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A unit conversion calculator that also provides students with the values needed to convert between English and Metric units. Teachers should ensure that students also know how to convert in the opposite direction using the values provided.
This description of a site outside SERC has not been vetted by SERC staff and may be incomplete or incorrect. If you
have information we can use to flesh out or correct this record let us know.
Subject: Physics:General Physics:Measurement/Units, Mathematical Physics, Mathematics Resource Type: Datasets and Tools:Tools, Activities:Classroom Activity Special Interest: Quantitative Grade Level: College Lower (13-14), Middle (6-8), High School (9-12) Quantitative Skills: Units and Unit Conversions
CMS authors: link to this resource in your page using [resource 40179] | <urn:uuid:dd64b17c-e33b-4fe1-88df-f1e07dc1b0e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://serc.carleton.edu/resources/40179.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189090.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00152-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844853 | 173 | 3.015625 | 3 |
What is Sport injuries
Sport injuries are diverse in terms of the mechanism of injury, how they present in individuals, and how the injury should be managed. Defining exactly what a sports injury is can be problematic and definitions are not consistent.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is one of the most well know mechanisms and considered the gold standard for classification of medical conditions but is currently rarely used in the field of sports medicine. For researchers in sport defining simple, pragmatic, consistent, operational criteria which describe an injury that can be applied across a range of sports is vital, particulalry when developing injury surveillance systems. Many comprehensive systems have been developed to classify injury in order to assist with development of injury surveillance which can be used across sports. There are many ways to classify sports injuries basd on the time taken for the tissues to become injured, tissue type affected, severity of the injury, and which injury the individual presents with.
According to Brukner & Kahn (2012) this is one of the most common methods of classifying sports injuries, and relies on the sports physiotherapist knowing and understanding both the the mechanism of injury and the onset of the symptoms.
Injury occurs suddenly to previously normal tissue. Acute injuries occur due to sudden trauma to the tissue, with the symptoms of acute injuries presenting themselves almost immediately. The principle in this instance is that the force exerted at the time of injury on the tissue (ie. muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone) exceeds the strength of that tissue.Forces commonly involved in acute injury are either a direct or indirect.
Direct / Contact Injury
- A direct injury is caused by an external blow or force.
- A collision with another person e.g.during a tackle in rugby or football.
- Being struck with an object e.g. a basketball or hockey stick.
- Indirect / Non-Contact Injury.
An indirect injury can occur in two ways:
- The actual injury can occur some distance from the impact site e.g. falling on an outstretched hand can result in a dislocated shoulder.
- The injury does not result from physical contact with an object or person, but from internal forces built up by the actions of the performer, such as may be caused by over-stretching, poor technique, fatigue and lack of fitness.
Common Acute Injuries include:
Ankle injuries can involve strains and tears of the deltoid ligament , calcano fibular ligament , tibifibular ligament , Syndesmotic Ankle sprains.
Knee injuries like Meniscus tears , Anterior Cruciate ligament strain/tears , Posterior cruciate ligament strains , Lateral and medical collateral ligament , patellar tendon injuries , fracture of the patella .
Various muscle strains like Quadriceps Strain, Hamstring tears , Groin strains and calf strains . Shoulder injuries including rotator cuff tendinopathy , rotator cuff tear , impingement syndrome, Bicep related pathology and SLAP Lesions , Scapular Dyskinesis, Acromioclavicular joint injuries , Adhesive capsulitis .
Elbow injuries include Tennis and Golfers elbow , Flexor/pronator tendinopathy , Medical collateral ligament sprain. Other elbow injuries include supracondylar fractures , Olecranon fractures , radial head fractures and tendon ruptures .
Common wrist injuries include Carpal tunnel syndrome , fracture of the scaphoid, trapezium, De Duervain's tenosynovitis, Intersection syndrome, ganglions , scapholunate dislocation, Triangular fibrocarilage complex tear
Physiotherapy treatment of a sport injuries include a biomechanical assessment of the injury, assessing the kinetic chain with physiotherapy treatment which includes using various modalities like manual therapy , electrotherapy , taping , stretching ,motor control training , vaccum cupping, acupuncture , dry needling , cryotherapy , neurodynamic techniques soft tissue techniques , strength and conditioning, advice on injury prevention and performance enhancement . It also involves a multi professional approach .i.e arranging appropriate referrals , scans etc . | <urn:uuid:af16521a-ca4f-457f-9a8f-a6af5090ffc8> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.prorehab.co.uk/sportinjuries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517557.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209041847-20191209065847-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.896604 | 875 | 3.59375 | 4 |
A patent is a legal contract between the federal government and an inventor.
The inventor publicly discloses all knowledge related to an invention and, in
exchange, the government grants the inventor the right to exclude others from
making, using, or selling the invention for a limited time.
Any person who "invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine,
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement
thereof, may obtain a patent."
3 Main Types of Patents:
UTILITY: most common type covering the definition above; when
patents are discussed, it usually means a utility patent
DESIGN: granted to a person who invents "a new, original, and ornamental
design for an article of manufacture"; this patent only protects the
appearance of the product; a D precedes the patent number
PLANT: granted to a person who "invents or discovers and asexually
reproduces any distinct and new variety of plant"; a PP precedes the patent
4 Conditions required for Patentability:
What cannot be patented:
- Useful - the invention must have a function; does not apply to plant
- Novel - there must be no previous patent or mention in any publication
- Nonobvious - the invention must not be easily apparent to someone "skilled
in the art"
- Full Disclosure
- Perpetual motion machines
- Abstract ideas
- Natural and physical processes, scientific truths, mathematical
- Products designed solely to harm another person
- Inventions in which public disclosure would be detrimental to national
security (e.g. nuclear weapons)
Patents are an overlooked science information resource. It has been estimated
that 80% of the information in patents is not found anywhere else.
An inventor is not required to obtain a patent. They may choose that the
benefits of keeping the invention secret outweigh the benefits of a patent.
- property of its owner as long as it remains secret, patents have a limited
term (the oldest known trade secret has been kept since 1623)
- can be exploited on a global basis, patents are only valid in the country
in which they were obtained
- once they become public, the owner has limited legal remedies to prevent
others from making or selling the invention
- owner takes on the responsibility of protecting it and preventing its
A trademark is a "word, name, symbol, or device that is used in trade with
goods to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from the
goods of others." Trademarks are used not only for advertising but also for
quality assurance and identification of faulty products.
Trademarks can be:
||Hershey's, Is that Your Final Answer?, Captain Jean-Luc Picard
|Symbols or Designs:
The following types of trademarks are less common.
||brown for delivery vehicles (UPS), pink for fiberglass
||shape of Pizza Hut buildings, BMW grille
||NBC chimes, MGM lion roar
Trademarks identify tangible products (clothes, food, automobiles, etc.) while
service marks identify services (restaurants, sporting events, insurance,
etc.). Some marks can be registered as both. Wyoming's famous Bucking Horse and
Rider symbol is registered both as a service mark (for educational services and
entertainment/sporting events) and a trademark (for products like sweatshirts,
mugs, paper products, etc.).
Examples of service marks:
|Reg. 1427863; Registered: Feb. 3, 1987; Date of first use in commerce: Apr.
1961; Owner: Cheyenne Frontier Days, Inc.
||Reg. 1151271; Registered: Apr. 14, 1981; Date of first use in commerce:
Aug. 15, 1969; Owner: Woodstock Ventures, Ltd.
Increasing Levels of Trademark Protection:
- Common Law (TM):
- No registration or fees, rights result from use of the mark with the
product, little public notice, owner may use the TM symbol
- State Registration (TM):
- registration and small fee, public notice of use, protection varies by
state, protection only within the state, owner may use the TM symbol
- Federal Registration (®):
- more expensive fees and slower process, must use or have a genuine
intent-to-use the mark in interstate commerce, presumption of ownership
nationwide, exclusive right to use, public notice of use, trademark lasts
indefinitely as long as renewal fees are paid and mark still in use; can be
deposited with U.S. Customs to prevent importation of goods infringing mark,
owner may use the ® symbol only after the mark has been fully registered
with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Some of the reasons a trademark may be refused:
- "Likelihood of confusion" with another trademark
- Immoral or scandalous
- Deceptive (e.g. misrepresents content or geographic region of product)
- Disparages or falsely suggests a connection to a person, institution,
belief, or national symbol
- Mark protected by statute or convention (e.g. the American Red Cross,
Olympic rings, NASA insignia)
Trade names are not trademarks. A trade name is "any name used by a person to
identify his or her business or vocation". Federal law does not allow trade
name registration and not all states offer it (WY does).
WYOMING INVENTORS DATABASE
This database created by the Wyoming State Library indexes United
States patents issued to inventors within the present-day boundaries of Wyoming from 1867 - Present.
It can be searched by name, city, patent number, date issued, and assignee.
Each record provides a link to the full patent on the United States Patent and
Trademark Office website.
- United States Patent and Trademark Office
- Wyoming Secretary of State's Bucking Horse and Rider info page
- Wyoming Patent and Trademark Depository Library
- Wyoming Inventors Database
Wyoming State Library
No information in this handout should be construed as legal
advice. Librarians at the Wyoming State Library can assist with the use of
legal search tools and factual information but cannot offer legal opinions or
interpretations of law. Consult an intellectual property attorney for legal
Created by Statewide Information Services, Wyoming State
Last updated March 2003. | <urn:uuid:2efe517f-b8ac-442c-b870-2432229c3c90> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://will.state.wy.us/sis/ptdl/handout.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443451.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00215-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86144 | 1,368 | 3.671875 | 4 |
ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Sydney Observatory. This refracting telescope, on an equatorial mount, was made by the German company Georg Merz and Sons. It arrived at Sydney Observatory, Sydney, Australia, in 1861. The observatory had been established only a few years earlier in 1858. Used for a variety of observations, from 1890 to 1947 this telescope was used as a guide telescope for the Sydney astrographic observation program. Photographed by Australian photographer Charles Bayliss (1850-1897). Bayliss was commissioned by the observatory in the 1880s and 1890s to document the building and its equipment.
Model release not required. Property release not required. | <urn:uuid:1bd44f9c-183e-447f-8fbc-54dd3a38285d> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/480704/view/7-25-inch-telescope-sydney-observatory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583879117.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123003356-20190123025356-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.91891 | 175 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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- The Yongle Encyclopedia is a large-scale encyclopedia–the largest in pre-modern China--arranged by subject categories traditionally used in China. The entire work is comprised of 22,877 juan (sections) of text proper and a prolegomenon and index in 60 juan, all bound in 11,095 volumes, amounting to about 370 million characters in all. The encyclopedia preserved textual information from about 8,000 texts of all kinds, from pre-Qin times to the early Ming dynasty, covering the works of famous specialists in such areas as astronomy, geography, human affairs, famous objects, yin-yang philosophy, Buddhism and Daoism, crafts, and so forth. In addition to being large in scale and broad in scope, the Yongle Encyclopedia was neatly transcribed and finely illustrated, making it a true treasure among manuscripts. The work itself dropped into oblivion with the fall of the Ming. Many copies met unfortunate fates in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and parts of the encyclopedia were scattered about the world. Only some 400 volumes are extant, distributed among more than 30 collections in eight countries or territories. The National Library of China owns 221 volumes, over half the volumes in the world, making it the largest holder of any institution.
Zhu Di (Chengzu, the Yongle Emperor), Nanjing
Title in Original Language
Type of Item
- One volume, 50 × 30 centimeters | <urn:uuid:66b4bab9-4c3d-4a85-aae5-3dfdb247502b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133568.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00301-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885633 | 300 | 3.21875 | 3 |
This week marks 50 years since Fannie Lou Hamer, a leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), delivered a historic speech to the credentials committee of the Democratic National Convention about voter suppression and racist law enforcement violence -- themes that are making headlines again today.
The MFDP was organized in 1964 during the civil rights movement by African Americans in Mississippi with help from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Council of Federated Organizations. It sought to challenge the legitimacy of what was then the segregationist Mississippi Democratic Party.
In August of 1964, more than 60 MFDP members traveled by bus to the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey with the aim of unseating the official, all-white Mississippi delegation by challenging the legality of the segregated delegate election process, which violated party rules and federal law.
The Democratic Party referred the MFDP's challenge to the convention's Credentials Committee, which televised the Aug. 22 proceedings. Fearing that an MFDP victory would result in his losing Southern support to Republican opponent Barry Goldwater, President Lyndon Johnson preempted Hamer's televised testimony with a press conference. But later that night, the major news networks broadcast the former sharecropper's shocking story of the racist brutality she suffered simply for registering to vote and encouraging other black citizens to do likewise.
The speech garnered widespread support for the MFDP, though in the end the party's effort to be seated at the convention failed. Johnson, with the help of Vice President Hubert Humphrey and party leader Walter Mondale, offered a deal in which the national Democratic Party would give the MFDP two at-large seats, allowing them to watch the floor proceedings but not take part. The MFDP refused.
"We didn't come all this way for no two seats when all of us is tired," Hamer famously said.
While the MFDP didn't succeed in unseating the Mississippi delegates, it did draw attention to white supremacist violence and black disenfranchisement in the South. That in turn helped secure the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which led to a dramatic increase in the number of registered black voters in Mississippi and other Southern states.
But today, gains made by African Americans as a result of the Voting Rights Act are in jeopardy following last year's U.S. Supreme Court Shelby County v. Holder decision that struck down a key provision of the law and weakened federal oversight in jurisdictions with a history of discrimination, most of them in the South. Following the decision, legislatures from North Carolina to Mississippi made changes to election laws and procedures that make it more difficult for blacks and other minorities to vote.
Hamer also drew attention to racist brutality by law enforcement, another issue in the headlines again today because of the recent deadly police shooting of unarmed black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri -- a place that in its segregation, poverty, and lack of black political representation is not completely unlike the Mississippi of Hamer's time.
Though law enforcement officers did not kill Hamer, they came close: On June 9, 1963, she was traveling home to Mississippi on a bus with fellow activists who had attended a voter registration workshop in South Carolina when they were arrested on bogus charges. Hamer was brutally beaten in jail by two other black prisoners using a blackjack under orders from a Mississippi Highway Patrol officer, leaving her with a damaged kidney and eye.
"All of this on account of we want to register, to become first-class citizens," Hamer told the Credentials Committee. "And if the Freedom Democratic Party is not seated now, I question America."
Though the MFDP lost its bid to be seated in 1964, four years later Hamer became the first African American since Reconstruction and the first woman ever to serve as an official Mississippi delegate to the Democratic National Convention, where she spoke out against the Vietnam War. She continued to be active in the civil rights movement until her death from heart failure in 1977 at the age of 59. Her tombstone features one of her famous quotes: "I am sick and tired of being sick and tired."
Marking the 50th anniversary of Hamer's historic testimony, we share the audio of her speech and the full transcription:
Mr. Chairman, and to the Credentials Committee, my name is Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer, and I live at 626 East Lafayette Street, Ruleville, Mississippi, Sunflower County, the home of Sen. James O. Eastland, and Sen. Stennis.
It was the 31st of August in 1962 that 18 of us traveled 26 miles to the county courthouse in Indianola to try to register to become first-class citizens.
We was met in Indianola by policemen, highway patrolmen, and they only allowed two of us in to take the literacy test at the time. After we had taken this test and started back to Ruleville, we was held up by the city police and the state highway patrolmen and carried back to Indianola where the bus driver was charged that day with driving a bus the wrong color.
After we paid the fine among us, we continued on to Ruleville, and Rev. Jeff Sunny carried me four miles in the rural area where I had worked as a timekeeper and sharecropper for 18 years. I was met there by my children, who told me that the plantation owner was angry because I had gone down to try to register.
After they told me, my husband came, and said the plantation owner was raising Cain because I had tried to register. Before he quit talking the plantation owner came and said, "Fannie Lou, do you know -- did Pap tell you what I said?"
And I said, "Yes, sir."
He said, "Well I mean that." He said, "If you don't go down and withdraw your registration, you will have to leave." Said, "Then if you go down and withdraw," said, "you still might have to go because we are not ready for that in Mississippi."
And I addressed him and told him and said, "I didn't try to register for you. I tried to register for myself."
I had to leave that same night.
On the 10th of September 1962, 16 bullets was fired into the home of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Tucker for me. That same night two girls were shot in Ruleville, Mississippi. Also Mr. Joe McDonald's house was shot in.
And June the 9th, 1963, I had attended a voter registration workshop, was returning back to Mississippi. Ten of us was traveling by the Continental Trailway bus. When we got to Winona, Mississippi, which is Montgomery County, four of the people got off to use the washroom, and two of the people -- to use the restaurant -- two of the people wanted to use the washroom.
The four people that had gone in to use the restaurant was ordered out. During this time I was on the bus. But when I looked through the window and saw they had rushed out I got off of the bus to see what had happened. And one of the ladies said, "It was a state highway patrolman and a chief of police ordered us out."
I got back on the bus and one of the persons had used the washroom got back on the bus, too.
As soon as I was seated on the bus, I saw when they began to get the five people in a highway patrolman's car. I stepped off of the bus to see what was happening and somebody screamed from the car that the five workers was in and said, "Get that one there." When I went to get in the car, when the man told me I was under arrest, he kicked me.
I was carried to the county jail and put in the booking room. They left some of the people in the booking room and began to place us in cells. I was placed in a cell with a young woman called Miss Ivesta Simpson. After I was placed in the cell I began to hear sounds of licks and screams, I could hear the sounds of licks and horrible screams. And I could hear somebody say, "Can you say, 'yes, sir,' nigger? Can you say 'yes, sir'?"
And they would say other horrible names.
She would say, "Yes, I can say 'yes, sir.'"
"So, well, say it."
She said, "I don't know you well enough."
They beat her, I don't know how long. And after a while she began to pray, and asked God to have mercy on those people.
And it wasn't too long before three white men came to my cell. One of these men was a state highway patrolman and he asked me where I was from. I told him Ruleville and he said, "We are going to check this."
They left my cell and it wasn't too long before they came back. He said, "You are from Ruleville all right," and he used a curse word. And he said, "We are going to make you wish you was dead."
I was carried out of that cell into another cell where they had two Negro prisoners. The state highway patrolman ordered the first Negro to take the blackjack.
The first Negro prisoner ordered me, by orders from the state highway patrolman, for me to lay down on a bunk bed on my face.
I laid on my face and the first Negro began to beat. I was beat by the first Negro until he was exhausted. I was holding my hands behind me at that time on my left side, because I suffered from polio when I was six years old.
After the first Negro had beat until he was exhausted, the State Highway Patrolman ordered the second Negro to take the blackjack.
The second Negro began to beat and I began to work my feet, and the State Highway Patrolman ordered the first Negro who had beat me to sit on my feet -- to keep me from working my feet. I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me in my head and tell me to hush.
One white man -- my dress had worked up high -- he walked over and pulled my dress -- I pulled my dress down and he pulled my dress back up.
I was in jail when Medgar Evers was murdered.
All of this is on account of we want to register, to become first-class citizens. And if the Freedom Democratic Party is not seated now, I question America. Is this America, the land of the free and the home of the brave, where we have to sleep with our telephones off the hooks because our lives be threatened daily, because we want to live as decent human beings, in America? | <urn:uuid:c8a18919-2489-4a5f-9526-6a6ab015ad39> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.facingsouth.org/2014/08/i-question-america-remembering-fannie-lou-hamers-c.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174124.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00112-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982101 | 2,211 | 2.609375 | 3 |
10 Oct. 1758–8 Aug. 1853
Nathan Hunt, Quaker leader, itinerant minister, and principal founder of the New Garden Boarding School (now Guilford College), was born in the New Garden community (now within the limits of Greensboro), the son of Sarah Mills and William Hunt, a Friends minister. Nathan Hunt characterized his heritage "as a very ancient British family with some Scotch and some Welsh blood in it." His paternal grandfather and great-grandfather located on Rancocas Creek in New Jersey soon after 1670. His father, as a young man, arrived with the pioneer settlers in the New Garden Community and soon married Sarah Mills, the daughter of John and Sarah Beals Mills. The Mills and the Beals families were also among the community's early settlers. All of these relatives of Nathan Hunt had followed the emigrant road from the Philadelphia area across Maryland to the Valley of Virginia, up the valley to suitable passes across the Blue Ridges, and then along trails and emerging frontier roads to New Garden.
When Nathan was fourteen, his father and Nathan's cousin, John Woolman, died of smallpox while on a religious visit at Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. Afterwards, neighbors contributed a sum of money for the purchase of equipment and tools to enable Nathan to learn the blacksmith trade. This act of charity may indicate that his mother found it difficult to support her eight children. Nathan, who had little opportunity for a formal education, said he never attended school more than six months in his life. Fortunately, he lived within three miles of the home of Dr. David Caldwell, then generally considered the area's outstanding intellectual and teacher. Caldwell gave the youth access to his library and encouraged him to follow a continuous discipline in his study.
Around the time of the Battle of Guilford Court House in 1781, the Hunt farm was victimized by foragers from both the American and British armies. All of the horses, one cow, and other resources were seized, leaving the family almost destitute. After the battles on New Garden Road and at Guilford Court House, a large number of the most seriously wounded from both armies were left at New Garden Meeting House and scattered among homes in the community. When some of the wounded contracted smallpox, young Nathan Hunt volunteered to help care for the victims who were being treated at the Meeting House. His family objected to his running such a risk in view of the death of his father and cousin from the disease; moreover, his neighbor, Richard Williams—a young married man with two children—had just contracted smallpox from a wounded British officer. Nevertheless, Nathan felt that it was his duty to try to save the lives of the afflicted soldiers. He did catch the virus, but had a mild case.
Hunt fought the institution of slavery as boldly as he had confronted smallpox. At the time, public bitterness against abolitionists was strong in Guilford County and some were attacked by mobs. Despite the risks, he spoke out forcefully against slavery, even in the presence of a slaveholding governor of North Carolina.
For nearly two hundred years itinerant Quaker ministers, both men and women, fanned out continuously to Quaker meetings in the British Isles and in the Western Hemisphere. Their ministry furnished the lifeblood of the Society of Friends and kept the meetings alive. Nathan Hunt was one of the ablest. Recorded as a minister at age thirty-five, he visited nearly all the meetings in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. While in Glasgow, Scotland, he preached to an audience of more than four thousand people—among them the Russian ambassador and his wife and attendants. He also carried his Christian message to Indian tribes in the United States and Canada. His travels often kept him away from his family for several months at a time.
Hunt exercised vigorous leadership within the Society of Friends of North Carolina. When the state's Quakers were threatened with a schism, he was quick to evaluate the dispute and use his influence to mend the breach. Living at a time when the yearly meeting (the governing body) directed members to remain aloof from politics, Hunt surprised some when he left a session of the annual assembly of Friends to ride twenty miles to cast his ballot in a general election. He said that he considered voting a debt that he owed his country and he could not neglect it.
Hunt's name heads the list of founders of New Garden Boarding School, which opened in the spring of 1837. Thereafter his role in the school was akin to that of a patron saint. Through frequent visits and talks to the students, he exercised as much influence as any teacher. Members of his family were also deeply involved in the school's establishment and operation. His son, Thomas T. (and wife, Nancy D. Hunt), and daughters, Asenath Hunt Clark (and husband, Dougan Clark) and Abigail Hunt Stanley (and husband, Joshua Stanley), were members of the committees that planned, promoted, and established the school, and all of them were teachers or administrators after it opened.
On 12 Nov. 1777, at age nineteen, Hunt married Mary Ruckman, the daughter of Joseph Ruckman of Guilford County. She died eleven years later, one week after the birth of their sixth child. On 6 Apr. 1791 he married Prudence Thornbrugh, the daughter of Thomas and Abigail Thornbrugh; by her, Hunt had four more children.
Soon after Hunt's second marriage, the family moved to the Pine Woods community, a few miles west of the Springfield community to which they later moved. Prudence Hunt died in 1822, and it is believed that Nathan and the family of his son, Thomas, shared the same home. In 1848 they returned to the old family homestead on New Garden Road. Four years later Thomas Hunt and his family moved to Indiana, and Nathan went to live with his daughter and son-in-law, Abigail and Joshua Stanley, in the Centre community in southern Guilford County.
Hunt died near the Centre Friends Meeting and was buried in the Friends Cemetery at Springfield Friends Meeting House. In recognition of his role in the history of Guilford College, his picture now hangs in the foyer of New Garden Hall, the school's administration building; Nathan Hunt Road runs south from the main campus; and his broadbrimmed hat is prominently displayed in the Quaker Collection of the library.
Brief Memoir of Nathan Hunt (1854).
Nathan Hunt Memorial by Springfield Friends Meeting, Minutes and Records of New Garden Meeting of Friends, Minutes and Records of Springfield Monthly Meeting of Friends, Minutes of North Carolina Yearly Meeting of Friends (Quaker Collection, Guilford College Library).
Hunt, William. Memoirs of William and Nathan Hunt taken chiefly from their journals and letters. Philadelphia : Uriah Hunt & Son. 1858. http://archive.org/details/memoirsofwilliam00hunt (accessed May 9, 2014).
"Nathan Hunt." Bulletin of Friends Historical Society of Philadelphia 1, no. 3 (November 1907). Frontispiece. http://archive.org/stream/bulletinoffriend19061910frie#page/n99/mode/2up (accessed May 9, 2014).
1 January 1988 | Newlin, Algie I. | <urn:uuid:fc5b6279-4f16-4edd-83d0-7fe0dd85e1a6> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://ncpedia.org/node/5694 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380068.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00181-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978456 | 1,520 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Did You Know?
Did You Know? is a weekly feature from the Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support to inform your prevention activities. We invite you to read, share, and take action!
February 12, 2016
- In 2013, among students who dated, 21% of girls and 10% of boys reported physical and/or sexual violence from a dating partner.
- Teen victims of dating violence are more likely to use tobacco, drugs, and alcohol and to have symptoms of depression.
- Local health departments, schools, and community partners can use the Dating Matters Capacity Assessment and Planning Tool (DM-CAPT) to start or improve comprehensive initiatives to prevent teen dating violence.
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Each of the two points at which the moon’s orbit cuts the ecliptic.
- Therefore it takes just over 31 days to traverse the zone in which eclipses can occur, the seasons that recur twice per eclipse year when the lunar nodes are close to the solar direction.
- The mean lunar nodes always move backwards, but the true nodes describe a bi-directional motion somewhat like other planets; though the nodes are mostly retrograde but at times travel forward - what is known as direct motion in astrology.
- When the Sun and Moon are in opposition, and each is in conjunction with one of the lunar nodes, a lunar eclipse occurs.
For editors and proofreaders
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Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:19e0622e-6957-4e7a-ab74-fc9f8c6ab277> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/lunar-node | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982954852.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200914-00197-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895554 | 186 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Wild winds that whipped Florida Keys seas this week played havoc with boaters but may help keep Florida Keys reef corals healthy.
“Water temperatures went down about five to six degrees in a week while we were doing [reef] surveys in the Middle Keys,” said Meaghan Johnson of The Nature Conservancy’s Florida Reef Resilience Program.
“That was before the winds,” she said, “which should help alleviate the thermal stress on corals.”
Water temperatures at the Keys reef hit 86 degrees Fahrenheit — warm enough to cause serious coral bleaching — in August in September.
“We did see significant coral bleaching in the Keys similar to last year, which was bad,” Johnson said.
The Coral Bleaching Early Warning Network, a joint project of Mote Marine Laboratory and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, reported Oct. 12 that “most areas of the Florida Keys National Sanctuary have been reduced to ‘No Stress’ [status], indicating that although previous thermal stress exposure may still be adversely impacting corals, recovery may be underway.”
On Oct. 8, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration declared its third-ever global “coral bleaching event” brought on by record-high water temperatures.
“Waters are warming in the Caribbean, threatening coral in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands,” the agency reported. “Coral bleaching began in the Florida Keys and South Florida in August, but now scientists expect bleaching conditions there to diminish.”
Coral bleaching occurs when overly warm waters cause the living corals to expel zooxanthellae, a symbiotic algae responsible that helps process food for the coral and gives the coral its color.
Corals affected by mild warm-weather bleaching can recover. Serious and extended bleaching may leave the corals susceptible to disease and death.
While Keys corals apparently avoided catastrophic bleaching this year, corals off the Miami-Dade and Broward county coastlines have fallen victim to coral disease possibly triggered by bleaching, the Nature Conservancy’s Flroida Reef Resilience Program reported Oct. 9.
“It happened very quickly, starting in Biscayne National Park and moving through Broward,” Johnson said. The “white plague” coral disease hit the larger reef-building corals like boulder and star.
“Some of these 100-year-old corals died within a week,” Johnson said. “It was alarming that it was moving so quickly.”
State and federal agencies were waiting for this week’s winds to drop so they could resume surveys to assess the extent the damage.
“The disease event has a high infection rate — some sites in Broward County were reported as having as high as 80 percent of corals infected,” a Nature Conservancy report says.
Much about coral disease remains a mystery. State scientists are trying to identify the pathogen in the recent outbreak.
The bleaching event of 2014 may have distressed the mainland corals to the point where they became susceptible to disease. “It could have been a factor,” Johnson said. | <urn:uuid:c68cb6d0-5236-4082-b259-8644c0a1c085> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://floridakeystreasures.com/2015/10/21/recent-winds-may-beneficial-florida-keys-reef/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.946987 | 676 | 3.25 | 3 |
India s regional disparities essay
Regional disparities in india regional imbalance in india essay inequity is the virtually inevitable result of two powerful forces current news topics. 2) analyse the extent of regional disparities in income per capita in india, considering both disparities amongst and within major states also analyse how will gst affect regional disparity in incomes. Casirj volume 4 issue 3 issn 2319 – 9202 regional disparities in human development in india manoj kumar assistant professor, department of economics satyawati college (eve), university of delhi ,delhi-52, [email protected] rakesh kumar phd scholar ,university of rajasthan ,jaipur abstract this paper analyses regional disparities. Regional disparities in indias socio-economic development different states of india as reflected regional disparities in indias socio-economic.
World’s largest collection of essays essay on “regionalism” – a major threat to the unity and integrity of india but regional disparities have. This interactive map explores the disparity in growth rates between india’s states: read the story: high growth fails to feed india’s hungry join the debate beyondbrics: does india have the wrong priorities. This paper attempts to examine the reasons for the failure of the north east to catch up with the rest of india in terms of economic growth even though. Know what is gender inequality in india, its definition, concept, causes and forms of gender inequality also know legal and constitutional. Equity & development world development report 2006 background papers disparities within india’s poorest regions: why do the same institutions work differently in different places. Shodhganga: a reservoir of indian theses regional disparities in economic development usa, has the problem of unbalanced regional development and many.
Causes of regional imbalances in india policy measures to remove economic disparity: essay on epidemic diseases. 1 regional disparity in india – a study of three decades using a comparable database1 samik chowdhury institute of economic growth inter-regional disparities within a nation have been analysed largely due to. Regional disparities in india's socio-economic elizabeth armada portrait analysis essay regional disparities in canada essay sometimes a theme is just the.
Essay on imbalances in indian economic development introduction: the disparities in income distribution go hand in hand with uneven regional development. Pattern of regional disparities in socio-economic development in india: district level analysis.
India s regional disparities essay
Inequality in india: a survey of recent trends inequality in india: a survey of recent trends urban inequality in india table 2 refl ects jha’s results.
- Why india's 'act east' needs china -- and but india is a vast country harboring massive regional disparities parts of india more on forbes: china.
- India ‘s regional disparities essay india ‘s regional disparities india’s economy hit a major turning point in 1990 when the government started.
- Regional disparities in canada essay canada is facing cancer crisis cancer has become the leading cause of death regional disparities in india's socio-economic.
- Essay: indian economy and economic reforms reduction of regional disparities essay on economic planning in india.
- Section 4 discusses our data from india's 38th round national sample survey (1983) and what it shows about regional disparities, and the regional profiles of poverty.
The growing rural-urban disparity in india: to understand the growing rural-urban disparity in india s (1988) regional disparities in. The need for inclusive growth in india economics essay gender and social inequalities, and regional disparities 1970 to 68% in 200512 india's. A regional analysis: an essay in honour of india’s development experience - a regional and the study of trends in regional disparities in india. Growing regional disparities in india’s progressive reduction in regional disparities in and to examine the trends in regional disparities in india. | <urn:uuid:3b13664f-3e1e-4460-8113-bb88231dca46> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://xeessayuyzn.gnomes-inc.info/india-s-regional-disparities-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509996.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016030831-20181016052331-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.846819 | 844 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Locke v. Davey (2004)
In Locke v. Davey (2004) the Court ruled that states do not violate the Free Exercise Clause by denying state funds to college students pursuing degrees in theology.
High school student Joshua Davey wanted to go on to college. Like many kids his age, he was looking for financial help to do so. He applied for an academically-competitive Promise Scholarship, a fund sponsored by taxpayers in his home state of Washington. He soon got the good news that he had won the scholarship. His happiness was short-lived, however. The state took back the money when it learned of his intended major, theology. The Washington state constitution, like that of 36 other states, specifically bans the use of public money to fund religious instruction. Davey chose to forfeit the money and enroll in a private Christian college.
Davey, however, believed his First Amendment rights to free religious exercise were being violated. If the state of Washington provided college financial aid to students pursuing secular areas of study, Davey reasoned, then it should provide that same money to students pursuing religious courses of study. He eventually took his case to the US Supreme Court.
The Court disagreed with Davey and ruled that states could deny public scholarship money to students being trained for the ministry. The Court held that states have a long-standing interest in keeping the government distinct from religion. “Since this country’s founding, there have been popular uprisings against [using] taxpayer funds to support church leaders, which was one of the hallmarks of an ‘established’ religion,” wrote Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist. “Indeed, majoring in devotional theology is akin to a religious calling as well as an academic pursuit.”
The Court determined that there was no infringement on free exercise because individuals were still free to pursue their desired courses of study and religious careers: “It imposes neither criminal nor civil sanctions on any type of religious service or rite…It does not deny to ministers the right to participate in the political affairs of the community. And it does not require students to choose between their religious beliefs and receiving a government benefit. The state has merely chosen not to fund a distinct category of instruction.”
Comprehension and Critical Thinking Questions
1. What did Davey plan to study in college?
2. Why did the state of Washington deny Davey scholarship money?
3. Why did Davey claim his rights had been violated?
4. How did the Supreme Court rule, and why?
5. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote, “Let there be no doubt: This case is about discrimination against a religious minority.” Do you agree? Why or why not? | <urn:uuid:25757906-7f0f-45ac-8d6b-ff4b053efe6b> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://billofrightsinstitute.org/educate/educator-resources/lessons-plans/landmark-supreme-court-cases-elessons/locke-v-davey-2004/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319915.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824063359-20190824085359-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.980554 | 567 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Hardy's works take place in Wessex (named after the Anglo-Saxon kingdom which existed in the area). One of his distinctive achievements is to have captured the cultural atmosphere of rural Wessex in the golden epoch that existed just before the coming of the railways and the agricultural and industrial revolutions that were to change the English countryside for ever.
His works are often deeply pessimistic and full of bitter irony, in sharp contrast to the prevalent Victorian optimism.
When the cloud shut down on the morning shine, And darkened the sun, I said, "So ended that joy of mine Years back begun."
But day continued its lustrous roll In upper air; And did my late irradiate soul Live on somewhere? | <urn:uuid:69e8f25e-67de-4c6e-9c34-3024ea5da9a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://casterbridge.blogspot.com/2007/08/occultation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823229.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019050401-20171019070401-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.941359 | 144 | 2.625 | 3 |
This all-new five-chapter, 39-illustration story relates the exciting life of George Mueller, a missionary to Englandís orphans in the 1800s.
Kids loves these hands-on programs, developed and taught by the staff of Bible Visuals. Each program focuses on a people or religious group from around the world. Interactive teaching methods will “transport” the children to various cultures of the world!
Our purpose is: To help people effectively communicate the Bible using illustrated lessons, stories, and songs, which are both flexible and interactive. To provide Christians worldwide with resources in their own language. To help both children and adults come to salvation, learn basic doctrine, grow in Christ, and have a missions focus.
Our flashcard publications have been used in Sunday school, children’s church, home school, Bible clubs, and many other venues and are available in over 65 languages and in both small and large group formats. | <urn:uuid:5981d0bd-76af-4930-9e09-62accc0b4540> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.biblevisuals.org/childrens_ministry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655589.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00263-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948836 | 192 | 3.03125 | 3 |
WORLD WAR II
On this page I want to tell about how it was on Leksa during World War 2.
This is based on story's from people that was living there then and now, and theirs experience under the World War II .
Under World War 2 it was about 300 German soldiers on Leksa, and also 60-70 Polish and Russian prisoners of war – they was here for about 2 years. It was build a fortification here on the west side of the island, in Gangstua – called Leksa Kystbatteri. Ruins of the fortification are still here today, and it is worth a visit.
You will find pictures from there under the link Picture Gallery in connection with the Liberation jubilee in 1995, did Lensvik school make a little book that's called “Five years”.
It was students at the school that interviewed people about their experience under the The War – from an acquaintance or relatives. Out of the stories they got, they made this little book. I have picked out one story from this book, where Tordis and Bjarne Leksen from North-Leksa tell their story.
© Copyright, all text and photo: Hilde B.L. Berg 2007 © | <urn:uuid:dc7c230a-7000-4be3-87dc-c7e0e083a5d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://leksa.no/world_war_ii.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665575.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112151954-20191112175954-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.980217 | 261 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Modernization, in sociology, the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
Modern society is industrial society. To modernize a society is, first of all, to industrialize it. Historically, the rise of modern society has been inextricably linked with the emergence of industrial society. All the features that are associated with modernity can be shown to be related to the set of changes that, no more than two centuries ago, brought into being the industrial type of society. This suggests that the terms industrialism and industrial society imply far more than the economic and technological components that make up their core. Industrialism is a way of life that encompasses profound economic, social, political, and cultural changes. It is by undergoing the comprehensive transformation of industrialization that societies become modern.
Modernization is a continuous and open-ended process. Historically, the span of time over which it has occurred must be measured in centuries, although there are examples of accelerated modernization. In either case, modernization is not a once-and-for-all-time achievement. There seems to be a dynamic principle built into the very fabric of modern societies that does not allow them to settle, or to achieve equilibrium. Their development is always irregular and uneven. Whatever the level of development, there are always “backward” regions and “peripheral” groups. This is a persistent source of strain and conflict in modern societies. Such a condition is not confined to the internal development of individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its original Western base to take in the whole world. The existence of unevenly and unequally developed nations introduces a fundamental element of instability into the world system of states.
Modernization seems to have two main phases. Up to a certain point in its course, it carries the institutions and values of society along with it, in what is generally regarded as a progressive, upward movement. Initial resistance to modernization may be sharp and prolonged, but it is generally doomed to failure. Beyond some point, however, modernization begins to breed discontent on an increasing scale. This is due in part to rising expectations provoked by the early successes and dynamism of modern society. Groups tend to make escalating demands on the community, and these demands become increasingly difficult to meet. More seriously, modernization on an intensified level and on a world scale brings new social and material strains that may threaten the very growth and expansion on which modern society is founded. In this second phase, modern societies find themselves faced with an array of new problems whose solutions often seem beyond the competence of the traditional nation-state. At the same time, the world remains dominated by a system of just such sovereign nation-states of unequal strengths and conflicting interests.
Yet challenge and response are the essence of modern society. In considering its nature and development, what stands out initially at least is not so much the difficulties and dangers as the extraordinary success with which modern society has mastered the most profound and far-reaching revolution in human history.
This article discusses the processes of modernization and industrialization from a very general and primarily sociological point of view. It does so also, it should be remembered, from a position within the very processes it describes. The phenomena of industrialization and modernization that are taken to have begun some two centuries ago and that were not until much later identified as distinct and novel concepts have not yet arrived at any recognizable closure. The end of the story, if there is one, is thus not in sight, and the question of an ultimate judgment on the nature and value of this vast historical movement is unanswerable.
The revolution of modernity
If one imagines all of human social evolution charted on a 12-hour clock, then the modern industrial epoch represents the last five minutes, no more. For more than half a million years, small bands of what we may agree were human beings roamed the earth as hunters and gatherers. With simple stone tools and a social order based on kinship ties they successfully preserved the human species against predators and natural calamities. In observing contemporary Australian Aboriginals, the San (Bushmen) of southern Africa, the Eskimo, the Negritos in Malaysia and the Philippines, and Pygmy groups in Africa, a glimpse may be had of the social life of the Paleolithic period (Old Stone Age)—the oldest and most enduring type of human society.
About 10,000 bc some of these hunters and gatherers took to cultivating the earth and domesticating animals. It is this process that is somewhat misleadingly called the Neolithic revolution, implying that new stone tools were at the root of this vast change. It is now generally accepted that the new technology was not the principal factor. Nevertheless what took place was undoubtedly a revolution. Mobile bands became settled village communities. The development of the plow raised the productivity of the land a thousandfold, and in response the human population of the planet increased dramatically. More significantly, herding and agriculture for the first time created a surplus of food. This allowed some members of the population to abandon subsistence activities and become artisans, merchants, priests, and bureaucrats. This division of labour took place in a newly concentrated physical environment. In the 4th millennium bc cities arose, and with them trade, markets, government, laws, and armies.
The technology and social organization of the Neolithic revolution remained the basis of all civilization until the coming of industrialism. With remarkably few additions—the invention of the stirrup was an important one—what served ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt of the third and second millennia bc served as the foundation of all the states and empires of the ancient world, from China and India to Greece and Rome. And it served equally the European Middle Ages, which in some respects, notably in technology, actually fell back from the achievements of the ancient world. Not until the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe did humankind make another leap comparable to that of the Neolithic revolution.
It is against this very slowly evolutionary background that the revolution that underlay modernity must be seen. It is one of just two quantum jumps that human social evolution has made since the primal hunting and gathering stage of early Homo sapiens. The Neolithic or agricultural revolution produced, paradoxically, urban civilization; the Industrial Revolution lifted humankind onto a new plane of technological development that vastly increased the scope for transforming the material environment. In its speed and scale the change brought about by the Industrial Revolution has had, indeed, a greater impact on human life than the Neolithic revolution. Neolithic civilization remained throughout confined by a sharply limited technical and economic base; industrial civilization knows no such limits. Nevertheless, an understanding of agrarian society is essential to the analysis of industrial society, for it is largely through the contrast with its agrarian past that modern society stands out. The meaning of the modern is to be found as much in what it renounces as in what it aspires to.
The West and the world
Just as some groups of hunters and gatherers gave rise to agrarian society, some agrarian societies gave rise to industrial society. The shift toward modernity took place between the 16th and 18th centuries, and it originated in the countries of northwestern Europe—especially England, the Netherlands, northern France, and northern Germany.
This change could not have been expected. Compared to the Mediterranean, not to mention Arabic and Chinese civilizations, northwestern Europe early in the 16th century was backward, technically and culturally. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was still absorbing the commercial and artistic innovations of the Italian city-states of the Renaissance and making piratical raids, where it could, on the wealthy Spanish empire. It seemed an unlikely candidate for future economic leadership of Europe. Yet it was there that the changes took place that propelled those particular societies into the forefront of world development.
One reason advanced for this is that northwestern Europe was the origin and heartland of the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. In his great work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904), the German sociologist Max Weber suggested that Roman Catholicism and to an even greater extent such Eastern religions as Hinduism and Buddhism were essentially otherworldly religions. They placed doctrinal emphasis on religious contemplation and the life hereafter. Protestantism, on the other hand, was predominantly a “this-worldly” religion. It broke down the distinction between the church and the world, between the monastery and the marketplace. Every man was a priest; everything he did, at work or at play, he did in the sight of God. Weber sought to show that Protestantism, and especially its Puritan variety, developed a particular type of character that valued frugality and hard work. Protestantism particularly promoted a work ethic. For the Protestant, all work, all occupations, were in a sense a religious vocation. Work was to be pursued with a fitting seriousness and order, in a spirit of rational enterprise that eschewed waste and frivolous adventurism. Such an attitude was admirably suited—though not intentionally—to the development of industrial capitalism. The Protestant nations, therefore, according to Weber, invented modern capitalism and so launched the world on a course that it still follows. Some later historians have disputed Weber’s thesis and have adduced evidence that the early development of capitalism and of industrial organization preceded the rise of Protestantism. In either case, their mutual accommodation remains striking.
In a similarly persuasive way, the rationality of the Protestant work ethic has seemed linked to the development of modern science. This, too, took place largely in northwestern Europe in the course of the 17th century. In no other place, at no other time, was there anything like the scientific revolution of these years in England, France, and the Netherlands. It is true that the Industrial Revolution, in its early phases at least, did not depend on the theoretical science of Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, or others of the period. What was crucial was the rationalist culture and the scientific habits of mind that this culture nurtured. Moreover, the scientific method of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and verification could be applied not only to nature but also to society. Eventually, toward the end of the 18th century, what would later be called social science—economics and sociology especially—began to find a place alongside natural science. The scientific outlook—skeptical, autonomous, applying fixed standards of observation to continually changing phenomena, to reach conclusions that were never to be considered more than provisional—became the hallmark of modern society.
Already, by the 17th century, western Europe had embarked on the course of transoceanic expansion that was to become one of its most notable features in the succeeding centuries. The colonization of America, although uneven, added a vast new domain to the West. In wealth, resources, and physical power, the West took a commanding lead over the rest of the world. From the enormous potentialities of science and industry, it acquired a momentum and a dynamism that pointed to a future immeasurably grander than anything previously achieved. For the first time, moralists and philosophers began to conceive of the possibility that the modern world might come to be the equal and even the superior of the ancient world of Greece and Rome. The idea of progress, and with it that of modernism, was born. The world was growing in power and enlightenment and, so far as anyone could see, would continue indefinitely to do so. Western society was not merely plunging ahead on its own; it was paving the way for the rest of the world. As Karl Marx said, albeit two centuries later, “The country that is more developed industrially only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future.”
The dual revolution
Modern society owes its origin to two great upheavals in the 18th century, one political, the other economic. Both were part of a broader pattern of change that, since the Renaissance and Reformation, had set the West on a different path of development from that of the rest of the world. This pattern included the individualism and, in the end, the secularism, that was the Protestant legacy. It also included the rise of science, as a method and as a practice. Both of these culminated in explosive events toward the end of the 18th century. The first helped provoke political revolutions in America and France. The second, in creating an atmosphere conducive to technological innovation, was one of the chief elements in the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.
The American and French revolutions established the political character of modern society as constitutional and democratic, meaning not necessarily that every government thenceforward was of such character but that even those most conspicuously not so frequently claimed to be. From the time of those revolutions it became clear to practically all thinkers that no political system could now claim legitimacy that was not in some sense based on “the will of the people,” constitutionally expressed. It was this message that was so brilliantly spelled out by the clear-sighted French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville in his works, The Ancien Régime and the Revolution (1856) and Democracy in America (1835–40).
That the new democratic legitimation could be, and would be, claimed by popular or constitutional dictatorships such as those of Napoleon III in France or Adolf Hitler in Germany only showed how central the double ideal of democracy and constitutional justification had become. But they were not infinitely malleable. The idea of tacit or implicit popular consent, resorted to by several old-fashioned monarchies and empires, fell before the march of modern democratic theory as developed from the American and French revolutions. In the United Kingdom this was done through a gradual extension of the franchise in the 19th century. In Russia and in eastern and central Europe, violent revolution, defeat in war, and centrifugal nationalist tendencies turned out to be the means by which autocratic intransigence was overcome.
