension illustrated here is evidenced by the political split among the U.S. population. On one side are those who, favoring an state based approach, support the position that only rights identified in the constitution can be understood as fundamental. On the other side are those who, favoring an autonomy of law approach, support the position that such fundamental rights might be discerned in the customs and traditions of the people, the intent of the constitution’s framers, or natural law. In either case, both positions rest fundamentally on the principle that the state is organized to protect against the arbitrary use of power or the use of law and the state to impose tyranny on society or any of its parts.Problem: For the case that follows, Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702 (1997), describe the ways in which the majority opinion and concurrence differ with respect to the determination of (1) the sources and existence of a fundamental right, (2) the interference with that right, (3) the state’s justification for interference, and (4) the extent that the interference was proportionate to the objective. Consider as well how this exercise is related to the “thick” or “thin” notions of rule of law discussed earlier in the chapter. Note as well Justice Souter’s reference to the importance of common law methodology as an important element of the construction of fundamental rights. Does the majority agree?Washington v. Glucksberg521 U.S. 702 (1997)(footnotes omitted or renumbered)CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST delivered the opinion of the Court.The question presented in this case is whether Washington's prohibition against "caus[ing]" or "aid[ing]" a suicide offends the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. We hold that it does not.* * *IWe begin, as we do in all due process cases, by examining our Nation's history, legal traditions, and practices. See, e. g., Casey, supra, at 849-850; Cruzan, supra, at 269-279; Moore v. East Cleveland, 431 U. S. 494, 503 (1977) (plurality opinion) (noting importance of "careful 'respect for the teachings of history' "). In almost every State-indeed, in almost every western democracy-it is a crime to assist a suicide.8 The States' assisted-suicide bans are not innovations. Rather, they are longstanding expressions of the States' commitment to the protection and preservation of all human life. Cruzan, supra, at 280 ("[T]he States-indeed, all civilized nations-demonstrate their commitment to life by treating homicide as a serious crime. Moreover, the majority of States in this country have laws imposing criminal penalties on one who assists another to commit suicide"); see Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U. S. 361, 373 (1989) ("[T]he primary and most reliable indication of [a national] consensus is ... the pattern of enacted laws"). Indeed, opposition to and condemnation of suicide-and, therefore, of assisting suicide-are consistent and enduring themes of our philosophical, legal, and cultural heritages. See generally Marzen 17-56; New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, When Death is Sought: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Medical Context 77-82 (May 1994) (hereinafter New York Task Force).More specifically, for over 700 years, the Anglo-American common-law tradition has punished or otherwise disapproved of both suicide and assisting suicide. Cruzan, 497 U. S., at 294-295 (SCALIA, J., concurring). In the 13th century, Henry de Bracton, one of the first legal-treatise writers, observed that "[j]ust as a man may commit felony by slaying another so may he do so by slaying himself." 2 Bracton on Laws and Customs of England 423 (f. 150) (G. Woodbine ed., S. Thorne transl., 1968). * * * Thus, "[t]he principle that suicide of a sane person, for whatever reason, was a punishable felony was ... introduced into English common law." Centuries later, Sir William Blackstone, whose Commentaries on the Laws of England not only provided a definitive summary of the common law but was also a primary legal authority for 18th- and 19th-century American lawyers, referred to suicide as "self-murder" and "the pretended heroism, but real cowardice, of the Stoic philosophers, who destroyed themselves to avoid those ills which they had not the fortitude to endure .... " 4 W. Blackstone, Commentaries 189. Blackstone emphasized that "the law has ... ranked [suicide] among the highest crimes," ibid., although, anticipating later developments, he conceded that the harsh and shameful punishments imposed for suicide "borde[r] a little upon severity." Id., at 190.For the most part, the early American Colonies adopted the common-law approach. For example, the legislators of the Providence Plantations, which would later become Rhode Island, declared, in 1647, that "[s]elf-murder is by all agreed to be the most unnatural, and it is by this present Assembly declared, to be that, wherein he that doth it, kills himself out of a premeditated hatred against his own life or other humor: ... his goods and chattels are the king's custom, but not his debts nor lands; but in case he be an infant, a lunatic, mad or distracted man, he forfeits nothing." The Earliest Acts and Laws of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1647-1719, p. 19 (J. Cushing ed. 1977). Virginia also required ignominious burial for suicides, and their estates were forfeit to the Crown. A. Scott, Criminal Law in Colonial Virginia 108, and n. 93, 198, and n. 15 (1930).Over time, however, the American Colonies abolished these harsh common-law penalties. William Penn abandoned the criminal-forfeiture sanction in Pennsylvania in 1701, and the other Colonies (and later, the other States) eventually followed this example. Cruzan, supra, at 294 (SCALIA, J., concurring). Zephaniah Swift, who would later become Chief Justice of Connecticut, wrote in 1796:"There can be no act more contemptible, than to attempt to punish an offender for a crime, by exercising a mean act of revenge upon lifeless clay, that is insensible of the punishment. There can be no greater cruelty, than the inflicting [of] a punishment, as the forfeiture of goods, which must fall solely on the innocent offspring of the offender .... [Suicide] is so abhorrent to the feelings of mankind, and that strong love of life which is implanted in the human heart, that it cannot be so frequently committed, as to become dangerous to society. There can of course be no necessity of any punishment." 2 Z. Swift, A System of the Laws of the State of Connecticut 304 (1796).This statement makes it clear, however, that the movement away from the common law's harsh sanctions did not represent an acceptance of suicide; rather, as Chief Justice Swift observed, this change reflected the growing consensus that it was unfair to punish the suicide's family for his wrongdoing. Cruzan, supra, at 294 (SCALIA, J., concurring). Nonetheless, although States moved away from Blackstone's treatment of suicide, courts continued to condemn it as a grave public wrong. * * *That suicide remained a grievous, though nonfelonious, wrong is confirmed by the fact that colonial and early state legislatures and courts did not retreat from prohibiting assisting suicide. Swift, in his early 19th-century treatise on the laws of Connecticut, stated that "[i]f one counsels another to commit suicide, and the other by reason of the advice kills himself, the advisor is guilty of murder as principal." 2 Z. Swift, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Connecticut 270 (1823). * * *The earliest American statute explicitly to outlaw assisting suicide was enacted in New York in 1828, Act of Dec. 10, 1828, ch. 20, § 4, 1828 N. Y. Laws 19 (codified at 2 N. Y. Rev. Stat. pt. 4, ch. 1, Tit. 2, Art. 1, § 7, p. 661 (1829)), and many of the new States and Territories followed New York's example. * * *Though deeply rooted, the States' assisted-suicide bans have in recent years been reexamined and, generally, reaffirmed. Because of advances in medicine and technology, Americans today are increasingly likely to die in institutions, from chronic illnesses. President's Comm'n for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment 16-18 (1983). * * * At the same time, however, voters and legislators continue for the most part to reaffirm their States' prohibitions on assisting suicide.* * *California voters rejected an assisted-suicide initiative similar to Washington's in 1993. On the other hand, in 1994, voters in Oregon enacted, also through ballot initiative, that State's "Death With Dignity Act," which legalized physician-assisted suicide for competent, terminally ill adults.14 Since the Oregon vote, many proposals to legalize assisted-suicide have been and continue to be introduced in the States' legislatures, but none has been enacted. And just last year, Iowa and Rhode Island joined the overwhelming majority of States explicitly prohibiting assisted suicide. * * * Also, on April 30, 1997, President Clinton signed the Federal Assisted Suicide Funding Restriction Act of 1997, which prohibits the use of federal funds in support of physician-assisted suicide. Pub. L. 105-12, 111 Stat. 23 (codified at 42 U. S. C. § 14401 et seq.). * * *Thus, the States are currently engaged in serious, thoughtful examinations of physician-assisted suicide and other similar issues. For example, New York State's Task Force on Life and the Law-an ongoing, blue-ribbon commission composed of doctors, ethicists, lawyers, religious leaders, and interested laymen-was convened in 1984 and commissioned with "a broad mandate to recommend public policy on issues raised by medical advances." New York Task Force vii. Over the past decade, the Task Force has recommended laws relating to end-of-life decisions, surrogate pregnancy, and organ donation. Id., at 118-119. After studying physician-assisted suicide, however, the Task Force unanimously concluded that "[l]egalizing assisted suicide and euthanasia would pose profound risks to many individuals who are ill and vulnerable .... [T]he potential dangers of this dramatic change in public policy would outweigh any benefit that might be achieved." Id., at 120.Attitudes toward suicide itself have changed since Bracton, but our laws have consistently condemned, and continue to prohibit, assisting suicide. Despite changes in medical technology and notwithstanding an increased emphasis on the importance of end-of-life decisionmaking, we have not retreated from this prohibition. Against this backdrop of history, tradition, and practice, we now turn to respondents' constitutional claim.IIThe Due Process Clause guarantees more than fair process, and the "liberty" it protects includes more than the absence of physical restraint. Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U. S. 115, 125 (1992) (Due Process Clause "protects individual liberty against 'certain government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them''') (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U. S. 327, 331 (1986)). The Clause also provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests. Reno v. Flores, 507 U. S. 292, 301-302 (1993); Casey, 505 U. S., at 851. In a long line of cases, we have held that, in addition to the specific freedoms protected by the Bill of Rights, the "liberty" specially protected by the Due Process Clause includes the rights to marry, Loving v. Virginia, 388 U. S. 1 (1967); to have children, Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 U. S. 535 (1942); to direct the education and upbringing of one's children, Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U. S. 390 (1923); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U. S. 510 (1925); to marital privacy, Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U. S. 479 (1965); to use contraception, ibid.; Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U. S. 438 (1972); to bodily integrity, Rochin v. California, 342 U. S. 165 (1952), and to abortion, Casey, supra. We have also assumed, and strongly suggested, that the Due Process Clause protects the traditional right to refuse unwanted lifesaving medical treatment. Cruzan, 497 U. S., at 278-279.But we "ha[ve] always been reluctant to expand the concept of substantive due process because guideposts for responsible decisionmaking in this unchartered area are scarce and open-ended." Collins, 503 U. S., at 125. By extending constitutional protection to an asserted right or liberty interest, we, to a great extent, place the matter outside the arena of public debate and legislative action. We must therefore "exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field," ibid., lest the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause be subtly transformed into the policy preferences of the Members of this Court, Moore, 431 U. S., at 502 (plurality opinion).Our established method of substantive-due-process analysis has two primary features: First, we have regularly observed that the Due Process Clause specially protects those fundamental rights and liberties which are, objectively, "deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition," id., at 503 (plurality opinion); Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U. S. 97, 105 (1934) ("so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental"), and "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty," such that "neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed," Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U. S. 319, 325, 326 (1937). Second, we have required in substantive-due-process cases a "careful description" of the asserted fundamental liberty interest. Flores, supra, at 302; Collins, supra, at 125; Cruzan, supra, at 277-278. Our Nation's history, legal traditions, and practices thus provide the crucial "guideposts for responsible decisionmaking," Collins, supra, at 125, that direct and restrain our exposition of the Due Process Clause. As we stated recently in Flores, the Fourteenth Amendment "forbids the government to infringe ... 'fundamental' liberty interests at all, no matter what process is provided, unless the infringement is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest." 507 U. S., at 302.JUSTICE SOUTER, relying on Justice Harlan's dissenting opinion in Poe v. Ullman, 367 U. S. 497 (1961), would largely abandon this restrained methodology, and instead ask "whether [Washington's] statute sets up one of those 'arbitrary impositions' or 'purposeless restraints' at odds with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment," post, at 752 (quoting Poe, supra, at 543 (Harlan, J., dissenting)).In our view, however, the development of this Court's substantive-due-process jurisprudence, described briefly supra, at 719-720, has been a process whereby the outlines of the "liberty" specially protected by the Fourteenth Amendment-never fully clarified, to be sure, and perhaps not capable of being fully clarified-have at least been carefully refined by concrete examples involving fundamental rights found to be deeply rooted in our legal tradition. This approach tends to rein in the subjective elements that are necessarily present in due process judicial review. In addition, by establishing a threshold requirement-that a challenged state action implicate a fundamental right-before requiring more than a reasonable relation to a legitimate state interest to justify the action, it avoids the need for complex balancing of competing interests in every case.