text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 1.08k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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In 1998, Russia became a party to the European Convention on Human Rights and thereby to the European Court of Human Rights (the Court, ECtHR) in Strasbourg. Since then, the ECtHR has played an important role in the country. Russian Supreme Court judges receive training on the Convention, and courts often refer to ECtHR case law. Russian victims of human rights can appeal to the ECtHR. One in seven ECtHR cases are from Russia, proportionate to the country’s population; the Court has ruled against Russia in a significantly higher number of cases (94%) than the average for all countries in the Court’s jurisdiction (84%). | <urn:uuid:d6433727-601f-470e-8454-e1348b014bd6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://epthinktank.eu/2016/09/16/human-rights-in-russia/human-rights-violations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.969841 | 138 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A Boolean algebra is a set with two binary operations, and , that are commutative, associative and each distributes over the other, plus a unary operation . Also required are identity elements and U for the binary operations that satisfy , , and for all elements A in the set.
One interpretation of Boolean algebra is the collection of subsets of a fixed set X. We take , , , and U to be set union, set intersection, complementation, the empty set and the set X respectively. Equality here means the usual equality of sets.
Another interpretation is the calculus of propositions in symbolic logic. Here we take , , , and U to be disjunction, conjunction, negation, a fixed contradiction and a fixed tautology respectively. In this setting equality means logical equivalence.
It is not surprising then that we find analogous properties and rules appearing in these two areas. For example, the axiom of the distributive properties says that for sets we have while is a familiar equivalence in logic.
From the axioms above one can prove DeMorgan's Laws (in some axiom sets this is included as an axiom). The following table contains just a few rules that hold in a Boolean algebra, written in both set and logic notation. Rows 3 and 4 are DeMorgan's Laws. Note that the two versions of these rules are identical in structure, differing only in the choice of symbols. | <urn:uuid:fd5dd18f-84a1-419d-8cb6-cff1627641e1> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.math.csusb.edu/notes/sets/boole/boole.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500815991.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021335-00247-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925987 | 292 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are some of the most commonly reported diseases in the United States. It is estimated that there are almost 20 million new STD infections each year in the United States. Of these new infections, half are among young people age 15-24. Many STDs can be easily diagnosed and treated. It is common that many people will not have any symptoms when they are infected with an STD. This makes screening for STDs important to prevent serious health problems from untreated STD infections.
Ways to protect yourself from getting an STD are:
- Using Condoms
- Being in a Mutually Monogamous Relationship
- Reducing your Number of Sex Partners
If you have questions or would like to speak to a hotline resource counselor, please call the HIV/STD Hotline at 1-800-243-2437. | <urn:uuid:6e3a96e8-36c7-4bcb-924c-6718177424a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/stds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697760.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019191828-20191019215328-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.955261 | 173 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Do your homework and make plans for fun!
My son wasn’t invited to birthday parties. He wasn’t invited to play after school. He wasn’t invited to much of anything, really.
It wasn’t because he didn’t try. He latched onto kids and would hardly let them out of his sight. In third grade (at a new school), a new kid joined his class, and they became friends. It lasted several weeks before the other boy, Dylan, started avoiding my boy at recess, at lunch, and on the playground after school.
I could see my son was so intensely attached that he burned up the relationship. And as two eight-year-old kids, neither had the social skills to know what to do.
I talked to my son and to Dylan’s mom about putting some parameters around their time together. She had an older son with special needs, too, so she understood.
These are some of the things we tried to create more successful (and therefore more repeatable) playdates between the boys. I was usually the one asking for the playdate, but my suggestions can work both ways:
- Talk to the other parents. Ask for help if you have concerns about behavior or allergies or anything. As the parent of the kid who needed explaining, I was always grateful when someone just asked.
- Set up a structured playdate (at least in the beginning). Find out what activities the other child likes and if there is anything to avoid, such as certain foods, animals, etc.
- Discuss appropriate options regarding video games, movies, TV, etc. Ask about outdoor activities—is there a trampoline or swing set? Are there weapons, alcohol, medications, or sports equipment (such as a lacrosse stick or golf club) and, if so, are they put away so the kids can’t access them?
- Write and review a “script” for kids with social needs. Practice with your child what to say when greeting the other child, choosing activities, asking about drinks and food, and leaving appropriately.
- Make sure both parents have all contact information and know if the playdate is at home or a park, or somewhere else. Reassure yourself that a parent, not a babysitter, will be in charge.
- Plan several activities for the kids—games, art projects, video games, outdoor time—and watch to be sure things stay positive. Stop while things are going well.
- Plan for a snack (after checking in about allergies and preferences).
- Discuss transportation. Does the child need a car seat? Is the child allowed to sit in the front seat? If you are meeting at a park, who is responsible for getting everyone home?
- Teach your child the rules. Does your child have to share everything, or can he or she put away special things? Are siblings going to be with them? How will they transition to the next activity?
- Don’t be afraid to ask about anything!
All these tips can apply to any child, but kids with special needs may have more considerations and preferences.
My son needed lots of movement, so playdates at the park were a good match. If we did have a friend over, we kept the playdate short—maybe for an hour and a half after school.
Since most of us have smartphones, we can also use them to share success. Take pictures of the kids playing well together, and send them to the other parents. It will ease their minds and provides a talking point for both families about how to be a good friend.
Consider taking a video, too. For kids with special needs, a video makes a great teaching tool for showing them what a “good” playdate looks like using them as the models. Sometimes our kids can’t see how they affect others or how to know when a game is going well. Videos and pictures give them a visual in their minds.
Transitions are the other area where some of our kids struggle. Talk to both kids at the very beginning of the playdate about the cues you will give when it’s time to finish one thing and start another. My son did well with music, so I played a few seconds of a song that we had previously chosen as the “transition song.” I would also stand or sit near him but not speak. I found that talking at him made him shut down.
As Solo Moms, we also have to be careful of our time. I know I was nervous about my son’s behavior at other people’s houses so I tended to want to manage the playdate myself. But that wasn’t sustainable with all I had to do to maintain a Solo-Mom household, so I had to allow him to go to his friends’ houses. I talked a lot to the parents and reminded them to please call or talk to me with any questions, suggestions, or concerns.
Dylan stayed a friend all through elementary and middle school, and though the boys went to different high schools, they stayed friendly. Best of all was that my son learned how to moderate his passion for friends and not burn them out. He is still a pretty intense friend, but now that is one of the things people like about him!
So do your homework, preteach and reteach, praise quickly, and help make all your kids’ playdates fun.
Anna Stewart is ESME’s Kids with Special Needs Resource Guide and the Solo Mom of a daughter and two sons on the brink of adulthood. She’s a champion for the rights of people living with disabilities and those who love them.
Please feel free to contact us with any comments or questions. | <urn:uuid:b1e0fef0-f278-4ef6-a530-79cdde6c24bf> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://esme.com/resources/special-needs/successful-playdates-for-kids-with-special-needs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649439.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604025306-20230604055306-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.976922 | 1,197 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- About Earthquakes
- Can it cause TEOTWAWKI?
- Determine Your Risk
- Prepping for Earthquakes
- Suggested Kits
- Suggested Plans
- During an Earthquake
- After an Earthquake
- Articles on Earthquakes
Prepping for an earthquake is pretty straightforward and simple. An earthquake is literally the earth shaking from seismic activity, usually caused by the constantly moving tectonic plates beneath the earth’s crust. They can also be caused by volcanoes, landslides, or even nuclear detonations. Earthquakes themselves can, in turn, cause volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis. There are areas of the world where fault activity is more active which can make those areas more prone to earthquakes. Many of these faults fall within the “ring of fire” which is a ring of fault lines that surrounds the Pacific Ocean. About 500,000 earthquakes happen every year but the majority of those are minor and are usually not felt.
The moment magnitude scale is used to measure earthquake magnitude, and is a pretty good approximation of an earthquake’s destructive potential. While there are several other factors that affect how much destruction an earthquake could deal, it is easy to compare the energy released as it is measured by the moment scale. It replaced the Richter scale in the 70s and is used to describe every large earthquake by the USGS since 2002. These scales are logarithmic (like the TrueRisk index) which means the larger numbers on the scale equal a much larger reading of energy released. An earthquake that registers a 7.0 has released 1000 times more energy than a 5.0 earthquake.
Severity of an Earthquake
As you have probably seen or heard, earthquakes can be pretty severe. The looming threat of a megathrust earthquake hangs over regions near tectonic plate boundaries. These plate driven earthquakes can exceed a moment magnitude of 9.0. These earthquakes are almost guaranteed to cause a domino effect, or chain reaction. The last earthquake over 9.0 was a megathrust earthquake off the coast of Tohoku, Japan. This earthquake caused a tsunami, flooding, fires, and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident with an estimated economic impact of $235 billion.
Can it cause TEOTWAWKI?
Yes. An earthquake, series of earthquakes, or megathrust earthquake could definitely become a disaster component leading to TEOTWAWKI. Shifting plates on our planet has more than enough potential to cause unforeseen devastation on our population.
Determine Your Earthquake Risk
Earthquakes ring up as a 6 on our TrueRisk index. This risk is very geographically dependent, since it is higher for those that live near fault lines or areas with frequent seismic activity. While many structures in these areas are built with earthquake codes and higher standards in mind, the increased exposure and potential for megathrust quakes still show vulnerabilities.
The USGS website can send alerts to notify you of earthquake activity and map out earthquakes:
Prepping for Earthquakes
Depending on the magnitude, the kits and plans that you will need can change. While a megathrust earthquake will require a full survival kit and possibly a bug out bag and plan, more common earthquakes simply need an earthquake kit and plan.
While most of the kits listed below are for the worst case scenario, they can help during more common, lower magnitude earthquakes as well. The earthquake kit is a specialized kit that everyone should own who lives near a fault line.
Planning is very important for earthquakes, and should be done well in advance. Earthquake proofing your home should be a part of your typical emergency plan, as well as what you plan to do in the event of an actual earthquake.
- Emergency Plan
- Bug In Plan
- Bug Out Plan
During an Earthquake
Whether you receive advanced notice, or are just noticing the tremors, you will want to see shelter immediately. If you do not have a designated shelter in the center of your home or building, hunkering down under doorways and sturdy furniture is the best idea. Steer clear of heavy wall hangings, bookshelves, or anything else that could fall, tip, or collapse. Earthquakes often are accompanies by aftershocks, so don’t assume the earthquake is over after the first tremor.
After an Earthquake
Once the aftershocks have subsided you will want to make sure that everyone is accounted for and not injured. If there are injuries or casualties, administer first aid if you are trained and have authorities contacted if you are able. Be wary of domino effect disasters after an earthquake that could include, but are not limited to: volcano eruptions, tsunamis, house fires, HAZMAT incidents, and landslides. Most of these depend on your location geographically or how your home is constructed, so researching these threats is important before you experience an earthquake.
If your building or house structure is damaged in any way, you should make arrangements to stay elsewhere. If you are in an urban area, search and rescue personnel will likely relocate you anyways, so making arrangements sooner than later is best. Take time after the earthquake to reflect on the disaster and shore up any elements of your plan or kit that you found lacking. | <urn:uuid:b11c514d-7cd2-49f1-9bd0-c728e2ae89a1> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.trueprepper.com/truerisk/earthquakes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574182.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921022342-20190921044342-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.952432 | 1,086 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Do you believe that depression is an “adult” problem? It may surprise parents to know that children and teens can also be greatly affected by mental health issues.
Earlier this year, an individual who claimed to be a local student gave her account of life as a Singaporean teenager with mental health issues, and it attracted some media attention:
“I’m currently studying in what most Singaporeans may consider a ‘top school,’ doing the IB program. I’m also from the upper-middle class (with overprotective parents), and thus led a very sheltered life because I rarely got to mix around with kids from different backgrounds. However, I recently got admitted into [a] psychiatric ward… for suicide attempts and a history of depressive episodes, due to immense stress from studies among other things and it was an eye-opening experience, to say the least.”
According to Singapore’s Institute of Mental Health (IMH), stress, anxiety, and depressive disorders are common conditions seen at its child clinics, which treat patients aged between six and 18. The IMH also recently revealed that they see about 2,400 new child cases a year.
Parents should also be aware that some children do not feel comfortable sharing their emotional health issues with their family, and instead, they may seek help anonymously. Last year, the Samaritans of Singapore reported that 530 children (aged 10 to 19) had e-mailed their suicide prevention centre for support, which was a jump from 347 the year before.
Worldwide, according to World Health Organization figures, 10 to 20% of children and adolescents experience mental disorders, and half of all mental illnesses begin by the age of 14. If left untreated, these conditions can affect your child’s potential to lead a healthy and fulfilling life.
Read on to find out more about child depression, its warning signs, and where you can seek help for your children if needed.
What Do Kids Get Depressed About?
Today’s children are growing up in a world of publicised dangers such as mass shootings, climate change warnings, an uncertain economic future, and political upheavals. Regular exposure to negative information may result in stress for them, says the American Psychological Association.
If a tragedy happens, either out in the world or to someone you know personally, try to manage your own response to the news, says psychologist Laura Markham. Your children need to feel safe, and they will take their cues from you.
At the same time, children also need to know that their feelings are valid, and you can respect them by hearing them out, without telling them how they should be feeling or reacting.
“Some children will become very sad and cry, and that is to be honoured. Some will listen, change the subject, and then bring it up to ask you more questions at bedtime,” says Markham. “Others will shrug it off, which doesn’t mean they aren’t compassionate but that they can only handle so much of the information at a time.”
School-related pressures are not unfamiliar for today’s parents, and this is something that today’s children continue to grapple with, perhaps at a greater intensity. Even those who are doing well academically may feed off others’ anxieties about getting into the most prestigious courses and schools.
A relatively new source of stress that parents should learn about is social media, which has dramatically altered the way that children relate to others, as well as how they view themselves.
“Now, students are not just competing with their classmates or peers, they are exposed to youth around the world,” says National Institute of Education associate professor Jason Tan.
Adults too can feel affected by the constant bombardment of “perfect” images and “success” stories from social media feeds, or experience difficulties with keeping their social media consumption within reasonable limits. These are issues that you can discuss with your children, to find out if being on social media has affected their self-esteem.
A more worrying trend that parents should pay heed to is cyberbullying, and according to an informal survey, three in four youngsters in Singapore may have experienced cyberbullying. This could range from having an embarrassing photo or video posted online, to being the victim of hurtful comments in an online setting.
Loss of interest in activities previously enjoyed, such as socialising with friends and family
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Insomnia, or sleeping more than usual
Feeling restless and easily agitated
Feeling tired and having little energy
Unable to concentrate and think clearly, and being indecisive
Feelings of worthlessness and guilt
Recurring thoughts of death
According to the IMH, experiencing five or more of the above symptoms for over two weeks indicates that an individual could be suffering from depression.
The website Find Your Words provides resources for supporting a loved one with depression. If you suspect that your child might be depressed, try to talk to him or her, but without passing judgemental comments, such as:
“I know how you are feeling.”
“Everyone gets depressed sometimes.”
“Don’t be so negative. Think positive thoughts.”
“This will pass.”
Instead, you could say something like, “I sense that you’re having a difficult time, and I’m worried about you. What’s going on?” (Get more examples of helpful comments here.)
Ask your child what you can do to better support him or her during this time, and encourage your child to consult a mental healthcare provider. You can help to lessen the stigma surrounding mental health by letting your child know that depression is a health issue, which is treatable.
If you do not know where to seek help for your child, click here for a list of mental health helplines, supplied by Singapore’s Health Promotion Board.
Need support from the KSP community? Join our conversation on living with depression here. | <urn:uuid:a437e28a-41b4-4117-8cd3-611dd25ee372> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.kiasuparents.com/kiasu/article/depression-dont-let-your-kids-suffer-in-silence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735916.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805065524-20200805095524-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.965708 | 1,259 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Sometimes worry, or anxiety, can be disruptive or even debilitating. If worry keeps you from doing what you want to do, affects your physical health, causes you to mismanage your emotions, or interferes with your relationships, it is a problem, and help is available.
Anxiety can be limited to one topic, like a fear of water or a fear of heights.
Or, people sometimes feel overly anxious about a wide variety of topics (work, bills, family, etc), and have trouble controlling the worry. It makes them feel antsy or irritable inside, and makes it hard to think clearly.
Some people get so anxious in social situations that they avoid them, or have to make themselves interact with others. They worry a lot about what other people think about them. Some have trouble going out in public at all. They may feel trapped when in a public situation.
Anxiety can generate physical symptoms that might even make someone feel like they are having a heart attack or "going crazy." Their heart might pound, and they might sweat, shake, feel dizzy or nauseous, and have chest pain or tingling in their body.
Some people try to relieve their anxious thoughts and feelings by engaging in compulsive behavior, like excessive hand washing or cleaning, hair-pulling, or skin-picking. They may recognize that their behavior is too much, but they just can't seem to stop.
Sometimes the anxiety is triggered by a specific event. This could be a trauma, or a life change like a move, a divorce, starting a new job or school, etc.
If your anxiety is a problem, there is effective help. Call me, and together we will find a way to break free from anxiety. | <urn:uuid:9f8a01d3-cf42-46a6-b894-aa38e97089bf> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.joyinthebalance.com/anxiety/category/all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400220495.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924194925-20200924224925-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.964861 | 358 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Caricature is a tool used in descriptive writing and visual arts, in which precise aspects of a subject are exaggerated, to create a silly or comic effect. In other phrases, it may be defined as a plastic illustration, derisive drawing, or a portrayal based on exaggeration of the herbal features, which gives a humorous contact to the subject.
During the sixteenth century, numerous painters (Holbein, Bruegel, and Bosch, for instance) used unique aspects of cool animated film of their work. However, it did not contain anything comic until the 17th century. Later, within the 18th century, Carracci introduced cartoon in a witty way in his works. Caricatures started gaining reputation in England while artists like Hogarth, Rowlandson, and Gillray observed Carracci’s footsteps. The style slowly developed to deal with social and political satire as well.
Examples of Caricature in Literature
Example #1: Ethnic Distinctions, No Longer So Distinctive (By Matt Bai, New York Times, June 29, 2010)
Several authors have written approximately how President Obama is unpredictable. A piece of writing turned into posted in The New York Times that shed mild on this unique difficulty by means of highlighting how human beings have exaggerated positive aspects of the President’s personality. Following is an excerpt from the identical paper by means of Matt Bai:
“Over the path of the final numerous weeks, commentators have taken to portraying Mr. Obama as medical and insufficiently emotive, which is genuinely simply another way of saying the president isn't truely knowable. It is a cool animated film his warring parties can make the most in part due to the fact loads of voters continue to be murky on his cultural identity.”
Caricature arises from the forcing and the embellishment of the primary rule of suitable description, that is, the principle of the dominant impact.
Example #2: Bleak House (By Charles Dickens)
One of the extremely good examples of cartoon from Charles Dickens has been given below:
“Mr. Chadband is a huge yellow man, with a fats smile, and a trendy appearance of getting a bargain of teach oil in his system. Mrs. Chadband is a stern, severe-looking, silent woman. Mr. Chadband actions softly and cumbrously, not not like a endure who has been taught to stroll upright. He is very an awful lot embarrassed about the arms, as if they have been inconvenient to him.”
It is stunning instance of caricaturing thru phrases. The dominating influence is made by using words like “oily” and “fat,” which sound quite literal initially. However, you realize shortly that the literal oiliness is a illustration of the man or woman Chadband. Chadband has a ‘fats’ smile, and on the complete he appears to be slightly unctuous, like a phony preacher.
Function of Caricature
The cool animated film examples above have underscored the features and position of cool animated film, and the way it has advanced in contemporary day literature. Coming up with novel ideas to give an explanation for oneself, and the nature of the human race in widespread, is not some thing new to the world. This sort of representation has been witnessed because the time whilst men lived in caves.
Caricature became added to the loads at some point of the age of enlightenment, and it bestowed the age it belongs to, with its subtlety and important attitude. As a branch of modernism, it played a fantastic role in expressing records that were suppressed because of the conformists inside the society at that point in time. It was a reminder for folks that believed that the sword changed into mightier than the pen, and it started being used as a visible expressioof traditional society.
Nowadays, caricature is a highly dignified form of art this is approved of and used worldwide. Newspaper editors show splendid recognize for the artists who create caricatures for their papers, which ofttimes submit caricatures that could even constitute a conflicting ideology. Where this distinctive form of art may be used to portray critical and reworking social and political thoughts, it could additionally be provocative to sure groups. Underdeveloped countries have had a difficult time warming as much as this form of expression because they believe it is a introduction of evil by using governments.
Popular Literary Devices
- Ad Hominem
- Deus Ex Machina
- Double Entendre
- Flash Forward
- Half Rhyme
- Internal Rhyme
- Line Break
- Non Sequitur
- Pathetic Fallacy
- Poetic Justice
- Point of View
- Red Herring
- Tragic Flaw | <urn:uuid:5a827443-13d0-4933-b53a-18ef49dea42e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://literarydeviceslist.com/caricature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948632.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327123514-20230327153514-00787.warc.gz | en | 0.922159 | 1,522 | 3.140625 | 3 |
June 18-21, 2006
Rapid mass movements include all kinds of slides in geological material, snow or ice. Traditionally, information about such events is collected separately in different databases covering selected geographical regions and event types. In Norway the terrain is susceptible to all types of rapid mass movements ranging from single rocks hitting roads and houses to large avalanches and huge rock falls where entire mountainsides collapse into fjords creating flood waves and endangering large areas. In addition, quick clay slides occur in desalinated marine sediments in south eastern and mid Norway. For the authorities and inhabitants of endangered areas, the type of treat is of minor importance and mitigation measures have to consider all types of mass movements. This demand asks for a national overview over all registered slide events that allows fast and easy access to the available data. Therefore an integrated national database for all kind of rapid mass movements was developed. The database is built around the single slide event. Only three data entries are mandatory: Time, location and type of slide. The remaining optional information enables registration of detailed information about the terrain, involved materials and damages. Pictures, movies and other documentation can be uploaded into the database. A web based graphical user interface was developed that allows entering new slides, editing and search for slide events. An integration of the database into a GIS system is currently under development. Datasets from various national sources like the road authorities and geological survey were imported into the database. Today, the database contains 21,000 slide events from the last 500 hundred years covering the entire country. A first analysis of the data shows that most slide registrations cover snow avalanche and rock fall events followed by debris slide events. Most events are registered in the steep fjord terrain of the Norwegian west coast, but major slides are registered all over the country. Avalanches clearly account for most fatalities, while large rock avalanche events causing flood waves are the most severe single events. The data is strongly influenced by the personal engagement of local observers and varying observation routines. This database gives a unique source for statistical analysis of slide events, risk analysis and the relation between slides and climate.
Christian Jaedicke, Karstein Lied, Halvor Juvet, and Kalle Kronholm, "Integrated Database for Rapid Mass Movements in Norway" in "Geohazards", Professor Farrokh Nadim, International Centre for Geohazards, Oslo, Norway; Dr. Rudolf Pöttler, Managing Director, ILF - Consulting Engineers, Innsbruck, Austria; Professor Herbert Einstein, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Professor Herbert Klapperich, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Geotechnik, Freiberg, Germany; Professor Steven Kramer, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2006). http://dc.engconfintl.org/geohazards/35 | <urn:uuid:40003f6b-04ed-42d3-8f92-ce5de393d9bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://dc.engconfintl.org/geohazards/35/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102967.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817053725-20170817073725-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.88197 | 601 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Protecting Upper Saranac Lakes Loon Habitat Opportunities for Lake – Friendly Living
A number of loons summer on Upper Saranac Lake. Loons, with their striking looks and haunting calls are a signature species of the Adirondacks, evoking images of a wilderness setting. Pairs build nests hidden in grasses right on the shoreline, incubate their eggs for a month and raise their young.
Issue: When disturbed, the loons signal their distress by steadily swimming away, flapping their wings, or calling in a loud wail. Harassment may cause adults to abandon the nest, leaving the eggs accessible to predators. Loons, and especially young loons, have limited capacity to repeatedly dive below the surface to avoid disturbances and boating harassment.
Carelessly discarded fishing line and tackle can become entangled around waterfowl resulting in the bird’s inability to swallow, causing strangulation, starvation or preventing them to fly or defend itself from predators. Fishing line can take up to 600 years to decompose
Loons nesting and raising their young are increasingly threatened by mercury contamination caused by coal burned at power plants and industrial facilities from the Midwest. Prevailing winds carry the mercury-laden smokestack emissions to this region. Loons are highly susceptible to mercury buildup which causes them to become lethargic, negatively impacting reproduction and defensive behaviors.
What You Can Do to Help Protect the Upper Saranac Lake Watershed:
- Keep watercraft wake to a minimum near shore. Give loons their space and go no closer than 500 feet from known loon nests.
- Dispose of used or snarled fishing line responsibly. If you spot any discarded monofilament fishing line please help by removing it and properly dispose it.
- Support the Federal Environmental Protection Agency tougher mercury standards and regulations
- If you see a loon in distress, notify: Adirondack Center for Loon Conservation
518- 354-8636, email@example.com
- Do not attempt to capture the bird
In addition to NYS Environmental Conservation Law violations, intentional harassment of loons is illegal under the U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act. | <urn:uuid:689e524d-d26e-4c41-be39-91aba310dadc> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://usfoundation.net/lake-friendly-living/protecting-loon-habitat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.919198 | 454 | 3.140625 | 3 |
represents a cross-section of people from all political parties and
backgrounds who are united in the principles of individual liberty,
equal justice and the constitutional administration of government.
People are born with unalienable rights and government exists to
protect those rights. Rather than bureaucrats mandating
indoctrination programs, parents should direct the terms of their
child’s education. Rather than bureaucrats taking the use of private
property, the ideals of private property should be protected by
Our mission is
to advance the principles of freedom to individuals and government
through public discourse.
- Focus public attention on the
value of the freedoms protected
to Americans by the Declaration
of Independence, and encourage
individual and community
interest in protecting those
opportunities for discourse among organization participants and
- Promote and
strengthen government responsiveness to the principles of
- Inform the public
about local, national, and international threats to individual
Unite against the advance
of international collectivist movements that cause poverty,
oppression, and a degraded earth.
Blueprint to Advance Sustainable Development
By Daniel Beckett -
click here for complete story
In this straightforward expose of Agenda 21 -- the blueprint to
advance Sustainable Development -- Beckett examines the notion of
"sustainability". His conclusion: The American people need to be
better informed so they understand that Sustainable Development is a
pseudonym for centralized control over human life.
Santa Cruz County, CA
The policies of Sustainable Development are changing the very fabric
Sustainable Development entered the world officially in 1987 in a
report of the United Nations Commission on Environment and
Development entitled, "Our Common Future". This commission was
chaired by Gro Harlem Bruntland, Prime minister of Norway and
Vice-President of the World Socialist Party. A well known mantra
that originated from that report is "meeting today's need's without
compromising future generations to meet their own needs". If one is
to look, this mission statement has been incorporated into many
government and non-government organizations. Is it a surprise that
it was also reflected in the old Soviet constitution?
That part was fine - and just about right in terms of computer
education. But here is where the problem starts:
Then in 1992 the United Nations conference on "Environment and
Development" was held in Rio De Janeiro Brazil. This summit is
commonly referred to as the "Earth Summit". Then-President
George H. Bush signed what is commonly referred to as the "Rio
Accords". Out of this conference came the "Agenda 21" document.
Agenda 21 was adopted as a work plan to implement Sustainable
Development by 179 nations including our own.
The following year, newly-elected President Bill Clinton created
"The Presidents Council on Sustainable Development" through
executive order. This order created the framework for the
federal government to begin implementing sustainable development
programs nationwide. All of this has been moving forward with
virtually no legislative debate.
I first became aware of Agenda 21 in the summer of 2000 when I
was given a copy of the Santa Cruz Local Agenda 21 document, a
regurgitated version of the global document. This local plan was
endorsed by our esteemed Congressman Sam Farr on June 3rd, 1997.
Is it any coincidence that Mr. Farr flies the United Nations
flag at his Congressional office in Washington, DC?
So what could be wrong with the
idea of being sustainable? We don't want to be unsustainable, do we?
The problem with Sustainable Development is that it flies in the
face of man's will to advance. America is the greatest country in
the world. Why? Because its citizens were allowed the use of its
bountiful resources. There was no king or dictator to control man's
The idea behind Sustainable Development is to foster a mentality of
guilt in people over the use of natural resources. Every time one
starts their car... Every time one turns on a water faucet...
Remember, be sustainable! Don't exceed your allotment of
resources... Big Brother is watching you. We all must learn to live
the same, think the same and most importantly... be sustainable!
click here for complete story | <urn:uuid:ba633eb9-0f5c-4735-a9f4-8010407b16d5> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.teapartymedia.net/20120401/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826259.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00154-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911969 | 891 | 2.703125 | 3 |
STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Large intestine lining. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fractured section of part of the large intestine (colon). The internal surface of this tube, where water is absorbed, is across top. The plane of the fracture (across bottom) passes down through the lining, revealing three distinct layers. An upper thin layer (across centre) is the columnar epithelium. The columnar nature of these cells is best seen at centre left. The next and largest layer is the tubular glands, the large cylindrical structures. Around five of these are seen. Their primary purpose is secreting a lubricating mucus. Supportive connective tissue is the layer across bottom. Magnification unknown.
Model release not required. Property release not required. | <urn:uuid:98ec2256-5969-40b2-ae50-2fbbfa71bb23> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310917/view/large-intestine-lining-sem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.825681 | 195 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Examining gender and cultural influences on classroom participation and interaction of students in and ESL and General education classroom.
|dc.contributor.author||Martin, Lindsey W.|
|dc.description.abstract||English Language Learner (ELL) is a term used to describe a student whose second language is English and is not fully proficient in English (Coleman & Goldenberg, 2009). In order for ELLs to become proficient in English they need opportunities to speak and practice using the language (Vogt & Echevarria, 2008, Wright, 2010). According to Higgins (2010) gender discrimination occurs in classrooms in the form of teachers calling on males more often than females. Research has shown that males speak out of turn more frequently than females and when they do, they use longer utterances (Hruska, 2004; Parker & Riley, 2010). This may put female ELLs at a disadvantage in terms of becoming proficient in English and their academic success.||en_US|
|dc.subject||English language - Study and teaching - Foreign speakers.||en_US|
|dc.title||Examining gender and cultural influences on classroom participation and interaction of students in and ESL and General education classroom.||en_US|
|dc.description.institution||SUNY at Fredonia| | <urn:uuid:e412d20b-d8d0-4ea9-922a-66f386712a6f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://soar.suny.edu/handle/20.500.12648/493?show=full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.714121 | 277 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Exhaled 8-isoprostane in childhood asthma
© Shahid et al. 2005
Received: 21 February 2005
Accepted: 21 July 2005
Published: 21 July 2005
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method to assess airway inflammation and oxidative stress and may be useful in the assessment of childhood asthma.
Exhaled 8-isoprostane, a stable marker of oxidative stress, was measured in EBC, in children (5–17 years) with asthma (13 steroid-naïve and 12 inhaled steroid-treated) and 11 healthy control.
Mean exhaled 8-isoprostane concentration was significantly elevated in steroid-naïve asthmatic children compared to healthy children 9.3 (SEM 1.7) vs. 3.8 (0.6) pg/ml, p < 0.01. Children on inhaled steroids also had significantly higher 8-isoprostane levels than those of normal subjects 6.7 (0.7) vs. 3.8 (0.6) pg/ml, p < 0.01. Steroid-naïve asthmatics had higher exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) than those of controls 28.5 (4.7) vs. 12.6 (1.5) ppb, p < 0.01. eNO in steroid-treated asthmatics was similar to control subjects 27.5(8.8) vs. 12.6(1.5) ppb. Exhaled 8-isoprostane did not correlate with duration of asthma, dose of inhaled steroids or eNO.
We conclude that 8-isoprostane is elevated in asthmatic children, indicating increased oxidative stress, and that this does not appear to be normalized by inhaled steroid therapy. This suggests that 8-isoprostane is a useful non-invasive measurement of oxidative stress in children and that antioxidant therapy may be useful in the future.
Anti-inflammatory drugs such as inhaled corticosteroids now are the mainstay of treatment in childhood asthma but measurement of airway inflammation using traditional invasive procedures is not feasible in children. Bronchial biopsy is invasive and non-invasive tests such as spirometry do not represent the true state of inflammation . Less invasive tests such as sputum induction may be difficult in children.
Exhaled breath condensate analysis is simple to perform, is effort-independent, non-invasive and rapid [2, 3]. Various mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide, cysteinyl-leukotrienes, 8-isoprostanes have been measured in exhaled breath condensate and have been found to be elevated in adults with asthma compared to values in normal control subjects [4, 5]. However, there are few studies of exhaled breath condensate in children.
Increased oxidative stress is a feature of airway inflammation in asthma and inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells all produce reactive oxygen radicals . 8-isoprostane is a stable product formed by oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and appears to be a reliable marker of oxidative stress . 8-isoprostane is increased in exhaled breath condensate in adult asthmatic and its concentration is related to asthma severity . We therefore measured 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath of children with asthma who were either steroid-naïve or treated with inhaled steroids. We compared exhaled 8-isoprostane with the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air as this has previously been used as a non-invasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma.
Normal and asthmatic children 2–18 years of age who were able to co-operate with the measurements were enrolled into the study. The diagnosis of asthma was based on a history of repetitive cough, breathlessness and wheeze responsive to bronchodilators with or without inhaled steroid . Children with concomitant chronic airway disease like cystic fibrosis or those suffering from an exacerbation during the study period were excluded. Stable steroid-treated asthmatic children were recruited from the Pediatric Outpatient Clinics of Royal Brompton Hospital. The asthmatic children not on inhaled steroids (steroid-naïve) and normal controls were recruited from a local church community or from relatives of staff. Informed and written consent was obtained from parent/s or guardian/s and the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust.
Children on inhaled corticosteroids (n = 12) were divided into two groups; those on ≤ 600 μg/day (low-dose group, n = 6) and those on >600 μg/day (high-dose group, n = 6). Atopic status was assessed by skin prick test to 4 common allergens (grass pollen, house dust mite, cat hair and Aspergillus fumigatus [Alk Abello, Denmark]). Exhaled NO and spirometry were measured; followed by collection of exhaled breath condensate. In a separate group of 10 steroid-treated asthmatic children, the exhaled breath condensate collections were performed twice 10 minutes apart to assess the reproducibility of the test.
Exhaled NO measurement
Exhaled NO was measured by a single breath technique using a chemiluminescence analyser (NiOx analyzer, Aerocrine, Stockholm, Sweden) at an expired flow of 50 ml/second. This equipment has a sensitivity of ± 1.5 ppb and a precision of ± 2.5 ppb. A direct digital reading is obtained and average of two readings was taken in each child. As spirometric maneuvers are known to affect NO readings, exhaled NO measurement was done prior to lung function testing.
The airway function determination was performed by dry spirometer (Vitalograph, Buckingham, UK). The highest of three consecutive measurements was taken. FEV1 % predicted was calculated for each child.
Exhaled breath condensate analysis
Subjects breathed tidally for 10 minutes into the condenser (Ecoscreen, Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany), wearing a nose clip. Exhaled condensate was frozen at -20°C elsius, after defrosting the sample was aliquoted into small plastic tubes and stored at -80°C for later analysis. This has been shown not to affect 8-isoprostane concentrations over six months of storage .
8-isoprostane was assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). The lowest detection limit of the assay was 4.5 pg/ml and the intra and interassay correlation coefficient was ≤ 10% [10, 11].
All data are expressed as means ± SEM. Comparison of demographic data was done by Chi-square test. Continuous data of two subgroups were tested for significant difference by unpaired Student's t-test for normally distributed data. Correlations were performed by Pearson's test for normally distributed data, and by Spearman's test for non-Gaussian data. Significance was considered when p < 0.05. Reproducibility was assessed by Bland-Altman plot of the paired values of exhaled 8-isoprostane of the asthmatic children [10, 11].
Clinical characteristics of study population
Steroid-naïve asthmatic children
Steroid-treated asthmatic children
Mean age (years)
Mean FEV1 (% Predicted)
Mean exhaled NO (ppb)
The second group of asthmatic children on whom reproducibility of the measurements was analyzed comprised of 10 inhaled steroid-treated asthmatics (4 females, mean age 12.3 years, range 10 to 14.5 years). The doses of inhaled steroids in these children ranged from 200 to 2000 μg/day. We found that the Bland-Altman plot of repeat values of 8-isoprostane performed 10 minutes apart in these 10 asthmatic children demonstrated good reproducibility. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of the two readings was 0.98 and the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.98 (95% confidence interval of 0.92 to 1.00).
We have shown that 8-isoprostane is detectable in exhaled breath condensate of children, with significantly higher concentrations in exhaled breath of asthmatic children compared to healthy controls. Steroid-treated asthmatic patients had a trend towards lower levels of 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath, although the concentrations were still significantly higher than in normal subjects. When the exhaled breath condensate was assessed for reproducibility of 8-isoprostane it was found to be highly reproducible (ICC = 0.98).
We studied 36 children, including steroid-naïve asthmatics, asthmatic patients on inhaled steroids and normal controls. The children were age and sex-matched and the youngest child who was able to undertake the test was 5 years. Measurement of 8-isoprostane is a useful marker to assess the oxidative stress of asthma in vivo, since it is a stable product of oxidative metabolism. Our study revealed that asthmatic children had significantly higher levels of exhaled 8-isoprostane than those in healthy volunteers. 8-isoprostane is predominantly formed by oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid via a non-enzymatic reaction, but a small amount of 8-isoprostane may be formed by a cyclooxygenase pathway . Measurement of 8-isoprostane appears to be a reliable biomarker of oxidative stress. The higher concentrations of exhaled 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensates of children with asthma indicates increased oxidative stress in asthmatic airways. The levels are lower but still significantly greater than normal in children treated with inhaled steroid therapy, indicating that anti-inflammatory treatment does not abolish oxidative stress even their asthma control appears good. However measurement of 8-isoprostane in a group of asthmatic children before and after the initiation of steroids is needed in future studies to determine the response to steroid therapy. In the present study, there was no correlation between exhaled 8-isoprostane and the dose of inhaled steroids in steroid-treated asthmatic children. However, we were unable to compare 8-isoprostane concentrations with those in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as the latter is difficult to perform and not ethically justifiable purely for research in children. In our study, no correlation was seen between 8-isoprostane and exhaled NO or FEV1% predicted. This temporal measurement would enable us to determine the utility of exhaled 8-isoprostane in predicting an attack of asthma. In the steroid-naïve group most patients were mild and we did not have enough patients with severe disease to study whether exhaled 8-isoprostane levels reflects disease severity as in adults . We found that exhaled breath condensate measurement of 8-isoprostane was highly reproducible when repeated measurements were made in 10 asthmatic subjects.
We found that eNO was significantly higher in asthmatic children compared to normal controls, but were reduced in steroid-treated patients, in agreement with other studies . Other authors have measured active oxygen radicals and documented oxidative stress in asthma . We have previously reported increased concentrations of 8-isoprostane in adult asthmatics, but the exhaled 8-isoprostane concentrations were higher compared to those in our study. This could be due to the different age groups studied and the fact that the adult patients had more severe asthma. The raised levels of exhaled 8-isoprostane despite inhaled steroid therapy is consistent with the supposition that 8-isoprostane is derived predominantly via the non-enzymatic peroxidation. This elevation in exhaled 8-isoprostane in steroid-treated asthmatics is consistent with the studies of other authors [14, 15]. In our study, it can be seen that eNO and 8-isoprostane appear to respond differently to inhaled steroid therapy and no correlation existed between eNO and exhaled 8-isoprostane. This indicates that a single mediator cannot serve as a global marker of inflammation in asthma and it may be necessary to measure more than one exhaled marker.
Our study shows that elevated 8-isoprostane is detectable in the exhaled breath condensates of children with asthma and may be used as a non-invasive measurement of oxidative stress in childhood asthma. The persistence of high levels of 8-isoprostane in spite of inhaled steroids suggests that other treatments such as anti-oxidants might be beneficial.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:0a5d33a9-4b5b-44f9-8f29-285a68a78541> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1465-9921-6-79 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947939.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425174229-20180425194229-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.925034 | 3,713 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Carbon dating only armeense datingsite
Evolutionists then claim to determine the amount of time since the death of the organism by measuring the current ratio.
The lower the amount of Carbon-14, the longer it has been since death occurred.
That means that starting with one pound of 100% Carbon-14, half of it would decay in 5,730 years, leaving 50%, or half a pound.
Then, in another 5,730 years, a second decay period would occur, leaving one quarter of a pound.
In nature, all systems are open regardless of what evolutionists say in protest. As no two people have exactly the same DNA, individual plants and animals vary in their physical and genetic makeup. | <urn:uuid:20116715-19af-4817-b885-a86859da131e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://cdb-development.ru/carbon+dating+only/13961.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.951063 | 150 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Promoting Early Intervention for Youth and Adolescents
As we have seen from high school tragedies in our area and throughout the country, mental health problems are more prevalent in children and youth than most people realize.
The Suicide Prevention Education Alliance teaches young people to recognize the warning signs of suicide and other mental health problems, and to seek professional help for themselves and others. Their work promotes early intervention for at risk youth and adolescents. This program will be offered in 17 west side high schools during the 2013-2014 school year. | <urn:uuid:05f45210-7f7b-4e31-9b7f-f7a7d9d165ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.communitywestfoundation.org/grant-recipients/the-suicide-prevention-education-alliance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816647.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225150214-20180225170214-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.958975 | 105 | 2.765625 | 3 |
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
This map represents global temperature anomalies averaged from 2008 through 2012. NASA ranked 2012 as the ninth warmest on record in a new analysis released Tuesday.
By John Roach, NBC News
Government scientists said Tuesday that 2012 was among the top ten warmest on record globally and continues a trend of rising temperatures due to increasing emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.
“The 'climate dice' are now sufficiently loaded,” James Hansen, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, wrote in a note explaining the findings.
Loaded dice mean that temperature extremes such as the heat and drought in the central Rockies and Great Plains in 2012; and Oklahoma, Texas and Northern Mexico in 2011 are becoming more common than they were several decades ago.
"The observant person who is willing to look at the past over several seasons and several years, should notice that the frequency of unusual warm anomalies has increased and the extreme anomalies," Hansen said in telephone conference with reporters.
The average temperature in 2012 was about 58.3 degrees Fahrenheit (14.6 Celsius), which is 1.0 F (0.6 C) warmer than the mid-20th century baseline, NASA reported.
The average global temperature has risen about 1.4 degrees F (0.8 C) since 1880, according to the new analysis.
Ranking the warmth
NASA ranked 2012 as the ninth warmest since record keeping began in 1880. A separate analysis from NOAA said 2012 was the 10th warmest since that time and the warmest La Nina year on record.
La Nina is the cold phase of El Nino phenomenon characterized by cooler than average temperatures in the eastern Pacific.
The difference between the two reports hinges on the different methods the agencies use to collect and interpret data. One biggie is that NASA extrapolates observational data into regions without meteorological stations, including the polar regions, whereas NOAA does not.
Some of the fastest warming is occurring in the Arctic, which hit a new low for summer sea ice extent in 2012.
NASA noted that with the exception of 1998, which had an exceptionally strong el Nino and thus warm temperatures, the nine warmest years in its 132 year record have all occurred since 2000, with 2010 and 2005 ranking as the hottest on record.
NOAA reported that 2012 marks the 36th consecutive year with a global temperature above the 20th century average. The last below average year was 1976.
The mean pace of warming over the past five years has been flat, Hansen noted, a phenomenon he explained as likely due to several recently strong la Nina years, which lead to a cooling in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, and the effect of aerosols, or airborne particles that reflect sunlight.
"We are very suspicious that global aerosols have increased," Hansen said. "We know from anecdotal evidence that China and some developing countries their air pollution has gotten worse."
What’s more, the sun’s irradiance has decreased over the last solar cycle, which has a slight effect on temperatures as well.
Nevertheless, Hansen noted, the long term trend is warming.
"Each decade has been significantly warmer than the prior decade since the mid 1970s and that warming trend has been conclusively linked to the effect of increasing greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide," he said.
Hot in the US
The new reports on global temperatures fall on the heels of a NOAA report released earlier this month that found 2012 was the warmest ever on record in the US and a draft assessment from the federal government that found global warming is already impacting American life.
A new report from the Natural Resources Defense Council released Tuesday found that said 2012 saw 3,527 monthly weather records broken for heat, rain, and snow in the US.
"The evidence is undeniable: extreme weather events are pounding our communities and if we don't curb climate change, many will grow more severe," Frances Beinecke, the environmental group's president, wrote in a blog post about the new report.
The record warmth in the continental U.S. was offset by notably cooler than average temperatures in Alaska, far western Canada, central Asia, parts of the eastern and equatorial Pacific and parts of the Southern Ocean.
In addition to the warmth in the US, above average temperatures were felt in South America, most of Europe and Africa, and western, southern, and far northeastern Asia, the NOAA report said.
Temperatures this "past year, unlike the US temperature, were not a record globally, but they certainly were warm," Thomas Karl, director of NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center, said in the call with reporters.
"In fact it marks a consistent above average global temperature. Every year has been above average since 1976."
John Roach is a contributing writer for NBC News. To learn more about him, check out his website. | <urn:uuid:2e2a22ca-cac8-4acf-aa58-0184d0bb8177> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://science.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/01/15/16529395-climate-dice-loaded-2012-in-top-ten-warmest-ever | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171936.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00245-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956492 | 1,002 | 3.484375 | 3 |
No two people’s veins are exactly alike. And while nobody enjoys being stuck, some people have relatively little trouble accessing veins to infuse clotting factor, while for others it’s a seemingly constant struggle. No matter what type of veins you or your child has, it helps to know these tricks when you find it difficult to access a vein:
When the body is warm, blood flow increases, dilating the veins and making them easier to find and stick. Try the following methods to see what works best for you:
- Apply a hot washcloth to the area you plan to infuse for several minutes before the infusion.
- Soak the hand or arm in warm water or run it under the faucet for five minutes.
- Take a hot shower or bath before the infusion.
- Gently massage the area over the chosen site. Do not slap the skin to help raise the vein—you may see it on TV, but it doesn’t work.
- Do some short, vigorous exercise, such as push-ups or jumping jacks.
Increase blood flow to your arm and hand by letting gravity do the work.
- Lie on a bed or sofa and let the arm you plan to infuse hang down. Slowly making a fist or squeezing a ball and releasing it over and over will also increase blood flow to the area.
- Swing the arm around several times like a windmill. Centrifugal force ensures blood will enter the arm, dilating the vein, and have a harder time leaving.
When the body is properly hydrated, veins become more dilated. Try to take in extra fluids the day before an infusion. If kids don’t want to drink water, a sports drink or juice is fine. Avoid trying to drink a lot of fluid the night before an infusion to make up for a lack of hydration earlier—you’re likely to end up with disrupted sleep from having to go to the bathroom a lot overnight.
Sure, it’s easier said than done when you’re about to stick a needle in your vein, but tension can further constrict veins, making infusion even more difficult. Put on some relaxing music, breathe in and out calmly and don’t be hard on yourself if you have difficulty—you can do this. | <urn:uuid:eb13d9b0-e969-4ce3-9508-17a983292e95> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://hemaware.org/mind-body/tips-and-tricks-accessing-problem-veins | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.925005 | 492 | 2.828125 | 3 |
view a plan
Inspiration software and a Smartboard are used in this lesson comparing/contrasting Elsie Wiesel’s “Night” and the Holocaust movie “Life is Beautiful”
Computers & Internet, Language Arts, Social Studies
By – Donald Freese
Primary Subject – Language Arts
Secondary Subjects – Social Studies, Computers & Internet
Grade Level – 9th
|This lesson is part of a unit on Holocaust literature with a focus on the novel Night by Elie Wiesel. Prior to this lesson, the students need to research the era, read the book, and watch the movie Life is Beautiful , which also deals with the Holocaust. The lesson for today is a compare/contrast paper focusing on the movie and the book.|
- ELA HSCE 1.4.4: Students will be able to demonstrate the ability to interpret, synthesize and evaluate information by writing a compare/contrast paper for
Life is Beautiful
Learning Resources and Materials:
- Students need a copy of the text as well as a copy of their notes from the movie.
- Students also need note-taking materials.
- The teacher needs a Smartboard with internet access, 30 copies of a graphic organizer (described below), 30 assignment sheets (descibed below) and Inspiration 9 software.
Development of Lesson:
- Give students the first five to ten minutes of class to do a quick write-up about the movie. Have them complete the following statement:
I liked Night better because…
I liked Life is Beautiful better because…
- During this time, the students write down their answers and then discuss them with their friends.
- Bell Work:
- After the students have completed their writing and discussion, the teacher convenes the group for response sharing and to gauge how specific the students were in their answers.
- If they did not give specific examples, work on that together.
- Call to Action:
For this lesson, I attempted a constructivist approach. I varied between large group and small group work for this cooperative learning day. The essential question is:
How can two completely different approaches lead to the same outcome?
