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Cosmos ,Sanatan Dharma.Ancient Hinduism science.
Greek Invasion of India
The Greek invasion began in 326 BC. After conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, the Macedonian king, Alexander, launched a campaign into the northwestern India.
Alexander invited all the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara, in the north of what is now Pakistan, to come to him and submit to his authority. Ambhi (Greek: Omphis), ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Jhelum (Greek:Hydaspes), complied. The battle of the Hydaspes river against another king of Punjab, Porus, would turn out to be the most costly battle that Alexandrian armies had fought (according to many historians, Peter Connolly being one of them). This would also be Alexander’s last battle. Before this battle, the chieftains of some hill clans including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (classical names), known in Indian texts as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas (names referring to the equestrian nature of their society from the Sanskrit root word Ashva meaning horse), refused to submit.
>> Battle of the Hydaspes River
The Battle of the Hydaspes River was fought by Alexander in July 326 BC against king Raja Purushottama (Poros) a Kshatriya on the Hydaspes River (Jhelum River) in the Punjab of ancient India, near Bhera.
Porus wiz Puru was a great King of Indus/ Asiatic continent. Arrian writes about Porus, in his own words “One of the Indian Kings called Porus a man remarkable alike for his personal strength and noble courage, on hearing the report about Alexander, began to prepare for the inevitable. Accordingly, when hostilities broke out, he ordered his army to attack Macedonians from whom he demanded their king, as if he was his private enemy. Alexander lost no time in joining battle, but his horse being wounded in the first charge, he fell headlong to the ground, and was saved by his attendants who hastened up to his assistance”.
Porus drew up on the south bank of the Jhelum River, and was set to repel any crossings. The Jhelum River was deep and fast enough that any opposed crossing would probably doom the entire attacking force. Alexander knew that a direct crossing would fail, so he found a suitable crossing, about 27 km (17 mi) upstream of his camp. The name of the place is ‘Kadee’. Alexander left his general Craterus behind with most of the army while he crossed the river upstream with a strong part of his army. Porus sent a small cavalry and chariot force under his son to the crossing.
According to sources Alexander first encountered Porus’s son in the past, so the two men were not strangers. Porus’s son killed Alexanders’s horse with one blow and Alexander fell to the ground. Arrian also writing about the same encounter adds that “Other writers state that there was a fight at the actual landing between Alexander’s cavalary and a force of Indians commanded by Porus’s son, who was there ready to oppose them with superior numbers, and that in the course of fighting he (Porus’s son) wounded Alexander with his own hand and struck the blow which killed his (Alexander’s) beloved horse Buccaphalus.”
The force was easily routed, and there isn’t any mention in any account that Porus’ son was killed. Porus now saw that the crossing force was larger, and decided to face it with the bulk of his army. Porus’s army were poised with cavalry on both flanks, the war elephants in front, and infantry behind the elephants. These war elephants presented an especially difficult situation for Alexander, as they scared the Macedonian horses.
Diodorus wrote about the battle tactics of war elephants – “Upon this the elephants, applying to good use their prodigious size and strength, killed some of the enemy by trampling under their feet, and crushing their armour and their bones, while upon other they inflicted a terrible death, for they first lifted them aloft with their trunks, which they and twisted round their bodies and then dashed them down with great violence to the ground. Many others they deprived in a moment of life by goring then through and through with their tusks”
Alexander started the battle by sending horse archers to shower the Porus’s left cavalry wing, and then used his cavalry to destroy the Puru’s cavalry. Meanwhile, the Macedonian phalanxes had advanced to engage the charge of the war elephants. The Macedonians eventually surrounded Porus’s force.
According to Curtius Quintus, Alexander towards the end of the day sent few ambassadors to Porus: “Alexander, anxious to save the life of his great and gallant soldier, sent Texile the Indian to him (to Porus). Texile rode up as near as he dared and requested him to stop his elephant and hear what message Alexander sent him, escape was no longer possible. But Texiles was an old enemy of the Indian King, and Porus turned his elephant and drove at him, to kill him with his lance; and he might indeed have killed him, if he had not spurred his horse out of the way in the nick of the time. Alexander, however, far from resenting this treatment of his messenger, sent a number of others, last of whom was Indian named Meroes, a man he had been told had long been Porur’s friend”.(Arrian Page 180)
From the above Greek accounts it is clear that Alexander was willing to have treaty to be done to avoid further damage to his side. These writers do not state precisely whether Alexander won and Porus lost the war. Plutarch writes in his book on page number 212 as follows ” The combat then was of a more mixed kind; but maintained with such obstinacy, that it was not decided till the eight hour of the day.” It means till the eighth hour of the day the victory was not achieved, neither by Alexander nor by Porus.
Porus was one of many local kings who impressed Alexander. Wounded in his shoulder, standing over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall, but still on his feet, he was asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated. “Treat me, Alexander, the way a King treats another King” Porus responded.
>> Revolt of the army
East of Porus’s kingdom, near the Ganges River (the Hellenic version of the Indian name Ganga), was the powerful Nanda Empire of Magadha and Gangaridai Empire of Bengal. Fearing the prospects of facing other powerful Indian armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, his army mutinied at the Hyphasis River refusing to march further east.
As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was thirty-two furlongs, its depth a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants.
Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants. Owing to this, their empire has never been conquered by any foreign king: for all other nations dread the overwhelming number and strength of these animals. Thus Alexander the Macedonian, after conquering all Asia, did not make war upon the Gangaridai, as he did on all others; for when he had arrived with all his troops at the river Ganges, he abandoned as hopeless an invasion of the Gangaridai when he learned that they possessed four thousand elephants well trained and equipped for war.
Alexander, using the incorrect maps of the Greeks, thought that the world ended a mere 1,000 km (away), at the edge of India. He therefore spoke to his army and tried to persuade them to march further into India but Coenus pleaded with him to change his opinion and return, the men, he said, “longed to again see their parents, their wives and children, their homeland”. Alexander, seeing the unwillingness of his men agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern day Multan) and other Indian tribes and sustained an injury during the siege.
Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with his general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through the Gedrosian Desert (now part of southern Iran) and Makran (now part of Pakistan). In crossing the desert, Alexander’s army took enormous casualties from hunger and thirst, but fought no human enemy. They encountered the “Fish Eaters”, or Ichthyophagi, primitive people who led a miserable existence on Makran coast of Arabian Sea, who had matted hair, no fire, no metal, no clothes, lived in huts made of whale bones, and ate raw seafood obtained by beachcombing. During the crossing, Alexander refused as much water as possible, to share the sufferings of his men.
In the territory of the Indus, Alexander nominated his officer Peithon as a satrap, a position he would hold for the next ten years until 316 BC, and in the Punjab, ancient India he left Eudemus in charge of the army, at the side of the satrap Porus and Taxiles. Eudemus became ruler of a part of the Punjab after their death. Both rulers returned to the West in 316 BC with their armies. In 321 BC, Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha, founded the Maurya Empire in India and conquered the Macedonian satrapies during the Seleucid–Mauryan war (305-303 BC).
On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32. | <urn:uuid:55a27785-9712-4603-b761-18829d7a41f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://pparihar.com/2014/10/22/greek-invasion-of-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822116.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017144041-20171017164041-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.979138 | 2,261 | 3.875 | 4 |
Some people do not agree with cow’s milk and opt for dairy alternatives. For those who can enjoy a glass of milk, this creamy beverage is a great source of nutrition. Well-known as a source of calcium and vitamin D, two important nutrients for bone health, milk is also a great source of vitamin B2, which is needed for immune health and growth, vitamin B12, which helps to regulate homocysteine levels and iodine, which is an important mineral for proper thyroid function. Milk also contains tryptophan, an amino acid that is used to produce the neurotransmitter serotonin. It contains a small amount of vitamin K, which is also important for bone health, vitamin A, for eye, immune and bone health and potassium, which has a number of functions in the body, including balancing with sodium levels. Milk is also an excellent source of protein.
Especially for those in need of nutrition, such as growing children and teenagers, a glass of milk or milk products such as yogurt and cottage cheese provide a variety of essential vitamins and minerals in each serving. A lifetime of consuming dairy products reduces the risk of low bone mass later in life, according to the US Department of Agriculture.
While low-fat, or 2 percent milk is considered to be a healthy beverage, is it beneficial to drink whole milk, or 3.5 percent milk? Are there benefits of whole milk?
Choosing Whole Milk
Whole milk contains more fat then low-fat milk, eight grams per one cup serving versus five grams. Most of the fat content in milk is saturated fat, something that is not good in excess in our diet, especially for those who are trying to lose weight. For those who are not on a special diet and who are at a healthy weight, drinking whole milk is not necessarily that bad. First, a glass of whole milk is going to make you feel much fuller then a glass of low-fat or skim milk. While this may seem like a small thing, feeling satisfied after you consume a meal may help you lose weight as you are less likely to go for a second cookie or snack later on. Second, whole milk is less processed; less processed means less nutritional value is removed. Third, you need fat to properly absorb some of the nutrients found in milk — vitamins A, D and K are all fat-soluble. Whole milk also tastes great, which may be appealing to young children who greatly benefit from the nutrition found in milk.
According to a Swedish study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which looked at dairy consumption of almost 20,000 Swedish women between the ages of 40 and 55, regular consumption of whole milk and whole milk dairy products corresponded to not gaining weight. Women who did not regularly consume whole milk products actually were the ones to gain weight. Another Swedish study, looking at 230 families, found that eating a low-fat diet tends to lead to consuming more sugar and having a higher body mass index. While these studies do not necessarily mean people should go overboard with high-fat foods, it is worth considering that there may actually be more benefits of whole milk then one would assume.
Drinking whole milk can be beneficial for people who are not at risk for obesity or who are not on a special diet. Milk fat is natural and a much better source of fat then many processed foods that are available. If choosing whole milk, simply be aware that you are getting a little more fat and saturated fat per serving, which means avoid high-fat junk foods and watch your consumption of meat. You may find yourself enjoying the milk more and eating less of other treats. Regardless of what kind of milk you drink, make sure your dairy consumption is part of a healthy, balanced diet that is rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes and seafood.
World’s Healthiest Foods. Milk, 2%, cow’s. https://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=130
USDA. Food Groups. https://www.mypyramid.gov/pyramid/milk_why.html
The Healthy Skeptic. Whole fat milk: benefits for moms and kids. https://thehealthyskeptic.org/whole-fat-milk-benefits-for-moms-kids
photo by Dove Harrington/flickr | <urn:uuid:6803c630-091f-4b9e-b10f-597282dd5513> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.healthguideinfo.com/nutrition-information/p115023/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710962.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204040114-20221204070114-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.962451 | 908 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The MIT Earth System Model (MESM) comprises coupled sub-models of physical, dynamical and chemical processes in the atmosphere, land and freshwater systems, ocean and cryosphere.
It is used to calculate global and regional environmental responses to human activity and natural processes. The MESM draws on scientific knowledge combined with land, air, water and space-based measurements, and accounts for uncertainties about how the Earth system functions.
The model consists of three main components—land, ocean and atmosphere—and represents the processes that shape each component’s evolution and the interactions among these components, essentially serving as an Earth simulator. This allows researchers to calculate the likely environmental impacts of human activities simulated in the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, and feed those impacts back into the EPPA model in order to assess their economic and other implications.
The MESM is highly flexible, modular and computationally efficient, so we can run large ensembles of multi-century runs (varying uncertain climate model properties as identified by our research), and include different levels of model detail within MESM components as appropriate for specific studies. | <urn:uuid:c4f2b4d2-1ae7-4437-b09d-8197813b6c2c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://globalchange.mit.edu/research/research-tools/earth-system-model | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118519.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00357-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917581 | 236 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Littell's Living Age/Volume 128/Issue 1655/"Pigeon English"
From The Pall Mall Gazette.
It is quite possible that before very long the shout "You wan-che one pe-sze boat?" which greets the ears of every visitor to Hong Kong as the anchor drops into the still waters which lie at the base of Victoria peak will be no more heard. At last English merchants are beginning to be ashamed of making use of a jargon which would never have existed but for their strange unwillingness to acquire even a smattering of the language spoken by the people among whom they were destined to live. Grammars, dictionaries, and vocabularies in the local dialects are now beginning to find their way into houses into which they have never hitherto been admitted, and some masters and mistresses have set an example which it is to be hoped will be followed — of communicating with their servants in Chinese, even though they speak it imperfectly, to the exclusion of the gibberish which up to this time has been their solitary means of intercommunication. On the other hand, a generation of Chinaman is growing up which has learned to speak English grammatically in the schools established at Hong Kong and at the treaty ports. There is therefore some prospect that, what between English-speaking Chinamen and Chinese-speaking Englishmen, that diseased growth yclept "pigeon English" will soon cease to exist.
A certain amount of interest must always attach to any form of speech which has acquired even a temporary separate existence, and this at least "pigeon English" can plead for itself. It is too soon yet to pronounce a funeral oration over it, but as opposing forces proclaim that its days are numbered, and as very little is known in England of the rubbish which our countrymen are talking in China, it may not be out of place to glance briefly at its origin and characteristics.
To call it English, even when qualified by the word "pigeon"(i.e. "business"), is a misnomer. It is a mixture of English and Portuguese words tortured into Chinese idioms, and when it is added that only a very small percentage of these words are at all correctly pronounced, the outcome may be imagined. Only a few specimens of this lingo have found their way into English literature. The parodies on "Excelsior" and "My name is Norval," which begin, "That nightey time begin chop-chop," and "My name belongey Norval," are, with few exceptions, the only scraps we have on record. But these lines, absurd as they are, are improvements on "pigeon English" pure and simple. This is to be found only in the native vocabularies published for the benefit of compradores and servants entering the service of English masters. We may take one as a specimen of this class of work. It is a little volume of some twelve or fifteen pages, and is entitled "A Vocabulary of Words in common use among the Red-haired People." Its outer cover is adorned with a full-length portrait of one of the red-haired race dressed in the costume of the Georgian period, in breeches and stockings, and armed with stick and sword.
The author begins with the English numerals, and gets over "one" and "two" very creditably, but "te-le"is his nearest approach to "three" the letter r is an insuperable difficulty to a Chinaman—"sik-sze" to "six," and "sam"to "seven." "Ten" he pronounces, as though he had been tutored in the Emerald Isle, "tin;" "lim" stands for "eleven," "tui-lip" for "twelve," "toon-te" for "twenty," "one huntoon" for "a hundred," "one taou-shan" for "a thousand." In Chinese there is always inserted between the numeral and the substantive to which it applies a word which it is customary to call a classifier, since it points to the kind of object represented by the substantive. For example, instead of saying "two knives," a Chinaman would say "two to-be-held-in-the-hand knives;" or, instead of "a table," he would say "one length table." These various classifiers the authors of pigeon English have melted down into one word, "piece." The writer therefore translates the Chinese equivalent of our indefinite article as "one pe-sze," and a knife he would render by "one pe-sze nai-fo." The use in Chinese of the verb "to have," which is to be pronounced "hap," has given rise to strange confusions. "No hap" is the orthodox expression for "not at home," and a death is announced by "hap tai" (has died). In the same way "fashionable" becomes hap fa-sze (fashion); "to be busy," "hap pigeon;" and "to be at leisure," "hap tim."
Expressions relating to sailors are, as would naturally be expected, of frequent occurrence in the vocabulary. "A young officer" is a "mit-chi-man" (midshipman), "a second mate" is a "sik-kan mit," a sailor" is a "say-le man," and "ready money" is "nip-te ka-she" (liberty cash). About military rank less is known. "Sho-che man" (soldier man) is the only equivalent of a military officer, and is held to include all ranks from the general downwards, the only other distinction recognized in this service being the "kan-a man," or "artillery man." It is descriptive of the state of foreign society in China to find that "a wealthy man" is translated into a "ma-chin" (merchant). The relations of life bear strange and unusual guises in "pigeon English." A wife speaks of her spouse as her "ha-sze man," and he of her as his "wai-fo." A friend is a "fo-lin" — here the r is again a puzzle; and an uncle is a "yeung-ke."
To enable him to converse with his future English master the would-be servant should make himself acquainted with such "common phrases" as "ting-ke" (thank you), "how mut-che ka-she" (how much cash), "ko aou sai" (to go out), "ko sit-te" (to go into the city), or "ko hom" (to return home); and he is given to understand that when his master says to him, "I ko she-lip," that he is going to sleep; or that if he receive the order, "No sze-pik-ke," he is not to speak. The Portuguese element in the jargon is noticeable in words such as "man-te-lin"(mandarin), "pa-te-le"(for padre, priest), and "sa-pe" (saber, to know).