* * *We now inquire whether this asserted right has any place in our Nation's traditions. Here, as discussed supra, at 710-719, we are confronted with a consistent and almost universal tradition that has long rejected the asserted right, and continues explicitly to reject it today, even for terminally ill, mentally competent adults. To hold for respondents, we would have to reverse centuries of legal doctrine and practice, and strike down the considered policy choice of almost every State. See Jackman v. Rosenbaum Co., 260 U. S. 22, 31 (1922) ("If a thing has been practised for two hundred years by common consent, it will need a strong case for the Fourteenth Amendment to affect it"); Flores, 507 U. S., at 303 ("The mere novelty of such a claim is reason enough to doubt that 'substantive due process' sustains it").Respondents contend, however, that the liberty interest they assert is consistent with this Court's substantive-due-process line of cases, if not with this Nation's history and practice. Pointing to Casey and Cruzan, respondents read our jurisprudence in this area as reflecting a general tradition of "self-sovereignty," Brief for Respondents 12, and as teaching that the "liberty" protected by the Due Process Clause includes "basic and intimate exercises of personal autonomy," id., at 10; see Casey, 505 U. S., at 847 * * *In Cruzan, we considered whether Nancy Beth Cruzan, who had been severely injured in an automobile accident and was in a persistive vegetative state, "ha[d] a right under the United States Constitution which would require the hospital to withdraw life-sustaining treatment" at her parents' request. 497 U. S., at 269. We began with the observation that "[a]t common law, even the touching of one person by another without consent and without legal justification was a battery." Ibid. We then discussed the related rule that "informed consent is generally required for medical treatment." Ibid. After reviewing a long line of relevant state cases, we concluded that "the common-law doctrine of informed consent is viewed as generally encompassing the right of a competent individual to refuse medical treatment." Id., at 277. Next, we reviewed our own cases on the subject, and stated that "[t]he principle that a competent person has a constitutionally protected liberty interest in refusing unwanted medical treatment may be inferred from our prior decisions." Id., at 278. Therefore, "for purposes of [that] case, we assume[d] that the United States Constitution would grant a competent person a constitutionally protected right to refuse lifesaving hydration and nutrition." Id., at 279; see id., at 287 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring). We concluded that, notwithstanding this right, the Constitution permitted Missouri to require clear and convincing evidence of an incompetent patient's wishes concerning the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Id., at 280-281.Respondents contend that in Cruzan we "acknowledged that competent, dying persons have the right to direct the removal of life-sustaining medical treatment and thus hasten death," Brief for Respondents 23, and that "the constitutional principle behind recognizing the patient's liberty to direct the withdrawal of artificial life support applies at least as strongly to the choice to hasten impending death by consuming lethal medication," id., at 26. Similarly, the Court of Appeals concluded that "Cruzan, by recognizing a liberty interest that includes the refusal of artificial provision of life-sustaining food and water, necessarily recognize[d] a liberty interest in hastening one's own death." 79 F. 3d, at 816.The right assumed in Cruzan, however, was not simply deduced from abstract concepts of personal autonomy. Given the common-law rule that forced medication was a battery, and the long legal tradition protecting the decision to refuse unwanted medical treatment, our assumption was entirely consistent with this Nation's history and constitutional traditions. The decision to commit suicide with the assistance of another may be just as personal and profound as the decision to refuse unwanted medical treatment, but it has never enjoyed similar legal protection. Indeed, the two acts are widely and reasonably regarded as quite distinct. See Quill v. Vacco, post, at 800-808. In Cruzan itself, we recognized that most States outlawed assisted suicide-and even more do today-and we certainly gave no intimation that the right to refuse unwanted medical treatment could be some-how transmuted into a right to assistance in committing suicide. 497 U. S., at 280.Respondents also rely on Casey. There, the Court's opinion concluded that "the essential holding of Roe v. Wade[, 410 U. S. 113 (1973),] should be retained and once again reaffirmed." 505 U. S., at 846. We held, first, that a woman has a right, before her fetus is viable, to an abortion "without undue interference from the State"; second, that States may restrict post-viability abortions, so long as exceptions are made to protect a woman's life and health; and third, that the State has legitimate interests throughout a pregnancy in protecting the health of the woman and the life of the unborn child. Ibid. In reaching this conclusion, the opinion discussed in some detail this Court's substantive-due-process tradition of interpreting the Due Process Clause to protect certain fundamental rights and "personal decisions relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education," and noted that many of those rights and liberties "involv[e] the most intimate and personal choices a person may make in a lifetime." Id., at 851.* * *The history of the law's treatment of assisted suicide in this country has been and continues to be one of the rejection of nearly all efforts to permit it. That being the case, our decisions lead us to conclude that the asserted "right" to assistance in committing suicide is not a fundamental liberty interest protected by the Due Process Clause. The Constitution also requires, however, that Washington's assistedsuicide ban be rationally related to legitimate government interests. See Heller v. Doe, 509 U. S. 312, 319-320 (1993); Flores, 507 U. S., at 305. This requirement is unquestionably met here. As the court below recognized, 79 F. 3d, at 816-817, Washington's assisted-suicide ban implicates a number of state interests * * *.First, Washington has an "unqualified interest in the preservation of human life." Cruzan, 497 U. S., at 282. The State's prohibition on assisted suicide, like all homicide laws, both reflects and advances its commitment to this interest. See id., at 280; Model Penal Code § 210.5, Comment 5, at 100 ("[T]he interests in the sanctity of life that are represented by the criminal homicide laws are threatened by one who expresses a willingness to participate in taking the life of another"). This interest is symbolic and aspirational as well as practical:"While suicide is no longer prohibited or penalized, the ban against assisted suicide and euthanasia shores up the notion of limits in human relationships. It reflects the gravity with which we view the decision to take one's own life or the life of another, and our reluctance to encourage or promote these decisions." New York Task Force 131-132.* * *The State also has an interest in protecting the integrity and ethics of the medical profession. In contrast to the Court of Appeals' conclusion that "the integrity of the medical profession would [not] be threatened in any way by [physician-assisted suicide]," 79 F. 3d, at 827, the American Medical Association, like many other medical and physicians' groups, has concluded that "[p]hysician-assisted suicide is fundamentally incompatible with the physician's role as healer." American Medical Association, Code of Ethics § 2.211 (1994); see Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Decisions Near the End of Life, 267 JAMA 2229,2233 (1992) * * *Next, the State has an interest in protecting vulnerable groups-including the poor, the elderly, and disabled persons-from abuse, neglect, and mistakes. The Court of Appeals dismissed the State's concern that disadvantaged persons might be pressured into physician-assisted suicide as "ludicrous on its face." 79 F. 3d, at 825. We have recognized, however, the real risk of subtle coercion and undue influence in end-of-life situations. Cruzan, 497 U. S., at 281. * * *The State's interest here goes beyond protecting the vulnerable from coercion; it extends to protecting disabled and terminally ill people from prejudice, negative and inaccurate stereotypes, and "societal indifference." 49 F. 3d, at 592. The State's assisted-suicide ban reflects and reinforces its policy that the lives of terminally ill, disabled, and elderly people must be no less valued than the lives of the young and healthy, and that a seriously disabled person's suicidal impulses should be interpreted and treated the same way as anyone else's. See New York Task Force 101-102; Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Netherlands: A Report of Chairman Charles T. Canady, supra, at 9, 20 (discussing prejudice toward the disabled and the negative messages euthanasia and assisted suicide send to handicapped patients).Finally, the State may fear that permitting assisted suicide will start it down the path to voluntary and perhaps even involuntary euthanasia. * * * If suicide is protected as a matter of constitutional right, it is argued, "every man and woman in the United States must enjoy it." Compassion in Dying, 49 F. 3d, at 591; see Kevorkian, 447 Mich., at 470, n. 41, 527 N. W. 2d, at 727-728, n. 41. The Court of Appeals' decision, and its expansive reasoning, provide ample support for the State's concerns. The court noted, for example, that the "decision of a duly appointed surrogate decision maker is for all legal purposes the decision of the patient himself," 79 F. 3d, at 832, n. 120; that "in some instances, the patient may be unable to self-administer the drugs and ... administration by the physician ... may be the only way the patient may be able to receive them," id., at 831; and that not only physicians, but also family members and loved ones, will inevitably participate in assisting suicide, id., at 838, n. 140. Thus, it turns out that what is couched as a limited right to "physician-assisted suicide" is likely, in effect, a much broader license, which could prove extremely difficult to police and contain. Washington's ban on assisting suicide prevents such erosion.This concern is further supported by evidence about the practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands. The Dutch government's own study revealed that in 1990, there were 2,300 cases of voluntary euthanasia (defined as "the deliberate termination of another's life at his request"), 400 cases of assisted suicide, and more than 1,000 cases of euthanasia without an explicit request. In addition to these latter 1,000 cases, the study found an additional 4,941 cases where physicians administered lethal morphine overdoses without the patients' explicit consent. Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Netherlands: A Report of Chairman Charles T. Canady, supra, 12-13 (citing Dutch study). * * *We need not weigh exactingly the relative strengths of these various interests. They are unquestionably important and legitimate, and Washington's ban on assisted suicide is at least reasonably related to their promotion and protection. We therefore hold that Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.36.060(1) (1994) does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, either on its face or "as applied to competent, terminally ill adults who wish to hasten their deaths by obtaining medication prescribed by their doctors." 79 F. 3d, at 838.***Throughout the Nation, Americans are engaged in an earnest and profound debate about the morality, legality, and practicality of physician-assisted suicide. Our holding permits this debate to continue, as it should in a democratic society. The decision of the en banc Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.It is so ordered.SOUTER, J., concurring in the Judgment:* * *My understanding of unenumerated rights in the wake of the Poe dissent and subsequent cases avoids the absolutist failing of many older cases without embracing the opposite pole of equating reasonableness with past practice described at a very specific level. See Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S., at 847-849, 112 S.Ct., at 2804-2806. That understanding begins with a concept of “ordered liberty,” Poe, 367 U.S., at 549, 81 S.Ct., at 1780 (Harlan, J.); see also Griswold, 381 U.S., at 500, 85 S.Ct., at 1690, comprising a continuum of rights to be free from “arbitrary impositions and purposeless restraints,” Poe, 367 U.S., at 543, 81 S.Ct., at 1777 (Harlan, J., dissenting).“Due Process has not been reduced to any formula; its content cannot be determined by reference to any code. The best that can be said is that through the course of this Court's decisions it has represented the balance which our Nation, built upon postulates of respect for the liberty of the individual, has struck between that liberty and the demands of organized society. If the supplying of content to this Constitutional concept has of necessity been a rational process, it certainly has not been one where judges have felt free to roam where unguided speculation might take them. The balance of which I speak is the balance struck by this country, having regard to what history teaches are the traditions from which it developed as well as the traditions from which it broke. That tradition is a living thing. A decision of this Court which radically departs from it could not long survive, while a decision which builds on what has survived is likely to be sound. No formula could *766 serve as a substitute, in this area, for judgment and restraint.” Id., at 542, 81 S.Ct., at 1776.* * *After the Poe dissent, as before it, this enforceable concept of liberty would bar statutory impositions even at relatively trivial levels when governmental restraints are undeniably irrational as unsupported by any imaginable rationale. See, e.g., United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 152, 58 S.Ct. 778, 783, 82 L.Ed. 1234 (1938) (economic legislation “not ... unconstitutional unless ... facts ... preclude the assumption that it rests upon some rational basis”); see also Poe, supra, at 545, 548, 81 S.Ct., at 1778, 1779-1780 (Harlan, J., dissenting) (referring to usual “presumption of constitutionality” and ordinary test “going merely to the plausibility of [a statute's] underlying rationale”). Such instances are suitably rare. The claims of arbitrariness that mark almost all instances of unenumerated substantive rights are those resting on “certain interests requir [ing] particularly careful scrutiny of the state needs asserted to justify their abridgment[,] [c]f. Skinner v. Oklahoma [ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 86 L.Ed. 1655 (1942) ]; * * *. In the face of an interest this powerful a State may not rest on threshold rationality or a presumption of constitutionality, but may prevail only on the ground of an interest sufficiently compelling to place within the realm of the reasonable a refusal to recognize the individual right asserted. Poe, supra, at 548, 81 S.Ct., at 1779-1780 (Harlan, J., dissenting) * * *This approach calls for a court to assess the relative “weights” or dignities of the contending interests, and to this extent the judicial method is familiar to the common law. Common-law method is subject, however, to two important constraints in the hands of a court engaged in substantive due process review. First, such a court is bound to confine the values that it recognizes to those truly deserving constitutional stature, either to those expressed in constitutional text, or those exemplified by “the traditions from which [the Nation] developed,” or revealed by contrast with “the traditions from which it broke.” Poe, 367 U.S., at 542, 81 S.Ct., at 1776 (Harlan, J., dissenting). “ ‘We may not draw on our merely personal and private notions and disregard the limits ... derived from considerations that are fused in the whole nature of our judicial process ... [,] considerations deeply rooted in reason and in the compelling traditions of the legal profession.’ ” Id., at 544-545, 81 S.Ct., at 1778 (quoting Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 170-171, 72 S.Ct. 205, 208-209, 96 L.Ed. 183 (1952)); * * *The second constraint, again, simply reflects the fact that constitutional review, not judicial lawmaking, is a court's business here. The weighing or valuing of contending interests in this sphere is only the first step, forming the basis for determining whether the statute in question falls inside or outside the zone of what is reasonable in the way it resolves the conflict between the interests of state and individual. See, e.g., Poe, supra, at 553, 81 S.Ct., at 1782 (Harlan, J., dissenting); * * * It is no justification for judicial intervention merely to identify a reasonable resolution of contending values that differs from the terms of the legislation under review. It is only when the legislation's justifying principle, critically valued, is so far from being commensurate with the individual interest as to be arbitrarily or pointlessly applied that the statute must give way. Only if this standard points against the statute can the individual claimant be said to have a constitutional right. See Cruzan v. Director, Mo. Dept. of Health, 497 U.S., at 279, 110 S.Ct., at 2851-2852 * * *The Poe dissent thus reminds us of the nature of review for reasonableness or arbitrariness and the limitations entailed by it. But the opinion cautions against the repetition of past error in another way as well, more by its example than by any particular statement of constitutional method: it reminds us that the process of substantive review by reasoned judgment, Poe, 367 U.S., at 542-544, 81 S.Ct., at 1776-1778, is one of close criticism going to the details of the opposing interests and to their relationships with the historically recognized principles that lend them weight or value.Although the Poe dissent disclaims the possibility of any general formula for due process analysis (beyond the basic analytic structure just described), see id., at 542, 544, 81 S.Ct., at 1776, 1777-1778, Justice Harlan of course assumed that adjudication under the Due Process Clauses is like any other instance of judgment dependent on common-law method, being more or less persuasive according to the usual canons of critical discourse. See also Casey, 505 U.S., at 849, 112 S.Ct., at 2805-2806 (“The inescapable fact is that adjudication of substantive due process claims may call upon the Court in interpreting the Constitution to exercise that same capacity which by tradition courts always have exercised: reasoned judgment”). When identifying and assessing the competing interests of liberty and authority, for example, the breadth of expression that a litigant or a judge selects in stating the competing principles will have much to do with the outcome and may be dispositive. As in any process of rational argumentation, we recognize that when a generally accepted principle is challenged, the broader the attack the less likely it is to succeed. The principle's defenders will, indeed, often try to characterize any challenge as just such a broadside, perhaps by couching the defense as if a broadside attack had occurred. So the Court in Dred Scott treated prohibition of slavery in the Territories as nothing less than a general assault on the concept of property. See 19 How., at 449-452.Just as results in substantive due process cases are tied to the selections of statements of the competing interests, the acceptability of the results is a function of the good reasons for the selections made. It is here that the value of common-law method becomes apparent, for the usual thinking of the common law is suspicious of the all-or-nothing analysis that tends to produce legal petrification instead of an evolving boundary between the domains of old principles. Common-law method tends to pay respect instead to detail, seeking to understand old principles afresh by new examples and new counterexamples. The “tradition is a living thing,” Poe, 367 U.S., at 542, 81 S.Ct., at 1776 (Harlan, J., dissenting), albeit one that moves by moderate steps carefully taken. “The decision of an apparently novel claim must depend on grounds which follow closely on well-accepted principles and criteria. The new decision must take its place in relation to what went before and further [cut] a channel for what is to come.” Id., at 544, 81 S.Ct., at 1777 (Harlan, J., dissenting) (internal quotation marks omitted). Exact analysis and characterization of any due process claim are critical to the method and to the result.So, in Poe, Justice Harlan viewed it as essential to the plaintiffs' claimed right to use contraceptives that they sought to do so within the privacy of the marital bedroom. This detail in fact served two crucial and complementary functions, and provides a lesson for today. It rescued the individuals' claim from a breadth that would have threatened all state regulation of contraception or intimate relations; extramarital intimacy, no matter how privately practiced, was outside the scope of the right Justice Harlan would have recognized in that case. See id., at 552-553, 81 S.Ct., at 1781-1782. It was, moreover, this same restriction that allowed the interest to be valued as an aspect of a broader liberty to be free from all unreasonable intrusions into the privacy of the home and the family life within it, a liberty exemplified in constitutional provisions such as the Third and Fourth Amendments, in prior decisions of the Court involving unreasonable **2285 intrusions into the home and family life, and in the then-prevailing status of marriage as the sole lawful locus of intimate relations. Id., at 548, 551, 81 S.Ct., at 1779-1780, 1781.11 The individuals' interest was therefore at its peak in Poe, because it was supported by a principle that distinguished of its own force between areas in which government traditionally had regulated (sexual relations outside of marriage) and those in which it had not (private marital intimacies), and thus was broad enough to cover the claim at hand without being so broad as to be shot-through by exceptions.On the other side of the balance, the State's interest in Poe was not fairly characterized simply as preserving sexual morality, or doing so by regulating contraceptive devices. Just as some of the earlier cases went astray by speaking without nuance of individual interests in property or autonomy to contract for labor, so the State's asserted interest in Poe was not immune to distinctions turning (at least potentially) on the precise purpose being pursued and the collateral consequences of the means chosen, see id., at 547-548, 81 S.Ct., at 1779-1780. It was assumed that the State might legitimately enforce limits on the use of contraceptives through laws regulating divorce and annulment, or even through its tax policy, ibid., but not necessarily be justified in criminalizing the same practice in the marital bedroom, which would entail the consequence of authorizing state enquiry into the intimate relations of a married couple who chose to close their door, id., at 548-549, 81 S.Ct., at 1779-1780. See also Casey, 505 U.S., at 869, 112 S.Ct., at 2816 (strength of State's interest in potential life varies depending on precise context and character of regulation pursuing that interest).The same insistence on exactitude lies behind questions, in current terminology, about the proper level of generality at which to analyze claims and counterclaims, and the demand for fitness and proper tailoring of a restrictive statute is just another way of testing the legitimacy of the generality at which the government sets up its justification.12 We may therefore classify Justice Harlan's example of proper analysis in any of these ways: as applying concepts of normal critical reasoning, as pointing to the need to attend to the levels of generality at which countervailing interests are stated, or as examining the concrete application of principles for fitness with their own ostensible justifications. But whatever the categories in which we place the dissent's example, it stands in marked contrast to earlier cases whose reasoning was marked by comparatively less discrimination, and it points to the importance of evaluating the claims of the parties now before us with comparable detail. For here we are faced with an individual claim not to a right on the part of just anyone to help anyone else commit suicide under any circumstances, but to the right of a narrow class to help others also in a narrow class under a set of limited circumstances. And the claimants are met with the State's assertion, among others, that rights of such narrow scope cannot be recognized without jeopardy to individuals whom the State may concededly protect through its regulations.* * *In my judgment, the importance of the individual interest here, as within that class of “certain interests” demanding careful scrutiny of the State's contrary claim, see Poe, supra, at 543, 81 S.Ct., at 1776-1777, cannot be gainsaid. Whether that interest might in some circumstances, or at some time, be seen as “fundamental” to the degree entitled to prevail is not, however, a conclusion that I need draw here, for I am satisfied that the State's interests described in the following section are sufficiently serious to defeat the present claim that its law is arbitrary or purposeless.* * *
http://www.unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=3 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4023&context=lcp http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/pdf/03-6696P.ZO http://theredtelephone.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/due-process-and-rule-of-law-as-a-human-right.pdf April 2008, available http://www.unrol.org/files/RoL%20Guidance%20Note%20UN%20Approach%20FINAL.pdf. See American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiatrive, Our Origins and Principles. Available http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/about/origin_principles.html. Ibid. Paul Kauper, The Supreme Court and the Rule fo Law, 59(4) Michigan Law Review 531 (1961). Here the basis asserted for detention by the military is that Hamdi was carrying a weapon against American troops on a foreign battlefield; that is, that he was an enemy combatant. The legal category of enemy combatant has not been elaborated upon in great detail. The permissible bounds of the category will be defined by the lower courts as subsequent cases are presented to them. Because we hold that Hamdi is constitutionally entitled to the process described above, we need not address at this time whether any treaty guarantees him similar access to a tribunal for a determination of his status. http://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2006/04/president-bushs-second-inaugural.html (“The Rule of Law, The Chinese Communist Party, and Ideological Campaigns: Sange Daibiao (the “Three Represents”), Socialist Rule of Law, and Modern Chinese Constitutionalism,” 16(1) Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 29-102 (2006), pp. 34-36) http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=410242 http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Asian_Renaissance.html?id=-p9lPwAACAAJ http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Law_of_the_Constitution.html?id=_20NOnZgpNMC http://books.google.com/books/about/Justice_as_Fairness.html?id=AjrXZIlbK1cChttp://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng.pdf http://www.unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=3 http://www.unrol.org/doc.aspx?n=UNcharter.pdf http://www.unrol.org/doc.aspx?n=Universal%20Declaration%20of%20Human%20Rights.pdf http://www.unrol.org/doc.aspx?n=2004%20report.pdf http://www.unrol.org/doc.aspx?n=3dda1f104.pdf http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4023&context=lcp http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1272264 http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/pdf/03-6696P.ZO http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/habeas_corpus http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/2241 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearsay John Harrison, Substantive Due Process and the Constitutional Text, 83 Virginia. Law Review 493, 496 (1997). Larry Catá Backer, Fairness as a General Principle of American Constitutional Law: Applying Extra-Constitutional Principles to Constitutional Cases in Hendricks and M.L.B., 33 Tulsa Law Journal 135, 149-150 (1997). [Marzen, O'Dowd, Crone, & Balch, Suicide: A Constitutional Right?, 24 Duquesne L. Rev. 1, 148-242 (1985) (App.)] at 59. Other countries are embroiled in similar debates: The Supreme Court of Canada recently rejected a claim that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms establishes a fundamental right to assisted suicide, Rodriguez v. British Columbia (Attorney General), 107 D. L. R. (4th) 342 (1993); the British House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics refused to recommend any change in Great Britain's assisted-suicide prohibition, House of Lords, Session 1993-94 Report of the Select Committee on Medical Ethics, 12 Issues in Law & Med. 193, 202 (1996) ("We identify no circumstances in which assisted suicide should be permitted") * * *.
The court identified and discussed six state interests: (1) preserving life; (2) preventing suicide; (3) avoiding the involvement of third parties and use of arbitrary, unfair, or undue influence; (4) protecting family members and loved ones; (5) protecting the integrity of the medical profession; and (6) avoiding future movement toward euthanasia and other abuses. 79 F. 3d, at 816-832. | <urn:uuid:40b70dc0-0cbd-4c10-9a5f-f9edaabf6001> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://lcbackerblog.blogspot.com/2014/10/chapter-11-rule-of-lawrole-of-law-from.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122167.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00084-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944029 | 35,503 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Posted: March 27, 2012, 3:50 p.m. EDT
Have a pregnant hamster? Not sure what to feed her or the babies? These tips will help guide you to the best hamster diet during these life stages.
What Do Pregnant Or Mother Hamsters Eat?
Mother hamsters need extra protein while they are pregnant or nursing. Feed them boiled egg, bits of cooked unseasoned chicken or beef, mealworms (usually available at high-end pet stores) and fruits or vegetables rich in vitamins A (natural A is good) and E.
Broccoli, sweet apple (as opposed to sour green apple), cantaloupe, and peas are all good fruit and vegetable choices for your hamster.
During pregnancy the restriction on sunflower seeds may be safely lifted; let the hamster eat as much as she can. Pregnant hamsters need the extra folic acid and vitamins as well as the fats and proteins that sunflower seeds provide, which is why mother hamsters can eat more. Protein needs for a hamster increase 60 percent during pregnancy. Nursing 14 to 28 pups in a litter can sap a mother hamster’s reserves; she’ll be able to use the fat in the seeds to keep from losing weight.
Always provide plenty of food for a nursing mother hamster. She’ll need the food both physically and emotionally. Having plenty of resources to draw from makes a mother hamster feel secure and less stressed, which gives the hamster pups the best chance of survival. Hamster babies continue to nurse for almost three weeks after birth.
Feeding Baby Hamsters
Baby hamsters are usually well cared for by their mothers, but you can offer a few foods to help the hamster pups along. Baby hamsters will likely benefit from wheat germ cereal early in their development, so sprinkle a little close to the nest. Also small seeds such as millet are good for hamster pups, even those younger than 10 days old. Place a whole sprig of millet in the cage as an extra treat for the mother. This gives her something interesting to do, because she will need to gather the seeds off the stem.