But however accomplished—whether grudgingly conceded, seized in popular revolution, or imposed by modernizing elites—the democratic constitutional state has, with only a handful of exceptions (such as Singapore), come to be accepted as in principle the only fully legitimate polity of modern society. States that deviated from the norm—as, for instance, the former communist states of eastern Europe, the former military dictatorships of Latin America, and the autocratic regimes of Africa and Asia—were frequently compelled to offer elaborate justifications of their conduct. These were sometimes outright denials that the regime in question is the antithesis of a constitutional democracy; generally, however, they took the form of pleading special or emergency conditions. Full democracy, at some time in the future, remained the professed goal. The doggedness with which most of this casuistry was advanced, often in the teeth of observable evidence to the contrary, is the clearest testimony to the normative strength of the democratic ideal in modern society.
The American Revolution added a further ingredient to the political form of modern society. It asserted the principle of self-determination. Only those states were legitimate in which a people of common culture ruled for themselves a common territory. Foreign rule, or rule by an alien elite, as in the Ottoman and Habsburg empires, was unnatural. Only nation-states were natural political entities; only they were legitimate. “National self-determination” became one of the most powerful catchphrases of the liberal and radical ideologies that largely shaped the modern states of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Once invented by the West, however, the ideal of nationalism could not be contained there. Along with democracy, it was one of the ideals absorbed by the colonies of the Western powers, and it became a powerful factor in the dissolution of Europe’s overseas empires.
If the American and French revolutions laid down the political pattern of the modern world, the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain laid down the economic pattern. It also brought revolutionary changes to society. The share of men employed in agriculture fell from 60 percent to about 25 percent, while the share of those employed in industry rose from less than 20 percent to nearly 50 percent. Between 1700 and 1850, England’s population surged from between 6 and 7 million to nearly 21 million. Industrial output, which had increased by less than 1 percent per year in the first half of the 18th century, was rising by nearly 3 percent per year by the early part of the 19th century. The changes that took place in Britain during the 19th century served as an effective prototype of industrialization. To choose to industrialize—and not so to choose meant risking backwardness and dependence—was to imitate consciously the British Industrial Revolution. Great Britain was the pioneer industrial nation of the world; there simply was no other model to fix on. Even later, when it was clear that the British method of industrialization might not be exclusively valid or universally applicable, the general form of society that emerged in the course of the Industrial Revolution was widely regarded as typical.
Certain episodes and tendencies in the British case were pointed to as characterizing industrial development as such. These included the movement from the land to the cities, the massing of workers in the new industrial towns and factories, and the rise of new distinctions between family life and work life, and between work and leisure as notions meaningful to large classes of persons. Such features, with various others, were compounded into a powerful image of industrialism as a whole and wholly new social system and way of life.
The British themselves, it should be noted, did not contribute much to the promulgation of this image of industrialism, at least insofar as it was turned into a systematic account of society. Certain powerful symbols and images of urban and industrial life were indeed picked up from such English novelists as Charles Dickens and Elizabeth Gaskell. But it was left to others, from societies only just beginning to industrialize, to blend these artistic impressions (many of them not at all celebratory) into a systematic analysis of the new society. Foreigners such as Alexis de Tocqueville, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx observed and reflected on the changes they saw in England. They were convinced that what was happening in Britain would be repeated, more or less exactly, in other societies as they underwent industrialization. Industrial Britain could be seen, therefore, as a social laboratory of inestimable value to those other societies. In works such as Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (1845), and Marx’s Das Kapital (1867–1894), British experience was examined for the light it shed on the general process of industrialization and for what it suggested of future developments, there and elsewhere. Through such works, the British Industrial Revolution became the property not just of the British nation but of the whole world. All societies, it was felt, would have their “Coketowns,” the generic industrial town of Dickens’ Hard Times (1854); all would have industrializing ideologies and institutions of the kind—referred to by Germans as Manchestertum—that 19th-century observers came to associate with the world’s leading industrial city. Manchester was indeed the symbol of the new industrial society, and hence the image of the world’s future. “The age of ruins is past,” declared the British politician and novelist Benjamin Disraeli in his novel Coningsby (1844). “Have you seen Manchester?”
One consequence of this tendency to generalize the British experience was that the idea of industrialism itself grew in scope and significance. It came to symbolize and to embody not just the economic and technological changes that lay at its heart, but other political, social, and cultural changes that appeared to be organically connected with it, whether as causes, concomitants, or consequences. Thus, the democratic movement triggered by the American and French revolutions was seen as the necessary political transformation that, sooner or later, must accompany all movement toward an industrial society. Similarly, changes in urban life, in family form, in individual and social values, and in intellectual outlook, were all seen as linked to industrialism. Industrial society came to stand as the epitome of modern society. And through the lens provided by industrialism, earlier developments, such as Protestant individualism and the scientific revolution, came to be seen as preconditions or presentiments of industrialism, elements incorporated into a systematic and more comprehensive movement that had its own compelling logic and momentum. Industrialism, it came to be agreed, was a package and had to be purchased as such. | <urn:uuid:83bdb780-65ac-4146-be5a-f515cba0cfdc> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/modernization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747665.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121092625-20181121113913-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.967927 | 4,243 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Polska / śląskie
|Synagogues, prayer houses and others||Cemeteries||Sites of martyrdom||Judaica in museums||Andere|
|Province:||śląskie / kieleckie (before 1939)|
|County:||będziński / będziński (before 1939)|
|Community:||Czeladź / Czeladź (before 1939)|
|Other names:||Chelodz [jidysz]; צ'לדז [j. hebrajski]; Czeladź [j. niemiecki]|
Czeladź is a town located in the south of Poland, Silesian Province, Będzin County, upon the Brynica River. I lies 287 km south-west of Warsaw, 10 km north of Katowice, and 4 km east of Będzin.
In the thirteenth century, Czeladź was granted the de non tolerandis Iudeaeis privilege, which made it impossible for Jews to settle there. During the years 1443-1792 Czeladź was part of the Duchy of Siewierz (Księstwo Siewierskie) that was under the rule of Kraków bishops, and Jewish settlement on this territory was virtually impossible. The Jews were then living in Będzin, 4 km away. This situation did not change until the Second Partition of Poland (1793), as a result of which Czeladź fell under the reign of Prussia. Even though Frederick William III of Prussia allowed Jews to trade in the town, he prohibited them from settling there. In 1800 he issued the Regulation concerning the arrangement of Jewry in the Pilica and Siewierz District (Polish: Przepis względem urządzenia żydostwa w cyrkule pilickim i siewierskim), in which he ordered the expulsion of Jews who did not have a permanent place of residence, the listing of all local Jews, to issue passports to them and to give surnames to those Jews who until then had only used their names and the patronymic they had received during their circumcision. Because of these restrictions, until the mid-19th century there had been no reference to the Jewish presence in Czeladź.
In 1815, Czeladź became part of the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), which was subjected to the Russian Empire. Tsarist regulations required that Jews should have a special settlement permit in the border zone and at that time Czeladź was situated in the direct neighbourhood of the Prussian border. Nevertheless, the possibility of trading at the border of Upper Silesia attracted Jewish merchants and peddlers, who would visit borderland villages, selling their merchandise.
Legend names the Szwajger Family as the first Jewish family in Czeladź. They had permission to keep a shop but could not settle in the town. Other sources, however, say that the first Jewish citizen of Czeladź was Nachum Alter from Wolbrom, known as Nachum Alter Czeladzer or simply the Old Chołtyk (he lived at 6 Rynek Street). In the next years, the following families arrived in the town: the Fromers, Szwajcers, Klajners, Bermans, Rechnics, Sztrochlics, and Fiszmans. The first confirmed mention of Jews in Czeladź dates back to the year 1835 – a note in the records of the Registry Office of Będzin from 5 M
Czeladź is the oldest town in the Dąbrowa Basin. The first historical reference to the settlement called Czeladź dates back to 1228. The document referencing the settlement, which has survived to this day, was issued by Kazimierz Opolski and defined the borders of the village and listed the most important sites, such as ponds, the bridge over the Brynica River and an inn. The Tatars burnt down the settlement in 1241.
Czeladź was granted municipal rights in 1262. In 1318, the town belonged to the Duchy of Teschen; in 1443 it was incorporated into the estates owned by the Kraków bishops along with the entire Duchy of Siewierz. At the beginning of the 16th century, a new form of authority started to function in parallel to the preexisting hereditary position of the head of the town – it was the Town Council headed by the town’s mayor. There were several guilds in the town, but most of Czeladź inhabitants made their living from trade and farming. Czeladź was surrounded by fortified walls, whose fragments have been preserved to the present day. The Market Place with the building of the Town Hall towering over the site was the centre of the town].
In 1567, Czeladź became the centre of the Arian movement. On 9 March 1589, a treaty between Jan Zamoyski and Wilhelm von Rosenberg was signed in the Town Hall of Czeladź; by virtue of the treaty, Archduke Maximilian III of Austria renounced his claim to the Polish throne following his defeat by Jan Zamoyski’s troops in the battle of Byczyna in 1588. On 6 September 1589, the archduke confirmed the agreement on the bridge in Czeladź.
In 1655, the town was destroyed by Swedish troops. In 1790, the Duchy of Siewierz (including Czeladź) was incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Two years later, King Stanisław August Poniatowski made Czeladź a free town with a new coat of arms. In 1795, following the Third Partition of Poland, the town was annexed by Prussia and then, in 1807, became part of the Duchy of Warsaw.
In 1815, in accordance with the agreements of the Congress of Vienna, the town was incorporated into Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1870, the tsarist authorities deprived Czeladź of its town privileges, but the settlement did not fall into ruin thanks to hard coal deposits discovered in the area in the second half of the 1 | <urn:uuid:45c530f1-f052-4af1-93f5-6ebca3360b39> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/czeladz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00168-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95564 | 1,386 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Duties in prayer
There are eight duties a Muslim must obey to in prayers, like the glorification. And if they are deliberately omitted, the prayer is invalid. If it is forgotten, it is compensated for by two prostrations at the end.
Duties in prayer
Nine duties (obligatory acts) must be observed in prayer, and if they are deliberately omitted, the prayer is invalid. If any is forgotten, it is compensated for by two prostrations at the end of prayer. If they are omitted out of ignorance, the prayer is valid. These eight duties are as follows:
1-All the glorifications (takbeer), i.e. Allah-u akbar, other than the initial one that is for consecration. These are called the glorification of moving on.
:Ibn Mas'ud said
‘I saw the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying Allah-u akbar every time he moved up or down, every rising and every sitting.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 3,736; al-Tirmidhi, hadith No. 253; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,149.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) continued to do so throughout his life and he ordered us to pray in the same way he prayed.
2- The imam leading the prayer and a person praying alone says sami'a Allah liman hamidah (i.e. ‘may Allah answer the prayer of the one who praises Him’) when standing up after bowing.
:Abu Hurayrah said
‘The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to say Allah-u akbar when he started the prayer and when he bowed, then he said sami'a Allah liman hamidah when he rose after bowing. Then when he was in the upright position he said: Rabbana wa lak alhamd i.e. “You are our Lord and all praise is due to You.’
Related by Muslim, hadith No. 392.
3-Every worshipper in the congregation says only Rabbana wa lak alhamd, while the imam leading the prayer and a person praying alone says it after saying sami'a Allah liman hamidah. This is clear in the above-quoted hadith reported by Abu Hurayrah, and in the other hadith reported by Abu Musa in which he quotes the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying:
‘that when the imam says sami'a Allah liman hamidah, the ones in the congregation should say Rabbana wa lak alhamd.’
Related by al-Bukhari, hadith No. 689; Muslim, hadith No. 411
4-When bowing, one should say subhana Rabbiy A’theem, which means ‘I praise my Lord the great and exonerate Him from any fault or defect’. The duty is to say it at least once.
5-In prostration one should say subhana Rabbiy al-a'la, which means “I praise my Lord the most high and exonerate Him from any fault or defect”.
:Hudhayfah reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him)
‘used to say subhana Rabbiy al A’theem when he bowed and subhana Rabbiy al-a'la in his prostration.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 23,240; Abu Dawud, hadith No. 871; al-Tirmidhi, hadith No. 262; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,046; Ibn Majah, hadith No. 888.
It is recommended to say these glorifications at least three times in each bowing and prostration.
6-When sitting between the two prostrations one should say Rabb ighfir li, i.e. ‘My Lord, forgive me.
:Hudhayfah reported that ‘the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to say
‘Rabb ighfir li, Rabb ighfir li, in between the two prostrations.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 2,375; Abu Dawud, hadith No. 874; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,145; Ibn Majah, hadith No. 897
7-The first tashahhud, except for people in the congregation when the imam forgets this tashahhud and rises for the next rak'ah. Those in the congregation are exempt from it because they have an overriding obligation to follow the imam. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) forgot this tashahhud he did not go back to perform it.
‘He only prostrated himself at the end in compensation for forgetting it.’
Related by al-Bukhari, hadith No. 1,230; Muslim, hadith No. 570.
This tashahhud requires saying: Al-tahiyyatu lillah, was-salawatu wat-tiyyibat. Assalamu 'alayka ayyuha-nnabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. Assalamu ' alayna wa 'ala 'ibadi-llahis-salihin. Ashhadu an la ilah illa Allah, wa ashhadu anna Muhammad-an 'abduhu wa rasuluh. This means: ‘Greetings are offered to Allah, and blessings and all good things belong to Him. Peace be to you, Prophet (peace be upon him), with Allah’s grace and blessings. Peace be to us and to all good servants of Allah. I bear witness that there is no deity other than God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.
8-To sit down for this first tashahhud, as stated in the hadith reported by Ibn Mas'ud, quoting the Prophet (peace be upon him) :
‘When you are seated after each two rak'ahs say the tashahhud.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 4,160; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,163
Another hadith reported by Rifa'ah ibn Rafi' quotes the Prophet as saying:
‘When you sit down in the middle of the prayer, sit comfortably, putting your left thigh underneath you and then say the tashahhud.’
Related by Abu Dawud, hadith No. 860; al-Tabarani in Al-Mu' jam al-Kabir, hadith No. 4,528
9. The salutation upon the Prophet (peace be upon him) (salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) in the last rak’ah known as Assalatul Ibrahimiyah. | <urn:uuid:efd66d9e-b1ea-4cd9-988c-9d180a224e84> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.islamicfiqh.net/en/articles/duties-in-prayer-53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.904531 | 1,517 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Reach: High Hazard Chemicals
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of CHemicals (REACH) is a European Union Regulation. REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances, and their potential impacts on both human health and the environment. REACH started in June 2007, with a phased implementation over the next decade. The rules were created for the better protection of human health and protection of the environment by ultimately regulating the use and limits of toxic substances.
The European Chemicals Agency has recently added 14 substances to the list of very high concern chemicals to undergo special health and safety scrutiny under the bloc's chemical regulation REACH. The total is now 29.
Apart from the potential costs to industry and the complexity of the new law, REACH has also attracted concern because of the potential for a very significant increase in animal testing under the proposal. Animal tests on vertebrates are allowed only once per one substance, and where suitable alternatives can not be used. If a company pays for these tests, it must sell the rights to the results for a reasonable price. There are additional concerns that access to the necessary information may prove very costly for potential registrants needing to purchase this.
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is a United States law, passed by the United States Congress in 1976, that regulates the introduction of new or already existing chemicals. It grandfathered most existing chemicals, in contrast to the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals legislation of the European Union. However, TSCA is the equivalent to REACH in the US.
The current list of 29 REACH substances is still a long way away from the 270 substances identified for priority substitution on a REACH SIN List drafted jointly by public interest groups.
Currently the chemicals on the Reach list are considered carcinogenic, reproductive hazards, and Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT).
The current actions only represent registration and evaluation. Evaluation is not yet complete and the list of 29 may grow much larger. The next step after this is complete is authorization and/or restriction of the chemical in question. This may imply limits, further testing, and bans.
Further regulatory headaches may lie ahead for a number of chemical companies, as new Environment Commissioner designate Janez Potočnik said during his hearing in the European Parliament this week (13 January) that "it is becoming obvious that REACH is not enough" to cover nanomaterials, suggesting that the EU would take action to remedy regulatory gaps on the matter.
EPA (under TSCA) is also taking similar actions on several selected chemicals and is considering the issue of nano materials also.
For further information: http://www.euractiv.com/en/sustainability/reach-list-dangerous-chemicals-doubled/article-188897# | <urn:uuid:4279010a-375c-49f7-b8a7-af7942af21bf> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/40937 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510257966.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011737-00339-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945213 | 579 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Early Origins of the Goulborne family
Cheshire where it was listed as Golborne, part of the Duddeston hundred. Hence, conjecturally, the surname is descended from the tenant of the lands of Golborne held by Osbern FitzTezzo a Norman noble from William Malbank, Baron of Nantwich who was recorded in the Domesday Book census of 1086. CITATION[CLOSE]
Williams, Dr Ann. And G.H. Martin, Eds., Domesday Book A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0-141-00523-8) Baron William was from Brecy, near Caen in Normandy and was granted the lands by Duke William after Hastings. Golborne held an important winter Mill and was a large village in 1066. William Malbank, originally 'le Seigneur William de Brecy', may have adopted his new name Mal or Milbank from this Mill. Golborne is also a town in Greater Manchester, historically part of Lancashire and dates back to 1187, when it was spelt Goldeburn. The place name literally meant "stream where marsh marigolds grow", derived from the Old English golde + burna. CITATION[CLOSE]
Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
Early History of the Goulborne family
Another 219 words (16 lines of text) covering the years 1230 and 1332 are included under the topic Early Goulborne History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Goulborne Spelling Variations
spelling variations were common, even among the names of the most literate people. Known variations of the Goulborne family name include Golborn, Goldbourne, Goldborn, Goulbourn, Goulborn, Golborne, Goldborne, Goldburn, Goldburne, Golburn, Golburne, Golbourne and many more.
Early Notables of the Goulborne family (pre 1700)
PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Goulborne family to the New World and Oceana
For political, religious, and economic reasons, thousands of English families boarded ships for Ireland, Canada, the America colonies, and many of smaller tropical colonies in the hope of finding better lives abroad. Although the passage on the cramped, dank ships caused many to arrive in the New World diseased and starving, those families that survived the trip often went on to make valuable contributions to those new societies to which they arrived. Early immigrants bearing the Goulborne surname or a spelling variation of the name include: Edward Golbourn, who arrived in Virginia in 1654; and Richard Golbourne, who settled in Virginia in 1658.
Goulborne Family Crest Products | <urn:uuid:063e44ee-e1e1-4430-9773-f5f122d12ff9> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.houseofnames.com/goulborne-family-crest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647660.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321141313-20180321161313-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.917212 | 606 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This is a fascinating example of the 1770 Jean-Baptiste-Claude Delisle de Sales' map of the northern half of Africa. It depicts northern Africa during a period the cartographer refers to as the 'Origin of Empires.' Exactly what he means by this in unclear, however, many ancient city-states and empires are identified, including Carthage, Thebes, Babylong, Persepolis, Memphis, Meroe, and others. The cartographer identifies the source of the Nile according to Ptolemaic tradition: two lakes at the base of the semi-apocryphal Mountains of the Moon. The map marks the curious 'Alter of Philenes Brothers,' a boundary marker dividing the Carthaginian lands of West Africa from the Greek colony of Cyrene. Several rivers, mountains, and other topographical details are noted. This map was issued as part of Delisle de Sales' Histoire des hommes. Partie de l'Histoire Ancienne. Becasue most of Sales' work was burnt under the censorship of heresy, this volume is exceedingly rare.
Jean-Baptiste-Claude Delisle de Sales or Jean-Baptiste Isoard de Lisle (1741–1816) was a French philosopher, historian, and accused heretic active in the late 18th century. Sales is best known for his publication of the multi-volume opus The Philosophy of Nature: Treatise on Human Moral Nature. The work, among other ideas, challenged the Biblical theory that the earth was created in 4004 BC. Instead, Sales put forth the theory based upon astronomical observations, that the earth was 140,000 years old. Sales' revolutionary ideas caused him to be declared a heretic by the Catholic Church. His publications were subsequently censored and, for the most part, destroyed. As a consequence all of his works are today extremely rare. Sales was also, notably, a close friend of Voltaire who in 1777 visited him in prison, gifting him 500 pounds towards his release. Delisle de Sales is unrelated to the more famous De L'Isle family of cartographers. Learn More...
Delisle de Sales, Histoire des Hommes. Partie de l'Histoire Ancienne (Paris) 1770.
Very good. Original platemark visible. Minor wear along original folds. Blank on verso. | <urn:uuid:87b9f329-7458-4d17-8105-9c84dd143aa0> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/africaempires-sales-1770 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104244535.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703134535-20220703164535-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.936817 | 497 | 3 | 3 |
Ocracoke Island, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina
The oyster and clam shell fragments dominating this “shell hash” are not their original color. These are secondary colors.
The yellow-brown stain is iron oxide, limonite. Shells acquire this stain when the iron minerals in the sand, ilmenite and magnetite, degrade and the mineral gets into the interstices of the shell. This happens when shells are exposed to oxygen on or near the surface of the beach.
The brown staining is “permanent,” as long as the shells spend occasional time in seawater, otherwise, the color fades or bleaches to gray. Numerous beaches along the southern US coast are littered with brown-stained shells.
Shells stain black with iron sulfide when they are buried in mud or rotting seaweed in the absence of oxygen. Often replenished beaches have black shells; this sand was either dredged or dug to replace sand lost to erosion.
Yohmom CC BY 3.0 | <urn:uuid:eb7f1328-2ad0-417c-b9a6-89b246f32d93> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.splendidsands.com/ocracoke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539101.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521112022-20220521142022-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.905866 | 216 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Pectin, which occurs in plant cell walls, exists in nature as a polymer of D-galacturonic acid methylated at carbon 6 of the monomer. Draw a Haworth projection for a repeating disaccharide unit of pectin with one methylated and one unmethylated monomer unit in a(1 → 4) linkage.
Answer to relevant QuestionsSuppose that a polymer of glucose with alternating a(1 → 4) and β(1 → 4) glycosidic linkages has just been discovered. Draw a Haworth projection for a repeating tetramer (two repeating dimers) of such a polysaccharide. ...Based on what you know about glycosidic bonds, propose a scheme for formation of covalent bonds between the carbohydrate and protein portions of glycoproteins. Many species have a third type of LDH sub-unit that is found predominantly in the testes. If this subunit, called C, were expressed in other tissues and could combine with the M and H subunits, how many LDH isozymes would be ...What is the Warburg effect, and what does it have to do with the topics of this chapter? Which reaction or reactions discussed in this chapter require ATP? Which reaction or reactions produce ATP? List the enzymes that catalyze the reactions that require and that produce ATP.
Post your question | <urn:uuid:6ad5774a-31b0-48da-9d96-aa428c54ea47> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.solutioninn.com/pectin-which-occurs-in-plant-cell-walls-exists-in-nature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541220.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00299-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948567 | 283 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Eggplant is very tender perennial grown as an annual. Grow eggplant in the warmest, frost-free time of the year.
- Eggplant requires 100 to 140 warm days with temperatures consistently between 70° and 90°F to reach harvest.
- Eggplant is best started indoors and later transplanted into the garden; sow eggplant indoors 6 to 8 weeks before setting plants into the garden.
- Transplant seedlings into the garden no sooner than 2 to 3 weeks after the last frost in spring.
- Eggplants planted too early will not develop.
Starting Eggplants Indoors
- Start eggplants from seed indoors about 8 weeks before setting seedlings in the garden.
- Sow seed in individual containers or flats. Sow eggplant seed ¼ to ½ inch deep spaced 4 to 5 inches apart.
- Eggplant seeds germinate in about 5 to 6 days.
- Give seedlings started indoors 12 hours of light each day; use a grow light or fluorescent lights.
- Start seeds on a heat mat then grow seedlings on at about 70°
- Transfer seedlings to 4-inch pots when seedlings are 3 to 4 inches tall and then into gallon containers if the weather does not allow transplanting as seedlings grow 5 to 6 inches tall or taller.
- Ahead of transplanting, lay black plastic across garden planting beds to pre-warm the soil.
More tips: Eggplant Seed Starting Tips.
Where to Plant Eggplant
- Grow eggplants in full sun.
- Eggplants grow best in well-drained soil rich in organic matter. Add aged compost or commercial organic planting mix to planting beds ahead of planting and turn the soil to 12 inches deep.
- Eggplants prefer a soil pH of 5.5 to 6.8.
- Warm the soil in advance of planting with by laying black plastic over planting beds for two weeks.
Transplanting Eggplants to the Garden
- Transplant eggplants into the garden 2 to 3 weeks after the last spring frost.
- Make a hole twice the width of the root ball and half again as deep. Moisten the hole before transplanting.
- Sprinkle a 5-10-5 or 5-10-10 organic fertilizer in the bottom of the hole and cover lightly with aged compost or planting mix. Then set the seedling in place.
- Set eggplant seedlings into the garden at the same depth they are growing in their containers.
- Firm the soil in around the root ball and gently water the plant. Create a small basin around the seedling to direct water to roots at watering time.
- Set a stake or small tomato cage in place to support the plant as it grows. Eggplants loaded with fruit can tip or fall over; it’s best to support them.
- Space eggplants 24 to 36 inches apart. Space rows 24 to 36 inches apart.
- Protect young plants with polyethylene row covers if days or nights are cool. Lift row covers during warm afternoons so that bees can pollinate plants.
Container Growing Eggplants
- Eggplants are easily grown in containers.
- Grow eggplants in pots at least 12 inches across and as deep. Choose a smaller growing variety for container growing.
- Be sure to keep the potting soil just moist through the season. Do not let the soil dry out.
- Feed eggplants in containers every two to three weeks with compost tea or dilute solution of fish emulsion.
- Container grown eggplants are easily moved out of cold weather; so you can extend the season in spring and autumn by moving plants indoors when frost threatens.
Watering and Feeding Eggplants
- Eggplants are heavy feeders prepare planting beds with aged compost and side dress eggplants with compost tea or a dilute solution of fish emulsion every 2 or 3 weeks until the fruit has set and then every 3 to 4 weeks after.
- Eggplants require evenly moist soil to ensure the best and fastest growth. Do not allow the soil to dry out and do not over water.
- Set drip irrigation or a soaker hose in place after transplanting seedlings to the garden. Give plants at least 1 inch of water every week.
- Inconsistent soil moisture can result in misshapen fruits.
- After the soil has warmed to 70°F, mulch around eggplants to retain soil moisture and to keep down weeds.
Companion Plants for Eggplants
- Plant eggplants with bush beans, southern peas, and nitrogen-fixing crops. Do not plant eggplant with tomatoes or corn.
Caring for Eggplants
- Protect eggplants from an unexpected late frost. Provide protection at night until all danger of frost is past. Cover plant with spun poly row covers.
- Chilly weather and lack of moisture can inhibit pollination.
- In hot summer climates, the soil temperature may become too warm for the roots; mulch plants about 4 weeks after setting them in the garden.
- Where temperatures grow hot in the summer to 100°F or greater, protect eggplants with shade covering.
- Tall varieties and those with heavy fruit should be staked or caged.
- Eggplants can be attacked by cutworms, aphids, flea beetles, Colorado potato bugs, spider mites, and tomato hornworms.
- Cutworms will be discouraged by collars set around the plants at the time of transplanting.
- Control aphids and flea beetles by handpicking or hosing them off the plant and pinching out infested areas. Spray infestation with insecticidal soap or spinosad.
- Spider mites can be difficult to control; use an insecticidal soap spray.
- Handpick hornworms off the plants or spray with Bacillus thuringiensis.
Protect eggplants: Eggplant Growing Problems: Troubleshooting.
- Eggplant is susceptible to fungal and bacterial diseases.
- Planting disease-resistant varieties when possible.
- Keep the garden clean of debris.
- Verticillium wilt can attack eggplants; spray-mist leaves with compost tea to prevent and slow fungal diseases.
- Diseased plants should be removed immediately before the disease spreads to healthy plants.
- Protect the plants against soil-borne disease by rotating corps; do not plant eggplant family members including tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers in the same spot two seasons in a row.
- Time from planting to harvest is 100 to 150 days from seed, 70 to 85 days from transplants.
- Harvest eggplant young before the flesh becomes pithy.
- Eggplants are ready for harvest when the fruit is glossy, firm, and full colored.
- Eggplants with no seeds are immature. Fruits with hard, dark seeds are overripe.
- Eggplants that are under or overripe will be bitter tasting.
- Cut eggplants from the stem with a pruning shear or sharp knife. Leave a short stub of stem attached to the fruit.
Harvest tips: How to Harvest and Store Eggplant.
Storing and Preserving Eggplants
- Eggplants will keep in a well-ventilated place for up to 1 week at 50°F or slightly warmer.
- It is best not to refrigerate eggplant but if you do wrap the fruit in plastic to prevent cold burn. Do not wash or cut eggplants before refrigerating.
- Eggplant can be frozen or dried.
Eggplant Varieties to Grow
Four classic eggplant varieties to grow are:
- Black Beauty: grows glossy black, bell-shaped fruit 4 to 6 inches long.
- Ichiban: grow slim, deep purple fruits 6 or more inches long.
- Little Fingers: small, dark purple fruits, 3 to 4 inches long.
- Easter Egg: small pastel yellow or orange fruits the size of an egg.
Here’s a full list of eggplant varieties to grow:
- Bell-shaped eggplant: Black Beauty (73-80 days); Black Bell (68 days); Blacknite (61 days); Imperial Black Beauty (80 days).
- Long, cylindrical eggplant: Agora (68 days); Dusky (61 days); Ichiban (60 days); Millionaire (55 days); Osaka Honnoga (65 days); Slim Jim (65 days); Tycoon (54 days); Vernal (70 days); Violetta di Firenze (65 days); Vittoria (61 days).
- Small eggplants: Bambino (45 days); Mini Fingers (68 days).
- Non-purple eggplants: Alba (60 days); Casper (70 days); Easter Egg (60 days); Italian Pink (75 days); Listada de Gandia (75 days); Louisiana Long Green (100 days); Osterei (80 days); Rosa Bianco (75 days); Turkish Italian Orange (85 days); White Beauty (70 days).
- Eggplant is a small- to medium-size bush vegetable that produces smooth, glossy-skinned fruit that can vary in length from 5 to 12 inches long.
- Eggplants have large, fuzzy, grayish-green leaves and produce star-shaped lavender flowers with yellow centers.
- The edible fruit can be long and slender or round or egg-shaped fruit. The fruit is creamy-white, yellow, brown, purple, or sometimes almost black.
- Eggplants can grow 2 to 6 feet tall, depending on the variety.
- Eggplant Yield. Plant 1 to 2 eggplants per household member.
- Common name: Eggplant, aubergine, guinea squash
- Botanical name: Solanum melongena
- Origin: East Indies, India
More tips: Eggplant Growing. | <urn:uuid:e6d16e65-69aa-40c6-86ef-6c568b99a1c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://harvesttotable.com/how_to_grow_eggplant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669967.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119015704-20191119043704-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.860641 | 2,079 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Garamantes: name of a nation of desert dwellers in the Fezzan (southwestern Libya, near modern Germa).
Country and Ethnogenesis
The country of the Garamantes, although situated in the Sahara desert, consists of four fertile areas:
- in the north the Wadi ash-Shati with the Wadi az-Zallaf, where the main town is Adri;
- in the center the Wadi Irawan and Wadi Al-Ajal (a.k.a. Wadi al-Hayat), where the main cities are Jarmah (derived from Garamantes) and Sebha;
- in the west, the Wadi Tanezzuft, where the main towns are Ghat, Barkat, and Fewet;
- and in the southeast the Wadi Barjuj, to Ghadduwah, Zuwaylah, and Murzuq.
The story repeated itself after 5,000 BCE, when the monsoon brought rain from equatorial Africa to the north. There were new lakes, new people with better tools, and there were new artists; their rock carvings are known as "pastoral". Between 3,500 and 2,000 BCE, however, the monsoon started to retreat and the vegetation gradually disappeared, a process that probably was sped up by overgrazing. The lakes disappeared again, prompting humans and animals to move to the habitable niches and to the edges of the desert. Among these niches were the four fertile areas mentioned above. The people living there, the Garamantes, had access to water - Lake Ubari is one of the surviving lakes - and were to become famous as cattle breeders and salt traders. However, for centuries, we hardly hear about them, because they were living in isolation, beyond the Gebel as-Soda. Only when the horse and the dromedary had become domesticated, after c.1500 and c.200, was contact made with other civilizations. This is the age when the Berber languages appear to have spread to the west, which proves increased trade contacts.
The oldest capital of the Garamantes appears to have been Zinchecra, situated on a mountain spur south of the Wadi Al-Ajal. It was inhabited from 900 BCE to the first century CE, but was replaced by Garama, three kilometers to the northeast. Between the two towns are the tombs of Al-Hatia, which resemble little pyramids, and are believed to be royal mausoleums. However, this hypothesis has not been without criticism.
The Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BCE) describes the country as follows:
There is a hill of salt, a spring, and a great number of fruit-bearing date-palms, and the men who dwell here are called the Garamantes, a very great nation, who carry [humid] earth to lay over the salt and then sow crops. ... Among them also are produced the cattle which feed backwards, because they have their horns bent down forwards, and ... cannot go forwards as they feed, because the horns would run into the ground. Except for this, and the firmness of their hide, they do not differ from other cattle. With their four-horse chariots, these Garamantes hunt the Cave-dwelling Ethiopians, who are the swiftest of foot of all men.note[Herodotus, Histories 1.183.]
The ruins of this second capital, Garama, have been found beneath the medieval caravan city, and must have covered at least 20 hectares. This city dates back to the beginning of the fourth century BCE, and archaeologists have found temples, a market, houses, and baths, some of them built of natural stone. This city was surrounded by a giant wall and a ditch.
Botanical samples have shown that the inhabitants produced wheat, dates, olives, grapes, and several other crops, which were irrigated by foggaras (or qanat). The center of the city was, it seems, the camp of the army; it was not only used to control the oases along the roads to Lake Chad, but also to fight against the desert tribes in the east and northwest. Archaeologists have also discovered cemeteries with, taken together, about 120,000 graves, which corresponds to a city of about 10,000 people, comparable to Pompeii.
Herodotus' reference to chariots has been confirmed archaeologically, and it seems that the desert tribes could at times be very aggressive indeed. The territories of the Punic ports in the far north, like Sabratha, Oea, and Lepcis Magna, were at times threatened. These conflicts, however, were never extremely serious, because the Garamantes did not want to settle down on the coastal plains; besides, the people of the desert and the Punics needed each other. There were nomads traveling back and forth with their herds; in the winter and spring, they were in the south, but in the summer, they moved to the north, where they worked as wage workers on farms, gathering olives. Their dromedaries were used to plow and the manure was quite useful too.
There was some trade as well. Dairy products and meat were bartered for cereals and oil. Ivory, gold, other products from Sub-Saharan Africa, and of course salt were exchanged with the products of the urban artisans. There was also some exchange of knowledge. The stories that were told in the Mediterranean ports about the golden apples of the Hesperides contain information about the female warriors who guarded the gold of the Senegal river.
The Garamantes and Rome
At the end of the second century BCE, the Romans appeared on the scene, taking control of the Punic ports, and although they were, as the crow flies, 700 kilometers north of Garama, their arrival had an enormous impact, because the Romans were not the kind of people who acquiesced to the perennial raids of the nomadic Garamantes. According to the Roman poet Lucan, the first conflict took place when the Garamantes joined the Numidian king Juba I during the war between Julius Caesar and the Senate.note[Lucan, Pharsalia, 4.669ff.] Juba's army defeated the Roman commander Curio, but was in turn defeated by Caesar.
The Garamantes in Juba's army may have been a group of nomads, but the Romans now realized that the Garamantian threat could be serious, and in 19 BCE their general Lucius Cornelius Balbus marched against the Phazanians and Garamantes.note[Pliny the Elder, Natural History 5.43-46.] The war may have been very difficult, but on his return, Balbus could afford a splendid triumph; he also constructed a theater on the Field of Mars. It is possible that this attack on the Garamantian homeland caused great upheavals, which resulted in the abandoning of Zinchecra and the transfer of the royal residence to Garama.
Another conflict took place in 15 BCE, when the governor of Cyrenaica, Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, attacked a group of Garamantes that had joined forces with the Marmarides, a tribe living east of the Garamantian heartland.note[Florus, Epitome 2.36.] The next campaign was 22 CE, when Garamantes - probably nomads, perhaps the official army - joined Tacfarinas' war against Rome.note[Tacitus, Annals 3.74.] In 69, Garamantes were in the army of the city of Oea, which attacked Lepcis Magna (more...). It is possible that the execution of Garamantes taken captive during a punitive raid is shown on a mosaic in the Dar Buc Ammera villa.
We are not informed about conflicts in the second century, but Rome still regarded the Garamantian threat as serious. In 203, three forts were built (Ghadames, Gheriat al-Garbia, Bu Njem), to keep the nomads away, and in 400, the Numidian rebel Gildo could recruit Garamantes.note[Claudian, The Consulate of Stilicho 1.260.] Again, we do not know whether they were nomads moving between Garama and the north, or soldiers of the official army.
It would be wrong, though, to conclude that the Garamantes and Romans were always at each other's throats. The Romans needed gold, salt, slaves, ivory, and exotic animals for their gladiatoral contests (e.g., ostriches and rhinoceroses); the Garamantes needed metal, ceramics, olive oil, and other products that were found by archaeologists. Usually, the relations were good, and the Bu Njem ostraca suggest that there was an understanding that runaway slaves from the Roman cities who reached Garama, were returned (ostracon 71). The Garamantian warriors had become tradesmen, and it is indicative of the now friendly relations that the Romans believed the Garamantes to be descendants from no less a forefather than Apollo,note[Isidore of Seville, Etymologies 9.125.] and that the city converted to Christianity in 569.note[John of Biclar, Chronicle a.III Justini imp. = Mommsen, Chronica Minora 2, p.212, 4-5.]
It may have been the close tie between Garama and the Roman cities that caused the end of the desert city. When the Vandals conquered Sabratha, Oea, and Lepcis Magna, the demand for the Garamantian products fell, and Garama seems to have suffered. Another factor may have been that the level of the groundwater in the land of the Garamantes dropped, making it more difficult to maintain the qanat system. Nevertheless, the city was still alive when the Arabs conquered it in the mid-seventh century.
- D.J. Mattingly, The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis (2003)
- E. M. Ruprechtsberger, Die Garamanten. Geschichte und Kultur (1997) | <urn:uuid:5631bbc1-2b8b-4628-9ee4-5224f0f1f5e5> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.livius.org/articles/place/garamantes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724001211-20210724031211-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.97158 | 2,172 | 3.359375 | 3 |
First, the growing demand and competition for battery metals, not least in cobalt and lithium, will further constrict downstream actors’ ability to be selective when establishing supply chains. Analysts project the cobalt supply deficit to increase by 83% to 5,340 tonnes between 2018 and 202027. A compounding factor for supply bottlenecks is the long lead time in developing new mines (development can take up to 10 years28). Automotive industry representatives have also stated that supplies of lithium are of the greatest concern to carmakers, as production struggles to keep up with demand. Annual lithium production would need to grow by 94% over the next 20 years to satisfy the projected demand from the EV market29. What is more, lithium production is dominated by only four companies. Some experts see a potential risk of cartels developing in lithium and cobalt30.
Mismatches between supply and demand in the short and medium-term could increase producer leverage while weakening the downstream’s ability to re-direct supply chains away from high-risk producers.
What is more, the production and reserves of battery metals are either concentrated in a small number of countries, come from countries that have been identified as sources of responsible sourcing risks in earlier (see the Map in Figure 3 ), or both.
The lithium-ion battery market is also facing rising pressure directed at their responsible sourcing practices by the media, campaigning NGOs, a growing number of trade, regulatory and legislative bodies, and consumers themselves.
And public scrutiny – and with-it stakeholder awareness – around the responsible sourcing risks associated with battery metals will continue to increase:
Based on our experience in conflict minerals and the lessons learnt in the cobalt sector since January 2016 the following predictions can be made about battery metals:
The first three steps are already happening in battery metals. It is thus likely that more standards and initiatives specific to battery metals will appear, followed by increased debate on legislation. | <urn:uuid:f89c89df-29f1-4926-abb3-6e98e0ead586> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://battery.rcsglobal.com/risk-multipliers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364764.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302190916-20210302220916-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.962313 | 393 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In this question it discusses the background of saying both Zeicher & Zecher in Devarim 25:19, however I was wondering what is the difference in translation between Zeicher & Zecher?
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The standard understanding is that it means "memory of" either way, just a question of how it's vowelized. (You'll find both vowelizations in different texts of Psalm 145, known to most of us as the daily "Ashrei", on the line "zecher rav tuvcha...").
But just for fun, the Gemara, (b. bathra 21a), records a discussion wherein Joab thought the commandment only applied to the male Amalekites. The standard reading of that Gemara is he read "zachar" (male); but it's been suggested that "zecher" could be misinterpreted as a possessive form of "zachar" (just as "eshen hakivshan" means "smoke of the kiln", "eshen" is the possessive form of "ashan.")
There are multiple kinds of Segolites (penultimately stressed two syllable words marked with Segol/Tzere-family vowels). Some are Segol-Segol (6-dots) and move to Tzere-Segol (5-dots) when in construct form (Neder -> Neider : Vow -> Vow-of), while some start with 5 dots and remain that way in construct from (Seifer -> Seifer : Book -> Book-of), while others start with 6 dots and remain that way in construct from (Beged -> Beged : Clothing -> Clothing of). These types develop a Chirik when they get a suffix (Nidro = his vow; Sifro = his book; Bigdo = his clothing).
While there was a small amount of discussion in medieval times which category זכר is, it turns out it's of the second type. So there is no word Zekher (6 dots) and it hence has no meaning. (Someone saying Zekher is likely just mispronouncing Zeikher.) Zeikher (5 dots) can mean either "remembrance" or "remembrance of" depending on context (in your case it's the latter).
Of historical note: there was a time when printers were printing Zekher (6 dots) in various places in Tanakh and/or the Siddur, rarely in conformance to any of the three categories above. Some homiletic explanations were offered for these discrepancies (eg. the first Lubavitcher Rebbe wrote that the 6 dot version represent love and kindness, while the 5 dot version represents fear; alternatively, R Yosef Steiner (Afikei Mayim 1:85) said the 5 dot version represents exile (Tzere like Tzar) and the 6 dot version represents redemption (Segol like Segulah)), but these suggestions aren't based in and don't reflect the traditional grammar.
R Meshullam Roth (Besoret Eliyahu 5) in explaining a passage in the Talmud (BB 21b) suggests that Zekher (6 dots) can be the construct form of Zakhar (male), like how 'Eshen (Exodus 19:18) is the construct form of 'Ashan (smoke). He relies on his read of Ibn Ezra there who claims 'Eshen is essentially an exception which happens occasionally where words borrow other forms' constructions. There are a lot of problems with this. No one ever suggested this as an explanation of that passage before. There is no reason to think Zakhar has exceptions if we've never seen one before. More importantly, 'Eshen is probably not the construct form of 'Ashan, but rather of 'Ashein (cf. Exodus 20:15, Isaiah 7:4), like Yerekh is the construct form of Yareikh (Genesis 32:33), Ketef/Kateif, Geder/Gadeir, etc. Rashbam (Exodus 19:18) notes this and says 'Ashein means "smoky/smokiness[/smog?]" (פומיאה בלע"ז fumes; while we might not appreciate it, furnaces back then were really smoky). There is no evidence of a word Zakheir (male-y (?)) nor would such a word, even in construct state, fit in the context of that passage in the Talmud. Rather, as above, Zekher is not a word. | <urn:uuid:29d40553-8eb6-403b-92cb-c4884cbff384> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/14907/difference-in-meaning-of-zeicher-zecher | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824395.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00194-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945344 | 993 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What do plants and solar panels have in common? It should be obvious – they convert sunlight into energy. Plants do this through photosynthesis, while solar panels use the photovoltaic process – but the end result is essentially the same. Humans can take advantage of both of these processes, leaving us with a form of energy we can use, whether it’s in the form of electricity or consumable nutrients. That’s all very well and good, but until now, no one has ever tried to take advantage of both processes simultaneously.
Well, what does that mean?
The question is simple: How do we harvest electricity and grow plants using the same rays of light? If you can visualize the process, the problem becomes obvious. “Traditional” solar panels block light from reaching the plants below. This was the major hurdle that Michael Loik knew he had to overcome. The environmental researcher at the University of California was trying to build a “smart greenhouse” that could generate electricity and crops at the same time.
In the end, his breakthrough came when he used revolutionary new solar panels called WSPVs, or “Wavelength-Selective Photovoltaic Systems.” These solar panels are different because they allow certain spectrums of light to pass through, and they’re also more energy-efficient and cheaper to run compared to other panels. Even if you’re not an expert on solar panels, you can easily tell that these models are unique because of their characteristic pink color.
Even though Micheal Loik was on the right track, he still needed to test his theory. Would the plants actually grow under this strange, pinkish light? To figure it out, he grew a variety of different crops in his greenhouses, including tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, lemons, strawberries, and more. In total, the researcher grew 20 different plant varieties and discovered that about 80% of them grew just as well as they would have under normal conditions.
Here’s the real kicker:
Some plants actually grew better than they would have under normal conditions. Loik isn’t quite sure why 20% of his crops grew more efficiently, but it’s a mystery that deserves an answer. What makes it even more puzzling is that the WSPVs cause the plants to receive less light than they normally would.
Another key discovery was the fact that these plants required less water than those in a normal greenhouse – making these smart greenhouses even more efficient.
So let’s get this straight:
These smart greenhouses can be more productive in terms of plant growth, generate their own electricity, and require less water? It seems like Loik has created something that could seriously upgrade just about every greenhouse on the face of the Earth. Make no mistake, this could have a major effect on our carbon emissions.
Although greenhouses have a pretty stellar reputation in the world of sustainability, the truth is that they can drain tons of electricity. Many greenhouses require internal heating, lighting, monitoring, and irrigation systems. Theoretically, all of these energy requirements would be handled by the ceiling-mounted solar panels – making the greenhouse totally self-sufficient.
The color of the solar panels isn’t just pretty. The reddish shade is perfect for the flowering stage of most plants, as it simulates the spectrum of sunlight that fuels plants late in the growing season. The flowering stage is when plants actually start creating fruit or vegetables, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, or strawberries. Funnily enough, commercial grow lights have been using this reddish light to boost yields for years.
California was a great place to test these new greenhouses because of its climate. Swamp coolers and other energy-consuming components can draw electricity from the solar panels, and these WSPV’s can help greenhouses in tougher environments approach the “net zero” of energy efficiency.
The great thing about greenhouses is that they can run in just about any environment you can think of. That being said, both warmer and colder climates require greenhouses with additional electrical components (heaters or coolers) to create a stable setting for the plants. These new smart greenhouses could make it easier to grow food in areas of the globe with climates that would have the process unfeasible under normal circumstances. In the future, the Earth’s surface might be covered with these “2-in-1” farm/powerplant systems.
More about Jael Josevich
“I’m a writer with a passion for baking, coffee and all things Kristen Bell. Also a reluctant Taylor Swift fan who loves scary movies and is scared of everything. | <urn:uuid:e11c58de-937a-403c-bec5-37e5d6f79853> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://admin.scientificfeed.com/nature/behind-smart-greenhouses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683708.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707063442-20220707093442-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.960067 | 970 | 3.625 | 4 |
Glossary of Terms
Complex topics & terminology explained
The Administrator is the person assigned to handle the Estate of a deceased person who does not have a Will, because no Executor(s) have been appointed. They will mainly handle financial aspects of their life, such as ensuring bills are paid, closing credit card accounts, utility, bank accounts, and distributing gifts.