The above specimens are sufficient to show the grotesque absurdity of "pigeon English." But its absurdity is not its worst feature. Its general use among foreigners at the ports has tended to create an impassable gulf between them and their Chinese neighbours. It has entirely prevented the one from gaining any intelligent information about the other. "Belong aou-lo custom," or "Belong joss pigeon," is the sum-total of the explanation which the Chinese in foreign employ are able to give of any ancient oriental rite or any strange local custom; and the same words are all that their masters have at their command to convey to an inquiring employé the meaning of any of our English usages. Thus it has been the means of stereotyping blunders and of perpetuating misunderstandings; and it does not say much for the enterprising intelligence of British merchants in China that they should have been content to accept this wretched jargon as their vernacular for more than a quarter of a century, without making an effort either to learn Chinese or to teach their servants English. | <urn:uuid:a37cb6bc-7b0d-4c69-9003-02d9aa9aae94> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_128/Issue_1655/%22Pigeon_English%22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158481.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00334-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974742 | 1,718 | 2.546875 | 3 |
GAZA CITY — The European Union and UNICEF launched a project Thursday to build a desalination plant in the Gaza Strip to provide 75,000 Palestinians with drinking water.
A joint statement said the project will be implemented by UNICEF thanks to a 10-million-euro ($13.7-million) EU grant.
Just 5.8 percent of Gaza households have good quality water because of increased salinity caused by sewage infiltration of groundwater, according to a statement released Thursday by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ahead of World Water Day on Saturday.
“Access to clean water is a fundamental human right for all. And yet many Gazans face acute water shortages on a day-to-day basis,” EU representative John Gatt-Rutter said as the first stone was laid for the project.
“Others can only access water of very poor quality,” he added, saying the new plant “offers the prospect of access to clean water for many thousands of families”.
The plant at Deir al-Balah in the center of the territory is expected to become operational in 2015, and will supply fresh water to 75,000 people in Khan Yunis and Rafah in the south.
Because up to 95 percent of water in the water table is unfit for consumption, “more than four out of five Palestinians in Gaza buy their drinking water from unregulated, private vendors, a heavy burden on impoverished families”, the EU-UNICEF statement said.
The Palestinian Bureau of Statistics says that 28 percent of the water supplied to households in the West Bank and Gaza is bought from Israeli company Mekorot, and that 85 percent of groundwater supplies are extracted by Israel. | <urn:uuid:ca3e0b72-5178-4e09-becc-1dd394cc83f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.timesofisrael.com/europe-funded-desalination-plant-to-supply-water-to-gaza/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701154221.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193914-00088-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94236 | 353 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Road Tire Vs. Hybrid Bike Tire
Move over, road bikes -- hybrid bikes are increasingly taking a starring role in big city commutes. Some key differences in the design and components of the hybrid bike make it more comfortable for casual riders. The tires on a hybrid bike are almost always different than the tires on a road bike, and are much better equipped for rough roads, bike trails and avoiding flats. These tires are wider, have better grip and do more to deaden vibration to make your ride much more comfortable.
Tire Type Shakedown
Most road and hybrid bikes utilize a 700c wheel size, which is ideal for absorbing smaller bumps on pavement. The tire size of a 700c wheel is measured from where the bead or inner edge of the tire meets the rim. The bead set diameter of a 700c wheel is 622mm. Road bikes usually have thinner tires than hybrid bikes, which is measured by the width of the tire. A hybrid bike's rims will be able to accommodate wider tires than a road bike, and the frame and fork will also have the space for the larger wheels and a set of fenders.
Get a Grip
Hybrid bike tires are designed with a specific tread for performing on pavement and off-road conditions. These tires usually feature a central strip of smooth rubber for providing good grip on wet roads, with larger lugs toward the edges of the tire for digging into loose soil or sand. The lugs on a hybrid tire act as teeth for looser material, giving you enhanced control when compared to a road bike. The tire doesn't necessarily need to shed water, since a bicycle will never go fast enough to hydroplane; even a perfectly smooth tire will provide great grip in wet conditions when properly inflated.
Big Surface Area
Hybrid bike tires are much wider than traditional road bike tires, which changes the performance of the bicycle considerably. A wider tire has a larger contact patch with the pavement, which provides much more grip. A wider tire also requires less air pressure, and reduces your chance of getting a pinch flat by distributing pressure over a larger area. Wider tires need a wider frame and fork to accommodate them, as well as a wider brake that can fit over the tire to reach the rim, so you usually can't throw hybrid bicycle tires onto your road bike.
Big Tires, Softer Ride
Hybrid bicycle tires absorb road vibrations much more effectively, making your ride more comfortable. There are some drawbacks to hybrid tires, however. The larger tire also weighs much more than a road bike tire, which can make the bike feel harder to accelerate. The increased contact patch results in more resistance as well. Still, hybrid bikes are not designed for speed, and the benefits in comfort and control can make them an ideal choice for a commuter or casual rider who isn't looking to win any races.
Max Roman Dilthey is a science, health and culture writer currently pursuing a master's of sustainability science. Based in Massachusetts, he blogs about cycling at MaxTheCyclist.com. | <urn:uuid:a3ad6868-6d87-4b4d-a588-0c83cdbc1582> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sportsrec.com/6527958/road-tire-vs-hybrid-bike-tire | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.958669 | 617 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A major new milestone has just been achieved in the quest for superconductivity. For the first time, physicists have achieved the resistance-free flow of an electrical current at room temperature - a positively balmy 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit).
This has smashed the previous record of -23 degrees Celsius (-9.4 degrees Fahrenheit), and has brought the prospect of functional superconductivity a huge step forward.
"Because of the limits of low temperature, materials with such extraordinary properties have not quite transformed the world in the way that many might have imagined," physicist Ranga Dias of the University of Rochester said in a press statement.
"However, our discovery will break down these barriers and open the door to many potential applications."
Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911, and has since become a fervently pursued goal in condensed matter physics.
It consists of two key properties. The first is zero resistance. Usually, the flow of an electrical current encounters some degree of resistance - a bit like how air resistance pushes back on a moving object, for example. The higher the conductivity of a material, the less electrical resistance it has, and the current can flow more freely.
The second is something called the Meissner effect, in which the magnetic fields of the superconducting material are expelled. This forces the magnetic field lines to reroute around the material. If a small permanent magnet is placed above a superconducting material, the repulsive force of these magnetic field lines will cause it to levitate.
The potential applications of superconductivity could revolutionise our world - from maglev transportation to data transfer to lossless power grids. But there's a big problem.
Superconducting materials are usually only created and maintained at extremely low temperatures, way below those found in nature. Keeping materials at these temperatures is difficult and expensive, which has proven a practical barrier to broader implementation.
Recently, physicists have found success in raising the temperature in lightweight elements, such as hydrogen sulfide and lanthanum hydride. The common element there is hydrogen, the lightest element in nature. But hydrogen as a gas is an insulator; in order to make it superconducting, it needs to be metalised under immense pressures.
"To have a high temperature superconductor, you want stronger bonds and light elements. Those are the two very basic criteria. Hydrogen is the lightest material, and the hydrogen bond is one of the strongest," Dias said.
"Solid metallic hydrogen is theorised to have high Debye temperature and strong electron-phonon coupling that is necessary for room temperature superconductivity."
Since pure metallic hydrogen can only be created under extreme pressure, the right conditions are extremely difficult to achieve. Two teams have reported success in creating it in recent years.
In 2017, physicists reported metallic hydrogen at pressures between 465 and 495 gigapascals and temperatures of 5.5 Kelvin (-267.65 °Cs; -449.77 °F). In 2019, physicists reported metallic hydrogen at pressures of 425 gigapascals and temperatures of 80 Kelvin (-193 °C; -316 °F). Neither of those are close to room temperature. And, for reference, the pressure at Earth's core is between 330 and 360 gigapascals.
The next best thing is a metal that's rich in hydrogen, like the hydrogen sulfide and lanthanum hydride used in previous experiments. These mimic the superconducting properties of pure metallic hydrogen at much lower pressures.
So, a team of physicists led by Elliot Snider of the University of Rochester started experimenting. First, they tried combining the hydrogen with yttrium to create yttrium superhydride. This material exhibited superconductivity at -11 degrees Celsius (12 degrees Fahrenheit) under 180 gigapascals of pressure.
Next, Snider and his team tried combining carbon, sulphur, and hydrogen to create carbonaceous sulphur hydride. They squeezed a tiny sample in a diamond anvil and measured it for superconductivity. And they found it, at 270 gigapascals, and 15 degrees Celsius.
Obviously, it's still a way off being useable in everyday circumstances. The sample sizes were microscopic, between 25 and 35 microns, and the pressure at which superconductivity emerged still rather impractical.
The next step in the research will be to try to reduce the high pressure needed by tuning the chemical composition of the sample. If they can get the mix right, the researchers believe a room-temperature, ambient-pressure superconductor will finally be within our grasp.
The research has been published in Nature. | <urn:uuid:31acab15-1893-4f8e-ba18-9669d9ef6b8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.sciencealert.com/for-the-first-time-superconductivity-has-been-achieved-at-room-temperature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306335.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128182552-20220128212552-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.93144 | 954 | 3.875 | 4 |
The largest economic growth hurdle for the next ten years will be availability of workforce. Historically, Minnesota has had one of the highest labor force participation rates in the country.
To capitalize on this, the size of the population needs to continue to grow.
Population growth is impacted by Vital Events (births and deaths) and Net Migration (international and domestic).
In comparing Minnesota to other Upper Midwest states (Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin), the North Star State is leading the pack according to the most recent census figures. Since 2010, Minnesota’s population has grown by over 307,000. The next closest state is Wisconsin at 126,000. More recently, over the last recorded year (2017 to 2018), Minnesota has grown by 43,000. A majority of the growth (60%) has been Natural Increase from births.
The 40% population growth from migration paints a strong picture of economic vitality. Minnesota grew by 17,487 people through migration (10,718 International, 6,769 Domestic). Only one other state in the Upper Midwest could claim positive domestic population growth (South Dakota).
|Net Migration (2017-2018)|
To review the complete table click below: | <urn:uuid:c4fd77f7-4359-4d43-ad11-d1b8dd224b55> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://greatermankatoblog.com/2019/10/28/mn-leading-upper-midwest-population-growth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304134.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123045449-20220123075449-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.868105 | 385 | 2.875 | 3 |
Distance calculator is a tool for calculating distance between cities or places on map. Please write the origin and destination city name, choose the distance unit and press calculate. You can change the unit of distance any time you want, to miles, kilometers or meters.
Distance Calculation Introduction
The distance value in red color indicates the air (flying) distance, also known as great circle distance.
The distance value in blue color color indicates the driving distance, calculated in both kilometers and miles.
As you start to write the name of a city or place, distance calculator will suggest you place names automatically, you may choose from them to calculate distance. You can also list the countries and the cities in them, to calculate the distance between cities.
Distance Between Cities
List of distances from major cities.
|Duisburg to Rosrath||74 km|
|Vicksburg to Ottawa||2394 km|
|Tamiami to Deerfield Beach||85 km|
|Chatenay Malabry to Massy||6 km|
|Osuna to Utrera||67 km|
|Pasadena to Mineral Wells||520 km|
|Sangli to Vasind||409 km|
|Atlanta to Apan||2927 km|
|Osmaniye to Van||799 km|
|Kot Radha Kishan to Kabul||846 km|
|London to Saint Helier||384 km|
|Shahpura 2 to Sri Madhopur||264 km|
|Morton to Hanover Park||259 km|
|Heanor to York||135 km|
|Alanya to Marmaris||447 km|
|Tamale to Cape Coast||589 km|
|Vienna to Timisoara||550 km|
|Vienna to Bucharest||1072 km|
|Kiev to Salihorsk||480 km|
|Amsterdam to Cardiff||787 km|
Visit the country page to calculate distance between cities.
- United States
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- United Kingdom
- South Africa
- South Korea | <urn:uuid:ab5ce81f-d917-4b8c-8539-bdbe11c13958> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://cargo-360.ru/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319081701-20180319101701-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.78128 | 442 | 3.15625 | 3 |
n his delineation of the defining factors of a tragic hero, Aristotle drew on the archetypes established in Greek tragedies by such masters as Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Because this type of hero occurred often, and these three great tragedians ' works served as a basis for later writers, the archetype persisted in European literature, as evidenced in works by authors such as Shakespeare. A major question that arises, then, is whether the tragic hero is a purely European archetype, perpetuated as a result of prominent Greek tragedies, or whether he occurs throughout all human culture and was captured by the Greeks in an example of a universally human character. The main character of Chinua Achebe 's novel Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo, offers a potential solution for this dilemma, given both his and Achebe 's Nigerian nationality. Despite the tragic elements of his story, however,
Okonkwo, in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, was faced with many hardships in his life. When growing up he had to deal with a lazy father, then when he was older he had to kill a boy that called him father, and he also accidentally killed a young boy from his village. These events played a very tragic role in Okonkwos life.
The character of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart was driven by fear, a fear of change and losing his self-worth. He needed the village of Umuofia, his home, to remain untouched by time and progress because its system and structure were the measures by which he assigned worth and meaning in his own life. Okonkwo required this external order because of his childhood and a strained relationship with his father, which was also the root of his fears and subsequent drive for success. When the structure of Umuofia changed, as happens in society, Okonkwo was unable to adapt his methods of self-evaluation and ways of functioning in the world; the life he was determined to live could not survive a new environment and collapsed around him.
Okonkwo’s true nature was clearly only reflected around those he closest to him, many times only under intimate or special circumstances. As his true masculinity, his unrealised and under expressed fondness for those he loved, and his overly expressed fiery temper, was shown to the greatest extent only around those closest to him. This deeply developed the character, and heightened the sense of Okonkwo being a tragic hero in Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart.
The struggle between custom values and conversion is a universally applied theme to Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. The fable like, tragic tone of the work was set off from the very first page. The verb FALL APART has 4 senses to lose one's emotional or mental composure, go to pieces, break or fall apart into fragments, and to become separated into pieces or fragments. These are all exemplified in the novel Things Fall Apart. Okonkwo is a tragic hero in the traditional sense. His fate was decided for him and was unavoidable. Okonkwo’s inability to act rationally and express his feelings in a anthropological manner leads to his inescapable demise. Okonkwo exhibits the characteristics of a tragic hero not only by encompassing an unexceptional flaw. Okonkwo not only developed this flaw because of his erroneous equivalence of masculinity with being filled with relentless fury, vehemence, and impetuousness, but also because he leads to his own self-annihilation.
Within the Obi tribe, Okonkwo is an important man, who has risen from nothing to a man of great wealth and social status. Okonkwo is obsessed with masculinity, and he has a very narrow view of “manliness”. Okonkwo's relationship with his dead father is the root of his violent and ambitious conduct. He wants to rise above his father's legacy of laziness, which he views as weak and therefore feminine. This drive and fierce pride made him a great man, but they are also the source of all of his faults.
In Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is an extremely complex character who experiences a variety of emotions which he has a difficult time controlling. He experiences a never ending battle of psychosomatic symptoms, starting with his obsession over the conflict of the past with his father, Unoka. Okonkwo portrays himself as a heroic, strong warrior, only to mask the feelings of intense anger, fear, and selfishness that provokes him, which inevitably leads him down the same path as his father. He feels a strong hatred towards his father because he believes that his father had no masculine qualities, he owed everyone money, and owned no titles. Achebe states:
Abame, a village almost identical to Umuofia, had recently been wiped out by the strange visit of white men. The area in which this story takes place has never seen these albino people, and most of the villages didn’t believe the stories that these men exist. After the first arrival of a white man, Abame consulted the Oracle, who in return, foretold the demise of the clan if they were to let him free. As a result, Abame killed the intruder, and laid the matter to rest. However, even after many market weeks, their precaution led to the anger of the man’s party. On a popular market day the white men attacked and murdered the entire village, and only a small band of refugees were able to survive. When hearing of the innocent slaughter of the tribe, Uchendu tells the story of Mother Kite and her daughter, who are
From birth Okonkwo had wanted his son, Nwoye, to be a great warrior like him. His son instead rebelled and wanted to be nothing like Okonkwo. Okonkwo would not change so that his son would idolize him, as he had wanted since his son's birth. He chose not to acknowledge his son's existence instead. This would weigh heavily on anyone's conscience, yet Okonkwo does not let his relationship with his son affect him in the least bit.
by Chinua Achebe, Okonkwo depicts his masculinity in many different ways, even if it hurts the people closest to him. He feels it is necessary to display his manliness so he does not end up like his father Unoka. “He had no patience with unsuccessful men. He had no patience with his father” (4). Okonkwo correlates virility with aggression and feels the only emotion he should show is anger, leaving him no way to cope with the death of his culture.