- Complete the aforementioned bell work and class discussion.
- At the end of the discussion, divide students into groups of four and, whenever possible, include one high achiever, one low performing student and two students who perform somewhere in the middle. Have the groups fill out a graphic organizer that asks them to compare/contrast specific elements of the book and movie. Those elements include:
- Emotional Response.
- Give the groups fifteen to twenty minutes to complete the graphic organizer and then reconvene as a large group. Then ask each group to report all of the similarities they were able to find. As the groups report the information, the teacher will type it into the Inspiration Diagram . Then repeat the process using differences, but have the groups report in reverse order from the first time around.
- After the class lists are completed, ask each student to pick two similarities and two differences and write them down in their notes.
- Once everyone has finished, explain their assignment:
- If time allows, allot the remainder of the class time for pre-writing activities or thesis development.
- Attempt to vary groups based on ability, mixing high performing and low performing students.
- Allow EI, LD, and ELL students to simply compare and contrast without a thesis, or other accommodations as needed.
- Count the informal assessment for the group work as a participation grade. Evaluate performance through class discussion and by meeting with individual groups during group work time.
- Base the formal assessment for the paper on to what extent they meet the requirements of a compare/ contrast paper.
- The elements will include:
- proper thesis
- relevant and accurate supporting evidence
- proper use of transitions
- grammar and spelling.
- The paper will count for 50 points.
- How the students perform on the assessed paper assignment will indicate whether or not the expectation has been met.
- The elements will include:
- Allow students to have five to ten minutes at the end of class to ask questions about the work from today and about the paper that will be due in a week.
- Based on today’s lesson, the teacher should be able to determine the reading and writing levels of the students, their ability to work together as a group, and the amount of time which should be given to a project like this in the future.
E-Mail Donald Freese ! | <urn:uuid:95004770-84f4-4242-94c0-051df4f576f2> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://lessonplanspage.com/lassciothercompareholocaustbooknighttomovielifeisbeautiful9-htm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00168-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932894 | 944 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Let’s play the ‘I’m thinking of something’ riddle game.
The following hints lead to our latest mystery word. (This riddle is more difficult than the previous two riddles.)
Some plants have them; others do not.
Some grow wild; others grow under cultivation.
One definition of the mystery word:
any plant that stores its complete life cycle in an underground storage structure
They grow in layers.
People often call the edible ones "root vegetables".
Have you experienced your “I know the mystery word!” moment yet?
When pertaining to onions...
These pungent rounded portions are commonly called "onions"!
Is the “light bulb” within your brain glowing yet?
If our mystery word remains illusive, keep reading!
The following links offer basic, easy-to-read facts, complete with diagrams.
Also, each image below depicts our "word of the day". | <urn:uuid:82a11e69-c79d-4a96-8cb3-a1cf7537ce7f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://mindsfullofonions.com/riddle-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823260.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019084246-20171019104246-00889.warc.gz | en | 0.905328 | 202 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Accept nuclear power plants.
Currently, they are our best option towards producing CO2 free electricity.
“A nuclear power plant is infinitely safer than eating, because 300 people choke to death on food every year.”
-Dixie Lee Ray
Hey there, folks!
We’d like to start by stressing out the importance of this week’s challenge. Since nowadays most of the countries have democratic systems, the public has the power to shut down nuclear power plants as it happened in Germany. And let’s be honest, the general public all around the world knows very little about the nuclear power let alone about the nuclear power plants.
We are built in a way that makes us fear the unknown. But at the same time, it seems a bit strange to have the power to decide about something we don’t know. Right? That’s why we believe it is only fair for the general public to learn a thing or two about nuclear power plants (NPPs).
Nuclear power plants
Most people think of nuclear bombs as soon as they hear the word nuclear. Sure, they both use the same physical phenomena called fission, however, there is one major difference between the two. One is taking a potentially incredibly useful invention and turning it into something wicked and horrible, while the other is actually using the science to bring us all the “green” energy. Unfortunately, most of the power plants out there are still using fossil fuels.
In general, nuclear power plants use the same principals as the thermal power plants. Essentially, the main difference is the type of fuel they use. Most of the thermal power plants burn either charcoal or gas, which produces greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere.
While most of the nuclear power plants use enriched uranium as a fuel (some use natural uranium). It produces no CO2 or any other greenhouse gases. Furthermore, the entire primary system (t.i. the enclosed part of the nuclear power plant where the reactor core transfers the heat to the primary coolant) is sealed so no radioactive material is released into the environment.
For the record, the “smoke” that can be seen around nuclear power plant (like on the first photo above) is actually a clean (t.i. non-radioactive) steam coming out of the cooling towers.
“All the waste in a year from a nuclear power plant can be stored under a desk.”
After reading the last two paragraphs, many of you must be thinking about the nuclear accidents. Right? Well, you should know a few things about that too.
The truth about NPP accidents
There are many nuclear power plants operating around the world (400 to be exact). So, with that kind of a number of any complex system, which NPP sure is, you have a certain degree of risk. However, the nuclear power plants have one of the most strict and thorough international systems in place to ensure that accidents are kept to a bare minimum. There are many international organizations to keep it all under close watch (unlike with other types of power plants).
Even though we all wish there haven’t been any NPP accidents, the number of those is reasonably low. There have been only three bigger NPP accidents so far: Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima. Unfortunately, there very many casualties, however far less than in charcoal power plants or even hydro power plants related accidents. But you’ve probably never even heard of those before.
Fossil fuels are far deadlier than nuclear power. For each person killed by nuclear power generation, 4,000 die from coal. Just to paint you a clearer picture, the IAEA and the UN estimate that the death toll from cancer following the 1986 Chernobyl meltdown will reach around 9000, while fine particles from coal power plants kill an estimated 13,000+ people each year in the US alone.
You all know the strength of the fossil fuel lobbies, don’t you? Well, they are the ones that tend to finance and support most of the anti-nuclear propaganda. You shouldn’t fall for those. Please, use your own head.
Are nuclear power plants green?
According to general belief, they are not. However, if you ask the scientific population, the decision is split. Well, if you ask us they are. The same as solar, wind, tidal, wave, and hydroelectric power plants, nuclear ones also do not produce greenhouse gases. Moreover, the nuclear material released into the environment is kept way below the natural background.
It would be great if we could all get enough energy from the solar, wind, tidal, wave, and hydroelectric power plants, but this is not possible, at least not for now. On the other hand, NPPs are the realistic solution that’s is right in front of our noses.
“Only nuclear power can now halt global warming.”
Radioactivity is the part that really frightens the common man. You should know that radioactivity is something we all deal with every single day. Radioactivity is natural. There are radioactive nuclides in the atmosphere, in the ground, in the water, and even inside of every single person (radionuclide K-40).
Moreover, you get way more radioactive exposure due to the natural radioactivity (radionuclide called radon) than the average worker in the nuclear power plant. Not to mention the doses (t.i. the amount of the energy of ionizing radiation accumulated per unit mass of tissue) you receive during the X-ray or the CT scan.
Even when you take a flight, you get more exposure to radiation than the average NPP worker on his average workday. Furthermore, pilots are way more exposed to the radiation than the NPP personnel.
Bottom line is, the radioactivity is something that must be dealt with respect and caution, especially when it comes to higher dose rates. However, the radiation from NPPs is not something you should be afraid of.
Accept nuclear power plants.
NPPs are the only power plants type able to provide “green” electricity for the whole world.
Support nuclear power plants.
Fossil fuels are far deadlier than nuclear power.
Radioactivity is natural.
Have a nice week. | <urn:uuid:574a1315-427d-43df-a514-916a2ae2d4ae> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://beagoodearthling.com/nuclear-power-plants?replytocom=242 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.933886 | 1,313 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Saturday, September 06, 2014
Jane Addams, born September 6, 1860, pioneering social worker and reformer whose work lead to Palama Settlement
Born this day: Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was a pioneer settlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. In an era when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive Era.—Wikipedia
by Larry Geller
Jane Addams has pretty much disappeared from history (unless, perhaps, one is a social work student poring over historical texts). She was born on this day in 1860, and her work and the example of her life lead to the founding hundreds of settlements including Palama Settlement in Honoulu.
She was founder of the American settlement house movement, disciple of Lincoln, Tolstoy and Gandhi, social and economic reformer, labor unionist, feminist, suffragist, pacifist, internationalist, ethicist, founding board member of the NAACP and the ACLU, advisor to eight U.S. presidents, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and prolific author and public speaker.
I urge you to click on the link and read more about this remarkable person. Another snip, to prepare the ground for the leap to Palama:
America’s cities by the late 19th century were cauldrons of social and economic injustice to factory workers, immigrants, women, children, African-Americans and non-Protestants. In 1889, inspired by a visit to Toynbee House in London, Addams and her friend Ellen Gates Starr rented a pre-Civil War mansion surrounded by tenements on Halsted Street near downtown Chicago which they named Hull House.
Their goal: “To provide a center for a higher civic and social life; to institute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises; and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago.”
The “business plan” for Hull House was to recruit educated and idealistic young women — like Addams and Gates themselves — who would agree to live at the house for substantial periods of time as volunteers to work with and befriend the immigrants living in the surrounding neighborhoods.
Hull House was quickly replicated: By 1900, there were more than 100 settlement houses in the United States, which doubled by 1905, and doubled again to 400 by 1910. Many leading women reformers of the era were associated with Hull House including Florence Kelley, Julia Lathrop, Dr. Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald and Frances Perkins, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s secretary of labor and first woman cabinet member.
Moving rapidly, now, we arrive in Honolulu just after thousands of Chinatown residents were rendered homeless by the government’s misguided effort to burn out the deadly plague. The Great Chinatown Fire of 1900 burned out of control, forcing many of the now homeless into slum conditions in the Palama community just Ewa of Nuuanu Stream.
The definitive history of the Palama Settlement itself may be The Progressive Era and Hawai'i: The Early History of Palama Settlement, 1896—1929, The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 34 (2000), pp. 169-184. The pages are downloadable here.
I dove in to learn more about the transformative work of James Arthur Rath and his wife, Ragna Helsher Rath, who were encouraged by Dr. Doremus Scudder of the Hawaiian Board of Missions to relocate to Hawaii from Springfield, Massachusetts, to begin the work of forming a settlement house on Jane Addams’ model.
A key event of the day was a presentation given by Rath at the YMCA on January 18, 1906. Journalism back then appears to have been somewhat like journalism today in that a reporter with bias or blinders on sees and reports through the filter of their biases. An unknowing readership can be easily taken in. In following the trail laid out in the article, I found not one but two identical articles describing Rath’s talk. That is, an article in the Hawaiian Gazette identical word-for-word to one in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of the same date. It’s not very long:
Rath Says Devils Owns the Town
The speaker discoursed on the condition of affairs existing In the tenement quarters Ewa of Nuuanu Stream, and characterized it as terrible and discouraging. He said that drunkenness, the social evil and gambling were playing havoc with the natives and that the law in the district was being openly defied.
The condition of affairs was worse today, he remarked, than be had ever known it to be. Drunkenness was on the Increase, girls were being ruined, lodging houses were used for immoral purposes, liquor was given women in saloons, soda water stands were used a« places of assignation, gambling was rampant, obscene pictures were openly exposed for sale, and drunks came staggering out of saloons that had only bottle license.
At the conclusion of the lecture which was illustrated by charts, many questions were asked by those present and a vote of thanks was tendered the preacher.
Perhaps unhappy with that account, Scudder wrote his own report that appeared as a letter-to-the-editor in the January 20 paper:
910 Prospect Street
Honolulu, T.H., Jan. 19. 1906
Editor: Advertiser: Last night the Thursday Club at the Y.M.C.A. listened to such a remarkable address by Mr. James A. Rath of Palama, that it occurs to me to beg the use of your columns for a word with reference thereto. The title of the lecture was, 'How the Other Half Lives,' and it is no exaggeration to say that the disclosures made were of unusual timeliness and importance to all our citizens. Trained under the able corps of social scientists in the Springfield School, Mr. Rath has taken up the study of Palama on the line made famous by Charles Booth in his epochal volume, Life and Labor of the People of London. This investigation has been pursued at odd times when the stress of work has permitted, and is hardly more than begun. Yet the facts already ascertained form a most valuable contribution to the stock of material available to students of social conditions in this complex community.
The first thing that attracted the attention of the audience was a social map of the entire district showing in colors the abodes of the people of the several nationalities therein. Thus at a glance one could gain a fair notion of the distribution of populations. On this map the various saloons, cold drink shops, restaurants, hotels, barber shops, bathing establishments, schools, missions and the like were all appropriately indicated.
After explaining this charted work, Mr. Rath entered into a discussion of the life of the various peoples, finally taking up the crucial question of how they spend their leisure time. This led to a most discriminating exposition of the influence of the various recreational and lounging centers of the entire district. The influence exerted upon the people by each group was carefully set forth. Of course, Mr. Rath did not use the Advertiser’s headline that “the devil owns the town.” The black spots were not painted any other color nore were the bright places toned down. In fact the address glowed with optimistic hope and paid a warm tribute to the Hawaiians in Palama who are fighting for better things.
The drink evil, gambling and social vice were not glossed over. Perhaps the saddest part of the story was that which dealt with the way in which the portion of the town Waikiki of Nuuanu Stream preys upon Palama for its own darker pleasure. It was clearly shown what a menace this and the other evils are to our city and especially to the people who dwell in Palama. This recital given with the calm details of facts elicited by many hours of patient investigation was startling. But it was offset by the exposition of forces in the district making for better things. It is to be regretted that a large number of our business men could no have heard this address, one effect of which was to cause all who had the privilege to rejoice that so resourceful and devoted a social worker lives in the very center of this district. In fact the so-called Palama Chapel which occupies the strategic spot in this the storm center of our city's social problem is a good deal of a misnomer. It is in reality a modern social settlement of the highest type and as soon as our financial leaders realize how it holds the key to the situation, in what excellent hands it is and how splendidly it is helping to solve the problem it faces, there will be no trouble in enlarging and equipping it to the wide work demanded. DOREMUS SCUDDER
Rath was applying the principles of Addams’ Hull House right here in Hawaii. Were those of us familiar with Powerpoint presentations thrust back in time to that evening at the YMCA, we might find ourselves in a familiar environment of data and analysis used to form the basis of sound social policy.
Addams clearly defined the model: impeccable research used to define appropriate social action. From the gazette.com link at the top of this article:
Her cadre of young women mapped housing and sanitary conditions in the Halsted Street area that was published as Hull House Maps and Papers in 1895, a pioneering exercise in sociology and urban geography. Addams used the maps of filth and uncollected garbage to shame the mayor into appointing her as garbage inspector for the 19th Ward.
Even today, when we face a far different set of social problems, it still seems reasonable to ask ourselves, “What would Jane Addams do? | <urn:uuid:5ce2220b-3507-4e1c-9006-af0739a27744> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.disappearednews.com/2014/09/jane-addams-born-september-6-1860.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.969348 | 2,029 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Incubation of Eggs in Poultry Firms: Hot Water and Hot Air Type of Incubation!
For commercial farming, about half of the birds with a decreased efficiency in egg production are replaced every year by younger birds.
This means that every poultry farm should have a ready source of supply to provide chicks at the required time. Chicks, as compared to other vertebrate types have a faster rate of development during the incubation period. A fertilized egg hatches after about 21 days of incubation. The rate of reproduction and quick development is the major reason for the large amount of poultry production providing food for human beings.
Much care should be taken for selecting the eggs for incubation. Although, a hen starts laying fertilized eggs after 24 hours of mating only those eggs should be considered for incubation which are laid after a week.
Eggs older than four days (in summer) and seven days (in winter) should not be used for incubation. Very dirty eggs should be avoided. Soiled eggs should not be washed. It is advisable to use the eggs laid by healthy and well fed hens for a better chance of securing healthy chicks.
The method for incubating eggs, which is still prevalent in rural India, is the natural incubation by broody hens. The Indian desi hens are ideal sitters and very good mothers. A well sized hen can incubate 15 eggs at a time. For this purpose, a healthy, broody hen should be selected.
She should be made to sit in a soft nest made up of straw, dry leaves etc. in some dark corner of the house. The hen should not be disturbed too often.
It should be provided with food once-a-day. Water should be kept within reach of the hen. Sitting birds should be fed with preferably whole grain and limestone grit as sloppy food may lead to loose droppings. The chicks hatch out on the 20th or the 21st day. After completion of hatching, the empty shells should be removed but the hen should be allowed to sit in the nest with the young ones for two more days. In natural incubation, the hen itself takes care of the feeding and breeding of the chicks, which is not so in artificial incubation.
Nowadays, for commercial purposes, artificial incubation by incubators is done. The use of incubators has freed the brooding hen from incubating eggs and has enabled human beings to work towards the production of those breeds which are non-broody and which work full time during the year to produce hatching eggs. Artificial incubators are thus economical as they can be used to hatch 25 to several thousand eggs at one time.
Basically there are two types of incubators: (i) Flat type (ii) Cabinet type. The flat type incubator has a capacity to incubate 50—500 eggs at one time. It has only a single layer on which the eggs are laid flat. The cabinet type incubator has been made to incubate a large number of eggs at one time with several cabinets. On the basis of their function, incubators are of two types’ viz. hot water type and hot air type.
Hot Water Type:
This incubator contains a water tank which is heated by electric heaters or kerosene stoves. The inside temperature is maintained at 102—130° F. The position of the eggs is changed every morning and evening. In the flat type incubators, 50—500 eggs and in the cabinet type 50—5000 eggs can be made to hatch through this system.
Hot Air Type:
This incubator is electrically operated. It bears a heater at the base and a fan on the roof. The inside temperature is maintained at 100°F. The position of the eggs is changed everyday. In the flat type 50—500 eggs and in the cabinet type 50—10,000 eggs can be made to incubate at one time by this method. Modem cabinet type incubators with a much larger capacity to incubate eggs at one time and with self-operated rotating systems have been developed.
There are some general basic principles which should be practised during artificial incubation:
(i) The incubator should be fumigated with formaldehyde gas to disinfect it.
(ii) The level of the incubator must be maintained properly.
(iii) The eggs should be arranged in a row with their sides towards the floor of the tray in the flat type but in the cabinet type, the eggs should be placed with the broad end up.
(iv) There should be sufficient ventilation and a uniform temperature inside the incubator.
(v) The eggs should be turned daily but after 18 days, they should not be disturbed.
On the 20th or the 21st day, the chick comes out of the egg. Proper temperature and moisture should be maintained during this period. The young chicks should be allowed to remain in the incubator for the next 36 hours during which period they should not be provided any food. | <urn:uuid:23d9b94b-4ebf-4b27-9644-4a0870769445> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/zoology/incubation-of-eggs-in-poultry-firms-hot-water-and-hot-air-type-of-incubation/24102/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540563.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00281-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955432 | 1,032 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Orion The Hunter And His Fight With The Bull
from Things To See In Springtime
In the 49th Tale I told you there were two giants among the mighty hunters in the sky, Boötes, whose adventure with the Bears you have already heard, and Orion. (O-ry´-on).
Orion was the most famous of all. In his day men had no guns; they had nothing but clubs, spears, and arrows to fight with, and the beasts were very big and fierce as well as plentiful, yet Orion went whenever he was needed, armed chiefly with his club, fought the wild beasts, all alone, killing them or driving them out, and saving the people, for the joy of doing it. Once he killed a lion with his club, and ever afterward wore the lion's skin on his arm. Bears were as nothing to him; he killed them as easily as most hunters would rabbits, but he found his match, when he went after a ferocious wild Bull as big as a young elephant.
As soon as the Bull saw him, it came rushing at him. It happened to be on the other side of a stream, and as it plunged in, Orion drew his bow and fired seven quick shots at the Bull's heart. But the monster was coming head on, and the seven arrows all stuck in its shoulder, making it madder than ever. So Orion waved his lion skin in his left hand, and with his club in the right, ran to meet the Bull, as it was scrambling up the bank from the water.
The first whack of the club tumbled the Bull back into the water, but it turned aside, went to another place, and charged again. And again Orion landed a fearful blow with the club on the monster's curly forehead.
By this time, all the animals had gathered around to see the big fight, and the gods in heaven got so interested that they shouted out, "Hold on, that is good enough for us to see. Come up here."
So they moved the mighty Hunter and the Bull, and the River and all the animals, up to heaven, and the fight has gone on there ever since.
In the picture I have shown a lot of animals besides Orion and the Bull, but the only things I want you to look now in the sky, are Orion's belt with the three stars on it, and the Pleiades on the Bull's shoulder, the seven spots where the seven arrows struck.
And remember these stars cannot be seen in summer, they pass over us in winter time. You can find Orion by drawing a straight line across the rim of the Dipper, beginning at the inner or handle side, passing through the outer or Pointers side, and continued for twice the length of the Dipper, handle and all, this will bring you to Betelgeuze, the big star in the Giant's right shoulder, below that are the three stars of his belt, sometimes called the "Three Kings."
Next: The Pleiades That Orion Fired At The Bull
Previous: The Pappoose On The Squaw's Back | <urn:uuid:760d9ae8-7a9c-43f0-84b6-220b69d0019c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.childrenstories.ca/Stories/Orion-The-Hunter-And-His-Fight-W.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807650.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124104142-20171124124142-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.985694 | 642 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A census taker interviews a large family in a suburb of Chicago during a visit to their home April 3, 1940. The 1940 census records were released April 2. (Keystone-France, Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
The 1940 census is the virtual equivalent of walking around your block and glancing in a neighbor's windows.
You won't get a sense of their decorating taste, but it is a window into the world of life back then in those homes and your own, sort of like finding an aged newspaper behind a wall.
The digital release of 1940 census data this month was eagerly greeted by sociologists and demographers because it contains so much more information about people than the 1930 census. It's available because the mandatory 72-year waiting period before census data can be released has ended.
The census includes more than 3.8 million pages of handwritten answers taken for as many as 50 questions asked by census takers who went door to door in early April 1940. In addition to querying people about their age, education level and birthplace, residents were asked where they lived in 1935, their jobs and salaries. Two residents on every page, or 5 percent of respondents, also were asked what language was spoken in their homes as children and, if they were married women, whether they were married previously and how old they were at the time of their first marriage.
The year 1940 was one of great change. The nation was trying to lift itself out of the Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs were putting people back to work and the country was closely watching the war in Europe.
"This opens up an enormous opportunity for learning about neighborhoods," said Matthew Hall, an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. "We can start to get better estimates of the extent of suburbanization and segregation. People are curious about their roots, and this can provide a good learning opportunity and fulfill some curiosity."
It's pretty easy for anyone who clicks through the data to get a feeling about the makeup of their neighborhood 72 years ago, if it existed then.
Some homes had lodgers, others were filled with large, blended families, and the type of jobs that people held included stenographers, bookkeepers, gas station attendants, railway mail clerks, milliners and, a few blocks from my home, a cattle salesman at the Stockyards.
"You can get a sense of how big the families are, what the jobs were of the residents, who was retired. You get a sense of where people are from and the migration patterns," said Peter Alter, an archivist at the Chicago History Museum. "When I look at census records, I always get a tiny little historian's rush of adrenaline. It's just fascinating."
There's also the change in rents and home values to consider.
Homeowners who bemoan the loss of home equity during the past five years need only look at the value of their homes in 1940 to feel a sense of home appreciation, if only for a moment.
Digging up all that information sounds daunting, but navigating the site, 1940census.archives.gov, is at times easier than trying to decipher a census taker's handwriting. Click through the various screens to input a location and determine the "enumeration districts," the geographic boundaries that were split up between census workers. The 1940 census currently isn't searchable by name.
From there it's a matter of scrolling through all the microfilmed digital pages in a district to find a particular address. But take note, because the homes aren't necessarily listed in order on a block or even a street.
While digging through the records of my Oak Park neighborhood, I was pretty sure I had found my house and thought that two families lived there. Twenty pages later, however, I realized that my house number on a different street was listed next to a neighbor's home on my street. As a result, it turns out there weren't two families living in my house, but, instead, it was a husband and wife and their two adult sons who both finished high school. One son was a salesman, and the other was a private secretary.
Was that family still living in 1950 in what is now my family's home? Was the same family still living in yours? We'll have to wait another 10 years to find out, when the 1950 census is released in 2022. | <urn:uuid:14b24585-94e8-46d9-977d-2cc1e11cdb33> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-04-20/classified/ct-mre-0422-podmolik-homefront-20120420_1_census-data-census-takers-census-records | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398449258.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205409-00143-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983836 | 900 | 3.078125 | 3 |
By Li Zhang, L.Ac.,
Autism is considered a spectrum disorder and lifelong disorder of the
brain by Western medicine. Spectrum disorders are defined as a group of
conditions that have similar features, but may present as autism symptom
in different ways. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes "classic"
autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental
Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (atypical autism). Each of these
conditions is usually accompanied by a secondary autistic characteristic
such as aggression, irritability, stereotypies, hyperactivity,
negativism, volatile emotions, temper tantrums, short attention span, and
obsessive-compulsive behavior. Autism affects at least 1-2 per 1000
children. It is estimated that the annual cost of care for autism is $13
billion in United States alone. There is an increasing trend of autism worldwide.
However, to date, there is still no cure for this devastating childhood
disease by Western medicine.
Autism in Traditional Chinese Medicine belongs to the Five Delay symptoms.
According to the understanding of Chinese Medicine, it is caused whenever
the parental Qi is not strong enough, the internal Qi, the
body-mind complex, is not in harmony, or if the Qi of the
external environment, such as one's home, relationships, weather,
environment is disturbed.
TCM also believes that the universe is suffused
with bio-energy, and its presence or absence within our system is the
measure of our well being. Body energy Qi has twin polarities that
are at once in conflict and interdependent. Balancing Qi is
essentially a question of balancing the Yin and Yang, and autistic
patients generally have a strong disorder in Yin and Yang. Therefore, the purpose of
acupuncture is to ensure the smooth and harmonious flow of Qi and
regulate Yin and Yang. Healing is, therefore, a combination of correcting
our outer environment (for instance, by moderating lifestyle,
diet, or mental attitudes), tonifying internal Qi. and by stimulating
Since autistic patients can have a difficult time following directions
and being cooperative, body acupuncture is not always an ideal method.
However, during scalp acupuncture procedure, children do not need to lie
down and stay motionless. While the needles are in place on their head, they can
play, learn to read, speech and walk. So scalp acupuncture is a safe
and easy way to needle autistic children.
How does scalp acupuncture work? Scalp acupuncture is also known as head
acupuncture. All meridians will reach the head, so the head is also
called the Sea of Meridians. In TCM,
nearly 365 acupuncture points on the body surface (approximal 18% on the
head) are interrelated to various zang and fu (organs or viscera) functions.
Except the connections with meridians based on the foundation of
Traditional Chinese acupuncture, scalp acupuncture also has developed on
modern anatomy, neurophysiology and bioholography theory. Acupuncture is
applied to specific areas of the head, using a precise needling
technique, to deal with various diseases. Scalp acupuncture has been
proven to be the most effective technique for treating central nerve
damage. In recent studies, the effect of acupuncture was hypothesized
and proven in animal and human studies to be due to direct neural
stimulation, changes in neurotransmitters such as endorphin,
immunological markers and endocrinological signals, including autism.
Traditional acupuncture treatments for autism have shown some good
results, although they do not suggest that complete cures are possible.
Some cases have shown that patients have improved to such a degree
that a fairly normal life is possible. The recommended scalp acupuncture
areas to be used for autism are: sensory area, speech area,
Vertigo-auditory area, reproduction area, Gallbladder meridian points
and Du meridian points. Body points are sometimes used as an adjunct to
the scalp acupuncture therapy. Proper manipulation techniques are
crucial for obtaining the desired results. The needles are usually
retained for 15 to 30 minutes with stimulation every one to two minutes
using a rotational technique every 5 to 10 minutes. Patients are often
treated two to three times a week (at least once a week).
Although there certainly are other acupuncture techniques that can be
effective, such as ear acupuncture and body acupuncture, scalp
acupuncture is a more effective and safe model that brings out quicker
progress for autism.
Li Zhang, L.Ac., M.S., DiplOM is an
acupuncturist and herbalist from China. He studied and received his
Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chendu
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China at 1991. He is now a
licensed acupuncturist in Tennessee, USA and a medical research
scientist at Vanderbilt University, TN. | <urn:uuid:c83d20c1-99d2-4942-9d71-f779d5799fee> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.acupuncture.com/newsletters/m_may08/Autism%20Scalp%20Acupuncture.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423774.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721122327-20170721142327-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.91981 | 1,047 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Volume 16, Number 10: 6 March 2013
"Over the last decade," in the words of Chambers et al. (2012), "numerous papers have commented on the appearance of decadal and longer period fluctuations in select tide gauge records (e.g., Feng et al., 2004; Miller and Douglas, 2007; Woodworth et al., 2009; Sturges and Douglas, 2011)," and they say that "multi-decadal fluctuations also appear in reconstructions of global mean sea level (GMSL) that are computed from tide gauge records, using quite different techniques (Holgate, 2007; Jevrejeva et al., 2008; Merrifield et al., 2009; Wenzel and Schroter, 2010; Church and White, 2011; Ray and Douglas, 2011)." And in their own study of long tide gauge records in every ocean basin, Chambers et al. find that there is, indeed, "a significant oscillation with a period around 60-years in the majority of the tide gauges examined during the 20th century."
Why is this finding so important?
First of all, the three researchers note that "an upturn in GMSL rise due to a 60-year oscillation with a minimum between 1980 and 1990 is consistent with the increased GMSL trend obtained from satellite altimetry (e.g., Nerem et al., 2010) and reconstructions since 1993." This fact, as they continue, "does not change the overall conclusion that sea level has been rising on average by 1.7 mm/year over the last 110 years." However, they rightly state that the 60-year oscillation does change "our interpretation of the trends when estimated over periods less than one-cycle of the oscillation." And, therefore, they conclude that "although several studies have suggested the recent change in trends of global (e.g., Merrifield et al., 2009) or regional (e.g., Sallenger et al., 2012) sea level rise reflects an acceleration, this must be re-examined in light of a possible 60-year oscillation [italics and bold added]," in further support of which contention they note that "there have been previous periods where the rate was decelerating, and rates along the Northeast U.S. coast have what appears to be a 60-year-period (Sallenger et al., 2012)," which they also indicate "is consistent with our observations of sea level variability at New York City and Baltimore."
As a final bit of advice in light of the results of their analysis, Chambers et al. prudently state that "one should be cautious about computations of acceleration in sea level records unless they are longer than two cycles of the oscillation," noting that this advice "applies to interpretation of acceleration in GMSL using only the 20-year record of satellite altimetry and to evaluations of short records of mean sea level from individual gauges."
Consequently, for those who buy into the storyline of these latter approaches, we can only say Buyer, Beware!
Sherwood, Keith and Craig Idso
Chambers, D.P, Merrifield, M.A. and Nerem, R.S. 2012. Is there a 60-year oscillation in global mean sea level? Geophysical Research Letters 39: 10.1029/2012GL052885.
Church, J.A. and White, N.J. 2011. Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Surveys in Geophysics 32: 585-602.
Feng, M., Li, Y. and Meyers, G. 2004. Multidecadal variations of Fremantle sea level: Footprint of climate variability in the tropical Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters 31: 10.1029/2004GL019947.
Holgate, S. 2007. On the decadal rates of sea level change during the twentieth century. Geophysical Research Letters 34: 10.1029/2006GL028492.
Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J.C., Grinsted, A. and Woodworth, P.L. 2008. Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago? Geophysical Research Letters 35: 10.1029/2008GL033611.
Merrifield, M.A., Merrifield, S.T. and Mitchum, G.T. 2009. An anomalous recent acceleration of global sea level rise. Journal of Climate 22: 5772-5781.
Miller, L. and Douglas, B.C. 2007. Gyre-scale atmospheric pressure variations and their relation to 19th and 20th century sea level rise. Geophysical Research Letters 34: 10.1029/2007GL030862.
Nerem, R.S., Chambers, D.P., Choe, C. and Mitchum, G.T. 2010. Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason altimeter missions. Marine Geodesy 33, Supplement 1: 435-446.
Ray, R.D. and Douglas, B.C. 2011. Experiments n reconstructing twentieth-century sea levels. Progress in Oceanography 91: 496-515.
Sallenger, A.H., Doran, K.S. and Howd, P.A. 2012. Hotspot of accelerated sea level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America. Nature Climate Change: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1597, in press.
Sturges, W. and Douglas, B.C. 2011. Wind effects on estimates of sea level rise. Journal of Geophysical Research 116: 10.1029/2010JC006492.
Wenzel, M. and Schroter, J. 2010. Reconstruction of regional mean sea level anomalies from tide gauges using neural networks. Journal of Geophysical Research 115: 10.1029/2009JC005630.
Woodworth, P.L., White, N.J., Jevrejeva, S., Holgate, S.J., Church, J.A. and Gehrels, W.R. 2009. Evidence for the accelerations of sea level on multi-decade and century timescales. International Journal of Climatology 29: 777-789. | <urn:uuid:1b5bed01-728c-42cb-9c4d-fe908068ae58> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.co2science.org/articles/V16/N10/EDIT.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464253.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00228-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870454 | 1,326 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Bulgogi is a Korean dish that usually is made of marinated barbecued beef or chicken or pork. Bulgogi in Korean literally means ‘fire meat’ which actually refers to the cooking technique – over an open flame – rather than the dish’s spiciness. The word is also applied to variations such as dak bulgogi (made with chicken) or dwaeji bulgogi (made with pork) having different seasonings and taste.
Traditionally bulgogi is usually made with beef hence the word bulgogi is used by itself and refers to beef bulgogi. For making the beef bulgogi, tender cuts of beef are used such as sirloin or tenderloin which is seasoned with spices before cooking. Generally some grated pear is added to tenderize the meat.
Bulgogi is believed to have originated during the Goguryeo era (37 BC – 668 AD) when it was originally called as maekjeok, with beef being grilled on a skewer. During the Joseon dynasty this dish was called as neobiani which means ‘thinly spread’ meat and was traditionally prepared especially for the wealthy and the nobility class. Recently Bulgogi is served in most of the barbecue restaurants in South Korea and are flavored or served with hamburgers. The hamburger patty is marinated in the delicious bulgogi sauce and served with lettuce, tomato, onion and sometimes cheese. It is very similar to a teriyaki burger in flavor.
The origin of Bulgogi relates to the ancestors of the Korean people who appeared to have been nomads from Central Asia and later gradually migrated eastwards to settle in Northeast Asia and the Korean peninsula. In China they became known as the Eastern Barbarians of Maek and probably because they were nomads they enjoyed a diet centering on the meat of their livestock.
The favorite dish of the Maek people was maekjeok, a kind of kebab made by skewering beef or other meat and roasting it over a fire. This is thought to have been the predecessor of Korea’s popular dish, bulgogi. Though there is some regional variation, the Han people who make up the majority of the Chinese population generally add spices to their meat only after roasting or boiling it, while jeok is made by seasoning the meat before cooking, as is bulgogi, and this is why the two are thought to be related.
Traditionally this classic Korean dish is made from thin slices of sirloin or other prime cuts of beef. Before cooking, the meat is marinated to enhance its flavor and tenderness with a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, sesame oil, garlic and other ingredients such as scallion or mushrooms especially white button mushrooms or shiitake. The bulgogi recipe varies by region.
For preparing the Bulgogi, cut the beef diagonal into flat 1/8 inch thick slices about 3 to 5 inches long by 1 ½ inches wide. Place the pieces in a non corrosible bowl. Add the remaining ingredients (finely minced garlic, scallions, freshly ground black pepper, rice vinegar, sesame oil, soy sauce, sugar and toasted sesame seeds) one by one in the bowl. Mix all the ingredients gently and thoroughly with your fingers. Cover the bowl and place it in the refrigerator for 12 to 24 hours.
Mix the ingredients occasionally. Remove the bowl from the refrigerator at least 1 hour before cooking the marinated beef. Drain the beef mixture before cooking being careful not press out its succulent juices or to rub off the clinging sesame seeds. Discard the marinade or reserve it for future sauce making.
Barbecue the marinated beef slices in a single layer (careful as the slices should not touch each other) over hot coal for about 25 to 40 seconds per side depending on the thickness of the meat and the intensity of the heat or heat the grill over the flame and cook the meat until evenly done on both sides. It is best eaten as soon as it is cooked. The meat can be cooked on an iron plate also, but it is much tastier when barbecued directly over a hot flame.
Bulgogi is one of the perfect dishes for all beef eaters and especially the ones who love eating barbecued food. Since the protein solidifies on the surface of the meat during cooking, no tasty juices or valuable nutrients are lost, and the meat can be enjoyed for its flavor as well as its nutritional content. Moreover, the mouthwatering smell of meat cooking at the table stimulates the appetite.
Do try this fantastic recipe and without any further delay go ahead and click on the link for the detailed recipe:
Tip: The cooking time and temperature must be just right to get the maximum flavor from beef. If cooked for too long over a low flame, the flavor and goodness can drain away before the surface protein solidifies. On the other hand, if the flame is too high as to burn the meat, it will become hard and not give off the unique aroma of bulgogi.
Bulgogi is sometimes traditionally served with a side of lettuce or other leafy vegetable which is used to wrap a sliced of cooked meat or other side dishes or then eaten as a whole. | <urn:uuid:af119208-4a1a-42f1-9449-4eedd23db33f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.vahrehvah.com/indianfood/bulgogi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462313.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00169-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964905 | 1,089 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Nowadays, any digital sound player has a DAC. This term has become increasingly popular and is an element that every sound lover must take into account to get the most out of his team. But what exactly is a DAC? DAC is the acronym for Digital Analogic Converter or Digital Analog Converter. A DAC or Digital Analog Converter (Analog Digital Converter ) is a device which transforms digital signals into analog signals so that they can be heard through speakers or headphones. As you know, the music we hear today usually comes in a digital format.
The DAC is responsible for providing the necessary information to the headphones or speakers by transforming/coding that same digital information of “ones” and “zeros” to waves. It is a chip that is located next to the sound card of computers, mobiles or any digital sound player and that converts all zeros and ones that contain digital information, to real sound. But if you connect them to an external DAC you will experience a great leap in terms of sound quality. If you make the effort to buy speakers or high-end headphones and you do not get the most out of it since the DAC that has built your computer is of a quality that can be improved.
When is an external DAC necessary?
If every device that plays audio has an internal analog digital converter, then why do I want an external one? What happens is that we are talking about sound quality, not whether it sounds or not. An external analog-digital converter can exponentially improve the clarity of the sound.
Every laptop or desktop has a built-in DAC to play the sound stored inside digitally. The problem is that these parts are not of great interest to computer manufacturers, so they use cheap parts and end up being of dubious quality.
Generally, a more expensive DAC will have better audio quality. It generates less noise or distortion when compared to others of lower quality.
For this reason, we have prepared a comparison of the best portable DAC and desktop DAC in the market.
Affordable price, good sound quality, very small size.
It is not compatible with DSD files.
- USB port.
- Built-in amplifier
- 3.5 mm mini-jack output and micro-USB port.
- 16 ~ 100 Ω.
- 96kHz / 24.
- The frequency response of 20hz-20kHz.
- Chip DAC SA9023A.
The Fiio K1 is a Class C DAC and headphone amplifier. It is the first small device of this company and seeks to close the gap between high priced and cheaper units. It has a very affordable price and has good benefits. For us, it is one of the best DAC in the market in terms of price-quality ratio. It is small, with dimensions of 50mm x 20.5mm x 8mm and weighs 11.3g. It has a 3.5mm headphone jack and a micro-USB port. The DAC K1 does not need batteries since it obtains energy from the computer through the USB connection. A small blue LED light comes on when the DAC is connected.
The DIO Fiio K1 can decode high-resolution audio of higher quality than most of the integrated DACs of our equipment. It offers a great sound reproduction and occupies a size similar to the finger of a hand. This device uses a Savitech SA9023A USB receiver to decode audio with high fidelity, the PCM5102 DAC chip then releases the audio to a TPA6132A headset driver. It also has a solid and elegant metal body.
The Fiio K1 Analog Digital Converter supports high resolution files up to 96 kHz / 24 and the headphone amplifier can handle from 16 to 100 ohm. It is designed for the main use of computers, but we have tested it with smartphones and a stereo system obtaining excellent results. If you are looking to improve the sound quality of your computer for an affordable price, this DAC is a great option. It is the best DAC below $50.
Durable aluminum body.
Somewhat weak in medium tones.
- USB port.
- Chip DAC PCM-5102.
- Signal to noise radius: 105 dB.
- Frequency response: 20Hz-20kHz.
- Output power: 200mW @ 32Ω.
- Built-in amplifier
- An output impedance of 1.04 ohms.
- Analog volume control.
The Fiio E10K is a class C amplifier and DAC with a reasonable price and very decent performance. It has an aluminum body with dimensions of 79mmx 49.1mm x 21mm and weighs 79 grams. It has a solid construction with metal connectors and a Japanese potentiometer ALPS as volume control. A blue LED light indicates when it is working. The box comes with the DC E10K, a USB cable, and a rubber foot.
The installation of this quality DAC is quite simple: you only need to connect it to a USB port and it works automatically with files up to 96kHz / 24 bits. No installation drivers are needed on any computer. The DIO Fiio E10K also comes with a bass boost and a gain switch, plus mini-jack and coaxial outputs, in case you want to convert the computer’s USB to a digital coaxial output. The heart of the device is a PCM-5102 DAC chip that produces very little noise. It has an LMH6643 amplifier that produces natural responses. It can handle headphones with an impedance of 150 Ohms without problems.
The sound that the Fiio E10K DAC emits is in good quality. We tried it with instrumental music and we heard a good separation between all the tonalities. It has a good dynamic range and high tones are perceived in detail, although the media suffer a bit in comparison. In general, it is an excellent economic option if we want to acquire a DAC / Amp. For a price of around $ 75, it is among the best options on the market.
Good connectivity, volume controls, small size.
Limited reproduction speed.
- Analog volume control (Black).
- 64-bit digital volume control (Network).
- USB inputs.
- Excellent for tablets, iPhone, iPad or Android devices.
- Mini-jack 3.5mm output.
- 32-bit / 96kHz.
- Chip DAC ESS`s Saber 9010 (Black).
- Chip DAC 32-bit ESS Saber 9016 (Red).
- Integrated amplifiers
The DAC Audioquest DragonFLy Black and Red have circuits designed by the engineer responsible for the first DragonFly, Gordon Rankin, of Wavelenght Audio, and both have the peculiarity of needing less power to operate than their predecessors. The new DACs can be used with iPhones, iPads and other portable devices.
The Black can be considered as an update to version 1.2 of DragonFly. The new device integrates a 32-bit PIC32MX microcontroller, which requires 77% less power than the previous model. The new DAC chip is an ESS Saber 9010, also features a Texas Instruments amplifier. It has an analog volume control with 64 steps.
The DragonFly Red Analog Digital Converter offers more significant updates. Its microcontroller is also the 32-bit Microchip PIC32MX, but the converter chip is the improved 32-bit ESS Saber 9016. This model integrates an ESS amplifier: the first ESS that Audio Quest has used. This new amplifier is a gain device, without volume control. A 64-bit digital volume control is included in the Network’s DAC chip, which allows perfect control of listening levels.
The biggest difference between both DragonFly DACs is that the RED has a higher voltage output: 2.1V, which is better in handling any type of headphones. The Black, on the other hand, has a 1.2V output. Both handle a native resolution of 96kHZ / 24-bit. A logo with an LED light that changes color according to the resolution of the file when it is played. They are compatible with Apple iOS 5 and Android 4.1 systems, although they work well with the updates of both operating systems. They are also compatible with Apple OS and Windows. The company adds a desktop application to improve the software.
The connection with Windows is automatic. To install them on a Mac we must only access Preferences, Sound and then choose the DragonFly source, which is connected through a USB port. Some users may prefer to open the Audio Mini, within the Utility folder and select the Dragonfly, as well as the sampling rate format of 44.1 kHz, which possibly corresponds to the majority of the audio files that will be sent to the DACs. The playback software allows changing to higher sample rates, if necessary. Like the original models, the new DragonFly has a 3.5 mm mini-jack port.
The DragonFly DACs produce a clear sound with a wide and defined dynamic range. The DAC Dragon Fly Black, as expected, has an output with less power. They are DACs of class C (Black) and B (Network), quite good for computers/tablets. Comes with a single 3.5mm input and do not need any kind of power cables. They also work as a headphone amplifier. Among the disadvantages of this USB DAC, we find that the playback speed is limited to 96k Hz. Although you can play larger files, it is not recommended.
Excellent sound and dynamic range.
Excessive presence of bass in some occasions.
- Analog volume control.
- USB 3.0 input (compatible with 2.0).
- SPDIF RCA, Audio RCA, and 3.5mm mini-jack outputs.
- Compatible PCM formats: 44.1 / 48 / 88.2 / 96 / 176.4 / 192 / 384KHz.
- Supported DSD formats: 2.8 / 3.1 / 5.6 / 6.2 / 11.2 / 12.4MHz.
- Chip DAC Burr-Brown.
- Integrated amplifier
The iDAC2 is a Class A DAC / Amp that has a design similar to the super IFI Micro iDSD, which means it has an excellent build quality in a silver metallic body. It comes with a RCA cable and a USB A-USB B translucent blue color. This device has a DAC Burr-Brown chip, which you can find in the Micro iDSD model. For some unknown reason, IFI decided to use this BB chip and put aside the ESS Saber that was in the original iDAC.
Although the IFI IDAC2 Analog Digital Converter costs much less than the iDSD model , it maintains a wide variety of playback options such as DSD256, PCM 384 and DXD. The IFI iDAC2 has three filters (PCM, DSD, DXD), which users can adjust. Additionally, this Analog Digital Converter integrates the new Zero Jitter Lite technology, which keeps digital errors known as Jitters to a minimum. It has internal components of the highest quality, such as the Vishay MELF resistors and the Japan Elna Silmic II and TDK COG capacitors.
As for sound, the DAC IFI iDAC2 offers the same hue as the iDSD, although it does not provide a sound as rich or detailed as the more expensive model. We tried it with listening to great varieties of songs and we heard an excellent sound at all frequencies. It has a wide dynamic range with powerful bass and very clear highs. We perceive that the iDAC2 has a predetermined V-shaped profile. This makes it a great option for listening to modern and electronic music. As an aspect against, we note that the bass may overshadow the other tones in very high volumes. The mid tones are perceived as neutral compared to the rest of the sound spectrum and with remarkable details.
In general, the iDAC2 Analog Digital Converter is among the best DACs in the market. It has an excellent sound richness, a great dynamic range, and fine detail. | <urn:uuid:2617359a-9746-4ab0-91c8-fba0c9e93b4d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://planetwifi.org/best-dacs-for-pc-android-and-iphone-reviews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00897.warc.gz | en | 0.915396 | 2,590 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Antivirus vendor McAfee is working on techniques designed to combat viruses engineered to spread through peer-to-peer applications such as the popular MP3 file sharing tools Napster and Gnutella.
Peer-to-peer file sharing gives individual PCs direct access to other computer systems on the same network. In the case of Napster, this makes it possible for music files to be shared with considerable ease, although antivirus experts believe that it could enbable other, more malicious files to also spread with epidemic speed.
McAfee is investigating the risk. "The McAfee ASAP group already has code developed for peer-to-peer technology," said Vincent Gullotto, senior director of research at Network Associates. "We're looking into it because we have to."
It is clear that virus writers have not ignored the potential of peer-to-peer applications, either. Just weeks ago a proof-of-concept computer worm was released for the Napster clone Gnutella. Masquerading as whatever file a MP3 file a user requests, the worm relies on users in order to spread, but nevertheless demonstrated that not just MP3s can proliferate with peer-to-peer technology.
According to Gullotto, antivirus functionality would most likely be adapted from existing antivirus products and could be incorporated into peer-to-peer products themselves. He said existing virus signature checking engines could easily be adapted for such applications.
Gullotto also said that peer-to-peer applications need to have greater functionality in order to pose a more significant virus threat. He suggests that they need to cooperate with an operating system in a similar way to email applications such as Microsoft Outlook in order to allow viruses to spread quickly. Outlook gives scripts access to such features as its address book as well as the wider operating system, which allows viruses to spread more efficiently.
"It's not clear how they are moving forward with the technology," said Gullotto. "If things move in a more automated fashion, security will need to be built in."
Graham Cluley, chief technologist with UK antivirus firm Sophos, suggests that existing antivirus software, which detects viruses however they reach a computer system, may be sufficient. "I don't think there is a need for a peer-to-peer antivirus product," he said. "Although there may be an advantage for network providers have antivirus software in the future."
Paul Myers, chief executive of UK-based file sharing company Wippit, said antivirus functionality is something his company is considering. "It's a good idea that was suggested to us a while ago," he said.
Filtering out potentially malicious files may not prove so easy, however. Napster is currently working to create software that will prevent files that have not been granted copyright freedom being traded between clients. The company concedes that identifying files by name does not always stop copyrighted material from slipping through the net.