These are items of value you own, such as a savings account, fine jewellery, vehicle, condominium or house. They are separate from debts and must be free of liens that are held until a loan has been paid off.
The writer of the will must validate that the Will they have written is theirs and that it is the latest version. The writer of the Will must sign it to confirm this is true.
Beneficiary / Beneficiaries
One person or a group of people who will receive money, property, or other items designated in a Will. These may involve friends, family, colleagues, an organization, or a charitable association.
A bequest is the process of gifting something in a Will to another person, organisation or charity. It may involve money, real Estate, jewellery, valuables, or even items that may only have personal worth to someone, such as photographs or trophies.
Capital is in reference to the current value of the assets. It does not pertain to any future income, such as interest or income that may be earned from them.
A codicil is a legal document that is added to a current Will. It makes alterations or additions to the Will. It must also be legally witnessed, and must be kept with your Will.
This the process where the ownership of a property, house, land, or buildings is transferred from one person to another. It is often done when a person purchases the property, or when someone dies and passes the property onto their children.
A deed differs from a Will in that it transfers an interest in property or land to another person. It is also a legal document that must be legally witnessed.
Deed of Gift
This occurs as a gift that is transferred from one person to another. It can involve property, a share of the property, land, or other buildings. There is no recompense involved.
The donor is the person who requires the services of the LPA or EPA. They are considered the owner or donor, and are authorising the other to work on their behalf.
An Epitaph is a short written description about a person, usually featuring on their tombstone or grave, describing their life. Often chosen by the family of the deceased or by the person prior to the death.
Your Estate is the total value of your assets when you die. It can involve fine art and jewellery, property, buildings, and financial assets. The total amount is minus the amount of any loans, debts, or liabilities that you may have.
This is the person or people who you will appoint in your Will to administer your Estate upon your death. They will be the ones who deal with your financial affairs, and be responsible for disposing of your assets, after they have been validated by the Probate court.
A person with a family can create a family trust in advance that will not necessitate any need for formal administration after death. It may also include generation skipping or protection measures. There are tax benefits that may be of benefit to setting up a family trust in advance.
Grant of Probate
The Court will give a Grant of Probate after a Will has been filed with the Probate Registry or Sub-Registry. The Executor(s) can then dispose of the assets and property of the deceased.
This is a person that can be designated by a Testator so that children or their dependents are property cared for in the event of their death. The Guardian will have all parental responsibilities for these children.
Inheritance tax is a tax that must be paid on an Estate before it passes on to the beneficiaries. If the Estate is valued at under £325,000 then no tax is due. There are ways of reducing the potential inheritance tax bill through things such as charitable donations and legacy gifts.
Intellectual property are real or imaginary items that you have created, and which have been protected by law. You may have done this by filing for a patent or copyright through a patent or copyright office.
This is when a person has died without having written a Will. To distribute their Estate or assets, certain laws will have to be followed. An administrator will also need to be assigned.
This occurs when a person has written a Will but it has failed to cover all aspects of their Estate. This may occur when they have purchased real Estate since writing the Will, or have had children since then. It may also occur if there is no Executor appointed.
Intestacy (Rules of)
If a person passes away without a Will, there are rules that must be followed, particularly if the person has left assets or an Estate behind. The rules may pertain to what level of relationship the survivors had to that person.
This is a process where the Will cannot be changed or cancelled. The Will is final. This is so that beneficiaries or other people cannot attempt to make changes when they may be unhappy after the reading of the Will.
This is when more than two people own a single property. Even if one of the people dies in the joint tenancy, the other person will automatically inherit their portion. Even if that person has designated another owner of the property in their own Will, the original joint tenancy agreement will hold.
Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) (Property and Financial Affairs)
An LPA can be assigned through a document by a person or their family in the event that the person can no longer manage their affairs. It may be because of mental incapacitation, illness or accident, and is permanent. A friend, relative, or lawyer may be assigned.
Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) (Health & Welfare)
This is similar to the above, but may also be designated when a person can no longer make healthcare or welfare decisions for themselves. This is also assigned by a document.
This is the actual gift that is left to a person, organisation or charity in a Will. A person can bequeath a legacy to someone in their Will. A legacy can be given to someone of their own choosing, and does not have to be a descendent.
Letter of Wishes
A letter of wishes is separate from your Will. It states your wishes for your smaller assets, but that the Executor(s) or trustees do not have to necessarily legally follow. This may include those smaller household items you may own that have little value, or photographs, or papers.
Liabilities are separate from assets. These are debts, bills, or loans that will be paid from that person’s Estate after they die. From there, the remainder of the Estate will be distributed to the beneficiaries.
A lifetime gift is given before a person passes away. It is not designated in the Will. Generally, it is given from parents to children, or at the point when a person may have a terminal illness but wishes to see their lifetime gift benefit their loved ones while they’re still living.
The literary Estate pertains to writers or authors who are the testator. It encompasses their current published works and unpublished works. It needs to be covered in the Will because there could be royalties or future royalties associated with their work.
A literary Executor may be designated by the testator who has written books or other literary works. This literary Executor will continue to manage their literary Estate into the future.
These are a set of two Wills that are extremely similar to each other. They are normally written for a married couple, with only the names reversed.
Mutual Wills involve two or more people who are a part of a contract. This means that they cannot be amended or changed, even if one of the testators has died during this time.
Next of Kin
Next of Kin usually refers to the closest blood relative of a person, but this not a legal term or one that is purely limited to a blood relative. If someone dies intestate, then the Next of Kin is often the beneficiary of the deceased’s Estate.
Often a news article documenting the life and story of someone who has recently passed away, the Obituary may also pass on details of the up coming funeral for local residents and friends who may not otherwise be informed.
A pecuniary legacy pertains to the giving of money in a Will. It’s extant from other types of legacies. The money may be given to friend, family, organisation, or charity.
Personal chattels are items that have been owned by the testator, but that exclude money, securities, investments, business assets, or property. These items may include jewellery, art, household items, etc.
Power of Attorney
An attorney is appointed to another person by a living person who can no longer manage their own finances, or make healthcare decisions. Power of Attorney is one designation. They are appointed with a Lasting Power of Attorney or Enduring Power of Attorney document.
This is the legal procedure that occurs after a person has died. It authorises the administration of an Estate according to what has been laid out in the Will. It must be done for every person upon their death.
This is a legal office, often located at the courthouse, where the Executor(s) must apply for permission to administer a deceased person’s Estate. It operates a lot like a court.
Protective Property Trust
This is done to protect a property in the event that one of the owner’s dies. Instead of the property passing to the survivor, such as in a joint trust, instead it is passed to a protective property trust rather than the surviving owner. Often it’s done for ancient or heritage properties.
These are the beneficiaries that will benefit after all other gifts have been made, all debts, taxes, probate fees, administrative fees, and court costs have been made. They will benefit from any residual property that remains.
This is the property or assets that will remain in your Estate after all gifts have been done, and all debts, taxes, and fees have been paid.
These are items that have been cancelled. They differ from items that have been altered. It means that an end may have been placed on certain items or decisions.
This is in reference to a business trust. A business trustee will administer or control a trust that contains business assets. It may also involve a resolution between two or more disputing parties.
This is the person who creates a trust. It may be so that their survivors can avoid paying Estate taxes in the future. They are doing it for the beneficiaries in a Will. Can also be known as a Trustor.
Severance of Tenancy (SOT)
When there are two or more joint tenants who own a property, they may be able to convert this form of property ownership to a tenancy in common. This means that each of the joint tenants will be able to leave their portion of the property to a designated beneficiary in their Wills.
There may be a specific legacy that is given to one particular beneficiary, rather than a generic legacy of all items. This is generally done when there are several beneficiaries in a Will, and the Testator wishes that each person gets a specific gift.
STEP is in reference to the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners. This is a provision that has a standard wording and has been approved by STEP. It is basically a guide of best practices for those who draft up Wills in England or Wales.
A survivor is the last person within a marriage or a family who survives their relative dying. It can be a spouse, child, or other type of relative. Usually this designation is made within a Will.
Tenancies in Common
This is one of two ways that two or more people can own one property. The other is a joint tenancy. In a tenancy in common, each owner has an equal share of the property. Should one of them die then it will be left to the beneficiaries that they have designated in their Will.
It is an arrangement where the legal interest in the property is owned by trustees for someone else’s benefit. For example, a parent can set up a trust for a child in the event that the parent dies. The trustee will look after the child until they are an adult.
The is the period that the Trust can be active. At the end of the Trust period it must be wound up and distributed. For example, if it’s for a child, it may be paid out when they read the age of majority. A private trust has a maximum of 125 years.
This can be one person, people, or an organisation that manages the trust. At the appropriate time they will pass the assets to the beneficiaries.
Will (Last Will and Testament)
Officially called the Last Will and Testament, it can also be shortened to just Will. This is a legal document that tells the Probate Court exactly how the deceased’s assets are to be distributed upon their death.
After the Testator has completed their Will, they must have two independent people who are required to witness and sign it. This is to confirm that they have also seen the Testator sign it. These two witnesses must be not benefit from the Will at all, nor be married or in a civil partnership with any person who will be benefiting from the Will. | <urn:uuid:4015e9ef-450a-4107-bebf-74ddd12fc494> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.lexikin.com/glossary-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949533.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331020535-20230331050535-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.963091 | 2,982 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Age Parents Want Kids to Prepare For a Career
Five-and-a-half years old: that's the age modern American parents believe is ideal to get their children started on their future career path, according to new research.
In fact, more than half (56 percent) of parents even have a specific career in mind for their child.
The top jobs?
Engineer, doctor, and web developer/programmer.
STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, mathematics) skills have a growing importance in an increasingly digital and highly-skilled workforce, and American parents are clearly aware.
The new study of 2,000 parents of school-aged children found that 75 percent of parents want their child to end up in a STEM/STEAM career field.
The new survey, conducted by OnePoll on behalf of the Toy Association, found that written and oral communication (60 percent), tech/computer literacy (58 percent), and mathematics (57 percent) were the skills parents believe are most important for children to learn in their formative years in order to succeed in the future.
More than nine out of ten parents surveyed said it's important to foster and encourage the development of STEAM skills in their children.
STEAM-focused toys (67 percent), at-home experiments (57 percent), and learning-focused apps (54 percent) are the primary ways parents encourage the growth of these skills.
It's not all easy, however.
50 percent of parents cite competition with screens as their primary challenge in encouraging this development.
The average school-aged American child gets approximately three and a half hours of screen time per day, and 72 percent of parents take steps to limit their child's time in front of screens.
The screen excess shows — 45 percent of American parents believe their child knows more about technology than they do.
These children surpass their parents' tech knowledge at approximately eight years old, and 72 percent of parents who lack their children's' tech expertise said this knowledge gap makes it difficult for them to help their child learn.
Of course, not all screen time is uneducational.
85 percent of parents have or plan to encourage their child to learn coding skills.
They believe children should begin learning coding skills at approximately seven years of age.
"Play is how children learn the skills and prowess they need for success in life, and the toys they play with are an integral part in helping them develop interests and passions that will serve as a foundation of a future career.
The choices in the toy aisle, however, can be overwhelming," said Ken Seiter, EVP, Marketing Communications at The Toy Association.
"With parents' focus on encouraging their children to develop STEAM skills at an early age, the Toy Association has worked to identify 12 key characteristics of a good STEAM toy to help parents when making purchasing decisions." Toys and play are a large part of the average American parents' plan in fostering STEAM skill development.
In fact, 79 percent of parents say STEAM-focused toys have an important role in helping children develop STEAM skills, and 82 percent believe playing with STEAM toys will help their child develop an interest in those fields.
A majority (85 percent) of parents look for ways to encourage learning through play with their child.
Parents surveyed said approximately 42 percent of a child's play should be dedicated to education and learning.
"In addition to the 12 characteristic we've identified in our STEM/STEAM Report, there are mandatory must-haves for a product to be considered a good STEAM toy.
As parents visit the toy aisle, they should first look for items that truly allow children to explore an area of science, technology, engineering or math and allow the children to use their imaginations.
Most importantly, the toy must be fun for children to play with and captivate their interest.
Learning through play should always be a fun experience!" | <urn:uuid:75a567b4-7c66-4a35-87ee-6a2fc898f8c1> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.onenewspage.com.au/video/20190521/11732099/The-Age-Parents-Want-Kids-to-Prepare-For.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.96442 | 805 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The Nearly Unstoppable Superbugs
Just a few weeks ago, the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) declared the superbugs carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CREs) nothing less than a “nightmare.” When the federal agency whose mission is to protect us from infectious diseases gets serious enough to use that word, we should all pay attention.
The statement came after the CDC released a Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report in which researchers looked at CREs in the U.S. The report found two things: The presence of bacteria that are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics has grown in the last decade, and that most infections with CREs happen when people are in healthcare facilities like hospitals and clinics.
Add this news to stories about the new bird flu, H7N9, and the novel coronavirus that's killed people in the Middle East and sickened some in Europe (sometimes dubbed “the next SARS”), and it may feel like there are meddlesome microbes everywhere you look. The real danger may be that the frequency of these warnings may numb our sensitivity to CREs, which are actually a hugely significant and complex problem. (Remember, the CDC called them a nightmare.)
So let’s break down CREs so we can understand them a bit better: “Enterobacteriaceae” may not be a household name, but you’re already familiar with some of the bacteria in the CRE family, which include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Yersinia pestis (plague), and Klebsiella.
Enterobacteriaceae are what are called “gram-negative” bacteria. Hans Christian Gram, a 19th-century scientist, is the namesake for this bacteria classification. Through a method known as gram-staining, he discovered that some bacteria had a single cell lining; these are called “gram-positive” bacteria. Others have a double cell lining and these are the gram-negative kind. The double lining is simultaneously what can cause illness in people and also allows these bacteria to more effectively fight off the human immune system, making them the more dangerous of the two bacteria.
Many antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria by destroying a single cell lining. Carbapenems are part of the smaller class of antibiotics that was designed to fight through both linings. Carbapenems are similar to penicillins, but have a slightly different structure. Some of the antibiotics in this class are doripenem (brand name: Finipax), meropenem (brand name: Meronem or Monam), and ertapenem (brand name: Invanz).
Carbapenems are effective against a range of bacteria but are actually often seen as a “last-resort” antibiotic because of their potency; these antibiotics are unaffected by some of the mechanisms that double-cell-lining bacteria use to survive. In other words, bacteria are typically vulnerable or susceptible to carbapenem antibiotics. That said, this is a good time to remember your Antibiotics 101: The more we expose bacteria to antibiotics, the more chances the superbug germs have to develop resistance against these same drugs. Because carbapenem drugs work against so many bacteria, the idea is to use them only when necessary to avoid the development of drug resistance.
In 2001, carbapenem antibiotics met their match. A study in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy described a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in a North Carolina hospital that was able to fend off multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems. What the study found was the presence of an enzyme, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-1 (or KPC, and yes, that sounds frustratingly similar to carbapenem, the name of the antibiotic) that degraded carbapenems, penicillins, and cephalosporins—in other words, all the antibiotics that the doctors threw at the infection. So while we talk about bacteria that are resistant to a drug, what's actually causing the nightmare is an enzyme that destroys the antibiotic, rendering enterobacteriaceae drug-resistant.
The Klebsiella bacteria in that North Carolina hospital basically picked up a shield, almost as if it had “powered up.” Think of a role-play video game in which your character can collect items and skills to get stronger. If this Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were in your game, it just picked up a super-advanced weapon and a level-10 shield.
Unfortunately, KPC isn’t the only enzyme we know of that can defeat carbapenems. In 2008, in another landmark study published in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, authors described the case of a man hospitalized in India with a not-so-uncommon urinary tract infection caused by a not-so-uncommon bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae. The uncommon factor was that the man's Klebsiella was disturbingly resistant to antibiotics. And thus a new enzyme—New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1, or NDM-1—was discovered. In both these examples, Klebsiella pneumoniae was the resistant bacteria. However, other commonly found bacteria, such as E. coli, can produce KPC and NDM-1 enzymes and become resistant, too.
Perhaps the best-known outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the U.S. was at a National Institutes of Health (NIH) hospital. In June 2011 a woman infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was admitted to the Clinical Center of the NIH. Despite precautionary measures taken by hospital staff, 17 other patients became sick and 11 died. Then, in 2012, there were four cases of CREs with NDM-1 enzymes reported to the CDC, two in Colorado and two in Rhode Island. There have also been reports of the enzyme in a military hospital in Afghanistan. In the Wired science blog, Superbug, Maryn McKenna reports NDM-1 even being found in a domestic cat in the U.S. CREs aren't just happening here, either; common gram-negative bacteria with resistance to carbapenems are popping up all over the world.
So what puts someone at risk for an infection with CREs? Exposure to antibiotics and healthcare facilities are the two big risk factors. A long hospital stay, catheter use, organ or stem cell transplants, and mechanical ventilation all put people at a higher risk of CRE infection. So if you steer clear of those things, you'll be doing yourself a favor. But not everyone can do that, of course. Dr. Eli Perencevich of the University of Iowa is concerned about our lack of response to these infections and how they will negatively affect the types of surgeries and procedures we're able to perform. In an interview with USA Today Perencevich suggests that we're entering the “post-antibiotic era.”
It is a terrifying fact that there are so few drugs that work against superbug CREs. Some are old and have been shelved because of their high toxicity. Then there are other of these bacteria for which we have no method of treatment. The most important thing we can do is to make sure the infection doesn’t spread. Healthcare professionals need to take extreme cautions and infected patients may even need to be isolated. In an interview with NPR, Perencevich suggested that hospitals and other healthcare facilities must get better at detecting resistant bacteria; the sooner we know they're around, the faster we can work to contain them. The CDC recommends improved communication between healthcare facilities, so if one facility detects a CRE, it should alert others. The agency also advises healthcare administrators to ask patients if they've received care in other facilities. And of course appropriate use of antibiotics is necessary; in short, people shouldn't be prescribed the drugs for viruses and other ailments that antibiotics can't treat.
If there's one message that bears repeating, it's that CREs, like all superbugs, should never be underestimated.
--By Anna Tomasulo
Are you afraid of superbugs? Do you know of anyone who's been infected with CREs or another kind of superbug? | <urn:uuid:652cdcfe-7ead-4a85-bf88-0e756d433469> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/05/10/superbugs-CREs-ecoli-salmonella | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717959.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00070-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94871 | 1,739 | 3.5 | 4 |
Taking charge of the situation
Caffeine is back in the news—and not for the right reasons. A 16-year old high school student from South Carolina recently died from an accidental caffeine overdose, more accurately, a caffeine-induced cardiac event causing a probable arrhythmia, according to the medical examiner.
The teen consumed three caffeine-laced drinks–a large Diet Mountain Dew, an energy drink and a café latte–in a two-hour period before collapsing. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that adolescents, age 12 to 18, should not consume more than 100 milligrams of caffeine per day. This is the around the average amount of caffeine in an 8-oz cup of coffee.
Per the 2014 study, Trends in Caffeine Intake Among US Children and Adolescents, an estimated 73% of children consume some kind of caffeine each day. While there is no designated standard for children, according to the US Food and Drug Administration, adults can consume 400 milligrams of caffeine per day–equivalent to four or five cups of coffee–without experiencing side effects.
Since the student’s death, the focus has been on energy drinks and the dangers they pose for children (the AAP recommends that adolescents do not consume energy drinks, yet between 30–50% reported consuming them). However, when the word “caffeine” is bandied about, inevitably, “coffee” seems to be linked to it. It’s unfortunate that too many people hear a sound bite, see a tweet or catch a snippet of a news crawl on their TV, but do not investigate the full story so incorrect stories often run rampant in social media. So, while the negative press is surrounding the caffeine in energy drinks specifically, coffee marketers should not feel completely relieved. Rather, they should take charge of the situation by assuring consumers that coffee is “not bad for them.”
As noted by the National Coffee Association, coffee has a naturally complex botanical profile, with at least 1,000 natural compounds in the bean (including caffeine) and another 300 created in the roasting process. Scientists have linked several of them, including antioxidants, with a host of physiological benefits. Research has shown that moderate coffee consumption (or 3-5 cups daily) may be associated with many positive effects, including:
- Liver disease prevention
- Improved cognitive function in older adults
- Sharper memory
- Increased athletic endurance
- Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
Due to the increasing scientific evidence, coffee has earned a new – and improved – reputation. The latest U.S. Dietary Guidelines recently made an unprecedented recommendation for coffee as part of a healthy lifestyle.
Furthermore, in 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an official body of both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations positively reclassified coffee. The experts concluded coffee could no longer be classified as a possible carcinogen and the WHO body said there is evidence that coffee drinking actually lowers the risk of developing specific cancers. The finding is the first time a food or beverage item has ever been positively reclassified by top scientists from all over the world.
So, although coffee has not received the bad publicity energy drinks have from this tragedy, the industry should not be reactive. Coffee marketers should try to prevent any potential negative press by heavily touting coffee’s healthy attributes—now. | <urn:uuid:3eb0b815-569b-4aea-bb59-e93d1ba5d706> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.teaandcoffee.net/blog/1823/taking-charge-situation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528430.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419220958-20190420002958-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.946779 | 701 | 2.984375 | 3 |
(2). what do you think they might be and how might they come about?
Sustainable development is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The concept of needs goes beyond simply material needs and includes values, relationships, freedom to think, act, and participate, all amounting to sustainable living, morally, and spiritually.
The 30-year journey of four World Summits from Stockholm to Nairobi to Rio and to Johannesburg has put the world on notice that achieving sustainable development in the twenty-first century is not an option but an imperative.
We can write this or a similar paper for you! Simply fill the order form! | <urn:uuid:ec801fb5-1949-44b8-bec2-71bbaa7a7993> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mybestwriter.com/major-cultural-changes-towards-sustainable-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00805.warc.gz | en | 0.949644 | 150 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Saint Katharine Drexel, Stuffed Shells and Year of Faith
March begins the sixth installment of our Year of Faith. This is where once a month I highlight a saint that has been listed on the USCCB Saints for the Year of Faith. The month of March is dedicated to St Katharine Drexel.
Katharine Drexel was born into a family where the idea that wealth was simply loaned to them and was meant to be shared with everyone.
Upon a family trip to the west, as a young girl, Katharine saw first hand the plight of the American Indian. Those early images is what convinced her for the rest of her life to always strive to alleviate their condition. In the end, thanks to her personal and financial support there were several missions and schools named in her honor.
Later in her life, while visiting Pope Leo XIII, she required more missionaries to staff the Native American missions that she was supporting. To her surprise Pope Leo ask that she also become a missionary. That is exactly what she did. After speaking with Bishop James O’Connor, she dedicated herself to God. She used her inheritance to service the Indians and African-Americans.
From then on, she supported a very improvised lifestyle, only requiring the bare necessities. On February 12, 1891 she professed her first vows as a religious, founding the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament. their dedication was to share the message of the gospel among the African-American and Indian population.
Katharine felt compassion for the African-Americans also. She wanted to change racial attitudes and change the substandard way of life. She wanted to educate them so they would not have to continue to do underpaid menial tasks. She wanted them to enjoy the same constitutional rights as ever one else.
While she was alive, she opened over 6o missions and schools. Her crowning achievement was the Xavier University of Louisiana. She founded the predominantly African-American catholic institution in the United States.
Katherine Drexel died on March 3, 1955.
She was beautified by Pope John Paul II on November 20, 1980.
Today I will be sharing with you Buffalo and Cheese Stuffed Shells.
Buffalo and Cheese Stuffed Shells
2 tablespoons olive oil
1 lb ground bison
1 large onion chopped
1 clove garlic minced
8 ounces shredded mozzarella cheese
1/2 cup Italian bread crumbs
2 tablespoons parsley
2 tablespoons basil
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon pepper
1 egg beaten
15-18 giant pasta shells
1 32 ounce jar of spaghetti sauce
1/2 cup Parmesan cheese
Heat olive oil in a medium skillet. When hot saute onions and garlic with the bison meat.
In a large bowl, add mozzarella, bread crumbs., parsley, egg, salt and pepper. Add bison mixture. Set aside.
Cook shells according to directions on package. Remove from water when almost tender. Put in a colander pour cold water over shells and drain well. Pour a thin layer of sauce in the bottom of a 9 X 13 inch baking dish. Stuff shells with meat mixture.
Arrange shells in single layer in baking dish. Cover with rest of sauce and sprinkle with Parmesan cheese. Bake at 375 degrees for 25 minutes until bubbly.
Peace be with you, | <urn:uuid:081cbb96-dec0-49eb-a7c5-11dc58182f9c> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.mycatholickitchen.com/2013/03/year-of-faith-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830323.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00151-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960174 | 697 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What Is A Dental Exam?
A Dental Exam is a check-up for your teeth and gums. First, a dental hygienist will come in to give you a teeth cleaning. After this, the dentist will take a close look at your teeth and gums, doing an overall check of your oral hygiene. The dentist will make any suggestions and diagnoses to help you take care of your teeth.
How Do You Prepare For Dental Check-Up?
Firstly: remember that the dentist is here to help, nerve-wracking as dental exams can be. That being said, there are a few other ways you can prepare for a dental visit. Brush and floss beforehand. You will be cleaned again, but it is inconsiderate for the dental hygienist to leave your mouth the way it is after a meal. Incidentally, don’t eat anything before your visit.
Why Should I Get A Dental Exam?
A dental exam is performed to keep you on track with your dental hygiene. The dentist is the physician of the teeth. So, they will make their diagnoses and suggestions based on dental exams.
And about those cleanings: your teeth need to look their most placid so a proper evaluation can be made.
What Can You Expect During A Dental Exam?
A dental hygienist will give you a teeth cleaning, using special tools to make them feel the most clean they possibly can! After this, the dentist will take a close look at your teeth and gums, sticking a mirror into your mouth for a better look and will poke around with other tools. The dentist may give you fluoride to support your tooth enamel. Suggestions and diagnosis will be made based on evaluations.
What Is The Followup And Recovery Like For A Dental Check-Up?
You can look forward to your teeth feeling pristine!
If you receive fluoride, you cannot eat or drink anything for at least 30 minutes.
If you don’t receive fluoride, you may eat or drink as soon as the visit is over (although the taste may not be so pleasant; 30 minutes might be better even in this case).
What Are The Potential Costs For A Dental Exam?
This mostly depends on your dental insurance.
The cost of a dental exam without insurance can vary, the average cost reported to be around $200. This cost constitutes both the cleaning and the dental exam.
What Are The Potential Risks?
You may find out that your dental hygiene isn’t reaching its potential. It is possibly that you have a cavity, or something else that discovered by dental x-rays that requires further attention.
Are There Other Related Treatments?
If anything further needs to be done – cavity fill, wisdom tooth removal, broken crown repair, etc. – another appointment will need to be made. These procedures may be done by an in-house dental provider, or your dentist may give you a referral for another practice. | <urn:uuid:96f74778-2a88-44fe-bd63-d9296e142098> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.212smiling.com/dental-exams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496669.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330054217-20200330084217-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.943604 | 613 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Are you looking into getting a new pet hamster or bringing another furry friend home? You may be wondering what animals get along with a hamster and which do not. It's a good question to ask as a pet parent and animal lover. Introducing new pets to one another should only be done after adequate research on both species has been done. This will help prepare you on what to expect or answer if this introduction should even happen at all. If you are a fan of small mammals, it is not uncommon to come upon the question, can hamsters and bunnies get along? We have compiled our research on the relationship between bunnies and hamsters to give you this answer.
Hamsters and bunnies do not and will not get along. The size difference, need to control territory, social and feeding behaviors are vastly different. Having a bunny and hamster living together will cause destruction for both pets and increased stress for you and your home. This is an incompatible pair. While both need to socialize, they cannot fulfill this need with one another.
Individually, hamsters and bunnies make great pets but put together, you are asking for trouble. The differences of the species are what make them incompatible housemates. Read on as we explain in detail what separates these two furry friends and answer what animals can live with hamsters.
What's The Difference Between A Hamster And A Rabbit?
When a hamster is around a bunny, the stress levels will rise. This stress may ultimately put one or both of your pets in harm's way. This is why it is important to keep bunnies and hamsters separate, not even allowing playtime with one another. What makes hamsters and rabbits so different, and why can't they get along? Let's take a closer look at these differences and what they mean for your pets.
Hamsters are small creatures; it is part of their charm. Most hamsters weigh between 0.5-10.5 ounces, while domestic bunnies can reach 1-4 pounds. Some giant bunny breeds can reach weights of over 15 pounds. The size difference is enough to stress your hammy out. When a hamster sees an animal much larger than them bouncing around, they assume they are in danger, and they might be. Due to the size difference, if your bunny accidentally lands on your hamster, it may cause serious injury.
The size difference leads to many conclusions. Your rabbit can accidentally hurt your hammie, but they also take up more resources. A hamster will already be on edge because they feel physically threatened by this large, bouncy creature. They may also begin to worry about not having enough water, food, or space as well.
Read more on our blog post, How Much Water Do Hamsters Need?
Bunnies tend to be social creatures. They enjoy the companionship of other bunnies and can get behind a cuddle with their human. Hamsters can be a bit picky when it comes to whom they spend time with and how much.
Hamsters enjoy their space and may become quite territorial when another animal is around. The social aspect of our animals is usually why we want to pair them together. When it comes to pairing a bunny and hamster, this mix will increase stress rather than fulfill needs.
Learn more on our blog post, My Hamster Always Wants Attention - Is This Okay?
Bunnies are very active. Hamsters can be too, but their energy or activity levels will never match up due to the size difference. A bunny will spend the day zooming around and hopping here and there. The fast, constant movement may bring up some aggression with your hamster. Even our most energetic hamsters enjoy a little downtime in their favorite snooze spots.
One thing hamsters and bunnies have in common is they are both prey animals. This means both species are timid and have a natural fear of being harmed or killed. The constant fear will increase both species' sensitivity to sound, fast movement, and animals larger than them. In moments of high stress or fear, there could be a lash out of aggression.
If your hamster is constantly exposed to a larger animal, like a bunny, they can start showing signs of chronic stress. Some of these signs include shaking, fur loss, and aggressive behaviors, like biting.
Read more on our blog post, How To Stop My Hamster From Biting Me?
These are key differences between a hamster and a bunny. The contrast is why these two do not get along. Trying to force a relationship between the two will leave you with a stressed-out hamster and an unhappy home. It is necessary to consider individual pets' comfort levels and needs before introducing them into the same environment. Some species, like these two, don't mix.
Can You Put A Bunny And A Hamster In The Same Cage?
You absolutely cannot put a hamster and a bunny in the same cage. Hamsters and bunnies in the same room aren't a good mix. The two in the same, small enclosure is even worse. Hamsters tend to be territorial and often look at their cage as their safe space. Placing a bunny in your hamster's home will tear that comfort away from them. This comfort will be replaced by fear and anxiety, ultimately leading to aggression.
If your hamster attempts to bite or scratch your bunny, your bunny may feel under attack. A bunny under attack will be aggressive back. Due to the sheer size difference between the two, aggression from a bunny may lead to the death of your hammy. If you have bunnies and hamsters under your care, it is wise to keep them as separated as possible.
Read more on our blog post, Can Hamsters Live Together In The Same Cage?
Will A Rabbit Attack A Hamster?
Rabbits and hamsters are both capable of aggression. While rabbits normally have a friendly temperament, they will respond if they feel under attack or the need to defend themselves. A bunny will give warning signs before they attack, but your hamster will likely not pick up or respond to these. So, yes, a rabbit will attack a hamster in some cases. The strength and size difference puts your hamster at risk for serious or, even fatal, consequences. Keep your hamsters safe by keeping them away from rabbits.
Read more on our blog post, Why Do Hamsters Fight? (And How To Keep Yours From Doing That)
What Animals Can Live With Hamsters?
A rabbit is out of the question, but what about other species? There's got to be some other animals that get along with hamsters. Yes and no. If you have a very young pet, they are more likely to get along with your hamster. Younger animals are more flexible, tolerable, and adaptable to their surroundings. Even these situations do come with some risks.
Most, if not all, household pets will be larger than your hamster. Even if the two get along, mistakes can happen, and this may lead to your hammie being unintentionally hurt. Different species require different habitats as well. You wouldn't catch a turtle in the same environment as a hamster. They have unique needs that differ from one another.
Knowing your hamster's needs may give you insight into their want for a furry companion. Take notice because even hamsters living with other hamsters can come with some risk. Certain species of hamsters want to live absolutely alone and are happiest with this.
Other species may or may not want a companion, and it will rely on their individual personalities. Keep these points in mind when introducing new pets to the home. Always ensure your hamster has their own space and enough resources to feel safe. This will keep stress down and quality of life up.
The video below breaks down which species of hamsters can and cannot live together.
Learn more on our blog post, Can A Hamster Get Along With...
Hamsters and bunnies do not get along. These two species are vastly different and have many differences. These differences range across temperament, activity level, social needs, and body size. If you have both a hammie and a bunny, keep them separate and never place them in the same cage. Monitored playtime should even be considered risky.
The presence of a bunny in a hamster’s space is enough to induce stress and highlight their prey mentality. Keep your hamster safe and happy by keeping them away from your rabbit and other animals in the household. We hope you found some helpful insights throughout this article and won't be introducing a rabbit into your hammie's life. They are sure to be happier without them.
Looking for more information on having a hamster as a pet? Browse through our blog post, Do Hamsters Make Good Pets. | <urn:uuid:56443562-c860-4158-9bd8-c091cb400cc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://hamsters101.com/do-hamsters-and-bunnies-get-along/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648245.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602003804-20230602033804-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.953064 | 1,836 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Alaska Resource Education Curriculum
Alaska Resource Education’s curriculum is crafted to ignite, inspire and education students about Alaska’s resources. Our lessons are designed to spark an interest and encourage students to explore careers in Alaska’s resource industry. Lessons span ages K-12 and are focused on the areas of energy, mining and forestry.
Our curriculum has been correlated to the Alaska State Science Standards for the greatest ease of use and accessibility for educations. Common Core has also been applied.
Give your students the opportunity to become Minor Miners, Energy Einsteins or a member of the Resource Super Force.
Minor Miners are grade and middle schoolers learning about mining.
Energy Einsteins are grade and middle schoolers exploring energy.
The Resource Super Force is a group of high school students who attend resource-related events. | <urn:uuid:31c18b51-34b7-430b-8545-63901c40c7e5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.akresource.org/curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487629632.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617072023-20210617102023-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.946544 | 178 | 2.9375 | 3 |
For those that may be unfamiliar, AI generally refers to the simulation of human reasoning, analysis, and intelligence processes by specialised computing algorithms. These algorithms process large, complex, and wide-ranging datasets to predict outcomes and results, identify patterns and trends, and gain actionable insights much faster and more efficiently than traditional data analysis. Of course, solving problems using these types of datasets is at the core of innovation in the life sciences and healthcare industries. Therefore, the immense amount of R&D, clinical, and patient-centric data that is continually being generated as new drugs and therapies are developed and brought to market is a perfect match for the pharma, biotech and digital health landscape.
We have seen companies utilise AI-based solutions in several exciting areas, including drug discovery and clinical development, patient diagnosis and personalised treatment, and even customer relationship and marketing strategies.
DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
Research and development of drugs and therapies is the most expensive and inefficient process that pharmaceutical firms face, yet one that must be navigated in order to generate new products that drive the business forward. Much of the time and cost spent during drug discovery happens early on, when researchers try to uncover targets for a voluminous library of potentially-applicable molecules. Errors made during this phase can lead to failure of the drug during clinical trials, and delays in identifying compelling targets can put companies at a competitive disadvantage.
AI will benefit this process by enabling faster and more reliable identification of viable drug targets through the use of AI-based systems that are trained using volumes of existing clinical data both to design new molecules and predict the binding affinity and potency of these molecules for particular targets. As a result, we expect AI to streamline the early stages of R&D, enabling researchers to focus on the most promising leads and to discover unexpected outcomes – which could potentially lead to improved success rates during clinical trials.
Another facet that AI-driven technology will impact is the identification and categorisation of various biological processes, including disease states and biomarkers, in the context of evaluating the efficacy of drugs under development. AI systems are well-suited to the rapid analysis and classification of data in other contexts (such as content recommender systems), and life sciences companies are beginning to adapt these same techniques to biological data – such as those that may be generated from tissue samples and cell assays – in order to detect the presence of elements that may contribute to a present or future disease state, predict treatment response of certain compounds, and identify common disease / response factors across a varying population of patients.
PATIENT DIAGNOSIS AND PERSONALIZED TREATMENT
A second promising area for the application of AI-driven technology is the diagnosis of disease in patient populations and development of personalised treatment options. Traditionally, the diagnosis of disease from medical imaging has been performed by radiologists and other trained medical professionals. AI provides the opportunity to automate this task by leveraging the power of existing image processing algorithms that detect patterns and structures in image data. An AI system can be trained to recognise and label images that contain potential signs of disease or other abnormalities, including elements that a human may be unable to detect.
In addition, the sheer amount of patient information that is available to life sciences companies – including electronic health records, digital health data from personal sensors, wearables and other smart devices, genetic features, and environmental data – provides the perfect opportunity to implement AI systems which can rapidly comb through this data in order to generate specific care options and recommendations. One example is the creation of precision medicine that is tailored to a patient’s unique biological makeup and lifestyle, with the intent to provide the best possible outcomes. We expect biotech and pharma companies to continue to adopt and develop AI technology that works to address each patient’s particular needs.
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS AND MARKETING
Even activities such as customer relationship management and marketing stand to benefit from AI-based techniques and platforms. AI will allow companies to conduct in-depth, multi-faceted data mining and analytics using industry, health care provider, and patient data. These results enable life sciences firms to identify actionable trends in customer and provider experience, engagement, and sales impact. The companies that can take advantage of these insights will be able to provide better tools to their sales and marketing teams for driving adoption of new products in the market.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLABORATION
Of course, the above opportunities for AI to play an integral role in the operation of pharma and biotech companies do not come without challenges. Most significant of these is the necessity to coalesce and adapt existing sources of data so that they are usable by current and forthcoming AI technologies. Many of these data sources may reside in disparate legacy computer systems (or perhaps even in non-digital form), so firms must recognise and account for the time and expense required to modernise their data for AI. Also, AI is still far from a completely automated, error-free technology solution – human oversight and validation of results generated by AI systems will be essential to avoid relying on inaccurate or defective reasoning.
Also, many life sciences companies lack the in-house expertise in the form of software engineers and data scientists that are capable of developing, implementing, and refining customised algorithms and modules using current-generation AI technology. In view of this gap, we have seen an increase in partnerships between leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and smaller software developers that specialise in medical AI. We expect this trend to continue in the form of expanded collaboration and mergers or acquisitions, as life sciences companies look to keep pace with cutting-edge developments in the field and construct internal teams that can create proprietary AI platforms.
Finally, protection of the key intellectual property behind these innovations will be paramount to realising an immediate and long-term competitive advantage. Companies should thoroughly investigate whether any aspects of their in-house AI solutions might be eligible for patent, copyright, and/or trade secret protection, and if so, actively pursue these rights. Also, any joint development or collaboration agreements with third-party software or services providers should be carefully reviewed to ensure that any applicable IP rights are owned by the organisation.
Over the past five years, advances in computing hardware, cloud-based software development, and big data aggregation have made AI technology increasingly viable for applications in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. As many industry leaders have begun to evaluate and implement AI-based solutions, it is clear that AI is a big part of the future. In order to stay ahead of the competition, investment in and adoption of this technology at every level of the organisation will be critical.
Original article: http://var/web/site/public_html.pharmatimes.com/web_exclusives/A_smart_future_1323273 | <urn:uuid:1ce1d976-c592-4e02-be9a-d73702bcc19c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://sixdegreesmed.com/curated-a-smart-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.935463 | 1,403 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Even the biggest fan of spiny dogfish can’t deny that these little sharks sure are great at choking up entire nets. This is especially problematic for commercial fishermen who are trying to catch anything other than dogfish, and particularly for fishermen targeting silver hake, one of the few groundfish doing well up in New England waters. Silver hake are present in huge numbers in Massachusetts Bay, but are often associated with large schools of dogfish. Landing dogfish as bycatch counts against the quota for the little sharks, and quotas are still rather low as NMFS determines the extent to which the stock has recovered. Also, most silver hake fishermen would much rather just have large, dogfish-free catches of their target species. So how can fishermen get around the dogfish and still land a decent amount of hake? Technology, baby!
Researchers from the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries worked with a commercial trawler to gauge the effectiveness of a dogfish excluder device (they don’t call it that in the paper, but I think “DED” has a nice ring to it) on a silver hake trawl. In concept, it works exactly like the TEDs familiar to commercial trawlers.
The basic idea is that all the fish are guided up towards the top of the net by the guiding panel, and then smaller fish like silver hake and Atlantic herring pass through the grate while dogfish slide down it and through the escape vent in bottom of the net. So how well does this work?
To find out, the Mass DMF researchers not only counted everything landed by the trawl, but also mounted cameras on the net to observe the number of fish passing through and record their behavior as they worked their way through (or, hopefully in the case of dogfish, not through) the grate. They experimented with two different angles (45° and 35°) and made their experimental tows during the normal silver hake season, varying the color of the grate as well.
Overall, the experimental net caught very few dogfish and large amounts of both silver hake and Atlantic herring. Though the color of the grate did not seem to matter, the 45° angle seemed to perform better at catching the target species. The vast majority of fish observed escaping through the vent were in fact dogfish, and only in four tows did dogfish occur in large enough numbers to effectively clog the grate. Overall 88% of the dogfish that entered the net escaped through the vent.
Though other excluder devices have been shown to be ineffective at reducing dogfish bycatch, the device used in this particular study was quite effective, which the authors chalked up to the 50 mm width for the grid of the excluder grate. This seemed to be sufficient to prevent dogfish from getting stuck while still allowing the much smaller and thinner silver hake to pass through.
Some interesting results were found from the video footage. Dogfish performed a variety of behaviors upon exiting the net, but my own personal interest in these little sharks as predators was piqued by the fact that all other captured species exhibited noticeably more erratic swimming behavior in the presence of dogfish. Apparently even when caught in a trawl there’s still time to be afraid of being eaten.
The only issue I have with this study is the lack of a control trawl without the excluder device, which is actually addressed by the authors. The fishermen taking part in this study reported that the reduced handling time from not having to deal with as many dogfish alone was worth installing the device. I’d still be interested to see if the amount of silver hake caught is significantly different from a non-excluder trawl, and I imagine most hake fishermen would be too. Still these are great results for a method that can hopefully be modified to fit other trawl fisheries.
David M. Chosid, Michael Pol, Mark Szymanski, Frank Mirarchi, & Andrew Mirarchi (2011). Development and observations of a spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias reduction device in a raised footrope silver hake Merluccius bilinearis trawl Fisheries Resarch : 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.03.007 | <urn:uuid:2b7bce4e-63e7-423c-9cd2-3d9efcde18e2> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://yalikedags.southernfriedscience.com/how-to-not-catch-dogfish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530385.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190724041048-20190724063048-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.968052 | 882 | 2.53125 | 3 |
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. One of the cardinal teeth of a bivalve mollusk, entering into the hinge of the valves. See cut under bivalve.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
The shell is attached to other bodies by its left umbo; hinge-tooth of the free valve thick, curved, and received between the teeth of the other valve. | <urn:uuid:1d2ced91-62bd-4ae7-8c04-7701e7211b4b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/hinge-tooth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172404.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00379-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869403 | 87 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Today the Fed-Ex guy came and brought a very large package, but when I picked up the package it was super light, so I was interested to see what was inside. I just kept thinking that certainly they wouldn’t put something small in a large box, would they? After opening the package, we found out that yes they would package something small into a very large box.
Can we do something about this? Yes we can! Many companies have already begun to recycle old boxes and package their items in boxes that fit their products, not everyone is as thoughtless as this company above but we should be aware of the companies we do work with and their eco friendly or non-eco friendly practices. Ask questions, see if packages can be picked up or specifically ask them to send your products in appropriately sized boxes.
An easy way to start your holiday clean up is to divide your holiday debris into three piles; reusables, recyclables and trash.
Reusables – Bows, ribbon, wrapping paper, boxes, gift bags, tissue paper, Christmas cards, all can be reused in its former state or repurposed into an ornament or new Christmas card. There are so many possibilities.
Recyclables – Wrapping paper, gift bags, Christmas cards and boxes that are ripped or crumpled can be recycled with your regular household recyclables. You dont have to remove the tape from the paper either. Cardboard boxes, styrofoam, tins are all recyclable. Also your holiday food scraps can be put in a composter for your garden.
Trash -Ribbons, bows and tissue paper, if not reusable, go into the trash bin. Foil wrapping paper, cardboard contaminated with food, paint or glitter, plastic toys all go in the trash bin.
It seems that we tend to get a bit overly excited and throw a lot of stuff away when we could be saving or recycling. Christmas doesn’t have to be a wasteful time of year, lets keep the recycling going all year round. Teach your kids how to recycle too. Here are some tips to make this Christmas a recycled one.
Zero waste wrapping paper – Why not take a deep breath and open your gifts nicely so you can save your wrapping paper for next year? Fold your bags, tissue and paper so you can have an assortment to use all year long.
Save or Recycle – When a gift is open, either recycle the box it came in and wrapping paper(if your not saving it) or save the box for a few months in case you need to return the item and then recycle.
Christmas Cards – You can always keep save your Christmas cards for crafts/cards next year or put into your recycle bin right away.
Christmas Dinner – You can even recycle your Christmas dinner. Don’t waste your leftovers, save up your turkey for curry or stew, treat your pets to a Christmas meal or compost your vegetable trimmings and left over vegetables.
U.S. residents throw away more waste per person than those in any other nation. Between Thanksgiving and New years Day alone, Americans produce an extra one million tons of trash per week compared to any other time of the year.
Be creative when it comes to sending out Christmas cards. Emailing is much more Eco-friendly but giving a card is so much more festive to . If you are going to send out card, try reusing old cards and cutting them apart to make your own. You can make your own envelopes out of old paper, maps and the like. Have fun and let the kids join in.
When wrapping gifts, use left over wrapping paper from last year (I save wrapping paper from holidays and birthdays if they are in good shape so I can reuse it). You can make your own bows from newspaper or magazines, also you can use cut up old clothes to wrap gifts also.
As far as gifts go – stop generating waste by giving concert tickets, museum tickets, movie tickets or gift cards for things you need like grocery stores. The gift of time is a great one too. Offer to babysit for families with kids or offer to help with yard work for the older recipients.
Forget about using disposable party-ware. If you are having a potluck and don’t have enough dishes for each person then have each family bring their own along with their own silverware.
Ornaments and Decorations. If you need new ornaments, try your hand at making your own, the Internet is full of easy-to-make, DIY ideas. Using what you already have is the best way to generate less waste. If you must buy more, check your local thrift stores, they usually have a bunch of Christmas decor and ornaments that people have just got rid of.
Last week on Dirty Jobs, Mike Rowe helped clean storm drains, which made me a bit sick to watch, I guess that’s why they call it “Dirty Jobs”. It made me think about how important it is that we put our trash in the proper place and keep our drains free of pollution as much as we can. Below are 10 tips to preventing stormwater pollution. We don’t want this pollution going to our rivers and streams, harming fish and wildlife along the way. Did you know that a single cigarette butt can take 25 years to break down? So please don’t litter, it doesn’t take much to look for a trash can and dispose of trash properly.
Never dump anything down storm drains or into streams and report anyone who does.