"Man, when perfected, is the best of animals, but, when separated from law and justice, he is the worst of all." (Aristotle). In Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is living proof of Aristotle's statement. Although he is arguably the most powerful man in Umuofia, His personal flaws of fear of failure and uncontrollable anger do not allow him true greatness as a human being.
In this book, there are many things that begin to fall apart for Okonkwo. One thing that stood out to me the most was the way that Okonkwo’s life began to fall apart. From a rough childhood, to him killing a boy that looked to him as a father, to his daughter getting sick. Part of that is because of his own actions and wanting to be everything his father wasn’t. Okonkwo hated his father ever since he was a young boy. His relationship with his father was a non-factor because Okonkwo had no patience for unsuccessful men and men who couldn’t provide for their families and his father was just that. His father, Unoka was a coward, he was weak, in debt and because of that Okonkwo didn’t have a good start in life like he should have. Because Okonkwo
A character with a tragic flaw is one who consistently makes a particular error in their actions and this eventually leads to their doom. Okonkwo, a perfect tragic character, is driven by his fear of unmanliness, which causes him to act harshly toward his fellow tribesmen, his family and himself. He judges all people by how manly they act. In Okonkwo’s eyes a man is a violent, hard working, wealthy person and anyone who does not meet these standards he considers weak.
Okonkwo wanted to become one of the greatest men in the Ibo tribe, but three unfortunate events occur bringing him closer to his end. Okonkwo was a proud, industrious figure who through hard work was able to elevate himself to a stature of respect and prominence in his community. The one major character flaw was that he was a man driven by his fear to extreme reactions. Okonkwo was petrified of inadequacy namely because his father was a complete and utter failure. This fear of shortcoming made him hate everything his father loved and represented: weakness, gentleness, and idleness. Who was Okonkwo, well Okonkwo was a hero and also he...
Okonkwo takes his life as he sees himself a lone warrior in a society of weaklings. This isolation is truly imposed by his decision of how to handle the conflicts which he encounters. His unitary channeling of emotions, cultural inflexibility, and tendency to seek physical confrontation are compiled into a single notion. The idealized vision of a warrior by which Okonkwo lives is the instrument that leads to the climax of Achebe's novel, Things Fall Apart: Okonkwo's demise. | <urn:uuid:16ea5a16-5646-43da-b26a-69e4a4b192af> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Okonkwo-in-Chinua-Achebes-Things-Fall-Apart-162766 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.988084 | 2,046 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Researcher: Andrew V. Newman
Affiliation: Georgia Institute of Technology
Written by Celia Schiffman
1 September 2012
Santorini, a small group of islands located 200 km southeast of mainland Greece, has had a violent past, as evidenced by the collapsed volcanic caldera in its center. The giant Minoan eruption that occurred approximately 3660 years ago may have led to the demise of the Minoan culture, and is responsible for the creation of the large caldera. GPS instruments have been recording the recently renewed activity at Santorini after 60 years of quiescence.
Monitoring Using GPS
Using 19 temporary and five permanent GPS stations, researcher Andrew Newman has been monitoring the expanding deformation of Santorini that began on January 21, 2012. Over six months, the surface of the volcano has expanded by 140 mm at a rate of 180 mm/yr due to a relatively stable magma source located at four km depth that has expanded by 14 million cubic meters.
Although this amount of deformation has not been observed at Santorini in recent time, an eruption is not necessarily imminent. This amount of swelling is only a fraction of that which preceded the Minoan eruption, and similar observations have been made at comparable calderas that have not resulted in an eruption.
The researchers will continue to monitor the volcano with GPS to observe the changes in deformation, and model the evolving magma source.
A. Newman, S. Stiros, L. Feng, P. Psimoulis, F. Moschas, V. Saltogianni, Y. Jiang, C. Papazachos, D. Panagiotopoulos, E. Karagianni, and D. Vamvakaris. Recent geodetic unrest at Santorini Caldera, Greece. J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, Vol. 39, Art. No. L06309, published 30 March 2012. [Download PDF]
Santorini, hazards, volcano, GPS, campaign GPS, continuous GPS
Send questions or comments about this page to scienceunavco.org.
Last modified: 2019-12-24 02:24:33 America/Denver | <urn:uuid:3512199d-99d9-4425-9ed0-554a017003dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.unavco.org/science/snapshots/solid-earth/2012/newman.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740343.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814215931-20200815005931-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.920677 | 456 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Folk/McBride Thin Sections
From the late 1940s through the early 2000s two colleagues at the University of Texas at Austin amassed a globe-spanning collection of sedimentary rocks. Robert L. Folk (1925-2018) began collecting in childhood and by the time he arrived at the University of Texas at Austin in 1952 he had begun the systematic accumulation of sedimentary rocks from all over the world. With the arrival of colleague Earle McBride in 1960, Folk was joined by a like-minded collaborator and together they systematically collected and thin-sectioned specimens for teaching and research. Today, the collection stands at over 17,000 thin sections, many of which are accompanied by hand specimens and data in publications and student theses.
From a historical standpoint, materials accumulated in the 1950s through 1960s represent the foundation of the Folk classifications for both limestone (Folk, 1959) and sandstone (Folk, 1970), as well as the influential textbook “Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks” (1980). The sandstone classification in particular, based on the concept of classifying sandstones based on the ratio of quartz-feldspar-and lithic (QFL) fragments, drove development of two major research areas (provenance analysis and reservoir quality studies) that remain highly active today.
Materials collected for student theses from the later 1960s to the early 2000s enabled fundamental contributions on reservoir quality prediction using the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin as the primary natural laboratory. Seminal papers and concepts on quartz and carbonate cementation, secondary porosity, and compaction were developed on materials contained within the collection.
What We Seek To Support
It’s not just about history, however. The large size of the collection, together with its extensive documentation and data, makes this unique collection a resource for the future. Support for the collection to enable proper storage, archiving, and high-resolution scanning, will prepare the collection for use in modern machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. These new avenues of research stand to revolutionize petrography and subsurface science in ways that were scarcely imagined at the collection’s inception.
Storage and archiving will be directed by the Jackson School Museum of Earth History (include link) and the digital “virtual thin sections” will be made publicly available for teaching and research through the Digital Rocks Portal, a project of NSF’s EarthCube collaborative.
The following levels of support are suggested, but any support is welcomed. At currently available pricing (academic rate) it costs $100 to scan a thin section in plane-light and cross-polars modes. View demonstration scans from the collection.
- Litharenite level: $1,000
- Arkose level: $2,000
- Sublitharenite level: $5,000
- Subarkose level: $10,000
- Quartzarenite: $50,000
(supports a graduate research assistant for a year)
All levels of support are considered a research gift to university. Donations of $1,000 and above will be named on the collection landing page. | <urn:uuid:6619a5ea-4dc7-4644-b2d3-c8de0f2e8367> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/alumni/support/folk-mcbride-thin-sections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.929186 | 650 | 2.890625 | 3 |
1 in 2000 people have it. Its impact on a person’s life can be significant even disabling.
These are facts you might not know about narcolepsy, but your friends and neighbours who suffer from this sleep disorder know how serious an issue it is.
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder defined by constant sleepiness and a tendency to sleep at inappropriate times.
Typically, a person with narcolepsy suffers sleep attacks as well as continual sleepiness and a feeling of tiredness that is not completely relieved by any amount of sleep.
If not recognised and appropriately managed, narcolepsy can drastically and negatively affect the quality of a person’s life. Although a cure for narcolepsy has not yet been found, most people with this disorder can lead nearly normal lives under the proper treatment.
Watch this video to see the effect of narcolepsy on dogs
Although the exact cause is not known, narcolepsy appears to be a disorder of the part of the brain that controls sleep and wakefulness. As a result, sleep or parts of sleep intrude into the times they are awake.
The symptom most easily understood is the sleepiness, which is just the brain being unable to control when the individual falls asleep. Other symptoms, such as cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis are similar to the loss of muscle tone of dreaming that accompanies a normal part of sleep called REM.
In people with narcolepsy, these events (the lack of muscle tone or the dream experiences) occur at inappropriate times while they are awake.
Narcolepsy is not caused by psychiatric or psychological problems. Recent studies have found low levels of a brain chemical called hypocretin in people with narcolepsy. Some researchers have suggested that a problem with the gene responsible for making hypocretin, combined with other factors in a person’s life, may cause the disorder.
The four most common symptoms of narcolepsy are:
Daytime sleepiness is present in all narcoleptics and is usually the first symptom that appears. People with narcolepsy report feeling continually tired or sleepy all the time.
They tend to fall asleep not only in situations in which many people normally feel sleepy (after meals or during a dull lecture) but also when most people would remain awake (while having a conversation, writing a letter or watching a movie).
These “naps” tend to be short and may be refreshing, at least for a short period of time.
People with narcolepsy may become drowsy or feel foggy at very unusual times, even in dangerous situation such as while driving.
Attacks of cataplexy – sudden, brief losses of muscle strength – are sometimes the first symptom of narcolepsy, but more often develop months or years after the onset of sleepiness.
Cataplexy can be mild – such as a brief feeling of weakness in the knees – or it may cause a complete physical collapse, resulting in a fall. A person having such an attack is fully awake and knows what is happening.
Cataplexy is usually triggered by strong emotion, such as laughter, anger or surprise. In some individuals, simply remembering or anticipating an emotional or anxiety producing situation can produce attacks.
Sleep paralysis is also a brief loss of muscle strength but it occurs when a person if falling asleep or waking up. The person may be somewhat aware of his or her surroundings, but is unable to move or speak.
Sleep paralysis can be frightening but is not dangerous since the muscles that maintain life (the main breathing muscles and the heart) are not affected.
Hypnagogic hallucinations are vivid dreams that occur when a person is drowsy. The hallucinations may involve disturbing images or sounds such as of strange animals or prowlers.
These hallucinations may be frightening because the person is partly awake but has no control over the events. The dreams can also be upsetting if they are mistaken for hallucinations caused by mental illness.
Automatic behaviours are routine tasks performed by a person who is not aware of doing the activity. Sometimes a person may actually fall asleep and continue an activity but not remember it after waking up.
Automatic behaviours can be a symptom of narcolepsy and can be dangerous if a person is involved in a potentially hazardous activity such as driving or cooking.
People with narcolepsy often have trouble staying asleep at night due to the brain’s inability to properly control waking and sleeping. In such cases their daytime sleepiness is made worse by the many night time awakenings.
Other symptoms include:
If you experience any of the above symptoms, and they are impacting on your ability to drive, hold a job, stay in school, perform normal daily activities, or interfering with your social activities and personal relationships, it is important for you to see your healthcare professional.
The first step in diagnosing this disorder would be an evaluation by your healthcare professional to make sure that some other medical illness is not the cause.
At a sleep disorders centre the specialist would thoroughly review your medical history and perform a complete physical examination.
If the specialist suspects narcolepsy you will usually be asked to undergo testing at the sleep centre.
Two tests are commonly performed to confirm the diagnosis of narcolepsy and determine its severity:
During a polysomnogram, you would spend the night at the sleep centre in a comfortable and private room. Small electrodes placed on your skin record brain waves, muscle activity, heart rate and eye movements while other devices measure breathing. The procedure is painless and does not involve needles. This test is needed to determine whether you have other disorders that may be contributing to your symptoms.
An MSLT is conducted the following day. With the electrodes still in place, you will be asked to take four or five 20 minute naps at two hour intervals.
The MSLT monitors how quickly you fall asleep and also your sleep pattern since people with narcolepsy frequently have REM (dreaming) sleep even during a brief nap.
Consequently, these two tests – together with your symptoms and sometimes a blood test call HLA typing – help the sleep specialist determine whether your symptoms are caused by narcolepsy or by another disorder that shares some of its features.
Although narcolepsy cannot yet be cured, its symptoms can usually be controlled or improved so that sufferers experience symptoms less frequently and lead fairly normal lives.
If you are diagnosed with narcolepsy your treatment plan would likely have several parts
Over the counter medications containing caffeine usually do not work well for narcolepsy. However, prescription medications are available and can be effective in controlling excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hallucinations and sleep disruptions.
These medications include:
You and your healthcare professional must work together to find the best balance between control of the symptoms and unwanted side effects of a drug.
Treating your narcolepsy would probably require not only medication but also adjustments in your lifestyle. Following these suggestions may significantly improve your feeling of well being:
Narcolepsy can be difficult to manage if your family, acquaintances and co-workers do not understand the disorder. Daytime sleepiness may be mistaken for laziness, depression or lack of ability. The signs of cataplexy and dreaming during wakefulness may be mistakenly seen as a psychiatric problem.
If you have narcolepsy you and your healthcare professional can do the following:
If your child suffers from narcolepsy make sure his or her teachers know about the disorder.
Small adjustments in the classroom can make a tremendous difference in terms of your child’s self esteem and ability to obtain a good education. Make certain that the teacher understands that narcolepsy can cause symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity. | <urn:uuid:98d70504-6004-43ae-9314-5bf54eeab312> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://thoracicandsleep.com.au/narcolepsy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203947.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325112917-20190325134917-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.956405 | 1,614 | 3.375 | 3 |
Narrative : is a story written in the past. It can be real or imaginary.
Structure : -Paragraph 1 : introduce the characters and explain the backgr
-Paragraph 2 : describe the main event
-Paragraph 3 : explain what happened in the end
Linkers : Also,althought,as,as well,because,but
Useful expresions : I will never forget it / it was the best day of my life
Content: -Add detail. -Logical order -Narrative tenses(p.Simple,continuous,present perfect , p perfect)
Topic essay : gives information about certain subject
Structure : -Paragraph 1 : introduction -Paragraph 2 : first idea
-Paragraph 3: second idea -Paragraph 4 : third idea
-Paragraph 5 : conclusion
Useful lenguage : Giving examples : such as + noun
Expressing cause : Because / due to . Expressing effect : as a result / consequence
Content : -include facts rather than opinions, give examples.
Informal letter: to people we know personally. We normally give news about what is happening in our lives (email)
Structure : 1-Greeting : begin with a suitable greeting (Hi,Ana)
2-First paragraph : explain why you are writing or responds other email
3-Middle paragraph : give information or ask questions
4-Closing : finish and say goodbye. (Write your name and end)
Useful lenguage: Greetings: Dear ..., Thinking about the person you write : hope all's well / how are you?. Responding other email : thanks for your letter. Apologizing : i'm sorry i haven't written for ages. Giving interesting news: Guess what ? / Did I tell you that... Advising and suggesting : if i were you. Adding information : also, as well , too . Closing : take care , bye, all the best.
Content : informal lenguage, use varity of verbs, think about your reader
Discussion essay: you present two sides of an argument.
Structure : -Paragraph 1: think of a general statement for your introduction -Paragraph 2 : give two arguments which support your opinion. -Paragraph 3 : give two arguments which support the opposite opinion. -Paragraph 4 : sum up and give your own opinion.
Useful language : Giving arguments : moreover, furthermore . Adding arguments: firstly, finally. Giving evidence : for example, according to. Linkers of contrast : although, however. Comparing: there are advantages and disadvantages to... . Summing up : all in all, in conclusion, to sum up. Giving and opinion : i strongly feel, in my view.
Content : use linkers of contrast to compare ideas, examples, formal lenguage
Formal letter : when writing to organitzations or people we do not know ( request information, apply for a job , make a complaint)
Structure : Greeting : begin with a suitable formal greeting. -First paragraph: explain why you are writting. -Middle Paragraph : give information or ask questions. New paragraph for each new topic
-Closing : finish your letter with a suitable closing expression
Useful lenguage: Grettings : dear mr, mrs,miss,ms. Explain why you are writting : i am writting because/in response to. Sequencing ideas: firstly,finally,also. Making enquires : i would be interested to know. Making complaints : it was clearly stated that..But.. Other : i would like to pointout that. Saying goodbye : yours sincerly (name person)
Content : correct layout, formal lenguage, indirect question. | <urn:uuid:a8e2c711-d726-4197-8707-b07c4cea9602> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.wikiteka.co.uk/document/correct-ii-correct-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.845558 | 785 | 3.75 | 4 |
Mild halitosis usually results from anaerobic bacteria breeding in shallow cavities in the gums or teeth. The bugs release foul-smelling gases such as hydrogen sulphide. Routine dental treatment, regular brushing and mouthwashes usually solve this problem.
But there are more persistent cases and Yehuda Finkelstein of the Meir Hospital at the Sapir Medical Center in Kfar Saba, Israel, has found that the tonsils are often to blame. Tonsils have deep airless crypts and grooves that make perfect breeding grounds for anaerobic bacteria. "It's the ideal place for them," he says.