Take me to the Virus Workshop
Take me to ZDNet Enterprise
Have your say instantly, and see what others have said. Click on the TalkBack button and go to the Security forum. | <urn:uuid:f4797cca-2108-4aec-9904-00a08c775285> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.zdnet.com/article/antivirus-firms-develop-peer-to-peer-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864343.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622030142-20180622050142-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.965888 | 642 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Influenza, or the flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a variety of flu viruses. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 35 to 50 million Americans come down with the flu during each flu season, which typically lasts from November to March. Children are two to three times more likely than adults to get sick with the flu, and children frequently spread the virus to others. Although most people recover from the illness, CDC estimates that in the United States more than 100,000 people are hospitalized and more than 20,000 people die from the flu and its complications every year.
When and Where Do People Usually Get the Flu?
How is the Flu Transmitted?
Are There Different Types of Flu Viruses?
Type A is the most common and usually causes the most serious epidemics. Type B outbreaks also can cause epidemics, but the disease it produces generally is milder than that caused by type A. Type C viruses, on the other hand, never have been connected with a large epidemic.
What are Possible Complications from the Flu?
Symptoms of complications will usually appear after you start feeling better. After a brief period of improvement, you may suddenly get:
Pneumonia can be a very serious and sometimes life-threatening condition. If you have any of these symptoms, you should contact your doctor immediately so that you can get the appropriate treatment.
Are There Other Flu Complications that Only Affect Children?
The syndrome often begins in young people after they take aspirin to get rid of fever or pain. Although very few children develop Reye's syndrome, you should consult a doctor before giving aspirin or products that contain aspirin to children. Acetaminophen does not seem to be associated with Reye's syndrome.
Newborn babies recently out of intensive care units are particularly vulnerable to suffering from flu complications.
Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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In [this Chapter, we] shall Explain [Concerning] that which The Torah said, [That being] that [the] Remembrance of the Incident Involving Miriam, Benefits [the Person, By] Saving him from this Bitter Sin [of Lashon HaRa]
There is a general piece of advice to [help] save [oneself] from this bitter sin [of Lashon HaRa] and from its’ punishment, that [piece of advice] being that which HaShem Yisbarach [has] taught us in Parshas “[Ki] Seitzei”, [as follows]: “Guard yourself concerning the tzara’as affliction, to guard exceedingly and to perform in accordance with all that which the Kohanim will instruct you…”, and juxtaposed [to that verse is written], “Remember that which HaShem your G-d did to Miriam on the path when you left Egypt.” (Divraim: 24; 8 – 9) We learn in Sifra, [as follows]: “Remember that which [HaShem] did…” – Perhaps [such remembrance is sufficient] in your heart? When [the previous pasuk] says ”Guard yourself concerning the tzara’as affliction, to guard exceedingly and to perform...”, behold guarding of the heart is stated [over here], (for the Sifra explains “Guard the tzara’as affliction” – [to mean] “from the tzara’as affliction”, the intended meaning [of this being] that we should not divert our hearts from guarding [ourselves] from the sin [of Lashon HaRa] which leads to this [punishment of tzara’as]). [Now that we already have a source for remembering in our hearts to guard ourselves from the sin of Lashon HaRa], what do I [derive from the command to] “Remember” [that which HaShem did to Miriam because of the Lashon HaRa that she spoke against Moshe]? [You learn] that you should verbally repeat [this incident]. This being the case [that one is commanded to verbally mention the incident involving Miriam’s punishment for speaking Lashon HaRa against Moshe]*, [then we see that] it is the will of the Torah that one mentions the punishment [for] this great sin [of Lashon HaRa, both] in [one’s] heart and verbally, in order to benefit our souls through [these actions. The above teaching follows that which] the RaMBa”N wrote in the seventh mitzvah of his [discussion of the] mitzvos, [as follows]: “We are commanded to verbally mention and to return to our hearts, [concerning] that which HaShem, Yisaleh, did to Miriam, once she spoke [Lashon HaRa] concerning her brother, though she was a prophetess. [We must verbally mention the punishment that HaShem inflicted upon Miriam], in order that we will distance ourselves from Lashon HaRa, and so that we will not be among the group of those, concerning whom it says [in sefer “Tehillim”, as follows]: “When you sit down [to rest], you speak [slander] concerning your brother, you [even] speak slander [against] the son of your mother.”” (Tehillim: 50; 20) For, in truth, remembering the prohibition and the greatness of the punishment [of Lashon HaRa], brings one to guard [oneself] from [this sin of Lashon HaRa], just as remembering positive commandments brings one to fulfill them, as it is written, “…and you shall remember the commandments of HaShem and you shall perform them…” (Bamidbar: 15; 39), the explanation [of the pasuk in this context] follows RaSh”I.
Note from the “Kol HaLashon” printing: This teaching from the “Sifra” is found on ParshasBichukosai”, Parsha 1, on the pasuk “Im Bichukosai” (21; 3).
Chofetz Chaim’s note: As this is the case, apparently, from the straightforward understanding of the pasuk, one is required to verbally mention the punishment [that] Miriam [underwent. However, we are not accustomed] to be careful in this matter [of reciting the pasuk related to the tzara’as punishment that Miriam suffered for speaking Lashon HaRa against Moshe. The fact that many people do not recite the pasuk related to Miriam’s punishment] requires investigation.
“Yisaleh” means “elevated”.
See note three on the 27th day of Tishrei for commentary on this pasuk.
In another text of the RaMBa”N’s writing on the seventh mitzvah, it says that we should remember that which Amalek did to The Jewish People once we left Egypt, when they attacked us and showed no fear of HaShem. By remembering that which Amalek did, we will realize that HaShem will not wipe out the name of Amalek for no reason, rather He will wipe out Amalek out of His pity for The Jewish People. Similarly, people should remember the incident involving Miriam have spoken Lashon HaRa against Moshe and her ensuing pusnishment to help us so that we will not fall prey to involving ourselves in the sin of Lashon HaRa and suffer a similar type of punishment.
RaSh”I points out that the numerical value of the Hebrew word “tzitzis” – “ציצית” is 600. In addition, tzitzis has eight strings and five knots, on each of the four corners, which total 613, the number of mitzvos in The Torah. The Torah informs us that one of the purposes of tzitzis is to remind us concerning the 613 commandments of The Torah.
Clearly, just as one remembers to perform the 613 mitzvos by seeing the tzitzis, so too, by reciting the pasuk which commands us to remember of the punishment that HaShem inflicted upon Miriam, we would be reminded to avoid involving ourselves in the sin of Lashon HaRa. | <urn:uuid:c5ff0fff-2551-43b8-a107-f7fd04c64551> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://shmirashalashon.blogspot.com/2007/08/shmiras-halashon-teves-28-one-hundred.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867416.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526092847-20180526112847-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.940173 | 1,403 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Gauss's lemma (Riemannian geometry)
||This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (February 2008)|
In Riemannian geometry, Gauss's lemma asserts that any sufficiently small sphere centered at a point in a Riemannian manifold is perpendicular to every geodesic through the point. More formally, let M be a Riemannian manifold, equipped with its Levi-Civita connection, and p a point of M. The exponential map is a mapping from the tangent space at p to M:
which is a diffeomorphism in a neighborhood of zero. Gauss' lemma asserts that the image of a sphere of sufficiently small radius in TpM under the exponential map is perpendicular to all geodesics originating at p. The lemma allows the exponential map to be understood as a radial isometry, and is of fundamental importance in the study of geodesic convexity and normal coordinates.
We define the exponential map at by
where is the unique geodesic with and tangent and is chosen small enough so that for every the geodesic is defined in 1. So, if is complete, then, by the Hopf–Rinow theorem, is defined on the whole tangent space.
Let be a curve differentiable in such that and . Since , it is clear that we can choose . In this case, by the definition of the differential of the exponential in applied over , we obtain:
So (with the right identification ) the differential of is the identity. By the implicit function theorem, is a diffeomorphism on a neighborhood of . The Gauss Lemma now tells that is also a radial isometry.
The exponential map is a radial isometry
Let . In what follows, we make the identification .
Gauss's Lemma states: Let and . Then,
For , this lemma means that is a radial isometry in the following sense: let , i.e. such that is well defined. And let . Then the exponential remains an isometry in , and, more generally, all along the geodesic (in so far as is well defined)! Then, radially, in all the directions permitted by the domain of definition of , it remains an isometry.
We proceed in three steps:
- : let us construct a curve
such that and . Since , we can put . We find that, thanks to the identification we have made, and since we are only taking equivalence classes of curves, it is possible to choose (these are exactly the same curves, but shifted because of the domain of definition ; however, the identification allows us to gather them around . Hence,
Now let us calculate the scalar product .
We separate into a component parallel to and a component normal to . In particular, we put , .
The preceding step implies directly:
We must therefore show that the second term is null, because, according to Gauss's Lemma, we must have:
Let us define the curve
Let us put:
and we calculate:
We can now verify that this scalar product is actually independent of the variable , and therefore that, for example:
because, according to what has been given above:
being given that the differential is a linear map. This will therefore prove the lemma.
- We verify that : this is a direct calculation. Since the maps are geodesics,
Since the maps are geodesics, the function is constant. Thus, | <urn:uuid:30c5bac1-da30-4ea2-9437-a53b84881821> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss's_lemma_(Riemannian_geometry) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826343.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00152-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925906 | 729 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Knüsel, Ariane (2007). British diplomacy and the telegraph in Nineteenth-Century China. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 18(3):517-537.
Full text not available from this repository.
Until the 1870s British officials in China often acted without the Foreign Office's official consent because they could only communicate with London via mail. In the 1870s telegraph lines connected China to Europe. The Chinese government initially opposed foreign telegraph lines arguing that they undermined Chinese authority. British diplomats in China were also wary of the telegraph because it allowed the Foreign Office to intervene more quickly. From the 1880s the telegraph was increasingly used as an instrument of imperialism in China. The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 showed how important the telegraph had become as means of communication.
|Item Type:||Journal Article, refereed, original work|
|Communities & Collections:||06 Faculty of Arts > Institute of History|
|Deposited On:||09 May 2012 10:41|
|Last Modified:||23 Nov 2012 12:39|
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Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:955bf412-d7c1-41f4-8fb6-0b59977a463b> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.zora.uzh.ch/62211/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500828050.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021348-00456-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.820562 | 244 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Instead of sitting quietly at a desk with a pencil and notebook, schoolchildren are now encouraged to explore virtual ecosystems through an online game, build their own website, or propose and conduct an experiment. Technology and innovation are helping education become more interactive, engaging, creative, and hands-on in the 21st century, and improving literacy in the sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has become increasing important to prepare the next generation of America’s workforce. The STEM Education Coalition held a congressional briefing, in conjunction with the National Science Teachers Association, the Afterschool Alliance, and the Association of Science-Technology Centers, about improvements and next steps in advancing STEM education.
Panelists at the briefing discussed the critical need for teachers and educators to be “up to speed” on technology and how it helps today’s children learn. The briefing highlighted the importance of informal education and ways it can supplement formal education. This is especially important considering many schools lack sufficient STEM learning opportunities, and formal education only contributes to a small percentage of what people learn throughout their lifetime. Ms. Ellie Mitchell (Director, Maryland Out-of-School-Time Network) discussed the importance of better connecting formal and informal education experiences. Ms. Patti Curtis (Managing Director, Washington Office, Museum of Science-Boston) spoke of the benefits of interactive and innovative exhibits at museums. She also advocated for encouraging researchers to allocate part of their budget for public engagement. Attendees and panelists at the briefing agreed on the need for STEM literate citizens, especially for a workforce that is increasingly STEM focused. Mr. Dennis Schatz (Senior Vice President for Strategic Programs, Pacific Science Center) stated that it would be ideal if one day, “science is as pervasive as sports” in today’s society.
The Coalition also announced that it sent a memo to President-elect Trump and his transition team recommending that the government support federal workforce education and training programs (through institutions of higher education) as well as the National Science Foundation’s educational efforts. The memo also advocated for the appointment of a STEM coordinator at the White House. | <urn:uuid:9215103b-9ad0-4aef-8365-568f18d34470> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://oceanleadership.org/strengthening-stem-education-crucial-american-prosperity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826842.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215083318-20181215105318-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.945235 | 433 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Blow Off Valves 101
Blow off Valves 101
So you’ve heard the infamous blow off valve sound. It’s the woosh or the squeak in between shifts in a turbo car. It may even be the reason why you purchased a turbo car! This article will help you to understand what they really are, what they do, and the positive and negative side of things
What is a BOV?
For the purposes of this write up, I will refer to a blow off valve as a BOV and a bypass valve (recirculated BOV) will be revered to as a BPV.
A BOV/BPV is a valve on a turbo car that will stay shut when the car is under boost and it will open when the car is off of boost to let air pressure out of the system so that you do not back spin the turbo or rupture a pipe in your intake tract. The difference is that a BOV will vent the air to the atmosphere and will tend to be loud while a BPV will re-circulate the air around the back of the turbo to prevent it from being spun back wards.
A BOV or a BPV is essential on most modern cars for the simple fact that they prolong the life of your turbo. Most modern turbos can spin up to 100,000 RPMS and if you let off the gas pedal to shift, you have just shut the throttle plate almost all of the way and so the air that was pressurized in the system has no place to go but back through the turbo. This will force the turbo to back spin against it’s will and can severely damage it. Older cars like the Buick GNX or GM’s Typhoon and Syclone did not require a BOV or BPV because they ran big turbos that pushed very little boost and so they could be back spun with little damage, and even still, they did not always last long.
So now that it’s been established that you have a turbo car and you need a BOV or a BPV, which one do you get?
If you have purchased a turbo’d Subaru of any kind, it has a BPV from the factory. The reason why it has this is because the Subarus are also equipped with a Mass Airflow Sensor (MAS). A MAS sits right after your air box and records the amount of air and the temperature at which it has entered the system. As soon as the air comes into the filter it is calculated by the ECU and an appropriate amount of fuel is ready for it once it gets in past the intake manifold. Your factory BPV will open when the car comes out of boost and it will re-circulate air AROUND the turbo so that it does not back spin it, but it still keeps it in the system so that when the throttle plate opens again, the air still in the system has already been accounted for and the fuel is there for it.
The factory BPV on our cars is good for about 19-20psi, which means, if you are going to be running more than that, it will start to leak so that it makes it very hard for the turbo to build that much boost within the system. If you are going to be running much more than factory boost then you will need to upgrade your BPV. Most BOVs on the market are also able to be used as a BPV by simply hooking up the recirculation fitting or pipe. Some of the more popular BOVs that can do this are the Greddy Type S, TurboXS H34, HKS Super Sequential Valve (with the optional recirculation kit), and the Forge BOV.
It is a fact that a BPV will be quieter than a BOV so some people choose to not re-circulate their BPV. From a technical standpoint, this is a very bad thing to do. Your Subaru’s ECU knows how much air enters the system because of its MAS. If you dump air from the system when you shift, then there is going to be a temporary rich condition which is sometimes followed by a lean condition while the ECU tries to figure out how much fuel it should be putting into the motor. It sees air coming in but according to what the Oxygen sensors see, the calculations come out wrong and the ECU thinks it needs to adjust the amount of fuel entering the motor. If this is repeated a lot over time, then the ECU finds it hard to tune the motor to run the best based on your atmosphere and gasoline quality. Imagine if you were doing a complex math equation and every so often someone came over and ripped off half of your piece of paper. It would be impossible to find the correct “answer” in a decent amount of time as you would have to keep doubling back on your work.
For those of you who want the sound without any problems, then you need to do what is called a blow through setup. A blow through setup is basically one where the MAS is in between the BOV and the Intake manifold. This means that instead of the turbo sucking air through the MAS, it is now blowing it through. Air is measured as it actually enters the motor instead of when it enters the system. With a setup like this, you can actually vent your BOV with no ill affects.
Some people are reporting that they are able to run their cars fine with a draw through setup (the factory setup) and also have a BOV on the car. I tried this myself on (non-Subaru but still had a MAS) my old car and after watching the logs over the course of a week, the ECU had a very difficult time finding the proper fuel trims and they ended up being all over the spectrum. The ECU was holding back fuel where it needed it and was adding fuel when it didn’t need it and the car ended up burning up a set of copper spark plugs pretty quickly from repeated rich and lean conditions. Based on my experience, I will not ever be venting my BOV and I will always re-circulate it.
So what should you do?
If you do not have time to mess around with things and want your car to run at its best then stick with the BPV setup. If you crave this sound then by all means, go with the BOV setup and try it out. You should log your car over mixed driving conditions and see how the car runs. If it runs poorly and you still crave this sound then consider asking a local tuner shop if they are able to tune your car to run a BOV on your setup. If not, then look into running a blow through setup on your car as that is the only truly vent your BOV and also allow the car to “tune” itself and adjust its calculations properly.
Are all aftermarket BOVs bad for your car? No. I actually encourage you to get one, as long as you can re-circulate it. They are ESSENTIAL if you are going to moving to a larger turbo or running more boost out of the factory turbo (in some cases). Most aftermarket BOVs that are configured to be re-circulated will be louder than the factory BPV. All of the valves I mentioned earlier in the article are valves that I have run on my car or on friends’ cars with great results. In all cases, the valves were tested circulated and vented and we all came back to running them re-circulated.
I hope this has answered all of your questions regarding BOVs and BPVs and if you have any questions, feel free to shoot me a PM.
Patrick - 2007 STi Limited | <urn:uuid:2f26400c-913b-41a1-8ee8-d4e81f863924> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f95/blow-off-valves-101-a-13188/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738008122.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222008-00196-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968385 | 1,597 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Everyone has heard about one of the wealthiest regions in the world – Silicon Valley. It is a place where tech advancements are born, and many startups – rise and fall. This is truly a historical place that deserves attention and even some analysis to understand why it has been so successful despite the economic downfalls.
Silicon Valley has quite a history one can talk about for several hours or write a whole thesis. However, we are not college students who need to write the latter and convince the teacher we deserve an A, nor are we a paper edit on WritePaper that will perfect the thesis instead of the students. So, here, we will try to present a condensed version of what Silicon Valley is about, how it all started, and how it is going. Let’s dive in!
In the early years, Valley received funding from the US government that was after military research. However, it turned out to be a much bigger thing.
Frederick Terman was the one who encouraged young people not only to excel in their major but also to establish their local business, and Hewlett and Packard were one of those people. By the way, they were the first ones to patent their invention – an audio oscillator – on the premises of the City of Palo Alto in 1939.
Terman, who is also often called the father of Silicon Valley, worked at Stanford University. In 1951, this man promoted a partnership between the university and Palo Alto – one of the cities of the modern Silicon Valley. As a result, in 1966, the US Department of Defense and four research universities, Stanford being one of them, created Arpanet – the predecessor of the Internet.
ARPANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency Network – has become the starting point of the first network with distributed control. Today, we can access websites, store data in a cloud, and cram half of our lives into the online space. But back then, it was all about connecting four computers located in California and Utah!
In 1971, Electronic News published Don Hoefler’s report that dwelled on a number of developments in the tech industry. That was the first time Silicon Valley was called like that in the very title of the report. The name originated from the discovery of Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. They found out that when manufacturing a circuit, silicon can be used to create any part of it. Later, it helped create an integrated circuit used in all modern microprocessors.
Closer to the 80s, when the first IBM personal computer was introduced to the public, the term gained popularity. Since then, the place began drawing attention as a hub where high-tech companies started as small businesses and managed to grow at a high pace.
Despite the Great Recession and the burst of the Internet bubble earlier, Silicon Valley managed to thrive or at least not fall into decay and still attract some investments that helped the region stay afloat. That is proof that the idea standing behind the creation of this place is much stronger and more resilient than economic downfalls.
According to 2020 data from Wealth-X, 81 tech billionaires lived in the Valley. That is impressive, isn’t it? Yet, today, Silicon Valley has become not only a place for companies and businesses. People live there and attend universities and colleges. There are about 4 million residents in Silicon Valley, and many of them are reportedly immigrants from other countries.
The region has numerous museums dedicated to the development of the tech industry, starting with the garage where Hewlett and Packard worked in Palo Alto. It hosts a number of conferences, summits, battles, and other events that help promote the growth of the tech industry and the region in particular.
Those with a tech background start their career here by investing in startups, starting their own ones, or finding a job in one of those. Those who need help with their ventures can address the Silicon Valley Bank that will make growing their business easier at every stage.
Silicon Valley is also known as a place where discrimination lawsuits started to be filed once and again. The issue is that at some point, almost all executive positions in the Valley were occupied by men only. As the most popular place for tech development and building a career, Silicon Valley couldn’t but draw attention to itself. Later, it was found that it was not only about the underrepresentation of females but also Hispanics and Blacks.
Valley’s Tech Giants
Silicon Valley is home to extremely productive and rapidly developing companies. They include but are not limited to
- Apple Inc.;
- Electronic Arts;
- Tesla (left Valley in 2020);
- Adobe Inc.;
- Cisco Systems;
- Salesforce, and others.
There are also a number of companies that started here but eventually moved to other places, like Tesla – from Palo Alto to Texas.
Here it is, the short version of Silicon Valley history starting from 1939 and up till now. It went from military research to becoming one of the wealthiest tech hubs in the world. As you may have noticed, this is not a region where global crises pass by. Yet, it is extremely resilient and represents constant growth, changes, and advancements that revolutionize the tech industry.
It may not be perfect for those who prefer to live in a peaceful place. Life buzzes here. But you can easily come here for a day or two and get a tour or maybe visit a summit that is of particular interest to you.
One day, you may even move here to start your own business or find a job at a promising startup company. Numerous people have started their successful lives right here, and it doesn’t look like this trend is going to fade away. So, go for it! | <urn:uuid:3f0a6dad-cfaa-4090-9b03-9c65e764a5a5> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://techbuzzireland.com/2022/05/27/silicon-valley-a-history-behind-the-tech-capital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.971867 | 1,216 | 2.890625 | 3 |
May 16, 2017 @ 07:07 AM By Damandeep Kaur
There is no doubt that farting is the fact of life but still, it is something you never want to do in front of others. Many people feel embarrassed to fart in front of others, as an alternative many hold their gas for hours. Undoubtedly feeling of releasing gas is very satisfying and it is very beneficial for health. According to the fact, a fart is consisting of 9% nitrogen, 21% hydrogen, 9% carbon dioxide, 7% methane, 4% oxygen and 1% hydrogen sulfide (this is what makes it smell).
The stench of a fart depends upon many factors. One of the major factors which play important role is your diet. To reduce the smell, you should avoid foods like cabbage, beans, broccoli, and bran. The amount of gas caused by different foods will vary from one person to another. For instance, two individuals may consume the same type and amount of beans. However, they amount of gas in each individual will not be the same.
Releasing gas isn’t the most amazing way to improve or assess our health; however, it is a sign of a healthy, well-functioning digestive system and balanced level of gut bacteria. So, let’s take a look benefit of releasing gas you didn’t know!
Bloating is the result of storage of gas in your gut which is released by farts. If you are feeling that your stomach is looking bigger and pants are feeling a little tight, consider cracking a rat. And although holding in your gas won't actually harm you, it can still make you feel like a sausage in too-tight casing. "Your digestive tract is like one of those big balloons clowns use to make animals,” says Ganjhu. “Anything that affects downstream will affect upstream.” What she means is any sort of air buildup lower in your gastrointestinal tract, like in your colon, will eventually push upward and cause bloating and discomfort around your midsection.
Passing farts constantly can help you to determine whether or not your diet is balanced as your body will react different way to different food. For example, if you are eating a lot of red meat, you will experience stinky farts. It is all about carbs as if you eat a lot of carbs, your farts will be more frequent but they’ll have a more neutral odor.
Holding far can cause abdominal pain which is also called as intestinal distension. Let your fart pass as it will help to relieve the pain. After releasing the gas you can gently massage your belly to let gas flow through the digestive system.
It is a fact that everyone loves their own fart’s smell but no one will admit. It is shocking fact that smelling own fart is healthy as it is because the hydrogen sulfide produced in our intestines while digestion can prevent mitochondrial damage to our cells. It will prevent heart disease, strokes, and arthritis.
Flatulence can determine whether or not we have certain food allergies like lactose intolerance and Coeliac Disease. This is because you will pass a lot of extra gas after consuming them. Farts can help us to determine whether we are allergic to certain food like Coeliac disease and lactose intolerance. You will get know by how often you are farting after consuming a certain food.
There is no doubt that the feeling of farting is fantastic. Trying to hold it inside can make us feel uncomfortable and cranky but releasing it makes us feel satisfying. If you feel shame in passing gas, you can try the below mentioned activities to reduce your farts:
#1Make sure you don’t have any conditions that require medical attention
#2Eat in Small Portions and Eat Slowly
#3Avoid carbonated drinks and Artificial sweeteners
#4Get more exercise | <urn:uuid:b73899b4-7c8e-4dd8-94c1-da5a24d8a838> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.candyreader.com/story/190/stop-holding-those-farts-in-here-are-7-unexpected-health-benefits-of-passing-gas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.954219 | 799 | 2.796875 | 3 |
7. Adding the Computer Crowd to the Human Crowd
Written by Patrick Meier
Investigative journalists and human rights practitioners have for decades used a mix of strategies to verify information in emergency and breaking news situations. This expertise is even more in demand with the growth of user-generated content.
But many are increasingly looking to “advanced computing” to accelerate and possibly automate the process of verification. As with any other technique, using advanced computing to verify social media content in near real time has promises and pitfalls.
Advanced computing consists of two elements: machine computing and human computing. The former uses techniques from natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML), while the latter draws on crowdsourcing and microtasking methods.
The application of advanced computing to verify user-generated content is limited right now because the field of research is still new; the verification platforms and techniques described below are still being developed and tested. As a result, exactly how much value they will add to the verification process remains to be seen, but advancements in technology are likely to continue to bring new ways to help automate elements of the verification process.
This is an important moment in the application of advanced computing to verify user-generated content: Three new projects in this field are being developed. This chapter provides an overview of them, along with background on how human and machine computing are being used (and combined) in the verification process. As we dive in, let me add a disclaimer: I spearheaded the digital humanitarian response efforts described below - for Haiti, the Phil- ippines and Pakistan. In addition, I’m also engaged in the Verily project and with the creation of the Twitter Credibility Plugin, both of which are also mentioned.
In human computing, also referred to as crowd computing, a machine outsources certain tasks to a human or crowd. The machine then collects and analyzes the processed tasks.
An early use of human computing in an emergency was after the Haiti earthquake in 2010. Ushahidi Inc. set up a Web-based human computing platform to microtask the translation of urgent text messages from Haitian Creole into English. These messages came from disaster-affected communities in and around Port-au-Prince. The translated texts were subsequently triaged and mapped to the Ushahidi Haiti Crisis Map. While the translation of the texts was the first and only time that Ushahidi used a human computing platform to microtask crisis information, the success of this computer science technique highlighted the value it added in disaster response.
Human computing was next used in 2012 in response to Typhoon Pablo in the Philippines. At the request of the United Nations, the Digital Humanitarian Network (DHN) collected and analyzed all tweets posted during the first 48 hours of the typhoon’s making landfall. More specifically, DHN volunteers were asked to identify all the pictures and videos posted on Twitter that revealed damage caused by the strong winds and rain. To carry out this opera- tion, the DHN used the free and open-source microtasking platform CrowdCrafting to tag individual tweets and images. The processed data was then used to create a crisis map of disaster damage.
The successful human computing response to Typhoon Pablo prompted the launch of a new, streamlined microtasking platform called MicroMappers. Developed using CrowdCraft ing software, MicroMappers was first used in September 2013 to tag tweets and images posted online following the Baluchistan earthquake. This operation was carried out by the DHN in response to a request by the U.N. in Pakistan.
In sum, human computing is just starting to gain traction in the humanitarian community. But human computing has thus far not been used to verify social media content.
The Verily platform that I am helping to develop uses human computing to rapidly crowdsource evidence that corroborates or discredits information posted on social media. We expect Verily to be used to help sort out conflicting reports of disaster damage, which often emerge during and after a major disaster. Of course, the platform could be used to verify images and video footage as well.
Verily was inspired by the Red Balloon Challenge, which was launched in 2009 by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The challenge required participants to correctly identify the location of 10 red weather balloons planted across the United States.
The winning team, from MIT, found all 10 balloons in less than nine hours without ever leaving their computers. Indeed, they turned to social media, and Twitter in particular, to mobilize the public. At the beginning of the competition, the team announced that rather than keeping the $40,000 cash prize if they won, they would share the winnings with members of the public who assisted in the search for the balloons. Notably, they incentivized people to invite members of their social network to join the hunt, writing: “We’re giving $2000 per balloon to the first person to send us the correct coordinates, but that’s not all - we’re also giving $1000 to the person who invited them. Then we’re giving $500 whoever invited the inviter, and $250 to whoever invited them, and so on.”
The Verily platform uses the same incentive mechanism in the form of points. Instead of looking for balloons across an entire country, however, the platform facilitates the verification of social media reports posted during disasters in order to cover a far smaller geo- graphical area - typically a city.
Think of Verily as a Pinterest board with pinned items that consist of yes or no questions. For example: “Is the Brooklyn Bridge shut down because of Hurricane Sandy?” Users of Verily can share this verification request on Twitter or Facebook and also email people they know who live nearby.
Those who have evidence to answer the question post to the Verily board, which has two sections: One is for evidence that answers the verification question affirmatively; the other is for evidence that provides a negative answer.
The type of evidence that can be posted includes text, pictures and videos. Each piece of evidence posted to the Verily board must be accompanied by an explanation from the person posting as to why that evidence is relevant and credible.
As such, a parallel goal of the Verily project is to crowdsource critical thinking. The Verily platform is expected to launch at www.Veri.ly in early 2014.
The 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck Chile in 2010 was widely reported on Twitter. As is almost always the case, along with this surge of crisis tweets came a swell of rumors and false information.
One such rumor was of a tsunami warning in Valparaiso. Another was the reporting of looting in some districts of Santiago. Though these types of rumors do spread, recent empirical research has demonstrated that Twitter has a self-correcting mechanism. A study of tweets posted in the aftermath of the Chilean earthquake found that Twitter users typically push back against noncredible tweets by questioning their credibility.
By analyzing this pushback, researchers have shown that the credibility of tweets could be predicted. Related data-driven analysis has also revealed that tweets with certain features are often false. For example, the length of tweets, the sentiment of words used and the number of hashtags and emoticons used provide indicators of the likely credibility of the tweet’s messages. The same goes for tweets that include links to images and videos - the language contained in tweets that link to multimedia content can be used to determine whether that multimedia content is credible or not.
Taken together, these data provide machines with the parameters and intelligence they need to begin predicting the accuracy of tweets and other social media content. This opens the door to a bigger role for automation in the verification process during disasters and other breaking news and emergency situations.
In terms of practical applications, these findings are being used to develop a “Credibility Plugin” for Twitter. This involves my team at the Qatar Computing Research Institute working in partnership with the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology in Delhi, India.
This plugin would rate individual tweets on a scale from 0 to 100 based on the probability that the content of a given tweet is considered credible. The plugin is expected to launch in early 2014. The main advantage of this machine computing solution is that it is fully automated, and thus more scalable than the human computing platform Verily.
The Artificial Intelligence for Disaster Response (AIDR) platform is a hybrid of the human and machine computing models.
The platform combines human computing (microtasking) with machine computing (machine learning). Microtasking is taking a large task and splitting it into a series of smaller tasks. Machine learning involves teaching a computer to perform a specified task.
AIDR enables users to teach an algorithm to find information of interest on Twitter. The teaching process is done using microtasking. For example, if the Red Cross were interested in monitoring Twitter for references to infrastructure damage following a disaster, then Red Cross staff would use AIDR’s microtasking interface to tag (select) individual tweets that refer to damage. The algorithm then would learn from this process and automatically find additional tweets that refer to damage.
This hybrid computing approach can be used to automatically identify rumors based on an initial set of tweets referring to those rumors. Rapidly identifying rumors and their source is an important component of verifying user-generated content. It enables journalists and humanitarian professionals to track information back to its source, and to know whom to contact to take the next essential step in verifying the information.
To be sure, the goal should not only be to identify false or misleading information on social media but to counter and correct this information in near real time. A first version of AIDR was released in November 2013.
Accelerating the verification process
As noted earlier, the nascent stages of verification platforms powered by advanced computing mean that their ultimate value to the verification of user-generated content remains to be seen. Even if these platforms bear fruit, their early iterations will face important constraints. But this early work is essential to moving toward meaningful applications of advanced computing in the verification process.
One current limitation is that AIDR and the upcoming Credibility Plugin described above are wholly dependent on just one source: Twitter. Cross-media verification platforms are needed to triangulate reports across sources, media and language. While Veri.ly comes close to fulfilling this need, it relies entirely on human input, which does not scale easily.
In any event, these solutions are far from being the silver bullet of verification that many seek. Like other information platforms, they too can be gamed and sabotaged with sufficient time and effort. Still, these tools hold the possibility of accelerating the verification process and are likely to only advance as more effort and investment are made in the field. | <urn:uuid:7419ab58-f4f2-4edf-82e9-40a345dcdec1> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://datajournalism.com/read/handbook/verification-1/adding-the-computer-crowd-to-the-human-crowd/7-adding-the-computer-crowd-to-the-human-crowd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337855.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006191305-20221006221305-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.937715 | 2,225 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Cupping therapy was first discussed in old medical textbooks in the Western World and was described as a medical practice that was used by Egyptians. There have also been accounts of Hippocrates using the Cupping Method for internal disease. Fire Cupping has also been practiced through Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cupping therapy is an alternative form of medicine and is perhaps better known as a traditional Chinese Medicine, like acupuncture.
Cupping therapy, also known as hijama therapy in some Arabic cultures, is a fascinating alternative form of medicine that has received mention in historical accounts dating from possibly 5,000 years ago. Chinese Cupping therapy is often used in conjunction with more commonly known forms of traditional Chinese medicine treatments and methods such as acupuncture and acupressure.
The basic idea behind cupping therapy is to place
glass cups or silicone cups on the patient’s skin to create a vacuum, so the
blood is drawn to the surface of the skin in specific parts of the body that
need healing. Traditional Chinese practitioners discuss different areas, or
meridians, of the body that are used to transfer energy. They believe each body
has twelve different meridians and treatment can be applied to each meridian
for a myriad of reasons. | <urn:uuid:61422414-3c0c-4956-aee6-6e7d84106ce6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.mysportchiropractic.com/cupping-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521574.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404073139-20200404103139-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.971762 | 253 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Bad breath is an embarrassing problem, especially when you are about to whisper sweet nothings to a cutie. The noticeably stinky odor is released at the same time you exhale. This is a major problem that most of us face at some point. In fact, this is the third-most common reason why people seek dental assistance, right after tooth decay and gum disease. This condition is medically known as halitosis.
Having bad breath is normal. Surely we have it after we've had lots to drink and smoke during a night out. In everyday office work, coffee usually contributes to the buildup of bad breath. In most cases, bad breath starts in the mouth. Its intensity varies depending on what we consume during the day. Bad breath also occurs in the form of morning breath where our mouth is exposed to less oxygen.
But bad breath is transient and often disappears following the basic dental hygiene routine of brushing and flossing. When bad breath is still persistent, there's something wrong.
Apart from the simple remedy of brushing one's teeth regularly, perhaps you might want to brush your tongue too. Odor-causing bacteria usually reside on the posterior dorsum of the tongue. Gentle tongue cleaning will greatly eliminate the bad odor; for further bacteria-killing action, rinse with anti-bacterial mouthwash.
For a traditional approach, eat oranges and sweet limes. Other odor-repellant fruits include avocado, apples and parsley. Peppermint and tea tree oil also helps fight bad breath. If the bad odor still persists, seek dental assistance as soon as possible.
I've been going to Dr. Kurian for over 5 years now and every visit has been pleasant. His staff is very kind and well trained. They take pride is providing the best service in the AV! The Dr. himself is easy going and makes every visit enjoyable. | <urn:uuid:cd806963-a3ae-4815-adb9-a185750c572f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.kuriandental.com/dental-updates/240/Speaking%20of%20Halitosis,%20What%EF%BF%BDs%20That%20Smell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103984681.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702040603-20220702070603-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.964999 | 380 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Published on Feb 16, 2016
The objective: The objective of my project was to determine which drink contained the highest amount of electrolytes. Since electrolytes are lost during exercise through our perspiration, I wanted to find a drink that could replace them the best after a workout. Electrolytes, like potassium, contain free ions that conduct electricity. These ions are important for many normal bodily functions. Out of a variety of beverages tested, I believe that the juices will have some of the highest number of electrolytes.
Sixteen beverages including juices, teas, sports drinks, energy drinks, enhanced and regular waters were tested five times and an average was used for comparison.
The ability of tested beverages to conduct an electrical current was tested using a homemade conductive sensor consisting of a 9-volt battery, and a multimeter.
The multimeter was used to measure the electrical current in micro-amps.
The average for each beverage was plugged into the conductance formula, G=I (current)/V (voltage), to get the electrolytes in Siemens.
I used a copper wire, a pen tube, alligator clips, and 9-volt battery to make the conductive sensor.
Tomato juice had a conductance of one 17.05 siemens and V8 had a conductance of one 13.19 siemens. All other beverages had less than 5 siemens
The tested hypothesis was correct. Since tomato juice conducted a stronger current, it contained more electrolytes than the other beverages.
This could be due to its lower pH content compared to the other drinks which causes it to have more H+ ions.
This project attempted to describe the relative quantity of electrolytes in a beverage in terms of its ability to conduct an electrical current in an effort to discover the beverage that was best for me to drink after a workout.
Science Fair Project done By Maddison C. Perkins | <urn:uuid:149c3743-6df7-4ffd-9f22-be67f1724392> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.1000sciencefairprojects.com/Science-Experiments/Electrify-Your-Electrolytes.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163704.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926061824-20180926082224-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.958219 | 391 | 3.25 | 3 |
It is common knowledge that Nepal is home to a significant number of the endangered one-horned rhinos (Rhinoceros unicornis), the preservation of which is a continuous effort of the government. Most of them are to be found in Chitwan National Park, with some in Bardiya National Park, and smaller numbers in Suklphanta Wildlife Reserve. Rhinos can weigh up to 2700 kg each. It is also common knowledge that the country has quite a number of the splendid Royal Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris bengalensis) which call the abovementioned parks their home. Males can weigh around 235 kg while females weigh about 140 kilograms. Both are magnificent animals, and visitors at the parks consider themselves fortunate to see them in the wild.
What is less known is that Nepal is also home to some 650 species of butterflies, which is a hefty 4.2% of the global population. Similarly, there are about 870 species of birds in the country. Thirty-five species, including the barn owl, the Eurasian large owl, the Lesser Adjutant Storhoi, and the white-rumped vulture are in the globally endangered list. The Indian Sarus crane, a migratory species which comes to Nepal annually from Dar Es Salam in Africa, is also on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
There are nine wetlands (Ramsars) in different parts of the country, all excellent sites for bird watching. Among these, Koshi Tappu (17,500 h) in eastern Nepal is the largest, as well as the first Ramsar to be developed, in 1987, with Gokyo and associated lakes in Solukhumbu being the second largest. Beeshazar and associated lakes (Chitwan), Ghodaghodi Lake (Kailali), Rara Lake (Mugu district), Gosainkunda and associated lakes (Rasuwa district), Jagadishpur reservoir (Kapilvastu), Mai Pokhari (Ilam), and Phoksundo Lake (Dolpa) are the others wetland sites. Clearly, bird watchers have the choice of a diverse range of sites that offer a large variety of bird species.
Particularly interesting are species like the Himalayan Griffon vulture, the black kite, and the Lammergeuer (called the protector of the Himalayas). Also found in the high Himalayan region is Nepal’s national bird, the Monal pheasant (Lopophorus impejanus), known as danfe locally, one of the most colorful among a large number of other pheasants that are as colorful. Adult males are multihued with metallic green crests; females, in contrast, are a dull brownish in color. A danfe in dance is a lovely sight, with its spread-out wings and tail feathers showing off a fantastic range of beautiful colors.
Coming back to mammals, the Suklaphanta Reserve has the country’s largest herd of swamp deer (locally known as Bara Singhe), while the last surviving population of the country’s water buffalo (Arna) are to be found in Koshi Tappu. Some of the world’s largest cattle, the Gaur bison, have been seen in the Churiya hills in central Nepal. The beautiful snow leopard can be found at heights between 3,000 to 5,500 m in places like Mustang, Dolpa, and Humla, while the Himalayan blue sheep (Bharal), which has characteristics of both the wild sheep and the goat, but is not blue, can be seen at altitudes over 4,000 meters. They are extremely sure-footed and have curved horns.
When talking about Nepal’s exotic mammals, how can one forget to mention the sturdy yaks (Bos grunniens), even if they may not be considered as wildlife? These thick-coated animals, blessed with extraordinarily strong lungs, can weigh up to 550 kg each. Found at altitudes up to 6,000 m, yaks are man’s best friends in the high Himalayan region, carrying heavy loads, plowing fields, and providing rich milk and meat, besides wool (for clothing), dung (for fuel), and hide (for making leather goods). Even their bones are put to good use to make artifacts, while their hair and wool goes towards the making of ropes, tents, blankets, and sacks. Doorways of homes are decorated with their horns (to ward off evil spirits), the tails make good dusters, and their blood is regarded as a cure-all for many ailments. Males are called yaks while females are known as naks (or driks) in the Sherpa language, and when they are crossbred with cows, the offspring are called dzo (if male), and dzomo (if female).
Another of Nepal’s interesting wildlife is the gharial (Gavialis gngeticus), a rare crocodile with a bulbuous growth on the nose of males. It is an endangered animal that can be seen in Chitwan National Park, where they have a breeding program for the species. This rich diversity of exotic wildlife makes Nepal a highly desirable destination for animal lovers, and the country has made good efforts with the help of international organizations, towards its conservation. Accordingly, the country has nine national parks and protected areas. The former includes Chitwan, Bardiya, Sagarmatha, Annapurna, Langtang, Shey Phoksundo, Khaptad Dhorpatan, and Rara National Parks, while the latter includes Koshi Tappu, Parsa, and Shukla Phanta Reserves. | <urn:uuid:9f52f1c4-382e-4dd2-8741-801873004b53> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.shankerhotel.com.np/blog/2015/1/14/fascinating-wildlife-of-nepal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825510.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023020721-20171023040721-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.942547 | 1,199 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN: 9780198208251
Dictionary of Irish Biography / Royal Irish Academy
Date accessed: 7 December, 2023
Many writers attribute Ireland's problems to colonialism. Most, however, make only limited reference to literature on colonialism elsewhere, and debate is hampered by the intimacy of the Irish academic and intellectual scene, which means criticism is muffled by tact or excessively personalised.
Stephen Howe summarises this literature in a survey uncompromising in praise and criticism. In his early chapters, Howe surveys the history of relations between Britain and Ireland. Employing a modernist theory of nationalism and favouring the archipelagic model of mediaeval and early modern Ireland rather than its "internal colonialist" rival, he argues that until the early modern era it is questionable how far "England" as an entity existed, or whether there was an "Ireland" to be conquered. He finds the colonial parallel more applicable to the systematic conquests and plantations of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but of doubtful value thereafter; there was persistent ambiguity about whether Ireland was a kingdom or a colony, and even when administrators propounded a colonial agenda their ability to implement it was limited. Howe's central point is that British rule in Ireland was always limited and mediated by heterogeneous interests, rather than an omnipotent coloniser reshaping a helpless Other.
Howe notes that Irish nationalist sympathy for the victims of empire was usually selective and based on opportunistic support for Britain's enemies. (This is correct, though exceptions are more significant than Howe realises. Enlightenment-inspired United Irish leaders of the 1790s extensively compared the plight of the Irish to that of black slaves - though defeated United Irishmen who fled to the southern states of America often changed their views(1) R.R. Madden, mid-century historian of the United Irishmen, was an active abolitionist who gave crucial evidence in the Amistad trial.) Many nationalists anxiously distinguished themselves from supposedly pre-political "savages"; some were avowed racists. The Young Irelander John Mitchel denounced British exploitation of India and celebrated Afghan defeat of the British;(2) Mitchel also advocated enslavement of blacks and declared that the crowning indignity of Britain's oppression of Ireland was its infliction upon white men (p.44; Howe is too lenient to Mitchel). Howe argues that British resistance to Home Rule reflected fear of the break-up of the United Kingdom rather than the empire, and this died away even within the Conservative Party as the twentieth century progressed. Howe qualifies this view of the Home Rule debate (perhaps it needs further qualification) and his view that Conservative Unionism died with Ian Gow is slightly exaggerated.(3) He is stronger when pointing out that most anti-colonial writers tacitly excluded Ireland from their subject, as do most historians of empire.
A chapter on Irish historians discusses the teleological nationalist historical tradition and its partial supersession by professionalised historians associated with the journal Irish Historical Studies and by the outspoken "revisionism" of writers like Conor Cruise O'Brien. Howe finds both insufficiently concerned with comparative perspectives and criticises the excessive positivism of the scholars, but thinks this preferable to "even more methodologically retrograde" anti-revisionists, who also assume "Irish exceptionalism" and sometimes demand an usable past irrespective of its truth.
Howe then explores popular Unionist historical consciousness, making enterprising use of ephemera such as the Orange Standard and Ulster Review. "Anti-revisionists" find counterparts in Ian Adamson and Michael Hall's attempt to base a common Ulster identity on alleged descent from the Cruthin, a pre-Celtic people. Howe correctly cites archaeologists' declarations that the Cruthin are culturally invisible. For Adamson, who admires the fantasies of C.S. Lewis (another native of North Down) the Cruthin offer escape from political and cultural frustration into a heroic past. For Hall the Cruthin, because of their invisibility, represent the silent ordinary people past and present; his working-class ancestors in East Belfast, the present-day populations of republican and loyalist areas where he organises "think-tanks" of community workers, publishing the results. Hall's work for reconciliation is admirable, but the myth that drives it is false.
At the heart of this book lies a polemic against writers who present colonialism in cultural terms with little or no reference to material factors, who stretch the term to cover almost any form of domination or exploitation, who base sweeping generalisations on limited and partial readings of a few literary texts. His principal targets are writers associated with the Derry-based Field Day collective. Howe complains that these writers employ sophisticated theoretical apparatus to serve a simplistic interpretation of the Irish situation, that their definitions are so wide they are meaningless, and flaws and contradictions in their arguments are glossed over by postmodernist refusal to distinguish between myth and fact and assertions that when their version of "liberatory" discourse attains universal hegemony all will be reconciled and opposition will automatically cease to exist. (This ominously resembles the Dostoevskyan provincial intellectual hoping for universal liberty but impelled by his own logic to advocate universal slavery.)
Howe complains about their failure to define colonialism, which they present as an omnipresent Cartesian demon, and their refusal to engage with Ulster Unionism, a denial of the "otherness" which they invoke. Howe takes up Francis Mulhern's point that Field Day's view of Ireland is centered on Derry and dismisses the experience of the Republic as secondary to conflict with Britain. This should not imply that Derry experience is inauthentic, though Howe should acknowledge how this nationalist/republican view of the British state in Northern Ireland as active contributor to the conflict rather than neutral and reasonable guarantor reflects security force activities in the early 1970s and the limitations of direct rule. The Derry viewpoint also influences Field Day's view of Northern Ireland; partition appears purely oppressive and irrational more easily if Derry with its lost Donegal hinterland and longstanding repression of a local Catholic majority through gerrymandering, rather than Belfast and Protestant-majority East Ulster, is taken as paradigmatic.
Not all Howe's specific criticisms here are correct. Luke Gibbons may not offer direct citations for his interpretation of Burke's celebration of tradition as congruent with postmodern multiculturalism, but it is a plausible reading, and Gibbons' emphasis on the resurgence of certain traditionalisms in 1980s Ireland can be read as a statement that modernity will not arrive automatically but must be actively created and adapted. (p.126) Nonetheless, Howe is correct to point out the drawbacks of arguments which valorise "oppositional kinds of nationalism; decentralised, non-hierarchical, even anarchic, fragmentary and fugitive in expression, associated with peasant, proletarian, female, local and minority resistances (p.133)". Historians of agrarian violence and modern paramilitarism (loyalist and republican) show that while such "resistance" is often an embryonic form of political expression, it can also manifest as cruel, arbitrary and self-serving violence against neighbours and local rivals rather than external oppressors. Howe's reminder that for all their limitations the "conservative" founders of the southern Irish state averted the populist chaos and bloody dictatorships which consumed many newly independent states, and that victory for their "radical" opponents might have produced such horrors rather than the "liberatory" Utopia of retrospective postmodernist dreams (pp236-7), is well taken.(4) (It should be noted that in Ireland and elsewhere, centralised administration often serves as a check on predatory local vested interests.)(5)
The next chapters, on attributions of the Irish Republic's problems to neocolonial dependency and interpretations of the Northern Ireland conflict as anti-colonial, display painful examples of false prophecies and simplistic rhetoric. In the South, dependency theorists and economic nationalists explained the failure of protectionism by claiming it did not go far enough, while attributing to colonialism economic and social problems shared with most advanced industrial countries and predicting indefinite stagnation a shortly before a sustained economic boom. Many socialists in the 1970s and 1980s uncritically equated the Northern conflict with colonial wars elsewhere, even hinting Ulster Unionists should leave like Algerian colons. Some feminists presented all conservative and patriarchal elements of Irish life as colonial legacies which would vanish with IRA victory, uttering pseudo-traditionalist denunciations of feminists who disagreed.