Sometimes you will need to feed a hamster pup if the mother dies or rejects it. This will be a full-time job. Pups less than 8 days old have a poor survival rate, but you should still try. It can be rewarding to nurse a young hamster to adulthood. Saving a motherless hamster pup involves more than just feeding it, but our focus is nutrition.
Feed a pup evaporated milk mixed in a 50/50 solution with water. Warm the solution to 90 degrees Fahrenheit before feeding it to the baby hamster. Administer the solution via syringe or feeding wick (available at most pet stores). You may also use puppy or kitten formula. The volume to feed varies with the type of hamster.
Feeding Baby Dwarf Hamsters
For a dwarf hamster less than 2 weeks old, start at 2 drops every half-hour around the clock. Increase this to 3 drops every half-hour as it approaches 2 weeks of age. When the hamster pup reaches 2 weeks of age, increase the volume to 1/2 milliliter every hour. While nursing on this formula also provide wheat germ, small seeds and something fresh such as broccoli.
Hamsters continue to nurse for up to 3 weeks in extreme cases. This doesn’t mean that the hamsters won’t eat solid foods. Hamster pups start using their teeth at about 5 days old on smaller seeds. If you provide wheat germ by sprinkling it close to the nest, small hamster pups will lick at it.
During the third week you should see hamster pups eating from the bowl of solid foods. You can breathe easy after three weeks and start weaning them from the milk. To wean a hamster, just reduce the amount of milk given by half for a day or two and then stop all milk by the next day.
Feeding Baby Syrian Hamsters
For a Syrian hamster or other full-sized species of hamster, increase the amount of milk offered. Start with 1 milliliter 12 times a day around the clock until the hamster pups are 2 weeks old. After 2 weeks, feed them 2 milliliters 8 times a day. Provide the hamster pups with wheat germ, small seeds and something fresh while feeding the formula. Around 3 weeks of age, you should see the hamster pups start to eat solid food. When you see this, gradually wean them off the formula.
If you watch hamster pups carefully you’ll notice that they eat droppings from adult hamsters. This is normal and quite necessary. The droppings contain bacteria that the hamster pups need to help them break down and digest the mostly cellulose foods they eat. This is true for orphan hamsters as well. If you are a surrogate parent, remember to place droppings from an adult hamster near the nest so the pups you are nursing can benefit.
Excerpt from the Popular Critters Series magabook Hamsters with permission from its publisher, BowTie magazines, a division of BowTie Inc. Purchase Hamsters here. | <urn:uuid:f6f8e3f0-8ab1-40df-a6fa-20ad8e2a74be> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/hamsters/hamster-diet/how-to-feed-baby-hamsters.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660158.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00019-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938397 | 1,096 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Date of Award
Master of Arts
Master of History
Moving west beyond homes on the Atlantic seaboard resembled a trickle of water during the early history of our country. This volume began to increase as the country grew. When the country became a free and independent nation and acquired lands beyond the Mississippi River, the pour became torrential. The question is: Who were these people pouring into western lands? With current emphasis on black history and the role of the Negro in the making of this country, one would ask another question: Was the Negro a part of the Westward Movement? To find the answers to these questions, the writings of notable western historians were reviewed.
It is the purpose of this study to answer the following questions: Why did the Negro leave homes in Illinois, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and many other Eastern states? What attractions did New Orleans offer? What skills did he bring and occupations did he pursue?
The writer's study will concentrate with the period between 1840 and 1860. It was during the 1840's that the Great Migration to the acquired Western territories began, and ends with the termination of the 1860's when the differences between the North and the South became paramount.
George R. Woolfolk
Prairie View A&M College
Rights© 2021 Prairie View A & M University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Date of Digitization
John B Coleman Library
City of Publication
Harris, M. G. (1969). New Orleans: Outpost of Negro Westward Migration. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pvamu.edu/pvamu-theses/1092 | <urn:uuid:ad8f4a4f-3dfd-414d-b582-91d00dd80992> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://digitalcommons.pvamu.edu/pvamu-theses/1092/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577259.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524203438-20220524233438-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.935628 | 401 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Environmental quality is resultant from various conditions which caused by event of in natures and also cause of activie of human. One of a real problems related to condition and environmental quality is management of natural resources. In management of natural resources, balance between exploitings and continuity is important prerequisite. Existence of exploiting of natural resources and environment having the character of eksploitatif will affect to environmental quality. Management of natural resources required some policies, two among others is exploiting policy and observation policy. In this article explained about the policies. Conclusion from this article; exploiting of natural resources and environment having the character of eksploitatif, causes the balance and continuity annoyed; required various strategic steps and. action according to development of natural resources and environmental; observation policy of natural resources is interpreted as straightening of law in environmental management and natural resources; coordination effort between between institute which related in exploiting of natural resources is required. | <urn:uuid:78542ec2-1c29-4add-be7f-7f6d69b8b69f> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/12544/kebijakan-pemanfaatan-dan-pengawasan-dalam-pengelolaan-sumber-daya-alam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161661.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925143000-20180925163400-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.936881 | 187 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Summary of Findings
They vote but not always. Compared with Americans who regularly cast ballots, they are less engaged in politics. They are more likely to be bored with the political process and admit they often do not know enough about candidates to cast ballots. But they are crucial to Republican and Democratic fortunes in the Nov. 7 midterm elections.
They are the intermittent voters: Americans who are registered to vote but do not always make it to the polls. They differ significantly from those who vote regularly. For one thing, they’re less likely to be married than are regular voters. Intermittent voters also are more mistrustful of people compared with those who vote regularly. They also are less angry with government, though no less dissatisfied with President Bush than are regular voters, according to a survey conducted Sept. 21-Oct. 4 among 1,804 adults by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press in collaboration with the Associated Press.
The survey also finds large differences between Americans who are not registered to vote or vote only rarely, and intermittent or regular voters. The two groups at the bottom of the voting participation scale are much less likely than regular or intermittent voters to believe that voting will make much of a difference. They also are less likely to agree with the statement: “I feel guilty when I don’t get a chance to vote.”
To understand who votes and who doesn’t, survey respondents were divided into four groups based on their voting history, attitudes about voting, and interest in the current campaign. Together, these groups span the breadth of political participation, from regular voters to democracy’s bystanders(1):
Regular voters. These are adults who are currently registered to vote. Nearly all regular voters cast ballots in the 2004 presidential election; most say they “always” vote and that they are certain to vote in the upcoming congressional election. Together, they constitute roughly a third (35%) of the adult population.
Intermittent voters. All intermittent voters say they are registered to vote, but fewer acknowledge always voting. They report less certainty of voting in the upcoming election and less interest in the campaign compared with regular voters. Intermittent voters make up 20% of the population.
Registered but rare voters. About a quarter of Americans say they are registered to vote, but acknowledge that they rarely make it to the polls (23%). Fully three-quarters (76%) say they sometimes feel they don’t know enough about the candidates to vote.
Unregistered adults. These are Americans who say they are not registered to vote, or indicate their registration may have lapsed. They comprise 22% of the population.
Regular and Intermittent Voters
Turnout estimates suggest that more Americans than usual for an off-year election will go to the polls next month. Still, even the most optimistic of these models suggest that fewer than half of eligible Americans may vote, well below turnout in the 2004 presidential election. A key for both Republicans and Democrats is convincing the intermittent voters in their respective ranks to vote on Nov. 7.
These intermittent voters are the most important “swing” group in politics distinguished not by their partisan leanings but by their voting behavior. They swing in and out of the electorate from election to election.
The Pew analysis identifies basic attitudes and lifestyles that keep these intermittent voters less engaged in politics and the political process. Political knowledge is key: Six-in-ten intermittent voters say they sometimes don’t know enough about candidates to vote compared with 44% of regular voters the single most important attitudinal difference between intermittent and regular voters identified in the survey. Intermittent voters also are characterized by feelings of boredom with politics. They are more likely than regular voters to agree with the statement: “I’m generally bored by what goes on in Washington” (38% intermittent vs. 25% regular).
Intermittent voters also are more mistrustful of other people than are regular voters. According to the survey, 40% of intermittent voters say that in general most people can be trusted, compared with 52% of all regular voters. This is another factor that may prevent intermittent voters from building the kinds of community and interpersonal connections that directly lead to political participation.
One other key difference: Regular voters are more likely than intermittent voters to say they have been contacted by a candidate or political group encouraging them to vote, underscoring the value of get-out-to-vote campaigns and other forms of party outreach for encouraging political participation.
The survey also finds that the demographic factors that distinguish non-voters from voters also differentiate regular from intermittent voters. Intermittent voters are somewhat less well educated and less affluent than are regular voters.
What keeps them voting, at least occasionally? Intermittent voters share two critical characteristics with those who have the voting habit, the survey found. Unlike those who are not registered to vote, big majorities of regular and intermittent voters acknowledge they feel guilty when they don’t vote. And both of these groups are less likely to accept the assertion that “voting doesn’t really change things” than are those who rarely cast ballots or are not registered.
Non-Voters: Politically Estranged
The survey also reveals broad differences between those who are not registered to vote and regular or occasional voters. Non-voters are politically estranged: They are the least interested in local politics of the four groups and the most likely to say voting doesn’t change things. They also are five times more likely to say they’re too busy to vote than are regular voters (43% versus 8%).
Americans who are not registered to vote also are more socially isolated from other people: They’re less likely to know people in their neighborhood. They also are more likely to be relatively recent arrivals in their current neighborhoods more than one-in-five (23%) say they have lived in their neighborhood less than a year. People who are not registered to vote also are generally mistrustful of others; just 27% say that most people can be trusted.
Structural factors stand between some of these Americans and the ballot booth. Three-in-ten adults who are not registered to vote say it is difficult for them to get to the polls; this compares with 19% among those who vote rarely, and just 8% each among intermittent and regular voters. This suggests even with recent reforms in voter registration laws, barriers to voting still exist for some Americans. Still, 70% of those who are not registered say it is not difficult for them to vote.
So why aren’t they registered? When asked to answer that question in their own words, no single dominant reason emerges. About one-in-five (19%) say they have not had time to register, while nearly as many said they had recently moved. One-in-seven (14%) say they don’t care about politics, while about as many express little confidence in the government.
Voting and Demographic Factors
Not only do the rich seem to get richer, on Election Day next month they will probably get a disproportionately large say about who gets elected to Congress. So will older people, whites, college graduates and those who frequen
tly go to church, they survey finds. Among those likely to once again stand on the sidelines on Nov.7: relatively large numbers of young people, Hispanics, and those with less education and lower incomes.
Whites continue to be disproportionally represented in the voting booth: 37% of whites are regular voters, compared with 29% of non-whites, including 31% of blacks and 24% of all Hispanics. Conversely, 40% of Hispanics and considerably smaller proportions of blacks (17%) and whites (20%) say they are not registered to vote.
Regular voters also are older than those who are not registered. More than four-in-ten of those ages 50 and older (42%) are regular voters, about double the proportion of 18-29 year-olds (22%). Among those between the ages of 30 and 49, more than a third (35%) reliably go to the polls a fact that is consistent with previous research that found voting is a habit acquired with age.
Looking at the other end of the participation scale tells the same story, but even more dramatically. Four-in-ten 18-29 year-olds are not registered to vote, double the proportion of 30-49-year-olds and nearly three times greater than those ages 50 or older.
Other factors distinguish the non-voter. Nearly half (46%) of all college graduates are regular voters, compared to 28% of adults who are high school graduates or have less education. In addition, 39% of those who say they attend religious services once a week or more are regular voters, compared with 31% of those who attend church seldom or never. But the survey also finds little gender difference in voting behavior: 36% of men and 34% of women are regular voters.
Non-Voting and Partisanship
Roughly the same proportions of self-identified Republicans and Democrats are regular voters (41% vs. 39%). But Democrats are more likely to be non-voters: 20% of Democrats say they are not registered to vote, compared with 14% of Republicans; among political independents, 27% say they are not registered to vote.
A registration gap also exists between liberals and conservatives, with 29% of self-described liberals saying they are not registered to vote compared with 20% of moderates and 17% of conservatives. However, there are only modest differences in the percentages of conservatives (38%), moderates (35%) and liberals (34%) who are regular voters. | <urn:uuid:c5223bcb-8870-4eda-80bb-6c53d53069a8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2006/10/18/who-votes-who-doesnt-and-why/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500151.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204173912-20230204203912-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.970189 | 1,989 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Dark chocolate may have health benefits to weigh against fears of tooth decay or putting on weight.
A chemical compound, theobromine, which is found in cocoa, has proved more effective at stopping persistent coughing than codeine.
Tests have so far involved only 10 people and larger studies are needed, according to a team from Imperial College and the Royal Brompton and St Bartholomew's hospitals in London and a Hungarian company. They described their work in an online journal published by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.