Finkelstein has successfully treated the condition using a laser procedure lasting just 15 minutes. The laser vaporises infected tissue and seals the crypts by creating scar tissue that bacteria cannot colonise. More than half of a group of 53 patients were cured in one session, while the others were cured after either two or three treatments.
Richard Price, a consumer adviser to the American Dental Association, says that the procedure could be useful as a last resort, but that tonsils only cause up to 6 per cent of halitosis cases. "Try conventional treatment first," he says. "Scraping the tongue and using mouthwash seems to work for most people."
MEDICA.de; Source: New Scientist | <urn:uuid:af696dcc-576d-4b38-8434-70f8e82dbdbe> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.medica-tradefair.com/cgi-bin/md_medica/lib/pub/tt.cgi/Laser_Cleans_Up_Bad_Breath_Bugs.html?oid=14915&lang=2&ticket=g_u_e_s_t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159938.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923232129-20180924012529-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.9521 | 278 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Thomas Alva Edison
Explore Edison’s Life and Work in These Lessons, Activities, and Resources
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) held 1,093 U.S. Patents including a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. Explore his life and work in these lessons, activities, and resources.
And do not forget Nikola Tesla, who once worked for Edison and later became a business rival, along with George Westinghouse, in the War of the Currents.
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Every invention — from telephones to televisions — is the result of someone's imagination and creativity, but today's electronic gadgets don't bolster imagination at school. So, who will be tomorrow's Edisons, and what will they invent? | <urn:uuid:908aa0e1-f4a3-4309-8568-7ce3730f6792> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.nea.org/tools/lessons/thomas-alva-edison.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131303502.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172143-00068-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937103 | 174 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The White-winged Parakeets or Canary-winged Parakeets (Brotogeris versicolurus) are also known as "Bee Bee" and "Pocket parrots." At 8.5 to 9.5 inches in length and weighing 65 to 75 grams, they are the largest of the brotogeris family.
These boldly marked parakeets have an extensive native range throughout most of South America and can be found along the Amazon River, south over east, central and south Brazil, into north and east Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and eastern Peru.
They are usually found near open forests, savannahs, seasonally flooded forests and river islands; but are also seen in suburban areas, parks and gardens - sometimes in flocks of up to about 50.
Species Taxonomy / Name Confusion:
Until 1997, some taxonomists considered the White or Canary-winged Parakeet and the Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) to be conspecific (of, or belonging to, the same species). Even though the Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) has the yellow secondary covert feathers that can be seen in the Canary-winged Parakeet - it lacks white on the primary feathers of the wing.
Confusion of these two species constitutes a serious problem. For example, the book "Parrots: A guide to parrot identification" (Juniper and Parr 1998) mixes characteristics of both species in their illustrations. In addition, the Aviculturists in the United States commonly use the name Canary-winged Parakeet for B. chiriri and White-winged Parakeet for B. versicolurus - which adds to the confusion.
In pet stores, the Yellow-chevroned Parakeets (B. chirir) are frequently sold as Canary-winged Parakeets (B. versicolurus) and visa versa.
Because of this confusion, it was suggested that the name of the Canary-winged Parakeet be changed to White-winged Parakeet - for the obvious reason that the white wing patches are unique in the genus and outstanding among parrots in general
Populations of released or escaped pet birds have established themselves in California (Los Angeles / Hollywood, San Francisco, San Fernando and San Gabriel Valley), Florida (Miami), in New York City and Puerto Rico. However, the number of Canary or White-winged Parakeets has declined considerably since the early 1980s, while its cousin - the Yellow-Chevron Parakeets - have become more established. At this time, it is estimated that there are no more White-winged / Canary-winged Parakeets in Los Angeles, but some may still exist in Miami, Florida. Self sustaining populations are also found in Lima, Peru.
Feral populations have adapted to feeding on blossoms and nectar. They are also known to frequent bird feeders.
Canary-winged parakeets are small stocky parakeets - about 8.5 to 10 inches (21 to 25 cm) long -- nearly half of its length (4.3 inches or 10.8 cm) is made up by its pointed tail. They are slightly larger than grey-cheek parakeets and lovebirds.
The plumage of the canary-wing islime green in color; a little darker green on the breast and underneath. The canary-winged parakeet has a trailing yellow edge on its folded wings. One of its most distinguished characteristics is the white wing patches that are most noticed when this parakeet is in flight. There are some blue marks under the tail and possibly on the wings. The eyes are brown; the beak is pale and the legs are pinkish in color.
Like the other members of Brotogeris, they are not sexually dimorphic and must be sexed either by DNA or surgically.
Young birds look like adults, but the overall plumage is duller in coloration.
The Canary-winged Parakeets were at one time amongst the most commonly imported birds into the United States. As the numbers of the popular grey-cheeked parakeet declined, the Canary-wings have gained popularity, as they share many of the endearing personality traits of the grey-cheeks.
They are not noted as being great talkers - but some say that Canary-wing Parakeets are better talkers than the popular grey-cheeks. They usually can pick up a few words or sentences. They are considered to be semi-noisy birds.
These parakeets are generally friendly and grow very tame; however, they may be jealous of other pets. When they feel threatened, the canary-winged parakeets raise their wings and clap them together to make explosive sound.
Other Relevant Web Resources:
- Brotogeris as Pets
- Common Health Problems of the Brotogeris
- Breeding Brotogeris
- Brotogeris Species
- Photos of the Various Brotogeris Species for Identification
Diet / Feeding:
In their natural habitat, these parakeets may feed on the following:
- Seeds (including sprouted seeds)
- Fruits (including berries and figs)
- Flowers. Nectar, Greens and Plant Matter
- Minerals and Grit: They are often seen visiting barreiros (areas where mineral-rich soil is readily available) and river banks to feed on soil.
- Insects and their larvae
They should be provided a varied diet that includes any of the below:
- A high-quality dry parrot mix (cockatiel dry food mix is fine). Dr. Harvey's Bird Food Mixes or Lafeber are convenient options that lack many of the harmful additives that are commonly found in commercial mixes and have a great variety of quality ingredients (including dried fruits, veggies, herbs / greens and even superfoods, such as bee pollen!) - in short: myriad nourishing ingredients that are not found in other commercially available bird mixes. However, our biggest grievance with their products is that they use sulphurated dried produce (a process which also requires chemicals), but it is very difficult to find mixes with unsulphurated fruits and veggies. You could just buy the seeds, nuts and grain mix and buy human-grade unsulphurated dried produce / greens as well as bee pollen and mix them in. Even organic trail mixes (WITHOUT CHOCOLATE!) work great. With a little creativity you can put a mix together that offers superior nutrition without the chemicals typically found in commercial brands.
- Sprouted Seeds: sprouted sunflower; sprouted millet spray. Sprouted or germinated seeds are usually more easily accepted by "seed addicts" than fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Fresh fruit (such as bananas, berries, figs, rose hips)
- Edible flowers
- Nectar: Lory food; porridge of oat flakes; or wheatgerm and honey
- Vegetables (one favorite is half-ripe corn)
- Green foods / plant material, such as dandelion, clover, chickweed, rowanberries, etc.. In the wild, they like to chew rotten stumps and search for larvae
- Branches with buds and flowers
- Animal protein (such as dried shrimp)
- Vitamin and mineral supplements (especially important if nutritional variety and quality hasn't been maintained)
These parakeets are messy eaters and scatter any soft food over their cages (as is typical of most parrots). Carefully planning the set up will facilitate the daily clean-up.
Calls / Vocalizations:
In flight, the canary-wing parakeets emit screeching calls that sounds like rapid series of shrill metallic notes.
Pet birds can mimic sounds and may learn a few words.
Class: Aves -- Birds, oiseaux
Order: Psittaciformes -- Parrots, perroquets
Family: Psittacidae -- aras, cacatoès, Cockatoos, Lories, Macaws, Parrots, perroquets
Species: Scientific: Brotogeris chiriri aka Brotogeris versicolorus chiriri ... English: Yellow-chevroned Parakeet ... Dutch: Kanarievleugelparkiet ... German: Kanarienflügelsittich ... French: Perruche aux ailes de canarie Veillot
Species Research by Sibylle Johnson
Please Note: The articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers. Please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you. | <urn:uuid:570f2c77-1e52-48c0-8031-7dca0a0d2701> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.beautyofbirds.com/whitewingedparakeets.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605555.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423154842-20190423180842-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.940943 | 1,853 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Homo capsicanus hobbitus
Homo capsicanus bondus
Homo capsicanus beardus
Homo capsicanus pinkboxus
Homo capsicanus primus
Homo capsicanus moggius
Homo capsicanus petehattus
Homo capsicanus is the binomial nomenclature for the common chilli farmer. Every example of homo capsicanus automatically falls into its own subspecies, which with very few exceptions are unique in almost every respect.
Homo capsicanus is a direct descendant of homo sapiens, also known as humans. Although superficially similar, they have mutated through continued exposure to superhot chillies to the point where they are a distinct collection of subspecies displaying behaviours not seen in the normal human race.
Homo capsicanus primus is the earliest local example and is named not for being the first observed example of homo capsicanus, but for his slightly disturbing fetish for both camping stoves and the bass guitar stylings of Les Claypool.
The common chilli farmer varies wildly in size, although mostly they can be mistaken for human. The shortest known subspecies is homo capsicanus hobbitus, which as its name suggests has great difficulty reaching things on high shelves. Homo capsicanus bondus is tall enough to suffer from a lack of oxygen, thus giving the impression of brain damage. Many subspecies of the chilli farmer display significant plumage (especially homo capsicanus beardus), although homo capsicanus moggius appears to have run out of hair entirely. Homo capsicanus pinkboxus is mostly encountered in its female form.
The common chilli farmer can often be found sheltering under canopies amongst groups of similar species such as homo cupcakeus and homo cheeseii. They seem to cluster together in these groups in order to pass on their belongings to others in exchange for coloured pieces of paper or shiny bits of metal. It is very rare to find more than one of the above mentioned homo capsicanus subspecies in the same location, but it is not unknown to find them co-located with similar subspecies such as homo grimreaperus.
When not sheltering under canopies the chilli farmer can usually be found in a type of building known as a ‘pub’. Little is known of the function of these buildings, although some kind of ritual involving liquids is believed to take place.
Occasionally the common chilli farmer is found in mountainous regions, although recent sightings of homo capsicanus hobbitus at altitude have shown the species to be extremely unstable in such locations.
The male common chilli farmer attempts to attract the female with a courtship display which consists of drinking copious amounts of brown fermented liquids, accompanied by talking a load of old bollocks. The success of this courtship display is variable from subspecies to subspecies. Homo capsicanus petehattus seems to be permanently in heat, whilst homo capsicanus hobbitus appears to have his animal magnetism on the wrong polarity. There does, however, appear to be some kind of weird symbiotic relationship between homo capsicanus hobbitus and homo capsicanus pinkboxus that baffles almost every observer. Homo capsicanus beardus uses his abundant plumage to attract females, with mixed success.
The young of the species are usually hungry. And noisy. So very, very noisy.
The common chilli farmer is omnivorous, eating a wide range of food from all sources. Despite being almost spherical homo capsicanus hobbitus is quite picky, although deep-frying anything is usually enough to get him to try it, with the exception of mushrooms, which he wouldn’t eat even if there was a Kalashnikov pressed against his temple. Homo capsicanus beardus is an enigma, appearing not to eat in daylight hours. Homo capsicanus bondus is simply hungry ALL THE BLOODY TIME. Homo capsicanus moggius seems to be on a restricted diet, courtesy of the female homo capsicanus moggius. Homo capsicanus primus eats only pub food and stolen crisps. Homo capsicanus pinkboxus can usually be found cooing longingly at cheese.
Status and conservation
The common chilli farmer has an extensive range, with sightings on almost every continent. However, they are extinct in the wild – no known populations are known outside of human environs. That being said, it seems to be fashionable to genetically modify normal humans into homo capsicanus, so like the humble mule there will seemingly always be a way of creating new specimens.
It is possible, though highly unusual, for a subspecies of homo capsicanus to revert to its former homo sapiens status. This is not a common occurrence, as the capsaicin contained within chillies has a hallucinogenic effect that proves highly addictive. Most subspecies have tremendous difficulty adapting back to the human world once they have been exposed, and will resist common sense and logic to remain in their capsaicin-fuelled environment.
Homo capsicanus is generally placid in public situations. However, great care should be taken if encountered in the early morning – especially if this is before their first cup of coffee, in which case they are likely to attack without warning. Homo capsicanus bondus is especially tetchy prior to midday, although he is usually to be found stuck in traffic at this time.
Homo capsicanus primus is frequently seen carrying out a ritual known as ‘going to Bookers’, sometimes as much as three times a day. It is unknown why this behaviour is displayed, although there are theories that it relates to a circadian rhythm completely out of sync with the rest of homo capsicanus, or indeed reality.
Homo capsicanius moggius is largely migratory, spending much of his time roaming the countryside in search of a decent wi-fi signal.
Homo capsicanus beardus is a non-native species, believed to have migrated south in search of a decent pint of beer, a search he seems to take extremely seriously.
Homo capsicanus hobbitus spends much of his time watching men chase balls around fields.
Homo capsicanus pinkboxus has recently built a huge new nest, and her plaintive cry of ‘come to Meadow Barn, come to Meadow Barn’ can be heard across multiple media platforms.
There seems to be no reason why homo capsicanus won’t be around for the foreseeable future. They are adaptable, tough creatures, not generally prone to disease and quite capable of ‘normal’ behaviour even after lopping bits of themselves off with kitchen equipment (which happens frequently).
If you encounter one on your travels please treat them with compassion – they’re normally in need of a damned good sleep, and if startled are known to inflict a substance known as ‘God Slayer’ on their victims.
You have been warned. | <urn:uuid:f3b95189-4df4-4a55-a9bc-98f587d9c534> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://thechillihobbit.com/2016/05/27/the-common-chilli-farmer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039491784.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420214346-20210421004346-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.948658 | 1,487 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Unlike Summer Savory, Winter Savory is a perennial which means that it will grow back from winter dormancy every year. Dark-green, elongated leaves grow side-by-side on woody stems and have a peppery flavor. The longer the stems are allowed to grow, the woodier they get and eventually small white to light purple flowers will bloom on top. The older leaves and the blooms aren’t suitable for herb use. The younger, more tender leaves are what you want.
Spacing: Plant 10” to 12” apart.
Height: Grows 10” to 12” tall.
How To Grow: Plant in full sun.
Outstanding Features: Winter Savory can be used in a wide variety of dishes from wild game to beans to fish, potatoes and many more and can be used fresh or dried.
Tips: Keep the old growth trimmed back to promote new shoots and more tender leaves. The older growth tends to have tough leathery leaves and more damage from insects. Keeping savory trimmed also keeps the plant clean looking and gives it more room for air to flow around the lower stems.
Uses: Culinary Herb, Garden Bed, Containers | <urn:uuid:13cfbc37-8024-49b3-89a7-6ae220fde6cb> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.charleysveggies.com/herbs/savory-2/savory-winte/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145966.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224163216-20200224193216-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.927187 | 249 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Last updated: November 8, 2014
Synonyms: Other names, such as interleukin (IL), reflect the importance of cytokines in intercellular interactions between white blood cells. Other names reflect the predominant cell type from which they derive (e.g., monokines, lymphokines) or the functions with which they were first associated (e.g., B-cell growth factor, endogenous pyrogen, or chemokine).
Definition: To perform their functions optimally, cells of the immune system must communicate with each other. Such communication can be accomplished in two ways. Cells may physically touch each other, relaying information via specific cell-surface receptors (e.g., adhesion molecules). Alternatively, cells may secrete molecules (cytokines) that interact with receptors on other cells. Many cytokines are small glycoproteins with varying cellular origins (Table 9) that bind with high affinity to specific receptors.
Role: Cytokines serve critical roles in (a) immune reactions (they modulate antigen presentation, activation of immunocompetent cells, and the determination of whether immune reactions are predominantly humoral or cellular); (b) inflammatory reactions (cytokines cause recruitment and activation of cells and also initiate the acute-phase response); and (c) hematopoiesis (several cytokines promote the growth and maturation of various cell lineages).