Howe surveys Ulster Unionism, duly sceptical towards claims by "liberal unionists" like Arthur Aughey that the Britishness with which Unionists identify is inherently modern and multicultural. Howe argues that while Ulster Unionists supported the empire this was on the same terms as the rest of Britain, rather than as a separate settler community. He finds present-day Unionism fragmented, confused, often sectarian, but not a mere creation of British policy. After discussing James Loughlin's suggestion that Ulster Unionism is a British "Northern" regional identity, he favours Frank Wright's view that while the problem was shaped by the nineteenth-century decay of older colonial structures, Northern Ireland is an ethnic frontier rather than a settler colony. Howe concludes by arguing that colonialism is only part of the complex Irish experience, which has much in common with eastern and southern Europe. He appeals for transcendence of divisions through scholarly understanding and social democracy.
No survey so wide-ranging could be flawless, and reviews, like surveys, must to a large extent be reactive. Howe's details are more easily criticised than his framework. He is sometimes unduly dismissive towards individual commentators. He accuses Catherine Candy's article on the Irish-born Theosophist Margaret Cousins (1878-1954) of failing "to demonstrate that Cousins was at all involved in nationalist politics in Ireland or India" (p.49). Cousins' Irish political sympathies were nationalist though her main involvement was suffragist, and she was indeed active in the Indian nationalist movement.(6) Howe's criticism of Gearoid O Crualaoich's defence of myth is misplaced (p.144) O Crualaoich, a folklorist, is not presenting as myth superior to reason but pointing out that it can convey meaning.
Howe's account of nineteenth and twentieth-century Ireland too easily shades into wholesale dismissal of nationalist viewpoints. Liberalism and social democracy may resolve the Northern Ireland problem; it is still necessary to explain why, despite benefits conferred by Liberal reforms, many nineteenth-century Irish nationalists specifically repudiated liberalism as a hypocritical mask for patronage and power, why labourism failed to overcome sectarianism under Stormont. Domination and exploitation may not be colonial and still rankle; one does not have to substitute myth for reason to respect and decipher the unfamiliar and sometimes unpalatable idioms in which the maimed tried to express their situation. Mitchel's claim that the Great Famine was a premeditated act of genocide is unsustainable, and the incongruity between his advocacy of Irish liberty and African enslavement has always jarred, but his angry anti-liberal rhetoric seemed to many Irish nationalists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to explain something about the condition of Ireland they experienced.
Howe's account of Arthur Griffith, founder of Sinn Fein (pp44-8, 250n1), reproduces flaws in the literature for which I am partly responsible. Griffith's pamphlet Pitt's Policy, often cited as claiming Ireland should share the British Empire, tried to disprove by comparison with the actual state of affairs Unionist arguments that Ireland benefited from incorporation in the United Kingdom; it does not represent Griffith's own views. Griffith saw Mitchel's racism as irrelevant to his stature as an Irish nationalist, but did not endorse it (though he shared Mitchel's anti-Semitism); his early journalism contains impassioned denunciations of British atrocities against the Matabele (though he ignored similar atrocities by Afrikaners). Vincent Tucker's view of Griffith as prototype for Third World anti-colonial socialists (p.62) rests on the same misunderstanding as similar claims for earlier figures. Like his eighteenth and nineteenth-century precursors, Griffith believed an independent Ireland would replace British-sustained structures of privilege and patriotism by egalitarian citizenship and economic nationalism would spread prosperity. His historiographical misfortune was to clash with socialists who emphasised his faults while misunderstanding earlier figures who shared his outlook as precursors of their own(7)
In criticising Gibbons' claim that the national-Marxist James Connolly was influenced by economic nationalist arguments, Howe dismisses Connolly as uncritically reliant on romantic nationalist historians (p.63). This understates Connolly's originality; his Labour in Irish History (1910) challenges economic nationalists (anticipating modern economic historians) by arguing that pre-Union economic growth derived from the Industrial Revolution rather than the Irish Parliament, and that a non-socialist Irish state would serve the Irish bourgeoisie rather than the general interest. (The nationalist economic historian George O'Brien tried unsuccessfully to refute Connolly, fearing this "would deprive the Irish nation of one great argument in favour of the restoration of its parliamentary liberty".)(8)
Howe discusses the Irish Republic in terms of the failures of economic nationalism and dependency theory; more should be said about its cultural debates to explain why many southern intellectuals emphasise modernisation rather than colonialism. This gap reflects Howe's over-ready assumption that Irish nationalists were historically concerned with state power and cultural determinism is a recent development. In fact the 1880s and 1890s produced a cultural nationalism which reacted to perceived limitations of parliamentary politics by arguing that cultural self-confidence was necessary for political and economic revival, and in trying to work the British system the Irish unwittingly abandoned the sources of their strength. This drew on older critiques by Irish Tories who reacted to Irish nationalists and British reformers by posing as defenders of local pieties and opposing to universalist reformism a projected national culture reconciling all Irish classes and creeds to the status quo; a project partly co-opted by nationalist intellectuals like Davis who substituted nationalism as the basis of cultural reconciliation. (Knapp's view that Lady Gregory's primitivism reflected social conservatism as well as cultural nationalism (p.144) is less implausible than Howe suggests.)
The romantic Tory and Gaelic revivalist Standish O'Grady complained that scholarly historians ignored heroic virtues visible to the synthesising eye of the artist; this philosophy was adopted by the cultural nationalist Daniel Corkery, who attacked "scientific" history as futile sifting of colonial archives and conceived his study of the eighteenth-century Gaelic poetic tradition as a national epic of "Land, Nationalism, and Religion". (This resembles recent anti-revisionist critiques.) Some political nationalists saw culturalism as mystification distracting attention from statehood, but it was significant in the Literary Revival and the Irish-language movement and retrospectively perceived as inspiring the rebels of 1916-23. A version became the official ideology of the newly independent state, cited to justify various forms of social repression, and devastatingly attacked by consciously realist and modernist intellectuals such as Conor Cruise O'Brien. (Much twentieth-century scholarship celebrates the bureaucratic rationality of the civil service as saviour from the self-serving fantasies of political activists.) Many southern intellectuals thus accuse neo-nationalist cultural theorists of reviving a failed past, while some theorists' contortions reflect attempts to explain neo-traditionalism as externally imposed distortion of a valid project.
Howe's account of Unionism misses intriguing undercurrents. He overlooks a development which devastated Unionist self-confidence and self-perception; sections of the upper and upper-middle classes which formerly provided leadership and were associated with a "British" as distinct from "Ulster" ethos have dropped out of active political involvement (because of the erosion of the regional economic base which underpinned their power, and increasing distance between the metropolitan "Britishness" with which they identify and the "Ulster Britishness" of traditional Unionism.) The gap has been filled by more provincial figures and emphasis on Ulster-Scots traditions associated with Presbyterianism. This provides a history of disadvantage and antiestablishment protest which fits present-day discontent and provides rhetorical counterweight to nationalist accounts of their own oppression; it is also more reminiscent of sentimental nineteenth-century "kailyard" literature than of contemporary Scotland, and weakened by withdrawal of the institutional support which mainstream Presbyterianism provided to earlier manifestations. Ulster-Scots revivalism produced the only significant bicentennial Unionist reinterpretation of the 1798 Rising, overlooked by Howe. David Hume, a local historian from Ballycarry in East Antrim (a centre of United Irish activity in 1798), active in the "cultural Unionist" Ulster Society and Ulster-Scots revival projects, presents the rising as reflecting specifically Scots-Presbyterian radicalism renewed in tenant-farmer and Independent Orange protest movements of the early twentieth century.(9)
Howe overlooks instances where contemporary defenders of Unionism come from Catholic/nationalist backgrounds (notably Rory Fitzpatrick, author of God's Frontiersmen (p.102) and many British and Irish Communist Organisation writers associated with the intellectually-eccentric Brendan Clifford (pp178-80), a secularist from a Southern Catholic rural background, who after advocating "two nations" theory and electoral integration reverted to a pro-republican viewpoint in the early 1990s.)(10)
These shortcomings reflect gaps in the literature. Much remains to be done; Howe rightly calls for Irish scholars to expand their comparative range, "inserting Irish history, including... its radical, socialist and feminist movements, into the myriad stories of the North Atlantic archipelago [J.G.A. Pocock's name for the former British Isles], of Europe, of the Atlantic world ...[into] a genuinely rather than rhetorically comparative colonial and postcolonial historiography" (p.145). He deserves commendation for addressing his subjects and readers as equals rather than mystified puppets or keepers of ineffable mysteries, and for sharpening the tools of our labours.
- David A. Wilson United Irishmen in the United States: Immigrant Radicals In The Early Republic (Cornell University Press, 1998) pp133-40.Back to (1)
- John Mitchel Jail Journal (New York, 1854).Back to (2)
- It ignores the linking by sections of the Tory Right of compromise in Northern Ireland with European union as threats to British sovereignty (e.g. Peter Hitchens The Abolition of Britain (London, 1999; rev.ed. 2000) pp331-2, 337, 358-62), though this has very restricted political leverage.Back to (3)
- Tom Garvin 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy (Dublin, 1996).Back to (4)
- Mary Daly The Buffer State: The Historical Roots of the Department of the Environment (Dublin, 1997) pp297-320.Back to (5)
- James and Margaret Cousins We Two Together (Madras, 1950); Kumari Jayawardena The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia during British Rule (Routledge, New York, 1995); Women's Marginal Role in Politics - Madhu Kishwar.Back to (6)
- Brian Maye Arthur Griffith (Dublin, 1997); Patrick Maume The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Political Life 1891-1918 (Dublin, 1999); ibid. "Arthur Griffith, Young Ireland, and Republican Ideology: The Question of Continuity" Eire-Ireland 34, 2.Back to (7)
- George O'Brien Economic History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (Dublin & London, 1918) pp2-3, 304-5, 397-406.Back to (8)
- David Hume To Right Some Things That We Thought Wrong... The Spirit of 1798 and Presbyterian Radicalism in Ulster (Ulster Society, Lurgan, 1998).Back to (9)
- Clifford has always seen Northern Ireland as an unviable political entity; having failed to secure its full integration into the UK he advocated integration into a modernised Irish Republic. His earlier work influenced later universalist, as distinct from particularist, theorisations of Ulster Unionism.Back to (10)
Patrick Maume's comments on my book are both generous and challenging - which is a rarer combination of qualities in a reviewer than one might wish. I am indebted to him for his care and courtesy. As he says, Ireland and Empire, as a wide-ranging survey, is in great part reacting to (and sometimes against) a pre-existing secondary literature 'and reviews, like surveys, must to a large extent be reactive'. Part of my response, by the same token, must react to the reaction to the reaction: though in conclusion, I shall try to raise some broader, and less abjectly inter-textual, issues.
Maume deftly and accurately summarises the book's main themes, before proceeding to some specific suggestions and criticisms. The positive suggestions are all illuminating, and genuinely helpful. He is surely right to say that my work tends to lament rather than adequately to explain the successive failures of Radical-Liberalism and Labourism in Ireland, and especially in the North. More specifically, the appeal of anti-liberal rhetoric (as expressed in its most extreme forms by figures like John Mitchel - toward whom, perhaps surprisingly, Maume thinks me 'too lenient') to many Irish nationalists needs further exploration. Commentators have tended either to take it for granted as a natural, even desirable, aspect of anti-British cultural renewal, or to regard it as something inexplicably deplorable and retrograde. Maume may well be correct, too, in suggesting that Arthur Griffith's complex and rapidly-changing ideas deserve more sympathetic appraisal: though he is unduly self-deprecatory in attributing unfairly hostile judgements on Griffith partly to the influence of his own earlier work. Similarly, I must concur with Maume that my brief discussion of James Connolly's historical writings understates their originality. I was, no doubt, overreacting against the near-canonisation of Connolly so widely encountered, especially on the Irish left. In relation to the more recent politics of Northern Ireland, it is undoubtedly fair to say that the withdrawal of so much of the middle and upper classes from local political life has been a more significant phenomenon than I had allowed for - although I did not entirely neglect it. More attention might also be given, as Maume suggests, to various intriguing ideological crosscurrents in contemporary northern Irish life, including the 'defenders of Unionism.from Catholic/nationalist backgrounds' whom he mentions. I'm not sure, however, that it is quite fair to say I 'overlook' these - several of the individuals concerned are discussed quite extensively in the book, as are some figures who have 'crossed over' in the other direction, and indeed my Acknowledgements page may hint how important some of these have been to my thinking. Nor am I quite certain that it is necessarily discreditable to admire C.S. Lewis, or even to enjoy Scottish 'kailyard' novelists, as Maume seems to imply. (Personally, I've long had a certain sneaking regard for S.R. Crockett, if only on the 'so-bad-it's-good' principle).
On a broader issue, the relationship between culturalism and statism in Irish nationalist thought, Maume also has important things to say, some modifying and some supplementing my abbreviated (and, perhaps, over-polemical) account, and drawing on his own major recent work The Long Gestation. I regret that the latter appeared too late for me to make use of it. I regret almost as much my failure to discuss David Hume's intriguing little book on the United Irishmen, to which Maume refers, either in Ireland and Empire or in my History Workshop article on commemorations of the 1798 rising. 1
Maume's argument that there is a need 'to respect and decipher the unfamiliar and sometimes unpalatable idioms in which the maimed tried to express their situation' is well taken. I had tried to explore some of the dilemmas involved here in a previous book and associated writings on visions of the African past. 2 Quite possibly a desire not to repeat myself resulted in my not being sufficiently explicit about these dilemmas in the Irish context. I did, however, signal clearly that my too-brief critical discussion of Irish nationalists' attitudes to international, colonial and racial questions did not intend to suggest that these were unusually reprehensible, but rather that (contrary to much subsequent myth-making) they were very similar to those of radicals and of small-nation nationalists elsewhere in Europe: similar not least in their inconsistencies and their racially-inflected occlusions. I really don't feel that this 'too easily shades into wholesale dismissal of nationalist viewpoints', as Maume suggests: though he is right to say that there were more exceptions than I allowed for, not least among the United Irishmen of the 1790s.
As to specific criticisms, I am in a sense surprised - and naturally pleased - that Patrick Maume did not identify more errors of fact or judgement than he did, especially in relation to late nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish politics. Few if any historians are better equipped to tug at my loose threads or qualify my over-hasty generalisations than is Maume. One or two of his remarks, however, may have slightly misinterpreted what I had written. I did not, for instance, say that Tory Unionism died with Ian Gow. That would indeed have been an exaggerated, if not downright false, claim - as a reading of almost any weekend's Sunday Telegraph will confirm. In context, the comment related specifically to parliamentary politics, and my claim was that Gow was the last 'really influential and able' supporter of a traditional kind of Unionism in the Commons. Peter Hitchens, whom Maume cites in contradiction, is not an MP or a party-political figure as such, and opinions might differ as to whether he is 'really influential and able', for all the eloquence of his laments at Old England's passing. Gearoid O Crualaoich does not, indeed, proclaim that myth is superior to reason - nor did I suggest that he does so - but the argument he presents is more far-reaching, and in my view more vulnerable, than the bland and unexceptionable notion that myth can convey meaning. I did not criticise James F. Knapp for attributing Lady Gregory's primitivism to social conservatism, but for deriving it from her supposed position as 'both colonizer and colonized', as an instance of what is by now a routine, cliched application of colonial discourse theory to Irish literary works.
Maume begins his review by pointing out that the intimacy of Irish intellectual life often means that criticism is either 'muffled by tact or excessively personalised'. He suggests that Ireland and Empire is by contrast 'uncompromising in praise and criticism'. I take this as a compliment, though a slightly edgy one. I had myself noted how 'explosions of rage are lurking, barely concealed, beneath the surface of much of the writing we are examining'. It is tempting, if potentially rather self-indulgent, to ruminate on how receptions of one's own work relate to such patterns. Certainly not all have been as calm or judicious as Maume's. Although Ireland and Empire is, in part, unabashedly polemical, and although responses to my previous work have made me no stranger to controversy, I have been surprised by how angry, indeed 'excessively personalised', some reactions have been. Unexpected, also, was the extent to which Unionist commentators have in the main liked the book more than nationalist ones have seemed to do: for whatever the book is, it is not 'Unionist' in sympathies. Less surprising is that hostile responses have come mainly from literary and cultural critics, positive ones from historians, sociologists and political analysts; and that the angriest (indeed in my view maliciously distorting) reaction so far has come not from Ireland or Britain but from New York.
A final thought, which may be ungenerous or at best premature: as Maume rightly says, much of the impetus behind my book and associated articles 3 was to urge the value of comparative analysis of the Irish past. None of the responses I have so far read, including even Maume's, takes up this challenge. Assumptions of Irish exceptionalism - often mirroring, as I have suggested, the yet older and stronger ideology of the 'peculiarities of the English' - continue to be the reigning orthodoxy. One of the paradoxes of my subject is that analyses of Ireland as 'colonial' or 'postcolonial' have tended to reinforce rather than modify such intellectual habits.
1.'Speaking of '98: History, Politics and Memory in the Bicentenary of the 1798 United Irish Uprising' History Workshop Journal 47 (1999). I suspect, however, that Hume's work has not circulated far outside Lurgan - it does not appear even to be listed or stocked by its publisher, the Ulster Society. The point Maume extracts from it, on the specifically Scots-Presbyterian roots of 1790s radicalism in eastern Ulster, has been well made also in more widely accessible works by A.T.Q. Stewart and Ian McBride.
2. Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes (London 1998); 'L'Afrique comme sublime objet d'ideologie' in Francois-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar et.al. (eds.), Afrocentrismes: L'histoire des Africains entre Egypte et Amerique (Paris 2000).
3. For instance, 'The Politics of Historical "Revisionism": Comparing Ireland and Israel/Palestine' Past and Present 168 (2000). | <urn:uuid:96e3818c-ad82-4b37-b2d6-a10dd19bc902> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/175 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.950135 | 6,232 | 3.375 | 3 |
Olympia oysters, whose slender, two-inch shells can be found in historic Native American sites across the Bay Area, are believed to thrive in the shallow water below the tide. But more than a century after nearly disappearing, the Olys could make a comeback at Point Pinole.
The Gold Rush era and the rise of hydraulic mining sent waves of mud downriver, covering the hard bedrock off Richmond’s north shoreline, destroying much of the shellfish’s ideal habitat.
“Combine that with overharvesting and lower water quality and you can wipe them out, but there are still pockets of native oysters in the Bay,” said Christopher Lim, Living Shoreline project manager at the Watershed Project.
The Richmond-based environmental group will soon begin an effort to rebuild the Olys’ habitat using 100 artificial reefs. Larval oysters float through the Bay in search of a rough surface to attach to and grow – in this case, that surface will be the 250-pound dome structures.
To read the full story by Sean Greene, visit Richmond Confidential. | <urn:uuid:bcce774d-d8b3-4761-b135-5a18d061ecb0> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://blog.sfgate.com/incontracosta/2012/10/15/oysters-in-for-a-comeback-at-point-pinole/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770403.126/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00136-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919517 | 229 | 3 | 3 |
What’s the difference between braising and sous vide cooking?
There are two main types of cooking methods used today: braising and sous viding.
Braising involves slow simmering food in liquid at low temperatures.
This method is often used to create rich flavors and tender meat.
Sous vide is a French term meaning “under vacuum”.
It refers to cooking food using a plastic bag sealed tightly around the food.
z3gQ_Zk6wK4 I’m going to explain you how to cook chicken breast using both methods.
What Is Sous Vide Cooking?
Sous vide cooking is a method of cooking where food is sealed in vacuum bags and cooked under precise conditions. It was invented in France in the 1980s and came into wide usage in the 1990s. Today, sous vide is used in restaurants around the world.
What Is Braising?
Braising is a technique of cooking meat or vegetables slowly in liquid, usually covered, until tender. In braising, the meat or vegetable is submerged in liquid usually water and placed in a tightly sealed vessel. As the liquid heats up, the moisture evaporates from the surface of the food, leaving behind a flavorful sauce. This process takes longer than other methods of cooking because the food is not exposed to direct heat.
Braising is a method of cooking where the food is cooked in liquid, usually water, but sometimes wine or broth, and is covered. It is done at low temperatures, typically around 200°F 93°C, and is used to soften tough cuts of meat, such as beef short ribs, brisket, chuck roast, pork shoulder, lamb shanks, and veal shank. Other meats that benefit from braising include poultry, game birds, and fish.
Sous vide is a technique of cooking food using vacuum sealed bags. Food is placed into a bag and immersed in hot water usually between 130°F 90°C and 165°F 140°C for several hours. This allows the food to cook evenly throughout.
Time of cooking
Sous vide is used for cooking meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, fruit, desserts and even ice cream. It’s a great way to cook food because it cooks food evenly and quickly.
Sous Vide Cooking uses precise temperatures to ensure uniformity of results. Temperature is controlled using immersion circulators also called "circulators" or "water bath" which circulate hot water around the food being cooked. Food is placed into a plastic bag and immersed in the water bath, which is heated to the desired temperature. This method allows for very consistent results and is ideal for delicate foods such as eggs, seafood, and sauces. Cooking times
Sous vide cooking requires specialized equipment. It is not something that can be done at home. However, if you are interested in learning how to sous vide, we recommend checking out our article on sous vide cooking. Temperature Sous Vide Cooking requires precise temperatures to ensure uniform results. Temperature is controlled by immersion circulators also known as “circulators” or “water baths” which circulate hot water around food being cooked. Food items are placed into a plastic bag, and immersed in the waterbath, which is heated to desired temperature. This method ensures very consistent results and is perfect for delicate foods such as egg whites, fish, and sauces.
Sous vide cooking is great for tenderizing tough cuts of meat. It allows you to cook meats to a higher internal temperature than traditional methods, resulting in a more evenly cooked product. Cooking times
Sous Vide Cooking is a method of cooking where food is sealed in vacuum bags and heated to precise temperatures for specific amounts of time. This process results in a very even cooking throughout the whole piece of meat. The end result is a perfectly cooked steak every single time.
Will sous vide make tough meat tender?
Braising is a technique that uses low heat to slowly cook meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, vegetables, and other ingredients in liquid. Braised dishes tend to be rich and flavorful because the slow cooking process allows the flavors to infuse into the dish.
What is the benefit of braising?
Sous vide is a method of cooking where food is vacuum sealed and cooked in a bag in a water bath. It’s used to preserve the texture and flavor of the food while retaining moisture. To tenderize steak sous vide, place the steak in a bag with a marinade and let sit overnight. Remove from the bag and sear in a pan.
How do you tenderize steak sous vide?
Braising is similar to searing but instead of using high heat, it uses lower heat. Braising is usually done in liquid such as soups, stews, sauces, stocks, and braises. Searing is done on dry meat or fish.
What are the benefits of braising meat?
Yes, it is a healthy cooking method because it uses low temperatures and long periods of simmering. It is also a very forgiving method since it allows for mistakes.
Is braising a healthy cooking method?
Braising is a method of cooking where food is slowly simmered in liquid until tender. This process is done in a covered pan to prevent evaporation and allow the flavors to concentrate.
What is braising of food?
Braised dishes are usually slow cooked using liquid often wine and aromatics. Braising is a great way to get tender cuts of meat. It’s also a good way to cook vegetables because it concentrates their flavors. In addition, it helps retain moisture in the dish.
Is braising the same as searing?
Sous vide is a method of cooking where food is cooked in vacuum sealed bags and immersed in water baths. It was invented in France in the 1970s and is now used worldwide. Sous vide cooking uses low temperatures around 40°C and long times up to 24 hours. This produces very tender results. However, it does not produce any Maillard reactions, which give tougher meats such as beef brisket and pork belly their characteristic flavor.
In conclusion, sous vide cooking is a great way to add flavor to your dishes, but you can’t beat the convenience of a meal that is ready when you are. | <urn:uuid:12f4bb1e-b6cf-4f43-9a91-08c5137b5ce7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://crowburgerkitchen.com/braising-vs-sous-vide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710898.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202050510-20221202080510-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.949169 | 1,324 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Herman Georg Simmons (1866-1943)
Simmons was born in Skåne, Sweden and participated as botanist on Otto Sverdrup’s 2nd Fram expedition to northwest Greenland and the islands of northeast Canada 1898-1902
Herman Georg Simmons had previously, in 1895, been on an expedition to the Faroe Islands. He published several scientific works from the Fram expedition.
The 2nd Fram expedition was different from the two others, with Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen, in the number of qualified scientists that participated – 5 of the 16. The expedition therefore produced an impressive amount of scientific data, in addition to surveying c. 150 000 km2 of the previously uncharted islands of what today is the Canadian province of Nunavut.
Despite the amount of botanical material that Simmons managed to gather, he found the expedition at times to be frustrating. This was because the scientists were under the command of the mates of the Fram, Baumann and Raanes, and not directly under Captain Sverdrup. The professional sailors, including Sverdrup, did not quite understand all this botanising. In addition the expedition contract bound the participants to take any work onboard that they were ordered to. The situation gave Simmons a serious depression during the last two winters. He instructed the expedition cook, Adolf Henrik Lindstrøm, in plant collecting, which Lindstrøm did with great eagerness and success.
Simmons was able to collect enough data to publish widely on return. He became internationally known as an Arctic botanist and he held many lectures, including one in 1904 on the distribution and migrations of Eskimos. In 1906 he became lecturer at the University of Lund, and then was professor at the Ultuna Agricultural Institute near Uppsala 1918-32. From 1928-32 he was head of the Institute. After his retirement he continued to publish from his house at Lidingø by Stockholm. | <urn:uuid:a5c7236d-c81e-45a6-b38f-bf0471ffd4a3> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://frammuseum.no/Polar-Heroes/Crew-Heroes/Simmons.aspx?lang=en-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829839.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00366-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979941 | 421 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Transaction: Transaction is a
group of sql (DML) statements which are used to perform certain combination of
operations like write, update etc. into one unit to make the consistency of
data. They are used to perform multiple actions if and only if all the operations
can be performed else none of the action or operation should not be done and
the database should not affect i.e; the transaction is ROLLBACK. If all the
operations are performed successfully than it will be save to database by
issuing the COMMIT command. There is a Transaction log which are used to change
the database to original state in case of any failure occurred. One has to
design the transaction in such way that it ensure the ACID properties. The real
scenarios where Transactions are used are Bank data base for money transactions,
railway reservation etc. Transaction is
an automatic work with respect to recovery and consistency.
Example of transaction of bank transaction using TRY catch block.
UPDATE account SET total=total+5000.0 WHERE account_id=1337;
UPDATE account SET total=total-5000.0 WHERE account_id=45887;
PRINT ‘Transaction rollback’
When we execute this procedure if the two commands
execute successful then transaction Commit else it goes to CATCH block and
Transaction processing gives a
scheme which is used to check the progress and controls the execution of
transaction programs. Transaction processing mainly used in mission-critical
applications which requires large amount of parallel users with minimum
downtime. Proper use of Transaction
Processing results the controlling the execution of several applications which
are executing parallel. Transaction processing ensures the ACID properties over
different databases this can be done by using two-phase COMMIT. Transaction
processing system is best used if an application requires online access and
also if there is a modification on different databases.
Local Transaction: When the
transaction is limited to only single database or resource is called Local
Transaction and all the operations will commit at the end point of the
Unlike to local transaction which
are limited to specific resource distributed transactions extend across
multiple databases or resources. It is similar to local transaction where at
the end point of the transaction it should be either committed or roll backed.
If we have a situation where network failure occurs then but unfortunately in
place of rollback all the transactions the data in one of the database or
resource is committing this can happen due to many reasons to minimize these
type of risk distributed transaction uses TWO –PHASE COMMIT process.
Implicit transaction contains
only one statement of either INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc. After connecting to
the database then if we perform or execute any DML statements then changes are
made and saved to database automatically. This happens since the connection is
in auto commit transaction mode. If you don’t want to save any changes until
unless you specifies the COMMIT or ROLLBACK then we can use Implicit
Transaction. Using Implicit Transaction the transactions remains in effect
until the user issues the COMMIT or ROLLBACK commands.
Explicit transaction contains
multiple statements with BEGIN indicates start the transaction and END
indicates end the transaction. Using explicit transaction the transaction is
controlled by the user when the transaction is going to start and when it
should ends. These are also called user-defined transactions. | <urn:uuid:45f9375d-fca0-4c11-8b7e-b6075d82af4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://niagarafallshypnosiscenter.com/transaction-parallel-users-with-minimum-downtime-proper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888931.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025100059-20201025130059-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.825374 | 710 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Car accidents are common in the US, as well as the city of Seattle. In the year 2019, there have been 11,092 road crashes in the city. Of this number, 192 were suspected of having resulted in severe injuries, while 886 had minor injuries.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, more than three million are injured in car accidents every year. Car collisions most often result in whiplash, which can cause serious injuries such as a TMJ dysfunction. If you have been involved in a car crash, you might need TMJ treatment.
What Is Whiplash?
Whiplash is a neck injury that results from the rapid back and forth motion of the head and the neck. It occurs mostly in car collisions. When the vehicle is hit from behind, the passenger’s head is whipped back. The muscles in the lower jaw experience a high amount of pressure, depending on the force of impact. It can also cause injuries in the disks between the bones of the neck, as well as in its ligaments, nerves, muscles, and tissues. In some severe cases, it can cause spinal injury.
People can also experience whiplash from contact sports activities, physical abuse, falls, and other physical trauma.
Symptoms of Whiplash and TMJ
If you have been involved in a car accident, it is a must that you observe your body for any signs of trauma and injury. The signs and symptoms usually become obvious within days after sustaining the injury. These include but are not limited to the following:
- Stiffness and neck pain
- Severe neck pain with every movement
- Headaches that start at the base of the skull
- Shoulder pain
- Tenderness in the upper back and arms
- Loss of neck motion
- Blurred vision
- Memory problems
- Hearing problems
- Light sensitivity
Whiplash can also result in a TMJ or temporomandibular joint dysfunction. TMJ dysfunction occurs when there is a displacement of the discs in the jaw joint. In a study by the American Dental Association, it was found that one in three people who experienced whiplash is at risk of TMJ. However, most developed delayed TMJ symptoms. The symptoms of TMJ can include:
- Tenderness in the jaw
- Pain in either or both temporomandibular joints
- Pain around or in the ear
- Pain when chewing
- Difficulty to open and close mouth
- Clicking sound when chewing and opening or closing your mouth
- Sensitive teeth
Why Is TMJ Often Overlooked in Car Accidents?
In a car collision, the body is subjected to a strong impact and various rapid movements. The body is pulled into several directions all at once. Most people believe that the head must experience severe trauma to develop a whiplash injury and damage your TMJ. Direct trauma is not necessary for a TMJ dysfunction to develop. The abnormal and violent movements brought about by the collision can cause the lower jaw to stretch and tear the ligaments in one or both TMJ.
Treatment of TMJ Dysfunction
In some cases, the symptoms of a TMJ dysfunction will just go away. However, when the pain and symptoms persist, your doctor will recommend some medications and therapies which can be done in parallel.
Pain relievers and anti-inflammatories can relieve the pain brought by TMJ. Your doctor can also prescribe muscle relaxants to help relieve painful muscle spasms.
Physical therapy can be recommended to alleviate the pain and strengthen your jaw muscles.
You can also manage TMJ pain by doing the following lifestyle changes:
- Eat a soft diet
- Avoid biting your nails
- Avoid chewing gums
- Limit jaw movements
- Practice good posture
- Use a toothbrush with soft bristles
- Use a water flosser instead of the regular floss
Discuss your condition with your dentist. Your dentist can recommend alternative dental care to help relieve your pain.
How Can Chiropractic Care Help Alleviate TMJ
Licensed chiropractors can help alleviate the tension in the spine, which can help relieve the pain brought about by TMJ. Chiropractic care can improve the victim’s situation through joint manipulation, which helps restore movement in the jaw.
Your chiropractor will help loosen up your jaw muscles. Chiropractors use safe and precise methods to manipulate your joints to reduce pain. Pain-blocking techniques can also be done to relieve you of back pain and neck pain.
Overall, victims of car collisions immediately seek medical attention. Some trauma might not be visible to the naked eye and can only be detected by tests done by medical professionals. TMJ pain can be debilitating, but it does not have to affect the quality of your life. | <urn:uuid:47df65d6-b23c-43b5-95fb-47d12a443940> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.competitivehealthcare.org/car-collisions-and-tmj-dysfunction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.952213 | 1,002 | 2.65625 | 3 |
On August 22, a Russian Soyuz rocket will blast off from the Baikonur launch site on an experimental mission to the International Space Station. Hitching a ride on the flight will be a revolutionary telescope developed by an international team led by Japan’s RIKEN national laboratory. The experiment, dubbed Mini-EUSO, will look down at the earth’s night atmosphere from the ISS, essentially using the atmosphere as an enormous observatory for exploring poorly understood atmospheric phenomena such as “sprites” and “elves,” a hypothesized form of matter called “strange quark matter,” and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
Importantly, the Mini-EUSO observatory will carry out the first ever nighttime observations of the earth’s atmosphere from space in the near-ultraviolet band. To make this possible, it will be situated in front of the UV transparent window in the Zvezda Russian module in the ISS, looking at Earth in a nadir position.
The observatory will have a long list of scientific missions. First, it will observe the near-UV background level in preparation for near future ultra-high-energy cosmic ray space observatory missions. Second, it will look for “strange quark matter,” a type of hypothesized super-dense matter that has never been observed but might create traces by burning up in the atmosphere. Small pieces of this type of matter, called “strangelets,” are one candidate for the dark matter that is currently the subject of a massive scientific search. Failing to see such traces would create observations that could help in the search for dark matter, by putting upper limits on the mass of such objects.
Another goal is to look at ultra-high energy cosmic rays, with energies above 10 to the 21 electron volts. There are no certain observations of events at this energy, with the highest energy recorded on the ground being 3 times 1020 electron volts, so this might indicate that they simply do not exist. Seeing one would indicate that there are phenomena in the universe that could create them, and would trigger a search for them.
Other goals are to look at bio-luminescence from plankton in the ocean, helping to understand sea life and pollution, and to observe high-altitude atmospheric lighting and meteoroids entering the atmosphere. Those these phenomena have been examined in other light bands, seeing them from above in ultraviolet could reveal new findings regarding their mechanism.
Mini-EUSO was developed by the JEM-EUSO collaboration, which brings together 306 researchers from 84 institutes in 16 countries, with the support of some of the world’s most important international and national research funding institutions with the flight itself being the result of an agreement with the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and Russian’s space agency Roscosmos. An important aspect of the project is that the entire detector was realized in-house, with the large Fresnel lenses manufactured in-house at RIKEN, and with the detectors and electronics integrated and tested in the various institutes, leading to a significant cost reduction compared to other detectors.
According to Marco Casolino, the leader of the Mini-EUSO team, “It took many years of planning and negotiations to get this project going, and we are very happy that it is finally off into space to begin observations. We are providing the first view ever of the night sky from above in the ultraviolet range, and we hope to see a few surprises in addition to the planned scientific observations that we will carry out.”
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP17H02905". | <urn:uuid:409fd90b-59e0-491d-9f02-c5ed7de9af88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.riken.jp/en/news_pubs/news/2019/20190820_1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.943637 | 766 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Choose Point of View
Step 1. Choose a scene and the two characters to work with. The scene you choose could be one of you have already written or one that you are planning but haven’t written yet. In either case, this exercise will help you sort through the decision about the best “point of view” for your story.
Step 2. Read the “Point of View” section in Chapter 2 of your textbook before you tackle this assignment.
Step 3. Write the scene from Character A’s point of view using first person.
Step 4. Write the same scene from Character B’s point of view using the third person.
Step 5. After you finish writing your scene from two points of view, take a minute to analyze what you have on hand. Which point of view works best? Maybe you will stick with the point of view you started with. Fine! Or maybe you will decide to switch to another point of view.
Here’s a thought. Some stories are told by an omniscient narrator. As your text puts it, this kind of narrator “gets into everyone’s mind in turn.” Maybe you will decide to go with an omniscient narrator, in which case, you could use both points of view.
Submit your sample of two different points of view of the same scene.
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Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.[order_calculator] | <urn:uuid:ac4b2601-25a9-4afa-8cad-0f76a3945566> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.premiumresearchwriters.com/choose-a-scene-and-the-two-characters-to-work-with-the-scene-you-choose-could-be-one-of-you-have-already-written-or-one-that-you-are-planning-but-havent-written-yet-in-either-case-this-exercise-w/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474690.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228012542-20240228042542-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.932054 | 388 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Embossing & Debossing
Embossing enhances print with stunning 3-D effects. It is the stamping of a design into paper or card to produce a raised effect, whereas blind embossing uses no ink or foil – the design is only visible as a raised area. Debossing, on the other hand, creates a depression rather than an impression.
Embossing can be used with foil to add extra height to the foil. | <urn:uuid:4812a54c-58a4-4387-a125-c366f62c9329> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.whitehallprinting.co.uk/case-study/embossing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519600.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119170058-20210119200058-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.883716 | 93 | 2.671875 | 3 |
By Brian Mattmiller
Mitochondria are the engines that drive cellular life, but these complex machines are vulnerable to a wide range of breakdowns, and hundreds of their component parts remain a functional mystery.
Dave Pagliarini, director of metabolism for the Morgridge Institute for Research and UW-Madison associate professor of biochemistry, is working to identify the more than 200 proteins associated with mitochondria that currently have no defined function. Completing this process will give science a complete map of mitochondrial function and help discover the origins of more than 150 poorly understood diseases associated with mitochondria.
New features of that map are taking shape today. Two related studies led by the Pagliarini lab, published consecutively in today’s (Aug. 4) issue of the journal Molecular Cell, identify functions for three little-known mitochondrial proteins that play either a direct or potential role in disease.
Mitochondria are tiny organelles that exist in all human cells except red blood cells and consume about 95 percent of oxygen people breathe in order to manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the chemical currency of the cell. Mitochondrial diseases strike about 1 in 4,000 people and there are currently no licensed therapies available, beyond treatments with vitamins and supplements.
UW-Madison chemistry graduate student Emily Wilkerson prepares a mass spectrometer to analyze a mitochondrial protein sample.
“We began by trying to learn something about what these proteins do by understanding what other proteins they physically interact with,” says Pagliarini. To do this, Pagliarini’s group partnered with Josh Coon’s laboratory, a group that specializes in mass spectrometry and protein analysis. Using the Coon Lab’s cutting edge spectrometry techniques, they gained clues about the functions of uncharacterized proteins by mapping their interactions with known ones.
Using the Coon lab’s cutting-edge spectrometry techniques, they create protein association maps, much like deciphering a protein social network. “Our analysis required over 1,000 mass spectrometry experiments, each taking several hours to complete,” says Emily Wilkerson, a graduate student in the Coon lab.
“In our first paper, we found about 2,000 interactions that we think are particularly robust, out of more than 100,000 total,” adds Pagliarini. “These top 2 percent of interactions are really telling us something about protein function and will be very useful to the research community in the years ahead.”
The studies already helped assign function to three previously unknown proteins. The first one plays a key role in the assembly of complex I, the first of a series of protein complexes used to create ATP. Complex I deficiencies represent the largest class of inborn errors of metabolism. The team revealed that complex I does not function when missing this protein.
“Patients with complex I deficiencies are unable to turn sugar and other sources of fuel into energy,” says Brendan Floyd, a UW-Madison MD-PhD student and co-author. “They can’t make ATP and complete other processes. Symptoms can be very wide-ranging, from severe inborn diseases that are fatal, to effects later in life related to the inability to grow properly or exercise.”
Floyd says the team confirmed this finding by examining the case of a patient with a complex I disorder. That patient appeared to have a deficiency in the protein the team identified.
Two other newly defined proteins are players in the production and use of coenzyme Q, a molecule that is essential to energy production within all cells. Coenzyme Q has been called the “spark plug” of the cell since all fuels being broken down by mitochondria to produce ATP rely on its action.
Inborn coenzyme Q deficiencies can lead to brain and muscular disorders, and coenzyme Q can be in lower quantities in people with cancer, diabetes, heart conditions, Parkinson’s and other diseases.
Coon group graduate students Catie Minogue, left, and Emily Wilkerson, right, prepare mitochondrial protein samples for mass spectrometry analysis.
Floyd says the identification of protein function can be an essential first step in the eventual quest to develop therapies. Protein function discoveries in the past 20 years have been the impetus for therapies for cystic fibrosis, and the ability to inhibit certain types of protein expression is at the heart of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs.
The second paper identified a link between a protein used in coenzyme Q synthesis and the development of cerebellar ataxia, which leads to abnormalities in balance, gait and eye movement. An international collaboration with Hélène Puccio and colleagues in France was key for this work. The researchers found that this protein is required for assembling other coenzyme Q-related proteins into a complex inside mitochondria. By working with Craig Bingman, a protein crystallographer in the Department of Biochemistry at UW-Madison, the team also captured new snapshots of this protein in action.
Jonathan Stefely, a Morgridge postdoctoral research associate and co-author, says the research will continue for many more missing steps in the pathway that produces coenzyme Q. This molecule can only be produced in the body and does not come from diet. “If we know the biochemical functions of proteins throughout this pathway, we might be able to design therapies or drugs that bypass a dysfunctional step in coenzyme Q production,” he says.
Pagliarini says these findings only scratch the surface of what useful information may be found in their protein interaction database, which is public and available to the research community. This initial project focused on 50 uncharacterized proteins that, based on literature searches, showed some likelihood of being associated with human disease. “We hope that researchers around the world will use our data to further understand how these mitochondrial protein work, thereby giving us a chance to fix them when they malfunction.”
This article was not written by Coon Laboratories and can be viewed at: http://news.wisc.edu/scientists-create-road-map-to-metabolic-reprogramming-for-aging/ | <urn:uuid:bed8b85d-d733-42ff-b63b-ccaeed470635> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://coonlabs.com/news/mitochondrial-maps-reveal-new-connections-poorly-understood-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316549.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821220456-20190822002456-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.92828 | 1,295 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Last Updated on May 25, 2012
Who May Vote in the June 12, 2012 Primary Election
What Is a Primary Election
The Primary Election is a nominating election in which each major party (Democrat and Republican) selects, when necessary, the candidate for each office it will send forward to the November General Election. In nonpartisan contests in which more than two candidates filed to run, the two candidates who receive the most votes in the Primary Election go forward to the General Election. Candidates for U.S. President/Vice President and Special District offices only appear in the General Election.
Nevada Is a CLOSED Primary Election State
In Nevada, Federal/State Primary Elections are "CLOSED." That means if you chose Democrat or Republican as your party on your Voter Registration Application, you may vote only for candidates from your own party and you may also vote in nonpartisan contests. If you chose a party affiliation that was anything other than Democrat or Republican, you may vote only in nonpartisan contests.
Facts, Figures and Data about the June 12, 2012 Primary Election
Candidates/Contests and Questions
June 12, 2012 Primary Election Candidates, Contests, and Ballot Questions
Ballots and Sample Ballots
All Offices up for Election in 2012
Types of Elections and Party Affiliation, Including Information on Nevada's Closed Primary Elections
Early Voting, May 26 - June 8, 2012
Election Day Voting for the June 12, 2012 Primary Election
The Federal/State Primary Election will be on June 12, 2012. All persons properly registered to vote in Clark County, NV, on or before the applicable deadline may vote early before Election Day at any early voting site, by mail, or on Election Day at their assigned polling place from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Important election and registration related dates for the 2012 Elections are available online.
Election Night Results and Tabulation for the Municipal General Election
Mail / Absentee Ballots
Voting Machines and Systems
Tips for Easier and Faster Voting
Rules for the Media, Public Observation (Including Pollwatchers),
Past Election Results | <urn:uuid:a8da7bfa-6631-4fd6-b6b4-8ffd9f36cce1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.clarkcountynv.gov/election/Pages/2012_Prim_Index.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109682.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821232346-20170822012346-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.935127 | 439 | 2.625 | 3 |
Black Unemployment Matters Just as Much as White Unemployment
In April 2020, after the labor market took its largest one-month hit in modern history, Black men and women suffered job losses proportionate to those of white women. Still, their losses were far less severe than those of Hispanic men and women. Black workers already had higher unemployment rates, as has always been the case, but their unemployment rates did not skyrocket as much as other groups. In fact, while the Black unemployment rate normally hovers around two times higher than that of whites, the racial disparities in the unemployment rate fell during the height of the coronavirus crisis. Black job losses were not as extreme as might have been expected because Black workers were overrepresented in the sectors deemed essential. Yet, since April 2020, the ratio of Black to white unemployment has been on a path to return to its typical level — with Black workers experiencing twice the level of unemployment as their white neighbors. | <urn:uuid:32ce2aa8-747c-4c7f-a374-c972658586ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://wisaflcio.org/lakes-regional-labor-council-afl-cio/news/black-unemployment-matters-just-much-white-unemployment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104204514.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702192528-20220702222528-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.989751 | 189 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“Learning is a team sport.”
Safety is a precondition for learning – classrooms must be physically and emotionally safe places for students. Educators can work together with students to create a caring and respectful classroom community that celebrates the diverse backgrounds, different skill sets and different strengths of each and every student. Classrooms that are safe promote student well-being and allow students to learn to the very best of their ability.
In British Columbia, the use of the word ‘inclusion’ has generally referred to the inclusion of students with special needs in our classrooms. When we expand the term ‘inclusion’ to mean including a broader range of students that may be at a disadvantage socially or academically because of their socioeconomic, cultural, religious or political backgrounds, we begin to more effectively work towards creating a truly inclusive classroom community.
In her book, Teaching to Diversity: The Three Block Model of Universal Design for Learning, Jennifer Katz writes, “In education, at all levels, the terms inclusion and inclusive are used increasingly to mean that all students have the opportunity to learn and grow in learning communities alongside their peers.”
As we know, the classroom is where it all happens. It is the place that students spend most of their time throughout the year. Their classroom becomes a second home to them and educators and peers like a second family. Helping students honour the diversity in their classroom encourages them to accept and embrace the similarities and differences they have with their peers. Classrooms become a space of belonging and acceptance – a true community. Creating a learning community where everyone feels valued and able to take risks with their learning is a complex and sometimes challenging process that requires an investment in time and effort. The reward, however, is well worth that time and effort for both educators and students.
Video: Respecting Diversity, Building Community
In this video teachers and students share the positive impact of building community in their classrooms and highlight the noticeable changes in student self-esteem, peer acceptance and engagement.
Jennifer Katz, developed the ‘Respecting Diversity Program’ for educators who want to build compassionate learning communities in the classroom. The program is used at the beginning of the school year to help students develop self-concept and respect for others. The program introduces the theory of Multiple Intelligences to give students common language about their strengths and learning styles. Jennifer has a series of videos that show educators how to lead and guide students through the ‘Respecting Diversity Program’. For more information and detailed lesson plans and ides on how to extend the Respecting Diversity Program across the curriculum, read her book, Teaching to Diversity: The Three-Block Model of Universal for Learning.
Educators who have adopted and implemented UDL in their classrooms, plan and accommodate every learner within in the classroom environment as much as possible. Support services from school or district specialists are delivered to students in the classroom itself. This helps reinforce that sense that critical sense of community with every learner belonging in the classroom. Consequently, pullouts are minimized and all students who require individual or small group support, receive it in the classroom setting.
In this following video, classroom and specialist teachers share their views on pullouts and why they support their students in the classroom as often as needed.
Video: Rethinking Pullouts
As you can see, adopting the Universal Design for Learning framework in your classroom may mean a change in your teaching philosophy. The more traditional approach of waiting to identify those students who are not being successful learners AFTER the curriculum is delivered so remediation or compensation measures can be implemented (often out of the classroom) is, in UDL classrooms, replaced with curriculum planning that recognizes true inclusion can only happen in the classroom environment if diversity is taken into account from the beginning. True inclusion happens, in other words, when every student is meaningfully included in the classroom both socially and academically. | <urn:uuid:46419ae3-01c2-4eae-8418-ce83bbce812d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://udlresource.ca/2017/11/safety-and-diversity-in-the-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107884755.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024194049-20201024224049-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.962532 | 794 | 4.15625 | 4 |
The two major factors for defining constipation are the frequency of bowel movements and their firmness. One sign that your digestive system is functioning optimally is that you have at least one bowel movement per day. However, bowel movements that are difficult to pass, very firm, or made up of small rabbit-like pellets qualify as constipation, even if they occur every day. Other symptoms related to constipation can include bloating, distension, abdominal pain, or a sense of incomplete emptying.
If you don’t have these symptoms but you rely on extra fiber (such as Metamucil), a stool softener, a laxative, or some other method to prevent these symptoms, then you also have constipation. Constipation is one of the primary symptoms defined as IBS – irritable bowel syndrome.