Replant bare spots in your yard and preserve streamside vegetation.
Direct rooftop downspouts away from paved surfaces.
Take your car to a car wash or wash it on an unpaved area.
Check your car for leaks and recycle your motor oil and antifreeze.
Pick up your pet waste; it can carry harmful bacteria and parasites.
Have your septic tank pumped and system inspected regularly.
Choose low-maintenance, native plants that require fewer chemicals and less watering and sweep up debris from driveways and sidewalks.
Consider alternatives to impervious surfaces such as pervious pavement, paving blocks, gravel cobbles, brick and natural stone.
Get a rain barrel to collect stormwater and install an approved rain garden or green roof.
So many of us grab the easy to pop in the oven, pre-made food for dinners and when baking desserts, but with a bit of planning on your part and food prep ahead of time you can have wonderful made from scratch meals all through the Holidays. This time of year is my favorite time. I love homemade cookies, desserts and savory goodies. Start planning now and you will be glad you did. And with a smile on your face you can say “I made this!”
First you have to have knowledge of what freezes well and what doesn’t.
Food that can freeze:
Breads & Baked Goods
Butter & Margarine
Potatoes – Cook before freezing.
Fruits & Veggies – Will soften when frozen and should only be used for cooking after being frozen.
Food that can’t freeze:
Veggies – Such as lettuce, celery, radishes, cabbage and cucumbers.
Melons – They become very soft and lose much of their juice.
Mayo – Seperates
Fried Foods – Lose their crispness.
Favorite Freezer Foods has a plethora of information to help you if you are wanting to cook once a month, once a week or even batch cooking.
Pulling a meal out of the freezer is faster than the drive through, delivery or your favorite eat in restaurant.
Homemade meals are cheaper than eating out and since you control all the ingredients you can rest assured that your family is eating healthy food.
So drive past the line at the drive through, put down the phone, step away from the boxed entrees in the grocery store and get a healthy homemade dinner on the table.
Favorite Freezer Foods will teach you how to freeze each type of food, they have recipes available for freezer foods, and instructions on how to defrost the freezer foods.
So take on the challenge and start from scratch and enjoy the holidays and your savings.
Reading through an article from Divine Caroline, I found 7 tips to help save money on heating this winter. Who doesn’t want to save money, especially during the holiday months.
1. Replace all your filters. In addition to not being as effective at filtering the air you breathe, dirty filters cause several problems for the furnace. They make the blower work harder getting enough air into the heat-exchange chamber so that you have enough warm air in the house.
2. Clean the area around the furnace and inside the filter box. While you are replacing the air filters, vacuum around the furnace unit. Most furnaces are stuck in an out-of-the-way spot and get minimal cleaning during the year.
3. Check your fan belts. Fan belts that are too loose or too tight can cause problems with the blower and the fan motor. The tension in the belts should be set so there is about 1” of deflection at the center of the span.
4. Lubricate the blower (fan) motor shaft. Most electrical motor shafts have lubrication ports at one or both ends of the shaft that runs through the motor. Use a good quality, lightweight motor oil to fill these lubrication ports.
5. Check to be sure the blower (fan) cage spins easily. Check your blower (fan) cage by spinning it. As long as it spins easily, everything is fine. If it seems to rub or bind while it spins, you could have something stuck in the fan or you could have a worn out fan.
6. Turn on the pilot light. Most gas furnaces require a pilot light to function properly (some of the more modern furnaces have electronic flame starters). Make sure your pilot light is lit.
7. Check your thermostat. After you have done the mechanical maintenance on the furnace and made sure the pilot light is lit and working, check the thermostat to make sure that it is working. Set your thermostat control to ‘Heat’ and the furnace temperature control to higher than your current room temperature. Make sure the burner lights and the fan starts blowing. As soon as you have done this you can turn the furnace thermostat control back to a cooler setting and the status control back to either cool or neutral.
Sometimes I feel being green is a bit more expensive than being careless and not caring about this environment. Buying organic food, buying green, biodegradable cleaning products, organic beauty products all have high price tags but they are good for the environment and not to mention our bodies, but how do you get around this? Below are some helpful ways you can be green and save money.
Give up paper towels, plastic wrap and ziplock bags: Don’t spend your money on things to wrap your food in or paper towels to clean with. Start using your tupperware or save butter containers to store your food in. For cleaning windows use newspaper and for wiping hands use cloth napkins – not only is it green but it makes your table look nicer. You can also use old rags for cleaning with.
Stop buying bottled water: The water from your faucet is just as good, and bottled water produces garbage because most people (over 80%) throw the bottles away instead of recycle them. Check out the facts on the lighterfootstep.com.
Shop at thrift stores: Whatever items you are comfortable buying at thrift stores/second hand keeps that item from going to the garbage dump.
Cut your grocery bill: Use coupons on items you use only, just cause you have a coupon or its a good deal doesn’t mean you need to buy it. Shop for groceries once every two weeks, shopping more than that and you will end up with stuff that you don’t need which in turn will cause you to waste food.
Conserve water: Think about the water you use, take quicker showers, use a timer if you need help, turn off the water when you are brushing your teeth and use less hot water.
There are many more ways to be green while saving money or not spending so keep your eyes peeled for helpful hints and when you come across ways that you have saved please share them.
Reading through the Happy Hippie I found an article on the No Waste Lunch – a green, healthy and money-saving alternative. Having kids in school I find it difficult sometimes to get them out the door on time with a no waste lunch. I tend to grab the quick and easy plastic baggies that you throw away. I want to be more intentional about what I send my kids to school with, keeping in mind the amount of trash that schools throw out daily and not wanting to add to it.
The basic steps as mentioned in the article are:
Reduce the amount of disposable waste you pack
Pack reusable products
Recycle anything you have left over
They sound easy enough – don’t they? And yes by each of us doing our part we CAN make a difference.
They have Easy tips for a no waste lunch. To read the full article click here. | <urn:uuid:e49fceb1-7556-4134-9b89-926c4b9aa69e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.greenglancy.com/category/tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320040.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623082050-20170623102050-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.943621 | 2,768 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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1. A politician is a man who undertands government, and it takes a poiltician to run a government. A statesman is a politician who's been dead ten or fifeen years.
2. Since a politician never believes what he says, he is surprised when others believe him. Charles de Gaulle
3. He is widely regarded as Hungary's most skilful politician.
4. The newspaper editorial defamed the politician.
5. The politician thundered at the government's plans.
6. The politician was at the pinnacle of his fame.
7. He is a fake politician.
8. The mayor is a skilled politician.
9. The politician gave an equivocal answer.
10. A politician must be able to communicate.
11. He has shown himself to be an artful politician.
12. Mrs Thatcher was a tough and uncompromising politician.
13. He was known as a radical reformer/thinker/politician.
14. The politician exposed himself by attacking the government's plan.
15. He is a highly ambitious politician.
16. It was the first time a Green politician and a Labour minister had shared a platform .
17. McCarthyism is named after the American politician Joseph McCarthy,(sentencedict.com) who in the 1950s accused many Americans of being Communists.
18. If a politician transgresses, that is not the fault of the media.
19. She is a shrewd politician who wants to avoid offending the electorate unnecessarily.
20. They said the greatest virtues in a politician were integrity, correctness and honesty.
21. The politician was ousted from office by a vote from members of his own party.
22. A scrupulous politician would not lie about her business interests.
23. As a politician,[Sentencedict.com] he knows how to manipulate public opinion.
24. This famous politician often ripped into his opponents in the newspaper.
25. The politician was awarded £50 000 damages over false allegations made by the newspaper.
26. It is rare to find a prominent politician with few political enemies.
27. He would not be the first politician to connive at a shady business deal.
28. Her testimony works against his chance of success as a politician.
29. In ten years he'll be dead and buried as a politician.
30. Yesterday's riot broke out at the instigation of an unknown politician.
More similar words: political, politically, musician, metropolitan, physician, technician, criticize, police, policy, official, judicial, officially, artificial, enticing, critic, coalition, anticipate, facilities, participate, participant, critical, participation, little by little, poly, pole, poll, solid, apology, Catholic, symbolic. | <urn:uuid:d3421c86-e047-42b0-b415-42ad50d08ebf> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://sentencedict.com/politician.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.985423 | 582 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Communities are facing pressing water and sanitation issues across the globe. Recently, ECS tackled this issue through a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to establish the Science for Solving Society’s Problems Challenge. While ECS is working on a global level to encourage life-saving research in water and sanitation, researchers at Stanford University and working on innovative solutions to these issues in their own back yard.
The water infrastructure that is currently in place in many semiarid and highly populated regions is reaching its limit. When taking recent droughts and population booms into consideration, many communities are beginning to fear water shortages. However, environmental engineer and Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment Senior Fellow, Richard Luthy, believes that answer to this problem has been right in front of us all along.
“These are billion-dollar problems,” said Luthy. “Meeting water needs in the future is going to depend a lot on how we reuse water and what we do with stormwater.”
Capture and Reuse Stormwater
Luthy is currently looking at ways to capture and treat stormwater to assist in alleviating current water supply issues in densely populated, semiarid environments. The environmental engineer is proposing a stormwater capture center that would be situated on 50-acres of currently unused space. Not only could the treatment plant help secure water infrastructure and the needs of the community, but it could also help the environment.
With stormwater comes runoff. This runoff is contaminated with harmful chemicals and often makes its way into oceans and streams. By recovering and cleaning a large portion of the stormwater, researchers believe that we will see a decrease in water pollution due to runoff. | <urn:uuid:a3b0dbe7-bc83-4d4f-b8ec-e5bbdad802e2> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.electrochem.org/redcat-blog/stormwater-as-solution-to-water-shortage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915114318-20190915140318-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.95967 | 350 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Paul Andersen covers the processes of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. He starts with a brief description of the two processes. He then describes the important parts of the mitochondria. He explains how energy is transferred to ATP through the processes of glycolysis, the Kreb cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. He also explains how organisms use both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation.
Intro Music Atribution
Link to sound:
Creative Commons Atribution License | <urn:uuid:c653fb8d-dc49-49ed-b1a2-49e4a0d8b4a3> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://thaims.com/cellular-respiration.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201521.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318172016-20190318194016-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.81778 | 97 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Biomimicry or biomimetics is the study of nature’s models, systems, components, and processes in order to achieve inspiration to solve human issues. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or suggestions expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF). India is a nation that has marked a name of its personal in the planet of science and technologies. The Science Council is a membership organisation for expert bodies and discovered societies across science, bringing collectively a variety of disciplines and sectors to reflect the multi-disciplinary practice of science in today’s society.
In addition to its practical applications, finding out science is a useful pursuit in its personal appropriate. By the late Middle Ages, a synthesis of Catholicism and Aristotelianism identified as Scholasticism was flourishing in western Europe , which had grow to be a new geographic center of science, but all aspects of scholasticism had been criticized in the 15th and 16th centuries. Little ones and adults alike are invited to appreciate hands-on science activities each and every Saturday and Sunday from noon-four p.m. at the Koshland Science Museum. Those who are involved with parapsychic science schools think that there is a scientific domain that defies explanation by the identified laws of physics or biology.
These kits have a selection of experiments that will keep most kids amused for hours, while teaching them the basic principles of science. We breathe it, but for the most portion it goes unseen and unnoticed as we go about our day-to-day lives. The core of this book involves you to change the current way you consider throughout your daily life and feel a certain way that will assure success. The Mariner’s Museum is positioned in Newport News, Virginia, and encompasses 60,000 square feet of exhibition space. For Iset: The Princess of the Desert, this actually is an eight-player raid that may be accomplished only one particular time daily. Here is some critical details that parents and students need to know about safety when carrying out science fair projects. Tom received his Bachelor of Science from Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, and an MBA from Pepperdine University in Malibu, California.
As you can see, this is truly one of our straightforward elementary science fair projects that all children will really like as you see the results so soon before the boredom sets in. As effectively as supplying advice and assistance to scientists currently engaging with the media, the Science Media Centre runs events to introduce authorities to what that requires. Walkthrough Instance: You are have drafted a journal article that needs reviewal approval prior to publishing onto your company’s daily newsletter internet site. The museum has a number of various exhibits and displays, many of which are hands on. You can, for example, go to the space exhibit and discover about gravity, black holes, or discover about the international space station. You can amp up the worth of your science fair project by also exploring how enzymes can be utilised to speed up the decomposition of organic and inorganic supplies.
You will uncover various certificates, diplomas and degrees supplied by parapsychic science schools, such as the Parapsychology Certificate, Diploma of Parapsychology, Bachelor degree in Holistic Research, Bachelor of Science in Parapsychological Research, and other folks. There are many, several on the internet science games for young children of all ages and abilities to play. All in all, the museum gives an in-depth, fascinating look into life sciences, earth and space sciences, math, physics and nanotechnology. | <urn:uuid:9a1ba0b5-4d72-4b6d-bb6c-d95892223fd7> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.uhpresidentscollege.org/teaching-young-young-children-history-geography-science-by-paul-perro.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647758.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322014514-20180322034514-00725.warc.gz | en | 0.94547 | 750 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Ferric sulfate is a sulfate of iron (III), and the chemical formula is Fe2 (SO4) 3. Usually yellow soluble crystals, orthorhombic. It is used as a mordant coagulating agent and industrial wastewater, is also used in paints. The use of ferric sulfate as a astringent and a hemostatic agent in medicine. A large amount of ferric sulfate can be obtained by the reaction of sulfuric acid and ferrous sulfate with oxidizing agents such as nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide.
1、Used in the analysis of silver, quantitative determination of sugar. Used as a dye, ink, water purification, aluminum carving, disinfection, polymerization catalyst, etc..
2、analysis reagent, sugar, quantitative determination of iron catalyst, mordant, purifying agent, pigment, medicine.
3、Water treatment industry is used as coagulant and sludge treatment agent.
4、is used as a mordant coagulating agent and industrial wastewater, is also used in paints.
5、Use iron sulfate as a astringent and a hemostatic agent in medicine.
6、Used in electrolyte of zinc nickel iron alloy and zinc iron cobalt alloy plating.
7、iron sulfate in agricultural applications: used as fertilizer, herbicide insecticide treatment, wheat, fruit, potatoes, corn, vegetables, flowers and fruit trees in the orchard pest control tree stalk rot, radical liverworts and lichens. It can be used as fertilizer, flowers and trees, fruit trees, catalyst, chlorophyll production with phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, loose soil, insect sterilization, strong root strong rod, enhanced fruit gloss, moisture, enhance photosynthesis, improve crop drought resistance, resistance, reduce fruit rot, rot, spot disease, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases, and the fruit tree little leaf, yellow leaf disease, fruit shrink disease prevention and treatment of the strong effect of increasing the significant.
8、used in the production of pigments, drugs, and used as a mordant, purifying agent, etc.. Polymeric ferric sulfate is used in raw water purification, sewage treatment and recovery, medicine, leather making and sugar making industry. Mainly used for purification of drinking water and industrial water. It can also purify all kinds of industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater (such as food, leather, mining, metallurgy, printing and dyeing, paper making, petroleum and so on).
Room temperature sealed, light free, ventilated and dry place. Prevent poisonous material pollution, rain and damp during storage and transportation.
First aid measures
Skin contact: immediately remove contaminated clothing, rinse with a large amount of flowing water for at least 15 minutes. Medical treatment.
Eye contact: lift eyelids immediately and rinse thoroughly with plenty of flowing water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Medical treatment.
Inhalation: quickly escape from the scene to the fresh air. Keep airway unobstructed. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If respiration stops, immediate artificial respiration is performed. Medical treatment.
Ingestion: gargle with water, drink milk or egg white. Medical treatment.
1、new type, high quality and high efficiency ferric inorganic polymer flocculant;
2、coagulation performance is good, alum flower is dense, sedimentation speed is fast;
3、the water purification effect is good, good water quality, no aluminum, chlorine and heavy metal ions and other harmful substances, there is no iron ion aqueous phase transfer, non-toxic, harmless, safe and reliable;
4、turbidity removal, decolorization, deoiling, dehydration, sterilization, deodorization, algae removal, removal of COD, BOD and heavy metal ions in water and other significant effect;
5、the pH range of water body is 4-11, the optimum pH range is 6-9, and the pH value and total alkalinity of raw water have little change after purification. The corrosion of the treatment equipment is small;
6、the purification effect of micro polluted, algae containing, low temperature and low turbidity raw water is remarkable, and the purification effect of high turbidity raw water is better;
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When it comes to IT security, businesses face two major threats: external and internal. While controlling both is critical, internal threats may be the more aggravating. A company may go to great expense and effort to build a cutting-edge cyber-fortress and train employees on good cyber practices, only to have a careless employee “leave the backdoor open.”
In August, CloudLock, a Massachusetts-based security firm, released a study that found that just 1% of employees are responsible for 75% of cloud-related enterprise security risk. Such users often engage in behaviors such as sending out plain-text passwords, sharing files, accidentally downloading malware, clicking on phishing links, using risky applications and reusing passwords.
The traditional password system may be the weakest link. Today’s cybercriminals have numerous ways to discover login and password information fairly easily, and the typical employee tends to re-use passwords or make them too easy to guess (ie “password” or “12345”).
In response, there is growing interest in developing algorithms that can identify people by analyzing their behaviors. In other words, rather than allowing employee behavior to make a business vulnerable, companies are beginning to look at using employee behaviors to actually improve security, using what’s known as “behavioral biometrics.”
Behavior difficult to copy
Behavioral biometrics identifies unique patterns in the way people perform activities. It’s been fodder for sci-fi movies for years, but it may now be getting closer to reality. Using behavioral biometrics, a company employs sensors and other technology to collect behavioral pattern information from workers. Used in combination, those usage patterns can serve as an “online fingerprint.” Security experts say when several behavioral metrics are combined, they are very difficult to copy.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been investigating behavioral biometrics for a while now. Their research found that cybercriminals trying to hijack employee accounts could be caught within 18 seconds using behavioral biometrics.
On the civilian side, Google is working on Project Abacus, which looks at behavioral patterns combined with biometric authentication tools such as voice and face detection. Several startups are also working in this space, creating their own algorithms for authenticating customers. The technology can be challenging, however, because it requires crunching data on a number of different behavioral variables very quickly.
Meanwhile, some established companies like Wells Fargo are already beginning to use behavioral biometrics.
“We’ve been thinking of behavioral characteristics as a way to augment something as a basic as user ID and password for many years,” said Steve Ellis, head of Wells Fargo’s innovation group in a recent WSJ article.
According to the article, Wells Fargo has installed technology that can “compare a user’s normal pattern of behavior to what’s currently happening on a real-time basis.” If the behavior doesn’t match, Wells Fargo quarantines the transaction and takes other steps to verify the customer.
Given the proliferation of data breaches today, it’s clear we must move beyond rudimentary password-based systems. While not everyone will be thrilled that companies may soon seek to track their behaviors or may view the collection of such information as a privacy threat, behavioral biometrics may be the best bet we currently have for improving cyber security. | <urn:uuid:04119a2b-fa3a-4d6a-a061-193a7450b21b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.ciodive.com/news/are-biometrics-the-key-to-better-data-security/407087/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363189.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205130619-20211205160619-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.934869 | 709 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Role of a Business Administrator
Business administration is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of business management careers. Whether a company conducts business on an international level or is a local, independently owned start-up, it needs business administrators to ensure its long-term success.
A business administrator is trained to handle the day-to-day issues that arise in a business. They may oversee a variety of responsibilities, including:
- Establishing and executing goals, procedures and policies
- Providing direction and oversight for financial and budgetary issues
- Overseeing the processes that are involved in providing the company’s goods or services
- Helping their workplace improve by implementing new procedures
- Analyzing performance indicators
- Identifying areas that can be eliminated to reduce costs and promote efficiency
Business administrators play an essential role in a number of different industries, including retail sales, hospitality and operations management. Business administrators fill a variety of roles and are an essential part in ensuring the productivity and success of an organization.
What Career Paths Are Available?
There are a large number of career paths available for business administrators. Many business administrators work in retail sales or direct sales. In addition to this, they may also work as project assistants, managers in an office environment, or as support specialists in technology industries. Business administrators play a role in federal, private and non-profit companies. Successful entrepreneurs often have a background in business administration, as their experience in developing organization and management skills are essential in starting a small business.
How Can I Become A Business Administrator?
Obtaining a college degree is the first step you will take in your pursuit of a career in business administration. An associate’s degree in business will equip you for an entry level position. A bachelor’s degree will help you advance your knowledge in management skills and techniques, organizational leadership, and strategic planning. With a bachelor’s degree in business, you will immediately be qualified for a variety of careers pertaining to business administration. Some professionals continue in their education and obtain a Master in Business Administration (MBA). This highly respected degree typically takes one to two years of additional coursework to obtain. | <urn:uuid:337e880e-2b6e-4db6-bf0c-d32c7b68f12d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://whatdoesado.com/tag/administration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.945166 | 442 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Experts: Las Crucitas Logging Bad for Birds
At the center of the growing conflict over a planned open-pit gold mine on Costa Rica’s northern border is the great green macaw.
This emerald parrot is an endangered species on the rebound and depends on the mountain almond, a towering endangered hardwood, for its habitat and nearly all its food.
Researchers who have studied the bird say the Las Crucitas mine could strike a serious blow to the survival of this and other bird species in the northern Caribbean plains.
“Today, our great green macaw population is in a very precarious and fragile state, in which the smallest modification of its life conditions could carry it to extinction,” according to a 2002 report summarizing eight years of research by the Tropical Science Center (CCT).
Guiselle Monge, one of the two authors of the report and the country’s leading expert on the great green macaw, said there has not been an estimate of the bird’s population since 2002, when Costa Rica was believed then to have 210 individuals, but only 35 mating pairs.
The controversial gold mine is in the middle of some of the last great green macaw habitat in Costa Rica. To build it, the developers say, they must level almost two square kilometers of forest.
Two weeks ago, President Oscar Arias and Environment Minister Roberto Dobles issued a decree declaring the Las Crucitas mine, now in the construction phase, “of national interest,” a classification that would exempt it from laws prohibiting logging.
Arias said he has supported the mine since “long ago,” trusting that the jobs and tax income created will outweigh any environmental costs.
The decree gave permission to Industrias Infinito – the Costa Rican subsidiary of the Canadian mining firm Vannessa Ventures – to log 191 hectares of forest, totaling 11,000 trees and including nearly 200 mountain almond trees, which are also an endangered species.
Issued on Friday, Oct. 17, the decree was suspended the following Monday by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court (Sala IV), which ruled last month to halt any and all permits for logging the mountain almond until both it and the green macaw are off the endangered species lists.
The mining company felled 90 hectares, mostly forest but also former pastureland and plantations, before ordered to stop, according to the Environment, Energy and Telecommunications Ministry (MINAET).
It is unclear how many of the those were mountain almonds.
The Chief Prosecutor’s Office last week opened a criminal investigation of the president and the environment minister to determine whether the decree violated national laws (TT, Oct. 24).
Brushing off the legal concerns, Dobles – called before the Legislative Assembly this week to explain his reasoning – said the great green macaw is in no danger because the mining company would plant 100 newmountain almonds for every one it cut.
The mine site, he said, is “only occasionally passed through” by the green macaw and not used for nesting, according to the environmental study submitted by the mining company.
“As the green macaw does not nest in the area, there are no problems if the trees that are cut are substituted with the planting of new ones,” he said.
Costa Rica’s macaw experts, however, disagree.
Julio Sánchez, the founder of the Union of Ornithologists, an association of the country’s top bird researchers, said the macaw migrates across the humid Caribbean lowlands, following the maturation of the fruit of the yellow almond and other trees.
“It’s like they have an internal clock that tells them that at this time of year, the fruit is mature here,” he said. “What happens when they arrive and there are no trees?”
It’s like going on a long car trip and stopping at a gas station that has little or no gasoline, Sánchez said.
“If it doesn’t find food, the macaw has to travel farther and will be weak. When it’s weak it gets sick more easily and has a harder time reproducing.”
According to Monge, the biologist, the range of the macaw has already been reduced by 90 percent since the beginning of the 20th century as a result of deforestation from cattle ranching, banana plantations and, more recently, pineapple plantations.
Together with the 25 nongovernmental organizations and MINAET, Monge and other researchers hatched a conservation plan in the mid-1990s centering on the preservation of habitat through the creation of the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor.
The Las Crucitas mine site is in the middle of that corridor.
The mine also falls within an “important bird area” (IBA), a zone designated by the international bird conservation organization BirdLife International as critical to bird conservation.
“This IBA is based on the protection of the great green macaw,” said Luis Sandoval, a Union of Ornithologists researcher.
“But the problem is more than just the macaw,” he added. “It is estimated that between 3 billion and 5 billion migratory birds come through the Central American isthmus, and the majority of those pass through the Caribbean, and thus pass through Crucitas. ”
The 2002 report on macaw research found protecting the macaw has “an umbrella effect” because its habitat benefits “a multitude” of other species.
The conservation efforts of researchers and MINAET have had some success in bringing back the macaw, the Arias administration noted. Dobles said that the 2002 estimate of 35 mating pairs was an important increase over an estimate of 20 about 15 years ago.
Monge said the minimum number of mating pairs needed for a “genetically viable” population is 50. Sánchez and Monge, meanwhile, said a healthy population should have about 500 mating pairs.
“They are using the increase of 50 individuals to justify the destruction of their habitat,” Sánchez said. “It’s absurd.”
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Country-level species conservation plans serve as a blueprint for identifying important areas, prioritizing management actions and judicious use of conservation funds. India is a biologically megadiverse country, yet many threatened and endangered species do not have science-based conservation plans. In a new study, scientists from Wildlife Conservation Society–India (WCS-India), University of Florida, Wildlife Conservation Trust (WCT), and National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) propose a detailed framework for conserving the endangered dhole in India using a combination of ecological, social, … Read More
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In a recent study, scientists have found that the coffee, rubber and areca agroforests in Karnataka support 204 bird species including 13 bird species found exclusively in the Western Ghats, highlighting the supplementary role of agroforests in conserving wildlife.
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News papers have been reporting the presence of a livestock killing tiger in agricultural fields and state forests outside the eastern boundary of Nagarahole Tiger Reserve over the last few days. Unfortunately on 25-August-2012 the tiger attacked a woman grazing livestock, killed, and partially ate her. On 26-August-2012 Forest Department staff managed to locate the tiger using domestic elephants, tranquilized it and moved it into captivity.
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Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), a common disease among millions of street dogs in India, has infected wild tigers in some parts of the country, as reported in the media (CTV News, Salon.com). Given that conservation resources are limited, how should we treat this ‘outbreak’?
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In spite of its conservation significance, elephant populations across … Read More | <urn:uuid:82276857-53f2-4519-b642-fc4ddd948192> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.conservationindia.org/tag/wildlife-conservation-society-wcs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587794.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026011138-20211026041138-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.933558 | 1,555 | 3.375 | 3 |
Flashback: McKinley’s Presidential Campaigns Pioneered Buttons
NILES, Ohio – Gazing through the protective glass at the more than century-old McKinley campaign buttons, it’s easy to miss their significance. After all, political buttons that feature the faces of candidates and their campaign slogans have been ubiquitous in American politics.
These buttons, however, were a novelty to the supporters of the Republican standard bearer in 1896, William McKinley.
“This was the first campaign where they made real use of campaign buttons,” says Trish Scarmuzzi, curator of collections at the National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Museum in Niles, which celebrates its centennial this year.
The museum has a large collection of political buttons from McKinley’s presidential campaigns in 1896 and 1900. The Whitehead & Hoag Co. of Newark, N.J, patented pin-back celluloid buttons in 1896, just in time for McKinley’s first presidential campaign, which used mass-produced political buttons to rally support for the Republican nominee.
Political buttons proved ideal in using symbols to communicate with voters. “Most people could read, but sometimes the reading wasn’t so easy for them,” Scarmuzzi says. An image of McKinley on a gold background communicated his support for the gold standard, and images from the Civil War reminded voters that McKinley was a Union veteran.
Other buttons used simple slogans to communicate the candidate’s positions: “The Full Dinner Bucket” told them of McKinley’s support for the working man during the 1900 campaign and “Sound Money Club” promoted his fiscal policies.
McKinley’s Democratic opponent in 1896 and 1900, William Jennings Bryan, eventually followed suit and produced buttons with the slogan “Solid Silver,” advertising his support for an expanded money supply.
“They started using them as an advertising medium,” Scarmuzzi says. “In those days you didn’t see your candidate very much, so you just had that pin.”
Trish Scarmuzzi is the curator of collections at the 100-year-old McKinley museum.
Some buttons at the museum feature images of McKinley and Garret Hobart, his vice president who died in office in 1899.The dual portrait button is referred to as a “jugate,” and they continue in modern presidential elections.
Memorial buttons were produced to express the nation’s sorrow after McKinley’s assassination in 1901. Many of the buttons are attached to black ribbons.
The museum has other political campaign memorabilia that may seem odd to contemporary audiences. A “Soap Baby,” distributed as a campaign novelty item, is a baby doll made of soap with an accompanying tag that reads: “My papa will vote for McKinley.” Women did not vote in presidential elections until 1920.
The museum has other sundry items from McKinley’s campaigns: an umbrella decorated with the visages of McKinley and Hobart and a straight razor with the images of the president and his wife, Ida.
Also on display are two pipes with a depiction of McKinley’s head in place of the bowls of the pipes. “In those days, they tried to make your campaign memorabilia as useful as possible, Scarmuzzi says.
Artifacts and memorabilia in the museum help patrons understand the area’s connection to history, says Marcelle Wilson, an adjunct professor of history at Youngstown State University. “It’s memorabilia that helps people remember our place, not only here locally, but also nationally,” she says.
The memorial museum, which celebrates its centennial this year, was inspired by Joseph Butler Jr., a Mahoning Valley industrialist and lifelong friend of McKinley.
Butler raised funds for the museum from many of the leading industrialists of the day, including Andrew Carnegie, George Westinghouse and Andrew W. Mellon, later secretary of the treasury under presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.
The industrialists and others donated more than $1,000 each to the project. A bronze bust of each was placed in the outdoor assembly space; they surround a statue of McKinley.
Birthplace Memorial will re-enact the dedication ceremony of 1917, with actor Mike Wilson portraying President William Howard Taft and an appearance by Dorothy Butler, a great-granddaughter of Joseph Butler Jr.
Pictured at top: This campaign button advertises the endorsement of William McKinley by a fraternal group formed in 1890, Commercial Travelers of America, that provided insurance.
Copyright 2018 The Business Journal, Youngstown, Ohio.
Published by The Business Journal, Youngstown, Ohio.
CLICK HERE to subscribe to our print edition and sign up to our free daily headlines. | <urn:uuid:8f23831d-aa6e-4d5b-af8c-fb017fcb217a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://businessjournaldaily.com/mckinley-campaigns-pioneered-buttons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210040.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815083101-20180815103101-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.951685 | 1,025 | 2.984375 | 3 |
We often find ourselves in hibernation mode over the winter months. Instead of hopping from park to park and playing outside, children spend more time inside which can lead to more exposure to screens and devices then we would like. How do we manage screen time, promote positive habits and strike a balance with getting some outdoor activity time in? Here are my tips on how to manage your child’s screen time this winter:
Plan, Don’t Ban Screen Time
Kids will protest if you ban all screen time and your good intentions will backfire. In this day and age, it is not realistic to ban something entirely that is so predominant in our society. We need to teach our kids – by setting limits – how to manage screens and use them in a healthy way. Spend time discussing and establishing your family’s rules around device use and screen time. Ask your child to contribute their ideas and needs so that you can collaborate together to establish the guidelines.
If your child is of the younger age (2-5 years) this may include asking them what show or game they would like to play each day and then building that screen activity into their daily routine. For example; come home from school, wash your hands, have a snack and then watch one Paw Patrol episode, then play in the basement. If your child is older (6-10 years) it might be worthwhile to get a day planer to block out time for screens and time for other activities such as chores, homework, sports, meal time etc. Including your children in the plan will encourage them to participate. This way, rules and expectations are not being imposed on them by you and they will recognize that you have worked with them to meet their needs as well as your own.
Quality over Quantity
Find high quality, age appropriate content for your children to engage with. It is important to be aware of what they are engaging with and why. Common Sense Media is a great resource for parents to use as it rates and reviews apps, games, websites, TV shows and movies. It is important for parents of older children who use screen time more independently to be in the know. Parents should understand the language and apps or social media that their kids are using. When you have this knowledge your can discuss them with your kids then guide your child on appropriate and safe ways to engage with this form of media.
Model Positive Behaviour
Parents are their children’s best teachers. Our children are watching us all the time and learning from what we do. Therefore, it is important for parents to model the behaviour that they want their children to show. This is especially important with screens because children are fascinated by them and most often their first exposure to devices is in their homes, used by their parents.
It is important for parents to set boundaries around where and when they use devices. A great way to demonstrate these boundaries is to have a basket or tray in a central part of the home and establish specific times when there are no screens used. For example, devices should be placed in the basket he dinner table or at bedtime.
Parents need to use media in a way that they want their children to engage with media. Talk to your kids about how you use your devices – there are many positives that screens provide to us – it is important to make your kids aware of this. Next time you pick up your phone to check for a recipe or look at your calendar, let your kids know what you are doing, otherwise they might think you are consistently playing games and that is the only use for the device.
Crowd Out Screen Time
Plan tech-free activities throughout the winter months so that kids are engaged with physical activity, family, friends, outdoor play and unstructured playtime. Some ways to get children excited about these activities are:
- ask them what they would like to do,
- research ideas with them
- communicate when these activities are going to happen so your kids are in the know and can look forward to the fun. | <urn:uuid:275300f8-f7de-4c27-9cc5-72e0e3a54f17> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://divine.ca/en/managing-screen-time-throughout-the-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301670.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120005715-20220120035715-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.973287 | 817 | 2.796875 | 3 |
It is intended that the Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition provide the student with a clear and thorough presentation of the theory and application of the principles of mechanics of materials. To achieve this objective, over the years this work has been shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of reviewers in the teaching profession, as well as many of the author’s students.
The Book Contents:
The subject matter is organized into 14 chapters. Chapter 1 begins with a review of the important concepts of statics, followed by a formal definition of both normal and shear stress, and a discussion of normal stress in axially loaded members and average shear stress caused by direct shear.
In Chapter 2 normal and shear strain are defined, and in Chapter 3 a discussion of some of the important mechanical properties of materials is given. Separate treatments of axial load, torsion, and bending are presented in Chapters 4 , 5 , and 6 , respectively. In each of these chapters, both linearelastic and plastic behavior of the material are considered. Also, topics related to stress concentrations and residual stress are included.
Transverse shear is discussed in Chapter 7 , along with a discussion of thin-walled tubes, shear flow, and the shear center. Chapter 8 includes a discussion of thin-walled pressure vessels and provides a partial review of the material covered in the previous chapters, where the state of stress results from combined loadings. In Chapter 9 the concepts for transforming multiaxial states of stress are presented. In a similar manner, Chapter 10 discusses the methods for strain transformation, including the application of various theories of failure. Chapter 11 provides a means for a further summary and review of previous material by covering design applications of beams and shafts. In Chapter 12 various methods for computing deflections of beams and shafts are covered. Also included is a discussion for finding the reactions on these members if they are statically indeterminate.
Chapter 13 provides a discussion of column buckling, and lastly, in Chapter 14 the problem of impact and the application
Release: January 13th, 2013.
Pages: 917 (in PDF)
Size: 37 MB
Author: Russell C. Hibbeler
How to download Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition PDF For Free:
How to download Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition SOLUTIONS MANUAL PDF For Free: | <urn:uuid:d0b41956-6908-44e4-aab9-3565b13c9099> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.booksinpdf.com/mechanics-materials-9th-edition-pdf-free-download/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794871918.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528044215-20180528064215-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.936595 | 485 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The TurfMutt program is a science-based curriculum for K-5 grade levels across the United States. In 2010, the TurfMutt program joined with OPEI's Education and Research Foundation to teach K-5 grade levels the science behind the value of green spaces.
The 'face' of the TurfMutt youth curriculum is a real rescue dog named Lucky who is the 'spokesdog' for this important program. Lucky turns into TurfMutt, a caped crusader who champions creating and caring for green spaces in a responsible way.
Through the TurfMutt program, teachers can bring the science of growing lawns and landscapes to students through lesson plans, hands-on activities, puzzles, videos, interactive maps while providing students the opportunity to get outdoors and explore the world around them. Students learn why yards, parks, forests and other green spaces are so beneficial for us and the environment, while encouraging them to become better environmental stewards.
Spread the word about the value of lawns and landscapes in your community. MTD is asking for your help to share a FREE, digital science curriculum with your school and elementary teachers. We also encourage you and your family to enjoy TurfMutt's escapades at TurfMutt.com and 'like' TurfMutt on Facebook. Join the growing TurfMutt community where you'll find news and information on backyard fun, gardening and family activities. | <urn:uuid:404d517c-0197-4146-9e03-9a11dea02e5f> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.mtdproducts.com/equipment/mtdproducts/bolens/caring_10500_20500_-1_TurfMutt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989126.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00048-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931691 | 296 | 3.0625 | 3 |
It can be difficult to tell when a baby or toddler is seriously ill, but the main thing is to trust your instincts.
You know better than anyone else what your child is usually like, so you'll know when something is seriously wrong.
Signs of serious illness in a baby or toddler
Here's a checklist of warning signs that might be serious:
- a high temperature, but cold feet and hands
- a high temperature that does not come down with paracetamol or ibuprofen
- a very high or low temperature
- your child feels hot or cold to touch, or is shivering
- your child is quiet and listless, even when their temperature is not high
- a high temperature in a baby less than 8 weeks old
- rapid breathing or panting
- a throaty noise while breathing
- your child is finding it hard to get their breath and is sucking their stomach in under their ribs
- blue, pale, blotchy, or ashen (grey) skin
- your child is hard to wake up, or appears disoriented or confused
- your child is crying constantly and you cannot console or distract them, or the cry does not sound like their normal cry
- green vomit
- your child has a febrile seizure (fit) for the first time
- your child is under 8 weeks old and does not want to feed
- nappies that are drier than usual – this is a sign of dehydration
If your child has any of these signs, get medical help as soon as possible:
- during the day from Monday to Friday – it's best to call your GP practice
- evenings and weekends – call NHS 111
- if your baby is under 6 months old it's hard for a doctor or nurse to assess them over the phone – you can go to an urgent care (walk-in) centre or, if you're very worried, take them to A&E
Find your nearest A&E.
At the moment it can be hard to know what to do if your child is unwell.
It's important to trust your instincts and get medical help if you need it.
When to call an ambulance
Call 999 for an ambulance if your child:
- stops breathing
- will not wake up
- has a spotty, purple or red rash anywhere on their body that does not fade when you press a glass against it – this could be a sign of blood poisoning (sepsis)
- is under 8 weeks old and you're very worried about them
- has a febrile seizure (fit) for the first time, even if they seem to recover
- has a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
- if you think someone may have seriously injured your baby
Again, trust your instincts. You know what's different or worrying behaviour in your child.
Spot the signs of childhood diseases
Learn the signs of serious illnesses that can affect children, including: | <urn:uuid:c1f26afb-a55d-446d-ac1d-1d6b4069f30d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/health/is-your-baby-or-toddler-seriously-ill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703530835.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122144404-20210122174404-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.955263 | 615 | 2.625 | 3 |
Hudson - Fulton Naval Parade, Sept. 25th, 1909
Hudson Fulton Naval Parade, Sept. 25th, 1909
[The "Half Moon".]
Hudson - Fulton Celebration, 1909. Sept. 25th to Oct. 9th 1909.
Naval Parade, Hudson- Fulton Celebration.
Henry Hudson's Ship, the "Half Moon"
Float - the "Half Moon"
"Half Moon" [replica sailing in New York harbor], Henrick Hudson 300th Anniversary
Float - The "Half- Moon"
Henry Hudson's Ship, The "Half Moon."
[Half Moon on the Hudson for the Hudson-Fulton Celebration.]
Saluting the Half- Moon and the Clermont. Hudson- Fulton Celebration.
Half Moon & Clermont at Gateway, 119th St.
Hudson - Fulton Memorial Celebration. The "Half Moon" and the "Clermont" on their trip up the Hudson River escorted by U.S. Men of War and Balloons.
Hudson - Fulton Celebration, 1909. The "Half - Moon" Ascending the Hudson, September, 1609.
Henry Hudson's "Half Moon." Discovery of the Hudson River 1609
Hudson-Fulton Celebration [Replica of Half Moon Bay on parade]
Half Moon in procession, Hudson-Fulton Celebration | <urn:uuid:325dc2f9-e713-4cc9-8974-6580279ca954> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://collections.mcny.org/asset-management/2F3HRGNN88F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585653.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023064718-20211023094718-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.791518 | 284 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard School of Public Health found three times as many people trying to lose weight were able to stick to a Mediterranean-style moderate-fat weight loss diet that included…
Researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard School of Public Health found three times as many people trying to lose weight were able to stick to a Mediterranean-style moderate-fat weight loss diet that included nuts, peanuts and peanut butter versus the traditionally recommended low-fat diet. (International Journal of Obesity.
As long as you control total calories, eating a handful of nuts daily may help prevent weight gain and possibly promote weight loss. The fat, protein and fiber in nuts help you feel full longer, so you may eat less during the day. By helping induce a feeling of satiety, nuts may help people feel less deprived and not like they’re “dieting.” Just limit your portion to a healthy handful.
Women in a Harvard School of Public Health study who reported eating 5 or more 1 ounce servings of nuts/peanuts per week reduced their risk of Type 2 diabetes by almost 30 percent compared to those who rarely or never ate nuts. Women in the study who ate five tablespoons of peanut butter each week reduced their risk for Type 2 diabetes almost 20 percent. (Journal of the American Medical Association.
Some nutrients associated with nuts include magnesium, manganese, protein, fiber, zinc and phosphorus.
A sampling of nuts in the news for their contribution to specific nutrients include:
Walnuts. One ounce of walnuts (about 14 shelled walnut halves) is all that is needed to meet the dietary recommendation of the Food Nutrition Board of the National Academies’ Institute of Medicine for omega-3 fatty acids.
Almonds. One ounce of almonds (about 20 to 24 shelled whole almonds) provides 35 percent of your daily value for vitamin E. Vitamin E may help promote healthy aging. A study reported in the Journal of the American Association suggests a diet rich in foods containing vitamin E may help protect some people against Alzheimer’s disease. The study also found vitamin E in the form of supplements was not associated with a reduction in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Peanuts. Though often discussed with nuts, peanuts are a legume along with dry beans, peas and lentils. One ounce of roasted peanuts provides about 10 percent of the daily value of folate, a B vitamin recommended to help reduce the incidence of birth defects and lower the risk of heart disease.
Peanuts also are an excellent source of niacin, providing about 20 percent of the daily value. As a group, nuts also are important for what they DON’T offer:
Cholesterol. Nuts are cholesterol-free.
Sodium. Unless salt is added to nuts, they naturally contain, at most, just a trace of sodium. | <urn:uuid:ff6810e2-1345-4170-b337-241cd16cc0d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://gurleysfoods.com/nut-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805362.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119042717-20171119062717-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.951428 | 595 | 2.671875 | 3 |
(possibly from the Latin capanna, little house), a room or space in a ship partitioned off by bulkheads to provide a private apartment for officers, passengers, and crew members for sleeping and/or eating. The 13th-century explorer Marco Polo reported that Chinese junks used by merchants had as many as 60 cabins for their passengers. In Europe the first cabin as such was probably the carosse, an open space under a galley's poop deck where the admiral or captain had his bed. In later ships, the same space was enclosed by bulkheads to provide the ‘great cabin’, which was the admiral's or captain's living quarters, often divided into sleeping cabin and day cabin, where he kept his ‘table’, served by his private cook and servants. Forward of the great cabin, in larger ships, was another cabin known as the coach where in flagships the flag-captain lived. As sailing ships, particularly warships, grew larger, with additional decks, there were two coaches, upper and lower, to provide additional cabins for officers. From about the early 17th century to mid-19th century, most officers of ships below the rank of captain were allowed temporary cabins, created by canvas screens or removable wooden bulkheads, in which a cot and a clothes chest took up most of the available room. These cabins could be quickly dismantled when necessary.
The use of iron, and later steel, as the main building material for ships, combined with the 19th-century expansion of travel and trade, brought about the construction in ships of permanent cabins for officers, and in ocean liners for some of the higher-paying passengers, although during the period a majority of passengers still travelled in the steerage. The continuing growth of travel led inevitably to the provision of cabins for all passengers, and ocean liners later had staterooms as well as luxury cabins. See also huddock.
Subjects: Maritime History. | <urn:uuid:f9879a9a-11d9-49e9-ae06-1e76d58cc7be> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095540382 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00029-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987448 | 411 | 3.765625 | 4 |
What could possibly be more interesting than barn ventilation? It ranks right up there with oil changes and trimming those low-hanging tree limbs that catch every time you mow the pastures. It doesn't increase the useful space in the barn or dramatically increase the value of your property, at least in the short run. Nevertheless, it is an essential factor in maintaining a healthy environment in your barn for the welfare of the horses confined within.
Respiratory ailments associated with lack of air exchange are universally recognized as debilitating, performance-limiting, and sometimes even fatal. Dust, mold, bacteria, and ammonia can irritate, infect, and affect the airways and limit the natural defenses of the respiratory system. In addition to problems associated with breathing in air pollutants, there are a myriad of skin conditions, allergies, and eye issues that can be traced to confinement in poorly ventilated buildings.
Your barn-dwelling animals are, for purposes of this discussion, giant fountains of moisture. They ooze it from every pore, deposit it on the stall floor, dribble it from the water bucket, and add to it every time they exhale. This moisture contains more than water. It is alive with microorganisms both beneficial and harmful and a cocktail of chemicals, such as ammonia, that add to the barn's community and ambience.
Ground moisture constantly tries to return to the atmosphere through your barn floor. Rainwater leaks through every loose piece of roof metal or poorly caulked window. If the drainage around the barn is inadequate, storm water will run into the barn instead of out.
Unless there is an effective ventilation system all of this accumulating moisture--which can average gallons a day--can damage your equine charges, the items stored in the barn, and the barn itself. Barn ventilation problems tend to be most acute during the winter when doors and windows are kept closed, and the ground is less permeable than during the spring and summer months.
The Cost of Poor Ventilation
The first question is whether you are trying to keep your barn warm because you are concerned about the comfort of the horses or the comfort of the people. Horses remain comfortable in much colder temperatures than humans, particularly if kept out of direct drafts. Keeping a barn warm just to keep water buckets from freezing is a waste of energy that few can afford.
The healthiest location for your horses in all but the worst weather is outside. Provide a run-in shed to break the wind and rain, plenty of forage, and a good, reliable water source. The closer you can duplicate this environment inside your barn, the happier your horses will be.
One of the principles of modern design of public buildings is constant introduction of fresh air. This increases oxygen levels, reduces mold, and allows for the escape of toxic airborne material that might be the cause of "sick building syndrome." Typically 10% to 30% fresh air is introduced into the building using sophisticated air-handling equipment that monitors humidity and the differential between indoor and outdoor air temperature.
Keep in mind moisture is the enemy of all structures, including barns.
Wood is most affected when constantly damp. Rot sets in from the bottom up as well as every damp spot at a wall and roof leak. Termites must have a nearby source of water to perform their insidious work from the inside out. Carpenter ants and bees and other wood-boring bugs likewise need to drink to survive.
Metal corrosion takes place rapidly in a damp environment. The acid from urine in the air accelerates the process, causing deterioration of nails, bolts, hooks, and other items that support your barn.