More than 50 cytokines and their receptors have been identified, and the range of functions of these molecules expands continuously. Cytokines may exert their varied effects in an autocrine (acting on the cell from which they were secreted), paracrine (acting on cells in the same area), or endocrine (acting on distal cells) manner. Cytokines are typically pleiotropic, i.e., a single cytokine typically has numerous functions and acts on various cell types. In addition, there is significant redundancy; several cytokines may have overlapping functions. Rather than acting in isolation, cytokines act in an organized network. Some cytokines have antagonistic functions; others are synergistic.
|Table: Major Cytokines, Cellular Sources, and Biologic Functions|
|IL-1||Macrophages, many other cell lines||Activates lymphocytes, stimulates acute-phase response, CNS effects (fever, increased sleep, anorexia), bone and cartilage destruction, stimulates various inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandins), increases IL-6, activates endothelium|
|IL-2||T cells, NK cells||Critical autocrine growth factor for T cells; increases killing of tumors by NK cells (creating LAK cells)|
|IL-3||T cells||Stimulates growth of multiple cell lineages|
|IL-4||T cells, mast cells||Increases antibody synthesis (e.g., IgE), may inhibit cell-mediated T-cell responses|
|IL-5||T cells, mast cells||Promotes maturation, activation, and survival of eosinophils|
|IL-6||Macrophages, lymphocytes||Promotes terminal B-cell maturation, synthesis of acute-phase reactants|
|IL-8||Macrgphages||A “chemokine,” promotes endothelial cells chemotaxis of neutrophils to inflammatory sites|
|IL-10||Macrophages, T cells||Inhibits synthesis of other cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IFN–y)|
|IL-12||Macrophages, dendritic cells||Differentiation/maturation of Th1 cell, T cell cytotoxicity, B cell activation|
|IL-17||Th17 cells, fibroblasts||Chemokine release, fibroblast cytokine release, ↑MMP release, osteoclastogenesis, hematopoiesis, ↓chondrocyte GAG synthesis
Leukocyte cytokine production
|IL-18||Th1 cells, NK cells, B cells||Proinflammatory; induction of IFNγ|
|IL-21||NK, CD4+, Th17 T cells||Differentiation of lymphoid and myeloid cells, T cell proliferation, differentiation of B cells, enhanced NK cytotoxicity; has antiviral/antitumor effects|
|IL-22||Th17 cells, CD8+cells, NK cells, γδ T cells||Acute phase response, Keratinocyte activation|
|IL-23||Macrophages, dendritic cells, keratinocytes||Stimulates Th17 cells to produce IL-17A and IL-22|
|IL-33||Epithelial cells; monocytes; smooth muscle cells; keratinocytes||Promote Th2 cell activation, mast cell activation, and cytokine production|
|TNF||Macrophages, lymphocytes||Stimulates acute-phase response, endothelial cells CNS effects (fever, increased sleep, cachexia), bone and cartilage destruction, increases IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, activates endothelium|
|IFN-α/β (Type I interferons)||Many cell types||viral replication MHC I expression|
|IFN-y||T cells||Critical cytokine for macrophage activation, activates endothelium, inhibits humoral response|
|GM-CSF||T cells||Stimulates growth of macrophage, endothelial cells granulocyte precursors|
|RANK ligand||Stromal cells; osteoblasts; T cells||Stimulates bone resorption via osteoclast maturation and activation. Modulation of T cell-DC interaction.|
|IL, Interleukin; CNS, central nervous system; NK, natural killer; LAK, lymphocyte-activated killer cell; TNF, tu- mor necrosis factor; IFN, interferon; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.|
Disease Associations: The role of cytokines in various diseases has been illustrated by demonstrating increased concentrations of some cytokines in specific conditions. For example, the synovial fluid of patients with inflammatory arthritides such as RA contains elevated amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-a. In addition, the efficacy of various immunosuppressive therapies depends in large part on their ability to inhibit cytokines (e.g., corticosteroids inhibit IL-1, IL-6, and other cytokines; cyclosporine inhibits IL-2). Moreover, specific therapies directed against cytokines, such as anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies or receptors, are currently being used for various inflammatory diseases.
Method: Several of the listed cytokines are available from special clinical laboratories. Most assays for secreted circulating cytokines are enzyme immunoassays performed on serum or plasma.
Indications: Cytokine levels are not clinically indicated in the diagnosis or monitoring of patients with rheumatic or autoimmune disease. They are primarily used in some research situations to evaluate a patient’s immunologic status or response to biologically specific therapies.
Cost: These tests are expensive. IL-1, $320; IL-6, $230; IL-8, $520; IL-2, $220; IL-2R, $30–205; interferon gamma, $185.
Charles A. Dinarello. Historical Review of Cytokines. Eur J Immunol. Nov 2007; 37(Suppl 1): S34–S45. PMID; 17972343 | <urn:uuid:90283100-9fbc-4377-a88b-2a2d5c9b6759> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.rheumaknowledgy.com/cytokines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823705.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211215732-20181212001232-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.845591 | 1,626 | 3.96875 | 4 |
The graph below is from South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI)'s website. The graph shows energy consumption in kWh per month for SANEDI and for a number of tenants. The coloured energy consumption histogram is clickable and the specific energy consumption attributable to the different tenants can be ascertained.
The graph easy to understand and should support energy consumption improvements by SANEDI and their tenants. But does it? For instance:
- Is energy consumption in the building good?
- How does this compare to other buildings or to benchmarks?
- What are the loads that the building is having to cope with, in terms of number of people and operating equipment? Is the building doing well in terms of these?
Normalising the building's energy data in to kWh/m2 per year figures and referencing SANS 204 benchmarks, the consumption of similarly sized buildings in the same climatic zone would enable the current energy consumption data to be compared and evaluated. Thus, the provision of a little extra information would make this this energy consumption feed much more interesting and useful. | <urn:uuid:f657bb69-78cc-4934-aa82-2ccf5fcd74a3> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.sustainablefacilitiesmanagement.com/2013/10/live-energy-consumption-feeds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027312025.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817203056-20190817225056-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.945247 | 219 | 2.625 | 3 |
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History repeats itself with opioid epidemic
The opioid epidemic is being called the worst public health crisis in American history, with its lethal consequences exacting a toll on users and families nationwide. Eric Hargan, acting secretary of HHS spoke about the crisis at the CDC. (Dec 4) AP
Experts have a term for what happens when memories of a drug’s tragic repercussions fade away, leaving a society to eventually repeat the same mistakes as their ancestors.
It is what one drug historian theorizes may have happened to help lead America to its current opioid epidemic — what is the country’s second in 150 years.
“If you’re a medical student or resident in a hospital in, say, 1996 and 1997, you’re not going to be reading about what happened with morphine addiction in 1896 or 1897,” said David Courtwright, author of several books on drug use and policy. “It’s not going to cross your mind.”
From the 1840s to the 1890s, the United States saw opiate usage rise by 538 percent. As more Americans began using prescription opioids to treat their chronic pain in the 1990s, the similarities to what happened in America in the late 19th century became stark.
Is it possible, Courtwright wonders, that most doctors weren’t aware of the “disaster” that had occurred in the medical profession in the late 19th century?
The U.S. succeeded in quelling the menace back then, reducing the number of opiate addicts in America to less than two per every 1,000 people by 1920. But it was a crisis that would return, less than 100 years later, with a vengeance.
'The golden age of pharmaceutical discovery'
Opium growth is traced as far back as 3400 B.C. in lower Mesopotamia, what is now Iraq. Sumerians called the opium poppy “the joy plant,” and Hippocrates is said to have noted that opium could be used to treat certain diseases.
In his book “Dark Paradise,” which details the history of U.S. opiate addiction, Courtwright notes that the therapeutic use of opium had been passed down to American doctors “as an ancient and honorable practice, sanctioned by the greatest medical authorities over many centuries.”
Opium use during Colonial times was common, he said, and was used to treat many conditions during the 18th century, including pain, coughing, diarrhea and communicable diseases.
Multiple causes can be attributed to increased narcotic consumption, including self-medication, disease and injuries spawned during the Civil War, the spread of opium smoking and promotion of new drugs, Courtwright wrote in an article for the New England Journal of Medicine.
“The late 19th and early 20th century were like the golden age of pharmaceutical discovery,” Courtwright said. “People were coming up with lots of valuable new drugs.”
The Germans especially were coming up with “wonderful” new drugs that, when properly used, had great therapeutic potential, he said.
“This was not a scheme — ‘Let’s addict a bunch of people, and they’ll be our customers forever’ — that’s not what’s going on here,” he said. “There were some really well-intentioned doctors dealing with really sick people, and these doctors didn’t have a lot that they could do to treat underlying causes of illness. In a way, it was more natural to resort to symptomatic treatment of pain.”
The hypodermic syringe, which was first brought to the U.S. in 1856, was mostly used to inject morphine and thus enhanced the likelihood of addiction, Courtwright wrote in his book.
Then, in 1898, Bayer commercialized a new drug meant to treat respiratory complaints. The medication was named heroin.
It is a popular myth that heroin was widely considered to be a superior, nonaddictive alternative to morphine, Courtwright said.
“A few people did think that maybe it was a nonaddictive analgesic, but they were a tiny minority, and they were quickly debunked,” he said.
Bayer ceased production of heroin in 1913.
According to “Dark Paradise,” the rate of opiate addiction in America increased throughout the 19th century, from around 0.72 addicts per 1,000 people before 1842 to a high of 4.59 per 1,000 people in the 1890s.
Between 1895 and 1910, physicians were able to begin slowing and reversing the increased morphine addiction that they themselves had unwittingly helped prosper.
Doctors eventually realized it was a bad idea to prescribe opiates, especially injections of morphine, for certain conditions, and they learned that it was a very bad idea to leave hypodermic medications with patients for self-injections, Courtwright said.
“They got their hands on other, safer medications as time went on,” Courtwright said. “In 1899, for example, Bayer introduced aspirin commercially. If somebody comes to you with aches and pains and you have a choice between saying here’s an opiate and here’s an aspirin, you’re a lot better off in terms of minimizing the risk of addiction if you give the person aspirin.”
The dangers of opiates also were stressed to younger doctors during their medical training in a way they hadn’t been for someone who’d been educated in the 1850s or 1860s.
“The doctors were better educated, and there were more things doctors could do for patients who were increasingly less ill by the early 20th century,” Courtwright said.
Because opiates contained useful constipating properties, one of the illnesses they were often prescribed for in the 19th century was diarrheal diseases.
“When cities started putting in sewers, when people started to put screens on windows, keeping flies out and so on, the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases declined,” he said. “So people had less reason to seek out these medications, whether through self-medication or from a physician’s prescription.”
At the same time, people who were medically addicted were typically middle-aged or older, and they were sick. Life expectancy for those people wasn't very lengthy.
“On the one hand, doctors were creating fewer new addicts, and on the other hand, the existing medical addicts, most of whom who had one or other chronic disease, weren’t going to live all that long,” Courtwright said. “So that’s what ultimately drove the numbers down.”
While the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 was enacted to more strictly regulate the distribution of cocaine and opium-based drugs, Courtwright said the opiate epidemic had actually begun declining over the previous 20 years.
Access and information
Two things may have happened in the late 20th century to help revive the opioid crisis, which has become even more widespread and more daunting than it was a century ago, according to Courtwright.
“One was a very deliberate push by the pharmaceutical industry to get doctors to rethink the wisdom of prescribing opiates, or opioids, for non-terminal pain,” Courtwright said.
The other issue was possibly generational forgetting, where doctors might just have known very little about the epidemic that plagued the U.S. in the late 19th century, Courtwright speculated.
“If you go to medical school in the 1980s or 1990s, maybe people are warning you about sedatives, or don’t overprescribe Valium, or they’re telling you something like that,” he said. “They’re not really talking to you a lot about these new claims that, ‘Oh yeah, we’ve got this new opioid that’s safe.’ ”
Access and information are also two key components in how prevalent the current epidemic has become.
“In the mid-20th century, the heroin market was local and concentrated in big cities,” Courtwright said. “If you’re a drug user in, say, 1955, you really need to be in one of about half a dozen American cities — Detroit, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, cities like that. You couldn’t find heroin in small towns. It was a big-city problem.”
Fast forward to 2000, and someone who has learned that he can get high from snorting crushed oxycodone pills needs only to pass along that information to someone else in another state.
“You don’t need actual proximity to a black market supply,” Courtwright said. "All you need is information because the distribution system for these opioid drugs is national. You can get them anywhere.”
For the past 20 years, the U.S. has seen a resurgence of opioid misuse and addiction, just as it did in the second half of the 19th century. Though the epidemics of the 19th century and today are different in many ways, Courtwright believes there are some lessons that can be learned from the past as experts look to deal with the current crisis.
“Somehow reduce the number of new cases of addiction, if you can get supply under control,” he said. “Eventually the people who are currently addicted will either quit or they will overdose.” | <urn:uuid:58f1dddb-e33d-42ee-beda-6aac22f1a12c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/01/26/opioid-epidemic-19th-century-addiction-morphine-bayer-heroin/1018327001/?from=new-cookie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592636.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721145209-20180721165209-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.97788 | 2,008 | 3.15625 | 3 |
One of the reasons telecommunications has been so successful for more than 160 years is that it adopted a strategy that resulted in a seamless network all around the world. You can pick up a phone anywhere in the world and, with little or no instruction, make a call to anybody else in the world without worrying what phones and technology they are using on the other end of the line.
For 130 of those 160 years the telephone companies basically provided a national service for the good of their country. However, once telephone saturation started to occur in the developed economies and new technologies began to appear on the horizon, the system began to falter. The major problem for the telcos was delivering innovation at affordable prices. Government policies led to the introduction of market liberalisation and competition, which produced — over the last 30 years — an explosion in innovations.
But during that process the nature of the network operators changed. They were forced to be more competitive and innovative, and they became increasingly commercial and less focussed on the national good.
We have now reached a point where, on the one hand, good quality telecommunications infrastructure has become even more critical for the social and economic benefit of the country — because of the extra services that are now carried over it — while, on the other hand, these extra services require quality infrastructure that cannot be delivered on a commercial basis to all of the countries' citizens.
The social and economic benefits of the services carried over the infrastructure do not show up on the balance sheets of the national operators, and as they are now operating in a competitive environment they can no longer afford the extra cost involved in looking after the national good.
Government policies need to be rebalanced. If infrastructure is critical for the national wellbeing some of the load of the infrastructure needed for this will have to be carried by the nation.
The best way to achieve this is not to bring back regulation — as some of the European telcos are suggesting — but to make structural changes that better reflect the future use of this infrastructure.
Today's reality is that already telcos are no longer the gatekeepers. By using OTT services, and through devices such as smartphones and tablets, service providers and users are bypassing the telcos. The telcos have been slow to keep pace with these developments and have been pushed further and further back into their infrastructure and basic access business.
Moving into the future more developments will take place that will see the infrastructure being used for a range of different services. Next generation networks based on fibre and IP will, by their very nature, be much more open networks. Services such as M2M, e-health, smart grids and so on will require different access regimes. NGNs will allow for parallel connections, independent of each other, with no single gatekeeper in the middle.
If that is the reality it is much better to structurally separate the infrastructure from the services and develop a separate national infrastructure plan that better reflects the social and economic benefits that countries derive from it.
Tinkering in the margins with new regulations is only pushing the problem forward, and this has the potential to bring back the good old days where telcos were the inflexible and expensive gatekeepers. This would be a major step back.
Like so many other industries the network operators will also have to accept that the digital revolution is forcing them to transform themselves. Trying to hold that back will create similar problems to those experienced by other sectors that refused to transform in the wake of the emerging digital economy.
|Data Center||Policy & Regulation|
|DNS Security||Regional Registries|
|Domain Names||Registry Services|
|Intellectual Property||Top-Level Domains|
|Internet of Things||Web|
|Internet Protocol||White Space|
Afilias - Mobile & Web Services
Minds + Machines | <urn:uuid:b2637247-2b36-42ed-a84c-d198ad76a3c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.circleid.com/posts/20120923_rebalancing_telco_infrastructure_investments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163663.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00289-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937467 | 780 | 2.53125 | 3 |
"The issue of religious symbols in the public sphere has given rise to widespread debate on the scope of freedom of religion in various countries around the world. In our modern environment of globalization and unprecedented international migration flows, traditionally homogenous nations face the blurring of established spheres of cultural identity, and, in some cases, governments are changing laws, policies, and politics in an effort to manage these shifts. The various political, legislative, and judicial treatments of this issue have given rise to differing interpretations of freedom of religion as defined through domestic and international laws."
"The most prominent disputes over religious symbols in the public sphere have involved religious headcoverings - one of the most immediately obvious demonstrations of one’s faith that automatically distinguishes Muslims, Sikhs, and Jews from the larger, mostly Christian population in the Western world. The recent rise of immigrants in Europe has meant that headcoverings have become significant symbols of difference, provoking debate about their role in the public sphere."