Constipation is a symptom of slow transit time, not unlike rush-hour traffic. When the colon is backed up, the small intestine is also backed up. And when the intestines are backed up, the stomach can be delayed in emptying itself of food matter. This is why some people with constipation also experience heartburn and reflux.
Constipation of course affects digestion and therefore can contribute to the malabsorption of nutrients, which can lead to a wide spectrum of health problems. It can also delay the removal of waste from the body, and not just from the colon. The liver is responsible for removing a majority of toxins (including pollutants, hormones, drugs, heavy metals, and even cholesterol) from the blood stream. Much of this waste is then dumped into the gastrointestinal tract for final disposal. If the intestinal tube is slowed in its transit time, then these toxins are not removed in a timely manner and may even be reabsorbed. This is akin to setting the garbage out at the curb but not having it picked up for several weeks. It’s not good for the neighborhood, so to speak.
Constipation may also be painful. As fecal material passes through the intestine, water is absorbed out of it. The longer it remains inside the tube, the drier and harder to pass it will be, causing painful stretching of the colon as well as the anus.
There are essentially two different kinds of constipation. In the first type, the lower intestine cramps and spasms, like a charley-horse, and stops the fecal material dead in its tracks. If you could invite a masseuse into your lower intestine, that might help, and abdominal massage often does improve movement. But most people rely on other methods to relax the muscles, such as laxatives or stress reduction. Usually by the time it all gets moving again, the fecal material is hard and dry and painful to pass, causing a good deal of straining.
In the other kind of constipation, the lower intestine gets lazy and relaxes too much. This often happens when you rely on laxatives for too long. The digestive system comes to depend on the laxatives and your muscles lose their tone, becoming sluggish and unable to move fecal material along in the normal manner. This is typical of chronic constipation. Fortunately you can regain muscle tone over time, once the cause of the constipation has been found.
There are a number of conditions that can cause constipation, aside from over-use of laxatives. Immune system triggers can cause the intestines to slow down. The immune system is highly concentrated in the digestive tract. Food allergies and infections can both trigger the immune system in this way. Much more rarely a deficit in fiber is the issue. Most people get plenty of fiber to enable normal bowel function, absent any immune system triggers. Some people need to adjust their diet to include more fiber, but occasionally, the fiber supplement itself can cause immune system problems that result in constipation. Treatment must be tailored to the patient. Generic treatments, such as adding fiber, or general dietary recommendations may help very mild cases, but usually do not help those with chronic constipation or IBS. | <urn:uuid:7e56dc44-8388-4b0b-81df-1a37d232ab71> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://ibstreatmentcenter.com/digestion-basics/constipation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060633.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00031-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958042 | 821 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5019
The High Plains aquifer underlies 111.6 million acres (174,000 square miles) in parts of eight States—Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Water-level declines began in parts of the High Plains aquifer soon after the beginning of substantial irrigation with ground water in the aquifer area. This report presents water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer from the time before substantial ground-water irrigation development had occurred (about 1950 and termed "predevelopment" in this report) to 2007, from 2005–06, and from 2006–07. The report also presents the percentage change in saturated thickness of the aquifer, from predevelopment to 2007.
Measured water-level changes from predevelopment to 2007 ranged from a rise of 84 feet in Nebraska to a decline of 234 feet in Texas. The area-weighted, average water-level changes in the aquifer were a decline of 14.0 feet from predevelopment to 2007, a decline of 0.4 foot during 2005–06, and a decline of 0.6 foot during 2006–07. Total water in storage in the aquifer in 2007 was about 2.9 billion acre-feet, which was a decline of about 270 million acre-feet since predevelopment.
Posted March 13, 2009
For additional information contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
McGuire, V.L., 2009, Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer, predevelopment to 2007, 2005–06, and 2006–07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5019, 9 p., available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5019/.
Water-Level Changes, Predevelopment to 2007
Water-Level Changes, 2005–06
Water-Level Changes, 2006–07
Change in Water in Storage, Predevelopment to 2007 | <urn:uuid:0357c756-741a-4692-bdd2-70d38541f229> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997874283.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025754-00237-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906038 | 458 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Avalanche uses a variety of cryptographic primitives for its different functions. This file summarizes the type and kind of cryptography used at the network and blockchain layers.
Avalanche uses Transport Layer Security, TLS, to protect node-to-node communications from eavesdroppers. TLS combines the practicality of public-key cryptography with the efficiency of symmetric-key cryptography. This has resulted in TLS becoming the standard for internet communication. Whereas most classical consensus protocols employ public-key cryptography to prove receipt of messages to third parties, the novel Snow* consensus family does not require such proofs. This enables Avalanche to employ TLS in authenticating stakers and eliminates the need for costly public-key cryptography for signing network messages.
Avalanche does not rely on any centralized third-parties, and in particular, it does not use certificates issued by third-party authenticators. All certificates used within the network layer to identify endpoints are self-signed, thus creating a self-sovereign identity layer. No third parties are ever involved.
To avoid posting the full TLS certificate to the Platform chain, the certificate is first hashed. For consistency, Avalanche employs the same hashing mechanism for the TLS certificates as is used in Bitcoin. Namely, the DER representation of the certificate is hashed with sha256, and the result is then hashed with ripemd160 to yield a 20-byte identifier for stakers.
This 20-byte identifier is represented by “NodeID-” followed by the data’s CB58 encoded string.
The Avalanche virtual machine uses elliptic curve cryptography, specifically
secp256k1, for its signatures on the blockchain.
This 32-byte identifier is represented by “PrivateKey-” followed by the data’s CB58 encoded string.
Avalanche is not prescriptive about addressing schemes, choosing to instead leave addressing up to each blockchain.
The addressing scheme of the X-Chain and the P-Chain relies on secp256k1. Avalanche follows a similar approach as Bitcoin and hashes the ECDSA public key. The 33-byte compressed representation of the public key is hashed with sha256 once. The result is then hashed with ripemd160 to yield a 20-byte address.
Avalanche uses the convention
chainID-address to specify which chain an address exists on.
chainID may be replaced with an alias of the chain. When transmitting information through external applications, the CB58 convention is required.
A human-readable part (HRP). On mainnet this is
1, which separates the HRP from the address and error correction code.
A base-32 encoded string representing the 20 byte address.
A 6-character base-32 encoded error correction code.
Additionally, an Avalanche address is prefixed with the alias of the chain it exists on, followed by a dash. For example, X-Chain addresses are prefixed with
The following regular expression matches addresses on the X-Chain, P-Chain and C-Chain for mainnet, fuji and localnet. Note that all valid Avalanche addresses will match this regular expression, but some strings that are not valid Avalanche addresses may match this regular expression.
Read more about Avalanche's addressing scheme.
Recoverable signatures are stored as the 65-byte
[R || S || V] where
V is 0 or 1 to allow quick public key recoverability.
S must be in the lower half of the possible range to prevent signature malleability. Before signing a message, the message is hashed using sha256.
Suppose Rick and Morty are setting up a secure communication channel. Morty creates a new public-private key pair.
Public Key (33-byte compressed):
Because of Rick’s infinite wisdom, he doesn’t trust himself with carrying around Morty’s public key, so he only asks for Morty’s address. Morty follows the instructions, SHA256’s his public key, and then ripemd160’s that result to produce an address.
Morty is quite confused because a public key should be safe to be public knowledge. Rick belches and explains that hashing the public key protects the private key owner from potential future security flaws in elliptic curve cryptography. In the event cryptography is broken and a private key can be derived from a public key, users can transfer their funds to an address that has never signed a transaction before, preventing their funds from being compromised by an attacker. This enables coin owners to be protected while the cryptography is upgraded across the clients.
Later, once Morty has learned more about Rick’s backstory, Morty attempts to send Rick a message. Morty knows that Rick will only read the message if he can verify it was from him, so he signs the message with his private key.
Morty was never seen again.
A standard for interoperable generic signed messages based on the Bitcoin Script format and Ethereum format.
sign(sha256(length(prefix) + prefix + length(message) + message))
The prefix is simply the string
\x1AAvalanche Signed Message:\n, where
0x1A is the length of the prefix text and
length(message) is an integer of the message size.
+---------------+-----------+------------------------------+| prefix : byte | 26 bytes |+---------------+-----------+------------------------------+| messageLength : int | 4 bytes |+---------------+-----------+------------------------------+| message : byte | size(message) bytes |+---------------+-----------+------------------------------+| 26 + 4 + size(message) |+------------------------------+
As an example we will sign the message "Through consensus to the stars"
// prefix size: 26 bytes0x1a// prefix: Avalanche Signed Message:\n0x41 0x76 0x61 0x6c 0x61 0x6e 0x63 0x68 0x65 0x20 0x53 0x69 0x67 0x6e 0x65 0x64 0x20 0x4d 0x65 0x73 0x73 0x61 0x67 0x65 0x3a 0x0a// msg size: 30 bytes0x00 0x00 0x00 0x1e// msg: Through consensus to the stars54 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 63 6f 6e 73 65 6e 73 75 73 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 72 73
After hashing with
sha256 and signing the pre-image we return the value cb58 encoded:
4Eb2zAHF4JjZFJmp4usSokTGqq9mEGwVMY2WZzzCmu657SNFZhndsiS8TvL32n3bexd8emUwiXs8XqKjhqzvoRFvghnvSN. Here's an example using the Avalanche Web Wallet.
Avalanche nodes support the full Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and precisely duplicate all of the cryptographic constructs used in Ethereum. This includes the Keccak hash function and the other mechanisms used for cryptographic security in the EVM.
Since Avalanche is an extensible platform, we expect that people will add additional cryptographic primitives to the system over time. | <urn:uuid:2087323c-16ec-4bfd-a2f6-ff3fb0202eec> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://docs.avax.network/build/references/cryptographic-primitives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988831.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508001259-20210508031259-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.806115 | 1,531 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Page 4 of 5
There's also a strong case to be made that it would be better for the ecosystem of the western San Joaquin Valley.
Thousands of years ago, the Pacific Ocean covered much of the valley. As the sea receded, it left behind marine sediments and mineral deposits in the alkaline soil. Today, large quantities of boron and selenium are concentrated in the western San Joaquin Valley, which can be extremely toxic at high levels and tend to accumulate in irrigation runoff.
Much of the farmland in Westlands also has an impenetrable layer of clay under the topsoil — the remnants of an ancient lakebed — causing irrigation water to pool up on farms. And as growers transition to more water-intensive crops like almonds, the amount of toxic wastewater in Westlands soil has increased. "The more you irrigate, the more irrigation runoff there is, and the more exacerbated the problem becomes," said Sam Luoma, a former hydrologist for the US Geological Survey.
This problem has some environmentalists concerned that dangerous levels of minerals — namely, selenium — are building up in Westlands. And as history has shown, when selenium accumulates, it can be catastrophic for fish and wildlife.
In the 1970s, Westlands tried to build a long canal to ship its toxic wastewater to the delta and San Francisco Bay. However, funding for the project dried up and the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge — a human-made wetland in Merced County — became Westlands' primary dumping ground.
As Westlands' toxic wastewater built up in Kesterson, the selenium levels spiked. In 1982, catastrophe struck. Droves of migratory birds living in the wetland developed crippling deformities: Some were missing eyes, feet, and beaks; others' brains protruded from their skulls. The local populations of several species, including the black crowned night heron, were almost completely wiped out and almost all of the fish in the wetland died.
Since Kesterson, Westlands' growers have started storing their runoff in underground reservoirs and small evaporation ponds on farms. While this keeps selenium away from wildlife, it's not without its dangers. "No one knows what the long-term outcome of storing the irrigation water on the local farms or putting it on the local soils will be," Luoma said. He added that while another tragedy like Kesterson is unlikely, "ten, twenty years down the line, there may be many little Kestersons."
Longtime water rights activist Stokely thinks that a large-scale environmental disaster is brewing underground in Westlands. "All of their toxic drainage water is percolating into deeper aquifers, and in my opinion they're creating a multi-generational, underground Superfund site," he said.
The Bureau of Reclamation has said the only cost-effective solution to the drainage problem is taking large swaths of Westlands out of production. Even Floyd Dominy, who headed the bureau from 1959 to 1969, said he made a mistake when he decided to pipe water to the western San Joaquin Valley. "We went ahead with the Westlands project before we solved the drainage problem," he said in the 1997 PBS documentary Cadillac Desert, which was based on the bestselling nonfiction book of the same name by investigative journalist Marc Reisner. "I made a terrible mistake by going ahead with Westlands at the time we did."
California's elected officials, however, have by and large ignored the idea of buying up half of the farmland in Westlands and retiring it for good. "It would be cheaper to do that than to build these siphons under the delta," Walker noted, referring to the governor's Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP). "But you'll never get the political will to do that."
Instead, the future of agriculture and almonds in the western San Joaquin Valley hinges largely on how things will play out with the BDCP. If the plan moves forward it will be the largest public works project in state history. The cornerstones are two massive 35-mile-long water tunnels — each wide enough so that three H3 Hummers would comfortably fit in them at the same time. The tunnels would stretch under the delta, redirecting water from the Sacramento River to western San Joaquin Valley farmers and Southern California.
The details of the BDCP are complex (see the Express' two-part series, "Tunnel Vision," 6/12/13 and 6/19/13), but the main idea behind it is that by restoring tidal wetlands and cutting back on the use of giant water pumps in Tracy — which shred tens of millions of delta fish in some years — native fish populations in the delta would rebound. In turn, water exports from the estuary would become more consistent. "Building some kind of alternative conveyance gives you more flexibility and should reduce vulnerability," said Hanak of the Public Policy Institute of California. "It makes the system more resilient."
However, the plan is mired in controversy. While the state says that BDCP won't increase the amount of water taken from the delta, the tunnels would have the capacity to drain nearly the entire flow of the Sacramento River during parts of the year. And while the BDCP calls for a $9 billion investment in wetlands restoration projects, there's no guarantee that the endeavor will benefit certain threatened fish species (the habitat restoration efforts also depend on voters passing a future bond measure). In addition, reducing the amount of clean water flowing into the estuary from the Sacramento River could make the delta much dirtier and saltier, and thus less hospitable for plants and wildlife.
Seven Days - July 25, 12:24 PM
Legalization Nation - July 25, 11:11 AM
Seven Days - July 25, 7:25 AM
Seven Days - July 21, 5:54 PM
Seven Days - July 20, 4:53 PM | <urn:uuid:f9db2256-c174-498c-b15d-c1bc7dedcbb4> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/californias-thirsty-almonds/Content?oid=3830095&storyPage=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826773.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00238-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960415 | 1,219 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This animation show where and when photosynthesis happens around the world as the seasons come and go. The land in the Northern Hemisphere gets greener each spring and summer, an indication of high rates of photosynthesis, and yellow during autumn as most plants become dormant and the amount of photosynthesis decreases. In tropical rainforest areas, plants live and photosynthesize all year long.
The Earth's Biosphere
The biosphere is all life on our planet. This includes all the things that are living as well as the remains of those that have died but have not yet decomposed. The biosphere includes life on land and in the oceans - multitudes of plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria.
Have you heard the expression “carbon-based life forms”? The living things on our planet are called carbon-based because most of the molecules in them are chains of carbon atoms linked together. These carbon chains really add up when you consider the total amount of life on the planet. Add it all up and the life on our planet contains approximately 1900 gigatons of carbon. That’s heavier than 116 billion school buses!
The biosphere has a great impact on the climate because the biosphere is closely connected to the atmosphere. When plants harness the Sun’s energy through photosynthesis, oxygen is released into the atmosphere and carbon dioxide is taken out. When plants and animals respire, carbon dioxide gas is added to the atmosphere and oxygen is taken out. Microbes living in soils can add nitrous oxide gas to the atmosphere. As humans burn components of the biosphere such as fossil fuels, forests and fields, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are released into the atmosphere.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!Traveling Nitrogen
is a fun group game appropriate for the classroom. Players follow nitrogen atoms through living and nonliving parts of the nitrogen cycle. For grades 5-9.
You might also be interested in:
Kingdom Plantae contains almost 300,000 different species of plants. It is not the largest kingdom, but it is a very important one! In the process known as "photosynthesis", plants use the energy of the...more
Members of the Kingdom Protista are the simplest of the eukaryotes. Protists are an unusual group of organisms that were put together because they don't really seem to belong to any other group. Some protists...more
Eubacteria, also know as “true bacteria”, are microscopic prokaryotic cells. Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are Eubacteria that have been living on our planet for over 3 billion years. Blue-green...more
Photosynthesis is the name of the process by which autotrophs (self-feeders) convert water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy into sugars and oxygen. It is a complex chemical process by which plants and...more
Respiration is the name of the general process where organisms convert sugars and oxygen into biochemical energy. The process happens in all organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria....more
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a kind of gas. There isn't that much carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, but it is still very important. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. That means it helps trap heat coming...more
Look up into the sky and you look through millions of air molecules, eighty percent of which are nitrogen molecules, two atoms of nitrogen bonded together. Nitrogen is found all over the planet, not just...more | <urn:uuid:853fcdd2-4659-4ef2-919e-35a7a9ebe4d2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/biosphere.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537804.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00429-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94308 | 732 | 3.734375 | 4 |
As the constellations of summer depart from our sky, they are replaced by what are often called "the watery constellations." These include normal sea creatures like fishes and dolphins, and even Aquarius carrying a water jug.
Among these watery creatures are some strange creatures which we would call monsters: strange combinations of parts of unrelated animals.
The first to appear is Capricornus, the Sea Goat. Seen in the lower right of our chart looking southward on an autumn evening in the Northern Hemisphere, he combines the front end of a goat with the rear end of a fish. Most people would be hard pressed to see either a goat or a fish in this large triangular group of stars. I see it more as a tricorn hat turned upside down. The front end of the goat, to the right, is marked by two wide double stars, Algedi and Dabih, a fine sight in binoculars."Algedi" or "Al Giedi" is Arabic for "the goat." The rear end of the fish is marked by Deneb Algiedi, which translates from Arabic as "the tail of the goat." [Star Quiz: Test Your Stellar Smarts]
Much of our knowledge of ancient astronomy, along with mathematics and other sciences, has been passed down to us by medieval Arab scholars. In the process many of the old star names were translated into Arabic.
As a result, astronomers learn a bit of Arabic. "Deneb" is Arabic for tail, so turns up in many star names in constellations derived from animals. The most famous is Deneb in Cygnus, marking the tail of the Swan.
"Al" is Arabic for "the" and turns up in many scientific words like "algebra," "alcohol," and "alkali."
In the lower left corner of our chart we find another monster, Cetus. Modern astronomy books usually translate this as "the whale," but our chart shows a much stranger creature. it has the head of a dragon, webbed feet, and a fishy tail. This tail is marked by one of the few bright stars in this part of the sky, Deneb Kaitos. With our new knowledge of Arabic, we can translate this easily as "the tail of the whale."
Buried in the heart of Cetus is a remarkable star called Mira, which means “wonderful” in Latin. This was discovered by David Fabricius in 1596 to be a star which varies in brightness, one of the first variable stars to be discovered.
Flying high above these watery creatures is yet another monster, a horse with wings called the Pegasus constellation. This is probably one of the most familiar mythological creatures, so familiar that most people never think of how strange a flying horse would be. The celestial flying horse is marked by four fairly bright stars forming an almost perfect square, the Square of Pegasus.
When I first went looking for Pegasus in the sky, I made a common beginner's error. Because I was using a small star chart, I looked for a small square of stars in the sky, and totally missed it. The constellations in the sky are much larger than they appear on star charts. So look for a really large square of stars.
Actually, only three of the four stars in the Square are part of Pegasus. The star in the upper left corner is Alpheratz, actually part of the constellation of Andromeda. But that is another story. | <urn:uuid:4121e853-f5e7-4d09-a595-3073cae4172d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.space.com/22958-monster-constellations-fall-night-sky.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648594.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323200519-20180323220519-00723.warc.gz | en | 0.960941 | 724 | 3.515625 | 4 |
for Kimberly Tanner, assistant professor of biology and director of the Science Education Partnership and Assessment Laboratory (SEPAL)
One of SEPAL's missions is to establish education partnerships with K-12 classrooms. How do SF State students benefit from this?
There's an adage that you can't really understand something until you have to teach it to someone. This is especially true with science. Biology students get practice teaching science in a classroom setting. They learn by doing and by working with experienced K-12 teachers.
And how do the K-12 students and teachers benefit?
There's the material benefit of providing our partner classrooms with the specialized supplies, tools and expertise to help teachers conduct lessons they couldn't normally pull off -- for example, dissecting a cow's eye to learn about vision. That's hard for one teacher to do with 35 fifth graders! Ultimately, the real benefit lies in giving students that wonderful inquiry-based experience that occurs in a lab setting.
A big part of your work involves studying how science is taught. Is there a right or wrong way?
We don't believe there's a best way to teach. The hallmark of outstanding teaching is to construct an environment where it's okay for students to ask questions. The goal of teaching is to clear up their confusion with evidence we have and improve science literacy.
Isn't that what happens in the classroom?
Yes and no. The traditional way kids learn about science is through reading and memorizing facts. But since the 1990s, there's been a huge push at the national and state level toward more inquiry-based learning, where you ask questions about the world and represent science the way it's done in the lab.
Why is this better?
Research shows that people don't learn by listening alone. From the get-go, children are natural scientists. My four-year-old daughter, for example, was reading "The Very Hungry Caterpillar," and she made this assumption that the butterfly was colorful because the caterpillar ate different colored foods before pupating. That's a great set-up for a hypothesis. The spirit of science education reform is to capture what kids are naturally good at: asking questions to figure out how the natural world works.
How can would-be science educators foster this?
The most important thing we can do is ask students what they think. What do they already know about a concept or system? What don't they know? When my daughter starts to learn about butterflies in kindergarten, she'll have preconceptions formed by her own experiences, whether right or wrong. My guess is, if my 4-year-old has prior conceptions, so do my undergraduate students. Our job is to keep them asking questions until we arrive at evidence.
SEPAL runs a successful program (Spectrum) that supports women and girls of color in the biomedical sciences. Haven't women been making strides in this area?
Yes! There have been enormous gains over the last three decades. In biology, 50 percent are women getting PhDs. That's phenomenal. But challenges remain. There's a huge drop-off when you look at the number of women who become professors or department chairs after earning their doctorates, and equally concerning is the fact that women of color are still hugely underrepresented in the sciences.
How is Spectrum unique in its ability to help bridge this gap?
We host after-school science clubs on campus that target girls of color, and all the science faculty and SF State biology students who mentor them are women of color. That, in itself, has an immediate positive impact. The girls -- mostly middle-schoolers -- do science when they're here. They don't listen to lectures; they get right into the lab and see how professors really do research. They run DNA tests, look at developing embryos, test for strep throat. They get a flavor for how exciting and creative it is to be a scientist. You don't get that through textbooks.
And what amazing role models!
Exactly. And that's the other piece we try to emphasize. The professors share stories about their own pathways to becoming scientists. So do the grads and undergrads. The kids want to know everything -- what their lives are like and why they chose to become a scientist. It inspires them.
Do you think you're having an impact?
That's our hope, and we're collecting data to gauge our success. Research shows that girls make a lot of decisions about careers at this age, so it's a perfect time to expose them to the possibilities of being a scientist. One girl commented that she'd always thought biology was boring and difficult until she started attending the club. Now she loves it. Another was surprised that women could have kids and be successful scientists. The comment that really knocked me out was this: “I learned so much that it makes me hella happy." That, to me, says it all right there.
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Share this story: | <urn:uuid:7a2fdcfa-8427-4d21-83e5-c3babb297016> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.sfsu.edu/~sfsumag/archive/spring_10/campus1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380627.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00187-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970831 | 1,020 | 3.578125 | 4 |
March 13th marks Registered Dietitian Day – a celebration that occurs during National Nutrition Month. When you need reliable food and nutrition information rely on qualified professionals in the field. Licensed, registered dietitians (RD’s) draw on their experience to develop a personalized nutrition plan for individuals of all ages. They are able to separate facts from fads and translate nutritional science into information you can use.
Dietitians can improve the health of Americans and save health care dollars. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) provided by registered dietitians is critical in preventing the top three chronic diseases. It is well documented by the Lewin Study Group that MNT is associated with a reduction in utilization of hospital services of 9.5 percent for patients with diabetes and 8.6 percent for patients with cardiovascular disease. Also, utilization of physician services declines by 23.5 percent for MNT users with diabetes and 16.9 percent for MNT users with cardiovascular disease. Also noteworthy is that participation in community-based programs that focused on improving nutrition and increasing physical activity had a 58 percent reduction in incidence of Type 2 Diabetes compared with drug therapy, which had a 31 percent reduction.
You don’t have to be a rocket scientist to see the return on investment here. Registered dietitians help promote a net reduction in health services utilization and costs for much of the population. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation estimates that in Idaho, for every $1 spent, in wellness programs, companies could save $3.27 in medical costs and $2.73 in absenteeism costs. Some interventions have been shown to help improve nutrition and activity habits in just one year and had a return of $1.17 for every $1.00 spent. Reducing the average body mass index in the state of Idaho by 5 percent could lead to health care savings of more than $1 billion in 10 years and $3 billion in 20 years.
The University of Idaho offers the Dietetics degree and our seniors spend their last year in Coeur d'Alene, Spokane and Boise at medical facilities, outpatient clinics and community programs. They learn to provide medical nutrition therapy for oncology, gastroenterology, cardiology, dialysis, diabetes, and other medical conditions with nutrition implications, including tube feedings and Total parental Nutrition (feeding a person intravenously). They also provide education on weight management, sports nutrition, food preparation and special diets.
Job outlook: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Nutrition and Dietetics careers are expected to increase much faster (by 20 percent) than other jobs by 2020 and faster than many other industries within health care. If you know of someone interested in becoming a dietitian please contact us at the University of Idaho.
Happy Registered Dietitian Day! | <urn:uuid:fd7cd539-ec26-4821-940c-e183ca57a6ce> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.uidaho.edu/cda/safaii/2013-columns/dietitian-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929832.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00198-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945218 | 564 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Posted by on July 01, 2014 in Blog
Rosemary Barkett, the first female judge and the first Arab American judge to serve on the Florida Supreme Court, was born in Mexico in 1939 to Syrian immigrants, Assad and Mariam Barakat. Her rich and diverse background based on a strong family work ethic, has lead Barkett to many incredible “firsts” in her career.
In 1945, Rosemary’s parents moved the family of seven children to Miami, Florida. At the age of six, and without knowing a word of English, Rosemary began school in Miami. Her interest in public service began at a young age when she entered a Catholic convent, the Sisters of St. Joseph, and became a nun. She served there for eight years and taught both elementary and junior high school students. Believing that there were other ways for her to serve those in need, Barkett left the convent to pursue her academic goals, eventually earning her J.D. from the University Of Florida College of Law, where she was the first woman to be awarded the J. Hillis Miller Memorial Award as the outstanding senior graduate.
After graduating from law school, Barkett worked as a trial lawyer in Florida for eight years. In 1979, she was appointed as a state circuit court judge in the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit of Florida. She was promoted to the Fourth District Court of Appeals in 1984, and in 1985, Governor Bob Graham appointed her to the Supreme Court, making history as the Court’s first female justice. Governor Graham announced that he had selected Barkett over other candidates because she had a “record of humanitarian service, legal talent, professionalism and judicial demeanor.” In 1992, she was chosen by her colleagues to become the first woman Chief Justice of the state’s highest court. Barkett’s supporters have praised her exemplary service on the bench and the many admirable qualities for which she is known, including leadership, fairness, firmness, and a strong sense of civility. In 1994, President Bill Clinton named her to the U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals.
Rosemary was selected on October 1st, 2013 by the U.S. State Department to join the Iran—United States Claims Tribunal located in The Hague, Netherlands. Rosemary is one of three American judges in the tribunal where her primary job is to resolve claims Iran has made against the United States.
Barkett is extraordinarily active on and off the bench. She has served on several commissions and associations addressing child welfare matters, court management, the criminal justice system, family law, legal education, and the role of women in the justice system. She has taught seminars on Constitutionalism and Human Rights at Columbia Law School and has lectured in Kuwait, Dubai, Qatar, Damascus, Turkey, Algeria, China, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, and Russia.
For her commitment to justice, Judge Barkett has received a multitude of prestigious honors and awards from national and state professional, civic, and charitable groups. The recipient of seven honorary degrees from institutions of higher learning, Judge Barkett has been named by Florida’s Eleventh Judicial Circuit Historical Society as a 2008 Legal Legend. She has also received The Margaret Brent Women Lawyers of Achievement Award and the Latin Business and Professional Women Lifetime Achievement Award, in addition to being inducted into the Florida Women’s Hall of Fame. Most recently, Barkett received the Florida Supreme Court Historical Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award on January 30, 2014.
Each year, two awards are given in honor of Judge Barkett’s contributions: the Rosemary Barkett Outstanding Achievement Award given to an outstanding lawyer by the Florida Association of Women Lawyers and The Rosemary Barkett Award which is presented by the Academy of Florida Trial Lawyers to a person who has demonstrated outstanding commitment to equal justice under law. In 2010, Florida International University, the Third District Court of Appeal, and the American Inns of Court Program founded The Rosemary Barkett Appellate Inn of Court, designed to improve the skills, professionalism and ethics of the bench and bar. Barkett was the recipient of the 2010 Najeeb Halaby Award for Public Service at the Arab American Institute’s Kahlil Gibran “Spirit of Humanity” Awards Gala.
An exemplary woman of many firsts, Judge Barkett credits her remarkable career to her diverse upbringing. “It has been a huge advantage to have come from a tri-cultural background,” Barkett told AAI. “It gives you a global perspective on shared values and an appreciation of the world as a whole.”
Read more stories about Arab immigrants and their descendants on the "Together We Came" main page. | <urn:uuid:2464505b-f358-43df-a0fa-295c975bc895> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.aaiusa.org/together-we-came-rosemary-barkett | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626154459-20190626180459-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.975054 | 972 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If you intend to copy my x-ray experiments, let’s be safe now, shall we?
Nonionizing radiation, the stuff of microwave, infrared and visible light doesn’t have the energy needed to break chemical bonds, so we may sit out in the sun and get bombarded with a thousand watts and feel no ill effects. Once we reach ultraviolet though, this radiation now has enough energy to break those chemical bonds; including the ones in our bodies. This means this high energy radiation can damage DNA. In high enough doses, it may even cause radiation sickness.
Acute radiation sickness occurs when your body has absorbed a large amount of ionizing radiation, usually on the order of several sieverts. What makes radiation lethal is the effect it has on DNA. When a high energy particle, be it a photon or some other particle collides with DNA it breaks bonds and rearranges the bases. Normally your cells can repair this damage, but if a cell fails at that task it often commits suicide before it divides. For long living cells such as muscle this isn’t too much of a problem, since the other cells have time to replace the dead ones. For short-lived cells though, this apoptosis becomes a major issue as cells are dying too fast to be replaced.
Such short lived cells include the mucus-making cells that line the intestinal wall. When exposed to enough radiation, these mucus cells start to die off en masse, and so are not replaced. No mucus cells means there will be no mucus, and no mucus means there is no protection from stomach acid. The intestine stops absorbing food particles, acid burns the tissue, and eventually you die of sepsis. If somehow you survive this ordeal, you will now need a bone marrow transplant since the short-lived bone marrow cells have died off. Radiation sickness symptoms include nausea, stomach pain and a lack of energy, and a detailed chart of symptoms can be found here.
That, among other reasons is why we shield ourselves from ionizing radiation! Keep in mind that it takes a very large amount of radiation to cause radiation sickness, not something a fiestaware plate or even a radium painted clock could ever produce. However, a Coolidge tube is certainly capable of generating very intense radiation.
In order to reduce the amount of radiation you are exposed to, shielding is put in between you and the radiation source. This shielding reduces the amount of radiation to an acceptable level. What exactly is an acceptable level though? In the end, that’s up to you to decide, but generally the idea is to go as low as reasonably practicable. In order to help determine what is an acceptable level, I have here a chart of activities that expose a person to radiation.
|Smoking 1 Pack||1 μSv|
|Dental X-ray||5 μSv|
|7 hour plane flight||50 μSv|
|Living a year||3 mSv|
|CT scan||6 mSv|
There are multiple different types of radiation and each type must be treated differently when it comes to radiological protection. Some types require more shielding than others and since this is a guide I will now do some explaining. First with particle radiation, then with electromagnetic radiation. But before we do that let’s discuss energy.
Radiation can have different energy levels, energies which are measured in electron-volts (eV). One electron-volt is defined as the amount of energy gained by one electron as it moves through an electric field of one volt. For example, green light photons usually have an energy of about 2.3eV, while blue light has an energy of 3eV. More energetic radiation is able to cause more damage when it hits something, and this is why microwaves such as those emitted from cell phones (0.00001eV) cause no chemical damage while gamma rays which may have an energy of 5 million eV can cause major damage.
Generally higher energy radiation is harder to shield than lower energy radiation, but when it comes to particle radiation the type tends to play more of a roll when determining penetration. Usually particle particle radiation tends to be the least penetrating.
Alpha decay is the most common method of radioactive decay. What happens with alpha decay is the unstable element ejects a duly ionized helium nucleus known as an alpha particle. In fact, all the helium on earth comes from the decay of uranium and other elements underground. Although alpha particles are very high energy, often having energies in the MeV range, they are very large and stopped very easily. In fact an alpha particle cannot even make it past a piece of paper, or even skin for that matter. Alpha particles usually have a hard time making it through more than 3cm of air, so therefore no special shielding is necessary for alpha radiation. However, the real danger of alpha radiation comes from ingesting isotopes –where they can cause significant internal damage to your body. When working with alpha emitters, always, always wear gloves and take appropriate precautions to never ingest even microgram quantities!
The next type of radioactive decay is beta decay, a process in which a neutron is converted into a proton and in exchange an electron and a neutrino is ejected. The neutrinos are of no concern since they are small, light and neutral, and thus pass through any matter they encounter and fly off into space like a ghost. The speedy electron known as a beta particle has a negative charge though, so it can interact with matter and thus pose a hazard. Fortunately beta particles are not very penetrative; more often than not, they are easily shielded by thin plates of metal.
The last type of particle radiation is known as neutron radiation; something that is created when atoms are either fused together or fissioned apart. Unlike all other forms of radiation, neutrons can actually turn things radioactive! This is because when a neutron smacks an atom it may stick to it, turning that atom into another stable isotope or possibly a radionuclide. Unless you are either playing with Farnsworth Fusors or uranium reactors neutron radiation is not much of a concern, but nonetheless it is best shielded with light materials of all things, materials such as water and aluminum. Large amounts of water make an excellent neutron moderator, but because of this the human body does too. Therefore neutron radiation is especially dangerous to living things so do everything in your power to avoid it.
Now that we have particle radiation out of the way it’s time for electromagnetic radiation: highly energetic photons. There are two types of electromagnetic radiation you should concern yourself about; gamma and x-rays.
First let’s start with gamma rays. In certain radionuclides the atom’s nucleus is left in an excited state after beta or alpha decay. This energy is then released via a very high energy photon. By high energy I mean several MeV, and thus gamma rays are very penetrative. It takes quite a lot of material to stop them, so lead is often the material of choice for gamma shielding. If for some reason you have a very active gamma source use plenty of lead to shield it. Something like 5cm or more of that grey metal should be sufficient.
The other type of electromagnetic radiation I have to discuss is x-rays. X-Rays are produced when electrons dump a large amount of energy into a single photon, thus creating a very high energy light particle. X-Rays are a lot like regular light: they travel in straight lines, can be reflected somewhat, and scatter in the air much like a green laser beam. When experimenting with x-rays, always make sure your lab is of light construction. While cinderblock walls are great for stopping x-rays from escaping your lab, they are also great for reflecting them back at you! It’s better to have them escape rather than to have them bounce around (that is of course, if you don’t have neighbors).
When possible, be sure to either point your x-ray beams down to the earth or up in the air: anywhere where it is unlikely to be intercepted by an animal or human. NEVER power up an x-ray tube in a shared residence or an apartment without full knowledge that the radiation will be contained, and NEVER intentionally expose yourself to x-radiation.
It is important to shield yourself from x-rays to prevent overexposure. The amount of shielding required is entirely dependent on the energy and quantity of x-rays being stopped. Lead is the ideal shield for x-rays because it is cheap, easily workable and has a high nuclear charge; something that lets it absorb electromagnetic radiation very well. For convenience I have prepared this chart of energy vs. attenuation vs. amount of lead needed using the standards set by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
As you can see by that chart, attenuation is dependent on the x-rays’ energy, and since gamma rays are essentially higher energy x-rays stopping a 10MeV gamma ray would require lots and lots of lead. X-rays on the other hand are easier to shield, and 1mm of lead all but completely stops 50keV x-rays. Personally I recommend using at least 1mm of lead to shield 50keV x-rays and 2mm to shield 75keV ones, but the choice is entirely up to you after all.
Considering the x-ray producing item being shielded is probably a Coolidge tube, much of the shielding should be done via the use of a tube jacket. It’s simply a lead jacket that is fitted around the tube with a hole is punched in the center to let the beam out. Using lead sheet and a soldering iron, a tube jacket can be made in about a half hour. Using one will certainly save you a lot of headache later on.
Despite your best efforts at shielding the x-radiation, Compton scattering and a little bit of reflection will scatter some around and back to you. This is for the most part unavoidable, but always have some sort of radiation detecting device nearby so you know you are in a safe place to stand. An acceptable maximum level of scatter would be about 1000 counts / minute, or 10 times the natural background level. Where I live the natural background level is measured to be 100cpm, so by exposing myself to 1 second worth of scattered radiation I am absorbing the equivalent of 10 seconds of taking a nap, or perhaps the dose received by eating one eigth of a banana.
As with any kind of radiation, be it light, radio, gamma or x-rays, distance is the most useful tool for protection; –the farther you stand from the source the less radiation you will receive. Inverse square law applies here, so by simply doubling your distance from the source the does rate will be 4 times less. Nothing beats getting the hell away from a source of radiation!
That’s about all I have to say about radiation and radiation safety. Be smart, and remember there is no cure for acute radiation sickness.
PS, a there is a calculator for this stuff. ∎ | <urn:uuid:10a95356-f1be-4f41-ae88-ceda24cc00a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://adammunich.com/radiation-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334987.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927033539-20220927063539-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.944017 | 2,322 | 3.3125 | 3 |
When talking about the Colt 1909 revolver it is essential to mention its forerunner, the Colt 1892 in .38 Long Colt caliber that fought with the US military in the Philippine War between 1898 and 1902. During this bloody conflict US officials were given the opportunity to recognize the low stopping power of the .38 Long Colt cartridge, in particular when Uncle Sam’s troops found themselves fighting against the Moros Juramentados, the implacable Filipino Islamic warriors who carried out suicide attacks, often under the influence of drugs. Although hit at short range by several bullets fired from .38 Long Colt revolvers, the Moros often managed to kill several soldiers and officers with their krisses and barongs before collapsing dead. The disastrous Philippine experience was decisive in convincing the US military to use a more powerful pistol caliber and this led to the designing and adoption of the .45 ACP and the Colt 1911.
Colt New Service: the revolver that lived twice
The simplest solution to the problem of the 38 Long Colt poor stopping power was actually at hand. Already on the market there were reliable and accurate double action, large-caliber revolvers, so in 1909 the General Staff decided to adopt the Colt New Service revolver in .45 Long Colt caliber, renaming it Model 1909 precisely.
The New Service 1909 revolver has the distinction of being the sidearm with the shortest operational life in the history of the US army, since already in 1911 – only two years after its adoption – in officers’ holsters it was replaced (or rather complemented by) the legendary Colt 1911 semi-automatic pistol in. 45 ACP.
Yet in 1917, when the United States was preparing to intervene in Europe against the Austro-Hungarian army, the shortage of semi-automatic 1911s led the US General Staff to re-enlist the "New Service" revolver, renamed as the Model 1917 and chambered in caliber .45 ACP this time. The cylinder of the Model 1917 had therefore to be loaded using “half moon” clips that held the bottom of the rimless cartridges. Actually, it was possible to fire the .45 ACP even without the half-moon clips, but in this case the spent brass had to be pushed out of the cylinder chamber with an improvised tool. The Colt 1917 Model remained with the US military for a long time: in the Second World War it was issued to tank drivers and artillerymen, and was also used in the Vietnam War.
The Colt New Service 1909 revolver in the US Navy and USMC versions
The Colt New Service is an impressively sized revolver featuring a 5 ½” barrel and a six-round cylinder, with a weight (unloaded) of over 38.8 oz / 1100 grams. Trigger is double action, with the firing pin riveted to the hammer. Sight are typical of early-XX century revolvers, with a notch rear sight machined into the frame, inspired by the "Peacemaker", and a fixed Partridge-type front sight. The grip is of the "square butt" variety with walnut grips without checkering and the usual oval-shaped lanyard ring. The Colt serial number is on the rear of the cylinder latch and on the frame, near the cylinder crane. The number was also marked in pencil on the inside of the grips. The left-swinging cylinder has six chambers and is opened by pulling back the classic bell-shaped latch that shows the serial number on its rear face.
A thousand 1909 .45 caliber Long Colt revolvers were also acquired by the United States Navy. They are easily recognizable by the anchor mark above the USN (United States Navy) roll-stamped on the frame, on the butt. On the latter we also find the navy serial number, in our case 484. It is a rather scarce variant, which we were lucky enough to photograph some time ago in a gun shop. Because of their small numbers, the 1909 US Navy revolvers are considered a rarity. In the USA an original example in good condition can sell for around 4000 euro.
Even more rare and sought after by collectors is the USMC (United States Marine Corps) version which was ordered in 1300 pieces with serial numbers between 23101 and 26300. The version requested by the Marines features a slightly round profile butt, checkered walnut grips and instead of the anchor the butt is roll-stamped “USMC” in two lines. in the US an original example in good condition can be worth up to 10,000 USD (8800 Euro).
With the retirement of the New Service model, the US army definitively abandoned the venerable .45 Long Colt caliber and the revolver concept in favor of the .45 ACP and semi-automatic pistol. The Colt 1909 model is certainly an excellent example of a product manufactured for the military, but that doesn’t mean that it’s done on the cheap. The finish on both models is in fact very neat, and after 110 years not everyone would look in such a good shape. | <urn:uuid:cd498214-a657-47d4-968a-6d70e0e7eef9> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.all4shooters.com/en/shooting/pistols/colt-new-service-1909-the-last-of-the-great-revolvers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347426801.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602193431-20200602223431-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.958455 | 1,032 | 2.875 | 3 |
Minor instances of mold can be easily killed and cleaned with typical household cleaning products, such as as bleach or another non-ammonia based solution. However, larger infestations can cause numerous health issues and often require intense protective measures from a qualified professional. Destroying mold in the house can take anywhere from a few minutes to a couple of days depending on the severity of the problem.
Locate and identify the mold
Check parts of your home that are damp or wet. Shower curtains, drywall, carpets and wooden structures are the most common growth spots. Mildew is the most visible type of mold, indicated by small, scattered spots that are typically black. Higher concentrations of mold may have an odor.
Scrub and clean small areas
Surface mold that grows on bathroom walls, siding and decks can be cleaned and removed using a solution of water and bleach. Use half a cup of bleach, one quart of water and some detergent. Be sure to wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any direct contact with the mold or chemicals.
Consult a professional for large infestations
If the mold has spread to a carpeted area or drywall, it is best to call your local health department or a professional company for a solution. The carpet or drywall may need to be removed and replaced. Contact a professional as soon as possible to prevent the infestation from spreading and affecting other parts of your home. | <urn:uuid:41d189fb-fdb2-4a64-8bf6-437444449dc6> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.enkiverywell.com/how-to-kill-mold-in-the-house.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670597.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120162215-20191120190215-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.95272 | 292 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What does LCM mean?
The LCM (least common multiple) is the smallest positive whole number exactly divisible by two or more given whole numbers. Example: the LCM of 14 and 35 is 70 because 70/14=5 and 70/35=2, and no number smaller than 70 is exactly divisable by 14 and 35. and its the smallest number out of them all
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Example: 30 and 42 List the multiples. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 42, 84, 126, 168, 210 Once you hit the same number, you've found the LCM.