Masonry also is affected by moisture and acid. Water expands as it freezes, so any damp spot has the potential to crack floor slabs, split masonry joints, and heave footings.
Hay needs a dry, well-ventilated storage space to cure properly and avoid mold. Few things are more depressing than discovering all of the hay you have carefully put by for the winter has molded and become too dangerous to feed horses.
What Can I Do?
Start with preventing as much moisture introduction into the barn as possible. Fix any site drainage issues. They will haunt you on a daily basis. Fix leaks and keep caulking dressed (touch it up/smooth it out) on a regular basis as part of your maintenance program.
However, even the best maintained barn will build up interior moisture. Let's review the fundamental ventilation needs required for any barn:
- Allow moisture evacuation The amount of moisture depends on how many animals are in the barn and for how long, as well as climate and condition of the barn and site drainage. The less time horses are in the barn and the fewer leaks, the smaller the problem becomes. Nevertheless, no barn is moisture-free.
- Allow warm air to escape in hot weather This one is obvious--more on it later.
- Provide air movement without drafts directly on the horse when in the stall The best answer to all of these issues is to construct or retrofit your barn to take advantage of natural air convection. Warm air naturally rises, taking with it moisture in the form of water and ammonia vapors. As simple as this sounds, natural convection is a powerful force that operates 24 hours a day for free. It consumes no fossil fuels and does not require high- maintenance equipment. It does, however, require basic construction techniques that can be difficult (but never impossible) to install in an existing structure.
The basic method is this:
- Provide a way to allow a large volume of warm air to exit the structure at its highest point, typically the ridge.
- Provide a way for a large volume of cool air to enter the structure around its perimeter as low as possible without creating drafts in the stalls.
- Let nature do the work.
Those Pesky Details
How much is air enough? That depends on the variables discussed above. Architecturally designed breeding barns allow for as much as 12 square feet each of intake area at the eave and exhaust area at the ridge for each 12-by-12 stall. This is in addition to air that comes in barn doors and stall windows. While you might not need that much fresh air, the closer you can get to the optimum volumes, the better.
Remember the picture-perfect old red barns that used to dot the American countryside? All had huge cupolas on the roof. Our grandfathers knew the value of air movement in their barns, and this still can be an effective way to provide the ridge ventilation needed. However, modern barns, particularly pre-engineered metal barns, often add an ornamental cupola on top of a metal roof with no open space to allow the air to escape. The cupola might not even have louvers or screens and it might require modification to be functional. This modification is well worth the cost.
If cupolas aren't an option, you should install continuous ridge ventilation. It must allow a larger air space than the ridge ventilation on a house. Construct a raised ridge cap at least the height of a 2-by-4 laid on edge. Cut the existing roof deck back on each side of the ridge to allow the warm air a pathway to freedom. Cover the openings with heavy chicken or rat wire (the latter is also called hardware cloth) to discourage birds.
Rooftop turbines that spin due to the natural air movement and wind also can be mounted at regular intervals along the ridgeline. These must be the large turbines designed for barns and other large structures. The variety designed for residential use and sold at building supply houses are too small to be useful. Check with farm supply stores and agricultural building suppliers for the larger ones.
If sufficient ridge ventilation is difficult, gable wall vents up near the ridge are a slightly less effective alternative (the air can escape, but not as readily as it would with ridge vents). The biggest problem with installing gable vents is making sure you provide enough air space at a location high enough for the temperature differential to move the air in sufficient volume to be effective. Nevertheless they can help.
Never stack hay or other material so high that it blocks air movement along the roof deck all the way to the ridge, as this will defeat this entire ventilation system.
The same concept applies to the intake side of the equation. Allow the same spacing that you have at the ridge. The most common location for the intake is at the roof eaves. Remove the soffit material under the roof overhang that encloses the eave and cover with mesh used at the ridge.
Stall doors and windows are a poor substitute for intake ventilation. There is a tendency to close these when it is cold outside because of the direct drafts they create. If you are lucky enough to be using a former tobacco curing barn as your horse barn, as is common in the southeastern United States, the narrow gaps between the vertical siding boards make ideal air intakes without excessive draftiness.
If your structure will not allow for passive ventilation, mechanical devices can help. Large electrically powered low-speed exhaust fans that can be installed in exterior walls are commonly used in confinement hog and cattle operations and are available through farm supply vendors.
While not a spellbinding subject, barn ventilation is essential for the health and safety of your horses and the maintenance of your barn. A little effort up front can prevent expensive and disappointing problems later.
About the Author
David Preston, president of Preston Construction Group, specializes in unique commercial and equine projects. A horse owner and sportsman, he has built and remodeled several barns in Kentucky and Illinois ranging from development of complete Thoroughbred farms to small horse barns.
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Today, it’s hard to define a typical all-American family. In previous decades, the word family often brought to mind an image of a happily married heterosexual couple with two or more children. Today, however, this image seems outdated and increasingly isn’t one with which many younger people in the U.S. can identify.
Recent data compiled by the Pew Research Center proves that the average family of 50 years ago is no longer the American norm. While in 1960 an estimated 73 percent of U.S. children under the age of 17 lived under the same roof with their married heterosexual parents, today only 46 percent of U.S. children report the same.
Information released by the American Community Survey and Decennial Census show that today roughly 41 percent of U.S. children are born to a mother who is not married and 34 percent of U.S. children live with a single mom or dad. To put this number into perspective, in 1960 a mere 5 percent of U.S. children were born to single moms.
This recent data reflects many societal changes that are in turn impacting the familial structure in the U.S. and reshaping societal views and norms. For many families, gone are the days when a husband was expected to be the breadwinner and the wife the dutiful homemaker.
Today, more women than ever are choosing to pursue higher degrees and focus on building careers rather than meeting a spouse and starting a family. As a result, both men and women are getting married later in life and often have more wealth and assets if and when they do decide to get married and start a family.
For these individuals, it’s wise to consider the many benefits of a prenuptial agreement. Gone are the days when a prenup was considered a precursor to divorce. Today, prenuptial agreements are readily used to not only protect assets respective spouses bring to a marriage, but also to protect each spouse from being saddled with the other’s debts.
Source: Pew Research Center, “Less than half of U.S. kids today live in a ‘traditional’ family,” Gretchen Livingston, Dec. 22, 2014 | <urn:uuid:abe167b6-a582-46ee-8fca-e2348536ec29> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.gabrielledavis.com/blog/2014/12/todays-typical-us-family-looks-very-different-from-that-of-50-years-ago/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301341.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119125003-20220119155003-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.974411 | 453 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It's never too late to learn how to play chess - the most popular game in the world! Learning the rules of chess is easy: Set up the Chess Board. How to Play Chess: This is an explanation of the rules of chess. I love the game, and I wanted to do my own illustrated tutorial. I know that there are other Chess. Basic chess rules are essential if you want to learn chess. That's why we are explaining these chess rules in an easy to understand way. From initial board set up.
chess rules knight
The rules of chess are rules governing the play of the game of chess. While the exact origins of chess are unclear, modern rules first took form during the Middle . Chess is a two-player game, where one player is assigned white pieces and the piece on a different square, following the rules of movement for that piece. Your Move Chess and Games () Presents basic Chess Rules on how to play chess for any beginning chess player.
ChessCentral is where you can learn the official chess rules. Learning the rules of chess game will of course lead to the better enjoyment of any chess game. Did you ever want the rules of chess? This article is going to show you the basic rules of chess, and how to get started with the game. Origin. It seems that everybody agrees about the Indian origin of this board game, derived from Chaturanga, a board game already practised in India between.
The player who has the white pieces always starts a game of chess. Choose any one of your pieces that is able. How to play Chess, the most popular game of its kind in the west. Chess is becoming more interesting after some years of playing when you will finally understand the true spirit of this wonderful game. Then the magic of chess .
History How the Pieces Move Setting Up A Chess Board Basic Strategies Special Rules Setting Up A Club Starting a School Team Chess Pieces and Weights. Chess has many rules which are designed for tournament play. As far as the game itself, as it might be played by friends and not by tournament. In the beggining of the game there are 32 pieces. 16 of them are white (or light color), 16 of them are black (or dark color). Each player has 16 chess pieces. The rules of chess have evolved much over the centuries, from the early chess- like games played in India in the 6th century. For much of that time, the rules. Learn the basic rules of chess, including the function of the pieces, the board set- up and how to play the game. Most of the chess international tournaments follow a set of common rules. These rules do not necessarily be followed when we are playing the. Ancient board game Chess - comprehensive instructions for friendly play from The game of Chess is played on a square chequered board of 64 squares. A member federation is free to introduce more detailed rules provided they: The game of chess is played between two opponents who move their pieces. Pawns have the most complex rules of movement: A pawn can move forward one Chess games do not have to end in checkmate — either player may resign if. Chess Noob #10 – How the Rules of Chess Have Changed Around the 's, it was decided that the game of chess needed to be sped up.
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- How to increase stamina in gta 5 | <urn:uuid:382c9bfe-209b-4e7f-a675-ee9c4321ecf2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://enerzal.me/sports-games/what-are-the-rules-of-chess-game.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149819.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714083206-20200714113206-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.966714 | 759 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Watching TV has long been a favorite pastime of the family, enjoyed together by parents and children around the world. However, cutting-edge technologies have shifted TV viewing from the living room to the latest digital devices, often leaving children unsupervised by an adult while enjoying their viewing programs. TV preferred.
Children in the front seat
In this regard, researchers say there is a worldwide increase in children's online vulnerability, including in Africa, where smartphones are becoming more available and more accessible. A South African study showed that one in two children interviewed never or almost never spoke to parents about using the Internet, surfing the Internet on their own.
Although many parents are aware of the dangers of their children using the Internet without supervision, they unfortunately do not know how to protect their children. In the same study, 57% of the parents of the children interviewed said they had never suggested to their children ways to use the Internet safely, while only one in two parents said they had some guidance on how to support their children when they use the Internet.
Traditional TV vs Satellite TV
Within the context of traditional TV, parents can simply switch channels or turn off the television if inappropriate programming appears on the screen. But when it comes to today's digital devices? Parents can allow their children to watch TV shows on their mobile phones, but what about programs that appear while watching these approved programs?
A significant burden of responsibility lies on the shoulders of content providers. As good corporate citizens, it is not enough to just provide age restriction guidelines for inappropriate or potentially harmful content, especially when being online, even before consuming any content puts children at risk. Instead, adequate mechanisms should be made available to enable parents to implement hard and fast action to proactively protect their children.
See the example of MultiChoice. The satellite TV provider follows an internationally recognized standard for age restriction ratings in programming. Its DStv and GOtv decoders have the ability to block different levels of content according to their rating, allowing parents to physically control what children see or not.
As important as providing mechanisms to restrict visualization is to provide easy access to these procedures. It should be straightforward and straightforward for parents to restrict viewing for these measures to be effective. It makes little sense to provide protection for young viewers if it is not easy to implement.
MultiChoice Africa has taken the lead in this regard in its TV content with regular announcements demonstrating exactly, step-by-step, how parents should restrict viewing on DStv channels.
Manage digital TV viewing
What about new TV products online? MultiChoice offers its DStv customers access to DStv Now. This fully online version of DStv allows viewers to view all of their latest TV shows and sporting events on their smartphone, tablet or laptop via the free DStv Now app. This includes a wide range of children's entertainment channels from DStv.
Being aware of its responsibility to its customers, MultiChoice has invested in state-of-the-art technology to ensure that all PG blocks made in its DStv and GOtv decoders can also be applied to its online offer, DStv Now.
This gives families the freedom to allow children to enjoy satellite TV on every device, knowing that their viewing experience is safeguarded in their best interests.
What are the tips for protecting children online?
However, MultiChoice is only a content provider; there are many others that do not offer the same measures of protection to children who interact with content in the online space. This does not mean that parents have no support in that regard, it just means they need to be a bit more proactive when it comes to Internet browsing protection.
For children ages two through five, parents can compile a "safe list" of a handful of sites they have personally verified and approved for viewing.
For children between the ages of five and eight who may tire quickly to go to the same sites, and may intentionally or accidentally leave their safe zone, parents can disable their browser (Safari or Chrome) and install a browser for kids, such as KidzSearch that is available for free at app stores.
Older children, from the age of nine, need stricter protection. Here, parents can install a feature that filters searches such as Google SafeSearch to be used in conjunction with the parental control already activated on your digital devices.
Today's children grow up with technology. We can not stop the pace of technological advancement, nor how children interact with it. But we can make wise decisions to ensure that the choice of entertainment remains just that - pure entertainment that enchants, inspires, informs, and educates. | <urn:uuid:de86d5b2-f72a-44c9-9a43-92d422bb2be2> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.menosfios.com/en/to-what-extent-children-should-be-protected-in-the-digital-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057033.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920070754-20210920100754-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.953891 | 946 | 3.109375 | 3 |
It is up to each of us to change our lifestyles, and reduce both production and consumption. Will it be a challenge? Absolutely, but don’t we want to preserve this beautiful planet for our children and grandchildren?
My approach to resource consumption can be summed up with these five words: reduce, reuse, renew, rethink, and recycle. Let me explain.
Reduce: Try asking yourself these sorts of questions to help you reduce your consumption: Do I need to turn the heat on or can I put a sweater on? Do I need to drive to the store or can I walk there? Or maybe it can wait until tomorrow? Batching up your needs and reducing the number of times you drive to the store is another good way to reduce your use of fossil fuels. Do I turn the lights off when I leave the room? How about shortening my showers? When I use the dishwasher or washing machine can I reduce the amount of soap I use? Anytime I can reduce my usage of consumables, it will also reduce my carbon footprint.
What one thing can you reduce your use of starting today?
Next time, we will talk about reuse. | <urn:uuid:f59e1622-d2ac-466d-b0c0-5fb609ccd223> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://thewholegeek.com/2020/02/06/reduce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.938911 | 239 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Resources for Understanding Right/Conservative Perspectives
The resources on this page were selected to help you explore the “moral matrix” of American conservatism. There is no one definition of conservatism, but across every era of American politics people claiming the title of “conservative” have tended to be those who believe that a shared moral tradition and limited government are the keys to public flourishing, for they create environments in which individuals can develop the virtues, self-control, and sense of personal responsibility needed for democratic citizenship. For American conservatives, the best society combines individual rights with moral commitments to families, religious institutions, and communities. (Conservatives in other countries aim to conserve different traditions–not necessarily individual rights and small government–although conservatives usually share an emphasis on family, religion, and other institutions that provide order and structure.)
American conservatism is made up of various subgroups that disagree on important matters. Constitutional conservatives, religious conservatives, neoconservatives, and nationalists are all influential parts of the current coalition—often cooperating under the Republican Party mantle, but retaining their own values and political priorities. Constitutional conservatives seek limits to the size of government, believing that state power left unchecked tends to squeeze the rights of citizens and limit the positive effects of free markets. Religious conservatives champion the Judeo-Christian heritage of the nation, in the interest of preserving the moral traditions that they value, and which they believe were the foundation of America’s past success. Neoconservatives support an interventionist foreign policy to spread democracy and American ideals to other countries. And nationalists, including many of the most vocal supporters of Donald Trump’s presidential candidacy, believe that the government should do more to support its own struggling citizens before looking beyond its borders.
Of course, there is plenty of overlap among these groups. For example, a typical conservative might support both cutting federal spending and bolstering counterterrorism efforts overseas, believing that striking a balance among competing aims is essential to the nation’s health. Fundamentally, conservatives are united by their belief that Americans have inherited something precious—and that, despite the country’s faults, we should take great care to protect and preserve the way of life that we’ve constructed across many generations.
- Arthur Brooks, A Conservative’s Plea: Let’s Work Together, TED Talk (14:14). President of AEI Arthur Brooks encourages progressives and conservatives to overcome partisan differences and work together on the shared goal of alleviating poverty.
- Russell Kirk, “Ten Conservative Principles,” adapted from The Politics of Prudence (1993). Political theorist Russell Kirk introduces conservatism by explaining that it is not a fixed ideology, but rather “a state of mind, a type of character, a way of looking at the civil social order.” Kirk then presents ten principles that constitute the core tenets of conservatism.
- J.D. Vance, America’s Forgotten Working Class, TED Talk (14:42). The author of Hillbilly Elegy describes his experience growing up in a poor Rust Belt city of southern Ohio. Vance gives a first-hand perspective on the challenges that many working-class families face and the loss of the American Dream.
- Interview with Nancy Isenberg, author of White Trash (5:57). Historian Nancy Isenberg explores how class differences continue to divide America.
- David Brooks, Character in the Selfie Age (3:21). Political and social commentator David Brooks traces the societal changes that have resulted in a new generation of individuals with an enlarged sense of self. Brooks argues that people are becoming morally inarticulate and as a society, we focus too much on how to build a good career instead of on how to cultivate good character.
- There is Only One Way Out of Poverty (4:10). Arthur Brooks discusses the differences in policy approach between progressives and conservatives on combatting poverty. Brooks states that the two sides do not disagree on the importance of lifting individuals out of poverty, but rather on the best methods to accomplish this objective.
- I.O.U.S.A.: Chapter 1 (9:40). A clip from the documentary “I.O.U.S.A.” which examines the four main fiscal deficits in the U.S. and their implications.
- Peter Berkowitz, “What Unites Conservatives,” (2015).
- Edmund Burke, “Reflections on the French Revolution, Paragraphs 125-149,” excerpt from Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790).
- Gene Callahan, “Michael Oakeshott on Rationalism in Politics” (2009).
- Samuel P. Huntington, “Conservatism as an Ideology,” (1957).
- Rusell Kirk, “The Essence of Conservatism,” adapted from The Intelligent Women’s Guide to Conservatism (1957).
- Yuval Levin, “A Conservative Governing Vision,” adapted from Room to Grow (2014). Levin makes the case for conservatism, arguing that a bottom-up, decentralized approach to government helps foster the environment where individuals and society can thrive.
- Aaron McLeod, “Great Conservative Minds: A Condensation of Russell Kirk’s ‘The Conservative Mind,’” (1953).
- Jerry Muller, “Introduction: What Is Conservative Social and Political Thought?” excerpt from Conservatism: An Anthology of Social and Political Thought from David Hume to the Present (1997).
- Robert Nisbet, “The Problem of Community” from The Quest of Community (1953).
- Jonathan Neumann, “God, Hayek and the Conceit of Reason” (2014).
If you have time for further reading, we recommend you begin by delving deeper into the philosophical and psychological roots of political differences. For the conservative perspective, we recommend A Conflict of Visions by Thomas Sowell, which offers an integrative framework for thinking about all sides.
- Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions (2007). Economist Thomas Sowell offers an enlightening theory about the origin of the political divide. He shows how progressives have–for centuries–held an “unconstrained vision” of human nature: they think that human nature is fundamentally good, and that it is malleable enough that if we can create the right social conditions, we can approach ever closer to a perfect society. They generally favor removing “constraints” on people. Conservatives, in contrast, generally hold the “constrained vision” of human nature. They believe that human nature is morally mixed and morally flawed; people require social constraints in order to behave well. They believe that social traditions and institutions generally provide those constraints, and so they resist progressives’ efforts to change those traditions and institutions.
Additional Conservative Readings:
- Arthur C. Brooks, The Conservative Heart: How to Build a Fairer, Happier, and More Prosperous America (2015).
- Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) (full text).
- Barry M. Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative (1960).
- George Hawley, Right-Wing Critics of American Conservatism (2016).
- F. A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism (1988).
- Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (2016).
- Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (1953).
- David T. Koyzis, Political Visions & Illusions (2003).
- Yuval Levin, The Fractured Republic: Renewing America’s Social Contract in the Age of Individualism (2016).
- C. S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man (1943).
- Jerry Z. Muller, Conservatism: An Anthology of Social and Political Thought From David Hume to the Present (1997).
- George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (1976).
- Michael Oakeshott, On Human Conduct (1975) (see excerpt).
- Roger Scruton, How to Be a Conservative (2015).
- Thomas Sowell, Black Rednecks & White Liberals (2006).
- J.D. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis (2016). | <urn:uuid:edb42409-e7a5-4ba0-a101-d1e7c3bdc414> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://openmindplatform.org/library-politics-conservative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618023245-20190618045245-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.87254 | 1,759 | 2.953125 | 3 |
WHY ENGAGING YOUNG PEOPLE IN DEMOCRACY MATTERS
Meaningful democracy requires the meaningful participation of youth.
Young people have much to offer societies – from innovation to creativity to new thinking. Their participation in democracy promotes active citizenship, strengthens social responsibility and can enhance democratic processes and institutions. And today’s young citizens are tomorrow’s leaders and decision-makers.
Yet young people’s engagement with democracy faces significant challenges – threatening the future of healthy democracies.
For International Day of Democracy 2014 we are highlighting the urgent need to engage youth in democracy.
"Young people should be at the forefront of global change and innovation. Empowered, they can be key agents for development and peace. If, however, they are left on society's margins, all of us will be impoverished. Let us ensure that all young people have every opportunity to participate fully in the lives of their societies."
Making a difference
Taking action to engage youth with democracy can:
- Help ensure better political decisions and actions – as young people are best-placed to express experiences unique to them
- Strengthen understanding and action for democracy and human rights
- Empower and protect young people – including by realizing the fundamental democratic right of participation
- Promote the well-being of young people and development of their skills and experience
- Have a positive impact on eradicating poverty and hunger and achieving international development goals
- Promote peace, manage conflict and foster transition to democracy – as young people can help build bridges across communities and contribute to more just and peaceful societies
- Young people aged between 15 and 25 make up a fifth of the world’s population – but have limited influence in national political institutions.
- Young people are often well-placed to help tackle the challenges they face – including poverty, discrimination, barriers to education and limited employment opportunities – but frequently have limited opportunities to meaningfully participate in democratic action.
- Widespread global mobilization and action demonstrate that young people care deeply about social causes, while recent events in the Arab States and elsewhere have highlighted how youth can play a key role in democratic change. But young people have a dwindling interest in formal political activity – including voting and party membership – and are increasingly disenchanted with politicians and political parties.
- And even though youth today are better placed than ever before to take part in and benefit from global development, many young people feel marginalized and excluded.
- These are real threats to the future of democracy.
- There is no one-size-fits-all solution. Challenges facing young people and their engagement with democracy vary widely from developing to developed countries.
- But to identify tailored solutions, political leaders must involve youth in democratic decision-making and build partnerships with them.
- Young people should be offered involvement in responsible, challenging actions that meet genuine needs. They should have the opportunity to participate in planning and decision-making.
- And they should know that their participation can make a difference.
- International Day of Democracy is an ideal time to consider how youth engagement with traditional democratic institutions can be increased. Visit our Get Involved page for ideas for practical actions and our Events & Activities page for details of events being held around the world. | <urn:uuid:002f01c6-a243-4d76-ac6b-ae4bda1e959e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ipu.org/idd/2014-youth.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121893.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00253-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941014 | 660 | 3.640625 | 4 |
'Birmingham': A Family Tale In The Civil Rights Era
Welcome to the fourth installment of NPR's Backseat Book Club, where we select a book for young readers — and invite them to read along with us and share their thoughts and questions with the author.
Our selection for January — The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963 by Christopher Paul Curtis — describes the civil rights era from the perspective of a young (and extremely mischievous) boy and his family.
When young Byron Watson becomes too much to handle, his family decides to send him from Flint, Mich. to his legendarily tough Grandma Sands in Birmingham, Ala. — that incendiary year of 1963 when tensions over school desegregation were roiling.
Daphne Kunin from Lancaster, Pa. wanted to know if Curtis based any of the scenes from the book on his own life — like the episode with the "Nazi flame thrower of death" — when Byron lights toilet paper parachutes on fire over the toilet and flushes them away.
Curtis says that the particular scene is actually the most autobiographical moment in the book.
"It was based on me," says Curtis tells NPR's Michele Norris. "I just threw matches in the toilet. I liked the sound they made when they hit the water." When Curtis tried to get away with burning the matches by locking the bathroom door, his mother kicked the door down and lifted him in the air by the collar, much as it happens in the book.
"I remember thinking, I never would have done it if I knew she was this strong!" Curtis says.
The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963is the first Backseat Book Club selection in which the main character himself actually spends quite a bit of time in the backseat of the family's car. That car was based on Curtis' own family car: a beloved but battered Plymouth. The paint had long stripped away, exposing the brown primer underneath. Curtis' father called it the "Brown Bomber" after Joe Louis.
"It was an important thing to have a car – it gave you the mobility. And we loved being in the car with Dad." Even though there were only two radio stations in Flint that they could listen to, Curtis says, "The car was a great place to be."
As an adult, Curtis worked on a factory line building cars for thirteen years. His job was to "hang doors," that is, attach the doors to the cars. These doors weighed anywhere from 50 to 80 pounds, and each worker "hung" 300 of them a day, in a ten-hour shift.
"It was almost like a ballet," Curtis says. "Each step had to be done correctly, where you placed your feet, and it took a while to learn how to do it."
It was during his time at the factory that Curtis began to write. He and a friend decided that they would take turns hanging 30 doors in a row. That gave each of them half an hour out of every hour to do whatever they wanted.
"I found out that if I sat down and started to write, I forgot about being in the factory," Curtis says. "And I think that led to me being a writer."
Curtis left the factory for a year to follow his dream of writing. He put himself to work, writing the Watsons' story for five hours a day at his local library.
The book went on to win the prestigious Newbury Honor. Our readers connected deeply with the story; they were delighted by the humor and moved by its evocation of the struggles of civil rights movement — and especially the church bombing that killed four African American girls.
Brothers Sebastian and Martin Parra from Nashville, Tenn. asked about whether the bombing affected Curtis when he was a child.
It affected him profoundly, Curtis says. He was ten-years-old when it happened. His parents were very strict (he had 6:30 pm every night), but sometimes he and his sister would sneak downstairs and secretly watch television, hiding behind the couch on which his parents were sitting. When the news revealed that the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham had been firebombed by members of the Ku Klux Klan, it was a moment that stuck with Curtis.
"I'd never seen my parents cry before ... It was a very, very traumatic time," he says.
But it was also a heroic time. Curtis describes those who fought bravely for African American civil rights as "true American heroes ... They are the people who believe that as long as one person is being treated unfairly, we all are. These are our heroes. And they still walk among us today. One of them may be sitting next to you as you read this or standing in the next room making your dinner or waiting for you to come out to play. One of them may be you."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:8bbe926a-154e-449a-8a16-3a06acd37f4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.wvpublic.org/2012-01-26/birmingham-a-family-tale-in-the-civil-rights-era | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990551.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515161657-20210515191657-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.987333 | 1,018 | 2.6875 | 3 |
We tend to make categories of people - usually they are described as some variant of either good or bad. The religious leaders were masters of such categorization! And Jesus constantly frustrated their categories.
Rather than “good or bad” Jesus shared with them the categories of “lost or found.” These categories seem similar, but upon closer inspection there is a world of difference between them - difference the Pharisees and other religious people could not accept.
- “Good or bad” puts all the emphasis on the moral choices and consequences of the individuals, while “lost and found” emphasizes the act of God in redeeming (reclaiming) his people!
- “Good or bad” focuses on the tragedy of being lost (which is true, but not the final word!), while “lost and found” rejoices in God’s gracious salvation!
- “Good or bad” seeks to codify the boundary between saints and sinners, while “lost and found” works tirelessly to cross the boundaries and encourage the lost to become found.
- “Good or bad” creates an atmosphere of moral and spiritual superiority which, of course, leads to arrogance and hypocrisy. “Lost and found” reminds us gently that we are all saved by the grace of God and we are in no way superior to others. Rather we are reminded that the greatest among us are the servants!
God is like a shepherd seeking his lost sheep, or a woman searching for her lost coin, or a father welcoming his wandering son home, not as a servant but as his son! We must become like that image of God. | <urn:uuid:677285f3-5c29-455b-a598-510840ec91ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://weregoingforward.blogspot.com/2007/04/extravagant-father.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514250.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212021458-20171212041458-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.964238 | 346 | 3.03125 | 3 |
by PIOTR GROTOWSKI
This is the article from the 1st volume of the archaelogical magazine Acta Militaria Medievalia, published a few years ago. All copies of the book were sold quite fast, so the publisher (Museum of Sanok and Polish Academy of Science), decided to put PDF version of the magazine on the web.
Below you’ll find the file for download with the article (PDF file compressed with rar). The file includes copyable text, you can later put into the translator on this site. Below you can read English summary of the paper.
The earliest historical sources describing the customs of Slavs are the accounts of Greek writers. The information on warfare customs may be found not only in the chroniclers’ accounts but also in military handbooks. Although treaties of this type are a continuation of ancient military writing and tend to imitate its forms, due to their utilitarian character they may be regarded as a particularly credible source for a historian. This category of texts may be divided into three groups according to their value for the studies of the weaponry and tactics of Slavs. The earliest treaties created until the mid 6th century and subsequent highly specialist handbooks on water combat, the art of siege, and the methods of harassing Arabs do not contain any significant knowledge on Slavs.
The second group consists mainly of two extensive treaties from the latter half of the first millennium: Strategikon, attributed to Emperor Maurice, and Tactics by Leon VI modelled on the former work. In both works the description of Slavonic Sklawoi and Antoi and the remarks on their military customs are a paraphrase of the description contained in Wars by Procopius of Caesarea [VII 14/25-26]. They describe the weapons of Slavs as consisting of javelins, bows, and small shields – the equipment of light armoured troops. The tactics of those tribes was limited to setting up ambushes, whilst in open fights they were defeated even by a less numerous enemy. On the one hand, such a picture is in sharp contrast to the knowledge about the excellently armed and armoured Avar, Persian and Bulgarian troops, while on the other, it appears to confirm the opinions about the peaceful character of Slavs and their friendly attitude to strangers. Bearing this in mind, their successful confrontation with Byzantium in the Balkans in the 6th-7th centuries should be explained by the simultaneous involvement of Byzantium in the war against Persia, the decisive role played by the Avars remaining in coalition with Persians, and their numerical strength. The third group is made up of the latest treaties from the second half of the 10th and 11th centuries. They are much more precise in characterising the individual nations: Serbs, Bulgarians, and Ruthenians. They also differ in the realities described and in the details of descriptions. The most information is contained in the latest Byzantine military handbook – Strategikon by Kekaumenos (the 3rd quarter of the 11th cent). It is the result of its form, distinguishing it from the earlier treaties, which made frequent allusions to the examples taken from historical events, as well as from the family bonds of the author who probably came from Thessalia.
Apart from the descriptions known from other sources, such as the siege of Thessaloniki by Alusianos in 1041, special attention should be paid to the reference of the use of hand-wielded Greek fire siphons by the Bulgarian defenders of the Moir castle against the besieging troops of Basil II. Both the fact of possessing technologically advanced weapons and other information conveyed by this group of treaties create, unlike in other contemporary handbooks, a picture of well armed and trained troops of individual Slavic states, whose military value was parallel to the Byzantine army. The difference between perceiving the military strength of Slavs in the handbooks from 6th/7th and 9th/10h centuries and in the latest treaties from the end of the 10th and 11th centuries indicates the changes in the art of war of that ethnic group, which is also confirmed by the archaeological material. The weaponry and tactics of the Slavic neighbours of the Empire changed substantially from their first appearance on the River Dunaj to the formation of independent states in the 10th cent., and were adapted to the warfare methods of their enemies.
Translated by Ireneusz Paternoga | <urn:uuid:68a3b948-398d-41fb-b7f5-eb4f7556be5b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://polisharms.com/slavspdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514796.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118123320-20210118153320-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.964072 | 907 | 2.640625 | 3 |
South Main Street, 1889
This battered relic of the gaslight era is Oberlin's best example of industrial functionalism in nineteenth-century architecture. It is also a reminder of the quick pace of technological change in urban America.
It was built with some 300,000 bricks in 1889 by the Oberlin Gas Lighting Company (Albert H. Johnson, president) as a storage holder for locally manufactured coal gas. It made possible a huge expansion of capacity for an enterprise which Samuel Plumb had launched back in 1858. Oberlin was the first town in the area to enjoy gaslit streets. But in the 1880s gas began yielding to electricity as the main source of public illumination. Oberlin moved toward conversion with some caution. "Many of the cities are having such sad experiences with electricity," the local paper noted, "that the smaller towns which have been debating the matter of adopting that system of lighting will doubtless be content with the old and less dangerous methods."
Was electricity here to stay? What were the costs? Should the town wait until it could build its own public power plant? The village council wrestled earnestly with these issues for years. Meanwhile Albert H. Johnson, who had not become a millionaire by fighting Progress, proceeded with his own quiet conversion. His Oberlin Gas Lighting Company turned into the Oberlin Gas & Electric Company, the wires were strung, and the contract signed. On the night of September 28, 1893, Oberlin's streets glowed with Johnson's electric lights.
Although coal gas continued to be manufactured for heating, the exploitation of natural gas deposits in northern Ohio around the turn of the century soon made the older fuel obsolete, and the gasworks buildings began their slow decay. | <urn:uuid:8ff5f030-8ecf-477c-b80d-34f28cd00a00> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/HistoricPreservation/HPGasHolderBuilding.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021919409/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121839-00080-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972986 | 347 | 3.28125 | 3 |
A parallel circuit is often called a current divider for its ability to proportion—or divide—the total current into fractional parts
To understand what this means, let’s first analyze a simple parallel circuit, determining the branch currents through individual resistors:
Knowing that voltages across all components in a parallel circuit are the same, we can fill in our voltage/current/resistance table with 6 volts across the top row:
Using Ohm’s Law (I=E/R) we can calculate each branch current:
Knowing that branch currents add up in parallel circuits to equal the total current, we can arrive at total current by summing 6 mA, 2 mA, and 3 mA:
The final step, of course, is to figure total resistance. This can be done with Ohm’s Law (R=E/I) in the “total” column, or with the parallel resistance formula from individual resistances. Either way, we’ll get the same answer:
Once again, it should be apparent that the current through each resistor is related to its resistance, given that the voltage across all resistors is the same. Rather than being directly proportional, the relationship here is one of inverse proportion. For example, the current through R1 is twice as much as the current through R3, which has twice the resistance of R1.
If we were to change the supply voltage of this circuit, we find that (surprise!) these proportional ratios do not change:
The current through R1 is still exactly twice that of R3, despite the fact that the source voltage has changed. The proportionality between different branch currents is strictly a function of resistance.
Also reminiscent of voltage dividers is the fact that branch currents are fixed proportions of the total current. Despite the fourfold increase in supply voltage, the ratio between any branch current and the total current remains unchanged:
Now we can see for ourselves the point we made at the beginning of this page: A parallel circuit is often called a current divider for its ability to proportion—or divide—the total current into fractional parts.
The Current Divider Formula
With a little bit of algebra, we can derive a formula for determining parallel resistor current given nothing more than total current, individual resistance, and total resistance:
The ratio of total resistance to individual resistance is the same ratio as individual (branch) current to total current. This is known as the current divider formula and it is a short-cut method for determining branch currents in a parallel circuit when the total current is known.
Current Divider Formula Example
Using the original parallel circuit as an example, we can re-calculate the branch currents using this formula, if we start by knowing the total current and total resistance:
If you take the time to compare the two divider formulae, you’ll see that they are remarkably similar. Notice, however, that the ratio in the voltage divider formula is Rn (individual resistance) divided by RTotal, and how the ratio in the current divider formula is RTotal divided by Rn:
Current Divider Formula vs. Voltage Divider Formula
It is quite easy to confuse these two equations, getting the resistance ratios backwards. One way to help remember the proper form is to keep in mind that both ratios in the voltage and current divider equations must equal less than one. After all these are divider equations, not multiplier equations! If the fraction is upside-down, it will provide a ratio greater than one, which is incorrect.
Knowing that total resistance in a series (voltage divider) circuit is always greater than any of the individual resistances, we know that the fraction for that formula must be Rn over RTotal. Conversely, knowing that total resistance in a parallel (current divider) circuit is always less then any of the individual resistances, we know that the fraction for that formula must be RTotal over Rn.
Current Divider Circuit Example Application: Electric Meter Circuit
Current divider circuits find application in electric meter circuits, where a fraction of a measured current is desired to be routed through a sensitive detection device. Using the current divider formula, the proper shunt resistor can be sized to proportion just the right amount of current for the device in any given instance:
Current Divider Circuit Review:
- Parallel circuits proportion, or “divide,” the total circuit current among individual branch currents, the proportions being strictly dependent upon resistances: In = ITotal (RTotal / Rn) | <urn:uuid:e28de832-f5c6-457d-baa1-9fe0f33943c6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://workforce.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electronics_Technology/Circuitry/Book%3A_I_Direct_Current_(DC)/6%3A_Divider_Circuits_and_Kirchhoff's_Laws/6.3%3A_Current_Divider_Circuits_and_the_Current_Divider_Formula | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.931516 | 945 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Painting in China has a long and colorful history which can be traced back as far as 3000 BC, although practically no paintings of this time still exist. It was not until the Han Dynasty (210 – 220 BCE) that painting was accepted as an independent art form, but archaeological discoveries from a tomb in Changsha, Hunan province, from the Chu culture included a piece painting on silk, showing the deceased riding on a dragon. This is an evidence of early Chinese painting, and proves that silk as a painting material was used as early as in the 7th century BC. By the 1st century CE, silk was slowly substituted by the more durable and cheaper paper, although it never completely vanished.
The Art and Painting in China During the Shang Dynasty
Painting in China did not become independent until the 4th century CE, but the history of Chinese art is much older. The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty in which contemporary written documents were composed, mostly in form of oracle texts on bones or tortoise shells. Besides this development in the field of script, the Shang Dynasty is known for its achievements on the field of bronze casting and pottery. As for bronze casting, the pieces created were weapons and ritual vessels, with characteristic ornaments. The vessels were used to ceremonial purposes and contained either liquids or food for offerings, depending on their shape. The outside of the vessels are often decorated with ornaments such as the taotie-mask, birds, snakes, dragons or zoomorphic creatures. In the field of pottery, Shang Dynasty potters managed to raise the temperature during the firing process, which resulted in now water proof ceramics with a hard body. Designs were carved or pressed, mostly in geometric shapes which cover the complete surface of the vessel. Furthermore, the first glazes appeared – potters of earlier dynasties had only painted their ceramics after firing. The application of a greenish, slightly yellow glaze is another development in Shang ceramic art.
The Impact of Secular Developments on Chinese Painting: The Han Dynasty
Until the Han Dynasty (210 – 220 BCE) painting were mostly of religious nature and showed either Daoist scenes, rituals connected to ancestor worship, or illustrations of Confucian moral themes. These religious or philosophic motifs were not abandoned in the Han Dynasty – mural paintings in particular include depictions of higher beings such as guardian spirits. These pictures are often executed on tiles or bricks; contemporary documents also state that the walls of palaces, halls and houses were covered with paintings. The growing economical expansion and contacts to foreign travelers through the Silk Road caused artists to depict scenes from daily life in this flourishing period merchants, artisans, even slaves and soldiers were illustrated in figure paintings. This variety in themes and motifs was not only limited to painting, but other kind of art as well, such as pottery or lacquerware.
Becoming independent: Chinese Art and Painting in the Jin and Wei Dynasty
Most of the paintings that were created in the Jin and Wei Dynasties show Buddhist themes, mostly as wall paintings, in a style that still followed Indian ones. It was also in the 4th century when painting became an independent art form and was appreciated for its artistic and aesthetic qualities. Painters started to sign their works – Gu Kaizhi’s “The Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies” is the first picture to bear a signature. Texts about painting, such as the “The Record of the Classification of Old Painters” by Xie He, in which he named the “Six principles of Chinese Painting”, formed the theoretic basement for paintings and painters alike. The Wei Dynasty also saw a first separation between professional and amateur artists, of whom the latter were far better remembered in later times. Dai Kui is said to have been the painter who founded the tradition amateur painting. This division would become even more meaningful in the Song Dynasty, when amateurs, the so-called literati painters, produced mainly landscape paintings. In the Wei Dynasty, however, the members of the courtier class, who painted on a non-professional level, depicted Buddhist and Daoist themes.
First Maturation – Accumulation of Subjects and Styles
The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) saw a vast growth in painting techniques and motifs. A much admired painting subject were horses, who played an important role in the Tang dynasty expansion, and were thus a common subject. Figure painting was another renowned topic and included not only religious motifs, but also depictions of historical events or narrative illustrations. Pictures of beautiful women, especially court ladies, were common in the Tang dynasty, glorifying their beauty and praising their virtues. The 8th century, however, saw a growing trend towards birds, flowers and landscapes. Especially scholar painters, who painted in their free time, wanted to distinguish themselves from court painters, who worked for money and whose main works included figures or portraits. Thus, topics as flowers or landscapes became popular among scholar painters, although figure painting was never completely abandoned. | <urn:uuid:ffcf86aa-c12b-4750-8e83-07b9f89c00bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.asianbrushpainter.com/blog/knowledgebase-section/sumi-e/history-sumi-e/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593438.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722174538-20180722194538-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.984083 | 1,043 | 3.625 | 4 |
Animosity is running high in America right now. In a survey conducted last year by the Pew Research Center, 72% of Republicans said that Democrats are “more immoral” than members of their own party, and 63% of Democrats said the same about Republicans — increases of 17% and 16% in just a three-year period.
Hostility between political parties has been associated with a lack of respect for democracy and a rise in support for partisan violence, such as the attack on the US Capitol in 2021. Some researchers think that these trends could eventually culminate in the collapse of democracy in the United States and elsewhere.
“That’s the lurking dark pit that we’re all trying to avoid,” says social psychologist Kurt Gray at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. | <urn:uuid:014cd989-3a47-4721-a210-82213682f472> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://college.unc.edu/inthemedia/how-to-tackle-political-polarization/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943695.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321095704-20230321125704-00764.warc.gz | en | 0.967488 | 165 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Definition - What does Class Action mean?
Class action refers to a lawsuit filed by one or individuals on behalf of a larger group.
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 23 and 28 U.S.C.A. § 1332(d) govern class actions in United States federal courts. When a group of people (the plaintiffs) are the victims of a wrongful act committed by an individual or entity (the defendant), the procedural device called "class action" allows them to file and prosecute a lawsuit collectively.
Justipedia explains Class Action
Generally, class action lawsuits are filed in tort cases, such as product liability or mergers and acquisition cases, where the action of a company or individual resulted in damages to several people (or entities). Specific examples of class action include:
- A group of people who were overcharged in the form of utility charges during a certain period of time
- A group of people who have suffered alike from any medical test, procedures, implants, etc.
To file a class action, two criteria must be present in the case, regardless of the subject matter:
- The disputed issue must be common to all class members; and
- The number of individuals affected must be significant, so as to make it impractical to bring individual cases before a court of law.
Class actions are usually rare because they are more expensive and the process is usually more complicated than in a normal lawsuit. However, considering its nature, class action can prove beneficial to people who can’t afford to carry a lawsuit on their own. | <urn:uuid:920ede97-c24f-4c27-b604-f7154987e22c> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.justipedia.com/definition/1721/class-action | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160233.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924070508-20180924090908-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.959941 | 315 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What's Thai Food?
Thai food is a cultural inheritance transferred to and from generations. In Thai eating culture, rice is the main component to be consumed with other supplement. The Thai menu is composed of diverse methods on cooking, for instance, boiling, soup, frying, spicy salad and the chilly paste with the combination of tastes; sour, salty, sweet and spicy that are rarely found in other national cuisines.
Basically, the preparation and the cooling methods of the Thai food are delicate. In addition, the decoration by using various colors of vegetables and fruits including the craving of these materials are the arts inherited from the ancient time. These make the Thai food popular in many countries.
Thai food is outstanding in the combination of tastes and the nutritional values which are different from others and make the foods popular all over the world.
(Thai food good health: The National Research Council of Thailand and Kasetsart University) | <urn:uuid:62c73206-78a0-4088-b17c-4caf1a3de74d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.chiangmaithaict.com/thai-food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646213.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319023123-20180319043123-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.943599 | 190 | 2.75 | 3 |
Edward the Black Prince (DNB00)
EDWARD, Prince of Wales (1330–1376), called the Black Prince, and sometimes Edward IV (Eulogium) and Edward of Woodstock (Baker), the eldest son of Edward III [q. v.] and Queen Philippa, was born at Woodstock on 15 June 1330. His father on 10 Sept. allowed five hundred marks a year from the profits of the county of Chester for his maintenance, and on 25 Feb. following the whole of these profits were assigned to the queen for maintaining him and the king's sister Eleanor (Fœdera, ii. 798, 811). In the July of that year the king proposed to marry him to a daughter of Philip VI of France (ib. p. 822). On 18 March 1333 he was invested with the earldom and county of Chester, and in the parliament of 9 Feb. 1337 he was created Duke of Cornwall and received the duchy by charter dated 17 March. This is the earliest instance of the creation of a duke in England. By the terms of the charter the duchy was to be held by him and the eldest sons of kings of England (Courthope, p. 9). His tutor was Dr. Walter Burley [q. v.] of Merton College, Oxford. His revenues were placed at the disposal of his mother in March 1334 for the expenses she incurred in bringing up him and his two sisters, Isabella and Joan (Fœdera, ii. 880). Rumours of an impending French invasion led the king in August 1335 to order that he and his household should remove to Nottingham Castle as a place of safety (ib. p. 919). When two cardinals came to England at the end of 1337 to make peace between the king and Philip, the Duke of Cornwall is said to have met them outside the city of London, and in company with many nobles to have conducted them to the king (Holinshed). On 11 July 1338 his father, who was on the point of leaving England for Flanders, appointed him guardian of the kingdom during his absence, and he was appointed to the same office on 27 May 1340 and 6 Oct. 1342 (Fœdera, ii. 1049, 1125, 1212); he was of course too young to take any save a nominal part in the administration, which was carried on by the council. In order to attach John, duke of Brabant, to his cause, the king in 1339 proposed a marriage between the young Duke of Cornwall and John's daughter Margaret, and in the spring of 1345 wrote urgently to Pope Clement VI for a dispensation for this marriage (ib. ii. 1083, iii. 32, 35). On 12 May 1343 Edward created the duke Prince of Wales, in a parliament held at Westminster, investing him with a circlet, gold ring, and silver rod. The prince accompanied his father to Sluys on 3 July 1345, and Edward tried to persuade the burgomasters of Ghent,Bruges, and Ypres to accept his son as their lord, but the murder of Van Artevelde put an end to this project. Both in September and in the following April the prince was called on to furnish troops from his principality and earldom for the impending campaign in France, and as he incurred heavy debts in the king's service his father authorised him to make his will, and provided that in case he fell in the war his executors should have all his revenue for a year (ib. iii. 84). He sailed with the king on 11 July, and as soon as he landed at La Hogue received knighthood from his father (ib.p. 90; letter of Edward III to Archbishop of York, Retrospective Review, i. 119; Rot. Parl. iii. 163; Chandos, l. 145). Then he 'made a right good beginning,' for he rode through the Cotentin, burning and ravaging as he went, and distinguished himself at the taking of Caen and in the engagement with the force under Godemar du Faÿ, which endeavoured to prevent the English army from crossing the Somme by the ford of Blanquetaque. Early on Saturday, 26 Aug., he received the sacrament with his father at Crécy, and took the command of the right, or van, of the army with the Earls of Warwick and Oxford, Geoffrey Harcourt, Chandos, and other leaders, and at the head, it is said, though the numbers are by no means trustworthy, of eight hundred men-at-arms, two thousand archers, and a thousand Welsh foot. When the Genoese bowmen were discomfited and the front line of the French was in some disorder, the prince appears to have quitted his position in order to fall on their second line. At this moment, however, the Count of Alençon charged his division with such fury that he was in much peril, and the leaders who commanded with him sent a messenger to tell his father that he was in great straits and to beg for succour. When Edward learned that his son was unwounded, he bade the messenger go back and say that he would send no help, for he would that the lad should win his spurs (the prince was, however, already a knight), that the day should be his, and that he and those who had charge of him should have the honour of it. It is said that the prince was thrown to the ground (Baker, p. 167) and was rescued by Richard de Beaumont, who carried the banner of Wales, and who threw the banner over the prince, bestrode his body, and beat back his assailants (Histoire des mayeurs d'Abbeville, p. 328). Harcourt now sent to Arundel for help, and he forced back the French, who had probably by this time advanced to the rising ground of the English position. A flank attack on the side of Wadicourt was next made by the Counts of Alençon and Ponthieu, but the English were strongly entrenched there, and the French were unable to penetrate the defences and lost the Duke of Lorraine and the Counts of Alençon and Blois. The two front lines of their army were utterly broken before King Philip's division engaged. Then Edward appears to have advanced at the head of the reserve, and the rout soon became complete. When Edward met his son after the battle was over, he embraced him and declared that he had acquitted himself loyally, and the prince bowed low and did reverence to his father. The next day he joined the king in paying funeral honours to the king of Bohemia (Baron Seymour de Constant, Bataille de Crécy,ed, 1846; Louandre, Histoire d'Abbeville; Archæologia, xxviii. 171).