Doses used in the tests were equivalent to a 50g bar of dark chocolate, but the researchers said bigger doses might be more effective. | <urn:uuid:f4d235da-8e56-44af-ae08-d97237e4e152> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/nov/23/health.research/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990114.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00288-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962716 | 137 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Diabetes is a progressive disease. If you can’t control it then serious and chronic condition arises.
The well-known Ebers Papyrus had described natural/herbal remedies for diabetes in around 1550 BC.
Since ancient time, ginseng and bitter gourd have been used in India and China for a diabetes cure. There are different foods used as a remedy to control blood sugar in different parts of the world.
Here are 10 superfoods for diabetics.
Broccoli looks similar to cauliflower. It is an effective and proven antidiabetic food. It is a rich source of mineral chromium which is responsible for lowers blood sugar. It helps to regulate insulin action and its effects on carbohydrates, lipid and protein metabolism. (1)
2. Foods high in antioxidants
Diabetics should eat foods full of vitamin C/E, beta-carotene and other antioxidants. Carrots, oranges, dry apricots, spinach all are full of beta-carotene. All citrus fruits which are full of vitamin C. and edible oils, almonds, soybeans and sunflower seed which are full of vitamin E.
3. Foods full of fiber
American diabetes association has recommended low carb food since decades. And in 1979, they revised their guidelines and included foods full of fiber. Even British diabetic association is also recommending the same. Foods like barley, oats, fruits, carrots which have soluble fibers in them, are useful in lowering blood glucose level. (2)
4. Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
Spinach, collards, kale, lettuce are dark green leafy vegetables packed with vitamins and minerals such as vitamins A, C, E, and K, iron, calcium, and potassium. These superfoods are low in calories and carbohydrates too. You can add leafy vegetables to salads, soups, and stews.
It is commonly used vegetables across the globe. It is also known as kidney, pinto, cannellini beans etc. Studies show that they are rich in fiber, which slows the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars in your bloodstream, helps your body’s insulin response to glucose, and burns fat faster. (3)
6.Java Plum (jamun)
It is a very popular fruit in India. It is been widely used fruit for medicinal purpose, particularly for diabetes. It has an antidiabetic effect and its positive effect on pancreas makes it favorable fruit to treat diabetes. The seeds contain jambolin which halts the conversion of starch into sugar. (4)
You can eat tomatoes in whichever form you like, pureed, raw, or in a sauce, you are eating vital nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin E, and potassium.
8. Fenugreek seeds
It is a famous vegetable. Regular consumption if it keeps our body healthy and clean. These seeds are valuables in curing diabetes. Studies show that regular use of fenugreek seeds reduces hyperglycemia. (5), (6)
It is one of the popular herbs to reduce blood sugar level. It promotes insulin activities and thus helping to reduce blood sugar level. (7)
Walnut contains protein, fiber, and healthy fats. It also contains magnesium and omega-3 fatty acids which makes them a great snack option. It has good cholesterol which reduces the risk of heart attack. Diabetic persons are at greater risk of heart disease. | <urn:uuid:dcf51cbb-b7b3-4077-8551-e707ceb9f47e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://healthvera.com/2018/12/10-diabetic-superfoods-control-your-blood-sugar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677964.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018055014-20191018082514-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.925665 | 706 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Posted: August 21, 2015 Filed under: Articles, Teasers | Tags: chronicling america newspaper
Starting out as a simple village fisherman, Manjiro Nakahama would become one of the first Japanese people to visit the United States. He likely became the first Japanese person to ride a train and a steamship, officer an American vessel, and lead a trans-Pacific voyage. Nakahama also spent time in the Hawaiian islands.
Read more about it in “Romance of Japanese Who Was Once in These Islands.”
The Pacific commercial advertiser., June 17, 1902, Image 1
Posted: August 18, 2015 Filed under: Articles, Teasers
In 1901, police officers tried to arrest Japanese gamblers, who turned out to be expert wrestlers and tried to evade arrest with their skills:
“… a mild-looking, well-dressed [Japanese man], who with a simple turn of his wrist, threw [the officers] upon their backs or caused them to writhe in pain by a steel-like grip upon their wrists and thumbs.”
How could the police officers arrest these gamblers? Read more about it in “Tricks of Wiry Japs.”
“Tricks of Wiry Japs: No Joke to Try and Arrest Some of Them”
The Pacific commercial advertiser., June 19, 1901, Page 12, Image 12
Posted: August 15, 2015 Filed under: Articles, Teasers
For sale: a calabash, a large wooden bowl from the days of Kamehameha I, which has passed through generations.
A Hawaiian chiefess used the calabash during feasts as a container for poi, which the ancient Hawaiians ate around the table. That is, before she met her death when one of her disgruntled workers pushed her off a cliff.
Read more about it in “Relic of the Days of Kamehameha.”
“Relic of the Days of Kamehameha”
The Pacific commercial advertiser, December 11, 1909, Page 10
Posted: August 12, 2015 Filed under: Events, News
Alice Kim, HDNP’s graduate research assistant, plans to present at the Kaimuki Public Library on Thursday, October 20, 2015, from 6:30 to 7:30 p.m.
Kaimuki Public Library
1041 Koko Head Avenue
Honolulu, HI 96816
Library Phone Number: (808) 733-8422
We’ll post more details after they’re confirmed.
Posted: August 9, 2015 Filed under: Articles, Teasers | Tags: chronicling america newspaper
Mildred Leo Clemone and Her Native Hawaiians introduced Hawaii to audiences in the Midwest in 1920. The ensemble played the ukulele, steel guitar, mandolin, and guitar, and the dancer performed the bamboo dance and the warrior dance.
Read more about it in “Mildred Leo Clemone and Her Native Hawaiians…”
“Mildred Leo Clemone and Her Native Hawaiians…”
The Owosso times., June 11, 1920, Image 6
Posted: August 7, 2015 Filed under: Articles, Teasers
Ukulele was a fad on the Mainland United States in 1915. Hawaiian songs, such as “Yaaka Hula Hickey Dula,” were playing on the radio. Every kid in Berkeley, California, seemed to own an ukulele. College glee clubs strummed on the ukulele. Ukulele manufacturers in Hawaii and on the Mainland were pumping out ukulele.
Read more about it in “The Ukulele Craze on the U.S. Mainland.”
The Ukulele Craze on the U.S. Mainland
Posted: August 1, 2015 Filed under: Teasers, Topics in Chronicling America
Alternative medicine, also known as “complementary medicine,” “homeopathic medicine,” and “osteopathic medicine” refers to medical practices not administered in conventional healing systems of the west. Alternative medicine includes practices such as homeopathy, osteopathy, herbal medicine, traditional medicine, naturopathy, chiropractic, Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine and mineral based medicines.
Read more about it in the alternative medicine subject guide.
Alternative Medicine Subject Guide | <urn:uuid:e49c52f7-96f8-495d-8eaa-cfab736fd4e0> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://hdnpblog.wordpress.com/2015/08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160337.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924090455-20180924110855-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.928267 | 944 | 2.75 | 3 |
Dedan Kimathi: His Influence on the Mau Mau and the Connection between, Rastafarianism, Dreadlocks, and the OrganizationAug 13, 2022 01:00PM ● By Candice Stewart
Dedan Kimathi Waciuri, shown at his trial in the Nyeri forest, led an armed military struggle known as the Mau Mau uprising against the British colonial government in Kenya, 1956. (Photo by Authenticated News/Archive Photos/Getty Images)
Considered as a revolutionary leader who fought against British colonialists until his execution, Dedan Kimathi was one of the top insurgents of Kenya’s armed independence movement, the Mau Mau.
He was born Kimathi wa Waciuri on October 31,1920 in Thege Village near Nyeri in central Kenya.
During the colonial period and under extremely difficult conditions, Kimathi received early education. His school records show that he was exceptionally intelligent. He was particularly good in English and poetry. He was also a member of the debate club.
Kimathi reportedly started elementary school at fifteen years of age and matriculated to the Church of Scotland Mission Secondary School in the region where he had an early exit by way of expulsion due to indiscipline in 1944. Though Kimathi was known to be a smart student, it is reported that he was rude and stubborn.
Some historians have attributed his rebellious character not to his hate for White rule but rather the unfair treatment he felt was meted out to him by Black people. He was nicknamed ‘Njangu' by his peers - a Kikuyu word which means ‘rough and treacherous'
The Ambui Clan
Dedan Kimathi was from the Ambui clan, one of the nine clans that make up the Kikuyu, Kenya's largest ethnic group, which is concentrated mainly in the central part of the East African country. Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's founding president, was also a member of the Kikuyu ethnic group. It is argued that Kenyatta and Kimathi were not on the same page regarding Kenya's path towards independence. Where Kenyatta preferred a non-violent approach, Kimathi was of the opinion that only guns could secure Kenya's independence.
Learn more about Kenya:
Kimathi the Freedom Fighter
Young Kimathi tried his luck in various jobs such as fulfilling clerical duties, tending after pigs and teaching. He was getting agitated with the way the colonial masters were running the country.
Around 1951, Kimathi joined other Kenyan freedom fighters in an armed independence movement, which later came to be known as Mau Mau. He quickly rose in ranks and started administering the obligatory ritual oath to new members. In 1952, when the British administration declared a state of emergency, Kimathi took to the forest close to Mount Kenya.
He was considered the most feared among the three field marshals who led the movement. As part of a unit named the Kenya Defence Council, he organized armed attacks against the British colonial government.
On October 21, 1956, the self-styled Field Marshall Kimathi was captured following a manhunt led by Ian Henderson, a British intelligence officer. By the time of his capture, a bounty had been placed on him. It was however not Henderson who first caught him: He was captured after having been wounded by gunshots from two Home Guards belonging to a self-defense militia of his own Kikuyu ethnic group.
Kimathi was quickly put on trial. On November 19th 1956, Chief Justice Kenneth O’Connor found Dedan Kimathi guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm and ammunition, actions made illegal by the Emergency Regulations put in place by the British Government in an attempt to quell the violence of the rebellion.
On November 19,1956, at the Supreme Court of Kenya at Nyeri, the colonial government sentenced Kimathi to death. In the early hours of 18th February 1957, Kimathi was hanged to death.
The British Government’s decision to execute Kimathi for such a minor charge, was fueled by their desperation to eradicate the Mau Mau rebellion. Since Kimathi was such a fervent, famous anti-colonialist, his death could stand as a warning. To this day, Kimathi remains an icon of the Mau Mau rebellion
The colonialists then dumped his body in an unmarked grave at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, presumably to stop Kenyans from turning the grave into a shrine.
For several decades, the family, relatives and the Kenyan government pleaded with London to reveal the location where Kimathi's remains lay but to no avail. It was only in 2019 that news of his burial site being discovered was released.
In October of 2019, a nonprofit established in his name, the Dedan Kimathi Foundation, announced that it had found Kimathi’s resting place after a years-long search.
“It is with great joy we would like to announce that… the gravesite of liberation hero Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi Waciuri has finally been identified! The development is not just great news for the Dedan Kimathi family but also the larger freedom struggle heroes’ fraternity,” a statement from the foundation said.
His grave was located beneath the prison.
The Mau Mau Movement
Mau Mau was a movement founded with the purpose of removing White settlers who had taken up land previously owned by Kenyans. Initially, Mau Mau fighters were mainly Kikuyu, whose territory was preferred by the White settlers, but later, Meru, Embu, Kamba and other ethnic groups joined in the struggle.
It is uncertain where the term Mau Mau originated from. Some say it was coined as an anagram of the Kikuyu word ‘uma' which means, ‘go'. However, members of the movement preferred to be referred to as the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA). Later the term Mau Mau came to mean: ‘Mzungu arudi Ulaya, mwafrika apate uhuru'. It is a Swahili phrase which means: 'Let the foreigner go back to Europe, so the African can regain independence'.
The fighters acted on the basis of an oath which bound them to the goals of the movement. However, former members would later speak of forced enrolment.
The insurgency instilled fear in British settlers and moderate Africans alike, who were targeted for allegedly betraying the movement's cause and collaborating with the settlers.
Official records at the Kenya National Archives point to more than 10,000 Kenyans killed by the British colonial security forces and nearly 50,000 were detained after the colonial administration declared the State of Emergency in October 1952. The British colonial government also carried out an approximate 1,090 executions.
While the Mau Mau was a key step towards independence, it also provoked bitter divisions between those who backed the fighters and those who served colonial forces. It remained outlawed until 2003.
Learn more about Kenya:
On Kenyan Independence Day, we are highlighting one of its most well known tribes: the Maasai. Most Maasai are known for their tall stature, spears, red clothing and retention of traditio... Read More »
Mau Mau, Rastafariansim and Dreadlocks
Generally, for many Black people, their hair is symbolic of something important in their lives. This speaks to the reason Black women and men prefer that people don’t touch their hair without invitation. It also speaks to the time and effort we spend to get our hair the way we want it. This, regardless of the style and hair type.