LCM = Lowest Common Multiple. This is the smallest number that is common amongst the multiples of two of more other numbers. For example: The multiples of 3 are: 3, 6, 9…, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, ... The multiples of 5 are: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, ... The common multiples of 3 and 5 are: 15, 30, 45, ... The lowest common multiple of 3 and 5 is the smallest of these, namely 15. An example of its use is for adding fractions as using the lowest common multiple of all the denominators ensures the numbers do not get too big (and cumbersome) (MORE)
This article explains how to measure and adjust inventory using the lower-of-cost or-market rule.… (MORE)
While the Lutheran Church is one of the larger denominations of Christianity, what many people do not realize is that there is a number of different synods which define this r…eligion. The differences in these synods ranges, from barely noticeable, to large schisms that keep the churches from being in fellowship with one another. There are three large main synods, as well as a countless number of splinter denominations. Each group has their own set of beliefs, despite the fact that each of them looks to the writings of Martin Luther for guidance in how they conduct their religion. Also called ELCA, this synod is the largest of the Lutheran Churches. ELCA is the only one of the synods to have entered into full fellowship with non-Lutheran churches, and is a member of the World Council of Churches. One of the biggest differences between ELCA and other synods is that ELCA allows for the possibility of errors and cultural limitations within the Bible, and believes it needs to be interpreted. ELCA allows for women to be ordained, which many of the synods do not allow, and is more accepting of homosexuality and abortion than most of the synods are. The Book of Concord, which is the book of rules by which Lutherans have lived since the 16th century, is regarded as more of a guideline by the ELCA for its members, and is thought to be outdated for modern living.This synod is most often referred to as LCMS, and is the second largest branch of Lutheranism. The Missouri synod is more conservative than the ELCA, and holds more closely to the Book of Concord and the teachings of the Bible. Unlike ELCA, the LCMS synod does not allow anyone to take communion within their churches unless they have been accepted as a part of their group and are an LCMS member. LCMS does not ordain women, but they do allow women to be officers in the church. Perhaps the biggest difference between the two main branches is that LCMS believes that the Holy Scriptures should be taken as literal. Also called WELS, the Wisconsin Synod is considerably smaller than the two largest synods, but is still the third largest Lutheran Church. WELS is also the most conservative of the three branches in the United States. WELS considers the Bible to be the unerring word of God and that it should be taken literally. They take a strong stand against both homosexuality and abortion, believing in the sanctity of the marriage union and of life. Women are not allowed to be ordained nor to be officers in the church, however they are allowed to take nonvoting positions where they are not in authority over men. The AFLC was formed from those members of the Lutheran Free Church who did not want to join the ALC when they were merged back in 1962. A smaller organization, they are a fellowship of independent congregations who have chosen not to join with other synods. Their beliefs are also conservative, and most importantly they believe that the Bible scriptures are still relevant to today's current issues of morality and ethics. AFLC also believes that the scriptures of the Bible are inerrant and are the only infallible source of God's wisdom to us. As such women are not allowed to be ordained, and the AFLC takes a strong stand against homosexuality and abortion. The biggest difference between AFLC and other synods is that AFLC is not actually a synod, and each church has more autonomy in its individual teachings than do other churches. ELS is a small synod that was originally known as the Norwegian Synod. It is the only synod in full fellowship with the WELS synod. Like WELS, this synod is very conservative, and follows the writings of Luther as guidance for its beliefs. They also have a strong belief in the spiritual purity of the Bible and their teachings are guided by a desire to adhere to the Bible in all things. They do not allow women in any position of authority much like many of the conservative synods. They also take a strong stand on homosexuality and abortion. Collectively there are millions of Lutherans around the world, but many of these groups are split up by differences in theology. The belief that living in a modern world changes how we should interpret the writings of the Bible and Luther is the main point of division in most of these synods. The other division exists from just how closely we should adhere to the scriptures, and where time and culture differences end and spiritual mandate begins. In many cases the differences between the smaller branches is small and not something laity need to be concerned about. Lutheranism dates back to the 16th century, when Martin Luther pushed for reform in a corrupt medieval Catholic Church. From the push for reform came not only the Lutheran Church but also access to the Bible for the masses. Bibles were not only translated out of Latin and into the languages of the people, the printing press made the Holy Scriptures available to anyone who wanted to read them. (MORE)
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The Lutheran religion is a denomination of Protestantism named after Martin Luther. It is the oldest form of Protestantism and was essentially formed in "protest" to the Catho…lic church of the time. Martin Luther was a German monk of the 16th century, and he also did not approve of his name as it was eventually attached to the religion.Luther felt that various practices of the Catholic church at the time conflicted with Biblical teachings. He wrote about those things and tried to expose the abuses and corruption of the church. However, he did not intend to divide from the church and in fact, embraced many other Catholic teachings. Church reform turned out to be useless, despite Luther's best efforts. He was eventually excommunicated, and his beliefs gave root to the Lutheran religion.Many rituals and church practices in Lutheranism are similar or identical to those in Catholicism. However, there are some fundamental differences between the two religions. Perhaps the biggest one is that the Lutherans do not have a pope or pope equivalent. Luther preached that people need to rely on the Bible for salvation, not the pope. Similarly, Lutherans believe that faith in Jesus Christ is all they need to be saved, while Catholics believe that good works and love are also necessary.Lutheranism spread out from Germany and primarily affected the areas of Scandinavia and eventually those immigrants who went to America. Germany remains mostly Lutheran, and Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Sweden call it their state religion. In Finland, more than 80 percent of citizens belong to the Lutheran church. Immigrants from these countries came to the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries, and many eventually settled in the Midwest.The two main bodies of Lutheranism in America are the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod (LCMS). The former is understood to be somewhat more liberal than the latter. The ELCA also accepts communion and fellowship with many other non-Lutheran churches, while the LCMS continues to hold to the belief that Lutherans must not commune with other religions.The Lutheran religion remains one of the largest Protestant denominations and counts more than 60 million members across the globe. The majority of these are in Europe, with the next largest numbers being in Africa and North America.In contrast to the Lutheran church's 60 million members, the Methodist church has 75 million congregants, the Baptist church has 105 million, and the Catholic church has 1.2 billion members. (MORE)
Though not traditionally the "cutest" of animals, these little pachyderms have stolen our heart with their innocence and antics.Getting some serious family time. Thi…s little guy is still learning how to swim. Just keep up with mom! I'm faaaaabulouuus! Friends for life! Excellent ball control. "Got your nose!"Stay together.He's so happy! "Come and get it". "My turn!"Imitation is the most sincere form of flattery. Baby elephant in its natural element. Now what?Those ears. So cute.Working on that trumpeting. "I don't want to get up"."Dogpile!" The preferred drink of elephants everywhere. Streeeetchhhh.Anytime is the best time to nap. "Aw yiss".Nothing like a little bit of rough housing. This is the cutest thing ever. Straight from the heart. Kiss on the cheek! (MORE)
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Least Common Multiple of Two Numbers The "least common multiple" is the smallest integer that contains both numbers as factors. It is the product of the two numbers divided b…y any common factors. To determine the least common multiple of two numbers, determine the prime factors of both numbers. Then, determine the prime factors they have in common. Multiply the numbers together, and divide by the prime factors they have in common (the product of these is their "greatest common factor"). Example: Find the least common multiple of 12 and 15. The prime factors of 12 are 2 , 2, and 3 (12 = 2 x 2 x 3) The prime factors of 15 are 3 and 5 (15 = 3 x 5) The only prime factor in common is 3. The least common multiple is (12 x 15) divided by 3. This is 180 / 3 = 60 The least common multiple is 60. Example: Find the least common multiple of 9 and 11. The prime factors of 9 are 3 and 3. The prime factors of 11 are only 11. There are no prime factors in common. The least common multiple is 9 x 11 = 99. Example: Find the least common multiple of 30 and 42. The prime factors of 30 are 2, 3, and 5. The prime factors of 42 are 2, 3, and 7. The prime factors in common are 2 and 3. The least common multiple is (2 x 3 x 5) x (2 x 3 x 7) / (2 x 3) = 210. By representing it as a calculation with prime factors, you can cancel out the divisors, so you have as your reduced calculation 5 x 2 x 3 x 7 rather than 30 x 42 ÷ 6. Least Common Multiple of Three or More Numbers For one method, check the related question "How do you find the least common multiple of three numbers?" in the links below. If you are determining the least common multiple for three or more numbers, it is more complicated because you must divide by prime factors that all or even just a pair of the numbers have in common. This paragraph is not a thorough description of the process, but only intends to give an idea of using prime factors to determine the LCM of three or more numbers. Another method to find the least common multiple of more than two numbers is to take two numbers and determine their least common multiple. Then, take that number and one of the other numbers and determine their least common multiple. Continue calculating the least common multiple, two numbers at a time. If there are four or more numbers, you can find the least common multiple for each pair of numbers, and then the least common multiples of those results. Example: Find the least common multiple of 4, 7, and 9. The prime factors of 4 are 2 and 2. The prime factors of 7 are 7. There are no prime factors in common, so the least common multiple of 4 and 7 is 4 x 7 = 28. Now, find the least common multiple of 28 and 9. The prime factors of 28 are 2, 2, and 7. The prime factors of 9 are 3 and 3. There are no prime factors in common, so the least common multiple of 28 and 9 is 28 x 9 = 252. The least common multiple of 4, 7, and 9 is 252. Example: Find the least common multiple of 2, 3, 7, 8, and 10. Start with the first pair of numbers, 2 and 3. The prime factors of 2 are 2. The prime factors of 3 are 3 There are no prime factors in common, so the least common multiple is 2 x 3 = 6. Take the next pair of numbers, 7 and 8. The prime factors of 7 are 7. The prime factors of 8 are 2, 2, and 2. There are no prime factors in common, so the least common multiple is 7 x 8 = 56. Now, find the least common multiple of both results, 6 and 56. The prime factors of 6 are 2 and 3. The prime factors of 56 are 2, 2, 2, and 7. The prime factors in common are a single 2, so the least common multiple is 6 x 56 ÷ 2 = 168. To finish, find the least common multiple of 168 and the final number, 10. The prime factors of 10 are 2 and 5. The prime factors of 168 are 2, 2, 2, 3, and 7. The prime factors in common are a single 2, so the least common multiple is 168 x 10 ÷ 2 = 840 The least common multiple of 2, 3, 7, 8, and 10 is 840. Least Common Multiple - Exponential Method The LCM (least common multiple) is the smallest positive whole number exactly divisible by two or more given whole numbers. Example: the LCM of 14 and 35 is 70 because 70/14=5 and 70/35=2, and no number smaller than 70 is exactly divisible by 14 and 35. The LCM can also found be for more complex numbers by taking the multiple of the highest power of prime factors from both numbers. For example, the LCM of 72 and 90 is 360, which is the multiple of the highest power of prime factors from both numbers (23 x 33 x 5 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 = 360). Example: LCM 0f 9 and 25 is 225, which is the multiple of the highest power of prime factors in 9 and 25 (32 x 52). For more than two numbers, LCM can be found by taking the multiple of the highest power of prime factors from all numbers. For example, the LCM of 28, 70, and 98 is 4,900, which is the multiple of the highest power of prime factors from all three numbers (22 x 52 x 72 = 2 x 2 x 5 x 5 x 7 x 7 = 4900). (Factors: 28 = 22 x 7; 98 = 2 x 72; 350 = 2 x 52 x 7) Least Common Multiple of One Number There is no "least common multiple" for a single number, because the least common multiple is the smallest multiple that two or more numbers have in common. Start by taking the prime factorizations of the numbers. Now, for each unique prime, take the maximum number of times it shows up in your original numbers, and multiply these together. Example: LCM of 45, 50, and 16: 45 = 3 * 3 * 5 50 = 2 * 5 * 5 16 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 2 shows up at most 4 times 3 shows up at most 2 times 5 shows up at most 2 times so LCM is 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 5 * 5 = 3600 (MORE)
This is a trick question. When referring to the Lowest Common Multiple, you are comparing two numbers and finding the lowest multiple that they both have in common. As there …is only 1 number, it isn't comparing it. The LCM of 43 and itself would be 43, because 43 is a multiple of itself. (MORE)
The LCMs (Lowest Common Multiples) for 13 depend upon the other numbers (with which 13 has common multiples), but they will always be a multiple of 13, namely one of: 13, 26…, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91, 104, 117, 130, 143, 156, 169, 182, 195, 208, 221, 234, 247, 260, 273, 286, 299, 312, 325, 338, 351, 364, 377, 390, 403, 416, 429, 442, 455, 468, 481, 494, 507, 520, 533, 546, 559, 572, 585, 598, 611, 624, 637, 650, 663, 676, 689, 702, 715, 728, 741, 754, 767, 780, 793, 806, 819, 832, 845, 858, 871, 884, 897, 910, 923, 936, 949, 962, 975, 988, 1001, 1014, 1027, 1040, 1053, 1066, 1079, 1092, 1105, 1118, 1131, 1144, 1157, 1170, 1183, 1196, 1209, 1222, 1235, 1248, 1261, 1274, 1287, 1300, ... (MORE) | <urn:uuid:178038dc-08c0-4801-b335-03d47f24e5b3> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.answers.com/Q/What_does_LCM_mean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461216.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00300-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960274 | 3,931 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Whether you are a newbie to gardening or an old pro sometimes a refresher course in all those terms is helpful. Here is a quick guide explaining gardening terms.
- Annual: A plant that grows from seed, lives out its full life cycle and dies in one growing season.
- Perennial: A plant that continues to grow year after year and does not complete its life cycle in one year but over the course of many years.
- Sowing: Planting seeds into the garden or potting soil
- Dead heading: Removing off dead or dying flowers that signals to the plant to produce more blooms
- Harvesting: Removing ripe fruit and vegetables from plants
Determinate and Indeterminate
Most vegetable plants fall into two categories: Determinate or indeterminate which is a term that defines their growing patterns.
Determinates are bush varieties and stop growing when the plant reaches a certain height. All of the fruit from this plant matures at the same time which is perfect if you want to can or freeze your veggies or if you prefer to harvest them all at the same time. Most determinate varieties need a cage or something to stake the plant.
Indeterminate varieties continue to grow and produce vegetables throughout the growing season. Indeterminate plants need extra-tall supports because they like to grow big and tall. Indeterminate varieties of vegetables to have many branches or offshoots that you can prune or train them to go on a trellis. Indeterminate varieties need a larger growing area in your garden. Indeterminates are great to grow so you have fresh vegetables all season long as they ripen at different times.
Heirloom vs. Hybrid vs GMO
Heirlooms: Any plant that come from seeds that are at least fifty years old and often are pre-WWII. Heirloom plants are open-pollinated, meaning they are non-hybrid and pollinated by insects or the wind without human intervention. Heirloom plants tend to have the same basic characteristics from year to year but will produce will produce different sized and colored fruit even on the same plant. Their fruit tends to be tastier and more robust than their hybrid counterparts. A hybrid plant produces fruit that is uniform in both appearance and taste with no variation.
Hybrid: A hybrid plant is bred by crossing varieties that offer better disease resistance, produces higher yields, and has other improved traits. A hybrid is created when plant breeders intentionally cross-pollinate two different varieties or species, with the aim to produce an offspring or hybrid that contains the best possible traits of the two parent plants.
GMO: A genetically modified or GMO seed has been synthetically modified in a laboratory and may contain a mix of genes from other species of plants. A non-GMO hybrid has been genetically modified in a test garden by using cross pollination. Cross pollination is a natural process that occurs within the same plant species. The process of developing a cross-pollinated hybrid takes many years and tests to carefully control the combination of traits desired.
Symbols for Disease Resistance Tomatoes
Hybrid names are followed by capital letters that stand for resistance to certain diseases. A good nursery should carry the plants that are resistant to the most prevalent diseases in your area and this should help you when you are planning your tomato garden!
- V – Verticillium Wilt
- F – Fusarium Wilt (Two Fs indicate resistance to both Races 1 and 2)
- N – Nematodes
- A – Alternaria Stem Canker
- T – Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- St – Stemphylium (gray leaf spot)
- SWV – Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
- LB – Late Blight
You might want to check out these other gardening tips:
- Top 10 Gardening Rules That You Should Never Break!
- Getting Started With Square Foot Gardening
- Companion Planting | What NOT To Plant Together
- Basic Rose Care For Beginners | How To Care For Roses | <urn:uuid:119eb80f-01c0-4c5e-982f-151502650153> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://momsneedtoknow.com/gardening-terms-explained-gardening-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314667.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819052133-20190819074133-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.925529 | 836 | 3.578125 | 4 |
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Autonomic nervous system: innervation of smooth muscle, glands and visceral organs, which are not normally under voluntary control. Subdivided principally into the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent systems. Autonomic reflexes are reflexes that act through these efferent systems; their afferent pathways may be either the same as pathways that subserve conscious perceptions (as with salivation) or they may be different (as with baroreceptor reflexes). The afferent pathways are not distinctive in any anatomical way, and are not usually described as 'autonomic' except by association with particular reflex actions
The effect of two or more drugs such that the combined effect is less than the
sum of the effects produced by each agent separately. The agonist is the agent
producing the effect which is diminished by the administration of the
antagonist. Antagonisms may be any of three general types:
1. Chemical: caused by combination of agonist with antagonist, with resulting inactivation of the agonist
2. Physiological: caused by agonist and antagonist acting at two independent sites and inducing independent, but opposite effects
3. Pharmacological: caused by action of the agonist and antagonist at the same site ie. epinephrine and propranolol at beta-receptors
Aging: inhibition of acetycholinesterase (AchE) with organophosphates results in a increase in Ach levels. If allowed to associate with AchE for certain period of time a phenomenon called 'aging' occurs, involving the loss of a group attached to phosphorus and leading to the formation of a negatively charged irreversibly phosphorylated AchE enzyme. The aging process can be very short (ie. nerve gases, secs) or longer (ie. pesticides, hrs). Pralidoxime (2-PAM) can regenerate AchE from the organophosphate but only before the 'aging' process.
Area under the curve (AUC): The area under the plot of plasma concentration of drug (not logarithm of the concentration) against time after drug administration. The area is conveniently determined by the "trapezoidal rule": the data points are connected by straight line segments, perpendiculars are erected from the abscissa to each data point, and the sum of the areas of the triangles and trapezoids so constructed is computed. The AUC is of particular use in estimating bioavailability of drugs, and in estimating total clearance of drugs.
Affinity (drug): the equilibrium constant of the reversible reaction of a drug with a receptor to form a drug-receptor complex; the reciprocal of the dissociation constant of a drug-receptor complex. Under the most general conditions, where there is a 1:1 binding interaction, at equilibrium the number of receptors engaged by a drug at a given drug concentration is directly proportional to their affinity for each other and inversely related to the tendency of the drug-receptor complex to dissociate. Obviously, affinity depends on the chemical natures of both the drug and the receptor. "Affinity" is not the same as "duration of action".
Activity, intrinsic: the property of a drug which determines the amount of biological effect produced per unit of drug-receptor complex formed. Two agents combining with equivalent sets of receptors may not produce equal degrees of effect even if both agents are given in maximally effective doses; the agents differ in their intrinsic activities and the one producing the greater maximum effect has the greater intrinsic activity. Intrinsic activity is not the same as "potency" and may be completely independent of it. Meperidine and morphine presumably combine with the same receptors to produce analgesia, but regardless of dose, the maximum degree of analgesia produced by morphine is greater than that produced by meperidine; morphine has the greater intrinsic activity. Intrinsic activity - like affinity - depends on the chemical natures of both the drug and the receptor, but intrinsic activity and affinity apparently can vary independently with changes in the drug molecule
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Benign prostrate hypertrophy (hyperplasia) is an enlargement of the prostrate gland. This can often compress the urethra and partially block urine flow. Prostate enlargement adversely affects about half the men in their 60s and close to 80 percent of men in their 80s. The presence or absence of prostate gland enlargement is not related to the development of prostate cancer. Treatment: Alpha1 blockers such as prazosin or terazosin (Hytrin).
Belladonna alkaloids: group of alkaloids, including atropine and scopolamine, found in plants such as belladonna and jimsonweed. They are used in medicine to dilate the pupils of the eyes, dry respiratory passages, prevent motion sickness, and relieve cramping of the intestines and bladder.
Bioavailability: the percent of dose entering the systemic circulation after administration of a given dosage form. More explicitly, the ratio of the amount of drug "absorbed" from a test formulation to the amount "absorbed" after administration of a standard formulation. Frequently, the "standard formulation" used in assessing bioavailability is the aqueous solution of the drug, given intravenously.
Baroreceptor reflex:: baroreceptors found in the aorta arch and carotid sinuses, sense changes in blood pressure. As blood pressure goes up, the baroreceptors are stimulated and they deliver a higher rate of impulses to the vasomotor center of the brain. This causes a reduction in sympathetic tone and a stimulation of vagal tone. As a result, there is a reduction in heart rate, cardiac contractility, and vasodilation of blood vessels throughout the body which all contribute to lower blood pressure. If blood pressure goes down, baroreceptors reduce their rate of firing, causing the opposite effect. The baroreceptor reflex is more sensitive to rapidly changing pressure (standing up, or sitting down) than to a constantly elevated or depressed pressure. Baroreceptors will adapt to long term increased or decreased blood pressure.
Bioassay (biological assay): the determination of the potency of a physical, chemical or biological agent, by means of a biological indicator .The biological indicators in bioassay are the reactions of living organisms or tissues.
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Cycloplegia: paralysis or loss of function of the ciliary muscle; this results in loss of accommodation (ability to focus).
Ceiling (drug): The maximum biological effect that can be induced in a tissue by a given drug, regardless of how large a dose is administered. The maximum effect produced by a given drug may be less than the maximum response of which the reacting tissue is capable, and less than the maximum response which can be induced by another drug of greater intrinsic activity. "Ceiling" is analogous to the maximum reaction velocity of an enzymatic reaction when the enzyme is saturated with substrate.
Clearance of a chemical is the volume of body fluid from which the chemical is, apparently, completely removed by biotransformation and/or excretion, per unit time. In fact, the chemical is only partially removed from each unit volume of the total volume in which it is dissolved. Since the concentration of the chemical in its volume of distribution is most commonly sampled by analysis of blood or plasma, clearances are most commonly described as the "plasma clearance" or "blood clearance" of a substance.
Coombs Test is used to detect autoantibodies against your own red blood cells (RBCs). Many diseases and drugs (e.g., quinidine, methyldopa, and procainamide) can lead to production of these antibodies. The test is only rarely used to diagnose a medical condition but is essential for use by laboratories such as blood banks. Blood banks use the Coombs' test is to determine whether there is likely to be an adverse reaction to blood that is going to be used for a blood transfusion.
Cross-over experiment: A form of experiment in which each subject receives the test preparation at least once, and every test preparation is administered to every subject. At successive experimental sessions each preparation is "crossed-over" from one subject to another. The purpose of the cross-over experiment is to permit the effects of every preparation to be studied in every subject, and to permit the data for each preparation to be similarly and equally affected by the peculiarities of each subject.
Drug selectivity: the propensity of a drug to affect one receptor population in preference to others. ie. propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker (blocks all beta-receptors equally), whereas metoprolol is a beta1-selective blocker in that it has a greater preference (affinity) for beta1- over beta2-receptors. Selectivity is generally a desirable property in a drug as it can minimize potential side-effects ie. potential of propranolol causing bronchospasm. Selectivity is not to be confused with "potency"; a potent drug may be non-selective or a selective drug may not be very potent.
Drug abuse: misuse of a drug under conditions considered "more destructive than constructive for society and the individual. The abuse potential of a drug depends on its capacity to induce compulsive drug-seeking behavior in the user, its capacity to induce acute and chronic toxic effects (and to permit occurrence of associated diseases), and upon social attitudes toward the drug, its use, and its effects.
Drug dependence: a somatic state which develops after chronic administration of certain drugs; this state is characterized by the necessity to continue administration of the drug in order to avoid the appearance of uncomfortable or dangerous (withdrawal) symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms, when they occur, may be relieved by the administration of the drug upon which the body was "dependent". Recommended as a term to be substituted for such words as "addiction" and "habituation " since it is frequently difficult to classify specific agents as being only addictive, habituating, or non-addicting or non-habituating. e.g., drug dependence of the barbiturate type.
Drug: a chemical used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease. More generally, a chemical, which, in a solution of sufficient concentration, will modify the behavior of cells exposed to the solution.
Dose-effect curve: characteristic, even the sine qua non, of a true drug effect is that a larger dose produces a greater effect than does a smaller dose, up to the limit to which the cells affected can respond. While characteristic of a drug effect, this relationship is not unique to active drugs, since increasing doses of placebos (q.v.) can, under certain conditions, result in increasing effects. Distinguishing between "true" and "inactive" drugs requires more than demonstration of a relationship between "dose" and effect. The curve relating effect (as the dependent variable) to dose (as the independent variable) for a drug-cell system is the "dose-effect curve" for the system. For a unique system, i.e., one involving a single drug and a single effect, such curves have three characteristics, regardless of whether effects are measured as continuous (measurement) or discontinuous (quantal, all-or-none) variates:
Dissolution time: the time required for a given amount (or fraction) of drug to be released into solution from a solid dosage form. Dissolution time is measured in vitro, under conditions which simulate those which occur in vivo, in experiments in which the amount of drug in solution is determined as a function of time. Needless to say, the availability of a drug in solution - rather than as part of insoluble particulate matter - is a necessary preliminary to the drug's absorption.
ED50: see Mean effective dose
Exocytosis: vesicular release of transmitter ie. NE storage vesicle migrates to and fuses with the plasma membrane to release NE (and other compounds within the vesicle ie. DBH) into the synaptic cleft. Non-exocytotic release includes the displacement of NE by amphetamine or tyramine, which can then leak across the plasma membrane in the synaptic cleft.
First-order kinetics: according to the law of mass action, the velocity of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the active masses (concentrations) of the reactants. In a monomolecular reaction, i.e., one in which only a single molecular species reacts, the velocity of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the unreacted substance (C). see also Zero-order kinetics.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that are associated with a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) that can cause blindness if untreated. Vision loss is caused by damage to the optic nerve. The two main types of glaucoma are open angle glaucoma (chronic, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and angle closure glaucoma (narrow angle).
Generic drugs: formulations of identical composition with respect to the active ingredient, i.e., drugs that meet current official standards of identity, purity, and quality of active ingredient. Drug dosage forms considered as "generically equivalent" are more properly considered as "chemically equivalent" in that they contain a designated quantity of drug chemical in specified stable condition and meet pharmacopoeial requirements for chemical and physical properties
Horner's syndrome is characterized by an interruption of the sympathetic nerve pathway somewhere between its origin in the hypothalamus and the eye. The damage can either to the pre- post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers. The classic clinical findings associated with Horner's syndrome are ptosis (eyelid sagging), pupillary miosis and facial anhidrosis. Treatment: depends upon the identifying and treating the cause, in many cases there is no treatment that improves or reverses the condition.
Half-life (drug): period of time required for the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be reduced to exactly one-half of a given concentration or amount. The given concentration or amount need not be the maximum observed during the course of the experiment, or the concentration or amount present at the beginning of an experiment, since the half-life is completely independent of the concentration or amount chosen as the "starting point".
Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity: Beta-blocker that has partial agonist action. Has potential to prevent bradycardia or negative inotropy in resting heart (if b1 partial agonist) and to prevent bronchoconstraction (if b2 partial agonist). Pindolol is prototype agent.
Indirect amine (agent): compounds that can cause displacement of NA from storage vesicles (ie. amphetamine, tyramine). Note agents that inhibit neuronal uptake (uptake 1) can diminish the actions of indirect amines by preventing their uptake into the nerve terminal.
Indirect parasympathomimetic: agent that causes inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) to elevate Ach levels (ie. organophosphates).
Idiosyncratic Response: qualitatively abnormal or unusual response to a drug which is unique, or virtually so, to the individual who manifests the response. "Idiosyncratic Response" usually applies to a response which is not allergic in nature and cannot be produced with regularity in a substantial number of subjects in the population , and which is ordinarily not produced in a greater intensity in an individual, or in a greater fraction of the population, by the expedient of increase in the dose. In other words, were frequency or intensity of idiosyncratic response used as a measure of effect in constructing a dose-effect curve, a curve might indeed be constructed, but its slope would be found to be 0 (zero), indicating that effect was not significantly a function of dose.
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Latency period: the period of time which must elapse between the time at which a dose of drug is applied to a biologic system and the time at which a specified pharmacologic effect is produced. In general, the latent period varies inversely with dose; the relationship between dose and latent period for a given agent is described by a time-dose or time-concentration curve.
Loading (priming) dose: a larger than normal dose (D*) administered as the first in a series of doses, the others of which are smaller than D* but equal to each other. The loading dose is administered in order to achieve a therapeutic amount in the body more rapidly than would occur only by accumulation of the repeated smaller doses. The smaller doses (D) which are given after D* are called "maintenance doses".
Membrane-stabilizing activity (Local anesthetic action): Beta-blocker that has the ability to decrease electrical conductance, particularly in heart (Quinidine-like effects).
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disease of skeletal muscle. When exposed to inhalation anesthetics (those which are gases ), muscle metabolism increases with a rapid rise in body temperature which if left untreated can lead to death. Triggering agents include succinylcholine (NMJ depolarizing blocker) and volatile anesthetic. Treatment: Drug of choice is Dantrolene (inhibits Ca++ release).
Mean effective dose (ED50): The dose of a drug predicted (by statistical techniques) to produce a characteristic effect in 50 percent of the subjects to whom the dose is given. The median effective dose (usually abbreviated ED50) is found by interpolation from a dose-effect curve. The ED50 is the most frequently used standardized dose by means of which the potencies of drugs are compared. Although one can determine the dose of drug predicted to be effective in one percent (ED1) or 99 percent (ED99) of a population, the ED50 can be determined more precisely than other similar values. An ED50 can be determined only from data involving all or none (quantal) response; for quantal response data, values for ED0 and ED100 cannot be determined. In analogy to the median effective dose, the pharmacologist speaks of a median lethal dose (LD50), a median anesthetic dose(AD50), a median convulsive dose (CD50), etc.
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Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): The junction between the terminal of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction. It is simply one kind of synapse. Nerve impulses travel down the motor neurons and cause the skeletal muscle fibers at which they terminate to contract. This is part of the Somatic (Voluntary) Nervous System.
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension: The gravitational stress of sudden standing normally causes pooling of blood in the venous capacitance vessels of the legs and trunk. The subsequent transient decrease in venous return and cardiac output results in reduced BP and can cause the individual to faint. Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies sense the change in BP and activate autonomic reflexes that rapidly normalize BP by causing a transient tachycardia and vasoconstriction in the lower limbs. Agents that interfere with this reflex response can cause orthostatic (postural) hypotension ie. alpha-blockers, ganglionic blockers and guanethidine.
Pharmacokinetics the science and study of the factors which determine the amount of chemical agents at their sites of biological effect at various times after the application of an agent or drug to biological systems. Pharmacokinetics includes study of drug absorption and distribution ("biotranslocation"), study of the chemical alterations a drug may undergo in the body, ("biotransformation"), and study of the means by which drugs are stored in the body and eliminated from it. Simply put, pharmacokinetics considers how drugs move around the body and how quickly this movement occurs. This includes the processes which control the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (A.D.M.E.).
Pharmacodynamics the study of the relationship of drug concentration to drug effects
Pharmacogenetics the study of how people respond differently to medicines due to their genetic inheritance.The term has been pieced together from the words pharmacology (the study of how drugs work in the body) and genetics (the study of how traits are inherited). An ultimate goal of pharmacogenetics is to understand how someone's genetic make-up determines how well a medicine works in his or her body, as well as what side effects or toxicity are likely to occur.
Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that arises from tissue in the adrenal gland. The tumor increases production and release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which raises blood pressure and heart rate. Most pheochromocytomas are removed surgically, individuals are initially stabilized with alpha-blockers (ie. phenoxybenzamine) or alpha/beta-blockers (labetalol or carvedilol). Beta-blockers alone should never be given alone prior to administration of an alpha-blocker.
Prototype drug is the 'lead agent' in a drug class (family). ie propranolol is the prototype of the beta-blockers and metoprolol is the prototype of the beta1-blockers. These are common agents used in exam questions.
Prodrug: has no pharmacologic activity until converted into an active compound. ie. alpha-methyl dopa is converted to the biologically active agent, alpha-methyl-norepinephrine (alpha2-agonist). The change may be a result of biotransformation, or may occur spontaneously, in the presence of, e.g., water, an appropriate pH, etc.
Placebo (effect): Latin: I will satisfy. A medicine or preparation with no inherent pertinent pharmacologic activity which is effective only by virtue of the factor of suggestion attendant upon its administration.
Potency: a measure of drug activity established by determining the dose of a drug required to produce a standard effect. Potency varies inversely with the magnitude of the dose required to produce a given effect. Thus, if twice the dose of drug "X" is required to produce analgesia equivalent to that produced by a dose of aspirin, it may be said that drug"X" is half as potent as aspirin.
Potentiation: a special case of synergy in which the simultaneous effects of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of the independent effects of these drugs. For example. although physostigmine has no acetylcholine-like activity of its own, it potentiates the actions of acetylcholine by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for the destruction of acetylcholine. Intensity of effect may be potentiated, duration of effect may be prolonged: potentiation and prolongation are independent phenomena, but frequently occur together.
Pharmacology: is the study of drugs in all their aspects. Pharmacy, although often confused with pharmacology, is, in fact, an independent discipline concerned with the art and science of the preparation, compounding, and dispensing of drugs. Pharmacodynamics, which in common usage is usually termed "pharmacology", is concerned with the study of drug effects and how they are produced. The pharmacologist, identifies the effects produced by drugs, and determines the sites and mechanisms of their action in the body. The pharmacologist also studies the physiological or biochemical mechanisms by which drug actions are produced and investigates those factors which modify the effects of drugs, i.e. the routes of administration, influence of rates of absorption, differential distribution, and the body's mechanisms of excretion and detoxification, on the total effect of a drug. Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the use of drugs in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease states.
Quantitative Graded) dose-effect relationships: graph of the relationship between dose and response (effect) wherein all possible degrees of response between minimum detectable response and a maximum response are producible by varying the dose or drug concentration, i.e., the curve is continuous.
Quantal (All-or-none; binary) dose-effect relationships: relationship between dose and effect that describes the distribution of MINIMUM doses of drug required to produce a defined degree of a specific response in a population of subjects. Only two responses are allowed: Yes or No; 0 or 1. The purpose of the plot is to allow predictions about what proportion of a population of subjects will respond to given doses of the drug or toxin.
Raynaud's syndrome: condition in which small arteries, most commonly in the fingers and toes, spasm and cause the skin to turn pale or a patchy red to blue on exposure to cold or even the thought of cold. Although Raynaud's is usually a mild condition, it can have serious direct consequences, such as gangrene serious enough to warrant amputation.Treatment: Treatment: simple exercise may suffice (ie. swinging your arms around like a windmill), however if attacks are frequent or severe, dilating agents, such as nifedipine, calcium channel blocker may be prescribed.
Rate-limiting step: this is slowest point in a series of reactions (ie. uptake of choline into the nerve terminal in the synthesis of Ach) or where the enzyme involved is subject to regulatory control (ie. Tyrosine hydroxlase involved in NA systhesis)
Rebound effects: discontinuation of an agent my cause exacerbation of previous symptoms to a level which is greater than before, and than that which would have been expected. ie. sudden discontinuation of clonidine leads to rebound hypertension, tachycardia and angina (see also Supersensitivity)
Septic shock: serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming infection leads to low BP and low blood flow. Vital organs, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver may not function properly or may fail. Treatment: Dopamine (iv) is the drug of choice.
Supersensitivity: when a some receptors are deprived of the actions of their agonists, they can become hypersensitive (increased affinity) to the agonist. ie. blockade of beta-receptors leads to supersensitivity such that if the beta-blocker was suddenly discontinued, an enhanced response to the agonist would be seen. Thus discontinuation from beta-blockers should be gradual. (see also Rebound effects).
Side effects: effects which are not desirable or are not part of a therapeutic effect; effects other than those intended. ie treatment of peptic ulcer with atropine, dryness of the mouth is a side effect and decreased gastric secretion is the desired drug effect. If the same drug were being used to inhibit salivation, dryness of the mouth would be the therapeutic effect and decreased gastric secretion would be a side effect.
Somatic nervous system: controls all voluntary systems within the body with the exception of reflex arcs. This system is comprised of the afferent nerve network, which include all sensory nerves leading to the brain, and the efferent nerve network, which includes all motor nerves leading from the brain to the muscles (NMJ). The somatic system is generally associated with all body movement and is not part of the Autonomic NS (involuntary).
Synergy: the summing of the simultaneous effects of two or more drugs such that the combined effect is greater than the effect of either of the drugs when they are given alone.
Tyramine - MAOIs interaction: certain foods (ie. aged cheese, red wine, figs, fermented and otherwise processed meats, fish and soy products) contain large amounts of the amino acid tyramine which can interact with MAOIs to dramatically raise HP and HR. The tyramine induces the release of large amounts of the stored neurotransmitter, NA from the nerve terminals. The reaction, which often does not appear for several hours after taking the medication, may also include headache, nausea, vomiting, possible confusion, psychotic symptoms, seizures, stroke and coma.
Tone (Autonomic): under resting conditions most organs of the body receive a low but steady release of NA or Ach (tonic release) to modulate tissue activity. In the heart the basal release of NA contributes about +5 bpm and the release of Ach about -10 bpm to the resting heart rate. This is why beta-blockers such as propranolol can cause a fall in HR as they prevent the action of the tonic release of NA. Likewise the muscarinic antagonists, such as atropine can cause an increase in HR as it prevents the action of Ach. Usually one division of the autonomic NS dominates under resting conditions, GI-tract, eye, heart (parasympathetic) and vasculature (sympathetic).
Tolerance - Tachyphylaxis: Continual use of an agent can result in diminished response. In some cases this can appear in mins-hrs or dose to dose and is termed tachyphylaxis (ie. amphetamines). In other cases it appears more gradual over days-months and is termed tolerance. (ie. opioids).
Therapeutics: the science and techniques of restoring patients to health. A single drug may have two or more therapeutic effects in the same patient at the same or different times, or in different patients. Drugs may be used prophylactically to prevent disease or to diminish the severity of a disease should it occur subsequent to or during treatment; such a use of drugs is commonly called "prophylactic therapy". Drugs are sometimes used to measure bodily function and contribute toward the diagnosis of disease.
Therapeutic index: a number, LD50/ED50, which is a measure of the approximate "safety factor" for a drug; a drug with a high index (ie. aspirin) can presumably be administered with greater safety than one with a low index (ie. digoxin).
Toxic effects: responses to a drug which are harmful to the health or life of the individual. Almost by definition, toxic effects are "side effects" when diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease is the goal of drug administration. Toxic effects are not side-effects in the case of pesticides and chemical warfare agents. Toxic effects may be idiosyncratic or allergic in nature, may be pharmacologic side effects, or may be an extension of therapeutic effect produced by overdosage.
Toxicology: the scientific discipline concerned with understanding the mechanisms by which chemicals produce noxious effects on living tissues or organisms; the study of the conditions (including dose) under which exposure of living systems to chemicals is hazardous.
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Volume of distribution of a drug; the size of the "compartment" into which a drug apparently has been distributed following absorption.
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Zero-order kinetics: mechanism of chemical reaction in which the reaction velocity is apparently independent of the concentration of all the reactants. Typically, in biological systems, one reactant (X) is present in a concentration greatly exceeding that of the other (Y), but is capable of undergoing change, while the concentration of Y, in contrast, does not undergo substantial change during the course of the reaction (see First-order kinetics also). | <urn:uuid:7c30e0a4-690b-4bc9-b0d1-d9e19abea4aa> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www2.courses.vcu.edu/ptxed/pmc537/glossary.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663711.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00375-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927978 | 6,612 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Solid Foods How to Get your Baby Started
Parents are often faced with a challenge with all the decisions that are involved in taking care of their baby. As a parent, there are few points you should always remember, as you start creating a baby feeding schedule. Before your baby's 6th month of life, it is ideal to decide ahead on what your baby should eat. According to experts, most health care providers' recommend that you provide your baby only breast or formula milk for the first four to six months.
Four To Six Months
To start, you should focus with your baby taking food from spoon and swallowing, as they have begun eating solid foods under the guidance of your pediatrician. You can continue breast or formula feeding plus semi-liquid iron fortified rice cereal then gradually move to other grain cereals.
Six To Eight Months
At this time, you can introduce new foods to your baby and this is the best time to check for allergies. If your child becomes allergic, you can immediately eliminate the food in his diet. This is also the best time to schedule your baby's meal in breakfast, lunch and dinner. You can feed him same as with 4 to 6 months plus pureed or strained fruits like banana and peaches and strained or pureed vegetables such as carrots, potatoes and squash.
Eight To Twelve Months
As your baby continues to develop, you can start to add more variety of foods. A ten-month-old baby is able to eat foods from your own plate as long as you can mash them. And once your babe reaches twelve months, he can eat almost anything that is not hard for him to chew or swallow and is easily digestible. You can feed him same as with six to eight months plus soft, bite-sized biscuits, macaroni, cheese, egg, strained meats, small pieces of ripe fruits, soft-cooked vegetables and non-citrus fruit juices.
Tips To Start Solid Foods
- You can introduce solid foods sometime between four to six months if you can see your baby showing signs of being ready and can eat from a spoon.
- Make a record to figure out the best time to feed your infant solids, for example before, after, or at a divided time from formula or breastfeeding.
- In most cases, an iron fortified rice cereal is the first solid food that your baby should eat. And continue to try on other cereals, like oatmeal, and then slowly introduce strained fruits, vegetables and lastly, meat.
- Gradually introduce the food to check for food allergies, do it by giving one food at a time, take note of the ingredient, and wait three to four days before introducing another.
- Use a teaspoon first or smaller than that when you are first introducing solid foods and the gradually shift to a tablespoon or more as your baby grows and tolerate eating solid foods.
- Consult your health care provider if your baby won't eat any solid foods by the time he is seven to 8 months.
Article Source: this factual content has not been modified from the source. This content is syndicated news that can be used for your research, and we hope that it can help your productivity. This content is strictly for educational purposes and is not made for any kind of commercial purposes of this blog. | <urn:uuid:71d1ee76-7126-4798-8517-9e7b2707e244> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.anbbaby.com/blogs/articles/solid-foods-how-to-get-your-baby-started | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.960197 | 669 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Eminent domain is one of those hot button policy issues that almost always draws the ire of private property owners, despite it usually resulting in large cash settlements for a property owner. Both the Missouri Constitution and Federal Constitution address eminent domain — that is, the government’s authority to take private property.
Article I, Section 26 of the Missouri Constitution provides:
That private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation. Such compensation shall be ascertained by a jury or board of commissioners of not less than three freeholders, in such manner as may be provided by law
The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides in pertinent part:
nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation
The analysis for both the Federal and Missouri takings clause is similar. The threshold issue in any takings question is whether there has been a “taking.” “Taking” has been interpreted liberally; indeed, governmental action does not need to result in an actual transfer of title to be considered a taking. However, Courts have consistently held that a permanent physical occupation — no matter how small — is a taking. (e.g., the government running a cable wire through an attic of someones property is a taking). Some governmental actions are less clear. What about actions which result in the temporary denial of all economic use? Regulations that result in the decrease of property value?
The public use requirement has in recent years been subject to political scrutiny. In short, the U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted “public use” to essentially mean “public purpose.” Thus, under this interpretation, the government may permissibly transfer title from one private owner to another private owner so long as the transfer serves the public purpose.
More often than not, though, many eminent domain issues will concern the “just compensation” requirement. Generally — the property owner is entitled to the reasonable value of the property at the time of the taking; i.e., its fair market value. All sorts of factors such as location, nature of the property, how long the property has belonged in a family, etc. can impact the just compensation requirement, thus creating a lot of gray area.
Contact us for a free consultation. | <urn:uuid:c286078b-7c15-482d-9e4a-40194a9c82c3> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://elsterlaw.com/eminent-domain-real-estate-property-takings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618183446-20190618205446-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.941467 | 466 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Bamboo fibre has become a highly desired raw material because of its many exceptional qualities. Bamboo is the most ecological material for textiles because it grows well naturally without fertilisers, artifical irrigation or pesticides. This is why Greenstone™ is the uncompromising choice of today’s environment-conscious consumer, entrepreneur and corporation.
The luxurious shine and unique softness of bamboo is only rivalled by silk. Bamboo adjusts very well to temperature changes: it feels warm in cold and cool in warm. Bamboo also effectively blocks the build-up of bacteria that develop odour.
BAMBOO - QUEEN OF THE PLANTS
Bamboo plant is one of the largest members of the grass family. The plant grows very rapidly, up to twenty inches a day, and spreads by shoots. Because bamboo grows well naturally, artificial irrigation or pesticides should not be used in its cultivation. As a natural material bamboo biodegrades well by itself.
As a comparison, the mass-cultivation of cotton has lead to ecological disaster in many places throughout the world. Cotton requires powerful artifical irrigation that has turned vast areas in Central Asia into salt deserts. In addition to water, huge amounts of chemical fertilisers and pesticides are needed to ensure large crops. In fact, a quarter of the worldwide use of pesticides are used in cotton fields.
The most important feature of a bamboo textile is that the fibre is antibacterial. This is caused by a natural transmitter called ‘bamboo-kun’. The bamboo fibre surface is round and smooth, making it difficult for bacteria to attach itself on the fibre.
The antibacterial feature is preseved even after the textile has been washed dozens of times. This is especially important when the textiles are used by beauty- and health businesses.
Cotton bath-textiles may start to smell fusty after a relatively short usage as a result of the bacteria remaining on the fibre in spite of washing the textile in high temperatures. The bamboo-kun prevents the bacteria from attaching and spreading on the fabric, thus keeping the towels, bath robes or the sandals fresh despite repeated washing.
Hypoallergenic and high absorbtion capacity
The structure of bamboo fibre is smooth and round. This is why it is ideal even for a highly sensitive skin and a popular material in baby-clothing. Bamboo is also used for medical purposes because it is hypoallergic. Due to the fibre structure, bamboo can absorb three to four times more moisture than cotton or other textile fibres.
Greenstone products are 100% organic bamboo
All our products are made of the highest quality bamboo available, and produced by using the most environmentally friendly mechanical method. In the mechanical process of producing bamboo fibre natural enzymes are used to break down the stalks, allowing the fibre to be combed out. This method doesn’t burden the environment and is also applied in the production of flax and hemp.
The natural bamboo forests of Anji are located in the South-West of Shanghai. The vast 65,000 hectare forest is the largest in the world. The Anji province is investing in the research of bamboo cultivation and use of the fibre.
The source of Greenstone™ bamboo is in Anji, where also the popular martial arts movieCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2003) was filmed.
The 120 square kilometer Sichuan bamboo forests climb on high mountain hills near the city of Yibin. The forest is praised for its beauty and called Bamboo Sea because if you see it from the top of the mountain it swells like a calm ocean. | <urn:uuid:9880ef8d-5037-45f5-bb98-5ff1876a7ddd> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.greenstonestore.com/en/c/bamboo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204857.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326054828-20190326080828-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.940741 | 742 | 2.75 | 3 |
GIRLS Inspire - a new initiative to reach the hard-to-reach women and girls in five Commonwealth countries to achieve their potential through learning
8 March 2016 — The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals cannot be achieved unless we provide girls and women with equal opportunity to benefit from learning and education.
To support this goal, the Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is partnering with community organisations to support schooling and skills development for some of the world’s most vulnerable women and girls using open and distance learning (ODL).
GIRLS Inspire, a new initiative that the Commonwealth of Learning is pleased to launch today on International Women’s Day, encompasses two projects supported by the governments of Canada and Australia to end the cycle of child early and forced marriage and reach the unreached women of the Commonwealth.
Through the GIRLS Inspire initiative, COL is partnering with community organisations in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Mozambique and Tanzania and leverage their collective expertise in open and distance learning to provide schooling and skills development to some of the world’s most vulnerable and hard-to-reach girls.
According to UNESCO, almost one-quarter of all young women (aged 15-24) in developing countries have never completed primary school.
COL recognises that advancing the goals of both women’s empowerment and gender equality are central to ‘Learning for Sustainable Development’ and that ODL can be especially helpful in enabling women and girls to access educational opportunities while they fulfil their other responsibilities.
School fees, geographical distance, safety, and early or forced marriages are significant barriers to education for young women and girls.
In northwestern Bangladesh where climate change has escalated levels of migration, poverty and food insecurity caused by flooding, schooling falls even further out of reach for young women and girls.
COL is partnering with organizations like Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha (SSS) which operates a fleet of floating schools, health clinics, and training centers that deliver learning right to the doorsteps of close to 115,000 families affected by flooding.
Working with this partner, we are reaching the most vulnerable young women, including those who have been married early or are at risk for early and forced marriage. Through open schooling, innovative teaching, and technology enabled learning, they are developing the skills, and confidence to inspire the level of participation that is so critical for sustainable change and development.
“Providing learning opportunities for vulnerable, hard-to-reach women and girls is one of the best investments we can make in working towards sustainable development,” said Professor Asha Kanwar, President & CEO, COL. “Empowering women and girls to shape their own future has an incredible multiplier effect on economic growth that leads to increased prosperity not just for individuals, but for entire families.”
Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to promote the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. | <urn:uuid:dfea11a5-1a0a-4001-a1e1-6a86dead98fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://col.org/news/press-releases/girls-inspire-programme-launch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608668.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526144316-20170526164316-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.944588 | 616 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Grounding and Centering Your Earth Element
Updated: Sep 17
In the Northern Hemisphere, we are now entering late summer, or the in-between season, before autumn starts. In the five-element theory of healing, this is associated with the Earth Element. This time is the peak of harvest for plants, the time of ripening of fruit and grains and when the energy starts to wane, becoming cooler in the evenings, and a when the first golden leaves start to appear on the trees. Days and nights are nearly equal in length. The climate is perfect – neither too hot nor too cold, neither to wet nor too dry.
The Earth Element symbolizes balance. Earth represents mid-life, mature adulthood. It is center of the mandala or medicine wheel, the point where we stand looking out at the four cardinal directions. Earth phase corresponds to the center, the middle, the point of balance between Yang and Yin, Earth energy is stable, giving us a firm center and a grounding presence.
There are many different aspects of the Earth Element let’s start with the beautiful bright yellow or amber color. Amber color is similar in color to the golden grain right before harvest, and similar to dried sap from a tree. Both have a very sweet and grounding scent.
The earth element also has a very powerful effect on the digestive process, this element is connected with the internal organs of the stomach, spleen and pancreas. If the Earth element is out of balance, we may be prone to digestive disorders - as well as illness in any other organ or function of the body, we are dependent on the stomach and spleen for transportation of nourishment.
The Earth energy is ALL about grounding and centering. To ground means you are centered and clear. Envision your legs as tree trunks rooted to the Earth Mother. Your feet and legs are your grounding cords or your “roots”. Like a plant’s root system, you also have a grounding cord stabilizes you, so that whatever happens in the world around you, you aren’t carried away. You can remain stable in the calm energy of the Earth.
Abdominal breathing is also very effective way to stabilize. A relaxation response is created when we relax our abdomen and pelvic diaphragm, draw in a deep belly breath; allowing the breath to fill the lungs from the bottom to the top of the thorax while expanding the belly and chest in a coordinated sequence, this process creates parasympathetic nervous system toning. This type of breathing is called the relaxing breath, or the calming breath. It is best to keep your focus and attention on your belly while you breathe.
There are many wonderful essential oils associated with the earth element.
EARTH – Spleen/ Pancreas/ Stomach – This element nourishes the muscles. To activate grounding and centering move your body!
Virtues: Centered, openness, balance, and grounded.
Emotional Imbalances: worry and sympathy.
EARTH ESSENTIAL OILS are sweet, warming and earthy with a deep rich scent.
These essential oils provide calming, centering, reassuring and regulating qualities.
Benzoin (Styrax benzoin) Qualities are warming, increases immunity, and energy for the Stomach and Spleen, clears phlegm, and calms nerves and mind.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Qualities are warm and dry, increases digestion and balancing effect for the Stomach and Spleen.
Davana (Artemisia pallens) Qualities are sweet and warming, increases immunity, clears internal dampness, calming to nerves and mind.
Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) Cooling, calming for the mind and emotions.
Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides) Clears heat, tonifies yin, increases immunity and digestive energy, calms nerves and mind.
Earth Element Carrier Oils
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) Balances EARTH High in vitamins A, E, C and minerals. Moisturizing, nourishing, and revitalizing to the skin. Used for skin care used for aged, sensitive, dry, and inflamed skin.
Almond, sweet (Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis) Balances all elements Contains vitamins B1, B2, B6, and E. Clear, light and almost odorless oil that absorbs quickly. All around use for skin care and massage. As well as chapped, dry and irritated skin. Not recommended for those with nut allergies.
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Balances EARTH Antibacterial and highly penetrating to the skin. It is odorless, and closely matches the oil secreted by the human skin. Also used for acne, eczema and sensitive skin and other skin disorders.
Recommended Aromatherapy Applications
Topical blends: Apply directly in the navel, abdomen, lower back, and on the acupressure points listed below.
Suggested Earth Element Aromatherapy Blend for Topical Application:
In 1 oz. bottle add:
½ oz. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
½ oz. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)
3 drops Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
3 drops Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)
3 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides)
You can use this blend in a massage, bath, shower salt scrub, or just add the essential oils in an aroma stick (nasal inhaler).
Shower salt scrub: Stir 3-6 drops of essential oils into 2 TBSP of carrier oil, and then add to ½ cup fine grain Dead Sea salts. Use in a dry shower applying in long smooth motions towards the left subclavian vein (upper chest).