It is commonly said that the prince received the name of the Black Prince after the battle of Crécy, and that he was so called because he wore black armour at the battle. The first recorded notices of the appellation seem to be given by Leland (Collectanea, ed. Hearne, 1774, ii. 307) in a heading to the 'Itinerary' extracted from 'Eulogium.' The 'Black Prince,' however, is not in the 'Eulogium' of the Rolls Series, except in the editor's marginal notes. Leland (ib, pp. 471-99) repeats the appellation in quotations 'owte of a booke ot chroniques in Peter College Library.' This 'booke' is a transcript from a copy of Caxton's 'Chronile,' with the continuation by Br. John Warkworth, master of the college, 1473-98 (edited by Halliwell for the Camden Society, and also printed in modernised text in 'Chron. of the White Rose,' pp. 101 sq.) The manuscript has Warkworth's autograph, 'monitum,' but on examination is found not to contain the words 'Black Prince.' Other early writers who give Edward his well-known title are: Grafton (1563), who writes (Chronicle,p. 324, printed 1569), 'Edward, prince of Wales, who was called the blacke prince;' Holinshed (iii. 348, b. 20); Shakespeare, 'Henry V,' II. iv. 56; and in Speed. Barnes, 'History of Edward III' (1688), p. 363, says: 'From this time the French began to call him Le Neoir or the Black Prince,' and gives a reference which implies that the appellation is found in a record of 2 Richard II, but his reference does not appear sufficiently clear to admit of verification. The name does not occur in the 'Eulogium,' the 'Chronicle' of Geoffrey le Baker, the 'Chronicon Angliæ,' the 'Polychronicon' of Higden or of Trevisa, or in Caxton's 'Chronile' (1482), nor is it used by Jehan le Bel or Froissart. Jehan de Wavrin (d.1474?), who expounds a prophecy of Merlin as applying to the prince, says that he was called 'Pie-de-Plomb' (Croniques d'Engleterre t. i. l. ii. c. 56, Rolls ed. i. 236). Louandre (Hist. d'Abbeville, p. 230) asserts that before the battle Edward arrayed his son in black armour, and it seems that the prince used black in his heraldic devices (Nichols, Royal Wills, p. 66). It is evident from the notices of the sixteenth-century historians that when they wrote the name was traditional (the subject is discussed in Dr. Murray's 'New English Dictionary,' art. 'Black Prince,' pt. iii. col. ii. p. 895; compare the 'Antiquary,' vol. xvii. No. 100, p. 183). As regards the story that the prince took the crest of three ostrich feathers and the motto 'Ich dien' from the king of Bohemia, who was slain in the battle of Crécy, it may be noted, first, as to the ostrich feathers, that in the manuscript of John of Arderne's [q.v] 'Medica,' written by William Seton (Sloane MS. 56, f. 74, 14th cent.), is an ostrich feather used as a mark of reference to a previous page, on which the same device occurs, 'ubi depingitur penna principis Walliæ,' with the remark: 'Et nota quod talem pennam albam portabat Edwardus, primogenitus E. regis Angliæ, super cristam suam, et illam pennam conquisivit de Rege Boemiæ, quem interfecit apud Cresy in francia' (see also J. de Arderne, 'Miscellanea medica et chirurgica,' in Sloane MS. 335, f. 68, 14th cent.; but not, as asserted in Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 293, in Arderne's 'Practice,' Sloane MS. 76, f. 61, written in English 15th cent.) Although the reference and remark in Sloane MS. 56 may be by Seton and not by Arderne, the prince's physician, it is evident that probably before the prince's death the ostrich feather was recognised as his peculiar badge, assumed after the battle of Crécy. While the crest of John of Bohemia was the entire wings of a vulture 'besprinkled with linden leaves of gold' (poem in Baron Reiffenburg's Barante, Ducs de Bourgogne; Olivier de Vrée, Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre, pp. 65-7), the ostrich seems to have been the badge of his house; it was borne by Queen Anne of Bohemia, as well as by her brother Wenzel, and is on her effigy on her tomb (Archæologia, xxix, 32-59). The feather badge occurs as two feathers on four seals of the prince (ib. xxxi. 361), and as three feathers on the alternate escutcheons placed on his tomb in accordance with the directions of his will The prince in his will says that the feathers were 'for peace,' i.e. for jousts and tournaments, and calls them his badge, not his crest. Although the ostrich feather was his special badge, it was placed on some plate belonging to his mother, was used in the form of one or more feathers by various members of the royal house, and, by grant of Richard II, by Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk (ib. 354-79). The story of the prince's winning the feathers was printed, probably for the first time, by Camden in his 'Remaines.' In his first edition (1605) he states that it was 'at the battle of Poictiers,' p. 161, but corrects this in his next edition (1614), p. 214. Secondly, as to the motto, it appears that the prince used two mottoes, 'Houmout' and 'Ich dien,' which are both appended as signature to a letter under his privy seal (Archæologia, xxxi. 381). In his will he directed that 'Houmout' should be written on each of the escutcheons round his tomb. But it actually occurs only over the escutcheons bearing his arms, while over the alternate escutcheons with his badge, and also on the escroll upon the quill of each feather, are the words 'ich diene' (sic). 'Houmout' is interpreted as meaning high mood or courage (ib. xxxii. 69). No early tradition connects 'Ich dien' with John of Bohemia. Like 'Houmout,' it is probably old Flemish or Low German. Camden in his 'Remaines' (in the passage cited above) says that it is old English, 'Ic dien,' that is 'I serve,' and that the prince 'adjoyned' the motto to the feathers, and he connects it, no doubt rightly, with the prince's position as heir, referring to Ep. to Galatians, iv. 1.
The prince was present at the siege of Calais, and after the surrender of the town harried and burned the country for thirty miles round, and brought much booty back with him (Knighton, c. 2595). He returned to England with his father on 12 Oct. 1347, took part in the jousts and other festivities of the court, and was invested by the king with the new order of the Garter. He shared in the king's chivalrous expedition to Calais in the last days of 1349, came to the rescue of his father, and when the combat was over and the king and his prisoners sat down to feast, he and the other English knights served the king and his guests at the first course and then sat down to meat at another table (Froissart, iv. 82). When the king embarked at Winchelsea on 28 Aug. 1350 to intercept the fleet of La Cerda, the prince sailed with him, though in another ship, and in company with his brother, the young Earl of Richmond (John of Gaunt). His ship was grappled by a large Spanish ship and was so full of leaks that it was likely to sink, and though he and his knights attacked the enemy manfully, they were unable to take her. The Earl of Lancaster came to his rescue and attacked the Spaniard on the other side; she was soon taken, her crew were thrown into the sea, and as the prince and his men got on board her their own ship foundered (ib. p. 95; Nicolas, Royal Navy, ii. 112). In 1353 some disturbances seem to have broken out in Cheshire, for the prince as earl marched with the Duke of Lancaster to the neighbourhood of Chester to protect the justices, who were holding an assize there. The men of the earldom offered to pay him a heavy fine to bring the assize to an end, but when they thought they had arranged matters the justices opened an inquisition of trailbaston, took a large sum of money from them, and seized many houses and much land into the prince's, their earl's, hands. On his return from Chester the prince is said to have passed by the abbey of Dieulacres in Staffordshire, to have seen a noble church which his grandfather, Edward I, had built there, and to have granted five hundred marks, a tenth of the sum he had taken from his earldom, towards its completion; the abbey was almost certainly not Dieulacres but Vale Royal (Knighton, c. 2606; Monasticon, v. 626, 704; Barnes, p. 468).
When Edward determined to renew the war with France in 1355, he ordered the prince to lead an army into Aquitaine while he, as his plan was, acted with the king of Navarre in Normandy, and the Duke of Lancaster upheld the cause of Montfort in Brittany. The prince's expedition was made in accordance with the request of some of the Gascon lords who were anxious for plunder. On 10 July the king appointed him his lieutenant in Gascony, and gave him powers to act in his stead, and, on 4 Aug., to receive homages (Fœdera, iii. 302, 312). He left London for Plymouth on 30 June, was detained there by contrary winds, and set sail on 8 Sept. with about three hundred ships, in company with the Earls of Warwick, Suffolk, Salisbury, and Oxford, and in command of a thousand men-at-arms, two thousand archers, and a large body of Welsh foot (Avesbury, p. 201). At Bordeaux the Gascon lords received him with much rejoicing. It was decided to make a short campaign before the winter, and on 10 Oct. he set out with fifteen hundred lances, two thousand archers, and three thousand light foot. Whatever scheme of operations the King may have formed during the summer, this expedition of the prince was purely a piece of marauding. After grievously harrying the counties of Juliac, Armagnac, Astarac, and part of Comminges, he crossed the Garonne at Ste.-Marie a little above Toulouse, which was occupied by the Count of Armagnac and a considerable force. The count refused to allow the garrison to make a sally, and the prince passed on, stormed and burnt Mont Giscar, where many men, women, and children were ill-treated and slain (Froissart, iv. 163, 373), and took and pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary. All the country was rich, and the people 'good, simple, and ignorant of war,' so the prince took great spoil, especially of carpets, draperies, and jewels, for 'the robbers' spared nothing, and the Gascons who marched with him were specially greedy (Jehan le Bel, ii. 188; Froissart, iv. 165). Carcassonne was taken and sacked, but he did not take the citadel, which was strongly situated and fortified. Ourmes (or Homps, near Narbonne) and Trébes bought off his army. He plundered Narbonne and thought of attacking the citadel, for he heard that there was much booty there, but gave up the idea on finding that it was well defended. While he was there a messenger came to him from the papal court, urging him to allow negotiations for peace. He replied that he could do nothing without knowing his father's will (Avesbury, p. 215). From Narbonne he turned to march back to Bordeaux. The Count of Armagnac tried to intercept him, but a small body of French having been defeated in a skirmish near Toulouse the rest of the army retreated into the city, and the prince returned in peace to Bordeaux, bringing back with him enormous spoils. The expedition lasted eight weeks, during which the prince only rested eleven days in all the places he visited, and without performing any feat of arms did the French king much mischief (letter of Sir John Wingfield, Avesbury, p. 222). During the next month, before 21 Jan. 1356, the leaders under his command reduced five towns and seventeen castles (another letter of Sir J. Wingfield, ib. p. 224).
On 6 July the prince set out on another expedition, undertaken with the intention of passing through France to Normandy, and there giving aid to his father's Norman allies, the party headed by the king of Navarre and Geoffrey Harcourt. In Normandy he expected, he says, to be met by his father (letter of the prince dated 20 Oct., Archæologia, i. 212; Froissart, iv. 196). He crossed the Dordogne at Bergerac on 4 Aug. (for itinerary of this expedition see Eulogium, iii. 215 sq.), and rode through Auvergne, Limousin, and Berry, plundering and burning as he went until he came to Bourges, where he burnt the suburbs but failed to take the city. He then turned westward and made an unsuccessful attack on Issoudun, 25-7 Aug. Meanwhile King John was gathering a large force at Chartres, whence he was able to defend the passages of the Loire, and was sending troops to the fortresses that seemed in danger of attack. From Issoudun the prince returned to his former line of march and took Vierzon. There he learnt that it would be impossible for him to cross the Loire or to form a junction with Lancaster, who was then in Brittany. Accordingly he determined to return to Bordeaux by way of Poitiers, and after putting to death most of the garrison of the castle of Vierzon set out on the 29th towards Romorantin. Some French knights who skirmished with his advanced guard retreated into that place, and wlien he heard it he said: 'Let us go there; I should like to see them a little nearer.' He inspected the fortress in person and sent his friend Chandos to summon the garrison to surrender. The place was defended by Boucicault and other leaders, and on their refusing his summons he assaulted it on the 31st. The siege lasted three days, and the prince, who was enraged at the death of one of his friends, declared that he would not leave the place untaken. Finally he set fire to the roofs of the fortress by using Greek fire, reduced it on 3 Sept., and on the 5th proceeded on his march through Berry. On the 9th King John, who had now gathered a large force, crossed the Loire at Blois and went in pursuit of him. When the king was at Loches on the 12th he had as many as twenty thousand men-at-arms, and with these and his other forces he advanced to Chauvigny. On the 16th and 17th his army crossed the Vienne. Meanwhile the prince was marching almost parallel to the French and at only a few miles distance from them. It is impossible to believe Froissart's statement that he was ignorant of the movements of the French. From the 14th to the 16th he was at Châtelherault, and on the next day, Saturday, as he was marching towards Poitiers, some French men-at-arms skirmished with his advance guard, pursued them up to the main body of his army, and were all slain or taken prisoners. The French king had outstripped him, and his retreat was cut off by an army at least fifty thousand strong, while he had not, it is said, more than about two thousand men-at-arms, four thousand archers, and fifteen hundred light foot. Lancaster had endeavoured to come to his relief, but had been stopped by the French at Pont-de-Cé (Chronique de Bertrand du Guesclin, p. 7). When the prince knew that the French army lay between him and Poitiers, he took up his position on some rising ground to the south-east of the city, between the right bank of the Miausson and the old Roman road, probably on a spot now called La Cardinerie, a farm in the commune of Beauvoir, for the name Maupertuis has long gone out of use, and remained there that night. The next day, Sunday, the 18th, the cardinal, Hélie Talleyrand, called 'of Périgord,' obtained leave from John to endeavour to make peace. The prince was willing enough to come to terms, and offered to give up all the towns and castles he had conquered, to set free all his prisoners, and not to serve against the king of France for seven years, besides, it is said, offering a payment of a hundred thousand francs. King John, however, was persuaded to demand that the prince and a hundred of his knights should surrender themselves up as prisoners, and to this he would not consent. The cardinal's negotiations lasted the whole day, and were protracted in the interest of the French, for John was anxious to give time for further reinforcements to join his army. Considering the position in which the prince then was, it seems probable that the French might have destroyed his little army simply by hemming it in with a portion of their host, and so either starving it or forcing it to leave its strong station and fight in the open with the certainty of defeat. Anyway John made a fatal mistake in allowing the prince the respite of Sunday; for while the negotiations were going forward he employed his army in strengthening its position. The English front was well covered by vines and hedges; on its left and rear was the ravine of the Miausson and a good deal of broken ground, and its right was flanked by the wood and abbey of Nouaillé. All through the day the army was busily engaged in digging trenches and making fences, so that it stood, as at Crécy, in a kind of entrenched camp (Froissart, v. 29; Matt. Villani, vii. c. 16). The prince drew up his men in three divisions, the first being commanded by Warwick and Suffolk, the second by himself, and the rear by Salisbury and Oxrord. The French were drawn up in four divisions, one behind the other, and so lost much of the advantage of their superior numbers. In front of his first line and on either side of the narrow lane that led to his position the prince stationed his archers, who were well protected by hedges, and posted a kind of ambush of three hundred men-at-arms and three hundred mounted archers, who were to fall on the flank of the second battle of the enemy, commanded by the Duke of Normandy. At daybreak on the 19th the prince addressed his little army, and the fight began. An attempt was made by three hundred picked men-at-arms to ride through the narrow lane and force the English position, but they were shot down by the archers. A body of Germans and the first division of the army which followed were thrown into disorder; then the English force in ambush charged the second division on the flank, and as it began to waver the English men-at-arms mounted their horses, which they had kept near them, and charged down the hill. The prince kept Chandos by his side, and his friend did him good service in the fray [see Chandos, Sir John]. As they prepared to charge he cried: 'John, get forward; you shall not see me turn my back this day, but I will be ever with the foremost,' and then he shouted to his banner-bearer, 'Banner, advance, in the name of God and St. George!' All the French except the advance guard fought on foot, and the division of the Duke of Normandy, already wavering, could not stand against the English charge and fled in disorder. The next division, under the Duke of Orleans, also fled, though not so shamefully, but the rear, under the king in person, fought with much gallantry. The prince, 'who had the courage of a lion, took great delight that day in the fight.' The combat lasted till a little after 3 p.m., and the French, who were utterly defeated, left eleven thousand dead on the field, of whom 2,426 were men of gentle birth. Nearly a hundred counts, barons, and bannerets and two thousand men-at-arms, besides many others, were made prisoners, and the king and his youngest son, Philip were among those who were taken. The English loss was not large. When the king was brought to him the prince received him with respect, helped him to take off his armour, and entertained him and the greater part of the princes and barons who had been made prisoners at supper. He served at the kings table and would not sit down with him, declaring that 'he was not worthy to sit at table with so great a king or so valiant a man,' and speaking many comfortable words to him, for which the French praised him highly (Froissart, v. 64, 288). The next day the prince continued his retreat on Bordeaux; he marched warily, but no one ventured to attack him. At Bordeaux, which he reached on 2 Oct., he was received with much rejoicing, and he and his men turned there tnrough the winter and wasted in festivities the immense spoil they had gathered. On 23 March 1357 he concluded a two years' truce, for he wished to return home. The Gascon lords were unwilling that the king should be carried off to England, and he gave them a hundred thousand crowns to silence their murmurs. He left the country under the government of four Gascon lords and arrived in England on 4 May, after a voyage of eleven days, landing at Plymouth (Knighton, c. 2615; Eulogium, iii. 227; Walsingham, i. 283; Fœdera, iii. 348, not at Sandwich as Froissart, v. 82). When he entered London in triumph on the 24th, the king, his prisoner, rode a fine white charger, while he was mounted on a little black hackney. Judged by modem ideas the prince's show of humility appears affected, and the Florentine chronicler remarks that the honour done to King John must have increased the misery of the captive and magnified the glory of King Edward; but this comment argues a refinement of feeling which neither Englishmen nor Frenchmen of that day had probably attained (Matt. Villani, vii. c. 66).
After his return to England the prince took part in the many festivals and tournaments of his father's court, and in May 1369 he and the king and other challengers held the lists at a joust proclaimed at London by the mayor and sheriff's, and, to the great delight of the citizens, the king appeared as the mayor and the prince as the senior sheriff (Barnes, p. 564). Festivities of this sort and the lavish gifts he bestowed on his friends brought him into debt, and on 27 Aug., when a new expedition into France was being prepared, the king granted that if he fell his executors should have his whole estate for four years for the payment of his debts (Fœdera, iii, 445). In October he sailed with the king to Calais, and led a division of the army during the campaign that followed [see under Edward III]. At its close he took the principal part on the English side in negotiating the treaty of Bretigny, and the preliminary truce arranged at Chartres on 7 May 1360 was drawn up by proctors acting in his name and the name of the regent of France (ib. iii. 486; Chandos, l. 1539). He probably did not return to England until after his father (James, ii. 223 n.), who landed at Rye on 18 May. On 9 July he and Henry, duke of Lancaster, landed at Calais in attendance on the French king. As, however, the stipulated instalment of the king's ransom was not ready, he returned to England, leaving John in charge of Sir Walter Manny and three other knights (Froissart, vi. 24). He accompanied his father to Calais on 9 Oct. to assist at the liberation of King John and the ratification of the treaty, rode with John to Boulogne, where he made his offering in the Church of the Virgin, and returned with his father to England at the beginning of November. On 10 Oct. 1361 the prince, who was then in his thirty-first year, married his cousin Joan, countess of Kent, daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, younger son of Edward I, by Margaret, daughter of Philip in of France, and widow of Thomas lord Holland, and in right of his wife earl of Kent, then in her thirty-third year, and the mother of three children. As the prince and the countess were related in the third degree, and also by the spiritual tie of sponsorship, the prince being godfather to Joan's elder son Thomas, a dispensation was obtained for their marriage from Innocent VI, though they appear to have been contracted before it was applied for (Fœdera, iii. 626). The marriage was performed at Windsor, in the presence of the king, by Simon, archbishop of Canterbury. It is said that the marriage — that is, no doubt, the contract of marriage — was entered into without the knowledge of the king (Froissart, vi. 275, Amiens). The prince and his wife resided at Berkhampstead in Hertfordshire. On 19 July 1362 the king granted him all his dominions in Aquitaine and Gascony, to be held as a principality by liege homage on payment of an ounce of gold each year, together with the title of Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony (Fœdera, iii. 667). During the rest of the year he was occupied in preparing for his departure to his new principality, and after Christmas he received the king and his court at Berkhampstead, took leave of his father and mother, and in the following February sailed with his wife and all his household for Gascony, and landed at Rochelle. There he was met by Chandos, the king's lieutenant, and proceeded with him to Poitiers, where he received the homage of the lords of Poitou and Saintonge; he then rode to various cities and at last came to Bordeaux, where from 9 to 30 July he received the homage of the lords of Gascony. He received all graciously, and kept a splendid court, residing sometimes at Bordeaux and sometimes at Angoulême. He appointed Chandos constable of Guyenne, and provided the knights of his household with profitable offices. They kept much state, and their extravagance displeased the people(Froissart, vi. 82). Many of the Gascon lords were dissatisfied at being handed over to the dominion of the English, and the favour the prince showed to his own countrymen, and the ostentatious magnificence they exhibited, increased this feeling of dissatisfaction. The lord of Albret and many more were always ready to give what help they could to the French cause, and the Count of Foix, though he visited the prince on his first arrival, was thoroughly French at heart, and gave some trouble in 1365 by refusing to do homage for Bearn (Fœdera, iii. 779). Charles V, who succeeded to the throne of France in April 1364, was careful to encourage the malcontents, and the prince's position was by no means easy. In April 1363 the prince mediated between the Counts of Foix and Armagnac, who had for a long time been at war with each other. He also attempted in the following February to mediate between Charles of Blois and John of Montfort, the rival competitors for the duchy of Brittany. Both appeared before him at Poitiers, but his mediation was unsuccessful. The next month he entertained the king of Cyprus at Angoulême, and held a tournament there. At the same time he and his lords excused themselves from assuming the cross. During the summer the lord of Albret was at Paris, and his forces and several other Gascon lords held the French cause in Normandy against the party of Navarre. Meanwhile war was renewed in Brittany; the prince allowed Chandos to raise and lead a force to succour the party of Montfort, and Chandos won the battle of Auray against the French.
As the leaders of the free companies which desolated France were for the most part Englishmen or Gascons, they did not ravage Aquitaine, and the prince was suspected, probably not without cause, of encouraging, or at least of taking no pains to discourage, their proceedings (Froissart, vi. 183). Accordingly on 14 Nov. 1364 Edward called upon him to restrain their ravages (Fœdera, iii. 754). In 1365 these companies, under Sir Hugh Calveley [q. v.] and other leaders, took service with Du Guesclin, who employed them in 1366 in compelling Peter of Castile to flee from his kingdom, and in setting up his bastard brother, Henry of Trastamare, as king in his stead. Peter, who was in alliance with King Edward, sent messengers to the prince asking his help, and on receiving a gracious answer at Corunna, set out at once, and arrived at Bayonne with his son and his three daughters. The prince met him at Cap Breton, and rode with him to Bordeaux. Many of his lords, both English and Gascon, were unwilling that he should espouse Peter's cause, but he declared that it was not fitting that a bastard should inherit a kingdom, or drive out his lawfully born brother, and that no king or king's son ought to suffer such a despite to royalty; nor could any turn him from his determmation to restore the king. Peter won friends by declaring that he would make Edward's son king of Galicia, and would divide his riches among those who helped him. A parliament was held at Bordeaux, in which it was decided to ask the wishes of the English king. Edward replied that it was right that his son should help Peter, and the prince held another parliament at which the king's letter was read. Then the lords agreed to give their help, provided that their pay was secured to them. In order to give them the required security, the prince agreed to lend Peter whatever money was necessary. He and Peter then held a conference with Charles of Navarre at Bayonne, and agreed with him to allow their troops to pass through his dominions. In order to persuade him to do this, Peter had, besides other grants, to pay him 56,000 florins, and this sum was lent him by the prince. On 23 Sept. a series of agreements were entered mto between the prince, Peter, and Charles of Navarre, at Libourne, on the Dordogne, by which Peter covenanted to put the prince in possession of the province of Biscay and the territory and fortress of Castro de Urdialès as pledges for the repayment of this debt, to pay 550,000 florins for six months' wages at specified dates, 250,000 florins being the prince's wages, and 800,000 florins the wages of the lords who were to serve in the expedition. He consented to leave his three daughters in the prince's hands as hostages for the fulfilment of these terms, and further agreed that whenever the king, the prince, or their heirs, the king of England, should march in person against the Moors, they should have the command of the van before all other christian kings, and that if they were not present the banner of the king of England should be carried in the van side by side with the banner of Castile (ib. iii. 799-807). The prince received a hundred thousand francs from his father out of the ransom of the late king of France (ib. p. 787), and broke up his plate to help to pay the soldiers he was taking into his pay. While his army was assembling he remained at Angoulême, and was there visited by Peter (Ayala; Chandos). He then stayed over Christmas at Bordeaux, for his wife was there brought to bed of her second son Richard. He left Bordeaux early in February, and joined his army at Dax, where he remained three days, and received a reinforcement of four hundred men-at-arms and four hundred archers sent out by his father under his brother John, duke of Lancaster. From Dax he advanced by St. Jean-Pied-de-Port through Roncesvalles to Pamplona. When Calveley and other English and Gascon leaders of free companies found that he was about to fight for Peter, they threw up the service of Henry of Trastamare, and joined him 'because he was their natural lord' (Ayala, xviii. 2). While he was at Pamplona he received a letter of defiance from Henry (Froissart, vii. 10). From Pamplona he marched by Arruiz to Salvatierra, which opened its gates to his army, and thence advanced to Vittoria, intending to march on Burgos by this direct route. A body of his knights, which he had sent out to reconnoitre under Sir William Felton, was defeated by a skirmishing party, and he found that Henry had occupied some strong positions, and especially St. Domingo de la Calzada on the right of the Ebro, and Zaldiaran on the left, which made it impossible for him to reach Burgos through Alava. Accordingly he crossed the Ebro, and encamped under the walls of Logroño. During these movements his army had suffered from want of provisions both for men and horses, and from wet and windy weather. At Logroño, however, though provisions were still scarce, they were somewhat better off, and there on 30 March the prince wrote an answer to Henry's letter. On 2 April he quitted Logroño and moved to Navarrete de Rioja. Meanwhile Henry and his French allies had encamped at Nájara, so that the two armies were now near each other. Letters passed between Henry and the prince, for Henry seems to have been anxious to make terms. He declared that Peter was a tyrant, and had shed much innocent blood, to which the prince replied that the king had told him that all the persons he had slain were traitors. The next morning the prince's army marched from Navarrete, and all dismounted while they were yet some distance from Henry's army. The van, in which were three thousand men-at-arms, both English and Bretons, was led by Lancaster, Chandos, Calveley, and Clisson; the right division was commanded by Armagnac and other Gascon lords; the left, in which some German mercenaries marched with the Gascons, by the Captal de Buch and the Count of Foix; and the rear or main battle by the prince, with three thousand lances, and with the prince was Peter and, a little on his right, the dethroned king of Majorca and his company; the numbers, however, are scarcely to be depended on. Before the battle began the prince prayed aloud to God that as he had come that day to uphold the right and reinstate a disinherited king, God would grant him success. Then, after telling Peter that he should know that day whether he should have his kingdom or not, he cried: 'Advance, banner, in the name of God and St. George; and God defend our right.' The knights of Castile pressed his van sorely, but the wings of Henry's army behaved ill, and would not move, so that the Gascon lords were able to attack the main body on the flanks. Then the prince brought the main body of his army into action, and the fight became hot, for he had under him 'the flower of chivalry, and the most famous warriors in the whole world.' At length Henry's van gave way, and he fled from the field (Ayala, xviii. c. 23; Friossart, vii. 37; Chandos, 1. 3107 sq.; Du Guesclin, p. 49). When the battle was over the prince besought Peter to spare the lives of those who had offended him. Peter assented, with the exception of one notorious traitor, whom he at once put to death, and he also had two others slain the next day. Among the prisoners was the French marshal Audeneham, whom the prince had formerly taken prisoner at Poitiers, and whom he had released on his giving his word that he would not bear arms against him until his ransom was paid. When the prince saw him he reproached him bitterly, and called him 'liar and traitor.' Audeneham denied that he was either, and the prince asked him whether he would submit to the judgment of a body of knights. To this Audeneham agreed, and after he had dined the prince chose twelve knights, four English, four Gascons, and four Bretons, to judge between himself and the marshal. After he had stated his case, Audeneham replied that he had not broken his word, for the army the prince led was not his own; he was merely in the pay of Peter. The knights considered that this view of the prince's position was sound, and gave their verdict for Audeneham (Ayala).
On 5 April the prince and Peter marched to Burgos, and there kept Easter. The prince, however, did not take up his quarters in the city, but camped outside the walls at the monastery of Las Helgas. Peter did not pay him any of the money he owed him, and he could get nothing from him except a solemn renewal of his bond of the previous 23 Sept., which he made on 2 May before the high altar of the cathedral of Burgos (Fœdera, iii. 825). By this time the prince began to suspect his ally of treachery. Peter had no intention of paying his debts, and when the prince demanded possession of Biscay told him that the Biscayans would not consent to be handed over to him. In order to get rid of his creditor he told him that he could not get money at Burgos, and persuaded the prince to take up his quarters at Valladolid while he went to Seville, whence he declared he would send the money he owed. The prince remained at Valladolid during some very hot weather, waiting in vain for his money. His army sufiered so terribly from dysentery and other diseases that it is said that scarcely one Englishman out of five ever saw England again (Knighton, c. 2629). He was himself seized with a sickness from which he never thoroughly recovered, and which some said was caused by poison (Walsingham, i. 305). Food and drink were scarce, and the free companies in his pay did much mischief to the surrounding country (Chandos, 1. 3670 sq.) Meanwhile Henry of Trastamare made war upon Aquitaine, took Bagnères and wasted the country. Fearing that Charles of Navarre would not allow him to return through his dominions, the prince negotiated with the king of Aragon for a passage for his troops. The king made a treaty with him, ana when Charles of Navarre heard of it he agreed to allow the prince, the Duke of Lancaster, and some of their lords to pass through his country; so they returned through Roncesvalles, and reached Bordeaux early in September. Some time after he had returned the companies, some six thousand strong, also reached Aquitaine, having passed through Aragon. As they had not received the whole of the money the prince had agreed to pay them, they took up their quarters in his country and began to do much mischief. He persuaded the captains to leave Aquitaine, and the companies under their command crossed the Loire and did much damage to France. This greatly angered Charles V, who about this time did the prince serious mischief by encouraging disaffection among the Gascon lords. When the prince was gathering his army for his Spanish expedition, the lord of Albret agreed to serve with a thousand lances. Considering, however, that he had at least as many men as he could find provisions for, the prince on 8 Dec. 1366 wrote to him requesting that he would bring two hundred lances only. The lord of Albret was much incensed at this, and, though peace was made by his uncle the Count of Armagnac, did not forget the offence, and Froissart speaks of it as the 'first cause of hatred between him and the prince.' A more powerful cause of this lord's discontent was the non-payment of an annual pension which had been granted him by Edward. About this time he agreed to marry Margaret of Bourbon, sister of the queen of France. The prince was much vexed at this, and, his temper probably being soured by sickness and disappointment, behaved with rudeness to both D'Albret and his intended bride. On the other hand, Charles offered the lord the pension which he had lost, and thus drew him and his uncle, the Count of Armagnac, altogether over to the French side. The immense cost of the late campaign and his constant extravagance had brought the prince into difficulties, and as soon as he returned to Bordeaux he called an assembly of the estates of Aquitaine to meet at St. Emilion in order to obtain a grant from them. It seems as though no business was done then, for in January 1368 he held a meeting of the estates at Angoulême, and there prevailed on them to allow him a fouage, or hearth-tax, of ten sous for five years. An edict for this tax was published on 25 Jan. The chancellor, John Harewell, held a conference at Niort, at which he persuaded the barons of Poitou, Saintonge, Limousin, and Rouergue to agree to this tax, but the great vassals of the high marches refused, and on 20 June and again on 25 Oct. the Counts of Armagnac, Périgord, and Comminges, and the lord of Albret laid their complaints before the king of France, declaring that he was their lord paramount (Froissart, i. 548 n., Buchon). Meanwhile the prince's friend Chandos, who strongly urged him against imposing this tax, had retired to his Norman estate.
Charles took advantage of these appeals, and on 25 Jan. 1369 sent messengers to the prince, who was then residing at Bordeaux, summoning him to appear in person before him in Paris and there receive judgment. He replied: 'We will willingly attend at Paris on the day appointed since the king of France sends for us, out it shall be with our helmet on our head and sixty thousand men in our company.' He caused the messengers to be imprisoned, and in revenge for this the Counts of Périgord and Comminges and other lords set on the high-steward of Rouergue, slew many of his men, and put him to flight. The prince sent for Chandos, who came to his help, and some fighting took place, though war was not yet declared. His health was now so feeble that he could not take part in active operations, for he was swollen with dropsy and could not ride. By 18 March more than nine hundred towns, castles, and other places signified in one way or another their adherence to the French cause (Froissart, vii. Pref. p. lviii). He had already warned his father of the intentions of the French king, but there was evidently a party at Edward's court that was jealous of his power, and his warnings were slighted. In April, however, war was declared. Edward sent the Earls of Cambridge and Pembroke to his assistance, and Sir Robert Knolles, who now again took service with, him, added much to his strength. The war in Aquitaine was desultory, and, though the English maintained their ground fairly in the field, every day that it was prolonged weakened their hold on the country. On 1 Jan. 1370 the prince sustained a heavy loss in the death of his friend Chandos. Several efforts were made by Edward to conciliate the Gascon lords [see under Edward III], but they were fruitless and can only have served to weaken the prince's authority. It is probable that John of Gaunt was working against him at the English court, and when he was sent out in the summer to help his brother, he came with such extensive powers that he almost seemed as though he had come to supersede him. In the spring Charles raised two large armies for the invasion of Aquitaine; one, under the Duke of Anjou, was to enter Guyenne by La Reole and Bergerac, the other, under the Duke of Berry, was to march towards Limousin and Queray, and both were to unite and besiege the prince in Angoulême. Ill as he was, the prince left his bed of sickness (Chandos, 1. 4043) and gathered an army at Cognac, where he was joined by the Barons of Poitou and Saintonge, and the Earls of Cambridge, Lancaster, and Pembroke. The two French armies gained many cities, united and laid siege to Limoges, which was treacherously surrendered to them by the bishop, who had been one of the prince's trusted fnends. When the prince heard of the surrender, he swore 'by the soul of his father' that he would have the place again and would make the inhabitants pay dearly for their treachery. He set out from Cognac with an army of twelve hundred lances, a thousand archers, and three thousand foot. His sickness was so great that he was unable to mount his horse, and was carried in a litter. The success of the French in Aquitaine was checked about this time by the departure of Du Guesclin, who was summoned to the north to stop the ravages of Sir Robert Knolles. Limoges made a gallant defence, and the prince determined to take it by undermining the walls. His mines were constantly countermined by the garrison, and it was not until the end of October, after a month's siege, that his miners succeieded in demolishing a large piece of wall which filled the ditches with its ruins. The prince ordered that no quarter should be given, and a terrible massacre took place of persons of all ranks and ages. Many piteous appeals were made to him for mercy, but he would not hearken, and three thousand men, women, and children are said to have been put to the sword. When the bishop was brought before him, he told him that his head should be cut off, but Lancaster begged him of his brother, and so, while so many innocent persons were slain, the life of the chief offender was spared. The city was pillaged and burnt (Froissart, i. 620, Buchon; Cont. Murimuth, p. 209). The prince returned to Cognac; his sickness increased, and he was forced to give up all hope of being able to direct any further operations and to proceed first to Angoulème and then to Bordeaux. The death of his eldest son Edward, which happened at this time, grieved him greatly; he became worse, and his surgeon advised him to return to England. He left Aquitaine in charge of Lancaster, landed at Southampton early in January 1371, met his father at Windsor, and put a stop to a treaty the king had made the previous month with Charles of Navarre, for ho would not consent to the cession of territory that Charles demanded (Fœdera, iii. 967), and then went to his manor of Berkhampstead, ruined alike in health and in fortune.
On his return to England the prince was probably at once recognised as the natural opponent of the influence exercised by the anti-clerical and Lancastrian party, and it is evident that the clergy trusted him; for on 2 May he met the convocation of Canterbury at the Savoy, and persuaded them to make an exceptionally large grant (Wilkins, Concilia, iii. 91 ). His health now began to improve, and in August 1372 he sailed with his father to the relief of Thouars; but the fleet never reached the French coast. On 6 Oct. he resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, giving as his reason that its revenues were no longer sufficient to cover expenses, and acknowledging his resignation in the parliament of the next month. At the conclusion of this parliament, after the knights had been dismissed, he met the citizens and burgesses 'in a room near the white chamber,' and prevailed on them to extend the customs granted the year before for the protection of merchant shipping for another year (Rot. Parl. ii. 310; Hallam, Const Hist, iii. 47). It is said that after Whitsunday (20 May) 1374 the prince presided at a council of prelates and nobles held at Westminster to answer a demand from Gregory XI for a subsidy to help him against the Florentines. The bishops, after hearing the pope's letter, which asserted his right as lord spiritual, and, by the grant of John, lord in chief, of the kingdom, declared that 'he was lord of all.' The cause of the crown, however, was vigorously maintained, and the prince, provoked at the hesitation of Archbishop Wittlesey, spoke sharply to him, and at last told him that he was an ass. The bishops gave way, and it was declared that John had no power to bring the realm into subjection (Cont. Eulogiim, iii. 337. This story, told at length by the continuator of the 'Eulogium,' presents some difficulties, and the pope's pretension to sovereignty and the answer that was decided on read like echoes of the similar incidents in 1366). The prince's sickness again became very heavy, though when the 'Good parliament' met on 28 April 1376 he was looked upon as the chief support of the commons in their attack on the abuses of the administration, and evidently acted in concert with William of Wykeham in opposing the influence of Lancaster and the disreputable clique of courtiers who upheld it, and he had good cause to fear that his brother's power would prove dangerous to the prospects of his son Richard (Chron. Angliæ, Pref. xxix, pp. 74, 75, 393). Richard Lyons, the king's financial agent, who was impeached for gigantic frauds, sent him a bribe of 1,000l. and other gifts, but he refused to receive it, though he ailerwards said that it was a pity he had not kept it, and sent it to pay the soldiers who were fighting for the kingdom (ib, p. 80). From the time that the parliament met he knew that he was dying, and was much in prayer, and did many good and charitable works. His dysentery became very violent, and he often fainted from weakness, so that his household believed that he was actually dead. Yet he bore all his sufferings patiently, and 'made a very noble end, remembering God his Creator in his heart,' and bidding his people pray for him (ib. p. 88;Chandos, 1. 4133). He gave gifts to all his servants, and took leave of the king his father, asking him three things, that he would confirm his gifts, pay his debts quickly out of his estate, and protect his son Richard. These things the king promised. Then he called his young son to him, and bound him under a curse not to take away the gifts he had bestowed. Shortly before he died Sir Richard Stury, one of the courtiers of Lancaster's party, came to see him. The prince reproached him bitterly for his evil deeds. Then his strength failed. In his last moments he was attended by the Bishop of Bangor, who urged him to ask forgiveness of God and of all those whom he had injured. For a while he would not do this, but at last joined his hands and prayed that God and man would grant him pardon, and so died in his forty-sixth year. His death took place at the palace of Westminster (Walsingham, i, 321; Froissart, i, 706, Buchonl it is asserted by Caxton, in his continuation of the 'Polychronicon,' cap.8,' that the prince dies at his manor of Kennington and that his body was brought to Westminster) on 8 July, Trinity Sunday, a day he had always kept with special reverence (Chandos, 1. 4201). He was buried with great state in Canterbury Cathedral on 29 Sept., and the directions contained in his will were followed at his funeral, in the details of his tomb, and in the famous epitaph placed upon it. Above it still hang his surcoat, helmet, shield and gauntlets. He had two sons by his wife Joan; Edward, born at Angoulême on 27 July 1364 (Eulogia), 1365 (Murimuth), or 1363 (Froissart), died immediately before his father's return to England in January 1371, and was buried in the church of the Austin Friars, London (Weiver, Funeral Monuments, p, 419); and Richard who succeeded his grandfather on the throne; and it is said, two bastard sons, Sir John Sounder and Sir Roger Clarendon [q.v]
[Barnes's Hist. of Edward III with that of the Black Prince [see under Edward III]; Collins's Life of Edward, Prince of Wales [see Collins, Arthur]; G. P. R. James's Hist. of the Life of Edward the Black Prince, 1822, eulogistic and wordy, but useful; in the edition of 1836 James defends his work from the strictures of the Athenæum; Longman's Life and Times of Edward III; Murimuth cum cont. Engl. Hist. Soc.; T. Walsingham, Eulogium Hist., and Chron. Angliæ (Rolls Ser.); Robert of Avesbury, ed. Hearne; Knighton, ed. Twysden; Stow's Annales; G. le Baker, ed. Giles; Sloane MSS. 56 and 335 ; Archæologia, xxix. xxxi. xxxii.; Rolls of Parliament; Rymer's Fœdera, Record ed.; Jehan le Bel, ed. Polain; Froissart, ed. Luce and ed. Buchon; Le Prince Noir, poème du Héraut Chandos, ed. Fr. Michel; Chronique de Bertrand du Guesclin, Panthéon Litt.; Istorie di Matteo Villaui, Muratori, Rerum Ital. ss. xiv. For the battle of Poitiers, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest, viii. 59, xi. 76. For the Spanish campaign, Lopez de Ayala's Crónicas de los Reyes de Castilla, ed. 1779. For other references see under Edward III, in text of above art., and in the notes of M. Luce's Froissart.] | <urn:uuid:77afb254-f4a7-467f-a451-d72920662077> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince_(DNB00) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00253-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987277 | 13,587 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A Sprawling Debate
(Click to enlarge)
Your recent article criticizing efforts by Gov. Schwarzenegger and Attorney General Brown to encourage more compact development [“How Not to Fight Global Warming,” by Jill Stewart, April 18-24] erroneously suggests that there is “little basis in science” for concluding that increasing residential density will reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. In fact, there is abundant evidence to confirm what common sense suggests: that with compact development, people walk more, drive less and generate fewer greenhouse-gas emissions, typically 20 to 40 percent less.
As the well-respected Urban Land Institute noted last year “[the] link between urban development patterns and individual or household travel has become the most heavily researched subject in urban planning, with more than 100 rigorous empirical studies completed.” Its “meta-analysis” of many research studies found that households living in developments with twice the density drove one-third less than those living in low-density sprawl. Another series of studies over the past 15 years, mostly in California, found that increased density leads to fewer vehicle miles traveled. A U.S. EPA study last year likewise determined that “infill” development — building in already developed urban areas — “reduces overall travel, congestion and emissions from cars,” and that compared with other air-pollution policies, “these reductions are both significant and cost-effective.”
California faces great challenges in cutting the growth of greenhouse gases and meeting the ambitious target of its climate-change law, AB 32. Because close to 40 percent of our statewide emissions come from cars and trucks, we must be especially creative in searching for ways to reduce vehicle miles traveled. The Attorney General’s Office has been working cooperatively with dozens of local agencies to help develop such solutions. Is compact development by itself sufficient? Of course not; many other strategies also are vital. We need to make our homes and office buildings greener, use more efficient appliances and lighting, conserve water, install rooftop solar systems and recycle building materials. Can it help? Of course — and not just in reducing greenhouse gases. More compact development also will reduce smog, preserve farmland, protect wildlife habitat, save water resources, encourage more walkable (and healthier) neighborhoods and help make California a better place to live.
Clifford RechtschaffenSpecial Assistant Attorney General, California Department of Justice
Jill Stewart responds: Many residents of crowded urban areas are low-income and must use transit. In cities where many middle-class residents do live in compact housing and do use mass transit, the National Traffic Scorecard this week showed their congestion is as bad as that in sprawling suburban cities. Los Angeles was worst of all, yet very close behind were dense, transit-served New York, followed by dense, transit-served Chicago and San Francisco. Sprawling, more suburban Houston and Dallas were seventh and fifth. Scientists at the University of Georgia are seeking funds from the National Science Foundation for fundamental answers that California politicians cannot possibly know: How do different development strategies affect urban temperature and precipitation processes? A top EPA scientist, Christopher P. Weaver, visiting professor at Rutgers University’s Department of Environmental Sciences, lauds the nascent efforts to find out which kinds of development actually feed global warming, but adds: “Even if [such studies] ended up showing the negative effects of suburbanization, the second issue would be to determine how negative these effects are.”
One compelling piece of data is already known: According to the U.S. Census, as income rises, transit use drops. In short, those who can afford to drive, drive.Weather Chasers
You folks write a hard-hitting story on weathercasters [“Sunny and Mild,” June 6-12], and yet you don’t show a photo of Jackie Johnson in a tight skirt and low-cut sweater? You call yourselves first-rate, cutting-edge journalists? You’ve gotta be kidding me.
Dale DanielLos Angeles
Okay, I was excited to look at the article by Gendy Alimurung but disappointed that Jackie Johnson (Channel 9, Channel 2) was missing! How could anyone miss this lovely, graceful young weather reporter? A picture would have been enough.
Ray MortorffLos Angeles
How could you devote only a passing “mentor” mention to the stunningly delicious Maria Quiban of Channel 13, who should have rated her own full-page color pinup? Last year, one of that nutty newscast’s e-mail “questions of the night” asked viewers to name their favorite cars. I wrote that my selection was “as exotically beautiful as Maria Quiban.” The Divine Miss Q, who was doing co-anchor duties that evening, dropped the reference to her sexy self when she read the e-mail on camera. But the knowingly smoldering look in her midnight-mischief eyes would have burned off a marine layer.
James DawsonWoodland HillsWomen Are Alive … and Writing
How can you possibly run a series of articles on “The Novel: It’s Alive” [Weekly Literary Supplement, May 30-June 5] without including as either novelist or reviewer a single woman? What century are you writing in — the 19th? 18th? Even then, women shared the spotlight with men. You feature novels by Georges, Salman and Dave (or at least his effect) and articles by John, Thomas, Nathan and Marc. Even in Marc’s survey, there are no novels by women pictured. Lovely that we’ve had a woman running for president — now let’s see if L.A. Weekly can acknowledge women novelists.