"What becomes clear from this analysis is that while issues of freedom of religion are being debated in courts throughout the world in a variety of different contexts, the Islamic headscarf seems to have provoked cultural tensions in many European countries. One might argue that, backed by the ECHR, many states are turning to secularism as a protective shield in an attempt to guard society from the complexities of multiculturalism, effectively preventing the broad expression of a right that is guaranteed in international and domestic constitutional laws."
"In countries such as Canada and the United States, the question of religious symbols has been significantly less contentious, perhaps because these two nations were built upon the foundations of immigration and have needed to accept difference in order to survive. As a result, both Canada and the United States have a political and constitutional climate that has allowed their governments and courts to interpret freedom of religion in its broadest form, adopting an approach of neutral accommodation."
"Thus, each country in the Western world essentially provides a very similar guarantee of freedom, using a very similar constitutional proportionality test based on strong principles of freedom of religion. However, that test tends to be applied differently depending on each country’s historical traditions and its social and political culture, which have a profound influence on legal arguments concerning the limiting scope of safety, security, and public order." | <urn:uuid:84797e27-6f50-450e-9740-8914b758c983> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://micheladrien.blogspot.com/2011_08_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191984.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00552-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958727 | 464 | 3.453125 | 3 |
These stories capture the varied experiences of learning English through a child's eyes. From the shy and nerve-wracking beginnings to the joy of a blossoming new friendship, ELL students will recognize the highs and lows of the situations and emotions of the stories, many of which were written by authors who themselves were immigrants. The books also provide valuable insight to adults working with ELLs in the classroom.
When Francisco's grandfather arrives from Mexico speaking no English and in search of a job, Francisco becomes his translator. In his desire to help Abuelo find work quickly, Francisco lies about what his grandfather knows how to do, creating trouble for both of them. In the end, Francisco learns an important lesson in this poignant story about immigrant families and day laborers.
Third grade Gabi speaks Spanish at home and English at school and sometimes "Spanglish" everywhere. Spanish and English combine naturally in Gabi's narration as the irrepressible, likable girl befriends a kindergartner who has moved from Nicaragua and as she controls her temper when teased by a classmate.
It is 1960 in Havana, and young Gabriella doesn't understand what the changes she sees around her in Cuba will mean until she boards a flight to New York to start a new life with her parents in the Bronx. New York is cold and busy; she doesn't speak any English, and she misses her grandparents. Slowly, however, she adapts to her new life, making friends and learning English along the way. The story is based on the childhood of Edie Colón (now an ESL teacher) and illustrated by her husband, Raúl.
When Ana's family comes to the U.S., she can tell that her mother misses their life and family in Mexico terribly. In addition, she doesn't want to learn English, and she relies on Ana and her husband to translate. Soon, however, Ana's mother realizes that English may be the key to finally feeling at home in her new country. A touching tribute to the children — and their parents — who have come to the U.S. for a better life.
This novel, written in free verse, tells the story of Kek, an eleven-year-old boy from the Sudan who arrives as a refugee to Minnesota in the middle of winter. In moments both amusing and heartbreaking, it is possible to see through Kek's eyes what it is like for new immigrants who come to this country and to think about the scars that war leaves on its youngest victims. Teacher's Guide available.
Mei Mei loves to think and write and talk…in Chinese. But at her school in New York City, everything happens…in English. Mei Mei is afraid that if she starts speaking in English, she will lose all that she loves in Chinese, including her friends at home in Hong Kong. Will Mei Mei always hate English as much as she loves Chinese? A humorous and touching story about the difficulty of accepting a new language and home.
Meet Shirley Temple Wong, a delightful heroine who has come from China and arrived in Brooklyn in 1947 — the Year of the Boar and Jackie Robinson. Based on the author's own experiences, the story captures the highs and lows of coming to live in a new country, learning English, and falling in love with the Brooklyn Dodgers during moments that are both heartbreaking and hilarious. A must-read for teachers working with ELLs and newcomer students.
Product Description: For María Isabel Salazar López, the hardest thing about being the new girl in school is that the teacher doesn't call her by her real name. "We already have two Marías in this class," says her teacher. "Why don't we call you Mary instead?" But María Isabel has been named for her Papá's mother and for Chabela, her beloved Puerto Rican grandmother. Can she find a way to make her teacher see that if she loses her name, she's lost the most important part of herself?
Yoon narrates the difficulty she experiences when her family moves to the United States from Korea. Her struggle with the transition focuses on the moment when she must learn to write her name in English rather than in Korean, and she remains resistant to learning a new language. Her imaginative voice is child-like and plausible, augmented by inventive illustrations.
No English is the story of two second-grade girls who become friends after overcoming a language barrier. Teachers and students alike will appreciate and empathize with both girls' struggles as they get to know each other and look for ways to communicate. An accompanying Teacher's Guide also provides activities and discussion questions.
In this heartwarming story, Farah is trying to get used to a new country and language. She knows what's happening around her, but without the words to say what she's thinking in English, she feels alienated from her classmates. A trip to the apple orchard helps her begin to bridge those gaps, however, and she realizes that "Laughs sound the same as at home." As she practices her first "outside-myself word," she knows that she will be able to say more in time. Beautiful watercolor illustrations bring Farah, her classmates, and the apple orchard to life.
Product Description: In Painted Words, Marianthe's paintings help her to become less of an outsider as she struggles to adjust to a new language and a new school. Under the guidance of her teacher, who understands that there is more than one way to tell a story, Mari makes pictures to illustrate the history of her family, and eventually begins to decipher the meaning of words.
Marisol is rushing home from school to see to her cat, but on the way she's stopped by adult family members and neighbors who need her to translate from Spanish for them so that they can communicate with shopkeepers and officials in English. Whether she's helping Uncle Tomas bargain with the poultry man, showing her neighbor how to fill out an application form, or speaking for Mama about a problem with the telephone bureaucracy, Marisol translates the words and also interprets the messages across cultures. — Booklist
When Sumi arrives at her big new school, she thinks that it is a lonely, scary, and mean place. Throughout the day, however, little things begin to change her mind and give her hope. An excellent portrayal of what the first day of school is like for both new students and ELLs. Expressive illustrations convey Sumi's emotions throughout the course of her first day.
Product Description: First-grader Hassan has only recently arrived in the United States after he and his family were forced to flee Somalia, and he deeply misses the colorful landscape of his former home in Africa. But with the help of his parents, an understanding teacher, and a school art project, Hassan finds that by painting a picture of his old home and sharing his story, his homesickness and the trauma of leaving a war-torn country are lessened.
On the way to Unhei's first day of school, a group of kids on the school bus make fun of her name. When she gets to class, she refuses to tell anyone her name, deciding that she wants to choose an American name instead. The next morning, she finds a name jar filled with pieces of paper and finds that her classmates are eagerly awaiting to see which name Unhei will choose. Yangsook Choi (who chose the name Rachael as a child) offers a moving portrait of the importance of names and identity to all children.
Product Description: The Upside Down Boy is the sequel to Calling the Doves and award-winning poet Juan Felipe Herrera's engaging memoir of the year his migrant family settled down so that he could go to school for the first time. Juanito is bewildered by the new school, and he misses the warmth of country life. Everything he does feels upside down…But a sensitive teacher and loving family help him to find his voice and make a place for himself in this new world through poetry, art, and music.
When Tío Tomás speaks in Spanish and tells his nephew Carlos ancient stories from Mexico, he is animated and happy. When he has to speak in English, however, his bad mood makes him look like a rain cloud. Eventually the two of them find a solution that will allow them to know "twice as much as everyone else!" This realistic story provides an authentic look at the frustration many recent immigrants feel when they are struggling to learn a new language, as well as the opportunities that being bilingual provides.
Yoko is ready for kindergarten! She can write her name, write numbers, and read stories. There is only one problem, though — she does it all in Japanese, and her classmates make fun of her scribbles. Can her new friend convince her that knowing a secret language isn't such a bad thing after all? Wells offers a loving, empathetic story that young ELLs will easily relate to, as well as a thoughtful portrayal of a teacher who embraces her young student's native language in the classroom. | <urn:uuid:28a21a0d-7da2-429a-9acd-214b34f31937> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.colorincolorado.org/booklist/ell-stories | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122268.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00221-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978286 | 1,850 | 3.375 | 3 |
Cloud Computing is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
The cloud has been adopted by nearly 90% of businesses.
The global market for cloud computing could grow from $40 billion to $241 billion in the next 10 years.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a cloud computing platform offered by Amazon – A vast system of pay-as-you-go data centers that provide the infrastructure for much of the World Wide Web.
AWS dominates clous computing, yet nearly 2/3 of Americans don’t know what it is.
AWS officially launched in 2006.
1/3 of all Internet users visit an AWS cloud-powered website daily.
AWS has more than one million customers, including more than 600 government agencies worldwide.
Several large companies and organizations run web applications on AWS.
The AWS platform powers hundreds of thousands of businesses in 190 countries with data centers in 11 regions across the world.
Each data center holds between 50,000 to 80,000 computer servers.
Sales and Revenue
AWS generated big numbers
AWS is earning about $6 billion per year, with $1.5 billion in revenue in Q1 of 2015 alone.
AWS is committed to sustainable energy
AWS aspire to achieve 100% renewable energy use for their global infrastructure footprint.
As of April 2015, about 25% of the power consumed by the AWS global infrastructure comes from renewable energy resources. | <urn:uuid:679e21ca-6a4a-4529-aed1-4f46f2510e91> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://pupuweb.com/beginners-guide-amazon-web-services-aws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609837.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528141209-20170528161209-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.924754 | 316 | 2.71875 | 3 |
About the Project
9iNNOVATE is a project-orientated activity for students in Year 9, designed to complement the academic curriculum and align with Ecolint’s mission statement to ‘prepare students for membership of communities that are socially and culturally diverse, for citizenship, and for engagement with the political, ethical and environmental challenges of their times’.
Building on from introductory experiences of community action from the Year 6 PYP exhibitions and the Year 8 SDG project, 9iNNOVATE is the next step in La Châtaigneraie’s developmental Character Programme.
In Year 8, all students engaged in a group exploration of an area of interest linked to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The 9iNNOVATE activity now challenges students' innovation and collaboration skills through action. Students will choose one of the SDG themes and in groups of six will work to design a local solution to a global issue, over a 3-month period in collaboration with an expert from a Geneva-based NGO or agency. The project aims at local impact and will be summarized in a 'TEDx' type presentation in June whereby teams will present their solution and its impact to a panel who will comment on its merits.
Drones for Good.
The wider implications of the implementation of technology for innovation.
Challenge: Of all the technological innovations that have emerged in recent years, UAV’s (unmanned aerial vehicles) or drones, are probably one of the most well-known and exciting. Regrettably, much of the publicity surrounding the machines to date has focused primarily on their military applications ignoring the numerous other ways drones are being adapted to benefit society. How will drones positively impact life on land on a global scale? Can you investigate their social, environmental and economic impact? What are the legal implications of their widening use?
Local Action: Can you think of some innovative ways in which you can put drones to use in the local community? For example; Can you use a drone to produce an aerial map or virtual tour of the school? Can you send a drone up during PE class to record students demonstrating a particular play? Have students watch the footage and discuss where they should have been and what they can do better. Can you produce a promotional video of the surrounding area (e.g the Jura mountains?) What do you need to do?
Global Issue: Summarise / define the issue State what will happen if the problem is not addressed (include statistics / pictures) = display work around school on your assigned noticeboard. Explain / suggest global approaches for tackling the problem
Local Action: Brainstorm ways in which you can address the global issue, locally. Agree on one solution and put it into action. Documenting your journey: You will be required to document your journey, from outlining the global issue in detail to describing your local solution
Documenting may involve: Blogging Vlogging Keeping a journal / e-portfolio
TEDx Presentation: At the end of your 2 month ‘journey’ you will be required to present your ‘local solution’ to the ‘global problem’ posed by the expert you have been assigned to. Your presentation will last no longer than 8 minutes max. You will need to demonstrate: Your understanding of the global issue What will happen if it is not addressed What YOU have done / help others to do about it in their own community (i.e. local action) Evidence (by means of a prototype / display etc)
SDGS of labProject
Pick your to do list:
> Existing concepts. Create a moodboard of existing concepts worldwide. Like a Pinterest overview - try to cluster them, put them in groups if appropriate
> Sketches. Draw the actual idea - sketch out drones delivering, the actual services, the actual products,….
> Audience. Visualise the audience - profile pictures of elderly people at home, in ... (Sarah Issa)
> Brand. Try different names and logos for our concept - What product do we need to invent? How do we have to adapt the existing drones? (Zacchaeus Poulsen & ...)
> Advertising. Create an advertising for the services we offer.
> Presentation. Assembling all previous in the powerpoint (Sarah Issa)
6 Awesome Ways Drones Are Being Used Today
Just a few years back, you would never have heard the term “drone” with a very positive connotation. Whenever there was any talk of drones, you thought of wars, attacks on terrorists, and spying of certain areas using pilot-less planes.
The air surrounding drones has changed quite a bit in the past few years. With their growing presence in the media, their potential is becoming recognized more and more. They can be used for reasons other than spying and warfare. People are now using drones in many awesome ways.
Regardless of how much they are being used for recreation and other purposes, the fears associated with drones are always there. This is why you must always know the proper guidelines of flying a drone in your area. Also, you should be an expert drone controller before you start sending one into the air. A small mistake could cause big accidents. With these things in mind, here are some awesome ways drones are being used today.
1. Capturing Live Events
One of the coolest uses of drones in recent years has been for the capturing of live events. Drones are being commonly used these days to capture addresses by politicians, concerts, and live sports events. They can provide a perspective to the audience that no other technology can provide.
In the past, cameras hung from cables were used to capture aerial views. However, their use was pretty limited since they could only move on a straight cable. The drones used today are free-flying objects that can move in any direction you want.
When watching live events, you will often notice the small flying objects right in front of the stage. These are drones with 4-rotor blades carrying cameras and capturing amazing footage.
2. Surveying Dangerous Areas
Drones have opened up such possibilities for humans that exploring the world’s deepest corners has now become a much easier job. For example, geologists have to visit the most peculiar and dangerous parts of the earth to do their jobs. Sometimes, large organizations like NASA have to rely on satellite footage to know the structure of earth in certain dangerous areas. With drones, it is now possible to have a much closer look at places that are not easily accessible for human beings. These drones can go into these places and provide footage so humans can later visit with knowledge of what to expect in these remote areas.
3. Delivery of Small Items
Drones are being used by many big companies for the delivery of products to customers. Think about pizza chains sending pizzas to their customers using drones. These drones are powerful enough to carry multiple large pizzas on them and make the delivery process much faster. Amazon has been using drones in certain regions to deliver small items. However, sending large items this way could be hazardous.
4. Law Enforcement
This is one of the best uses of drones, despite the many fears that people have associated with drones being used by the police. Aside from surveying areas where terrorists are hiding, drones can also be used to identify the locations of criminals and the right plan of action if criminals are holding hostages. In fact, drones used by police can also shoot if the need arises.
5. Shooting Great Commercials and Movies
Most sci-fi and action movies require aerial shots. In the past, filmmakers had to use helicopters to direct aerial scenes in their movies, but hiring a helicopter and shooting on it can be annoying and expensive. With drones, you don’t have to go through that hassle or disruption. Using expert drone controllers means clean footage that is exactly what the director wants. It seems that modern cameramen and their crews will have to learn to fly drones if they want to protect their jobs in future.
6. Keeping an Eye On Wildlife
With the rising numbers of threatened and endangered wildlife populations, human interest in conservation and protection is growing. Keeping an eye on these animals is a top priority for organizations working in this field. However, when humans enter animal habitats, they can do more harm than good. There is now a better way for these organizations to keep an eye on wildlife without disturbing the peace. Drones have provided a way for these organizations to do their jobs without hurting the animals they are trying to save.
Kits for Kids - bringing our lab to your home
ideas on how to bring our lab activities to your home during the COVID19 crisis
The Future is calling
140 students (age 13) think about global challenges and local actions related to the Sustainable Dev...
Addictlab Academy launches the Plastic River Challenge.
Innovative online teaching to create awareness on the SDGs and learn to write code to see robots cle...
Open for kids all over the world: learn to code and create a SDG video game
coding via scratch on a SDG scenario | <urn:uuid:9c3925a6-36af-4258-90f0-441eee9620b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.addictlab.com/project/44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644571.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528214404-20230529004404-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.938915 | 1,927 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Raising animals for consumption takes enormous amounts of resources. It’s also the leading cause of environmental destruction. Making vegan choices is the most powerful thing you can do as an individual to save the planet. Since vegan choices only uses a fraction of the resources, it’s the only sustainable way of living that benefits the whole planet.