These acupressure points are very useful as an adjunct therapy with an aromatherapy blend for calming, centering and grounding.
Stimulate the acupressure point - STOMACH 36 Harmonizes the stomach, fortifies spleen, and resolves dampness. Tonifies Qi (chi) and nourishes blood and yin. Calms fire and calms the spirit.
Location: Three fingers width below the lateral aspect of the knee, between the tibia and fibula. Stimulate on both legs.
Stimulate the acupressure point - SPLEEN 3 Tonifies the spleen and resolves dampness and damp-heat and regulates Qi (chi). Stimulate the point on both feet.
Location: On the medial arch of the foot, in the depression located by sliding the fingertip proximally over the side of the ball of the foot.
Stimulate the acupressure point - KIDNEY 1 This is the only acupuncture point located on the bottom of the foot and therefore the lowest point on the body. This is a fantastic grounding point! It is a powerful point that descends energy from the head and upper body. It can reduce agitation, anxiety, headaches, hot flashes, and insomnia. Promotes calming, centering and grounding.
Stimulate the point on both feet.
Location: On the sole, in the depression when the foot is in plantar flexion.
May you experience the calm, centered, and grounded nature of the Earth Element! | <urn:uuid:ee906cfc-41c5-4bb0-86d8-ca88e0a90c25> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.learnaroma.com/single-post/2017/09/14/Grounding-and-Centering-Your-Earth-Element | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400221382.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924230319-20200925020319-00775.warc.gz | en | 0.883096 | 1,560 | 2.515625 | 3 |
New Delhi September 2015 : We hear about Carpal Tunnel Syndrome everyday. The moment your hand falls asleep and you get the pins and needles in your fingers, somebody is bound to suggest that it is CTS. However, this is because most people do not have a clear understanding of what Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is. Understanding the physiognomy is important if you want to understand CTS.Accordingto Dr Satnam Singh Chhabra, Director Neuro and Spine Department surgeon in Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, the carpals are the bones you feel when you touch your wrist. In the wrist is the carpal tunnel, which is enclosed by the carpals on three sides, and on the fourth side, by a transverse carpal ligament.
When you bend your wrist, to form a right angle, the carpal tunnel becomes much narrower. And when you stop to think about it, you will see that most activities, from playing the guitar to typing to having your lunch to pushing a swing, require your wrist to bend. Keeping it bent for prolonged periods of time – like when you type for a long time – compresses the median nerve, and causes the symptoms of CTS. If you do this repeatedly, you could be left with a clear cut case of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), or median neuropathy at the wrist, is a medical condition in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist, leading to paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand. Night symptoms and waking up at night is a characteristic of established carpal tunnel syndrome. They can be managed effectively with night-time wrist splinting in most patients.
Many people who have carpal tunnel syndrome have gradually increasing symptoms over time. The first symptoms of CTS may appear when sleeping, and typically include numbness and paresthesias (a burning and tingling sensation) in the thumb, index, and middle fingers, although some patients may experience symptoms in the palm as well. These symptoms appear at night because people tend to bend their wrists when they sleep, which further compresses the carpal tunnel.
Dr chhabra says that most cases of CTS are idiopathic. CTS is sometimes associated with trauma, pregnancy, multiple myeloma, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes.There have been numerous scientific papers evaluating treatment efficacy in CTS. It is important to distinguish treatments that are supported in the scientific literature from those that are advocated by any particular device manufacturer or any other party with a vested financial interest. Generally accepted treatments, as described below, may include splinting or bracing, steroid injection, activity modification, physical or occupational therapy (controversial), medications, and surgical release of the transverse carpal ligament.
The newest of these is the Carpal therapist which is an electrically powered massaging device worn on the wrist and arm. The principle is that manipulative therapy, which is generally effective in alleviating symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, can be reproduced mechanically. Therefore, deep tissue massaging is produced by the device in a particular pattern in order to attenuate the tendons and to drain interstitial fluid from the inflamed carpal tunnel. This combined effect reduces the pressure inside the carpal tunnel and therefore alleviates the symptoms caused by median nerve compression.
Another active medical device is The Carpal Solution. It is composed of a series of adhesive tape strips, which, when applied in a certain orientation, reportedly initiates stretching and re-shaping of the wrist’s anatomy. The re-shaping produces less strain inside the carpal tunnel, and therefore relieves the pressure on the median nerve.
There is little evidence to support the use of physiotherapy or occupational therapy techniques for carpal tunnel syndrome. They seem to be oriented primarily towards non-specific activity related pain rather than the numbness of carpal tunnel syndrome. Occupational therapy offers ergonomic suggestions to prevent worsening of the symptoms. Occupational therapies facilitate hand function through remedial adaptive approaches.Using an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naproxen can be effective as well for controlling symptoms. (Vitamin B12) has been helpful in some cases of CTS.
According to Dr chhabra, Release of the transverse carpal ligament is known as “carpal tunnel release” surgery. It is recommended when there is static (constant, not just intermittent) numbness, muscle weakness, or atrophy, and when night-splinting no longer controls intermittent symptoms. In general, milder cases can be controlled for months to years, but severe cases are unrelenting symptomatically and are likely to result in surgical treatment. | <urn:uuid:2391be09-699b-44e6-8f76-ce5281e9e2fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.newspatrolling.com/hand-falling-asleep-is-it-carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323588.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628083538-20170628103538-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.942213 | 982 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Worlds of David Darling > Children's
Encyclopedia of Science > Genetic Engineering > 5. Genetic Information:
Ownership & Privacy
Redrawing the Blueprint of Life
a book in the Beyond 2000 series by David Darling
5. Genetic Information: Ownership and Privacy
Who owns your genes? The
answer may seem obvious: you do. But the question of who owns what in the
world of genetic engineering is not at all clear-cut.
Companies and laboratories involved in developing new kinds of animals and
plants by genetic engineering claim that they should be able to patent these
new life-forms. A patent gives a person or organization control over a design
and the right to decide who else may use that design.
The first transgenic mammal to be registered by the U.S. Patent Office was
a mouse that contained a human cancer-causing gene, known as an ontogeny.
Genetically identical copies of the "onco-mouse" were subsequently offered
for sale by a big chemical manufacturing company to researchers studying
ways in which certain kinds of cancer start in human beings.
The idea of patenting animals and plants is opposed by some people. It is
wrong, these critics believe, to treat living things as if they were inventions.
On the other hand, supporters of patenting say that it encourages further
valuable work in genetic engineering and gene therapy. Patent holders, their
supporters point out, can charge other people for using their inventions.
The money the patent holders make provides them with funds for additional
research and development.
A Revolution in Knowledge
More and more specific genes are being identified as the cause of genetic
diseases. Just as important, scientists have also found that the occurrence
of certain other conditions, such as cancer and heart disease, may be influenced
in part by the type of genes with which a person is born. For example, women
who have a particular gene on what is known as chromosome 17 have a much
greater chance of developing breast cancer while young than women who do
not carry this gene. It is important to remember, though, that cancer-causing
substances in the environment, poor diet, smoking, and lack of exercise
are usually more significant than faulty genes as the underlying causes
of cancer and heart disease.
|The hands of a person suffering
from sever arthritis
Genes that make it more likely that a person will eventually suffer from
colon cancer, liver cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and a number
of other quite common illnesses have all recently been found. Alzheimer's
disease is a particularly unpleasant condition. It affects large numbers
of people, especially the elderly, and results in a progressive loss of
mental and physical powers.
As more becomes known about the genes responsible for various diseases,
so the effectiveness of genetic screening as a tool in diagnosis will grow.
This is especially true of diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, that are caused
by single genes. Screening can be carried out on someone of any age. It
can help individuals to know, for instance, whether they carry any faulty
genes that could be passed on to their children.
But the increasing effectiveness of genetic screening also raises some difficult
issues. As time goes on, employers will look more and more to genetic screening
as a way of checking whether future employees will suffer from any genetically
linked diseases that could affect their work. The use of genetic screening
is seen as a serious threat to people’s privacy.
Genes and Privacy
Genetic screening can only be used to predict whether a person might
develop a genetic disease. It gives probabilities, not certainties. However,
as genetic screening becomes increasingly common, there is the danger that
many people will find themselves the victims of discrimination. Suppose,
for example, that a screening test shows that a person has the single faulty
gene responsible for Huntington's chorea. This disease shows itself first
in middle age; the effects usually become noticeable at about age 35 or
40. Thereafter, it leads to a steady breakdown in the sufferer's physical
and mental health.
A potential employer who found out that a job applicant carried the gene
which causes Huntington’s chorea might be reluctant to hire that person.
In fact, such situations have already happened. A graduate of a police academy
in the Midwest was about to be hired as a police officer when it became
known that he had a family history of Huntington's chorea. The man was told
he would have to be tested for the gene responsible for the disease before
he could be accepted.
Such incidents are likely to be more common in the future as genetic screening
becomes widespread. New laws will need to be enacted to protect individuals'
Genetic Disease and Insurance
Health insurance companies also have a great interest in people's genes.
Someone suffering from a serious genetic disorder is likely to make large
health insurance claims. Because of this, company officials argue that they
should have access to genetic information on the people they insure or might
insure. But such knowledge could make the insurers refuse to provide coverage
to people they think are at high risk for genetic disease.
Already people have either been denied insurance coverage or have received
less in insurance payments because they or their dependents have genetic
disorders. As genetic screening becomes a more efficient predictor of disease,
such discrimination is likely to increase. At present, individuals are not
protected by any federal law from insurance companies that discriminate
against them because of their genes. Some states, however, including Arizona,
Florida, and Wisconsin, have passed laws to protect people against such
There is another, equally disturbing danger. The high cost of insuring children
who prenatal scanning suggests might develop genetic diseases could lead
to more abortions. One insurance company put pressure on parents to abort
fetuses with disabilities by threatening to cancel their insurance policies.
Some doctors and politicians believe that laws must be introduced to ensure
that people have the right to keep information about their genes, and the
genes of their offspring, strictly private if they wish to do so.
It is clear that the new techniques of genetic engineering and gene therapy
will solve some important problems while at the same time creating others.
Yet, overall, the human race stands to gain much from its increasing knowledge
of how to alter the DNA code.
Within 50 years, many of today's most devastating illnesses may not be only
treatable but curable. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and other such ailments
may disappear entirely. Other diseases that are in part related to faulty
genes, such as some types of cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease
may become more easily treatable.
Thanks to genetic engineering, countless new kinds of plants and animals
will serve the human race in all sorts of ways. Some varieties of plants
will produce plastics and other substances for industrial purposes. Other
new strains of plants may be placed on the sides of busy roads to absorb
poisonous gases given off by cars and trucks. Plants with altered genes
might even help reduce the greenhouse effect by absorbing more carbon dioxide
from the air. Meanwhile, transgenic animals will produce valuable medicines
in their milk or thrive in places that are highly polluted.
How much human beings will be genetically engineered in the years to come
is not at all clear. What is certain is that the choices and laws we as
a society make now will have an immense effect on all our futures.
|Bringing Back the Dinosaurs
In the film Jurassic Park, scientists bring dinosaurs back
to life and then place them in the ultimate theme park. The story
of how they are able to do this is cleverly thought out. First, over
100 million years ago, an insect bites and sucks some blood from a
living dinosaur. The insect lands on a tree and gets caught in a sticky
trickle of resin. Over a long period of time, the resin hardens and
turns into a piece of yellow amber. Eventually scientists find the
amber with the insect perfectly preserved inside. They extract the
dinosaur DNA from the blood in the insect's body and use its coded
instructions to bring the dinosaur back to life. Entertaining though
this idea may be, it will probably always remain in the realm of fantasy.
Tiny fragments of insect DNA have, in fact, been extracted from fossils
embedded in amber. But the amber does not preserve the creature’s
soft parts or any of its body fluids. Because of this, any dinosaur
DNA that may once have been inside the insect has long ago broken
down and been lost.
|This fossilized fly, a relative of
today's mosquito, is embedded in amber that is about 40 million | <urn:uuid:76621d22-1464-45d3-91da-f0cbe34c0b20> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Genetic_Engineering_Chapter5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425082.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725062346-20170725082346-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.949191 | 1,842 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Indian mythology is mainly embodied in the two great Indian epics, The Ramayana and The Mahabharata. Despite the disparity between the cultural subsections within the Indian subcontinent, the backbone of the Indian civilization is formed by these two epics, irrespective of individual religious beliefs. Several hundred centuries after, these epics continue to shape the society and politics of modern India to a greater degree than one might imagine. This is primarily because of the universal and timeless truths that are contained in the two epics which hold true even to this day. The epics continue to survive in this manner not only by word of mouth and traditions passed down through generations, but more so because of the way in which they have been adapted into popular culture.
The novels and movies that have been inspired by the epics focus mainly on the set of events which are now almost iconic in its dimensions, while examining the philosophy enshrined in them. The philosophy that pervades the two epics is interpreted differently by different generations, for each has a distinctive outlook which makes it unique. In fact, the very storyline and characters can be seen in a different light once the eventualities are seen from a new perspective. These modern readings are mainly focused on the relevance of the epics in the modern day and they are undertaken by novelists of the specific genre who seek to uphold the epics in a manner hitherto unexplored.
In recent times, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Palace of Illusions is one such novel. Without modifying the details of the events of The Mahabharata it presents the epic from the perspective of Draupadi, that is, the woman’s narrative of a patriarchal discourse. Princess Panchaali’s fiery passions and ambitions are highlighted as the novel traces the story of her birth and culminates in the legend of her death, focusing on her experiences and rationalizing her choices. The God Krishna is treated as another character in the novel, which emphasizes upon the sibling-like relationship Draupadi shared with him. Certain sections of the story are sensationalized to entertain a new generation of readers, such as the unrequited love Draupadi harboured for Karna.
Since the events are told from her point of view, it shocks the reader by illuminating certain aspects of very well known episodes of the epic which seem in a different light through the eyes of the Pandavas’ wife. Ajaya: Roll of the Dice is another well known fictional work by Anand Neelakantan based on the same epic. An entirely different narrative is found in this novel which is written from the perspective of Duryodhana of the Kaurava clan. It is a rare piece of work which explores the great war from the losing side, providing a rationale for their actions even if not seeking to justify them. There are several non-fictional works which have not been mentioned here which undoubtedly add immensely to the revival of the popularity of the epics, including philosophical writings such as Gurcharan Das’s The Difficulty of Being Good.
The ideas and spiritual tenets of The Ramayana have also prompted a wide variety of fiction writing, such as Divakaruni’s take on the epic in The Forest of Enchantments. This rendition pays tribute to the women characters of the story, specifically Sita, but also acts as a commentary on the misunderstood women who do not occupy the centre stage – such as Kaikeyi or Surpanakha. It treats the story in a different light, where motifs of loss, betrayal, and honour come together to highlight the struggle of women to establish their autonomy in society.
Neelakantan’s Asura tells the story of the Asura clan with Ravana as their leader, told from the first person narrative point of view of Ravana himself. In a defence of his actions, Ravana recounts the tale of the oppression faced by his class of supernatural beings and justifies his acts which through his version are seen as those of heroism. Yet another exemplary work along this strain is Amish Tripathi’s trilogy inspired by the Ramayana beginning with Scion of Ikshvaku. This is an imaginative reworking of the myths revolving Lord Ram’s birth, exile, and triumph but is somewhat sensationalist in its addition of events to the tale which are not originally part of the story. Excluding these there are numerous on screen adaptations of the ancient tales both in the form of TV shows and movies, which help to perpetuate the interest in these works. | <urn:uuid:53cb3566-4702-41dd-928a-959fb71d3885> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/the-indian-epics-in-popular-culture-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413901.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601005011-20200601035011-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.969875 | 935 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What Are Financial Goals
Financial goals are the personal financial targets and objectives for how much money you want to earn, spend and save for a particular purpose. Planning what you want ahead of time is an essential step so you align your actions towards your long term ambitions, including short term milestones to keep you on track.
Examples of Financial Goals
- Paying off all high-interest debt
- Becoming debt-free
- Saving for retirement
- Saving a deposit to buy a home
- Saving for a specific purchase, eg a holiday or car.
- Achieving financial security
- Building an emergency fund
- Starting a business or side project
- Improve your credit score
Why is Setting Financial Goals Important?
Defining what you want and planning accordingly are essential steps to achieve what you want in life. You can then effectively follow a roadmap so you can stay focused and give you the motivation to stay on the right path.
Many people are looking for financial goals that you should achieve by certain ages or decades such as in their 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s. This is also true for people looking for goals they should achieve at certain stages in life such as financial goals for students, young adults, couples and retirees.
As you will find I’ve not defined specific age ranges within this post and for good reason. This is because everyone is different and what is right for one person may not be for someone else.
My aim is to give you the strategies and the knowledge for you to understand how you should set goals, then you can choose the ones that are right for you and make the biggest impact in your life.
How Do You Write a Financial Goal?
First, you need to define exactly what you want to achieve long term and then work backwards with mid-term and short term goals that align with that outcome. To do this, you need to decide what matters to you, and how managing your money more effectively can help you reach that desired situation.
For example, your long term goal could be to retire in 15 years with enough income for a specific standard of living.
I do realise I’m being quite high level and generic here and I will go into more detail below, although I’m hoping this example can relate to most people.
Many strategies will allow you to achieve this outcome, although choosing which combination of short and mid-term goals that are right for you to achieve this long term target is essential.
To achieve that level of income in retirement, you will need to have a large sum of money saved that you can draw down and earn from for years to come.
To build that sum of money, you will need to save a certain amount each year for it to be achievable. This can be done through several different methods, although most commonly by saving a certain percentage of your income.
The percentage required may or may not be achievable depending on each person’s current circumstances. This long term goal can then be used as a way to set smaller short and mid-term goals that will allow you to hit that long term target.
This can include setting a budget to reduce your spending habits, getting an increase in salary through a promotion or new job and starting a business or side project. All of these could allow you to save more of a percentage of your income each month. As you can imagine, this isn’t an extensive list, although I’m hoping you can see how defining the long term goal first can help you plan how you’re going to achieve it.
You also need to ensure each goal is SMART, which I’ll explain more about below.
How Do You Set SMART Financial Goals?
SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic & Time-bound. Setting your goals up in this way will help give you the best possible chance of achieving your desired outcome. It will also push you to define and focus on exactly what you want, instead of just high-level generic wishes.
S = Specific
Being specific when setting your goals will ensure you have a defined target and something you can focus on. Many people set goals that are very generic, such as I want to get rich or I want to retire early.
With generic goals, it becomes very difficult to plan the steps needed to make your goal become reality and also to conjure the motivation to stay dedicated for the long term.
To help make your goal more specific, think through each of the bullet point below in relation to your goal. Remember, the more specific the better, thinking in this way may even drastically change your goal.
- Who – Who is involved?
- What – What do you want to accomplish?
- When – Establish a time frame.
- Where – Is there a specific location or area?
- How – A goal without a plan is just a wish!
- Why? Define the specific purpose and benefits of achieving the goal.
M = Measurable
Making sure your goal is measurable is a key step to ensure you actually know how you can achieve your goal. Quantifying your goal is the easiest way to do this and makes your goal a lot more tangible.
As financial goals usually have some sort of monetary element, quantifying it is usually a lot easier when compared to other types of goal setting. For example, this can be an earnings target, savings target or getting your credit score past a specific number.
A = Action-oriented
In order to prevent becoming overwhelmed with a goal, making sure it is broken down into actionable steps will help give you something clear you can work on now.
This is why setting short terms goals that align to a long term goal and vision is an excellent way to always know what you can do now to move closer towards your desired outcome.
I’m all for setting big life-changing goals and wholeheartedly recommend doing so. However, if that goal is so big you don’t know where to start you aren’t going to take any actions that move you closer to achieving it.
You can also break the short term goal into daily, weekly and monthly actionable steps and smaller goals so you know exactly what you need to do. This will also have the desired effect of keeping you motivated, especially when you start to see progress.
For example, your long term goal could be to buy a house. In order to do this you may need to save £30,000 over the next 3 years. Breaking this down, you will need to save £10,000 each year, equating to £833 each month.
Now you have this smaller, more digestible £833 per month figure, it allows you to define action-orientated steps you can make to achieve it. For this particular goal, there are a number of actions you can take to give you the ability to save the extra money each month. Below are some ideas, although isn’t an extensive list.
- Review your spending habits and reduce unnecessary spending.
- Negotiate your bills such as car insurance, mobile contracts, utilities etc. (Comparison sites are excellent to help with this!)
- Push for a promotion or new job to increase your income.
- Increase the return on your cash, such as a higher interest rate bank account. (eg Marcus by Goldman Sachs @ 1.2%, every little helps!)
- Earn some passive income to supplement your savings.
Then once you get to the magical £833 number, just sticking to this plan alone will ensure you’ll have your house deposit within 3 years.
Remember 1 long term goal, can have multiple short term goals and actionable steps that can contribute towards it.
R = Realistic – How do you set realistic financial goals?
Make sure that you avoid setting completely unrealistic goals, especially in the short term. The biggest draw-back of huge goals for many people is that they’re so big that it’s hard to know where to start. This then usually leads to people not doing anything and not making any progress at all.
When setting financial goals, it’s important to be ambitious, although you need to make the goal relevant to you and give you the ability to set a clear plan to move forward.
There have been several studies conducted on goal setting and the results are quite surprising and don’t align with what many people think.
The results show that the problem isn’t setting high and ambitious goals and missing them, it’s setting low attainable goals and achieving them. Many people think if they set low goals that are easy to achieve they’ll avoid future disappointment.
Although the studies show that when people set small goals, they subconsciously lower their expectations of themselves, reducing their motivation and drive, even when successful.
For those interested, here’s a link to one of the studies.
The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short; but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark.~ Michelangelo
The key is to set the biggest long term goals that you are able to set a clear actionable plan for. Then even if you fall short, you’ll more than likely be in a better place financially and mentally, allowing you to continue to strive forward.
Armed with this knowledge will hopefully give you the desire to dream big and strive for greatness.
T = Time bound
Defining a specific end time for your goals will give you a deadline to work towards and a way to measure your progress.
Open-ended goals, especially financial, without a defined time frame are practically impossible to set a plan for and just end up becoming an afterthought. This leads to a lack of focus and can reduce your motivation and drive to make progress.
One common mistake many people do when setting financial goals is to set the time-frame “as soon as possible”. Whilst this will contribute to a sense of urgency, it’s hard to use this to create a long term plan.
Continuing on from the example above about saving £30,000 for a house deposit. Without a time frame, knowing how much you’ll need to save each month then becomes a guessing game.
Technically any money saved is progress towards the goal, although if you are only saving £100/month it will take you 25 years to hit your target. This is not ideal if you want to make the purchase in the next few years.
Setting a specific time frame will help give you a clear plan on what you need to do each year, month, week and even each day to make your goal become reality. Then will then give you the ability to set smaller objectives that align to your overall long term goals and vision.
You could end up with a number of short term (1 month to 1 year), medium (1 year to 3 years) or long term (over 3 years) goals, all aimed at keeping your on track for your long term ambition.
What is a Good Long Term Financial Goal?
The key understanding when setting long term financial goals is to ensure you have at least one short term goal that aligns with it. This will provide you with a short term target to aim for to keep you on track, giving you milestones to plan for along the way.
Multiple short term goals can also feed into one long term goal. Using the examples below, many of the short term objectives will contribute to achieving the long term goals.
Remember to use the SMART acronym explained above when defining your goals and pay close attention to making them relevant to you.
Examples of Long Term Financial Goals
- Buy a house in 3 years with a £30,000 deposit.
- Get an excellent credit score within 3 years.
- Visit 10 new countries over the next 10 years.
- Ability to retire by 40, 50, 60.
- Have a £10,000 emergency fund of liquid non-volatile assets, eg cash.
- Maintain a personal budget and update on the 1st of each month.
- Become mortgage-free in 10 years.
- Grow a business to £15,000 per month in revenue within 3 years.
- Pay off all high-interest debt by the end of next year.
- Get a job paying a salary above £60,000 per year.
Below is a list of some short term goals that align to these long term goals.
What is a Good Short Term Financial Goal?
With your short term goals, try and make them align to your long term goals. This should also make them easier to set as they should be just a smaller, much achievable version derived from your long term goal, with a shorter time horizon.
There could also be a few quick wins, such as save £1,000 for a holiday next year or apply for that new job to increase your salary. Although even with these goals, if you can make them align to bigger long term goals, it will allow you to see the big picture of why you’re striving for this change. This will also give you the motivation to push through any unforeseen setbacks and increase the likelihood of success.
Examples of Short Term Financial Goals
- Save £833 per month or £10,000 per year towards a house deposit.
- Increase credit score by 50 points by the end of the year.
- Save £1,000 by December to buy a holiday next year.
- Save 10% of income for retirement.
- Save £200 per month towards an emergency fund.
- Create a personal budget for this calendar year over the next 2 weeks.
- Overpay mortgage by £250 each month.
- Start a business and make the first sale by the end of this year.
- Pay £400 towards credit card balance each month.
- Learn a new skill or strengthen an existing one that will enhance career prospects (eg stakeholder management, presenting, Excel).
The previous section includes a list of long term goals that align to these short term goals.
How to Prioritise Your Financial Goals
Goal setting is a very personal exercise without a one size fits all approach, so prioritising them can become difficult. Knowing this can either be a blessing or a curse, although let’s aim for the former. Below are a few simple ways that you can use to determine what is most important to you and how you should prioritise your goals.
Warren Buffett’s 5/25 Strategy
This is a strategy from Warren Buffet, the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway and one of the most well known and respected investors of all time.
The story goes that Warren was talking to the pilot of his private jet, Mike Flint, and jokingly said to him that the fact he was still working for him after many years meant he wasn’t doing his job properly and encouraging him to go after more of this goals and dreams.
He then laid out a simple process for finding and prioritising exactly what you want.
- Step 1: Write down your top 25 goals
- Step 2: Draw a circle round the top 5 goals
- Step 3: Focus on your top 5 goals and ignore the rest
This can be done for any type of goals in life, including when setting financial goals.
To do this exercise yourself, write down the top 25 things you want to achieve financially. This can be anything and hopefully you can take some inspiration from the list of short and long term goals highlight in the sections above.
Then put them in rank order of importance to you, and focus on the top 5. Then when you achieve one, can add in a new one to focus on.
The Eisenhower Priority Matrix
To help with prioritisation, this matrix is a useful exercise and can be applied to goal-setting. To use this method, number each of your goals with a 1 to 4 and try to be as accurate as possible.
I’ve added an example to each one to help.
- Urgent & Important
- Pay off high-interest debt
- Urgent & Not Important
- Finding a new job because you dislike your current boss.
- Not Urgent & Important
- Saving 10% of your income for retirement.
- Not Urgent & Not Important
- Buying a new car on finance when you already have a very good one.
Now when combined with the Warren Buffet 5/25 strategy, it should help you understand what you need to focus on first and how best to rank them in a list.
When doing these exercises, it may help to just focus on your long term goals. This will help you understand when you want to be in the long run and be able to plan your steps to get there accordingly.
Now when you set your short and long term financial goals, the short term activities should align more to the urgent category and the long term goals should align towards the important category.
Obviously these aren’t the only methods to prioritise your goals, although this should help focus your mind and efforts on defining what you truly want to achieve.
Why is it Important to Prioritise a List of Financial Goals?
There are many strategies to help you prioritise your financial goals. The key lesson is to understand that we have a limited amount of time, energy and focus to put towards our goals each day. By chasing too many goals at the same time, we get distracted, lose focus and risk failing to achieve any of the goals.
Remember the saying, “the man who chases two rabbits catches none”.
Know Your Why – True Inspiration & Motivation
Knowing why you want to achieve something and having a purpose is the true secret to endless discipline and motivation. This will ensure you stay on track with your financial goals, even through multiple challenges and setbacks.
As you can imagine, all are quite useful for making sure you achieve your financial goals. Plus there’s also the desired benefit of living longer on average, so you get to enjoy the satisfaction and advantages of that success for longer.
Although do remember that you will never exceed your highest expectation, so make sure sure you push yourself when setting financial goals. This will give you the motivation and disciple to do what’s needed to be done to achieve success.
Hi, I’m John. I’ve always had a keen interest in Finance, so much so that I’ve made a career out of it! This site is a place where I can share everything I’ve learned as well as give me the excuse to research certain topics.
Check out my about page for more info. | <urn:uuid:63cc0ac0-ce72-4a2c-b3e3-9da692528f5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.askyourfinanceguy.com/financial-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.949609 | 3,866 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As was reported today, the New Orleans city elections have been postponed until the Summer or Fall of 2006. This delay raises an interesting question about the role of government in facilitating elections during times of crisis.
When Mayor Ray Nagin suggested that the elections in New Orleans should go forward, because “voting during our regular cycle would further bring a sense of normalcy and empowerment to our citizens,” he was in part reflecting an attitude that has existed in America since the Civil War, when President Lincoln decided not to postpone federal elections during a time of internal war. Several historians have noted that Lincoln’s decision was not what would be expected; nations historically had not held elections in the midst of a civil war.
The difference between the Civil War and today is that, during the Civil War, the state and federal governments worked to adopt new voting schemes to address the problem. Expanded absentee voting and remote voting for military personnel in most states dates to the Civil War. Some states set up actual voting precincts in forward state militia positions so that soldiers could vote. Other states allowed military personnel to give a proxy to a third party.
In New Orleans, it is clear that the government response, especially at the federal level, was not working to facilitate the February election date. As the Washington Post noted, Louisiana Secretary of State Al “Ater laid much of the blame for the delay on the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which he said has not provided any of the $2 million his office requested to repair voting machines damaged in the Aug. 29 storm and to upgrade New Orleans’s absentee voting system.”
The key issue now is how to facilitate voting for residents who, even 9 months from now, are still unable to live in New Orleans but plan to go back. One solution is to create, for this election, highly liberalized absentee voting rules, much like those used for military personnel and civilians stationed overseas. These voters–called UOCAVA voters for the Act that enfranchised them fully–can vote absentee in their last place of residence before they left the U.S. Perhaps former New Orleans residents should be given the same liberal absentee voting rights, even if they now are residents of another state. | <urn:uuid:cfab5391-9100-4707-b98a-1a198315ca14> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://electionupdates.caltech.edu/2005/12/03/new-orleans-elections-and-the-civil-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904834.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029154446-20201029184446-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.974308 | 454 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Traditional print media has been an integral part of our lives for centuries. From newspapers to magazines, books, and billboards, print media has been the backbone of communication and information dissemination for generations. With the advent of the digital age, many people have been quick to write off print media as a dying industry, but the truth is that traditional print media is far from dead. In this article, we will explore why print media is still relevant today and its main applications in a digital world.
Firstly, print media offers a tactile experience that cannot be replicated by digital media. The weight and texture of paper, the smell of ink, and the ability to physically hold a book or newspaper provide a unique sensory experience that cannot be matched by a digital device. This is especially true for readers who prefer to disconnect from screens and engage with content in a more relaxed and focused manner.
Secondly, print media is still a valuable tool for reaching specific audiences. For example, local newspapers are often the go-to source of news and information for people in a specific geographic area. Magazines, on the other hand, provide readers with in-depth coverage on specific topics, from fashion and beauty to science and technology. The niche audience of these publications makes them a valuable tool for advertisers looking to target specific demographics.
Thirdly, print media has proven to be a more reliable source of information than digital media. In the era of fake news and clickbait headlines, print media has retained its reputation for accuracy and accountability. This is because print media outlets have established editorial standards and fact-checking processes that ensure that the information presented to readers is trustworthy.
Fourthly, print media is still very much alive in the world of marketing and advertising. While digital marketing has grown in popularity in recent years, print media remains a powerful tool for businesses looking to reach new customers. From billboards to brochures and direct mail, print media allows businesses to target specific audiences in a way that digital marketing cannot.
Finally, print media has adapted to the digital age by incorporating online platforms into its business model. Many newspapers and magazines have online editions that provide readers with digital access to their content. This has allowed print media outlets to expand their reach and connect with audiences beyond their traditional geographic boundaries.
Traditional print media is not dead, but rather evolving and adapting to the digital age. Its main applications today are in providing a unique sensory experience, reaching specific audiences, providing reliable information, serving as a powerful tool for marketing and advertising, and incorporating digital platforms into its business model. As such, print media remains an important and valuable part of our lives today.
Red Panda is a cutting-edge tech company based in Portugal that provides a unique solution for traditional printing companies looking to establish a strong online presence. With its expertise in web design and digital marketing, Red Panda has helped numerous printing companies all over the world transition into the digital age and reach a wider audience. Through its innovative technology and dedication to customer satisfaction, Red Panda has become a leader in the industry and a trusted partner for businesses seeking to expand their online footprint.
Arando eCommerce solution to companies with special needs. | <urn:uuid:b093f395-5652-4f85-b5d5-862ddabd624e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blog.redpanda.graphics/print-media-is-not-dead-yet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649348.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603233121-20230604023121-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.951734 | 634 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Q&A: Black Holes
Many objects which are near to the outer rim of the universe are
supposed to be "supermassive black-holes." But in our
neighborhood, there are only a few. As it is true, that the
farther you look to the "ends" of universe, the farther you go
back in time. Does a theory exist which says that the galaxies
were born out of these black-holes. Or is there a different
explanation for this?
The current theory is that supermassive black holes are formed
in the center of a galaxy once the galaxy is formed. | <urn:uuid:c854fe15-1a95-4ea2-86a6-f6d5c449d5ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/faq/black_hole/bhole-25.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701987329.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195307-00301-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960643 | 136 | 3.125 | 3 |
South African uranium plant start-up on track
15 August 2007
First Uranium has announced that work to restart its Ezulwini gold and uranium mine in South Africa is on track, with first uranium production expected in June 2008 and plans for expansion.
Ezulwini is an underground gold and uranium mine 40 km from Johannesberg. It was sunk in the 1960s but production was suspended in 2001, primarily because of weak gold and uranium markets, and was mothballed. Ezulwini Mining, a subsidiary of First Uranium, signed an agreement in 2006 to buy the project from Randfontein Estates, and work towards a restart commenced in earnest in February 2007. To date, $29.1 million has been spent on the refurbishment project. The company plans to begin hoisting ore by October, stockpiling it for toll-milling before its own gold plant starts up in April 2008. Its first uranium plant module is due for completion in June 2008, with a planned production of 888,000 lb of uranium per year over the mine's 18-year lifetime.
The company is also carrying out work to 'prove up' a further 218 million lb of inferred uranium resources at the site, which it says could justify the sinking of a new shaft at the site and potentially increase production.
First Uranium expects uranium production from its other ongoing project, the Buffelsfontein Tailings Recovery Project, to begin in November 2008 and produce 922,000 pounds of uranium per year.
WNA: Nuclear Power in SouthAfrica information paper
WNA: World Uranium Mininginformation paper
This article is not categorised | <urn:uuid:6b5f75c5-cea5-4c6d-8dad-6c5161650b54> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=13876&LangType=2057 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122189854.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175629-00035-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95543 | 341 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Water: Nonpoint Source Success Stories
New York: Niagara River
Remediation of Hazardous Waste Nonpoint Sources Partially Restores Water Quality
Waterbodies ImprovedNew York's Niagara River flows 38 miles from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, forming the border between western New York State and the Province of Ontario, Canada. The Niagara River watershed, with its access to inexpensive hydroelectric power and close proximity to rail and shipping routes, was a magnet for heavy industry and chemical manufacturing companies beginning in the early 1900s. By the 1960s, decades of poor management of industrial and hazardous waste had severely impaired Niagara River's water quality. In 1998 New York included the river on its 303(d) list of impaired waters for priority organics. Since then, significant remediation efforts at many sites have improved water quality, prompting New York to propose removing four contaminants from its 2008 303(d) list for both the upper and lower segments of the river.
EPA Region 2
Figure 1. Pictures of the Cherry Farm/Roblin Steel federal Superfund site.
Before: The actively polluting site in 1960.
After: The post-remediation site in 2001.
The Niagara River's pollution affected both the United States and Canada. In 1987 four environmental agencies—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Environment Canada, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment—signed a binational Declaration of Intent (DOI), committing to developing and implementing a plan to reduce concentration of toxic chemicals in the Niagara River. The DOI and work plan together form the Niagara River Toxics Management Plan (NRTMP). Environmental monitoring data collected for the NRTMP identified 18 priority toxics in the Niagara River that exceeded water quality criteria (Table 1).
New York State included the entire length of the Niagara River on its 1998, 2002, 2004, and 2006 303(d) lists for not meeting beneficial uses of aquatic life and fish consumption due to priority organics. These priority organics, the same organic chemicals that are included on the NRTMP priority toxics list, are identified as originating from contaminated sediments and land disposal. Beginning in 2004, New York began listing the upper mainstem and lower mainstem of the Niagara River as two separate segments.
Through the NRTMP process, the four participating environmental agencies evaluated all potential sources of priority toxics and identified hazardous waste sites as the most significant nonpoint sources of priority toxics loading. A 1988 EPA hazardous waste site study identified 26 clusters of U.S. hazardous waste sites responsible for approximately 700 lbs/day of priority toxics loadings to the river. In response, hazardous waste remediation programs under Superfund, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and state hazardous waste program authority focused on remediation of these sites. These efforts addressed the most significant nonpoint sources of toxic contamination to the Niagara River.
To date, remediation is complete at 21 of the 26 priority waste site clusters. Remediation costs have exceeded $400 million, paid mostly by Potentially Responsible Parties. Remedial actions continue at the five remaining sites. The efforts are working—total priority toxics loads to the river have decreased more than 90 percent, from approximately 700 lbs/day to less than 50 lbs/day. Remediation at sites such as the Cherry Farm/Roblin Steel federal Superfund site (Figure 1), which included capping contaminated sediments, has contributed to this decrease by significantly reducing the amount of priority toxic contaminants reaching the Niagara River from nonpoint sources.
Niagara River surface water quality data show that water quality has improved over the past decade in response to the remediation projects. Data show that concentrations of most of the NRTMP priority toxics have decreased significantly, and several are now meeting water quality standards. For example, monitoring data collected from April 2004 through March 2005 at the head of the Niagara River (Fort Erie) and at the mouth of the Niagara River (Niagara-on-the-Lake) show that annual average concentrations of total chlordane (organochlorine pesticide), p,p'-DDD (organochlorine pesticide metabolite of DDT), octachlorostyrene, and benzo(a)anthracene (a polycyclic aromatic hyrocarbon) are now below New York's water quality standards (Table 2).
As a result, New York has proposed removing these four contaminants from its 2008 303(d) list for both the upper and lower segments of the river. This continues a long-term trend in decreasing concentrations of NRTMP priority toxic chemicals in the Niagara River.
Partners and Funding
Since its inception, implementing the NRTMP in the United States has been a joint EPA Region 2 and NYSDEC water program priority. These agencies played key roles in setting overall NRTMP priorities, developing program work plans, and overseeing environmental monitoring and public reporting of success. Funding support for the Niagara River Toxics reduction efforts came from a variety of sources including Performance Partnership Agreement/Grant (PPG) funds, which include specific program outputs for NRTMP. EPA Region 2 awards Clean Water Act section 319(h) nonpoint source program funds to NYSDEC through the annual PPG process. In fact, Section 319(h) funds have been included in all of New York State's PPG Work Plans since the inception of the partnership process in 1996.
|Table 1. NRTMP Priority Toxics|
|DDT and metabolites||Benzo(a)anthracene*|
|* Targeted for 50% Niagara watershed point and nonpoint reduction from 1987 baseline.|
|Table 2. The 2004/2005 annual average Niagara River surface water concentrations for contaminants proposed for 303(d) delisting compared to New York's water quality standards|
|Parameter||NY WQS (ng/L)||Upper 90% confidence interval (ng/L)||Predicted mean (ng/L)|
|NYWQS = New York Water Quality Standards; ND = Non-detect; FE = Fort Erie (at the head of the Niagara River); NOTL = Niagara-on-the-Lake (at the mouth of the Niagara River); ng/L = parts per trillion (Adapted from Table 3 in the October 2007 NRTMP report)| | <urn:uuid:853a4a91-117f-4b4a-8f2c-c322f8555bcd> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/success319/ny_niagara.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657114926.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011154-00212-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889004 | 1,306 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The school-to-prison pipeline is a national trend in which students are pushed out of school and into the juvenile justice system. Research indicates that the pipeline is an unintended consequence of increasingly harsh school discipline policies such as “zero tolerance.” Additionally, schools increasingly rely on law enforcement to handle minor disciplinary issues previously administered internally. This creates the initial link between the classroom and the criminal justice system. Harsh discipline policies often disproportionally affect minority students and students with disabilities. According to the Department of Education, African-American students are three and a half times more likely to face suspension or expulsion than their White peers. Additionally, students with disabilities are twice as likely to be suspended as students without disabilities.
In December, Assistant Secretary for Education Deb Delisle wrote on the U.S. Department of Education’s blog about steps the Department is taking to break the connection between the classroom and the criminal justice system. Her comments focused on ways to train teachers to use alternative discipline tactics, rather than simply suspension or expulsion. Assistant Secretary Delisle also noted that the Department is in the process of reviewing alternative practices, such as Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) to determine if they can improve outcomes over current “zero tolerance policies.”
Previous research has suggested utilizing systems, such as PBIS, that emphasize creating a positive and nurturing learning environment and while minimizing harsh responses to behavioral problems. These systems further benefit from the addition of professional learning communities that encourage engagement among different members of the school as well as with external stakeholders.
*The American Institutes for Research is a social and behavioral science research not-for-profit that operates several U.S. Department of Education contracts, including the National High School Center.
Note: This blog post was originally authored under the auspices of the National High School Center at the American Institutes for Research (AIR). The National High School Center’s blog, High School Matters, which ran until March 2013, provided an objective perspective on the latest research, issues, and events that affected high school improvement. The CCRS Center plans to continue relevant work originally developed under the National High School Center grant. National High School Center blog posts that pertain to CCRS Center issues are included on this website as a resource to our stakeholders. | <urn:uuid:a589e5f0-aaa0-4f49-8105-9446fc7e6101> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://ccrscenter.org/blog/addressing-school-prison-pipeline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039490226.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420183658-20210420213658-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.96258 | 462 | 3.21875 | 3 |
With so many changes in the standardized test landscape over the last three years, many students, parents, and educators are confused about many of the topics and concepts surrounding the college admissions tests: SAT and ACT. One area of confusion relates to scoring and guessing. Students, parents, and even educators are not sure if it is wise to guess on any questions on the SAT or ACT, and if so, they wonder about a guessing strategy.
The question of guessing on the SAT is a concern because when these same parents and educators took the SAT when they themselves were high school students, they were sternly warned never to guess on the SAT. Instead, they were advised to develop a skipping strategy to avoid score penalties.
Before the SAT was redesigned and updated in 2016, the scoring system was a little more complicated than the current system in which students earn 1 raw point for each correct answer and 0 raw points for each incorrect and omitted (skipped) answer. Under the previous system, students still earned 1 raw point for each correct answer and 0 points for an omitted answer but were penalized -1/4th of a point for each wrong answer. This is what was known as the guessing penalty.
The guessing penalty was introduced to the SAT in 1940 to combat what the College Board, creators of the SAT, saw as rampant guessing, especially on the Math section, in the 1930s. By 1939, the median Math score had drifted up from the expected 500 to almost 550, and the College Board attributed this rise to guessing, especially considering the advice students were receiving from their teachers and advisers. The idea was that in a 25-question math section in which the questions increase in difficulty in numerical order questions 21-25 will be the most difficult and will be attempted toward the end of the time limit. Since the majority of students will tend to get those questions wrong, students were advised to guess on the last five. With five answer choices, students had a one in five chance of earning an extra point by guessing.
In response, the College Board assigned a negative point value to wrong answers. In the example above, a 1939 SAT student could hope to pick up one extra point. A 1940 SAT student might still earn one extra point from guessing but would then lose four quarters of a point for the four wrong guesses. One positive point minus one negative point eliminates the benefit of guessing. The guessing penalty was a part of the SAT from 1940-2016 and informed a skipping strategy during that time.
Due to several changes in the structure and format of the Math sections, as well as the Reading and Writing sections, the College Board decided to eliminate the guessing penalty as part of the 2016 redesign of the SAT. As of now, there is no reason to skip any questions on any of the sections of the SAT.
Interestingly, the ACT has never had a guessing penalty, and students have always been advised to guess on the sections, especially if they were running out of time. The ACT is well known for both being the more academic, intellectual, and straightforward of the two tests and the test with the stressful time limit. Given that the vast majority of students who take the ACT are unable to complete most of the sections within the time limit, as the test was designed, a guessing penalty seemed unnecessary.
The guessing strategy for students taking the SAT is the same as the guessing strategy for students who are taking the ACT, which is the same as the guessing strategy has always been for the ACT. Answer as many questions as you know how to answer. That is the best way to earn a point on these tests. Since they are timed tests, you don’t want to get stuck on any individual question. If you’re stuck or recognize that you don’t know how to do a particular question, guess on it and move on. Make a mark in the test booklet, usually by circling the question number, to indicate that you guessed, and that, if time allows, you should come back to this one once you’ve answered all of the other questions. Next, if you are running out of time, usually when the proctor indicates that you only have two minutes left in the section, guess on all remaining questions. Don’t leave any blank. If you still have time left, begin to attempt any question which seems solvable, but make sure you’ve guessed an answer in case you run out of time.
Students who employ these tips in a guessing strategy will find that having a plan makes running out of time or not knowing how to solve a particular question less stressful. Focus on the questions you do know how to answer and rack up those points. | <urn:uuid:3a29bed1-db70-4a9c-9493-97dea188f188> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://livius.me/2019/08/09/guessing-strategies-for-the-sat-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371665328.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407022841-20200407053341-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.977781 | 948 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/About the Wedding-Ring
|←Astronomy with an Opera-Glass IV||Popular Science Monthly Volume 32 November 1887 (1887)
About the Wedding-Ring
By D. R. McAnally
|The Chemistry of Oyster-Fattening→|
By D. R. McANALLY.
OF all the ornaments with which vanity, superstition, and affection have decorated the human form, few have more curious bits of history than the finger-ring. From the earliest times the ring has been a favorite ornament, and the reasons for this general preference shown for it over other articles of jewelry are numerous and cogent. Ornaments whose place is on some portion of the apparel, or in the hair, must be laid aside with the clothing or head-dress; are thus easily lost and often not at once missed. Pins, brooches, buckles, clasps, buttons, all sooner or later become defective in some part, and are liable to escape from an owner unconscious of the defect in the mechanism. The links of a necklace in time become worn, and the article is taken off to be mended; the spring or other fastening of a bracelet is easily broken, and the bracelet vanishes. With regard to ornaments fastened to parts of the savage body, mutilation is necessary, the ear must be bored, the nose be pierced, the cheeks or lips be slit, and, even after these surgical operations are completed, the articles used for adornment are generally inconvenient, and sometimes, by their weight or construction, are extremely painful.
In striking contrast with decorations worn on the clothing, in the hair, round the neck and arms, or pendent from the ears, lips, and nose, is the finger-ring, the model of convenience. It is seldom lost, for it need not be taken off; requires no preparatory mutilation of the body, is not painful, is always in view, a perpetual reminder, either of the giver, or of the purpose for which it is worn.
The popularity of the ring must, therefore, be in large measure due to its convenience, and that this good quality was early learned may be inferred from the Hebrew tradition, which attributes the invention of this ornament to Tubal-Cain, the "instructor of every artificer in brass and iron." The barbaric lover, in choosing a token for his mistress, was doubtless actuated, like the lover of to-day, by the wish to be kept in remembrance, and the proverbial saying, "Out of sight, out of mind," being as true in savage as in civilized times, he sought for a memento which should be always in view, never laid aside, not in danger of being lost—which, in short, should become a part of herself, mutely reminding her of him, and presenting a silent remonstrance when her affections went astray. For the purposes of a love-gift, he could find nothing more suitable than the ring. And when the agonies of courtship finally settled into the steady troubles of matrimony, it was not remarkable that this token of affection should remain on the finger of the bride, or be removed, to be succeeded by another of a similar kind.
The uses of the finger-ring have been many and diverse. Originally purely for ornament, it became a signet for kings and a warrant for their messengers; to civil officers it was once an emblem of office, and to ecclesiastics an indispensable portion of the episcopal costume. It was once worn, by physicians to prevent contagion, and by patients to cure disease; the timorous wore it as a charm against evil spirits, and the ambitious clung to it as a talisman, giving the wearer success over his enemies. But as a love-token, and a symbol of marriage, the use of the ring is so general, and of so long standing, as to dwarf into insignificance its employment in all other directions.
At what period it came into play as a recognized factor in the marriage ceremony, it is impossible to say. The Hebrews used it in very early ages, and probably borrowed the custom from the Egyptians, among whom the wedding-ring was known—a circle, in the language of hieroglyphics, being the symbol of eternity, and the embodiment of the circle readily symbolizing the hypothetical duration of wedded love. The Greeks used wedding-rings, so did the Romans, both putting them on the forefinger — by-the-way, a practice followed by the mediæval painters, many of whom represent the Virgin's ring on her forefinger. In the East, where the popular estimate of woman is low, the use of the wedding-ring has not been common, though occasionally the favorite wife of an Oriental monarch would receive from her master a ring as a mark of his favor. The conclusion, therefore, is safe that, with increase of respect for the institution of marriage, come also increased respect for and use of the ring as a token of the alliance.