Anne EggebrotenSanta Monica
Editor’s Note: Among the women writers mentioned in our most recent Weekly Literary Supplement on the novel are Marianne Wiggins (whose novel The Shadow Catcher was pictured), Lydia Davis, Francine Prose, Joy Williams, Geraldine Brooks, Ann Patchett, Helen DeWitt, Colette, Jane Austen, Louise Erdrich, Kate Atkinson. In addition, the week before WLS, we featured Marisa Silver’s The God of War, and this week’s book section looks at the career of Edna O’Brien. | <urn:uuid:baa91d64-582d-47f0-a016-18b27caf26a5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.laweekly.com/fighting-about-how-to-fight-global-warming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088245.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416161217-20210416191217-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.945598 | 1,325 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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DOWNEY - The Columbia Memorial Space Center will host its "Saturday Science" workshop March 30 from 1-3 p.m.
Guests will hear the latest results from the Kepler Space Telescope, what we know about planets outside of our solar system and the possibility of life outside of Earth.
"As we look out into the universe we're beginning to come to an understanding that not only are planets common, but Earth-like planets are common too," space center officials said.
On April 27, the space center will host the USA Science & Engineering Festival: Family Science Day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Guests can watch robotics competitions featuring Warren High students, participate in a robotics lab and experience all of the center's hands-on exhibits.
Tours of the space shuttle mock-up Inspiration will also be offered.
Meanwhile, teachers are invited to a free seminar April 20 offered by NASA and JPL.
Teachers can watch a showing of "Toys in Space II," taped during the flight of STS-54. The video shows astronauts on the space shuttle and students back on Earth co-investigating the behavior of toys in space.
Video segments show the toys' behavior in 1g (Earth's gravity) and then their behavior in the microgravity environment of space.
The seminar is free for teachers but registration is required by calling (562) 231-1200.
Admission for all other events is $5 (free for space center members).
For questions about any of the events, call (562) 231-1200 or go online to columbiaspacescience.org.
Published: March 7, 2013 - Volume 11 - Issue 47 | <urn:uuid:386992c2-326e-40c9-b834-e088db85da74> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.thedowneypatriot.com/article.do?id=17717071 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701370254/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104930-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92502 | 355 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What Lies Behind Gender Inequality in Education?
OECD. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
MetadataShow full item record
While PISA reveals large gender differences in reading, in favour of 15-year-old girls, the gap is narrower when digital reading skills are tested. Indeed, the Survey of Adult Skills suggests that there are no significant gender differences in digital literacy proficiency among 16-29 year-olds. Boys are more likely to underachieve when they attend schools with a large proportion of socio‑economically disadvantaged students. Girls – even high-achieving girls – tend to underachieve compared to boys when they are asked to think like scientists, such as when they are asked to formulate situations mathematically or interpret phenomena scientifically. Parents are more likely to expect their sons, rather than their daughters, to work in a science, technology, engineering or mathematics field – even when their 15-year-old boys and girls perform at the same level in mathematics. | <urn:uuid:4842a831-131f-478b-aab2-bba59a24d997> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/handle/123456789/4165 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912206677.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326220507-20190327002507-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.952378 | 197 | 3.25 | 3 |
A recent study has found there is an entire classification of medications that can raise your risk of dementia. Doctors prescribe these drugs frequently for seniors. The patients do not have to take the medications long-term to be significantly more likely to develop dementia.
The research focused on nearly 300,000 people, age 55 and older, over a 12-year period. The scientists found an association between the drugs and dementia risk. If, indeed, these medicines cause dementia, the statistics indicate these drugs could be responsible for about 10 percent of the cases of dementia. Since so many older adults take the types of medications now associated with a higher risk of dementia, this information could impact the lives of millions of people and their loved ones.
Types of Drugs That Increase Your Risk of Dementia
The category of medications found to have an association with a higher likelihood of dementia is anticholinergic drugs. The medical community has known about a link between these substances and memory issues or confusion for quite some time. The new study took the matter a step further to exploring dementia risk.
The anticholinergic drugs with the strongest association with dementia include:
- Antidepressants, for example, amitriptyline and paroxetine
- Treatments for overactive bladder, using bladder antimuscarinics like tolterodine and oxybutynin
- Anti-seizure medications for epilepsy, like carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine
- Anti-psychotic drugs, such as olanzapine and chlorpromazine
Doctors prescribe anticholinergic medications to treat a wide range of maladies, including motion sickness, vertigo and the conditions named above.
The Dosage Required to Affect Your Dementia Risk
According to the study, you would only have to take one pill a day for three years to have a higher risk of dementia. The drugs studied can increase the likelihood of dementia by almost 50 percent at that dosage.
Drugs That Do Not Increase Your Risk of Dementia
Some types of anticholinergic medications do not appear to increase the risk of dementia. For example, the researchers found no association between dementia risk and these anticholinergics:
- Anti-arrhythmic drugs
- Antimuscarinic bronchodilators
- Skeletal muscle relaxants
- Gastrointestinal antispasmodics
The study did not give an explanation for why some classifications of anticholinergic drugs have an association with a higher likelihood of dementia and other types do not. In response to the article that published the study results, some medical experts call for research to determine if a patient can reverse the increased risk factor by stopping the drugs.
What You Should Do If You Take Anticholinergic Drugs
There is a wide variety of increased dementia risk, depending on which type of anticholinergic medication you take. Medical experts warn you should not stop taking your medicine without talking with your doctor first. The type of drug you take might have a low association with dementia.
It can also be harmful to stop taking a medication suddenly. Drugs that prevent seizures, depression, or psychosis should never get discontinued, without medical intervention and monitoring. Work with your doctor to evaluate the risk of the specific medicine you take and consider switching to another drug that could treat your condition without as much chance of developing dementia.
Your state might have different regulations than the general law of this article. You should talk with an elder law attorney in your area.
CNN. “Commonly prescribed drugs tied to nearly 50% higher dementia risk in older adults, study says.” (accessed December 19, 2019) https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/24/health/dementia-risk-drug-study/index.html | <urn:uuid:a91156c6-d719-4340-a5ac-368517d6b02e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.curtiselderlaw.com/tag/elder-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487625967.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616155529-20210616185529-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.91828 | 782 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Since the emergence of the Tea Party several years ago, one major symbol of the movement has been the Gadsden Flag, a coiled rattlesnake on a gold field with the inscription “Don’t Tread On Me.” Another flag used by the movement is the First Navy Jack, the current jack flown by the United States Navy. Both flags originated during the American Revolution in connection with the newly-formed Navy.
I do not take issue with the fact that organizations adopt historically significant flags and symbols; however, I dispute the method of justification which some people use in adorning their cause with the Gadsden colors.
Upon an attack on the contemporary use of the Gadsden Flag, those flying it often defend their actions by citing the story of Samuel Gadsden, his service to the Continental forces and his role in the establishment of the Navy specifically and the Revolution generally. This justification effectively grafts the motives and political views of the Continental Army and Congress onto the political rallies and incendiary rhetoric of conservative movements. Moreover, such a defense also implicitly equates the United States government with the British Empire and King George at the time of the Revolution. That contemporary groups adopt the Gadsden Flag does not mean that their struggles are on the same scale as the 18th-century rebels of the Thirteen Colonies, or that our current politically legitimate and representative government is a guise for King George.
More commonly misappropriated is the Confederate battle flag, which is consistently and incorrectly referred to as the “Stars and Bars.” Besides its use in protests by segregationists in the 1950s and 1960s, the Confederate battle flag has been adopted as a symbol of Southern pride. Again, I do not argue that the right to fly such a flag should not be protected.
The flag should not be flown merely because it represents, among other things, an illegitimate, irrelevant and nonexistent government, an attitude of disunity, and the oppression of racial minorities in American history.
We need to be careful in choosing symbols to represent our causes and ideologies. Our colors are capable of saying something about our causes, but also about our opponents’ positions, as well as the degree to which we regard ourselves as reasonable and our detractors as respectable.
Contact the writer: | <urn:uuid:8feb2bca-3918-48e6-acc6-33af0e5dc3a5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://aquinasarchive.scranton.edu/2013/10/04/misappropriation-of-colors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.952513 | 467 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Synopsis: With closeness comes greater warmth
When an “infinite” warm surface is separated from a cooler one by a vacuum gap, the rate of radiative heat transfer between the two shouldn’t depend on the size of the gap. According to theory, though, this picture doesn’t hold when the surfaces are sufficiently close. Now, a team of scientists reports in Physical Review Letters they have measured near-field radiative heat-transfer in a setup that allows them to directly compare their results with theoretical predictions.
Near-field effects occur because of evanescent electromagnetic fields—light that, because of total internal reflection, can’t penetrate a medium, and instead decays away from a surface. These fields dominate the radiative heat transfer process when two surfaces, held at different temperatures, are in close proximity. Though the effect has been detected in other experiments, the geometry of the surfaces made comparison with theoretical calculations difficult. In their paper, Rich Ottens and his colleagues at the University of Florida, Gainesville, focused on a more straightforward planar geometry. They measured the heat transfer between two parallel square sapphire plates, each about two inches on a side, but separated by only a few microns.
Ottens et al. see a pronounced increase in heat transfer as they reduce the gap between the plates that agrees well with theoretical predictions. In principle, near-field heat transfer could be used to control the temperature of an object without ever contacting it—an interesting possibility for cooling the sensitive mirrors in planned gravity wave detectors. – Jessica Thomas | <urn:uuid:282a8d27-947d-450c-8655-1ff84eb0fd2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.014301 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892699.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123211127-20180123231127-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.938447 | 321 | 3.515625 | 4 |
April is the perfect month for a Poetry Break. Children’s literature champion Caroline Feller Bauer was a major role model for me during my career as a children’s librarian. Through workshops (where I first met Caroline) and her books, she generously shared creative and fun ideas for connecting kids with books. I learned about the Poetry Break from her and will be forever grateful.
The concept is simple: 1. Create a sign that reads “Poetry Break.” (I used foam core, markers, a stick for stirring paint, and mailing tape.) 2. Choose a poem. 3. You don’t have to, but I always put on a hat. 4. Walk into the designated space (classroom, program room, auditorium, your living room, etc.). 5. To get everyone’s attention, hold up your sign and say, “Poetry Break!” 6. Read your poem (with feeling). 7. Exit the space. An important rule is this — the poem is NOT to be used as a prompt for a ‘lesson’ afterwards. Poetry Break is purely a moment to be enjoyed. I used Poetry Break with great success as a school librarian, a public librarian, even as a recreation specialist at a senior center, leaving both children and adults wanting more.
My father loved and wrote poetry. I lost him to cancer 30 years ago. The last words I spoke to Dad were a Shel Silverstein poem—“Listen to the Mustn’ts”—a favorite of mine. I first shared it with him when he was in the hospital, when there was still hope. “Let me see,” he said and read it aloud three times. One day, after he had come home from the hospital for the final time, I heard him reciting some of the words to himself. And I whispered the poem in his ear on his last night in this world. I changed the word “child” to “Dad.”
I have been consciously focusing on the positive this year, so I don’t share this to dwell on my loss. On the contrary, Silverstein’s uplifting poem offers words of hope that I think we can all use.
So, here’s to Shel, to Dad, to Caroline Feller Bauer, and to all of you — POETRY BREAK!
Listen to the MUSTN’TS, child,
Listen to the DON’TS
Listen to the SHOULDN’TS
The IMPOSSIBLES, the WON’TS
Listen to the NEVER HAVES
Then listen close to me—
Anything can happen, child,
ANYTHING can be. | <urn:uuid:e572db32-eb8b-4d47-915d-7b20d477de60> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://vaundamicheauxnelson.com/the-book-itch/poetry-break-enjoy-the-moment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103922377.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701064920-20220701094920-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.963189 | 578 | 2.671875 | 3 |
PENTEC0ST – CYCLE A - 2017
With the Solemnity of Pentecost we have reached the end of the Easter season.
We will see how Pentecost has had different names and meanings over the centuries.
During the Jewish celebration of Pentecost, the Holy Spirit was sent by the Father to the Church.
v Every Israelite had to present himself before YHWH, three times a year: the second of these feasts became Pentecost.
In Ex 23:16 it is called the Feast of the Grain Harvest.
v In the book of Number 28:26 it is called the Feast of the First Fruits.
v In the book of Deuteronomy 16:10 it is called the Feast of weeks because this feast was celebrated seven weeks after the feast of the Unleavened Bread (Passover.)
v It was also called the Feast of the 50th day(Pentecost) because it was celebrated 50 days after the first grain offering Lev 23,9-14
v This feast became a historical feast in which the people remembered the Covenant on Mount Sinai, and the New Covenant promised by God through the prophets Jeremiah 31,31-34 and Ezekiel 36 :22-28, and fulfilled by Jesus in his Paschal Mystery.
v On the day of Pentecost, the Father sent on the Church the Spirit Jesus had promised.
FIRST READING: Acts 2:1-11
Ø The strong driving wind that filled the house, takes us to the beginning of creation when the Spirit of God as a mighty wind covered the abyss.
Ø The noise, the fire, all these strong forces of nature remind us of the theophany on Mount Sinai, when God talked to Moses and made a Covenant with his people, giving them the Law.
Ø The tongues of fire: fire, enthusiasm, to proclaim the marvels accomplished by Christ Jesus.
Ø The "miracle" of the tongues that made possible for all to understand what the Apostles were announcing to them. This takes us to Babel, where people of one tongue could not understand each other due to greed, pride, sin. Pentecost is the opposite of Babel; the Holy Spirit makes those who are different, opposite, enemies to become brothers and sisters, to love one another.
Ø I will copy below two quotations from the Jewish tradition about the event on Mount Sinai:
· God did not have mouth or tongue, but by means of a wonderful act he decided that a thunder should be heard in the air and a blast should be articulated into words putting the air in motion. This became fire that had the shape of flames... a voice resounded in the midst of the fire and descended from heaven and this voice spoke the dialect of each one of those who heard it. (Jewish Philosopher called Filon explained in this fashion the divine theophany on Sinai.)
· When the voice of God was pronounced on Sinai it divided itself into seventy voices so that all the nations could understand. The Hebrew people believed that there were 70 nationalities in the world.
(My translation of both quotations which have been taken from the book Gianfranco Ravasi Según las Escrituras- Ciclo C").
Ø All were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in different tongues, as the Spirit enabled them to proclaim.
Ø Through the 2000 years of history since the First Pentecost, the Church has made present the wonderful event of Pentecost among all the nations, sometimes silently, some other times loudly, through the life and mission of men and women from all nations: of parents, missionaries, catechists, priests, sons and daughtets, .... the complete list would be too long. The enemies become friends, the foreigner and stranger are welcomed into the local comunity.
Sequence — Veni, Sancte Spiritus
Come, Holy Spirit, come!
And from your celestial home
Shed a ray of light divine!
Come, Father of the poor!
Come, source of all our store!
Come, within our bosoms shine.
You, of comforters the best;
You, the soul's most welcome guest;
Sweet refreshment here below;
In our labor, rest most sweet;
Grateful coolness in the heat;
Solace in the midst of woe.
O most blessed Light divine,
Shine within these hearts of yours,
And our inmost being fill!
Where you are not, we have naught,
Nothing good in deed or thought,
Nothing free from taint of ill.
Heal our wounds, our strength renew;
On our dryness pour your dew;
Wash the stains of guilt away:
Bend the stubborn heart and will;
Melt the frozen, warm the chill;
Guide the steps that go astray.
On the faithful, who adore
And confess you, evermore
In your sevenfold gift descend;
Give them virtue's sure reward;
Give them your salvation, Lord;
Give them joys that never end. Amen.
SECOND READING 1 Cor 12:3b-7,12-13
Paul says that no one can say "Jesus is Lord" except by the Holy Spirit. But it is not enough to pronounce words or sounds, but this sentence must come from our faith, our trust, and our love for Jesus.
Paul makes his community realize that there are different gifts, that everyone has his or her own gifts, which God gives to us to accomplish a mission in the community.
And to help his community to understand better, he makes the wonderful comparison of the human body, which has many members but it is one body.
Through baptism we are united to Christ
And we were all given to drink of one Spirit.
In the first reading Luke uses the symbol of fire, wind and tongues. In the second reading water is the symbol used to describe who the Spirit is.
GOSPEL Jn 20:19-23
v In the first reading we have seen how Luke explains the coming upon the Holy the Church using images taken from the Old Testament, from the traditions of Israel and even of the peoples around it.
v In the Gospel the Church invites us to reflect on the mystery of the coming of the Holy Spirit in the way John explains it.
v According to the Gospel of John, the Lord came and stood in their midst, on the evening of the same day of his Resurrection.
v And in this meeting with them he gave the Holy Spirit
· But before giving them his Spirit
· Jesus gives them Peace thus they will be able to offer it to others.
· Jesus sends them. As the Father has sent me, so I send you. We know that through baptism we have been submerged in Christ to participate of his life and cooperate in his mission "the salvation of all men and women."
· Jesus gives to them the power to forgive sins. He will cooperate with them, he will accept and support the decisions they will make.
We have seen the two accounts of the coming of the Holy Spirit, one from the Gospel of John, Jesus gives his spirit the same day of his resurrection. In fact in the Gospel of John Jesus gives his Spirit, on the cross.
On Pentecost the Church is born,
· it has been conceived and nurtured in the heart of God the Father from all eternity.
· Jesus began to form it with his disciples
· and now it is made visible to the world by the Spirit of God on the day of Pentecost.
Since I began to serve my God and Lord, He has always been my counselor and master in everything. And he never neglects me even in the most insignificant and domestic things. And He tells me how I have to deal with certain persons, what I must tell them as well as the time and moment to speak. Venerable María Antonia París, Foundress of the Claretian Missionary Sisters , Autobiography 85.
The same Holy Spirit, by appearing in the form of tongues of fire above the Apostles on Pentecost, showed us this truth quite clearly: an apostolic missionary must have both heart and tongue ablaze with charity. One day the Venerable Avila was asked by a young priest what he should do to become a good preacher. His ready answer was, "Love much.'' And both experience and the history of the Church teach us that the greatest preachers have always been the most fervent lovers. Saint Anthony Mary Claret, Founder of the Claretian Missionary Sisters, Autobiography 440.
CLARET, Antonio María , Autobiography
HAAG, H; VAN DER BORN, A; DE AUSEJO, S. Diccionario de la Biblia (Bible Dictionnary), Editorial Herder 1981.
PARIS, María Antonia, Autobiography
RAVASI, Gianfranco, Según Las Escrituras (According to the Scriptures), Year C, 2006. | <urn:uuid:0e74e70d-c355-4cdc-a0a7-dd898b062b0e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://claretianlectio.blogspot.com/2017/05/pentec0st-cycle-2017-with-solemnity-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249578748.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190224023850-20190224045850-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.954397 | 1,899 | 3.40625 | 3 |
First please don't be bluffed by those fancy terms coined by computational scientists, and don't worry about preconditioning or conjugate gradient. The multigrid method for numerical PDE can be viewed as a standalone subject, basically what it does is: make use of the "information" on both finer and coarser mesh, in order to solve a linear equation system(obtained from the discretization of the PDE on these meshes), and it does this in an iterative fashion.
IMHO Vassilevski from Lawrence Livermore national laboratory puts up a series of very beginner-oriented lecture notes, where he introduced the motivation and preliminary first, how to get the $Ax = b$ type linear equation system from a boundary value problem of $-\Delta u = f$ with $u = g$ on $\partial \Omega$, what is condition number and how does it affect our iterative solvers.
Then he introduced all the well-established aspects of multigrid: what is the basic idea in two-grid, how do we do smoothing on the finer mesh, and error correction on the coarser mesh, V-cycle, W-cycle, etc. Algebraic multigrid(the multigrid that uses information from mesh is often called geometric method), also the adaptive methods are covered too.
Some example codes for Poisson equation can be easy google'd. If you got more time, this book has a user-friendly and comprehensive introduction on this topic together with some recent advancements. | <urn:uuid:7f1862f2-c4bc-4561-bb97-cdfca7a40df4> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/198804/multigrid-tutorial-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398462987.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205422-00164-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927677 | 317 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Source: Laurence L. Bongie, Introduction to David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-revolution (2nd ed.), Foreword by Donald W. Livingston (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000).
Copyright: The copyright to this edition, in both print and electronic forms, is held by Liberty Fund, Inc.
Fair Use: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
David Hume was undoubtedly the eighteenth-century British writer whose works were most widely known and acclaimed on the continent during the later Enlightenment period. Ample proof of the great reputation he acquired in France as an historian and philosopher at this time is readily available. Contrary to various expectations, however, evidence of a profound influence as opposed to the mere reputation of his purely philosophical writings has proved to be disappointingly meagre. Occasionally even, Hume’s most telling impact in this respect appears, not in the works of his brother philosophes, who largely misunderstood or wilfully ignored his highly original epistemological doctrine, but—usually through the device of retortion—in the writings of their greatest enemies, the religious traditionalists.1
Less surprising, perhaps, is the fact that these same traditionalists in formulating their political principles found it possible to profit to an even greater extent from Hume’s historical writings. His unrivalled history of the Stuarts had not only enjoyed spectacular success in eighteenth-century France; it had related as well what many viewed as the most significant, or at least the most horrifying, series of political events in the annals of modern Europe, namely the seventeenth-century English revolution. The particular manner in which Hume had narrated the hapless career of Charles I and had presented the short-lived English republican experiment was to seem to many French conservatives, both before and after 1789, of great practical applicability in their defence of the ancien régime. It will be seen, I think, that Hume’s impact here was of undeniable importance, greater even for a time than the related influence of Burke, although it represents a contribution to French counter-revolutionary thought which, unlike that of Burke, has been almost totally ignored by historians to this day.
It is perhaps necessary to indicate at this point certain limitations which I have felt it wise to impose on this study. I have attempted—admittedly not always with complete success—to disregard the question of Hume’s “true” intentions or the real nature of his political thought. Such considerations, however important they may be in themselves, seem largely irrelevant to an investigation of the kind I have undertaken. Similarly, I have not tried to make any general assessment of the merits of David Hume as an historian.2 Whether Hume interpreted well or badly the events of Stuart history, whether he was more of a Tory than Burke was a Whig, is of little consequence to my purpose. My chief concern has not been with what really happened in England between 1603 and 1660 nor even primarily with what Hume really said about the Great Rebellion although, with regard to this last point, I have provided in the second part of my introduction a brief survey of his general views concerning the activities of that period.
What has been my major concern in the present study is rather the manner in which the French, from the ancien régime to the counter-revolutionary period, interpreted Hume’s very popular history of those crucial English events. That the French misinterpreted the Scottish historian in many instances is, of course, entirely possible, but I have not insisted on this point. Influence thrives on illusion as easily as on truth. It is the image—whether faithful or distorted—that transmits influence. It will be seen that Hume’s version of English history projected at first against the background of pre-revolutionary politics a number of blurred and even contradictory images. Later, however, the continental focus of interpretation sharpened acutely as the urgency of contemporary events compelled the Scottish historian’s various French readers to unify more militantly their political views.
When, in his History of the Stuarts, Hume came to consider the scholarly merits of his predecessor Clarendon, he gave expression to a sentiment which he might easily have allowed, I think, to be quite properly applied to himself. The “entertaining” Clarendon in his most “candid” history of the Great Rebellion is, Hume tells us, “more partial in appearance than in reality”; for though he seems perpetually anxious to apologize for the King, his apologies “are often well grounded.”3
In the seventeen-fifties when Hume composed his History of the Stuarts it was clearly neither fashionable nor profitable to apologize for King Charles. The Whig party, Hume tells us, had, for a course of nearly seventy years, enjoyed the whole authority of government. In some particulars the state had not suffered as a result. But history, certainly, had suffered and truth had suffered. The biased writings of such apologists as Rapin-Thoyras, Locke, and Sidney were praised and propagated as if they equalled the most celebrated compositions of antiquity. “And forgetting,” Hume complains, “that a regard to liberty, though a laudable passion, ought commonly to be subordinate to a reverence for established government, the prevailing faction has celebrated only the partisans of the former, who pursued as their object the perfection of civil society, and has extolled them at the expense of their antagonists, who maintained those maxims that are essential to its very existence” (IX. 524). Liberty is a good and noble principle but it has its dangers and if one has to choose, it is surely much better for human society “to be deprived of liberty than to be destitute of government” (VII. 125-26). Hume also observes that extremes of all kinds in these matters are to be avoided; truth and certainty are most likely to be met with on middle ground. There is little doubt that Hume hoped his own history would be seen as brilliantly impartial. In fact, he may even have believed that he would, by some miracle, please all factions with his “moderate opinions.”
As he set about his attack on the fortress of Whig dogma, Hume made persistent and unwavering use of one favourite weapon: his contrary—and, many thought, perverse—view of what the English constitution was like before the accession of the Stuart kings. The partisans of liberty were in the habit of affirming that the English constitution, long before the settlement of 1688, was “a regular plan of liberty.” They heaped abuse on James I and Charles I as usurpers and innovators in the hated arts of despotism. But what a paradox in human affairs it is, Hume objected, that Henry VIII should have been almost adored in his lifetime and his memory be respected, “while Charles I should, by the same people, at no greater distance than a century, have been led to a public and ignominious execution, and his name be ever after pursued by falsehood and by obloquy!” (X. 205, note F to vol. VIII.) Hume found a similar paradox in Whig estimates of Elizabeth’s reign. However different it may have been in other particulars, the government of England under Elizabeth bore, with respect to the question of liberty, a distinct resemblance to that of the eighteenth-century Turks (VI. 414). Under Elizabeth the legislative power of Parliament was a mere illusion, the liberty of the subject nonexistent. And yet, Hume adds, the Whigs have long indulged their prejudices against the Stuarts “by bestowing unbounded panegyrics” on the virtue and wisdom of that Queen. They have even been so extremely ignorant of her reign as to praise her for a quality “which, of all others, she was the least possessed of; a tender regard for the constitution, and a concern for the liberties and privileges of her people” (VI. 403).
The popular party, on the other hand, exclaimed constantly against the arbitrary principles of Charles I. This was yet another paradox, to be sure, for “one may venture to assert,” Hume tells us, “that the greatest enemies of this Prince will not find, in the long line of his predecessors, from the conquest to his time, any one king, except perhaps his father, whose administration was not more arbitrary and less legal, or whose conduct could have been recommended to him by the popular party themselves, as a model, in this particular, for his government” (X. 205, note F to vol. VIII).
We are not to believe, however, that Hume looked back with fond regret to the days of the Tudors or Stuarts. This would be missing the entire point he attempted to make. No, the eighteenth-century English had no reason, following the example of their ancestors, to be in love with the picture of absolute monarchy “or to prefer the unlimited authority of the prince and his unbounded prerogatives to that noble liberty, that sweet equality, and that happy security, by which they are at present distinguished above all nations in the universe” (VI. 429-30). But the eighteenth-century English did have one obligation at least as they looked back on their own political history: this was the duty to approach past events with a proper sense of perspective. The activities of the Stuart kings, though they might appear arbitrary and illegal to Englishmen in the seventeen-fifties, could, if judged according to the principles and practices of the times in which they were carried out, “admit of some apology.” After all, most of the modern liberties were, in the days of the Stuarts, and to an even greater extent during the Tudor period, totally unknown and deemed everywhere to be incompatible with all good government. “It seems unreasonable,” Hume maintained, “to judge of the measures embraced during one period, by the maxims which prevail in another” (VII. 204).
Hume clearly felt that he had achieved this just sense of perspective and the result is that he made every effort while dealing with the civil-war period to understand and forgive the policies of James I and Charles I. Whether he also understood and forgave with equal sympathy and justice the policies of their opponents has remained, however, a matter of much heated debate ever since the first volume of his Stuarts appeared in 1754.
For Hume the moral issues of the case are not simplified, moreover, by the fact that what were traditionally described as the major vices of these early Stuarts could equally well be viewed as ill-timed but honest virtues. These were not the grander virtues, to be sure, but the every-day virtues of sincerity, integrity, and conviction. These kings were not “great” men but they were “good” men. In all history, for example, it would be difficult to find a reign “less illustrious, yet more unspotted and unblemished, than that of James” (VI. 662). Perhaps James erred occasionally in forgetting to ask himself the question What is best? This is because he believed in all piety that the question What is established? was more important. Hume has no doubts about what was established when James came to the English throne. Everyone accepted in those times the doctrine of blind and unlimited passive obedience to the prince. Under no pretence had it ever been seen as lawful for subjects to depart from or infringe that doctrine. So completely had these principles prevailed that, during the reigns of Elizabeth and her predecessors, opposition to them was regarded as the most flagrant sedition not only by the monarch but by the people as well. James I had thus inherited an absolute throne. His predecessor was, for example, allowed to have a divine right; was not James I’s title quite plainly the same as that of his predecessor? Was it not natural for him to take the government as he found it and to pursue the long-applauded measures of the popular Elizabeth? Perhaps, Hume adds, but it is something of an afterthought, James should have realized that his character and his circumstances could not support so extensive an authority. In fact his major difficulties arose chiefly from these circumstances which had suffered during his reign a radical transformation. Partly as a result of the changing economic situation, partly as a result of the increase in knowledge, a new spirit of liberty was born at this time and spread rapidly under the shelter of “puritanical absurdities”—that theological plague which had so suddenly and inexplicably infested the people. The results were disastrous to all hopes for stable government, since the religious spirit, when it mingles with faction, contains in it, our sceptical historian believed, “something supernatural and unaccountable” (VI. 569). Ordinary human prudence, the usual trust in cause and effect is baffled by it and the operation of every motive which normally influences human society fails (VII. 171).
Now this spirit of religion or rather of enthusiasm, uncontrolled, obstinate, and dangerous, violently inclined the Puritans to adopt republican principles and to form a strong attachment to civil liberty. The two principles are “nearly allied” (VI. 473), and by this prevalence of fanaticism a gloomy and sullenly independent disposition established itself among the people who became animated with a contempt for authority and a hatred for all other religions and especially for Catholicism. James, of course, helped matters not at all when, for essentially worthy reasons, he attempted to civilize the barbaric austerity of the sects by infusing a small tincture of ceremony and cheerfulness into this “dark spirit of devotion.” Nor, alas, was Charles subsequently more fortunate in the consequences of his efforts to abate the people’s extreme rage against popery. And yet, it must be confessed, Laud’s innovations deserve our praise, for pious ceremonies, however ridiculous they may seem to a philosophical mind, can be very advantageous to the rude multitude and tend to mollify that fierce and gloomy spirit of devotion to which the rude multitude is subject. Even the English Church “may justly be thought too naked and unadorned, and still to approach too near the abstract and spiritual religion of the Puritans” (VII. 589). Laud and his associates by reviving a few primitive institutions of this nature had corrected the error of the first reformers. It is true that Laud had attempted to introduce the fine arts into religion “not with the enlarged sentiments and cool reflection of a legislator, but with the intemperate zeal of a sectary” (VII. 590). The net result of his action was to inflame that religious fury which he meant to repress. It is, however, “sufficient for his vindication to observe, that his errors were the most excusable of all those which prevailed during that zealous period” (loc. cit.). Indeed, whereas the crude political advantages derived by the parliamentary party from the judicial murder of the “magnanimous” Strafford, “one of the most eminent personages that has appeared in England” (VII. 330, 356), could perhaps in some degree palliate the iniquity of the sentence pronounced against him, the execution of England’s old infirm prelate, on the other hand, “can be ascribed to nothing but vengeance and bigotry in those severe religionists, by whom the Parliament was entirely governed” (VII. 587).
Mainly as a result of his worldly distaste for “enthusiasm,” Hume, we see, held a rather low opinion of the various parliamentary heroes. Was not Parliament after all the aggressor during this unhappy period of civil discord? The Stuart kings had fought only a defensive campaign forced on them by the fact that Parliament had unilaterally seen fit to change the rules of the game and had innovated violently in constitutional matters. All things considered, Hume readily admitted that many constitutions in the history of human affairs and “none more than the British” have in fact been improved by such violent innovations. He felt compelled to insist, nevertheless, that “the praise bestowed on those patriots to whom the nation has been indebted for its privileges, ought to be given with some reserve, and surely without the least rancour against those who adhered to the ancient constitution” (VI. 404). The motivation of these patriots is suspect. Hume notes, for example, that the untimely end of Hampden leaves doubtful and uncertain whether his conduct was founded in a love of power or a zeal for liberty. With Cromwell, of course, there is no such doubt and uncertainty. Hume sees him as a fanatical, ambitious hypocrite; an artful and audacious conspirator who from the beginning engaged in his crimes “from the prospect of sovereign power,” a temptation, Hume adds, which is, in general, “irresistible to human nature” (VII. 572). Hume admits, however, that Cromwell, by making some good use of the authority he had attained by fraud and violence, “has lessened, if not overpowered, our detestation of his enormities, by our admiration of his success and of his genius” (loc. cit.).
More repelled than amused by the “cant,” “mystical jargon,” “hypocrisy,” “fury,” and “fanaticism” of the Parliamentarians, Hume found himself unable to take too seriously patriotic attempts to dignify the Civil War with causes more considerable or noble than bigotry and theological zeal. Of course the Royalists too were zealots “but as they were at the same time maintaining the established constitution, in state as well as church, they had an object which was natural, and which might produce the greatest passion, even without any considerable mixture of theological fervour” (X. 183, note DD to vol. VII). The opponents of Charles did not fight for liberty; they fought for ignorant and fanatical trivialities. “The generality of the nation,” Hume writes, “could never have flown out into such fury in order to obtain new privileges and acquire greater liberty than they and their ancestors had ever been acquainted with. Their fathers had been entirely satisfied with the government of Elizabeth: why should they have been thrown into such extreme rage against Charles, who, from the beginning of his reign, wished only to maintain such a government? And why not, at least, compound matters with him, when by all his laws, it appeared that he had agreed to depart from it? Especially, as he had put it entirely out of his power to retract that resolution” (loc. cit.).
Perhaps the revolution, up to a certain point and despite its trivial origins, did achieve some positive good. During the first period of the Long Parliament’s operations, if we except the cruel iniquity of Strafford’s attainder, the merits of its transactions may be judged to outweigh its mistakes and even entitle those measures which remedied abuses and redressed grievances to the praise of “all lovers of liberty” (VII. 361). Hume even confesses a willingness at one point to admit that a few old eggs had to be broken to make the new omelette. Such is the price of progress, and if the means used to obtain these salutary results savour often of artifice and violence “it is to be considered, that revolutions of government cannot be effected by the mere force of argument and reasoning; and that factions, being once excited, men can neither so firmly regulate the tempers of others, nor their own, as to ensure themselves against all exorbitances” (VII. 362). But, while exalting their own authority and diminishing the king’s, the patriots went too far and totally subverted the constitution. They forgot that authority as well as liberty is requisite to government and is even requisite to the support of liberty itself, by maintaining the laws which can alone regulate and protect it (VII. 406). Soon, not a limitation but a total abolition of monarchical authority appeared as the true aim of these “sanctified hypocrites.” Their violence disgraced the cause of liberty and was injurious to the nation: “It is seldom,” Hume concluded, “that the people gain any thing by revolutions in government; because the new settlement, jealous and insecure, must commonly be supported with more expense and severity than the old: but on no occasion was the truth of this maxim more sensibly felt, than in the present situation of England. Complaints against the oppression of ship-money, against the tyranny of the Star Chamber, had roused the people to arms: and having gained a complete victory over the crown, they found themselves loaded with a multiplicity of taxes, formerly unknown; and scarcely an appearance of law and liberty remained in the administration” (VIII. 102).
So great were the alterations imposed forcibly on the constitution in this later period that Hume feels Charles I was essentially right in saying, “that he had been more an enemy to his people by these concessions, could he have prevented them, than by any other action of his life” (VIII. 110). Having violently pulled the government to pieces, the patriots of course thought up schemes for establishing a perfect republic in its place, parts of which, Hume observes, were plausible but other parts were “too perfect for human nature” (VIII. 122, 412). Such schemes when held by men in power are dangerous. Dangerous also was the current doctrine of popular sovereignty. That the people are the origin of all just power is a principle which, Hume asserts, “is noble in itself, and seems specious, but is belied by all history and experience” (VIII. 124).
Finally, “the height of all iniquity and fanatical extravagance” (VIII. 123), the public trial and execution of England’s legal sovereign, remained to be added to the list of parliamentary crimes. It is clear from the History that the King’s behaviour during the last scenes of his life commanded Hume’s greatest admiration. Our historian notes that Charles in all appearances before his judges never forgot his part “either as a prince or as a man” (VIII. 131). The people too, “though under the rod of lawless unlimited power, could not forbear, with the most ardent prayers, pouring forth their wishes for his preservation” (VIII. 132). How they regretted the blind fury with which they had earlier rejected their king! The enormity of the trial “was exclaimed against by the general voice of reason and humanity; and all men, under whatever form of government they were born, rejected this example, as the utmost effort of undisguised usurpation, and the most heinous insult on law and justice” (VIII. 133).
I shall not dwell further on Hume’s account of the grief, indignation, and astonishment which struck the whole nation as soon as the news of Charles I’s execution, or rather his “murder,” reached the nation. Hume’s version of these events will be encountered with perhaps more than sufficient frequency in the various French counter-revolutionary writings dealt with later in this study.
The English soon realized that they had murdered an honourable and honest king, who was, moreover, innocent of the crimes with which he was charged. “And though,” Hume adds, “some violations of the Petition of Right may perhaps be imputed to him; these are more to be ascribed to the necessity of his situation, and to the lofty ideas of royal prerogative, which, from former established precedents, he had imbibed, than to any failure in the integrity of his principles” (VIII. 142). Nor is it even possible to say that with a little more tact here, a little more imagination there, Charles could have perhaps avoided this fatal clash with Parliament. Even long after the event, when it is commonly a simple matter to sort out the errors of bygone quarrels, one is at a loss to determine what course Charles, in his circumstances, could have followed to maintain the authority of the Crown and preserve the peace of the nation. Had Charles been born an absolute prince, “his humanity and good sense” would have rendered his reign happy and his memory precious. If the English constitution and the extent of prerogative had been in his day quite fixed and certain, his integrity would have made him regard as sacred the boundaries of that constitution. “Unhappily,” Hume concludes, “his fate threw him into a period when the precedents of many former reigns savoured strongly of arbitrary power, and the genius of the people ran violently towards liberty” (VIII. 141).
Hume drew—or at least seemed to draw—various lessons from the great events of this period, and these too we shall leave until they are pointed out again by the French traditionalists who opposed, almost a century and a half later, what they considered to be extraordinarily similar tendencies and events in their own country. One of these lessons which was to strike with especially great force a good many disillusioned Frenchmen not long after 1789 nevertheless deserves mention here. It is, in effect, that the English revolution had been a pernicious act of folly, a wasted venture, and that perhaps all similar revolutions are condemned to a like fate. The King once out of the way, the English revolutionary factions set about eliminating one another in an endless striving for greater and greater “sanctity.” In the end, from the too eager pursuit of liberty, the nation fell into the most abject servitude. To emphasize the point, Hume concluded his chapter immediately preceding that which is devoted to Cromwell with the following warning: “By recent, as well as all ancient, example, it was become evident that illegal violence, with whatever pretences it may be covered, and whatever object it may pursue, must inevitably end at last in the arbitrary and despotic government of a single person” (VIII. 240).
[1. ]See my “Hume and skepticism in late eighteenth-century France,” in J. van der Zande and R. H. Popkin, eds., The Skeptical Tradition Around 1800: Skepticism in Philosophy, Science, and Society (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), pp. 15-29.
[2. ]In general, I have throughout this work relinquished the use of secondary source materials, since it would seem especially important in a study of image and influence to allow the original documents to speak as much as possible for themselves. Spelling in the quotations has been standardized.
[3. ]David Hume, The History of England, London, 1808-10, VIII. 414. Further references in this section to The History of England will be placed within parentheses in the text itself.
Last modified April 13, 2016 | <urn:uuid:19c324b2-c15f-4eee-b4ac-62fbbf2de0ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/hume-and-revolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464053209501.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012649-00179-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977688 | 5,720 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Does red meat cause diabetes? Or are researchers missing something?
It has become a generally agreed upon trope that red meat causes health problems, and we are routinely bombarded with headlines claiming that red meat in the diet increases the chance of any number of horrible health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
Naturally, one would assume that any diet that had the aim of promoting health would eschew red meat entirely. The Kaufmann Diet, however, does not. In fact, red meat is generally encouraged.
Let’s cut into this.
Red meat is defined as meat from cows, bison, and lamb. It also includes pork. Red meat is generally, well, red in color. Red meat is generally high in protein–in fact, it is one of the densest sources of protein available ounce for ounce. Typically, it is high in iron, B vitamins, and other vitamins and minerals––some that are difficult to obtain from other sources.
So what is it about red meat that has researchers warning us away from it? Typically, the saturated fat content is what we are told makes red meat unhealthy.
However, there are many conflicting studies about the dangers of saturated animal fat. Some studies even vindicate saturated fat when it comes to things like weight loss and heart disease. There is enough conflicting that data that it is difficult to make a ruling about the dangers of saturated fat.
Let’s look more closely at the research too. Red meat is generally what makes up processed meats––these are foods like cured meats, hot dogs, sausages, lunch meats. All of these foods are chemically laden with additives, preservatives, ingredients like MSG and nitrites––which we have known since the the early 20th century increase the risk of cancer. Furthermore, cured and aged meats are often contaminated with mycotoxins––poisons left behind by fungi that grow on these foods.
Processed meats are rarely distinguished from unprocessed red meats in research. In other words, researchers are equating a hot dog with a filet. This doesn’t seem like a fair comparison.
So was it the saturated fat, or the additives? Or, was it the mycotoxins?
Furthermore, no distinction is made between factory farmed meat and grass-fed beef. Cows, bison, and lamb are all ruminants, meaning their natural diet consists of grasses. Factory raised animals are routinely fed grains and corn, which are unnatural for these animals. Often, they are fed antibiotics and given steroids to promote their growth and to prevent infections in the squalid conditions in which they are raised. The result, as you can imagine, is much less healthy meat. Factory raised meat is much lower in omega 3s, vitamins, and minerals. Their meat is much more likely contaminated with mycotoxins, because their feed is often moldy and potentially contaminated with mycotoxins as well.
Be careful when you read studies or subsequent headlines demonizing red meat. On the Kaufmann Diet, stick to unprocessed red meat products, preferably grass-fed and organic. We feel that these elevate health and are a healthy part of your diet.
Still have questions? | <urn:uuid:7420827e-2464-450c-a875-600b4922dc10> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://knowthecause.com/does-red-meat-cause-health-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.975141 | 668 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Scientists have identified a single mutated gene that causes Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, a disorder of the bones causing progressive bone loss and osteoporosis (fragile bones). The study, published in Nature Genetics today, gives vital insight into possible causes of osteoporosis and highlights the gene as a potential target for treating the condition.
There are only 50 reported cases of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS), of which severe osteoporosis is a main feature. Osteoporosis is a condition leading to reduction in bone strength and susceptibility to fractures. It is the most common bone disease, with one in two women and one in five men over 50 in the UK fracturing a bone because of the condition. This represents a major public health problem yet, until this study, possible genetic causes of osteoporosis were poorly understood.
The team of scientists, led by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas', set out to investigate the genetic cause of HCS in order to detect clues to the role genes might play in triggering osteoporosis.
Using a cutting edge technique for identifying disease-causing genes, known as exome sequencing, the team were able to identify NOTCH2 as the causative gene using DNA from just three unrelated HCS patients. The team then confirmed their findings in an additional 12 affected families, 11 of whom had an alteration in the identical portion of the same gene.
Professor Richard Trembath, Head of King's College London's Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Medicine Director of the NIHR BRC, said: "Up until now, we knew very little about the genetic mechanisms of severe bone disease. But these findings add to our understanding of the uncommon condition of HCS and provide an important basis to develop future studies in more common forms of osteoporosis, including the development of potential new therapies."
Notes to editors:
For further information please contact Emma Reynolds, Press Officer, King's College London, on 0207 848 4334 or email email@example.com.
A copy of the Nature Genetics paper is available on request.
The study was part-funded by the British Heart Foundation, and Cure Kids New Zealand.
1. The comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, is one of five National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centres in England. With its strong focus on 'translational research' across seven research themes and a number of cross-cutting disciplines, it aims to take advances in basic medical research out of the laboratory and into the clinical setting to benefit patients at the earliest opportunity. Access to the uniquely diverse patient population of London and the south east enables it to drive forward research into a wide range of diseases and medical conditions. Website: www.biomedicalresearchcentre.org
2. Guy's and St Thomas' provides around 900,000 patient contacts in acute and specialist hospital services every year. As one of the biggest NHS Trusts in the UK, it employs almost 11,000 staff. The Trust works in partnership with the Schools of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing and Biomedical Sciences of King's College London and other Higher Education Institutes to deliver high quality education and research. Website: www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk.
3. King's College London is one of the top 25 universities in the world (2010 QS international world rankings), The Sunday Times 'University of the Year 2010/11' and the fourth oldest in England. A research-led university based in the heart of London, King's has nearly 23,000 students (of whom more than 8,600 are graduate students) from nearly 140 countries, and some 5,500 employees. King's is in the second phase of a £1 billion redevelopment programme which is transforming its estate.
4. Guy's and St Thomas' is part of King's Health Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre (AHSC), a pioneering collaboration between King's College London, and Guy's and St Thomas', King's College Hospital and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trusts. King's Health Partners is one of only five AHSCs in the UK and brings together an unrivalled range and depth of clinical and research expertise, spanning both physical and mental health. Our combined strengths will drive improvements in care for patients, allowing them to benefit from breakthroughs in medical science and receive leading edge treatment at the earliest possible opportunity. For more information, visit www.kingshealthpartners.org
5. The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) provides the framework through which the research staff and research infrastructure of the NHS in England is positioned, maintained and managed as a national research facility. The NIHR provides the NHS with the support and infrastructure it needs to conduct first-class research funded by the Government and its partners alongside high-quality patient care, education and training. Its aim is to support outstanding individuals (both leaders and collaborators), working in world-class facilities (both NHS and university), conducting leading-edge research focused on the needs of patients. www.nihr.ac.uk | <urn:uuid:a8c7f123-ad5e-4bc2-8c6d-7df3fdd20e86> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-03/kcl-grf030311.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636255.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00189-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929345 | 1,088 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Grazing Management In Perspective: A Compatible Tool For Sage Grouse Conservation
August 28, 2017
New research shows that — done right — livestock grazing may help conserve sage grouse habitat by keeping working ranches profitable and sustainable
Photos by Joe Smith
Improper livestock grazing has been proposed as a contributing factor to habitat degradation since overgrazing can reduce concealing cover provided by vegetation around the birds’ nests. Consequently, identifying ways to manage livestock that maintain high-quality habitat for sage grouse is a priority across the range.
New research from a team led by Joe Smith from the University of Montana is beginning to answer the question of whether rotational grazing systems and resting pastures benefit sage grouse.
A study conducted by scientists from Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and USDA’s Conservation Effects Assessment Project evaluated the effects of livestock grazing on sage grouse nest survival suggests that a variety of locally-appropriate range management strategies support grouse populations.
This Montana study comparing effects of specialized grazing systems on ranches enrolled in the NRCS-led Sage Grouse Initiative to ranches not enrolled in SGI grazing programs found no difference in nest survival: in both cases, long-term nest success (40-49%) was consistent with the rangewide survival rates of a stable sage grouse population.
Smith’s team cautions not to interpret their findings as diminishing the importance of good grazing management. Rather, grazing in sage grouse habitat should continue to focus on fundamental rangeland management principles. Although the effects of SGI grazing systems were negligible in Montana, studies should be replicated in other geographies across the range to account for ecological context.