A recent article shows that we are entering the planet’s 6th mass extinction. The previous extinction was over 65 million years ago when the dinosaurs died out. The extinction we are entering now is for the first time caused by one of the species living on this planet and not by a natural disaster, and it’s also the largest one yet. As you might have already guessed, that specie is us humans. How do humans cause species to go extinct? Put simply, we’re overpopulating the planet and along with it comes habitat alteration/destruction, overexploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. About 137 plants, animals or insects go extinct every day…
The main reason why we alter a natural habitat it usually due to agriculture. Basically in order to make room for cows and their food, we cut down the forests. The Amazon has been reduced drastically the past years and animal agriculture is responsible for up to 91% of it’s destruction.
What most people don’t know is if they recycle about 1 ton of paper, they save about 18 trees. If you would not use any paper at all for a year, you would save almost 9 trees. If however, you would stop eating beef for a year, you would save about 3 432 trees a year. If we eat beef, but recycle and dont use any paper, we are still destroying over 3 400 trees a year. It’s important that people know that the main reason for deforestation is animal agriculture. That way if they want to help the environment they can make informative decisions.
There is also a very interesting video about if the world is overpopulated or not. “a privileged vegan” on YouTube has a very good video about this.
Global warming happens when certain greenhouse gases in the atmosphere traps heat which causes the planet to get warmer. This will eventually cause the Arctic to melt, sea level to rise, increase of extreme weather, more desertification and ocean acidification.
Raising animals for human consumption contributes more to global warming than fossil fuel. The irony though is fossil fuel seems to get all of the focus in the media. Again, when someone asks what they can do to prevent global warming it’s important that they learn the number one cause of it. Of course not driving a car helps, but not eating beef helps more!!
You can read more about how the Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) urges people to move towards a vegan diet here.
Not only do cows need to eat, but they also need to drink. Animal agriculture accounts for 70% of the global freshwater consumption. Animal agriculture also produce much more manure than humans and this has to end up somewhere. Where does it all go? Well, most of it end up in our drinking waters, in the rivers and the ocean.
Meanwhile 850 000 people die every year from a water related diseases and 750 million people around the world lack clean drinking water. Fish also gets wiped out in these polluted rivers, and the amount of dead-zones in the oceans keeps increasing.
Fun fact: If you stopped eating beef for one year, you would save enough water to be able to take a 10 minute shower everyday for 79 years!! | <urn:uuid:5ce0ca82-edf4-4878-8739-1df38214e3d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://kimheroy.com/veganism/environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257432.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523224154-20190524010154-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.939862 | 738 | 3 | 3 |
See 15 Crazy Animal Eyes — Rectangular Pupils to Wild Colors
Many prey-ambushing, nocturnal predators, including the cat (pictured here), have vertical-slit-shaped pupils.
This kind of pupil likely provides predators with the sharpest way to estimate distancebetween themselves and a tasty meal, the study found. Gauging this distance is important, because it helps the predator decide how far it needs to leap out to catch its prey.
A chameleon can move each eye independently of the other, allowing the animal to simultaneously look in two different directions with a full 360-degree view.
Just like a camera lens with a zoom, chameleons can focus their eyes and enlarge what they are looking at, Live Science reported previously.
Giant clams (Tridacna) may be big, but their eyes are pinhole-size. Each clam has several hundred of these tiny eyes on the exposed part of its fleshy mantle, according a 2003 study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
When one of these clams detects dark objects moving nearby, it withdraws its mantle toward its shell, the study found.
Another clam, known as the disco clam (Ctenoides ales), has about 40 eyes. But its vision is poor; it couldn’t even detect flashing reflected from a nearby disco clam,according to research covered by Live Science.
Crabs are unable to move their eyes, but the creatures have an excellent visual field that helps them spot predators and prey.
For instance, the fiddler crab (Uca vomeris) can see all around itself, including overhead, according to a 2009 study published in the Journal of Experimental Biology.
The eye cells on top of the crab’s stalks can perceive light and dark, but not fine detail. “The crab only needs to see one dark spot moving in its upward vision to know it must run for its burrow,” study co-author Jan Hemmi, a senior lecturer of biology at the University of Western Australia said in a statement.
Like the cat, the crocodile is an ambush predator that has vertical-slit pupils to help it gauge distance when it attacks prey. The two animals also share another similarity: Both have nighttime vision.
The crocodile has a layer of reflective, mirrored crystals behind its retinas. During the day, a pigment in these crystals acts like a pair of sunglasses. But at night, the pigment cells retract, allowing the crystals to reflect light
This allows the crocodile to essentially see in the dark.
When the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is exposed to bright light, its pupil takes on a W-like shape. But when the animal is in dim or dark waters, the cuttlefish’s pupils become circular. Why does this happen?
According to a 2013 study in the journal Vision Research, the narrow, W-shaped pupil helps the cuttlefish balance uneven, vertically traveling light. This cuts down the amount of sunlight that is scattered across the cuttlefish’s lens, making it easier for the animals to see contrasting images, the researchers of the study said.
Dragonflies have sharp vision thanks to the large lenses in their compound eyes. Even better, these insects can see a wide array of colors.
Humans have trichromatic vision, a term that describes the red, blue and green light-sensitive proteins in our eyes. Dragonflies, in contrast, can see way more colors, including ultraviolet light. The insects have from 11 to 30 light-sensitive proteins in their eyes, according to a 2015 study in thejournal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that looked at 12species of dragonflies.
Goats have distinctive, rectangular-shaped eyes. But why?
The answer has to do with survival. A goat’s oddly shaped pupils likely help it scan the horizon for predators, Live Science previously reported.
The human eye resembles an old-fashioned camera. But instead of focusing light onto film, the eye’s cornea (the clear structure at the front of the eye) and lens focus light onto the retina, tissue with light-sensitive proteins that can process black, white and different colors.
The place where the optic nerve enters the retina is called the blind spot. But don’t despair: You can shrink the blind spot with eye-training exercises, a small 2015 study found.
Despite their eight eyes, most spiders have bad vision. That’s, in part, why they use webs to catch prey. But the jumping spider (Phidippus audax) is in a league of its own among spiders: It has excellent vision, which helps it pinpoint prey it can tackle.
The jumping spider can see almost 360 degrees around itself with its eight eyes. It uses the large, primary eyes on the front of its head to see detail and the small, secondary eyes to see motion, Live Science previously reported. [See photos of jumping spider eyes]
It’s breathtaking to see leaf-tailed geckos’ marbled eyes. These often have a background color of gold, silver or tan covered with concentric striations around the pupil, according to the Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute.
Geckos clean their gem-like eyeballs — which are either lidless or covered by clear eyelids — with a quick lick of the tongue.
The mantis shrimp has a whopping 12 color receptors. (Remember, humans have just three.) But it appears that these crustaceans don’t see a super-rainbow everywhere they go.
Rather, the shrimp can differentiate colors that are about 25 nanometers apart, a 2014 study in the journal Science found. In contrast, humans can discriminate shades that are as little as 1 nanometer to 4 nanometers apart, Live Science previously reported. In other words, the mantis shrimp can still see a ton of colors, but it can’t differentiate between them as well as humans can.
“They’re definitely not seeing the world of color in as much detail as other animals,” study researcher Justin Marshall, a neurobiologist at the University of Queensland in Australia, told Live Science.
Owls are known for their amazing eyes. The birds of prey have tubular, telescope-like eyes that are jam-packed with rod cells, photoreceptor cells that perceive black and white. These help the birds hunt during the dim twilight and night hours, Live Science previously reported.
Owls also have a tapetum lucidum, a structure that reflects visible light back onto the retina, helping the animals see at night, Live Science reported.
The tarsier’s eyes are so large that each eye is as large as the animal’s brain. There’s a reason for this odd feature: The nocturnal primate can’t see at night (unlike the owl and cat, it doesn’t have a tapetum lucidum), so it needs big eyes to let in what little light is available.
Penguins have extraordinary eyes that help them hunt underwater and explore on land.
Penguins have flattened corneas, which refract (bend) light less than human corneas do. In effect, it’s up to a penguin’s lens, not the animal’s cornea, to focus light onto the retina. Luckily, penguins are well-adapted to do that. They also have strong eye muscles that can change the shape of the lens when the birds are on land or in the water, according to the New England Aquarium.
What’s more, the birds have clear eyelids, called nictitating membranes, that protect their eyes when they’re swimming underwater, the aquarium said. These adaptations help penguins see wherever they go! | <urn:uuid:bf25f2aa-2027-4a75-989f-41ae35a3cd94> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://mannaismayaadventure.com/2018/05/12/see-15-crazy-animal-eyes-rectangular-pupils-to-wild-colors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987838289.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191024012613-20191024040113-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.923313 | 1,643 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The Difference between Organic and Sustainable
It might seem easy to go into a store and search for organically grown products thinking you are also doing your part to eat sustainably grown foods. This is not the case. Organic foods are not always sustainable foods and vice versa. So, what does it mean to eat organic versus sustainably? There are a few key points to spotting the difference.
1. Sustainable is more than just the crops grown
A farm that is organic is strictly following guidelines in order to be organic certified. A farm that is sustainable goes beyond the crops and animals to ensure that they are doing everything in their power to have a sustainable business. They try to cut back their footprints in regards to a plethora of other issues including cutting down on paper used in their offices, using less gas-based transportation, fair working conditions for their employees, etc. The policy for organic farms does not fully cover the company but primarily just the crops. A sustainable business does its part to be eco-friendly beyond the food.
2. Sustainable farming is more humane
The rules that govern the certification policy of organic farms are limited when it comes to the animals. USDA does not mandate the well being of animals. An animal living on an organic farm can be confined to small pins and can have little access to open pasture. On farms that are labeled sustainable, the well being of livestock is taken into serious consideration. They are provided plenty of time outside of barn doors to be animals in their natural setting.
3. Sustainable farming has low emission
Organic certification is not one to cover issues that deal with fossil fuel that is used in the production or transportation of food. Organic farms ship their products thousands of miles away from their farm to be stored elsewhere. A sustainable farm trumps organic farms in regards of being locally grown to ship locally with the use of alternative fuel.
4. Sustainable food is packaged with eco-friendly packaging.
When a sustainable farm sells their products, they take into consideration the package that will be taken with the food to your home. When an organic farm sells their products, they are often packaged in a plastic closable box, then multiple boxes are covered together in plastic shrink-wrap and then finally all shipped in a bigger box. Sustainable packaging uses the least amount of resources possible, and ideally it is 100% recyclable.
5. Sustainable does its part to be water efficient
Organic farms are not required to conserve water resources whereas sustainable farming does its part to conserve as much water as they can. Sustainable methods include reclaimed water for different types of crops, and use reduced-volume irrigation systems.
6. Sustainable farming is small
A sustainable farm is usually a smaller piece of land that grows a diverse group of crops to enhance the soil and does its part to conserve the lands natural resources. A sustainable farm might use vertical planting as well as let animals graze on crops. An organic farm uses more land than needed and tends to waste resources.
7. Sustainable farms are energy efficient
Organic farms are heavily dependent on non-renewable energy sources whereas sustainable farms attempt to conserve energy now so that we do not have to do it later. Sustainable farms rely on alternative energy sources.
A farm that is USDA certified Organic is a government-sponsored certification where as sustainable farming is not a certified label. Sustainable is often considered a philosophy that is used to described actions to protect the planet. While you cannot officially label products as sustainable, it is naïve to think sustainable farming is just a philosophy. It is observable and measurable through economic profit and benefits in the community and environmental conservation. Sustainability is observable and measurable via economic profit, social benefits. | <urn:uuid:37eb8b4e-494b-4ac2-8c7a-44c6fb0b7ec6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://ecomerge.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-difference-between-organic-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584350539.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123193004-20190123215004-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.96043 | 745 | 2.9375 | 3 |
One two three, one two three, one two three … Nate was in a groove, the ensemble was cookin’, and Miles Davis’ tune All Blues had never sounded better. As the lead drummer, Nate stayed with that simple beat, rode it out to the end, then finished in perfect time. He beamed as the audience roared in appreciation, and if you hadn’t known him you would not have believed that one year ago he’d been unable to count rhythmically or sit still for more than 5 minutes.
But those who’d known him – who had seen his eyes light up at that first simple beat and witnessed his growth over the year as he learned to focus, to listen, and to succeed – we knew what had happened. Nate had found himself through the arts.
The challenges Nate once faced are growing more common every day. Attention deficits, oppositional defiance, and incidents of youth violence and suicide have increased as our society has become preoccupied with materialism. As our focus has gone off taking care of our kids, the opportunities for to them to discover and express their voice have diminished. The arts can fill this need in an after school setting – especially when implemented with an effective strengths-based approach.
It’s also true that any modality which can cause healing can also mitigate or even prevent illness. We can see that clearly in cultures where the arts are alive and well.
In many cultures, the arts serve as a cohesive fluid in which the community operates. People get together informally through music, dance or song to relax and enjoy themselves and each other, with the performance aspect of art secondary to a self-participatory way of being together.
These often impromptu gatherings create a feeling of community in which all can share the human experience in an upbeat way through a universal language. This creatively expressive resonance with others can be reassuring and therapeutic.
Because the arts can convey meaning without words they can create common ground, connecting and bonding people together in ways that transcend culture, race, language, negativity, and other often divisive factors. This kind of participation is often a much easier and more enjoyable way to move forward as individuals and as a society. It can also be a way of expressing feelings that are difficult or make us feel too vulnerable, a way of expressing love and a need for others, a way of alleviating a lot of the pressures that life normally and naturally brings.
The arts are also capable of moving us out of our normal frame of thinking because they heighten feelings, and being accepted in our self expression can lead us to more readily accept others. When that happens – even momentarily – we are more apt to let in something new, to accept things outside ourselves.
A good example of this is when we share a really heightened experience with people whom we perceive to be different from us, one that so impacts us that we are taken out of our normal sense of reality. At that moment we jointly experience a new reality and a new commonality. Most of us value this kind of experience.
The healing process of a creative community also involves an external experience that reduces the isolation, a way of translating and processing with others. It’s an experience that is strengths-based and upbeat, beyond psychopathology and not burdensome to others. So much in life is communicated without words, goes beyond words, and is beneficial for all people whether they suffer severe challenges or not.
It seems that our nation is ready for real social change now, for a reversal of the increasing violence, polarization, and isolation. Addressing fundamental human conditions and finding positive, common, truthful ways to express them will cultivate the soil to put us on new ground. This will allow for emotional understandings which will be educational for all involved, enabling us to go beyond an orientation of treating symptoms towards one of gaining an effective understanding of underlying problems.
We need to work towards prevention, and this can only occur through understanding root causes. In the same way, we need to have a deeper engagement with at-risk and challenged people of all ages, a more contemporary, grass-roots, flexible engagement that takes their feelings and strengths more seriously. When we do, we will be a part of their growth so that when – like Nate – they beam with satisfaction at their success, we will truly share in their joy.
It’s the rare person who doesn’t face some sort of challenge in his or her life; how much better for us all if we could reassess some of our perceptions and look deeper into ourselves and each other. The arts provide wonderful opportunities for all of this.
Just imagine how many Nates there are around our country. It’s not just them who lose; we’re all the poorer for not having their participation in our communities. I believe we need the personal will to start to turn things around – and I can’t imagine any group better equipped to do so than the after school arts mentoring community.
Trouble in Mind,
Lord I’m blue
But I won’t be blue always.
You know the sun’s gonna shine
In my back door one day.
Lyrics from Trouble in Mind, a traditional Blues song | <urn:uuid:4a6c7a3d-3467-4845-a028-768fbe905439> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://billrossimusic.com/the-challenged-individual-the-arts-and-the-after-school-community/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813014639-20200813044639-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.966905 | 1,077 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Jordan’s economy is considered an upper middle-income economy, whose main exports are grains, fruits, and vegetables. Agriculture remains an important livelihood source for people living in rural areas. Although agriculture is the predominant sector, only 15% of women are part of the labor force. Engaging women in agriculture is beneficial not only to enable all segments of society to reach their full potential but will lead to increased economic growth.
2014 – Present
Areas of Expertise
Financial services, gender equality, market systems
Food processing, clean tech, and community-based tourism
MEDA's work in Jordan
MEDA has worked in Jordan since 2014. During this time MEDA has partnered with small and medium-sized enterprises to increase access to financial services, market opportunities, and training. MEDA is currently working with 25,000 women and youth by improving the entrepreneurial and business knowledge of women and youth while reducing the barriers they face to creating businesses. This will ultimately increase their contributions to Jordan’s economic growth. | <urn:uuid:88182487-a5ca-48a1-8559-25674f3e6991> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.meda.org/country/jordan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488257796.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620205203-20210620235203-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.947495 | 207 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Old and unattended systems are easy prey for hacker2021 02 26
Nearly 800,000. It is the amount of data of various systems and service users leaked in just a week. I would hazard a guess that this is just the tip of the iceberg, and we will hear about stolen personal data more than once. The only way to prevent malicious intent and properly store customer data entrusted to companies is to answer the following question: “Is the system intended to protect personal data and other sensitive information really suitable for this purpose?”