During a part of the middle ages, this respect showed itself in a peculiar way, custom demanding that the wedding-ring should cost as much as the bridegroom could afford to pay; and there are records in Germany and France, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, of many large investments made in this direction by grooms eager to conciliate their brides and be in the fashion. The revulsion made the ring what we now have, a plain gold circlet; though, by a compromise, the engagement-ring may be as costly as fancy dictates or means permit.
The materials of which wedding-rings have been composed are as diverse as the nations which have used the ring. The British Museum has rings of bone and of hard wood, found in the Swiss lakes; on one of the bone rings is traced a heart, giving antiquaries reason to believe that the ring was a pledge of affection, if not a wedding-ring. The same museum has rings from all parts of the earth—of bone, ivory, copper, brass, lead, tin, iron, silver, gold, and some of a composite of several of these metals. One ivory ring, from an Egyptian tomb, bears two clasped hands; an iron ring, having the design of a hand closing over a heart, once graced the hand of a Roman matron; while the inscriptions on many others make it certain that they were wedding-rings.
The use of many different materials in the construction of these wedding-rings does not indicate capricious changes of fashion, for it should be remembered that museums and collections of antiquities comprise specimens of many ages and of widely-separated lands, but there is no doubt that fashion has sometimes had an influence in determining the style and material of the ring. For instance: during the latter part of the sixteenth century a fashion for some time prevailed in France of making the wedding-ring consist of several links fastened together in such a way as to seem but one. Sometimes there were three, two links having graven hands and the third a heart, the union of the three in the proper position clasping the hands over the heart. During the palmy days of astrology, there was quite a fashion in Germany of wedding-rings engraved with astronomical and astrological characters, the horoscopes of both the contracting parties being sometimes indicated in the setting of the ring. That being also the golden age of the quack doctor, wedding-rings were often made with a cavity to contain medical preparations or charms to preserve or restore health or avert evil. After the Crusades had set Europe in a flame, a practice became common in France, Germany, and England, of wearing rings the setting of which was a tiny fragment of wood from the true cross, and many of these rings are still preserved in the cabinets and museums of Europe. Ass-hoof rings were, in the seventeenth century, very popular among the Spanish peasants as a cure for epilepsy; and such a ring, made, it was said, from the hoof of the ass which carried Christ into Jerusalem, was used in a wedding in a country church near Madrid in 1881!
But when the ring was not plain, precious stones of some kind constituted the settings; and when the selection of the stone was in question, the dominance of fashion was absolute. In the fourteenth century, a fanciful Italian writer on the mystic arts set forth the vir tues of the various gems, indicating also the month in which it was proper to wear particular stones in order to secure the best result. The idea took, and for some time it was the fashion in several Italian cities to have the precious stone of the ring determined by the month in which the bride was born. If in January, the stone was a garnet, believed to have the power of winning the wearer friends wherever she went. If in February, her ring was set with an amethyst, which not only promoted in her the quality of sincerity, but protected her from poison and from slanderous tongues. The blood-stone was for March, making her wise, and enabling her with patience to bear domestic cares; the diamond for April, keeping her heart innocent and pure so long as she wore the gem. An emerald for May made her a happy wife; while an agate, for June, gave her health and protection from fairies and ghosts. If born in July, the stone was a ruby, which tended to keep her free from jealousy of her husband; while in August, the sardonyx made her happy in the maternal relation. In September, a sapphire was the proper stone, it preventing quarrels between the wedded pair; in October, a carbuncle was chosen, to promote her love of home. The November-born bride wore a topaz, it having the gift of making her truthful and obedient to her husband; while in December the turquoise insured her faithfulness. Among the German country-folk, the last-named stone is to the present day used as a setting for the betrothal-ring, and, so long as it retains its color, is believed to indicate the constancy of the wearer.
From Italy this fanciful notion spread to France, and French bridegrooms would sometimes insure themselves against a bad matrimonial bargain, and, as far as they could, guarantee to their brides a variety of good qualities, by presenting twelve rings, one for each month, with occasionally one or two extra as special charms. However, this extravagance in the number of rings used at weddings is not a solitary instance, for the use of several rings at the marriage ceremony has often been known. Four rings placed on her hand at her marriage could not keep Mary Stuart faithful to Darnley; and the annals of European courts record many instances similar, both as to the rings and to the result. The Greek Church uses two rings, one of gold, the other of silver; while in some districts of Spain and Portugal, three rings are placed, one at a time, on the fingers of the bride, as the words, "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost," are pronounced.
Fashion has also determined, not only the style of the wedding-ring, but the finger on which it is to be worn; and so capriciously has custom varied, that the symbol of matrimony has traveled from the thumb to the fourth finger, where it now reposes. In the time of Elizabeth, it was customary, both in England and on the Continent, for ladies to wear rings on the thumb, and several of her rings now shown in the British Museum, from their size, must have been thumb- rings. That the practice of wearing thumb-rings extended to the case of married ladies and their wedding-rings, is amply attested, not only by allusions in contemporary literature, but by the portraits of matrons of that age, a great many, where the hands are shown, displaying the wedding-ring on the left thumb. In the time of Charles II, the ring seems to have found lodgment on the forefinger, sometimes on the middle finger, occasionally on the third finger also, and, by the time George I came to the throne, the third finger was recognized as the proper place for it, not universally, however, for William Jones in his treatise on rings, declares that even then the thumb was the favorite place for the wedding-ring, and gives instances of the ring being made of large size, and, although placed on the third finger at the ceremony, immediately afterward removed to the thumb.
An English work on etiquette, published in 1732, says it is for the bride to choose on which finger the wedding-ring shall be placed. It further states that some prefer the thumb, since it is the strongest and most important member of the hand; others, the index-finger, because at its base lies the mount of Jupiter, indicating the noble aspirations; others, the middle finger, because it is the longest of the four; and others, again, the fourth finger, because a "vein proceeds from it to the heart."
The "British Apollo," however, decides the proper place of the ring to be the fourth finger, not because it is nearer the heart than the others, but because on it the ring is less liable to injury. The same authority prefers the left hand to the right. The right hand is the emblem of authority, the left of submission, and the position of the ring on the left hand of the bride indicates her subjection to her husband. A curious exception to the rule placing the ring on the left hand is, however, seen in the usage of the Greek Church, which puts the rings on the right hand.
As the symbol of matrimony, it is not strange that many of the superstitious fancies which have arisen in connection with the wedding should cluster about the ring. Dreaming on a bit of wedding-cake is common among American young ladies; but they should be informed that, for the dreaming to be properly done, the piece of cake thus brought into service should be passed through the wedding-ring, for so it is done in Yorkshire, Wales, and Brittany, in which localities the custom has been observed from time immemorial. The Russian peasantry not only invest the cake with wonderful qualities by touching it with the two rings used in the ceremony, but deem that water in which the rings have been dipped has certain curious beneficial properties.
In many country districts of Great Britain it is believed that a marriage is not binding on either party unless a ring is used; hence, curtain-rings, the church-key, and other substitutes, including a ring cut from a finger of the bride's glove, have been mentioned as devices to meet an emergency, when a ring of the proper kind could not be procured in time. In parts of Ireland, however, there is a current belief that a ring of gold must be used, and jewelers in the country-towns not infrequently hire gold rings to peasants, to be returned after the ceremony.
Blessing the ring gives it no small share of sanctity, and old missals contain explicit directions as to the manner in which this ceremony must be carried out. In the church-service as performed in the villages of England, the ring is frequently placed in the missal, the practice being, no doubt, a relic of the blessing once thought indispensable. The German peasant-women continue to wear the wedding-ring of the first husband, even after a second marriage, and a recent book of German travels mentions a peasant wearing, at one time, the wedding-rings of four "late lamenteds." An instance is known of a woman of German birth, who, after the death of her husband in a Western State, had the misfortune to lose her ring. She at once bought another, had it blessed, and wore it instead of the former, deeming it unlucky to be without a wedding-ring. Among the same class of people, stealing a wedding-ring is thought to bring evil on the thief, while breaking the emblem of marriage is a sure sign of speedy death to one or both of the contracting parties. | <urn:uuid:d3425956-1f02-4a7c-a90a-06329edcd80b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_32/November_1887/About_the_Wedding-Ring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898751.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00004-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971304 | 3,374 | 2.640625 | 3 |
It Started with a Bright Idea…
Recently, Jacksonville High School and White Oak High School were awarded a Bright Ideas Grant for a collaborative art project involving students from both schools from the Jones-Onslow Electric Membership Corporation. The project is designed to create Onslow County’s first Barn Quilts and install them at designated locations across Onslow County.
The grant was intiated by husband and wife, Bernie and Tami Rosage, who teach at JHS and WOHS respectively. Tami Rosage and her students are selecting barn quilt sites and creating the marketing materials for the project. Bernie Rosage, Kenny Kellum, and JHS students are building and painting the barn quilt panels. Six (6) panels will be a painted quilt square design that is 8 feet by 8 feet in size.
What is a Barn Quilt?
“Quilt trails are created by quilt guilds, civic groups, local arts councils, 4-H clubs, school groups, and other organizations. Most are a countywide effort, which allows for a distinct trail in a single area and creates local pride in the project. This simple idea has spread to 48 states and to Canada, and the trail continues to grow. Over 7000 quilts are part of organized trails; dozens more are scattered through the countryside waiting to be discovered.” — barquiltinfo.com,
Barn quilt trails are nothing new to the United States or Western Carolina. However, these Onslow County high school students are pioneering the first known Barn Quilt Trail in Eastern North Carolina.
What is a Barn Quilt Trail?
A quilt trail is a collection of quilt blocks mounted on various locations throughout a community or county. The quilt blocks do not have to be on barns; many are on buildings or mounted on posts in public places. Since a quilt trail is intended for a driving or walking tour, a quilt trail will include a map–either printed or electronic–of the locations so that travelers can locate the quilts. Some are elaborate brochures or books, others are a simple paper map.
When will we see the Trail?
It is our hope that residents and tourists experience the heritage, hospitality, and beauty of Onslow County as they visit each barn or building on the Barn Quilt Trail. The project is currently underway and the 6 initial panels created during the project should be in place by Spring of 2017. | <urn:uuid:79bb7767-b7d2-4109-af3e-45d6eea81ed0> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://jaxarts.com/onslow-students-start-barn-trail-quilt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609613.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528101305-20170528121305-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.96252 | 500 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This calligraphy lab for Classical Chinese I occurred on October 4, 2018.
Written by a DRBU MA student
In Classical Chinese I, my classmates and I were introduced to the four treasures of the ancient Chinese scholar’s room: brush, ink, paper, and ink stone. To experience the art and technique of Chinese calligraphy writing, my classmates and I headed to the Calligraphy Room located in the K-12 school building adjacent to the University Building. While walking there, some of my classmates practiced our vowel combinations for our Chinese pinyin (a form of Chinese romanization) quiz that we had later that day in class, audibly drawing out the combinations of “ao” and “ou” as we walked. I found myself fairly amused, for “ao” sounds like “ow” and “ou” sounds like “oh,” making our quiz practice sound quite jarring to anyone listening to our class.
Our calligraphy teacher for the day, Mr. Li, entered the room after we finished setting up the materials. We all welcomed him with a loud “你好,李老師！” (Hello, Mr. Li!). To begin, Mr. Li taught us how to “開筆” (literally “open the brush/pen”) with our new calligraphy brushes. Mr. Li demonstrated this by massaging the brush hairs of the new brush in warm water.
Mr. Li then showed us the ink stones. “It would usually take about twenty to thirty minutes to make the best quality ink with the ink stick, ink stone, and water. This takes a lot of patience and concentration. However, since we don’t have time for that, we’ll use this.” He produced a small bottle that contained black ink ready for use. He told us, “Don’t fill all of the brush hair with ink; two-thirds is good enough. The sides of the ink stone can be used to squeeze out excess ink from the brush, while the lid of the ink stone could be used to shape the brush hairs to a point.”
While hearing Mr. Li describe the ideal physical posture for calligraphy writing, I realized that calligraphy was like sitting meditation. Both require a harmony in posture between hard and soft, poised and relaxed. He told us: “The posture for writing calligraphy is very important. Your back must be straight but not stiff or rigid. Your breathing should be normal. Don’t hold your breath. Similarly, the fingers holding the brush must be strong, grasping the brush firmly, while the palm stays soft, flexible, and empty.” This reminded me of some meditation advice given by my professors: “In meditation, you must be both alert and relaxed.”
Mr. Li pinned a piece of practice calligraphy paper on the bulletin board and demonstrated one of the fundamental strokes: the straight horizontal line. He demonstrated seven subtle components of brush movement that went into comprising one straight horizontal line. His years of experience made the execution of the stroke seem so simple, yet my classmates and I saw the stroke’s immense intricacy. After showing us two more horizontal lines, he told us to try our own.
We prepared our brushes with ink and positioned ourselves over our paper, with reference sheets placed on the easels in front of us. While we were practicing the stroke, Mr. Li walked behind everyone’s chair answering questions and correcting posture and technique. Just by doing this, he could see certain qualities of each person exuded through how they wrote. One of my classmates had not touched his brush to the paper yet and asked for more clarification on how to write the stroke. Mr. Li told him: “Well, you seem quite cautious. You need to write at least one line for me to tell you what to work on.” My classmates and I sat there wide-eyed, surprised at how telling calligraphy was at revealing the qualities of a person. Another classmate was told that she was too tense, and that she needed to relax, both in the writing posture and in general.
I kept practicing my horizontal strokes, sensing Mr. Li’s gaze on my work. I looked at my imperfect horizontal strokes, noticing that the ink had bled from not being completely retained by the practice paper. Feeling increasingly nervous, I awaited what he had to say. To my surprise he said, “This is actually very good. I can tell that you’ve done this before.” His keen eye picked up that I had prior experience with calligraphy. From this, I learned that it is not the precise and neat appearance of a stroke that validates it as proper. Even an imperfect line could be identified as proper if the technique was correct. This presented me with a valuable lesson: there is more to true sincerity and practice than how someone or something appears. Until this calligraphy lesson, I had never realized how much my perspectives, hesitations, and attitudes shaped my thoughts and actions.
Mr. Li acted as a “Good and Wise Advisor,” as mentioned in the Sixth Patriarch's Dharma Jewel Platform Sutra, the main Buddhist text my classmates and I are reading this semester. In this book, a “Good and Wise Advisor” is someone who is able to identify the areas that the advised needs to work on. From the lesson the Good and Wise Advisor teaches, the advised learns to improve, whether it be through implementing a necessary shift in perspective or recognizing the implications of certain thoughts and actions. Mr. Li corrected and encouraged us in our learning process so that we would be motivated to keep going, while teaching us the proper way to write. He had the developed his keen eye through his countless years of practice, using his experience to help us adjust our technique. A Good and Wise Advisor in cultivation is someone who does the same: someone who brings people back to always thinking, doing, and embodying what is right. Through this, I realized that cultivation and calligraphy are strikingly similar. | <urn:uuid:07f42c1d-e009-47e2-8659-54209131fc78> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.drbu.edu/news/cultivation-and-calligraphy-are-strikingly-similar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999814.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625072148-20190625094148-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.968901 | 1,282 | 2.75 | 3 |
We talk a lot about pollution and how to cut back on emissions, but if you haven’t heard by now, we also have a trash problem – a worldwide trash problem. About 2.01 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) are produced annually worldwide, according to The World Bank, and that is projected to increase by 70% by 2050.
In 2018, the United States alone generated 292.4 million tons of waste, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While a large percentage of that waste was biodegradable, like food, wood, paper, and yard trimmings, 37.7 million tons of it was not. Those numbers are in addition to the billions of pounds of trash and other pollutants that enter our oceans each year, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
While properly disposing of our trash will help keep our oceans, cities, and green spaces clean, it still has to be processed and stored. The World Bank estimates that 1.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) were generated from the management of solid waste in 2016 – roughly 5% of our global emissions.
It is a number that is estimated to rise year over year as the world’s population continues to grow. Thankfully, there is something we can all do to improve the health of our planet today and in the future. Consume smarter by using eco-friendly products.
“Eco-friendly” simply means “not environmentally harmful.” While no manufactured products can be 100 percent eco-friendly, some products can be more environmentally friendly than others can. Some eco-friendly products help us to use less single-use products – lessening the amount of waste we produce over time – while others are sustainably produced and packaged and have a smaller carbon footprint overall.
If everyone consumed just a little bit smarter, we could make a big impact on the amount of waste (and emissions) we put into the world.
Here are a few tips for incorporating eco-friendly products into your life to reduce your carbon footprint and generate less waste:
Opt for reusable items. If you’ve never tried to live an eco-friendly lifestyle, chances are there are a ton of items you use every day that can easily be swapped out for a reusable version. Start the day off on the right foot with a reusable single-serve coffee pod for your Keurig or Nespresso, or pack your lunch in a reusable sandwich bag in a fun lunch box or make it fancy with a lunch bag. Always be sure to take a few reusable bags with you to the grocery store – the single-use plastic bags they give at most stores cannot be recycled through your home recycling bin.
Buy products with minimal or sustainable packaging. Try swapping your body wash and shampoo bottled in plastic for shampoo and conditioner tablets, or buy your bar soap with paper packaging. There have been a lot of innovations when it comes to packagings, like these laundry detergent sheets that dissolve in water and refillable deodorant inserts for men and women. Nowadays you can even buy toothpaste tablets to avoid the plastic packaging that comes with traditional toothpaste.
Look for eco-friendly certifications. Be careful with items marketed as “eco-friendly”, “sustainable”, or “all-natural”. Oftentimes, these claims are used deceptively and to mislead customers. Look for products bearing third-party logos certifying the credibility of their eco-friendly claims. A few examples are Cradle to Cradle, Ecocert, GREENGUARD, EPA Safer Choice, and B-Corp. | <urn:uuid:99188871-da0d-41f2-b942-f1e3ab0ffc36> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://consumerenergyalliance.org/2021/04/celebrate-earth-day-everyday-eco-friendly-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057830.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926053229-20210926083229-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.940775 | 761 | 3.3125 | 3 |
What Is The Definition Of Tomahawk In Volleyball?
1. A tomahawk in volleyball is when a defensive player joins their hands, bends their elbows and raises them above their head to make contact with the ball. The tomahawk hit is more of a defensive hit done by a player who has little time to react to a ball coming quickly in their direction.
The motion the player conducts with their arms and hands makes it appear like their are throwing a tomahawk.
Example Of How Tomahawk Is Used In Commentary
Sport The Term Is Used | <urn:uuid:0a8eedfc-2e95-4135-bca2-2795b373dc40> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.sportslingo.com/sports-glossary/t/tomahawk-volleyball/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.967051 | 117 | 3.265625 | 3 |
How to implement an automatic slide show
An updated version of this slide show script (published July 2008), providing cross browser fade effects (the fade effect used here only works with Internet Explorer) can be found here. This copy is maintained here for historical purposes only.
A slide show is where a number of images are displayed in sequence one after another. An example is shown here to the right of this paragraph.
To achieve this effect three things are required:
This is a standard HTML image and is the image displayed before the slide show starts. The only things to bare in mind are the height and width of the image must be pre-set and that the image must be given a unique id. These are dealt with below under step 3. As an example, this page uses the following HTML for its image:
<img border="1" src="emily01.jpg" width="200" height="200" id="EmilyPicture">
If this script were to be used in a number of pages then it might be best included in a separate script file instead of being embedded directly in a web page.
The final step is to establish what images are to be shown as part of the slideshow and how long each image is to be displayed before moving onto the next one. As an illustration, this page uses the following:
1. pictureName The picture-name is the identifying name given to the image. This identifies the image in which to run the slide show. This image will be replaced with each slide show image in turn. (The name was specified as part of step 1 above "An image placeholder".) In the HTML the picture name is specified by including a statement of the form:id="pictureName"
2. imageFiles This is a string containing the names of the source files for each image to be displayed. Include a semi-colon (';') as a separator between the names of each image file.
It is very important that each image is the same size (height and width) as the original - or that it has the same aspect ratio (ratio of height to width) as the original. This is because each image is loaded into the same area or space that the original image occupied. If this images are not the same size then the browser will stretch the image to fit (and for example thus give the impression of very fat or very thin people) and this may be undesirable.
3. displaySecs This is the number of seconds that each image is to be displayed for.
Other points to note:
- You can alter how quickly the image blend into each other by changing
the value for "
blendTrans(duration=2)" in the script.
- If you require two or more slide shows on the same page then just include more "RunSlideShow(..." lines (as in step 3 above).
- If you want to have two (or more) slideshows but stagger them - so they both have the same display-duration, but are always out of step (for example and ) then start one of them off via a timer for example: | <urn:uuid:c69eb118-a38e-4c69-9c82-732357027158> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.cryer.co.uk/resources/javascript/script12slideshow.pre200807.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122420.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00197-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802636 | 640 | 2.671875 | 3 |
September 20, 2007 5:49 PM PDT
NASA pundits launch debate over space flight
If it were up to Burt Rutan, the aerospace engineer known for building a suborbital rocket plane that won the Ansari X Prize, NASA wouldn't be developing a spacecraft to put another man on the moon by 2020. That government mission has already been accomplished, and a repeat performance is "silly," Rutan said during a panel held at California Institute of Technology, CalTech, which runs NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab.
"Taxpayer-funded NASA should only fund research and not development," Rutan said. "When you spend hundreds of billions of dollars to build a manned spacecraft, you're...dumbing down a generation of new, young engineers (by telling them) 'No, you can't take new approaches, you have to use this old technology.'"
"I think it's absurd they're doing Orion development at all. It should be done commercially," he said, referring to the name of the lunar spacecraft. Rutan and other panelists also question the importance of space flight at a time when environmental concerns are paramount.
NASA Administrator Michael Griffin responded to Rutan's vision in a speech following his panel. "Unlike Rutan, I will continue to think space programs are important," Griffin said.
Of course, Rutan has a big stake in commercial development of spacecraft. As founder and president of Scaled Composites, he develops rockets for future commercial space tourism. Rutan is among a cadre of technology entrepreneurs, including Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk and Virgin CEO Richard Branson, who are working on ventures to send people into space.
Rutan designed SpaceShipOne, the rocket that won the $10 million Ansari X Prize by breaking the Earth's atmosphere twice during a set time. And his company is building SpaceShipTwo for Branson's Virgin Galactic, which aims to launch its first commercial flight in 2009. But Scaled Composites recently suffered a tragedy when two people were killed in an explosion at the company's facility in Mojave, Calif.
In his speech, Griffin talked about NASA's budget for the last 50 years, adjusted for inflation. He said that the most money NASA has ever received from the government was not the period during the Apollo missions, but over the 10 years from 1989 to 1998. "So we get more money today than (what was) given the agency during Apollo" (during the 1960s and 1970s). NASA's budget for 2007 is $14 billion, or about 15 cents a day of a taxpayer's money, according to Griffin.
Part of Rutan's argument against NASA's development program was that after the early 1970s, when astronaut Alan Shepard golfed on the moon, there wasn't "much innovation."
Griffin didn't respond directly to whether or not there is a lack of innovation. But in response to criticism on an earlier panel that NASA's science budget has waned, he said the first decade of NASA's budget was proportionally the same as its most recent budget. During the first 10 years of the space agency, he further clarified, 58 percent of its budget was devoted to human spaceflight, 17 percent to science, 6 percent to aerospace and 10 percent to new technologies. In contrast, in 2006, 62 percent of NASA's budget was earmarked for spaceflight and 32 percent was for space science, he said. Last year, NASA didn't have a budget to develop new technologies.
"There is a mythology that science has been decimated by human spaceflight. That's not right." Griffin said.
He added that the current missions back to the moon and onto Mars by 2035 are sustainable programs, ones that wouldn't likely be stemmed by a change in administrations.
"We have here a program which is affordable, sustainable and which can be highly correlated to historical successes and developments from the past," said Griffin.
Rutan said that the goal of private space tourism is to reduce the cost of space travel and exploration. "If we go through a time period where the focus is on flying the consumer, these 'payloads' who pay to fly and can be reproduced with unskilled labor...with tools around the house," he joked, "there will be a breakthrough to enormous volume."
18 commentsJoin the conversation! Add your comment | <urn:uuid:3b3e5cc0-71c6-48e9-b19f-fdc43011d613> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://news.cnet.com/NASA-pundits-launch-debate-over-space-flight/2100-11397_3-6209299.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537308.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00061-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971014 | 890 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Fort Snelling (1820-1946) - A U.S. Army post first established as Fort St. Anthony in present day St. Paul, Hennepin County, Minnesota. Colonel Josiah Snelling began construction on the permanent fort in 1820. The post was completed and renamed Fort Snelling after Colonel Snelling in 1825. The fort was abandoned in 1857, but reactivated in 1861 by state volunteer troops. Federal troops returned in 1866. Deactivated in 1946.
Fort Snelling History
A U.S. Army post built out as an enclosed diamond with bastions at all four corners situated on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Mississippi River and the Minnesota River. The western bastion was a large, round stone tower and opposing it on the east was a semicircular bastion housing a gun battery facing the Mississippi River. The north bastion housed a gun battery in a five sided stone blockhouse and the south bastion also housed a gun battery but in a six sided stone blockhouse. The bastions were connected by a high 10' stone wall with two entrances near the western end of the post. A central parade was surrounded by four long buildings that housed the single and married officers, the enlisted troops and offices At the head of the parade, on the east side, was the commanding officer's quarters. The commissary, guard house, hospital and shops were built into the south walls. Other support buildings including a magazine, a sutler's store and a chapel were built in the western corner of the parade.
The fort was abandoned in 1857 and sold in 1858 along with 8,000 acres of land to Franklin Steele, a former sutler.
U.S. Civil War (1861-1865)
Fort Snelling was leased back from the private owner and reactivated in 1861 as a state volunteer training center during the U.S. Civil War. The post was home to some 25,000 Union soldiers during the conflict.
Post U.S. Civil War
Federal troops returned after the war in 1866, making the post the headquarters of the vast Military Department of Dakota. The troops at Fort Snelling were active in the Indian Wars of the second half of the 19th century.
The new Headquarters required a rapid expansion of the post and the old walled fort was no longer big enough to house the number of troops required. The post was expanded into a new area that became known as the Upper Post. Much of this expansion took place in 1879-1880 and 1885. The result was a typical open plan post of that era. Four Large, two company brick barracks were built in a line along the east side of what is now known as Taylor Avenue in 1885. On the west side of Taylor avenue was a line of 10 sets of officer quarters with one set being the post commander's quarters. The officers quarters were built in stages, the initial set of 5 in 1879-1880 and a second set of 4 in 1892 and a single duplex in 1905 (not clear if this was replacement construction). By 1904 a Bachelor Officers Quarters, a bakery, a fire station, a guardhouse, a post hospital and a dead house had been constructed. Additional barracks and infrastructure were built circa 1898 to support cavalry and artillery companies but they no longer remain.
World War I (1917-1918)
The post was used as a recruitment and training depot during World War I and again was forced to expand to accommodate the large numbers of troops being sent overseas. Large numbers of temporary wooden barracks were built in the area near the present day Minneapolis-St. Paul Regional Airport. The brick barracks built in 1885 were used as a junior officer training school. The 1898 post hospital became U.S. General Hospital #29 and housed returning wounded soldiers.
Post World War I
After the war the active U.S. Army shrunk drastically and many forts were put in caretaker or near caretaker status. Fort Snelling continued as an active post but with a greatly reduced garrison and little funding for maintenance and improvements. The WWI temporary buildings were ordered torn down in the 1920s and the remaining buildings generally fell into disrepair. With the coming of the depression in the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided work crews that repaired some Fort Snelling buildings and built a few new ones.
By 1940 it was clear to military planners that the U.S. had to be ready to enter the the war. The 1940 Selective Service Act forced a rapid expansion of most active military posts to accommodate the newly drafted. For Snelling again expanded to the south of the Upper Post with a new cantonment of temporary WWII barracks and support buildings. Additional temporary officer quarters were built along Taylor road and by 7 Dec 1941 most of the temporary infrastructure was in place. The reservation itself encompassed some 1,521 acres in early 1941.
World War II (1941-1945)
The post was used as a recruitment and training depot during World War II. Some 300,000 troops passed through the reception center at Fort Snelling during World War II. At the height of induction effort in 1942, Fort Snelling could process over 800 troops a day as a processing center. Other, longer term training schools on the post, included Military Police, Military Railroad Service, Winter Troop training and a Military Intelligence Language School.
Post World War II
Fort Snelling was deactivated on 12 October 1946, and and a number of federal agencies including the U.S. Army Reserve, took over parts of the post. Many of the buildings in the old walled fort and the newer upper post fell into disrepair. In 1960, the post was made a National Historic Landmark and restoration efforts began on the old walled fort. The Upper Post buildings continued to decline. The U.S. Army Reserve mission was deactivated in 1994. Other parts of the post have been repurposed by the Minneapolis Veterans Health Administration Medical Center and the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport.
Must See! Historic areas include the old walled fort, the newer Upper Post and Fort Snelling National Cemetery.
On the old walled Fort Snelling site eleven buildings have been reconstructed around the parade and four of the original sixteen buildings remain. The most distinctive of the original structures is the large stone tower in the western corner.
On the Upper Post some 28 historically significant buildings remain in various states. Three of the four original brick barracks are still there and 10 officers quarters are still standing. The 1907 Cavalry Drill Hall building has been restored and repurposed as a Boy Scout facility.
Location: Located at the junction of Minnesota Highways 5 and 55, one mile east of the Twin Cities International Airport, Hennepin County, Minnesota.
Maps & Images
Lat: 44.892774 Long: -93.180692
- Roberts, Robert B., Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States, Macmillan, New York, 1988, 10th printing, ISBN 0-02-926880-X, page 438
- UpperPost.com - Reuse Study
- North American Forts - Fort Snelling
- Minnesota Historical Society
- UpperPost.com - Fort Snelling Upper Post
- Wikipedia - Fort Snelling
Visited: 7 Sep 2013
Click on the picture to see a larger version. Contribute additional pictures - the more the better! | <urn:uuid:85c586d9-0c89-45f8-8da8-f2557df82846> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Snelling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928076.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00077-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971081 | 1,541 | 3.453125 | 3 |
How the Wildcat held the line against the Zero
When Japan introduced the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, it gained a remarkable plane that racked up an impressive combat record through 1941. However, despite its incredible performance for the time, the Zero couldn't hold up.
The Grumman F6F Hellcat achieved fame as a Zero-killer after it was introduced in 1943. But it was its predecessor, the Grumman F4F Wildcat, that held the line during the first campaigns of World War II.
So, how did the Wildcat match up so well against the fearsome Zero? First, it's important to understand that a big part of the Zero's reputation came from racking up kills in China against a lot of second-rate planes with poorly-trained pilots. After all, there was a reason that the Republic of China hired the American Volunteer Group to help out during the Second Sino-Japanese War – Chinese pilots had a hard time cutting it.
The Mitsubishi A6M Zero had racked up a seemingly impressive record against second-rate opposition.
But, believe it or not, the Wildcat almost never made it to the field. The original F4F Wildcat was a biplane that lost out to the Brewster F2A Buffalo in a competition to field the next carrier-born fighter. Grumman, unsatisfied by losing out a contract, pitched two upgraded designs, and the F4F-3 was finally accepted into service. It was a good thing, too. As it turned out, the Brewster Buffalo was a piece of crap — whether at Midway or over Burma, Buffalos got consistently fell to Zeros, costing the lives of Allied pilots.
When the F4F faced off with the Zero, however, it proved to be a very tough customer. A Zero's armament consisted of two 7.7mm machine guns and two 20mm cannon. The former had a lot of ammo, but offered little hitting power. The latter packed a punch, but the ammo supply was limited. As a result, in combat, many Japanese pilots would empty their 7.7mm machine guns only to see the Wildcat was still flying.
A damaged F4F Wildcat lands on USS Enterprise (CV 6) during the Battle of Santa Cruz. Japanese pilots would put hundreds of 7.7mm machine gun rounds into a Wildcat to little or no effect.
By contrast, the Wildcat's battery of four to six M2 .50-caliber machine guns brought not only hitting power to bear against the lightly armored Zero, but also came with an ample supply of ammo. Stanley "Swede" Vejtasa was able to score seven kills against Japanese planes in one day with a Wildcat.
But ammo wasn't the only advantage. Wildcat pilots had an edge in terms of enemy intelligence thanks to the discovery of the Akutan Zero, a recovered, crashed Zero that gave the U.S. insight into its inner-workings (this vessel made a cameo in a training film featuring future President Ronald Reagan).
Learn more about this plane that held the line against the odds in the video below. | <urn:uuid:5aeada6c-7981-4beb-b330-0ef89b368c02> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.wearethemighty.com/wildcat-held-line-against-zero | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202728.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323060839-20190323082839-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.975755 | 651 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Hawaii should seize opportunity for new energy model
The state and federal government have signed an agreement to shift energy production in the islands to renewable resources.
Advocates for renewable energy who have envisioned Hawaii as an ideal laboratory for its development were intrigued when Gov. Linda Lingle talked about a "clean energy initiative" in a speech before lawmakers last week.
When unveiled this week, the initiative turned out to be a less than substantial "memorandum of understanding" with the federal government, basically a nonbinding document outlining goals without committed funds to support them. It vaguely describes how the U.S. Department of Energy will "serve as a conduit" to federal labs and research agencies, provide "technical assistance" and "facilitate participation of non-governmental entities," strings of bureaucratic jargon with as much weight as an unenforceable deal can be.
Despite this, state officials should exploit the partnership fully, using the memo as a playbook to free residents and businesses from the hold oil-produced energy has on Hawaii, a hold that separates the islands from a sustainable future.
As the initiative intends, Hawaii should become a model for expansive use of renewable energy, integrating as many resources as proved reliable and cost-effective. The islands can be a test ground for a combination of solar, ocean, biofuels, wind and geothermal energy production.
The memorandum drafts a course of action for reaching a goal of gaining 70 percent of energy needs through renewables by 2030. It sets deadlines for studying energy efficiency, power generation and delivery, transportation fuels and supply, current renewable technology, financial sources, pertinent regulations and other issues.
Plans need to be in place by June, an ambitious time frame. Nonetheless, a deadline will push officials to jump-start a process that is essential if Hawaii is to cut its 90 percent reliance on fossil fuels that contribute to economic instability and environmental harm.
While renewable transportation fuel and distribution will be most challenging, technology in ocean-wave generation is on the brink. Wind power is in full use in many parts of the United States and the world, and small- and large-scale solar generation are already crossing the grids.
The need is to figure out and establish new power structures. Though nominal, the backing of the federal government can be leveraged and the state should take full advantage of the memorandum.
The initiative appears to some as a vaporous promise from a soon-to-be-departing administration. However, the objectives are consequential for an island state rich in renewable resources and poor in conventional ones. The opportunity should not be ignored. | <urn:uuid:b7d04741-e5f5-4b1a-b0ff-e9dfae214137> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/01/31/editorial/editorial01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121216.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00217-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939849 | 528 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Wat Sa Kaew school's biogas collection system allows a saving on its electricity bill, as well as a better relationship with its neighbours. The system, which captures methane gas from composted manure and burns it in a generator, has virtually eliminated complaints from the neighbourhood regarding horrible odours emanating from the school's poultry operation.
By Apisit Buranakanonda, Bangkok, Thailand
Wat Sa Kaew school, founded in Ang Thong province in Thailand in 1942, is an orphanage housing and caring for 1,195 children. Run by Buddhist monks, it is the country's oldest private orphanage. Most importantly, the school demonstrates to the public that sustainable farming and social responsibility go hand in hand.
The school's poultry operation first began with 100 layer hens reared in open-sided housing in 2000. The flock gradually expanded and became a full-scale industrial operation in 2005. Dhanin Chearavanont, Charoen Pokphand Foods chairman, donated over UD$500,000 to the school to build poultry housing and provide equipment to operate a modern layer farming operation.
The farm operates as one of Charoen Pokphand Foods Plc's 1,000 contract growers in the country. CPF supplies 18-week-old pullets at an average weight of 1.4 kg, and buys the eggs that they lay.
Each house has three-tier, A-frame battery cages, with four layers in each partition. The birds are automatically fed five times a day via a moving feed dispensing hopper and watered with nipple drinkers.
One of the school's major constraints is its compact size, with four layer houses (15m x 88m) crammed into an area of only 1.28 ha. The farm is surrounded by the school and the community nearby. As the flock expanded, the surrounding community began to complain about flies and offensive odours.
The farm's roughly 75,000 birds produce up to 7.5 tonnes of manure each day. Like all manure, poultry waste releases methane and other gases as it decomposes. By placing a cover on the lagoon storage area, the methane - a potent greenhouse gas - is collected and can be used as a renewable source of energy.
After the manure is removed from the houses each morning, it is mixed with 35 cubic metres of water and pumped into a digester pond (30m x 38m x 6m) which is covered with an airtight and impermeable high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheet. The effluent from the layer house bears a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) load of more than 9,000 mg/litre and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 5,000 mg/l. BOD and COD are measurements of water quality. The higher the load of organic matter (an indication of inferior water quality) the higher the BOD and COD value.
The system is designed to prevent the excess build-up of grit, which is normally supplemented in layer feed, which can shorten the operable lifespan of the digester. The effluent flows to the digester via a v-shape duct which is designed to trap the grit supplemented in the feed.
Sludge into fertiliser
To further minimise their environmental footprint and save water, the school plans to recycle some of the water flowing from the expansion chamber to remix with fresh manure. In the digester, the low-pressure methane and other gases push the slurry at the bottom of the floor into the expansion chamber (30m x 50m x 5m). At this point, the BOD and COD load has declined 10-fold to below 500 mg/l. When the gas is drawn off, the effluent flows back into the digester chamber. Every two months, when the effluent level exceeds the holding volume of the chamber, it is drained out and collected in a pond. The sludge, by now virtually odourless, is taken out and dried in the sun and sold as high-quality organic fertiliser.
Electricity costs down
The liquid effluent is further processed in a treatment pond (30m x 60m x 5m). At the end, BOD and COD is reduced to below 150 mg/l, which is on par with emission standards.
The biogas contains methane (65%), carbon dioxide (33%) and hydrogen sulphide (2%). Gas scrubbers clean out the hydrogen sulfide, a corrosive component, which can damage the manifolds and the intake system of the generator.
The farm uses two 90 KVA generator sets that operate on an alternating basis. The digester produces 840 cubic metres of methane a day, which is sufficient for running a single generator set for 20 hours/day. This has reduced the school's monthly electricity bill by 75% down to US$700 from $2,600 previously.
Good return on investment
So far, the results have been satisfactory. At current electricity costs, the US$61,000 investment in the covered lagoon digester, generators and piping system is expected to be recouped within two years. With the manure odour problem taken care of, the school's focus has shifted to controlling the ammonia produced by the poultry housing in order to improve the farm's operation and maintain a good relationship with the community in the long run. To tackle the ammonia problem, a paper filter has been installed at one end of each of the houses which is sprayed with diluted sulphuric acid (pH5) to trap and neutralise ammonia and other offensive odours. The filter has slowed down air speed at the rear of the layer house only slightly, down to 430 ft/min vs 450 ft/min prior to installation.
With all these modifications, the birds are still doing well. At week 56 (depletion at week 60), mortality is still below 4%, with eggs-per-hen day 98%, and egg/hen housed 75%. Also, the birds listen to music from 06.00 to 18.00 to drown out unfamiliar noise from the surrounding area. Presently, trials are running to find the best way to keep ammonia levels in the houses below 1 part per million (ppm). Materials such as charcoal or eucalyptus wood are being tested. So far, the results have been promising. | <urn:uuid:764d108a-1eab-4107-a78a-2099ec0bcb20> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.poultryworld.net/Home/General/2010/7/Renewable-energy-satisfies-schools-farm-and-community-WP007713W/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948544677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214144324-20171214164324-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.939978 | 1,301 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Scientists tell us that our magnetic poles have reversed in the past, and that they will again. The last one occurred 780,000 years ago. The average time period between reversals is 450,000 years, but there isn’t really any pattern, it is random. We are overdue by average only.
Scientists don’t really know how the process works, and are unable to predict the next reversal. They have been telling us that the process takes hundreds or thousands of years. Recent studies have shown that it can happen in the space of weeks or months, and I suggest it can happen overnight. Perhaps rapid reversals don’t leave much evidence – perhaps rapid reversals are quite common! For example, if it was normal for a double reversal to happen quickly – where the poles return to their original position – we wouldn’t know about any historical instances.
If a reversal involves a dramatic lessening of our geomagnetic field’s strength, then basically our shields are down, and cosmic rays reaching ground-level will greatly increase. Forget about navigational problems – we could be fried.
Studies have shown that pigeons have receptors in their brains that are sensitive to magnetic fields, and presumably those are a reason for their great navigation skills. It is possible that many other animals also have such receptors, but they don’t utilize them as obviously. So during a reversal, the chaos in the animal world could be significant – and of course humans are animals.
Scientists have not yet worked out what causes a magnetic reversal, but recent studies of Mercury suggest that the solar wind and particles from the Sun have an effect on planetary cores. My interpretation is that a massive solar storm could be the straw that breaks the camel’s back and trigger a reversal if the Earth is ready for one. The Electric Universe folk have also suggested that a highly-charged comet passing by could also do the trick. Or perhaps ocean currents, after being affected by climate change, are the trigger? And if climate change is caused by the Sun, then that ties in nicely with the first theory.
Another theory comes from Rich Muller:
where “lighter components, like oxygen, sulfur, and silicon . . . rise toward the core-mantle boundary (CMB).” Accumulating like sediment on the floor of the ocean, these “fall” upward from the core onto the surface of the mantle, which is uneven like the topography of the Earth’s surface. When enough sediment collects, it tumbles like an avalanche, into the outer core, thereby cooling it.
Rare events could trigger really big avalanches at the CMB, however. When a massive asteroid or comet slammed into Earth’s surface at an oblique angle, the lower mantle would jerk sideways, shearing off whole mountains of sediment. As the sediments slide up, a downward-sinking mass of cool iron could completely disrupt large convection cells. Although variously oriented local fields within the core would remain strong, at the surface Earth’s dipole magnetic field would collapse.
And according to Gary Glatzmaier reversals are rooted in chaos theory:
The resulting three-dimensional numerical simulation of the geodynamo, run on parallel supercomputers at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, now spans more than 300,000 years.
Our solution shows how convection in the fluid outer core is continually trying to reverse the field but that the solid inner core inhibits magnetic reversals because the field in the inner core can only change on the much longer time scale of diffusion. Only once in many attempts is a reversal successful, which is probably the reason why the times between reversals of the Earth’s field are long and randomly distributed.
Rapid Magnetic Changes
NASA loves telling is that a magnetic reversal takes thousands of years, and that we have nothing to fear. I suggest that NASA should pay more attention to scientific studies that suggest otherwise:
…a new study of ancient copper mines in southern Israel found that the strength of the magnetic field could double and then fall back down in less than 20 years. [Wired]
This lava, Bogue says, initially started to cool and then was heated again within a year as a fresh lava flow buried it. The fresh lava re-magnetized the crystals within the rock below, causing them to reorient themselves a whopping 53 degrees. At the rate the lava would have cooled, says Bogue, that would mean the magnetic field was changing direction at approximately 1 degree per week. [Wired]
Palaeomagnetic results from lava flows recording a geomagnetic polarity reversal at Steens Mountain, Oregon suggest the occurrence of brief episodes of astonishingly rapid field change of six degrees per day. The evidence is large, systematic variations in the direction of remanent magnetization as a function of the temperature of thermal demagnetization and of vertical position within a single flow, which are most simply explained by the hypothesis that the field was changing direction as the flow cooled. [Nature]
the spacing in time between successive flows erupted during a transition cannot be determined accurately because the errors associated with radiometric ages are typically much greater than the duration of a polarity transition. [The Magnetic Field of the Earth: Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle, page 205]
The final quote suggests that we are not able to detect rapid transitions, and that estimates of durations lasting thousands of years are are a consequence of measurement limitations.
This is indisputable – the speed at which the magnetic north pole is moving (not necessarily in the same direction) has recently become much faster. Because this is the entirety of our studies, we don’t know what was normal prior to the 1500s…
Not only are the poles moving rapidly – the strength of our magnetic field is diminishing as well:
Rapid changes in the churning movement of Earth’s liquid outer core are weakening the magnetic field in some regions of the planet’s surface, a new study says.
“What is so surprising is that rapid, almost sudden, changes take place in the Earth’s magnetic field,” said study co-author Nils Olsen, a geophysicist at the Danish National Space Center in Copenhagen.
…The changes “may suggest the possibility of an upcoming reversal of the geomagnetic field,” said study co-author Mioara Mandea, a scientist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. [National Geographic]
The Navigational Danger
Without our magnetic shield, technology will be more at risk from solar storms. The most at risk will be satellites – they are not designed to withstand solar storms in the absence of the magnetic field. So if our GPS satellites are knocked out, planes would be grounded.
Of course planes have old-school compasses as a backup, but these certainly will not be accurate during a magnetic pole shift. So even the possibility of GPS satellites failing would be enough to ground planes – otherwise they could lose navigation mid-flight.
Ships would face the same problems of course.
The Ozone Danger
It is expected that the Ozone Layer would disappear completely during a magnetic reversal (and return afterwards). See this NASA paper, Particle Events as a Possible Source of Large Ozone Loss during Magnetic Polarity Transitions.
Major solar storms during a reversal could cause ozone depletion. According to Wikipedia, humans would see at least 3x more incidences of skin cancer. The effects on all living things combined is hard to predict, but could be catastrophic when everything is added together.
The Power Grid Danger
One study has nominated massive solar storms as the trigger for a magnetic reversal. Another suggests global warming is the culprit – and global warming can be caused by increased solar activity. During a reversal our shields are down, and if there is a concurrent solar storm, the situation becomes worse again. Life on Earth won’t be affected in general, and societies that don’t rely on technology will be OK as well. The most modern societies would suffer terribly if the reversal is rapid. Power grids would fail (a major solar storm can wreck them, and a magnetic reversal would be much worse). With no electricity there is no water, no sewage being pumped, no gas stations operating, no deliveries of food. Emergency services will be compromised and unable to make much of a difference. Certainly millions would die, and a billion people would face great difficulties. Only those who have sensibly prepared by storing food and water will be able to cope.
The Cosmic Ray Danger
Detailed calculations confirm that, if the Earth’s dipole field disappeared entirely (leaving the quadrupole and higher components), most of the atmosphere could be reached by high energy particles. However, the atmosphere would stop them. Instead there would be secondary radiation of 10Be or 36Cl from collisions of cosmic rays with the atmosphere. There is evidence that this occurs both during secular variation and during reversals. [Wikipedia]
Our geomagnetic field is responsible for blocking out roughly 50% of cosmic rays [Nature]… so if our “shields are down”, cosmic radiation would double. While this would lead to increased mutations, double the current rate is nothing to worry about. However, two of the possible triggers for a magnetic pole shift are a result of increases in solar activity. This could result in an increased in charged particles from the Sun reaching Earth as well. And that could spell trouble. | <urn:uuid:5897e503-c7ca-4146-b7c3-894a7faa2079> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://poleshift.com/magnetic-reversals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109525.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821191703-20170821211703-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.953962 | 1,966 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Wednesday, 3 February 2010
New winds from the fossil world
This is what is left of Lucy. New research cautions palaeontologists not to make too hasty interpretations.
A new study challenges vertebrate evolution. Palaeontologists Mark Purnell, Robert Sansom and Sarah Gabbott at the University of Leicester, UK, published a report on their experiments in Nature. Their research changes our view of fossils.
Purnell and his colleagues killed amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) and lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) for their experiment and observed how they decayed. They noticed that the traits that were the primary characteristics of these species disappeared rather quickly.
According to Nature, the research throws light on the development of chordates (Chordata), in particular the Cambrian animals. Although the report explains the differences between species in a typical Darwinian way, it suggests that researchers have often jumped to conclusions. In other words, they have seen what they wanted to see.
Scientists will probably have to discard some of their old ”discoveries”. The paper suggests that researchers should refrain from too hasty conclusions to avoid disasters like the one involving the Ida fossil.
Nature also produced a short video on the study:
Cressey, Daniel. 2010. Something rotten in the state of palaeontology. Nature News (31 January)
Sansom, Robert S., Sarah E. Gabbott and Mark A. Purnell. 2010. Non-random decay of chordate characters causes bias in fossil interpretation. Nature (published online 31 January.) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08745.html | <urn:uuid:ddcabaad-0413-4bba-b425-21979735c71e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://joelkontinen.blogspot.com/2010/02/new-winds-from-fossil-world.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104204.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818005345-20170818025345-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.9224 | 365 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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