Firstly, dreadlocks or locs transcends culture, races and even religions as history has proven time and time again that forefathers wore their hair similarly to modern day people with locs.
For some, locs are perceived as a connection to wisdom, and some believe that the head and hair are spiritual energy conductors. According to the views of Rastafarians, locs are believed to be a part of the Nazarite vows of Leviticus, which cautioned against shaving the head's four corners. Additionally, locs also have connections to the Lion of Judah, which represents the power and strength of a person.
However, dreadlocks are not only a way to house divine energy. It has also been a way to rebel against authority with nonconformity and nonviolence.
For a majority of Mau Mau fighters, dreadlocks were seen as a sacred symbol of defiance against British colonizers. Once free from captivity, the Mau Mau continue to wear their dreadlocks as a symbol of anti-colonialism as well as a demonstration of self-love and self-acceptance.
One of the forefathers of Rastafarianism, Leonard Howell was reported to be particularly proud of and inspired by the Mau Mau. For the Rastafarian community in Jamaica, Mau Mau epitomized a different strand of pan-Africanism that had most in common with the ideas of Marcus Garvey.
Like the Mau Mau, Rastafarians regard their locks as both a sign of their African identity and a religious vow of their separation from their oppressors.
Memorializing Dedan Kimathi
In memorializing the freedom fighter, a street in Nairobi, Kenya was named after him. On that same street in 2007, former Kenyan President, Mwai Kibaki unveiled a two-meter bronze statue of Kimathi that bears the insurgent’s name.
There is also the Dedan Kimathi University of Technology and the Dedan Kimathi Stadium in Nyeri as among several institutions that honor the legendary Mau Mau fighter.
Writer’s insight: Before putting this article together, I knew very little of the Mau Mau freedom fighters or of Dedan Kimathi. However, my research has taught me how connected I am to my African roots.
I have grown my hair in its current form for a little over 10 years. Though I am not of the Rastafarian faith or of the Mau Mau, I have to say that I relate to the philosophy of being ‘dreadlocked’. I started to ‘lock my hair as a means of defiance and protest to the Eurocentric views and standards of beauty. I also started the journey to rebel against particular authority restricting my autonomous nature. Additionally, my hair is a demonstration of self-love and self-acceptance.
Brown, L. (2020, June 20). Dedan Kimathi (1920-1957). BlackPast.org. https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/dedan-kimathi-1920-1957/
Grave site of anti-colonial rebel hero Dedan Kimathi found – The Independent
The Truth Behind the Bitter Betrayal of Dedan Kimathi , the Kenyan Anti-colonialist Hero - The African Exponent
What is the Spiritual Meaning of Dreadlocks? - Lion Locs Blog
Why dreadlocks were an important symbol for Kenya’s Mau Mau – Pulse live.co.ke
Read more from Candice Stewart:
Despite the trauma of war, poverty and a generally negative public image, this south-eastern African country boasts positivity through a son of reggae music. Read More »
The Democratic Republic of Congo is more than what you see in the media: A Look at Congolese Fashion Brands
With the celebration of Congo’s 62nd year of independence, let us seek to highlight a more positive view of the central African nation by way of art through fashion. Read More »
A Black woman in the tech and automotive industry at one of the highest levels is like witnessing a rare animal in its natural habitat. Read More » | <urn:uuid:28edda33-86b3-417d-8cd2-58de0cf54ddf> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.funtimesmagazine.com/2022/08/13/408534/dedan-kimathi-his-influence-on-the-mau-mau-and-the-connection-between-rastafarianism-dreadlocks-and-the-organization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337853.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006155805-20221006185805-00764.warc.gz | en | 0.976027 | 2,422 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The caesar square is a transposition cipher.
The plaintext is always in groups of a perfect square such that for any number n^2, it will give you a square box that is n characters tall and n characters wide. You then write from top to bottom, initially and left to right after each column is full.
For example, the phrase:
is 25 characters long.
therefore, our ciphertext looks like:
Encoding it is simple. Since we know the string is 25 characters long, we know our box must be 5x5 characters (as 5X5 = 25). We then write it in the box like so:
and we can get back our original message, if we read top to bottom. | <urn:uuid:32f283a3-c8e7-4cf1-9c63-eae1c2be8188> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://everything2.com/title/caesar+square | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096301.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00048-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.82506 | 152 | 4 | 4 |
Jul 12 , 2020
Many people think that child safety does not need to be worked on or something that can be done in just a matter of clicks. Child safety is every parent’s and guardian’s responsibility.
It is a responsibility that demands as much attention and commitment as possible. And it is for this reason specifically that the concept of child safety planning is considered.
On the most basic, child safety planning has something to do with setting the appropriate set of rules and guidelines that can be used to oversee your child and everything that surrounds him or her. The set of rules and guidelines should be organized and structured according to the time and space needed for your child to act normally. The planning is important as this will prepare you to act according to what is safe for your children.
However, child safety planning is not as easy as you may think. It involves effort and time figuring out what would be best for your child’s safety. And, it can’t be done easily without knowing the real condition or problem in the children’s environment.
A child may have problems that could be physical, mental, or emotional. Whatever problem is plaguing the child leaving you worried, it is best to determine them as early as possible, which child care specialists suggest.
It is also important to be clear as to who you need to protect. It could be your child or other children. Note that minors tend to act according to what they will enjoy, without knowing if the situation will be best or safe for them or not. It is exactly here where the responsibility of parents for child safety comes in. The parents are then needed to supervise their children in the best way possible, be it something related to changing behaviours or disciplining a child.
When planning for child safety, it is also a wise idea to pinpoint exactly when and how the problem occurs. This, of course, may apply to those that are predictable. Perhaps the best way to make this happen is to observe your child and monitor his or her actions. In relation to this, it is great for every parent or guardian to determine who will be involved in the child safety plan. Remember that when planning, there are some instances that you may need help from other responsible individuals. Try to share your child safety plan with professional caregivers, or even with those babysitters who are just working short term. You may be surprised as to how much great ideas they can contribute to making your child safety plan work.
Consider a time limit for your plan. Ask yourself how long will the plan be in place and how often will you reassess it. Do your best to make your child safety plan work.
There can only be too many rules and child safety tips but not a 100% chance of getting a child off any danger zone. Much as we want to keep our children safe 24 hours a day, we can only do as much as hope and pray. Let’s face it, even if we want to be at their sides every time the school bully shows up in front of them, there are times when they just have to learn to defend themselves. It does not really mean that you will be sending your cub out into the wild to look out for himself, but you are just letting him face reality. Of course, before you do, you should have been able to give him child safety tips that will help ward off danger.
The world is full of people with bad intentions. We may not be able to understand their reasons but a number of them prey on innocent victims – our kids. In a recent survey, it was found out that mothers are more concerned with kidnappers and sexual offenders rather than accidental injuries. A reason for this is because accidental injuries can easily be prevented by following simple child safety tips. Mothers feel that the incidence of kidnapping or sexual abuse cannot entirely be prevented even with some precautionary measures.
The phrase “stranger danger” is one of the child safety tips that have been widely used to teach children how to fight off potential kidnappers or sex offenders. However, the slogan was found to be taken too literally. It was found out that there were cases when children evaded rescuers because they have been taught not to talk to strangers. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) was never for the “stranger danger” slogan. This is because most kidnap cases were done by someone that the children know or are familiar with.
Keeping children safe from accidents can be achieved by practising child safety tips. Keeping the house clean and free from obstacles, and using seatbelts while in the car are necessary to avoid unwanted incidents. Child safety tips are basically the very logical things that we have to do as parents. Not letting your child wander off while shopping is a good way to teach him to always check with you before he can go off somewhere else.
Child safety tips do not just involve the parents and adults. Kids should be able to watch out for themselves too. While there are a lot of dangers lurking around, we should not tell the children that the world is an unsafe place. As parents, we should teach them that no matter how many bad guys are out there, there are always the good ones waiting to save the day. | <urn:uuid:697da0a9-ca83-4eeb-91d9-989507de375c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://4akid.co.za/blogs/child-safety-tips/child-safety-is-every-parents-and-guardians-responsibility | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210616.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923081833-20200923111833-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.975833 | 1,076 | 2.875 | 3 |
About this Guide
As the driver of a bus, motorcoach, or other passenger-carrying vehicle, you have a lot of responsibility as you drive down the road. The biggest concern is safety. That brings us to the main reason for the hours-of-service regulations — to keep fatigued drivers off the public roadways. These regulations put limits in place for when and how long you may drive, with the idea that these limits will help make sure that you stay awake and alert while driving.
The hours-of-service regulations are found in Part 395 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. These regulations are developed and enforced by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, which is part of the United States Department of Transportation. (States may have identical or similar regulations, as we will explain later.)
This guide outlines the regulations found in Part 395. | <urn:uuid:8735954e-2453-49e8-95f6-ca9f69052c56> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/hours-service/interstate-passenger-carrying-drivers-guide-hours-service | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644063881.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025423-00042-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952843 | 175 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Subtle, unconscious increases in arousal, indicated by a faster heartbeat and dilated pupils, shape our confidence for visual experiences, finds a new study from University College London researchers.
The study investigated the effect of unconscious arousal on how confident participants felt about what they were seeing when completing a simple task.
For example, as you read the words on this page, you might also notice a growing feeling of confidence that you understand their meaning. Every day we make decisions based on ambiguous information and in response to factors over which we have little or no control.
Yet rather than being constantly paralysed by doubt, we generally feel reasonably confident about our choices. So where does this feeling of confidence come from?
Metacognitive Awareness And Decision-making
Human perception is invariably accompanied by a graded feeling of confidence that guides metacognitive awareness and decision-making. It is often assumed that this arises solely from the feed-forward encoding of the strength or precision of sensory inputs.
Lead author Micah Allen, UCL Institute of Neurology, explains:
“Typically when we see something, we have insight not only into what it is that we’ve seen, but also how clearly we’ve seen it. If the picture is clouded or obscured, our feeling of confidence in what we’ve seen is lessened.
This ability to accurately appraise our own experiences is an important part of our everyday lives. To explain this ability, research has previously suggested that the brain acts a bit like a scientist or statistician, evaluating the quality of our experiences to inform how confident we feel. Our study challenges this view, instead finding that confidence is closely related to unconscious states of physiological arousal.”
In the study, the researchers had 29 volunteers view a cloud of moving dots on a screen, decide whether the dots moved to the left or right, and rate their confidence in this decision.
(A) Grand mean cardiac response function showing canonical heart rate deceleration orientation response, and trial timings. (B) Subjective confidence ratings encoded by greater heart rate acceleration, beginning with stimulus onset and peaking during ratings. (C) Unseen disgust cues increase heart rate during confidence rating. (D) This effect interacts with confidence, effectively reversing the mapping of cardiac acceleration and subjective uncertainty. (E) To illustrate this effect, trials were median split into high and low confidence for each disgust condition (e.g., neutral low confidence, NLC), and mean response was extracted from within the significant cue by confidence window. Results of general linear modelling of instantaneous heart rate, with explanatory variables encoding the main effects of stimulus noise, variance, confidence, and interactions thereof, revealing the amplitude and timing of each effect. Effects are independent from task-difficulty; trial-wise mean signal and RT were controlled in all analyses. Significance assessed using a cluster-based permutation t-test, cluster alpha = 0.05; cluster shown by shaded grey patch. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18103.009
Unbeknownst to the volunteers, on some trials a startling image of a disgusted face appeared too briefly to be consciously perceived, causing their heart rate and pupil dilation to increase. Although the volunteers’ confidence was reduced when the dots were noisier and more difficult to detect, this effect was counteracted by the increased arousal.
“Our results suggest that subtle, unconscious changes in the physiological state of our bodies impact how we perceive uncertainty. Interestingly, we found that not only did confidence correlate with how fast a participant’s heart beat on each trial, but that artificially increasing arousal actually caused participants to act as if they were blind to the quality of their visual experiences. This suggests that our capacity for conscious introspection is much more embodied than previously thought,”
said Micah Allen.
The next step will be to develop more refined mathematical models of perception and decision-making to quantify the exact impact of arousal and other bodily sensations on confidence.
The results may also be relevant to understanding clinical disorders, such as anxiety and depression, where changes in arousal might lock sufferers into an unrealistically certain or uncertain world. | <urn:uuid:dd8bd43a-b97d-429f-a428-cf362e0d9b08> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://reliawire.com/arousal-unconscious-influence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814105.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222120939-20180222140939-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.946099 | 860 | 2.71875 | 3 |
When you think of a trombone, you generally picture marching bands or the brass section of a large orchestra. However, this instrument is far more versatile and actually includes several different types.