The biggest takeaway message from Smith’s research is to not sweat the small stuff: done right, grazing is a land use that is highly compatible with healthy sage grouse populations. Alternately, converting sagebrush grazing lands to more intensive land uses such as cultivation, housing, or energy development typically spells the demise of sage grouse.
Most importantly, properly managed grazing — regardless of the specific management system — keeps mixed land ownerships stitched together across the West. Farm Bill-funded assistance provided by SGI through the NRCS to enhance grazing practices can help conserve sage grouse habitat by keeping working lands profitable and sustainable.
By promoting robust, diverse, native plant communities, managers can ensure that rangelands remain resistant and resilient so that severe threats such as drought, exotic annual grass invasion, and fire have less chance of making an impact on the birds.
The Sage Grouse Initiative is a partnership-based, science-driven effort that uses voluntary incentives to proactively conserve America’s western rangelands, wildlife, and rural way of life. This initiative is part of Working Lands For Wildlife, which is led by USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service. | <urn:uuid:6604ee7e-b7c9-451d-8e61-ce984acbccbf> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.sagegrouseinitiative.com/grazing-management-perspective-compatible-tool-sage-grouse-conservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902683.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029010437-20201029040437-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.9139 | 597 | 3 | 3 |
As of the nineteen-thirties, some films in Spain probed cautiously into the taboo of the economic migration from the countryside to the city. Florián Rey, pseudonym of Antonio Martínez del Castillo, was an exponent filmmaker of Spanish Second Republic cinema. He made films like Nobleza baturra (1935) or Morena Clara (1936), and two versions of La aldea maldita: one silent in 1930 and one with a soundtrack in 1942. This film relates the story of a family – portrayed as a microcosm and nucleus –, which has to move away from an unyielding Castilla, away from the poverty of dead fields, and enter the «vices» of a gruesome city. The need to return to their origins, to the land and to their roots, represents a return to safety and even to honour.
In Surcos (1951) by Juan Antonio Nieves Conde, editor of the magazine Primer Plano, the fortunes of a family are again presented, this time during the Franco era, as they leave the countryside for the city and fail in the attempt. The film was banned by the regime as it showed the phenomenon of denigration in the course of rural migration, even though the director was a Falangist.
We should also mention La piel quemada (1967), by Josep Maria Forn, which captures the despotism and economic and cultural dearth found in Catalonia at the time. Spanish cinema also became acquainted with some movies like Rocco e i suoi fratelli (1960), by Luchino Visconti, films in which migration occurred within the same country. It was in the seventies that filmography proliferated and Spaniards left their country in search of better luck elsewhere, migrating to places like France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany. Examples are movies like Españolas en París (1970) by Roberto Bodegas, or Vente a Alemania, Pepe (1971) and París bien vale una moza (1972) by Pedro Lazaga. In the first one, starring Ana Belén as a single mother, a group of Spanish girls survive in Paris as maids or bonnes à tout faire. The director, who left for Paris in 1956, said in an interview that he was running away from black and white film and unreal cinema. And in the iconic and currently acclaimed Vente a Alemania, Pepe a rural Alfredo Landa wearing a beret arrives in a chaotic Munich, following the footsteps of his countryman Angelino, played by José Sacristán, and finds himself with a clashing stark reality that has nothing to do with what he had dreamed of.
This is a film in which political exiles rub shoulders with «serving girls» and has more recently been echoed in films like Un franco, 14 pesetas (2006), by Carlos Iglesias.
Part of Spanish cinema addressing the issue of immigration to Spain has perhaps inadvertently contributed to reinforcing stereotypes about immigrants, especially those of African or Latin American origin. The media has not helped much and often continues to portray immigrants as one of our biggest «problems», continually emphasizing the tragic aspect of immigration and victimization. Films that explore topics and fears of the Spanish towards the African immigrant include Bwana (1996) by Imanol Uribe, a long-time Basque director who has always been interested in social problems (La muerte de Mikel, 1984, or Días contados, 1994). However, in Bwana (an adaptation of the play La mirada del hombre oscuro, by Ignacio del Moral, winner of the 1991 SGAE theatre award) we could speak of an alienating use of stereotype. In this film, a typical lower-middle class family, comprising a relatively young couple (played by Andrés Pajares and María Barranco) travel in their taxi-car from Madrid to a beach in southern Spain for a holiday break with their two preteen kids. They have numerous encounters on this trip, marked mainly by foreigners: two newly arrived blacks to the Spanish coast and a trio of neo-Nazis, whom the viewer deduces to be two Germans and one Spaniard. Ombasi is the only African immigrant to have survived a shipwreck, and who is ultimately left to the fate of the neo-Nazi group. The film provides a particularly interesting view because it arises from the prejudices and stereotypes about blacks that are ingrained in Spanish culture (not only the negative ones but also idealised ones, like sexuality for example). Therefore, these attitudes are the modern heirs of a history of rejection and attraction to the African people. The traditional family is but another link in the chain of this stereotype. Racism is the result of ignorance, as clearly seen in the mother and her views conveyed to her children, perpetuating a xenophobic discourse. It is difficult to identify with these almost grotesque characters but, at the same time, the film certainly addresses familiar and easily recognizable issues, such as the arrival of boats with immigrants, the proliferation of neo-fascist groups, troubled relationships among members of traditional Spanish families and their hypocrisy and cowardice. It was not a box-office hit, although it did rate as the third most popular film on immigration in the nineties, after Flores de otro mundo, by Icíar Bollaín (1999), and Cosas que dejé en la Habana, by Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón (1997).
Although it can be said that immigration and the cultural transformations it involves represent an important social phenomenon in Spain, the cultural construction of «travellers» coming from the African continent to Europe has not been dealt with from the immigrant’s perspective as a Spanish movie theme in any depth. Moreover, relating to the fact that it is economic migration, nowadays there is very little literary-artistic-film production as both the first and the second generation are generally very young. The issue of African immigration has been treated with varying degrees of success by Spanish filmmakers, most notably after 1990 we have Montxo Armendáriz’s pioneering Las cartas de Alou (1990) and Chus Gutiérrez’s Poniente (2002) and Retorno a Hansala (2008). However, we should mention the more recent work of directors like Omer Oke, of African origin. In his film Querida Bamako (2007), directed alongside Txarli Llorente, a documentary format is mixed with fiction to present powerful experiences unknown to the Spanish spectator. Thus he creates a collective imagination in which the migrant becomes almost a hero, despite the important message about the costs of this process, especially to human lives. Besides the authenticity, the real-life testimony brings coherence and, at the same time, legitimises the migrant experience. Uncomfortable topics are presented crudely, and at the base of his proposal there exists an educational aim that transcends as much from (pseudo)fiction as in his other documentaries, in which he always deals with issues related to migration in its various stages, such as Trabajadoras invisibles (2008), La causa de Kripan (2009) or OHoun – El tambor (2012). This filmmaker, who was chief of Immigration for the Basque Government, is very socially and politically involved. His aims are to expose Spain’s superficial image of the sub-Saharan immigrant, as a way to respond to the traditional absence in Spanish narrative filmmaking of a solid discourse on otherness or the cultural impact of migratory flows.
«Part of Spanish cinema addressing the issue of immigration to Spain has perhaps inadvertently contributed to reinforcing stereotypes about immigrants»
Finally, another director who deserves special mention is Zannou Santiago, born in Madrid in 1977, of an Aragonese mother and a father who immigrated to Spain from Benin in the seventies. With the film El truco del manco (2008) he won the Goya for best young director. In the poignant La puerta de no retorno (2011), where photography and music are particularly important, he also adopts a hybrid form of documentary cinema with aesthetic fiction to give voice to his father, Alphonse Zannou, accompanying him on a trip back to Benin after forty years of absence. In the film, his father will undertake an inner journey to return to his mother’s hometown with wheelchair-ridden Véronique, his only living sister, to collect some soil that he will then place on the grave. It is his way of getting over his feelings of guilt, for what he considers to be a failure: his «failure to return», for his mother and for the corpse still warm with the emotional memory of his origins. | <urn:uuid:e4b39457-c79e-4f58-b1fb-77fb3d6b3d28> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://metode.org/issues/monographs/the-itinerants-self-perception.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145533.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221142006-20200221172006-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.957472 | 1,816 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Jorja Curmi on August 07 2018 23:38:44
A fire pit or a fire hole can vary from a pit dug in the ground to an elaborate gas burning structure of stone, brick, and metal. The common feature of fire pits is that they are designed to contain fire and prevent it from spreading.
Above-ground fire pits can be constructed from a variety of materials. The most popular options are brick, natural stone and concrete blocks, such as Belgard retaining wall products. Although design options are endless, most fire pits are either round or square. One reason has to do with the shape of standard fire pit liners.
The Dakota fire pit is an efficient, simple fire design that produces little to no smoke. As depicted in the illustration, two small holes are dug in the ground: one for the firewood and the other to provide a draft of air. Small twigs are packed into the fire hole and readily combustible material is set on top and lit. The fire burns from the top downward, drawing a steady, laminar stream of fresh air from the air hole as it burns. Because the air passes freely around the fuel, near complete combustion is achieved, the result being a fire that burns strongly and brightly and with little or no seen smoke. The Dakota fire pit is a tactical fire used by the United States military as the flame produces a low light signature, reduced smoke, and is easier to ignite under strong wind conditions.
Although fire pits are often a central part of backyards, portable versions are good options for encouraging more secluded seating nooks. Here, a change in material underfoot -- from gravel to pavers -- marks the quiet square. It is just big enough for a cozy sofa and chair as well as the central fire pit. | <urn:uuid:6b2a2d67-7345-46be-92a7-3c65f10cd7d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.shawtoons.com/fire-pit-replacement-parts-lowes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217970.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821053629-20180821073629-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.939305 | 364 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Pillars of Tyranny
People refer to their nation, culture, and religion as a type of identity. When they hear that one nation has triumphed over another in war, or that their culture has surpassed another, they feel that their side has beaten the other side. They feel that their nation or religion has reached some epic, glorious position, that it is superior and dominant. All tyranny requires the great masses of people to be enthusiastic about some ideal, and about one dictator's ability to bring it about. Except for Nation, Culture, and Religion, there is very little that a tyranny can base itself upon.
The Nation, Culture, and Religion are all attempts to appeal to your identity -- to making you feel like you're part of the society that makes up your environment. It typically happens that nation, culture, and religion are homogeneous ideas. Christian churches do not teach Buddhist or Islamic ideas, just as Taoist temples do not teach Hindu ideas. Those who claim to be patriotic and nationalistic always promote their country against other countries -- they wave their own flag, but burn the flags of other nations. And, finally, it is this way with culture, too. Culture, which constitutes language and work and history, are all things you must understand in order to live. The easiest one to understand is the one you are raised with.
The ideas of Nation, Culture, and Religion, then, ask you to look at the people immediately around you, and to have a shared identity with them. This type of unity is likewise exploited by some local lord, considering themselves a priest of god, a scholar of culture, or a statesman of the nation. These are just different phrases for the same type of exploiter and slaver. Once an association has been established among a common people, all other ideas are made enemies. Our god allows no other gods, our nation values no other leadership, and our culture is as real as the food that we eat.
The religion asks you to make allies out of those who believe like you -- and then to be constantly suspicious and hateful of the rest of the globe. The nation asks you to make armies with those immediately around you -- and then declares war on a neighboring country. The culture asks you to value all of the old popular ideas of your peoples' past -- and then to curse all other ideas as heresy. Nation, Culture, and Religion bring some people together, united in their fervor of a common ideal. But it pits them against the entire world.
Think about those who support the ideal of a country. They ask that you make friends of those who treat your nation as an identity, and to make enemies of those who do not. But it is your governor that drafts you, organizes you into armies and navies, and sends you to die in wars of conquest. It is your parliament or king that violently oppresses your freedom of speech and your right to organize -- that make promises of liberty and withdraws them once it is convenient.
You are asked to treat these murderers as your friends. And who is the enemy in the opinion of the state? It is the peoples of other nations. But when you pick up their history books, you find unbelievable similarities. They are people, who are coerced and drawn into this sentiment of nationalism, and then it leads them to conquest. They make war against other nations, at a great cost of suffering and misery to the common masses -- but to the extreme wealth and power of the few who call themselves guardians of the ideal of the nation, whether they are politicians or generals.
The people who suffer, like you, who take orders and obey, who give in because they have no choice -- "these are your enemies!" nationalism tells you. The aches and pains they have from burdensome taxes, the fear and terror they have of a violent police force, and the weariness of their government's overextension into every part of social life. These are all the same, and when it comes to our own personal happiness and suffering, nobody can understand or sympathize as much as others who are in our same position -- all across the globe.
The people who cause your suffering, the government leaders and media outlets, ask you to make them your friends. To listen to them, to add to their campaign donations, to follow and obey. Those who understand and could know you, who share similar lives like you, are treated as a foe, and those who want to mislead you and exploit you, are treated as a friend. Nationalism divides people -- it makes them into isolated, subjugated groups, easily controlled and dominated by a few powerful in each nation.
Culture fundamentally proceeds along the exact same guidelines. It asks you to look to those around you and to make them allies, while vilifying those of other nations. Culture, generally imbued as a tradition, will ask for maintaining the old relationships as a form of strength and unity. It will ask that the few own the majority of land and property, that a minority of geniuses administer and manage an empire of millions. Culture asks that there are always subservient and master, always subject and ruler, always worker and Capitalist.
Your boss has the same language as you, you were born in the same geographic region, you were brought up with the same customs and values -- your boss is you! This is what culture will try to teach you. Because of these few similarities, you're supposed to forget that most of your labors go to support their idle lifestyle. While you toil for six, eight, or ten hours a day just to live in poor and degraded conditions, they enjoy the highest delights of human society without adding a thing at all. In fact, they take away significantly, by curtailing industry, producing artificial famines, and spreading disease where there is a profit in selling the cure.
This individual, who rules you for most of the day, who takes most of your energy, who saps at your will, who degrades and dominates you -- your boss is your friend! Exploited and oppressed just like you, the workers of other nations are your enemies! This is the message and the ideal of traditional, Imperialist cultures, whether they are found in Japan or Italy, Russia or North Africa. Even in continents that are praised for their civilized, native cultures, one can find native, Imperialist empires, such as in Mexico or Peru.
The relationship of property owner and dependent laborer is an ancient tradition. It asks you to make friends of those who cause your suffering -- of those who spread want, and make beggars and thieves. Those who underproduce bread, so that there is greater crime and weaker wages. "Make those your allies, brothers, and sisters!" your culture will tell you.
And who is the enemy? It is the workers of other nations, who have different languages, different customs, different diets, and different habits. Those who are subjugated, with a boss and a supervisor, just like you. Those who occupy the same position in the order of distribution of wealth -- we make everything, but we receive only part of our labors. Those who can sympathize with you, and those who could be your greatest allies if you organized cooperatively, they are the enemy! Culture teaches you to admit and accept this type of economic domination.
Finally, religion acts similarly to nation and culture. Your bishop, your priest, your cardinal -- they are your friend. Your rabbi, priestess, imam, spiritualist, temple leader, or master, they are here to serve you and to help you achieve your self-interest. You ought to treat them like a type of family. Religion gives you an identity focused on admiring the masters of your religious organization. It supports the creation of a very few who have an isolated, control over the majority of the people, or the essential foundation of tyranny.
Your priest will lead you into wars, and will ask you to accept your position in society. They'll promise you the future of a heaven with pure ecstasy for eternity, if you just deal with the subjugation of your one life on earth. All of these pillars of tyranny, the nation, the culture, and the religion, approach you with words about what is good for you. Religion's promise of heaven is the bait it uses to lead its followers, just as the nation promises the security and glory of the people, and just as the culture promises opportunity and prosperity.
"Submit your liberty to us, and we shall help you in a way that no other can help you..." That is the premise of these authoritarian, social institutions, whether they are founded in universities, newspapers, congresses, public schools, or monarchies. And once liberty has been taken, it is a rather difficult thing to take back. One can easily put chains on themselves, but it takes the training of an escape artist to take them off. For the Social Revolution, that training is in the buildup of autonomous, revolutionary organizations.
Religion, in misleading and blinding you, asks you to make it your friend; and in turn, to make the people of all other religions your enemies. Those of foreign lands, who are often targeted by culture for exploitation, by nation for oppression, are enemies -- because they believe differently about what no person knows for certain. They are in the same position as you; they cherish their families and love whatever freedoms they're allowed. They're taught to hate other religions, like yours, just as you are taught to hate theirs. Religion, like culture and nation, is a great divisor of humanity.
The economic tyranny is based on ownership of property, as the political tyranny is based on ownership of people, and the religious tyranny ownership of souls. By giving people an identity associated with those who oppress them, they give in to their subjugation. And when they try to revolt, try to organize society into a cooperative organization, they are always met with those who have an allegiance -- to god, tradition, and country. The greatest threat to freedom is not the dictator, but people that believe their slavery is the only freedom that can exist. | <urn:uuid:d043a991-e709-4487-8c0b-f35df580e321> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.punkerslut.com/articles/nation_culture_and_religion_pillars_of_tyranny.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805881.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119234824-20171120014824-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.969939 | 2,075 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A new publication from researchers at UNSW Sydney advises daily washing of cloth masks to reduce the likelihood of contamination and transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
Cloth masks must be washed daily at high temperatures to be protective against infection, a new analysis from the Kirby Institute at UNSW Sydney published in BMJ Open suggests.
“Both cloth masks and surgical masks should be considered ‘contaminated’ after use,” says Professor Raina MacIntyre, who conducted the study. “Unlike surgical masks, which are disposed of after use, cloth masks are re-used. While it can be tempting to use the same mask for multiple days in a row, or to give it a quick hand-wash or wipe-over, our research suggests that this increases the risk of contamination.”
The researchers analysed unpublished data from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) they published in 2015. This study is still the only RCT ever conducted on the efficacy of cloth masks in preventing viral infections.
“Given the potential implications for health workers or community members who are using cloth masks during the pandemic, we did a deep dive into the 2011 data on whether the health workers in our study washed their masks daily, and if so, how they washed their masks. We found that if cloth masks were washed in the hospital laundry, they were as effective as a surgical mask.”
It is important to note that given the study was conducted over five years ago, the researchers did not test for SARS-CoV-2 – instead, they included common respiratory pathogens such as influenza, rhinoviruses and seasonal coronaviruses in their analysis. It is based on self-reported washing data and was conducted by health workers in high risk wards in a healthcare setting.
“While someone from the general public wearing a cloth mask is unlikely to come into contact with the same amount of pathogens as healthcare worker in a high risk ward, we would still recommended daily washing of cloth masks in the community. COVID-19 is a highly infectious virus, and there is still a lot that we don’t know about it, and so it’s important that we take every precaution we can to protect against it and ensure masks are effective,” says Professor MacIntyre.
Health care workers wearing cloth masks
According to the analysis, handwashing the masks did not provide adequate protection. Healthcare workers who self-washed their masks by hand had double the risk of infection compared to those who used the hospital laundry. The majority of people in the RCT handwashed their masks, and this may be why the cloth masks performed poorly in the original trial.
“The WHO recommends machine washing masks with hot water at 60 degrees Celsius and laundry detergent, and the results of our analysis support this recommendation,” says Professor MacIntyre. “Washing machines often have a default temperature of 40 degree or 60 degrees, so do check the setting. At these very hot temperatures, handwashing is not possible. The clear message from this research is that cloth masks do work – but once a cloth mask has been worn, it needs to be washed properly each time before being worn again, otherwise it stops being effective.”
The original study was conducted in hospital health workers in Vietnam in 2011. Study participants were randomly assigned to use cloth masks, surgical masks or no masks. The researchers found that 2-layered cotton cloth masks were not as effective as surgical masks in a hospital setting, and that they potentially increased the risk of infection, when compared with wearing no mask at all.
“This has become a flashpoint for the debate around cloth masks between pro and anti-mask groups, both of which have focused on our 2015 study in their arguments – but a more detailed look at the washing data suggests that hand-washing made the cloth masks riskier, rather than the cloth mask itself. When we break the data down in this new way, comparing machine washing with handwashing, a machine-washed cloth mask is as effective as a surgical mask,” says Professor MacIntyre. “There is much research on the design, fabric and construction of masks, but washing is also key for protection.” | <urn:uuid:1d5ed9eb-0e21-4a92-9f7f-72c431b42c67> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://kirby.unsw.edu.au/news/do-cloth-masks-work-only-if-you-machine-wash-them-after-use-researchers-say | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585183.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017210244-20211018000244-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.972638 | 873 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The figure illustrates the difference between RESOURCE_VIEW and PATH_VIEW. In a typical tree, RESOURCE_VIEW has only one path. Because many Internet applications need only one URL to access a resource, RESOURCE_VIEW is widely applicable. With PATH_VIEW, you create a link to access the target resource node, which provides two access paths to the target node for faster access.
select path(1) from RESOURCE_VIEW where under_path(res,'/sys',1);
displays one path to the resource:
select path from PATH_VIEW;
displays all pathnames to the resource: | <urn:uuid:7f677721-5012-4740-881b-8aa64c9510da> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/appdev.102/b14259/img_text/adxdb018.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811655.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218042652-20180218062652-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.800345 | 129 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Last spring when teachers, administrators, students, and their families had to abruptly leave our brick and mortar classrooms and shift to COVID-19 schooling (Hughes & Jones, 2020), no one knew what we would endure for the next five months or when we’d be back in classrooms again. The effects of COVID-19 reached far and wide and continue to affect us all. Beyond the physical, mental, and emotional trauma caused by the pandemic, it spotlighted existing and ever-widening social class and racial inequities in the US and exacerbated educational disparities that have existed for generations. As schools shut their doors and moved to online platforms, some youth had multiple technology devices and ample time to complete online assignments and participate in daily or weekly virtual school meetings. Others had no devices, were sharing a device with multiple family members, or had limited or no access to WiFi. COVID-19 revealed these social class disparities at a rapid pace, while it also took (and is still taking) Black lives at disproportionate rates. Even with these glaring racial and social class disparities staring us in the face, some of us did not have to acknowledge them if we chose not to.
And then George Floyd was murdered, and no one could look the other way. Eyes that had never chosen to see what was happening opened; discussions that had never taken place in some homes began taking place. All Americans were forced to see, over and over, what Black Americans live every single day—racism, violence, and injustice—and a racial reckoning came into being, an uprising where Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) and White people came together in the streets to demand justice for Black lives. This moment was not only about George Floyd or Breonna Taylor or Ahmaud Arbery or Rayshard Brooks. It was not only about Tamir Rice or Oscar Grant or Kathryn Johnson, or the thousands of other Black lives that have been taken. Rather, it was, and still is, a 400 year compilation of the terror Black people have endured since they were first forced into this country; and even more, an attempt for Black Americans to declare their own humanity (Lester, 2020).
This is a moment that cannot be ignored, brushed over, or misrepresented in our middle schools and classrooms; everything that has taken place over the past five months will indeed impact our students’ perceptions, lived experiences, and social-emotional well-being this coming year and for years to come. Thus, we invite all middle school educators—whether you work in predominantly white schools, schools with more racial/ethnic diversity, public schools, or private schools—to consider the following as you plan for this academic year so all young adolescents can be immersed in more equitable, justice-oriented spaces when they return.
Dismantling Inequitable Policies and Practices in Middle Level Education
This unique moment calls on all of us to reexamine what we value in middle level education. It asks schools to come together and delve into larger theoretical questions such as, how might we redefine success in our school so it looks and feels more equitable and just for all students, rather than a select few? How might we holistically examine our school policies to identify and dismantle inequitable practices that further marginalize BIPOC and LGBTQ students, as well as students from wage-poor families? As a school, how can we utilize existing data to examine disproportionate disciplinary actions, such as subjective infractions (i.e., who is not behaving the “right” way; who is receiving in-school and out-of-school suspensions and why)? And how might we critically examine our individual responsibility in these practices? Also, knowing that some students seldom (or never) see themselves represented in our school’s existing structures, how might we change these structures so the rich diversity of our students’ race, ethnicity, social class, gender, sexual orientation, dis/ability, religious identity, etc. is included and reflected in our curriculum and instruction, our daily school practices, and our in-school and after-school programs?
Questions such as these are difficult but imperative. They ask us to question why we have done things the way we have for so long and to unlearn what we thought we knew about the purposes of middle level education. This time, this moment, has provided an opening for us to dig in and critically examine how our middle schools can become safer, more equitable spaces for all young adolescents, and especially those who have been historically marginalized.
As schools resume this fall, whether it be in-person, through a hybrid format, or fully online, educators and administrators can thoughtfully attend to cultivating a strong, inclusive community for returning students. While the societal narrative might pressure educators to jump into academics because students are “so behind” due to COVID-19, we can instead channel that urgent energy into designing multiple ways of cultivating community and creating more socially and academically just learning experiences for students to feel safer in our classrooms and ready to learn. When doing this work, it will be important to remember that some students will return having experienced more trauma than others these last five months. There will be students who have lost family members and/or friends to COVID-19; those who continue to watch people who look like them be killed, over and over, because of their race; and others who are relatively new to the critical conversations taking place in our country about the history of racism and police brutality. Even more, we can provide ourselves and our colleagues grace and support because myriad teachers and administrators have also experienced these very same things.
While it might be difficult to acknowledge, there will also be students returning to school who, during COVID-19 schooling, felt safer at home than they do at school every day. Students who spent several months living bully-free due to their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious identity, etc., will be returning to schools that will cause them anxiety and/or trauma. It is of the utmost importance, then, that middle schools be responsive to the individual social-emotional needs of our students. Leading whole group discussions about COVID-19 and the social uprising, for example, might be traumatic and triggering for some students because teachers may not be equipped to lead those discussions in anti-racist, class-sensitive ways, and because sensitive conversations require acquired trust in a community space, something we know as middle school educators takes time to cultivate. With that said, not being prepared to attend to diverse reactions and experiences when they arise could be detrimental to students who might need school as a space to process all that has been happening. Choosing not to take up the difficult work of creating safer spaces and/or learning experiences for students to process, reflect, and inquire into these historical events will cause some students to feel more marginalized and devalued than they already do. We cannot be fully prepared for every scenario that will come our way this coming year, but we can keep in mind that during the span of five short months, each of us experienced a global pandemic and a massive racial reckoning in this country, and we experienced these events in very different ways. It is our ethical responsibility, then, to approach our decisions and interactions in nuanced and responsive ways, rather than through a “one size fits all” model.
Schools might attend to students’ social-emotional needs through an anti-racist lens, for example, and design teaching and learning experiences that allow students to examine the history of racism and classism across the curriculum. Advisory time might be used to engage students in inquiry projects about the history of police brutality, capitalism’s effects on the top 1%, the history of red-lining, the US prison system, and other social issues that are important to students. While individual teachers have the power to create these experiences in their classrooms, this kind of anti-racist social-emotional learning (Weaver, 2020) is more effective when nested within the practices of the entire school. Administrators providing the time, space, and support for teachers to enact these practices will thus be vital to this work.
Our Personal Work (and Responsibility) as More Equitable Middle School Educators
This moment has provided an opportunity to re-envision a more equitable and just middle level education, but we cannot change existing systems and support all students until we begin doing work on ourselves first. In other words, if we can only see some students (i.e., White, middle class) as capable and successful, due to our unchecked implicit or explicit biases and lack of historical knowledge about racism and classism in this country, it will continue to be impossible to break down existing structures in our schools that were designed to only allow some students to succeed.
Again, this is difficult but imperative work, and all of our students can benefit if we begin by examining how our own ideologies and beliefs influence our daily interactions and perceptions. We can ask ourselves questions like, how does my upbringing influence how I interact with students and colleagues who do not look like me, pray like me, live like me, think like me, etc.? What can I do to learn more about communities that are different than my own in asset-oriented ways, rather than deficit-oriented ways? How can I learn more about my students’ assets and bring those assets into my curriculum and instruction? Also, in relation to the grace we ourselves need during this time, we can ask how we are taking care of ourselves during these trying times.
Change Can Happen in Middle Level Education
The past five months have brought some of the most drastic educational changes and racial injustice activism the 21st century has seen. Schools transitioned to virtual learning spaces at the same time mass protests against racism and police brutality took place across the nation and globally. We saw how education can still thrive without the pressures of standardized testing, while we simultaneously reckoned with our history as confederate monuments were brought down. Within a reasonably short time span, we saw swift changes taking place regarding practices that were deeply embedded in our education system and society at large. These changes are a reminder that transformation can and is happening. One such change for the Association for Middle Level Education is the upcoming position paper, The Successful Middle School: This We Believe, which centers on equitable middle school practices and consequently, informed this article. As this school year begins, we invite all middle grades educators to engage with the ideas in the position paper with a sense of renewed hope and agency. The middle school model is perfectly positioned for this kind of work, and this is our time to lean in and enact change so all students can experience a more equitable, just education.
Hughes, H. & Jones, S. (2020, April 1). This is not homeschooling, distance learning, or online schooling. The Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved from https://www.ajc.com/blog/get-schooled/opinion-this-not-home-schooling-distance-learning-online-schooling/b9rNnK77eyVLhsRMhaqZwL/
Lester, N.A. (2020, June 16). “No, I am not OK.” Thanks for asking. Teaching Tolerance. Retrieved from https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/no-i-am-not-ok-thanks-for-asking
Weaver, T. (2020, June 16). Antiracism in social-emotional learning: Why it’s not enough to talk the talk. EdSurge. Retrieved from https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-06-16-antiracism-in-social-emotionallearning- why-it-s-not-enough-to-talk-the-talk
Hilary E. Hughes, Ph.D. is associate professor and graduate coordinator in the Department of Educational Theory and Practice, at the University of Georgia, Athens.
Lisa M. Harrison, Ph.D. is associate professor and Middle Childhood Education program coordinator at Ohio University, co-editor of Middle School Journal, and member of the AMLE Board of Trustees.
Published in AMLE Magazine, August 2020. | <urn:uuid:17c1a029-519e-4652-9fce-0ba870a42b7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.amle.org/the-time-is-now-enacting-a-more-equitable-middle-level-education-for-the-success-of-all-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.957452 | 2,535 | 3.34375 | 3 |
|Self Portrait 1881-1882|
Not a healthy young man in his own right, Munch spent much of his youth out of school, usually at home drawing to fill the hours. His father instructed him in history and literature, but art was his true passion from an early age. In 1879 he entered a technical school to study engineering, but a year later, much to his father's disappointment, he left to pursue a career as a painter. By 1881, he was enrolled at the Royal School of Art and Design and in 1883 he took part in his first public exhibition.
|The Sick Child - 1886|
|The Scream - 1893|
By 1892, a bright spot entered Munch's life in the form of an invitation to exhibit his work at an exhibition with the Union of Berlin Artists in Germany. While his artwork caused enough controversy to shut down the exhibition after only one week, this pleased him enough to make Berlin home for the next four years. During his time there, he worked on his 'Frieze of Life', which was a collection of pieces that represented life, death, anxiety, hopelessness, jealousy and sexual humiliation. They caused a stir that could not be ignored. Munch also began to experiment with lithographs, woodcuts and photographs to allow his artwork to be seen by a wider audience.
|The Day After - 1894|
During his remaining years, Munch led a more secluded lifestyle. He finally won recognition and praise in his home country and was able to buy property in Ekly, Norway. While he continued to paint, landscapes now reigned, as well as many portraits. The war years were difficult for him, as he had many friends in Germany, but did not support Hitler's regime. When the Nazis took over Norway, he subsequently hid all of his artwork to prevent it from being discovered. On January 23, 1944 Edvard Munch died peacefully at home.
Munch was nothing, if not a master of emotion. His use of colour and raw emotion lent itself to many dramatic works that are just as familiar today as they were then. His iconic painting "The Scream" is recognized by one and all and this coming Saturday, Budding Artists will be exploring the life and styles of this gifted painter. So if you have a budding artist in your home, why not think about having them join us for our art workshop this week. | <urn:uuid:8533d31f-fd91-4452-8fb2-3f663a729a9c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://buddingartistscanada.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/spotlight-on-edvard-munch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648000.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322190333-20180322210333-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.993761 | 495 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is Light Energy?
Light is a form of energy. We cannot feel light. We can only see it. Light comes from both natural and manmade sources. Our natural source of light is the Sun. Watch out this video and find some more interesting facts about light. | <urn:uuid:f019a7c2-ffbd-4a33-993c-c0afe49e26c6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.turtlediary.com/video/light.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153515.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727233849-20210728023849-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.960141 | 56 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Insurance implies a contractual arrangement between two parties, i.e. insurance company (insurer) and insured, by which the insurer, in return for a fixed sum (premium) commits to compensate the insured for the loss sustained or damage caused on the occurrence of a certain event. The document which covers all the details of the contract is called as an insurance policy. Life insurance is a contract that protects against the risk of life.
Gradually, the scope of life insurance has widened and now plans like health insurance, disability insurance and pension plans are in vogue. It is no wonder that life insurance and health insurance are misconstrued but they are different as in health insurance is the insurance policy that compensates the cost of medical bills, in case of illness or accident.
In this article, we’ve simplified the difference between life insurance and health insurance.
Content: Life Insurance Vs Health Insurance
|Basis for Comparison||Life Insurance||Health Insurance|
|Meaning||Life insurance is an insurance that covers the risk of life and pays out an assured sum on the happening of the specified event.||Health insurance refers to a type of general insurance, which covers the medical expenses of the insured, but only up to the amount covered.|
|Benefit||Both survival and death benefits.||Treatment and medical benefits.|
|Premium||Lump sum or instalment||Lump sum|
|Recovery of money||Money invested can be recovered on the maturity of the policy.||No money can be recovered at the end of the term, only the amount is reimbursed, in case of accident or illness|
|Term||Long term||Short term|
Definition of Life Insurance
Life insurance, as the name suggests is the insurance agreement, whereby the insurance company agrees to pay a definite sum either on the demise of the insured or the expiry of the stipulated term to the nominee, in return for a specific sum (premium) paid by the insured, either in the lump sum or at regular intervals, i.e. instalments.
The sum assured may be paid to the nominee or the insured in a lump sum or instalments, i.e. annuity, on the maturity of the policy.
As the occurrence of the risk insured is certain and so the insurance company is bound to pay the amount assured, sooner or later, so the life insurance contract, is also known as life assurance.
Life insurance is classified into three types:
- Whole Life Assurance: When the sum assured is to be paid on the happening of the certain event, i.e. death of the insured, then it is called a whole life assurance.
- Term Life Assurance: On the maturity of the life insurance policy, the amount is paid in one shot to the policyholder.
- Annuity: When on the maturity of the policy the sum assured is paid in instalment, usually monthly, it is called as an annuity.
Definition of Health Insurance
Health insurance is a contract between the insurance provider and the insured, who can be an individual or a group such as family, employees of an organization, etc., wherein a specified insurance cover is offered by the insurer, on the payment of premium, provided terms and conditions of the agreement are satisfied.
It is a type of personal insurance, offered by non-life insurance or general insurance companies, in which hospitalization expenses are compensated. In health insurance, either the amount spent is reimbursed, or cashless service is provided through tie-up arrangements, with a network of hospitals, throughout the country, but only up to the amount covered in the policy.
Key Differences Between Life and Health Insurance
The following points explain the difference between life insurance and health insurance:
- Life insurance, as the name suggests, is insurance plan that covers the risk of contingencies that can affect human life and pays out the sum assured to the nominee on the death of the insured, or to the insured on the expiry of the definite term. Conversely, an insurance product, taken out by an individual, to compensate the cost of medical and surgical expenses, but only up to the amount covered, is called as health insurance.
- In life insurance, both survival and death benefits are provided to the policyholder. On the contrary, health insurance provides treatment and medical benefits, in case of illness or accident.
- The premium for life insurance can either be paid in lump sum or periodic intervals, usually quarterly. In contrast, the health insurance premium is paid in lump sum for the whole term.
- An assured amount is paid to the nominee on the demise of the insured or the insured on the maturity of the policy, in life insurance. However, in case of health insurance, no money is recovered, if the term of the policy is expired instead it is reimbursed in case of any health issue.
- Life insurance is usually taken for a long-term say 10 or 20 years. As against, health insurance is taken for the short term, say 1 or 3 years.
By and large, in a life insurance policy, the nominee or the insured, get the sum assured on the demise of the insured or the expiry of the term for which policy is taken. In health insurance, no return is paid to the insured at the end of the term, instead, in case of any medical emergency, the medical expenses are either reimbursed or cashless treatment is provided, subject to the amount covered. | <urn:uuid:afa6fd6e-cbf6-4439-a5e4-499b2e0b6da4> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-life-and-health-insurance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526536.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720153215-20190720175215-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.944328 | 1,127 | 2.96875 | 3 |
We can all agree that chores are good for kids. A consistent, yet manageable list of chores for children increases their sense of responsibility, improves their work ethic, and helps them contribute to the household. Furthermore, completing chores is an opportunity for your child to feel accomplished and appreciated (even if they don’t always show it).
While you may already know that chores can help your child grow, you may not know that chores can also be used as an opportunity for a positive interaction with your child! By giving your child an incentive for chores, you will still improve your child’s sense of responsibility, work ethic, and contribution to the family. Best of all, you’ll be doing this without the fighting, yelling, or slamming doors that can come from power struggles regarding chores.
Some parents (understandably) worry that rewarding their child will lead to a decrease in the child’s intrinsic motivation. First, let me ask a question: if you didn’t get paid for going to work, would you still go? If you’re in the majority of the working population, you probably said no. But why not? Some say that work should be your contribution to society, and should be motivated by more than money. But let’s be honest: the reality is that we as humans are motivated by incentives. Even if you enjoy fulfilling your contribution to society through your job, getting paid for your work makes you feel worthwhile and accomplished! Our kids are no different; children are more motivated to complete tasks when they know there will be a positive outcome at the end. Without an accolade, what is left to motivate a child to do chores?
Despite common parenting myths, fear and punishment are not successful long-term motivators. When authority figures use fear to motivate children, the child learns to fear authority figures (don’t confuse respect with fear) and any opportunity for intrinsic motivation is extinguished.
On the other hand, research on how to motivate individuals found that rewards boost the amount of time people spend on unappealing tasks. By giving children incentives to do chores, they will be more willing to step away from their game and complete the task. Providing children with incentives to do chores also helps them get into a routine. The more your child completes chores and receives rewards, the more routine this behavior comes. Eventually, this behavior becomes a part of their weekly routine.
In other words: rewarding kids for completing their chores is not only effective but also increases the behaviors we want and decreases behaviors we don’t want! As your child becomes accustomed to a routine of chores, they will internalize the feeling of accomplishment after a task is completed. This will translate into adulthood: your child will remember, consciously or subconsciously, that keeping their bedroom clean (for example) feels good. Remember, a reward doesn’t have to be money. A reward system is based on, and tailored to, your family’s needs. By following a set of guidelines, you can create a successful reward program without all the fighting and yelling.
To get you started, here are some suggestions to create a successful reward system:
Put everything in writing.
Don’t rely on memory when creating an agreement. A “contract” should be created, in writing, and in collaboration with your child. This can prevent potential miscommunications about what was agreed upon. The contract should include the tasks to be completed and the associated reward. Think creatively: writing out the contract on a poster board or calendar with stickers and markers is fun for kids!
Be very specific
Be very specific about the terms. As I’m sure you know by now, kids are the masters of loopholes. To prevent conflict, be very specific about the tasks you want accomplished. “Clean your room” is too broad! Examples of terms should sound like “All clothes are put in the hamper” or “No toys are laying on the floor”.
Collaborate with your child
Speak to your child about the kind of reward they want. If your child is motivated by time spent with friends, offer him/her an extra hour of play time for putting away folded laundry. If your child is motivated by attention from you, offer him/her a 1:1 lunch date with you for vacuuming the house. Whatever the reward, make sure it’s the reward they want and you can follow through on.
Remember, this “contract” is meant to motivate your child. Therefore the tasks should be manageable and realistic relative to the reward. Don’t be afraid to collaborate with your child on this; your child will feel hopeful if he/she sees that you’re willing to compromise.
Since every child is unique, you may need a specific kind of reward system to achieve success with your child. Reward systems can, and should be, edited as your child grows and changes.
If you need support in getting started, a consultation with a child therapist can help guide you through this process.
Check out our Parent Therapy Services
Call 908-242-3634 or Connect Now
Wishing you all success, happiness, and a home full of completed chores!
Lauren is a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist who is passionate about creating a safe space for families, couples, and individuals. Lauren provides her clients with skills and tools to change dysfunctional patterns in their lives. Lauren specializes in treatment for anxiety, food allergies, divorce/remarriage, and grief and loss. | <urn:uuid:f7820484-79b8-4590-963a-5d7521c7df91> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.bravemindspsychologicalservices.com/reward-child-chores/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347404857.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529121120-20200529151120-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.951835 | 1,142 | 3.09375 | 3 |
SPECIAL REPORT: Anytime, Anywhere Learning with Laptops: Results from a Microsoft/Toshiba Pilot Prog
Editor's Note: Thefollowing information is reproduced with permission from a reportprepared by ROCKMAN ET AL, an independent research and consultingfirm based in San Francisco. It explores the experiences of schoolswho participated in the Anytime, Anywhere Learning pilot program,jointly sponsored by Microsoft and Toshiba America.
The Anytime, Anywhereprogram helps schools acquire laptop computers and Microsoft Officesoftware tools for every student. The pilot year implementation(1996-97) involved 26 sites, including both private schools andpublic school districts, for a total of 53 elementary, middle, andhigh schools. Participants ranged from schools with no previouscomputer experience to some of the most technologically advancedschools in the country.
For some schools,especially many of the private schools, the laptops came on top ofextensive computer labs, lots of desktop computers in the classroomsand, often, access to family computers at home. However, for otherschools, particularly many of the public schools, the program'sgreatest impact was not on the nature of computer access, but thefact that they provided any access at all. Administrators said theysaw the program as the first real opportunity they'd had to providewide-scale computer access to their students.
While all administratorsagreed that a full time, one-to-one ratio, 100% inclusion model wastheir ideal, they cited various constraints which led many to adoptother implementation models. The five models we found are listed here(along with the percentage of schools that used eachmodel).
- a concentrated model (46%), in which all students in a classroom have their own laptop, which they are free to take home;
- a dispersed model (12%), in which students with laptops are dispersed throughout a grade or school, so that in any particular class there are both laptop and non-laptop students;
- a class set model (15%), in which schools purchase a set of laptops that teachers can then check out as a set for specific time periods;
- a desktop model (4%), in which district-purchased laptops are distributed a few to each classroom, with little opportunity to carry them home; and
- a mixed model (23%), in which schools or districts combine two of the four approaches either within or between schools.
Each of the differingapproaches to implementation yielded encouraging outcomes thatsustained the program and satisfied the schools. However, modelswhich provided one-to-one and continuous access elicited the mostpraise and allowed the most time for developing integrated curriculumuses.
Teachers are using thelaptops inside classrooms in many ways, with different benefits forstudents. These variations are a product of many factors, includingthe implementation model, the school's prior technology background,available staff development, varying class sizes, grade levels andsubjects, and individual differences in approach toteaching.
In schools which have hadthe laptops the longest, classroom applications seem to evolve instages. First, many teachers and students must learn the very basicsof computer and application use, and they often do so in tandem.Second, teachers move on to a stage of experimentation, in which theyemphasize computer use, trying a variety of approaches and thengauging the results. Finally, once a range of uses have beenexplored, teachers tend to focus back again on the curriculum, andemploy the laptops as tools when they seem mostappropriate.
Similarly, teachers reportthat student use evolves over time. Students begin with lots ofexploration, and their work tends to have a lot of "bells andwhistles"-- various font styles in Word, for example, or extensiveanimation effects in PowerPoint. Later, as they acclimate to thelaptops and software, they move towards more "substantive"uses.
Many of the teachers whomust engage classrooms full of laptop owners are still attempting tomaster the technology and software, yet they can usually relinquishthe role of expert to students who have already progressed far beyondteachers' abilities. The program encourages teacher risktaking.
Teachers are taking on newroles as learners, often looking to both colleagues and students toassist them, while students are becoming the teachers of theirfaculty and of their peers. These new roles are a direct consequenceof the intensity of the technology changes in the participatingschools. Teachers can identify ways in which their participation inthe program is beginning to modify their teaching styles andapproaches to instruction.
Changes in studentattitude, motivation, and behavior are seen within a very short timefor those students participating in the program. Teachers identify anarray of benefits to student learning strategies and to learningoutcomes. To read this full report, and access many otherresources, log onto Microsoft's Anytime, Anywhere Web site(www.microsoft.com/education/k12/aal/).
This article originally appeared in the 03/01/1998 issue of THE Journal. | <urn:uuid:b8c247fe-e41a-4184-9999-c77e3ae39fcc> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://thejournal.com/Articles/1998/03/01/SPECIAL-REPORT-Anytime-Anywhere-Learning-with-Laptops-Results-from-a-MicrosoftToshiba-Pilot-Prog.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218192636-20180218212636-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.949391 | 1,043 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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May 04, 2018
The word Gond comes from the Dravidian expression kond , meaning green mountain. The Gonds were the ruling class in many parts of Central India in the14th century. Gond rajas, or kings, ruled until they were conquered by Muslim armies and were forced to flee into the thick jungles.
In the Gond belief system, besides Bara Deo (Great God), every hill, river, lake, tree, and rock is inhabited by a spirit and therefore sacred. Like most tribals, the Gonds are artistically gifted: they paint their house walls with artistic designs. Both male and female family members participate in painting. Gond paintings are done on village mud walls use colors derived from charcoal, colored soil, plant sap, leaves, and cow dung and can last up to 20 years. These paintings are found in the inner and outer walls of the houses , windows and niches . Gond paintings reflect man’s relationship with Nature. In Gond art, horses, stags, tigers, birds, gods and people are painted in several bright colours and filled with dots, lines or other geometrical patterns to give a texture. This style of painting has been called by various names: Jangarh Kalam, Pardhaan painting, Gond painting, etc.
Gond paintings are fascinating, where the artists express their faiths and beliefs , world view , their visual expression and sense of identity , both as a collective , and as individuals . Gond paintings are based basically on line work . The artists draw the inner and outer lines with utmost care that are so striking in their precision and perfection . The imaginative use of the line imparts a sense of movement of still images . The colors are mainly black and white , red , blue and yellow.
The motifs are further associated with the rich repertoire of the community and strongly show the interactions with the cosmic , natural and social worlds of humans at multiple levels and contexts . Local deities , cock fights , forest scenes , agriculure, marriages and other rituals find a place in these paintings. Gond artists paint their lives vividly, drawing from their heritage which gives them a rich canvas.
Deep red – derived from Al tree
Yellow – from Chui mitti (Local Sand)
Brown – from Gheru mitti (Another type of Sand)
Green – from leaves, and
Red – from Hibiscus flower
Originally, natural colors were used for painting. Nowadays because of non-availability of natural colors and the easy availability of alternative colors, theartists have began to utilize poster colors in their work. Black and white colors were not generally used, but now they are also being used.
The Gond art rendezvous with the belief that “viewing a good image begets good luck”. This inherent belief led the Gonds to decorating their houses and the floors with traditional tattoos and motifs.The Gond paintings also bear a resemblance to Australian aboriginal art.
June 17, 2018
May 04, 2018 | <urn:uuid:5126afd0-b32e-41ac-8aea-b3368102a247> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://theindiacrafthouse.com/blogs/news/gond-paintings-a-mystic-world-created-by-dots-and-lines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528687.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723022935-20190723044935-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.959554 | 641 | 3.375 | 3 |
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