Some of these types are rarer than others, and many are special adaptations to improve range or fit specific functions. Here are 13 different types of trombones to watch out for the next time you attend a performance.
See Also: 14 Types of Saxophone
Types of Trombones
1. Alto Trombone
This rare trombone barely escaped extinction but is once again gaining popularity in orchestras due to its naturally higher tones. They’re usually tuned to E♭, but may also be found in F key. Some models also include a B♭ or D valve, allowing for a decent tonal range.
The alto trombone is smaller and lighter, resulting in a faster slide speed than the standard tenor trombone. However, they’re a lot more expensive, ranging from $2,000 to $4,000 and often have to be special ordered.
2. Bass Trombone
You might not spot the bass trombone at first, since it’s very similar to a straight tenor. However, these trombones have a larger bell and bore, and weigh a heftier 20 to 22 pounds. It’s sometimes referred to as a tenor-bass and is tuned to the key of B♭ with valves that allow it to switch to D, E, of F keys.
This trombone is popular in both symphonies and jazz bands, but is far more expensive than many other types, running $4,000 or more for a proper two-valve model. A much cheaper single valve model is available for a quarter of the price, but with a greatly reduced range.
3. Cimbasso Trombone
Boasting the lowest pitch of all trombones, the combasso has a bent bell measuring 11-12 inches across, which tends to rest above the player’s head like a tuba.
This valve trombone has three to six valves and is usually tuned to F, but may also be found in C and E♭. It’s faster to play than the contrabass trombone without losing its counterpart’s rich tones.
This instrument was originally popular in opera compositions but is gaining a following among the jazz community. However, it has one of the highest price tags, ranging from $5,000 to $10,000.
4. Contrabass Trombone
As with all contrabass instruments, the contrabass trombone is big, deep, and rich-sounding. The bell itself measures a respectable 10-11 inches and was originally bent similarly to a tuba.
They’re sometimes able to match a tuba in tone and are mostly tuned to F, with some models being tuned to B♭ or C.
Available in both single and double valve, some contrabass trombones also feature a double slide design for increased range. Due to its large size, these trombones may run between $2,500 and $5,000, although it’s often possible to rent one.
Read Also: Contrabass Clarinet (and 12 Other Types)
Similar in appearance to the flugelhorn, a flugelbone (also known as a marching trombone) has a compact design that makes it easier to play on the go. They’re usually tuned to B♭ one full octave lower than a trumpet and uses a three-valve design instead of a slide.
It’s often used as a secondary instrument for trumpet players, much like the standard valve trombone but sounds a lot closer to a standard tenor trombone. At $300 to $1,500, they’re one of the cheapest types of trombone available.
6. Piccolo Trombone
As the name implies, this is the smallest member of the trombone family and the highest in pitch. It’s tuned to the key of B♭ and is one full octave above the alto trombone (or two full octaves above a straight tenor and 1/4 the size).
Used mostly for jazz, it’s usually difficult for a trombone player to use and is more often played by a trumpeter. While cheap, this is a specialty instrument and very difficult to find outside of an online store or manufacturer’s site.
7. Plastic Trombone
Designed to resemble a straight tenor trombone, the plastic trombone is almost always a slide trombone tuned to B♭. They’re incredibly cheap at $80 to $200, and are perfect for students who can’t afford a straight tenor.
The material also means it weighs a mere two to four pounds, with a smaller model weighing 1.5 pounds. This lighter weight also makes it easier to train aspiring trombone players at a much younger age than the heavier brass version would allow.
Every instrument has a forerunner, and the trombone’s is a relic that first appeared in 1551 called a sackbut. This instrument was popular in choral or religious compositions, although it also gained some popularity in opera by 1800.
It was very similar to a modern standard tenor trombone, only it had a bell that was often four inches or less and included a telescoping slide. It’s usually tuned to B♭, but has a far more limited range than modern trombones.
The instrument is extremely rare today and is usually either special ordered directly from the manufacturer or jerry rigged from parts of other instruments. Modern sightings of this instrument are almost exclusively found in live performances of baroque and medieval chamber music.
9. Soprano Trombone
Boasting a small bell and bore, the soprano trombone is sometimes referred to as a slide coronet and is among the smallest members of the trombone family.
Despite being largely replaced by the coronet, it remains a popular instrument in both jazz and swing. It’s usually tuned to B♭ one full octave above the straight tenor trombone and was originally used to compliment sopranos in opera performances.
The smaller size can make them difficult for a trombone player to master, and its slide only has size positions. They also tend to use a trumpet mouthpiece. While inexpensive, the soprano trombone can be hard to find and may need to be special ordered.
10. Straight Tenor Trombone
When you think of a trombone, this is probably the one you picture. It’s tuned to B♭ and fairly easy to play. Usually just called the tenor trombone, this type only weights around 15 to 20 pounds and is used in a wide range of music genres from jazz to rock and even reggae.
There are seven different positions on the slide, each one decreasing the pitch by one semitone. It has a surprising upper range despite this fact, although only experienced players can bring out the instrument’s full potential.
The price ranges from $300 to $2,500 or more, making it also one of the more affordable types for beginners.
Despite sounding like an amazing dog toy, the superbone was invented for Maynard Fergusen in the 1970s and is mainly found in jazz circles. This trombone features a unique combination of slide and valves which allows it to be played as a slide, valve, or combination.
It’s one of the most difficult trombones to master, but has a massive tonal range and is most often keyed to B♭. Due to their complexity, they must be purchased as a specialty item, but are surprisingly cheap, ranging from $900 to $2,000.
12. Tenor Trombone with F Attachment
Sometimes referred to as the B♭/F trombone, this variant of the straight tenor trombone has a special F attachment (also called an F-rotor). This attachment adds up to an additional three feet, as well as a few extra pounds of weight.
This mechanism drops the trombone’s pitch to F when triggered. Like its sibling, this tenor trombone is used in a wide range of music, including pop and opera. It’s increased lower range makes it a great choice for those graduating from the straight tenor.
Depending on whether you choose a traditional wrap or open wrap design, the B♭/F tenor trombone will range between $500 and $3,000.
13. Valve Trombone
One of the more unusual types of trombone, this model uses valves instead of the usual slide to produce notes. They come tuned to a number of different keys, with B♭ being the most popular.
While they may come with anywhere from one to seven valves, the three-valve version is most common. The three-valve version is sometimes used as a secondary instrument for trumpet players in school bands.
Used mainly in jazz and salsa, the valve trombone provides a much higher playing speed at the cost of tonal richness. One will usually cost between $500 and $2,500. | <urn:uuid:87dcc3c3-2f69-4296-a398-201ec04198b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.differenttypes.net/types-of-trombones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057158.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921041059-20210921071059-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.964531 | 1,974 | 2.609375 | 3 |
There's been a lot of hyperbole about the UN Committee Against Torture's recent report called "Concluding Observations on Canada."
To see this year's Concluding Observations Report, go to this website, scroll down to Canada and click on the "E."
Canada is one of many countries around the world that believes that torture is inhumane. Like other international citizens in 1945, Canada agreed the tortuous treatment, experiments, rapes, mutilations and beatings of human beings that were revealed to have taken place from Europe through Asia, "shocked the conscience of humankind." Canada and other States realized that when the world didn't have a properly functioning international order that included "accountability processes," it could slide back into lawlessness and atrocities -- and that international peace and security would be strengthened by committing to a legal framework that would not only guard against unjustifiable action such as State aggression (e.g. invading another country), but also guarantee the rights that individuals themselves held (i.e. the birth of contemporary international human rights law).
Several key human rights treaties followed suit, including in 1984, the UN Convention Against Torture. Canada ratified the treaty, and agreed to have an independent group of experts monitor compliance with the treaty. Such accountability ensures that States do more than pay mere lip-service to fighting torture. Like the majority of State parties, Canada accepted the competency of the UN Committee Against Torture, agreeing to appear before the Committee every five years or so -- to have a conversation (i.e. a 'constructive dialogue') about what's working, what's not working or could be better, and recommendations for improvement that could bring the State's actions into conformity with the Convention.
May 2012 was Canada's turn to appear again before the Committee. First the Committee read all the information presented to it -- including statistics, reports, legislation, reported court decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Federal Court of Canada and provincial courts -- from the Canadian government and members of Canadian civil society. Then, the Committee met over two days with the Canadian Delegation -- members of the Canadian government -- to engage in a conversation about Canada's record. The Committee then made Concluding Observations, noting both the positive and negative aspects, and also recommendations -- concrete suggestions for Canada to better comply with its legal obligations regarding torture.
The Committee has the mandate to hear about Canadian issues relating to the Convention and that includes police accountability; immigration and refugee law amendments that have the possible impact of sending individuals back to torture; the treatment of persons allegedly culpable of torture who live in Canada on the "most-wanted list" published by the government; and various Supreme Court of Canada decisions including about Omar Khadr. Most of the observations by the Committee urge Canada to adopt the recommendations previously made by various public inquiries. Nothing in the observations would have surprised the government.
Indeed, it is somewhat misleading criticism to say that the Committee found Canada complicit in torture of three men, since this was the finding of Retired Supreme Court of Canada Justice, Justice Iaccobucci in the inquiry into the torture of three Canadian men in Syria and Egypt.
After a comprehensive and thorough review of the evidence, Justice Iaccobucci in his 2008 Report, found the men had been tortured, and Canadian officials had engaged in conduct which indirectly contributed to that torture. Justice Iaccobucci wrote that Canadian officials passed on "inflammatory, unqualified, and potentially inaccurate information" to foreign officials known to torture -- he continued to say that using such "loose or imprecise language," or engaging in actions that might suggest a Canadian is a "terrorist suspect," can have "serious or unintended consequences" to that Canadian detained in a foreign jail cell abroad.
Justice Iaccobucci made comprehensive observations about the legal precautions that Canadian officials must use, especially when dealing with foreign agencies. It is hard to understand why anyone would criticize the Committee since it recommended that "in light of the findings of the Iaccobucci Inquiry" Canada take steps to ensure the three tortured men "receive redress, including adequate compensation and rehabilitation," which is what is mandated by the Convention Against Torture.
Governmental responses that the UN Committee should focus on countries worse than Canada don't make sense -- should a corporation with a strong ethical record say that it no longer needs to undergo audit processes because there are other corporations out there cooking the books?
Canadians should be proud of Canada's record in fighting for accountability and international compliance with legal standards. Canada has been a leader in seeking to uphold human rights and we impressed the world with our leadership in creating the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect. Complying with the periodic review of UN treaty bodies including the UN Committee Against Torture is also an important step in Canada's efforts to respect and uphold the effectiveness of the international legal framework.
Accountability processes may inherently involve some uncomfortable moments but that does not require dispensing with the process itself. How Canada responds to the Committee's report sends an important signal to other countries. If a nation like Canada balks at its international legal commitments regarding torture, including the Periodic Review, what signal does it send to countries that practice torture routinely? | <urn:uuid:7a177876-4b26-49f3-b0e5-c10a82712c6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/un-canada-torture_b_1581801 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.958106 | 1,069 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Summary: Studies find that whole grains are protective against cancer, especially gastrointestinal cancers such as gastric and colonic, and hormonally-dependent cancers including breast and prostate.
Dietary guidance recommends consumption of whole grains for the prevention of cancer. Epidemiologic studies find that whole grains are protective against cancer, especially gastrointestinal cancers such as gastric and colonic, and hormonally-dependent cancers including breast and prostate. Four potential mechanisms for the protectiveness of whole grains against cancer are described. First, whole grains are concentrated sources of dietary fiber, resistant starch, and oligosaccharides, fermentable carbohydrates thought to protect against cancer. Fermentation of carbohydrates in the colon results in production of short chain fatty acids that lower colonic pH and serve as an energy source for the colonocytes. Secondly, whole grains are rich in antioxidants, including trace minerals and phenolic compounds, and antioxidants have been proposed to be important in cancer prevention. Thirdly, whole grains are significant sources of phytoestrogens that have hormonal effects related to cancer protection. Phytoestrogens are thought to be particularly important in the prevention of hormonally-dependent cancers such as breast and prostate. Finally, whole grains mediate glucose response, which has been proposed to protect against colon and breast cancer. | <urn:uuid:154300a9-ef51-46af-8587-41988d0597bc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://caninebiologics.com/blogs/food/mechanisms-for-the-impact-of-whole-grain-foods-on-cancer-risk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.948408 | 263 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Since the 1960s, STEAG has been generating electricity and heat with coal-fired power plants at its Herne site.
Power plant units 1, 2 and 3 have now been decommissioned, but Unit 4, which was put into service in 1989, is still in operation. Herne will continue to play a key role in STEAG’s planning in the future: Together with the Power & Gas Division of Siemens AG, STEAG is currently building a highly efficient combined cycle power plant in Herne. It is planned to have an electrical capacity of 600 megawatts (MW), and with the thermal output of 400 MW simultaneously generated in the combined heat and power (CHP) process, the STEAG district heating subsidiary will be able to supply environmentally friendly thermal energy to around 250,000 residential units in the cities of Gelsenkirchen, Essen and Bottrop. With an overall fuel efficiency of 85 percent, the Herne combined cycle power plant will be one of the most efficient CHP plants in the world. It is scheduled to be in continuous commercial operation by the end of 2022 and will then prospectively replace Unit 4.
The struggle over the phase-out of coal-fired power generation went on for more than two years: Experts were consulted, specialist committees were involved and the Commission for Growth, Structural Change and Employment was convened. Joachim Rumstadt was also asked for his expert opinion by the Parliamentary Committee for Economic Affairs and Energy as part of the legislative consultation process. But since July 3, there has been no turning back. “The political and public will to terminate coal-fired power generation in Germany by the end of 2038 is now enshrined in a law,” said the Chairman of STEAG’s Management Board after the passing of the Act on the Termination of Power Generation from Coal (KVBG).
In contrast to the operators of lignite-fired power plants, who are receiving large sums in compensation, the German government does not guarantee any planning security to energy producers like STEAG, who generate electricity and heat in coal-fired power plants, with the KVBG. This applies, of all things, to the most modern and efficient plants. “A point of criticism is that the decision on the further fate of these power plants, which only went on line after 2010, was postponed without making any clear arrangements to which future governments would also be bound,” Joachim Rumstadt states.
“A point of criticism is that the decision on the further fate of these power plants, which only went on line after 2010, was postponed without making any clear arrangements to which future governments would also be bound.”
Joachim Rumstadt, Chairman of the Board of Management, STEAG GmbH
Nevertheless, the new law provides increased support – known as the coal replacement bonus – for the conversion of hard coal-fired power plants which until now have produced not only electricity but also district heating in the context of combined heat and power (CHP). As the largest district heating company in North Rhine-Westphalia with an annual heat supply of 2.3 billion kilowatt hours, this is very important for STEAG. “The coal replacement bonus, which is intended to promote the conversion of a previously hard coal-fired power plant to other, lower CO energy sources such as natural gas, is clearly to be seen in a positive light,” said the STEAG boss.
The coal phase-out in Germany was foreseeable, which is why STEAG’s management realigned the company’s generation and service portfolio some time ago. STEAG is currently continuing these efforts with great intensity in order to develop competitive solutions for the energy markets of the future: climate-friendly, distributed local and district heating based on renewable energies, construction and operation of large-scale solar energy plants, battery storage, wind farms in Germany and abroad, and investments in flexible, highly efficient and natural gas-based electricity and heat generation – STEAG is already all this today.
“It is our task to organize the irreversible exit process from coal-fired power generation,” Joachim Rumstadt summarizes. “We are tackling this with determination. Even without our hard coal-fired power plants in Germany, STEAG has good prospects for the future.” | <urn:uuid:5aee894d-3edd-4037-8780-e744e312a70a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.steag.com/en/news/insights/steag-has-good-future-prospects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107898499.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028103215-20201028133215-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.963966 | 892 | 2.875 | 3 |
Are white or brown spots on your teeth standing in the way of the smile of your dreams? What is causing them and how do you get rid of them?
Here’s the breakdown:
What causes white or brown spots on your teeth?
- Dental Fluorosis – This is caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first 8 years of life. Resulting tooth stains can range from yellow to dark brown and create surface irregularities or even pits that are highly noticeable. The teeth are very resistant to decay but are esthetically compromised.
- Old Dental Work – Wear and tear on dental fillings, crowns and bridges can cause them to change their color. The metal in fillings might leach into the tooth over time changing the color of the tooth.
- Dark spots of decay around the edges of dental fillings or crowns can also develop when bacteria has entered through the gap that opens between fillings and teeth.
- Enamel Hypoplasia – Hypoplasia (or under development of the enamel) is a caused by a disruption in tooth development while the enamel is forming. It appears as chalky, white, or yellowish-brown patches. They may be hard but unesthetic or they may be softer and more susceptible to decay
- Celiac Disease – Dental symptoms are often the first indications of this disease, which usually effect the molars and incisors. Symptoms often include patches or speckles or brown, yellow or whitish discoloration, weak enamel, pitting or translucence.
- Aging – As we get older the enamel on our teeth slowly wears and develops craze lines. This process can lead to yellowish-brown discoloration at the edges of teeth.
Can You Get Rid Of Them?
If you see white spots developing, get treatment as soon as possible. This will prevent additional problems, such as cavities, from occurring.
Some treatments your dentists may consider include:
- Dental Veneer– This is a thin porcelain shell that is custom made and bonded to the front of the tooth to give it a natural look. Dental veneers can not only hide the discoloration, but also protect the tooth from further damage.
- Composite Resin – Composite resin fillings (also known as white fillings) are a type of filling made of glass or quartz within a resin medium that produces a tooth-colored material. They are used to fill cavities, restore tooth decay, and prevent further decay.
- If your teeth has only a few, small spots, your dentist might use a material called composite resin to mask the surface.
- Tooth Whitening – Bleach contained in tooth whiteners can break the white spots and eliminate minor stain on the teeth. For the best results seek advice from your dentist.
- Enamel Microabrasion – Your dentist may use a mechanical rotating tool to scrape off a thin layers of your discolored enamel. This only works if the discoloration is superficial.
Practice good oral hygiene – This includes brushing and flossing on a regular basis. If possible, brush and rinse your mouth after every meal. You should also floss nightly and use an electric toothbrush designed to reduce plaque buildup.
Maintain a balanced diet – Reduce sugary and acidic foods and drinks.
Keep your braces clean – Maintaining your braces, especially around the brackets and wires, will prevent the development of white marks on your teeth
Quit smoking – It’s bad for your teeth AND your health! | <urn:uuid:40904216-ec9c-4e5d-9780-2e7a4b1608ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://gallery57dental.com/white-spots-on-your-teeth-how-do-you-get-rid-of-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338073.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007112411-20221007142411-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.928806 | 740 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Mud crab farming is very popular in some Asian countries like Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Philippine etc. Mud crab has huge demand and price in international market. Crab is very tasty and many countries of the world import huge amount of crabs for consumption every year. As a result, there are huge possibilities of earning foreign currencies by exporting crabs. The main benefits of crab farming are, labor cost is very low, production cost is comparatively lower and they grow very fast. Commercial crab farming business is developing the lifestyle of the people of coastal areas. By proper care and management we can earn more from crab farming business than shrimp farming. And small scale crab farming is gaining popularity day by day. Mud crab farming systems in coastal areas are described below.
Types of Mud Crabs
Mud crab can be found on estuaries, backwaters and coastal ares. They are member of Scylla genus. There are two species of crabs available that are suitable for commercial production. Two species of crabs are red claw and green mud crab.
Green Mud Crab
- Green mud crabs are larger in size.
- A green mud crab can grow to a maximum size of 22 centimeter carapace width. And it can weights about 2 kg.
- These are free living and distinguished by the polygonal markings present on all appendages.
- Generally red claws are smaller in size than green mud crab.
- A red claw can grow to a maximum size of 12.7 centimeter carapace width. And it can weights about 1.2 kg.
- It has a burrowing habit and there are no polygonal markings on it.
Both species are suitable for commercial crab farming business. And both have good value and huge demand in the foreign market.
Mud Crab Farming Methods
You can raise mud crabs in two systems. Grow out farming and fattening systems. The systems of farming in this two methods are shortly described below.
Grow Out System
In grow out farming system, young crabs are raised and grown for a certain period of 5 to 6 months till they reach marketing size and weight. This type of crab farming system is generally pond based. The pond size depends on the production type. Generally ponds for crab farming sized between 0.5 to 2 hectors. Proper bunds and tidal water exchange is a must. Small sized ponds are very suitable for crab farming. Because they are easily maintained. Make a suitable fence if the size of pond become small. In larger sized ponds where natural conditions are prevailing, strengthening is necessary along the outlet area. You can stock wild collected juvenile crabs that weights around 10 to 100 grams. Depending on the size of crabs and available facilities the duration of production may varies between 3 to 6 months. In commercial production with supplementary feeding you can stock 1-3 crabs per square meter. You can feed your crabs low cost fish, shrimps, small sized crabs etc. You can visit your nearest local market and collect rotted fish and innards of birds and animals from slaughter house. Provide the crabs 5% feed daily of their total body weight. For example, if there are 100 kg crabs in the pond then feed 5 kg food daily. Collect some crabs and try to determine an average weight. Regular sampling is very necessary for monitoring the growth and general health, and to adjust the feeding rate. Keep some pipes in the pond for shelter and the purpose of reducing mutual attacks and cannibalism. Within 3 to 5 months they will reach marketing weight and become suitable for selling.
Raising soft shelled crabs for a certain period until their exoskeleton gets hardened is known as crab fattening system. Hard shelled crabs has four to five times more value in the market than soft shelled crabs. Farming crabs in this system take less time and the process is very profitable. You can do crab fattening business in two systems that are described below.
- Fattening in Pond: Fattening can be done in any types of ponds between 0.025 to 0.2 hector size. Small tidal ponds with a depth of 1 to 1.5 meter is very suitable for crab farming. Prepare the pond perfectly before stocking crabs in the pond. Pond preparation can be done by draining the pond water, sun-drying and adding sufficient quantity of lime. Make a fence around the pond for fattening purpose. Because the crabs have a tendency to escape by making hole and digging the soil. Reinforce the inlet areas with bamboo matting inside the bund. For stocking, collect soft crabs from local fisherman or crab merchants. Collect the crabs in morning. 1-2 per squire meter stocking density is ideal for crab fattening purpose. Divide the pond into different compartments according to the size of crabs if it is big sized. Keeping male and female crabs separated from each other will make good results and reduce mutual attacks and cannibalism. Depending on your location and crabs availability 8 to 12 fattening cycles can be done in a year. Generally, crabs weight between 300 grams to 500 grams have high demand and value in the market. Collect and sell all the crabs when they reach the marketing weight. Always try to sell the crabs when they are in hard shelled condition. This will ensure high profit form crab farming business.
- Fattening in Pens or Cages: Crab fattening can also be done in pens, floating net cages, bamboo cages in shallow estuarine waterways and inside large shrimp ponds with good tidal water influx and in tanks. You can use bamboo splits, netlon or HDPE as netting material. 3 m * 2 m *1 m (3 m long, 2 m wide and 1 m height) is ideal cage size for crab fattening. Arrange the cages in a row so that you can easily feed and monitor the crabs. Stocking density of 10 crabs per squire meter in cage and 5 crabs per squire meter in pens is ideal. Maximum stocking density can result mutual attacks and cannibalism. Fattening in cages or pens in only used in small sale production. For commercial production fattening in ponds is perfect and more profitable.
Between these two crab farming methods, fattening system is more profitable than grow out system and has many advantages. Grow out crab farming system takes more time than fattening system. But fattening system is very popular to the farmer as it take less time and highly profitable.
Water quality plays an important role in the production of crabs. Change water occasionally if possible or apply proper medicines or chemicals. See the following chart.
For commercial purpose, crabs need 5-8% food of their body weight. You can feed your crabs low cost trash fish, chicken waste, animal innards collected form slaughter house, brackish water clams etc. Don’t served all the feed at once. Instead give it twice a day. Give major part of the total feeds during evening hours.
After a certain period check the crabs for their hardening. In grow out crab farming system they become suitable for marketing purpose within their 3 to 6 months of age. And in fattening system the time depends on crab’s size. However, collect the crabs when they reach proper weight and when their price remain high. Collect the crabs in the early morning hours or evening hours. You can collect crabs from pond by using scoop net or by using alluring bait. Wash the collected crabs with good brackish water and remove all types of dirt and mud. And then carefully tie the crabs very carefully without breaking its legs. Then try to keep those crabs in moist conditions. Keep them away from sunlight. Because direct sunlight has a negative effect on their survival. After that send them to the market.
Commercial crab farming business is gaining popularity day by day in many coastal areas around the world. Because it is a very easy, profitable and takes less time. Mud crabs have huge demand and high value in international market. So, you can earn some extra money and make an employment opportunity by doing commercial crab farming business. Have a good day! | <urn:uuid:3ef3cdba-524f-4146-b3ce-ce7dc45546e3> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.roysfarm.com/mud-crab-farming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051299749.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005459-00209-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934173 | 1,647 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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