Many companies use legacy systems, that is systems, which were developed a few years ago but are already technologically obsolete. They need to be upgraded immediately for a number of reasons: technologies become obsolete, installation of necessary updates to operating systems or security and libraries in use is forgotten, and finally, over time, the system becomes no longer meeting the current security and reliability standards and the Law on Protection of Personal Data. To make such systems suitable for further use, they should be rearranged by upgrading some system components or reprogramming the entire system code. Also, and the potential and benefits of the public cloud could be assessed.
Systems developed before the GDPR often fail to meet the GDPR requirements
Personal data are often called “the new gold” as losing them can lead to painful consequences. Proper data management, even in the event of a data leak, allows reducing the potential harm to both users and the organisation possessing the data. One of the biggest mistakes in the processing of personal data is the application of normal data processing procedures and principles. The Law on Protection of Personal Data (GDPR) is aimed to prevent this mistake.
After the GDPR entered into force in 2016, companies collecting personal data must ensure their proper protection, not disclose such data to third parties and use personal data only for the purposes permitted by the person. All personal data must be encrypted and pseudonymised.
Access to such data should only be allowed to those for whom it is absolutely necessary, while the system and its infrastructure must be regularly audited. For a company’s system to be able to ensure compliance with all these requirements, it must meet both technological and security requirements.
It is especially important to assess the compliance of the current system with the GDPR if its development was started before the GDPR entered into force because strict technical requirements for the protection of personal data might be omitted when designing the system. Naturally, IT systems developed before paid less attention to the protection of personal data, so it is necessary to assess whether their existing security measures ensure adequate protection of those data both in the course of the company’s day-to-day business and in the event of unauthorised access.
A public cloud cannot become a public thoroughfare
After the entry into force of the GDPR, I have been observing a trend that companies are looking for quick ways to solve system problems and, therefore, choose moving them to public clouds. The services of public clouds provide the opportunity to modernise the software and, at the same time, receive in one place all the IT services, including necessary data protection tools. Are you migrating to a public cloud because it is secure and you do not have to worry about data or system security? This is a myth that should be forgotten. A public cloud service provider ensures the physical security of data centres and provides a set of measures to ensure the security of the information system being developed. However, the responsibility to properly select, design, and configure these protection measures remains yours. If an entire data protection system is not created and protections are not enabled, then the public cloud will be like a public thoroughfare that anyone can enter. This is a big mistake. For example, if infrastructure services such as Virtual Servers are chosen in the public cloud, it should be remembered that the maintenance, security, and configuration of the operating system (Windows or Linux) remain in the hands of the company’s IT professionals. No matter whether the system is installed on your company’s server or on a server in the public cloud, regular updates and the use of antivirus tools are essential to prevent hackers from exploiting zero-day vulnerabilities.
When it is decided to abandon the company’s physical infrastructure and migrate to the public cloud, a common mistake is to migrate systems as they are now and make only minimal changes (“lift-and-shift”). Before taking this action, it is necessary to invest time and effort in understanding what services are provided by the provider of the chosen public cloud and how his services match the components of the system that the company is migrating or developing. Recent cases of the publication of data that were covered in the media occurred due to the fact that non-functional requirements, where those for information security are among the most important, are disregarded in the design of the system, and the testing of the implementation of these requirements is forgotten.
How to exploit the functionality of the public cloud to ensure security?
The user interface often becomes the primary target of malicious attacks aimed at exploiting all possible vulnerabilities. In the context of the GDPR, it is important not only to protect the sensitive user data being collected, but also to ensure that those sensitive data being entered in the system are not intercepted when sent between system components or transferred to related systems; therefore, normally sensitive data are protected by encrypting them using secure encryption algorithms designed for this purpose. Hackers often target a system and user accounts in an attempt to guess their logins and passwords. So, make sure to choose additional measures such as password complexity policies, control of the number of failed logins during a certain period of time, and monitoring and control of anomalies that would allow noticing that a user tries to log in from different geographical locations in a short period of time, and so on. Such tools can often be used in the public cloud for free; however, companies forget to take full advantage of the services they order.
Databases are the second most common target for hackers. No matter whether you choose to use databases as a platform (PaaS) or as a service (SaaS), they must be configured and maintained accordingly. Isolating databases from other system components using public cloud network segments and firewall components is the responsibility of the system developers, so the correct system architecture plays a very important role in this task. The correct isolation of the components of the system being developed can ensure in the public cloud that only the necessary ports are opened in the network segments, and the data is transmitted securely, when each system component, before transmitting or requesting data, must be authenticated with the access key designed for this purpose. An additional layer of protection is provided by properly configured public cloud policies, which enable fully controlling system and user access, monitor sensitive events such as attempts to hack or otherwise affect the system, and control everything with automation tools that allow to automate the system’s response to certain actions or anomalies, while persons responsible for the maintenance of the system will be alerted by immediate notification and will be able to intervene. These protection tools are provided by the services included in the Public Cloud Package. However, they are not automatic and need to be properly selected and used. In the context of GDPR, it should be remembered that personal data must be protected not only in the course of the day-to-day operation of the IT system, but also in the event of security incidents, so it is recommended that personal data stored in the database be encrypted. The design and implementation of such security measures should be the responsibility of the IT specialists developing the system.
Copies of data require the same maintenance as the system itself or its database. It is important to have working data backups to be used in case of unforeseen software failures; however, it is also very important to protect the data backups by encrypting and storing them only in public cloud services with limited access or on a protected internal company network. If copies of data are used for software design or development purposes, it is necessary to ensure that those data are depersonalised.
The job of an “ethical hacker” is to point out the weak parts of the system
To properly test the system and determine its security status, both specialised commercial tools must be used and different types of security testing, such as software code analysis, must be carried out. Another type of security testing is the black-box testing of an already completed system, when nothing is known about the system, and “hacking” is attempted from the perspective of an external user, an attacker. Nor can the benefits of another type of security testing, manual security testing, be denied. In this case, a highly experienced “ethical hacker” tries not only to identify vulnerabilities but also to figure out potential risks should the vulnerabilities be exploited.
One of the biggest problems related to security testing is that it requires specific skills and experience, so not every small or medium-sized organisation can perform security testing work independently. This is why it is recommended to address security professionals who deal with it every day and who have sufficient experience to identify the most critical points of the system and also use specialised, commercial security auditing tools. After hacking testing, a specialist in his field will be able both to point out the identified security vulnerabilities and explain their risks, and then also provide recommendations and instructions on how the vulnerabilities should be fixed.
The protection of a system is as strong as its weakest link
In ensuring the protection of an information system, an integrated approach is a must. It is also necessary to remember responsibilities for information security in the company, setting security requirements, selecting and implementing appropriate measures in the design, development and maintenance of information systems. The entirety of properly designed system architecture and correctly selected, implemented, and regularly audited security measures are the safeguards that must be put in place by every company that protects customers’ personal data.
Progress OpenEdge: why are Collections practical for your application development?2022 09 26
Learn more about the Collections and the new release of Progress.Collections package, version 12.5, and its updated functionalities.More
Special offer for companies considering cloud migration2022 09 22
Baltic Amadeus, together with Microsoft, offers cloud assessments that help business organisations adopt cloud technologies more easily.More
4 steps towards digitalisation on a limited budget2022 09 20
Discover four main steps that help to start your business digitalisation even with a limited budget.More | <urn:uuid:789e7173-60ac-4652-b85c-0884bc4d31e4> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.ba.lt/en/news/old-and-unattended-systems-are-easy-prey-for-hacker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338244.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007175237-20221007205237-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.943384 | 2,140 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Before teaching my unit on prenatal care, I like to find out what my students already know about the subject. Sometimes a great way to do this is to have an all out brainstorm, discussion type of session prior to getting into individual lesson topics. This activity gets students thinking about the positive and negative consequences of choices that need to be considered while pregnant. Not only does this activity get students thinking, but it allows for them to discuss their ideas as well. The discussions can be in partners, small groups or as a whole class. Students can be given a participation grade based on the oral sharing of their ideas. In order to receive their points, they must share aloud. This gets those shy, quiet students you never hear from involved.
- Introduce the brainstorm activity and have students individually think of the consequences associated with choices that need to be considered during pregnancy. I even give them a chance to add additional ideas, which can be interesting to see what they think of.
- After sufficient brainstorming time, have students begin sharing. You can decide how you want to do this based on your class size and time frame.
- I like to give participation points based on students’ oral sharing. Bottom line…students must speak aloud, sharing some of their ideas in order to receive a grade. No sharing equals no points. Period.
- After hearing their ideas, I then decide how much time to spend on each topic relating to prenatal care. | <urn:uuid:1e19a72a-2db7-4c1d-b5e4-59b1b6caba77> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.familyconsumersciences.com/2015/05/choices-consequences-during-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947705.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425061347-20180425081347-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.960929 | 294 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The British Skylon single-stage-to-orbit space plane would take off from a runway and fly on air-breathing hydrogen-fueled rocket engines for much of its ascent through the atmosphere. When the air becomes too thin, Skylon switches to onboard liquid oxygen.
Skylon's payload bay carries both passengers and cargo, although the craft itself is controlled remotely and has no onboard pilots.
Crew: None (remotely controlled from the ground)
Passengers: None (up to 30 in optional passenger module)
Payload: 33,000 lbs. (15,000 kilograms)
Length: 273 feet (83 meters)
Wingspan: 88 feet (26.8 m)
Loaded weight: 717,000 lbs. (325,000 kg)
Maximum speed: air-breathing Mach 5.14, rocket Mach 27.8
Orbital altitude: 373 miles (600 kilometers)
The Skylon Personnel / Logistics Module (SPLM) could be installed in Skylon's cargo bay for carrying a combination of passengers and supplies to orbital stations. If carrying passengers only, it could support up to 30 people. | <urn:uuid:9602fd25-ff47-4746-83f1-b166fc04322e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.space.com/32112-how-skylon-space-plane-works-infographic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.923523 | 240 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Osteoarthritis or Rheumatoid Arthritis
This can be extremely painful and has many possible explanations.
- Overuse – which wears out the cartilage cushion of the joint and or causes irritation to the surrounding soft tissue.
- Injuries sustained from involvement in sports/recreational activities or those secondary to accidental fall causing damage to the articular cartilage
- Genetics or family history which leaves individuals predisposed to arthritis
- Autoimmune disease that attacks the joint causing damage to the cartilage and bone.
Signs & Symptoms
- Pain with movement or at rest. Many times pain is experienced at night causing sleep disruption
- Loss of function, to include strength and or range of motion
- Swelling which may be chronic and increase with activity
- Stiffness which may be partially alleviated with stretching or activity
- Joint noise caused by irregular joint surfaces
- Medications – variety of medications, from oral to topical, to manage pain and swelling
- Physical therapy – stretches and exercises to reduce symptoms and maximize function
- Steroid injections- for longer relief and occasional acute flare ups
- Supplementation for joint health
- Total shoulder replacement using the latest technology and components
- Reverse total shoulder replacement – an alternative to conventional joint replacement for those with chronic rotator cuff tears in addition to severe arthritis
- Arthroscopic cartilage smoothing to remove loosened flaps of damaged or frayed cartilage
- Partial joint replacement (Hemiarthroplasty) to reduce pain in those who are not candidates for total joint replacement | <urn:uuid:72eab7e3-8eff-436e-b815-0fb962f43d51> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://hamiltonorthopedic.com/services/surgical-procedures/shoulder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178372367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305122143-20210305152143-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.906317 | 323 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As a child, I attended the William McKinley Elementary School in North Bergen, New Jersey. There were 58 stairs to enter the school, teetering at the top of a hill on Liberty Avenue. One stair was symbolic for each year of President McKinley’s life. McKinley, our twenty-fifth President, was assassinated in 1901. The school was constructed in 1919.
In 1967, I climbed those stairs each school day, staring down at my patent leather “Mary Janes.” Some days, I counted the stairs on my way up. Other days, I sang childhood songs like Pop Goes the Weasel and London Bridge. It was a long way up. I was out of breath when I made it to the top.
Today, stairs are good. We acknowledge that regular stair climbing can lower resting heart rates, improve balance and shape, and tone different muscles in your legs and lower body. As a 5 year old, those stairs presented a barrier to the safety and happiness of my Kindergarten classroom. I dreaded them, every day.
Just like stairs, technical issues present barriers to online learning for some learners. A deterrent to online courses is when users have difficulty navigating the website, with no instant access to technical support. The user interface for the course or the user interface for the Learning Management System that hosts the courses should be intuitive and user-friendly. Simple login or password issues might sometimes deter users from finishing a course. Consider the interminable wait time required to reset a password. Learners are preoccupied with jobs and family, and assistance should be provided immediately when they experience technical difficulties. This increases the likelihood that learners will finish courses on schedule.
It is advisable to consider a simple remedy for lost passwords before creating and deploying online courses in your organization.
What is a barrier for you in online learning? | <urn:uuid:47de47c7-66d8-4316-aeec-37512ed41296> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://annemariefiore.co/2021/11/barriers-to-online-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711064.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205232822-20221206022822-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.949491 | 378 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Epidural - Myths Or Facts
DO I NEED IT?
An epidural analgesia is a procedure that injects local anaesthetic medication into the space around the spinal nerves in your lower back. This anaesthetic medication blocks the pain sensation from labour contractions and during birth effectively. Epidurals are used to decrease or alleviate pain during labour.
The goal of an epidural is to provide analgesia, or pain relief, rather than anaesthesia (total lack of feeling). Epidurals results in decreased sensation in the lower half of the body. This pain relief can be achieved, optimally without losing the ability to control movement in the body.
The advantages of an epidural analgesia are:
• it is effective
• it is generally very safe
• You can still move around and push when you need to
• If you have a prolonged labour process, it allows you to sleep and recover your strength
• If you’re having a caesarean delivery, you can stay awake and see the newborn baby immediately.
MYTHS or FACTS
Myth 1: Epidurals can cause permanent back pain or paralysis in the mother.
Fact 1: Serious complications from an epidural, including paralysis, are extremely rare. Some women have discomfort in the lower back (where the catheter was inserted) for a few hours or days after the epidural, but it doesn’t last.
Myth 2: Epidurals can harm the baby
Fact 2: The amount of medication that reaches the baby from the epidural is so small it doesn’t cause harm.
Myth 3: Epidurals can slow down labor or increase the risk of having caesarean section (C-section)
Fact 3: There is no credible evidence that an epidural slows down labor or increases your risk of having a C-section. If a woman has a C-section, it will be due to other factors for example: having a very large baby.
In fact, there is evidence that epidurals can speed up the first stage of labor for some women.
Myth 4: An epidural can interfere with the birth experience.
Fact 4: The epidural medications will not cause you to be groggy or tired. You will be able to feel contractions – they just won’t hurt – and you’ll be able to push effectively.
Myth 5: There is a limited window of time when you can get an epidural.
Fact 5: You can get an epidural any time during your labor – in the beginning, the middle or even toward the end. | <urn:uuid:2aad8f8c-f66d-46fd-aa1b-f30c5c9e03e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.msumedicalcentre.com/articles/epidural-myths-or-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930212504-20221001002504-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.911067 | 546 | 2.78125 | 3 |
NEW HAVEN — As the Millennium Development Goals reach their deadline of 2015, the United Nations, international policy partners and governments are already tasked with creating a set of new goals to continue to work toward ending poverty worldwide. They ought to learn four crucial lessons from the MDG experience:
1. The targets and monitoring methods must be defined in advance and not be revised during the plan period, as was done repeatedly with the poverty and hunger targets, always resulting in a rosier trend line.
2. The monitoring of progress must be left to groups of independent experts and not to international agencies (such as the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization) that are politically exposed and also tasked with achieving progress.
3. While the MDGs were a wish list unattached to specified agents, the new goals should contain a clear reference to whose goals they are supposed to be, clearly noting the responsibilities of competent agents.
4. Aid is not an effective way of eradicating poverty. It is far more useful to reform national and supranational institutional arrangements that are now greatly hurting development.
Given the last point, it would be highly desirable for some institutional reform goals, or IRGs, to be included in the new list. Here are eight examples, ranging from deterring trade barriers to setting up pharmaceutical innovation trusts:
Protectionist trade barriers distort trade and diminish trading opportunities for poor populations. To deter such barriers and help offset their effects, rich countries providing subsidies or export credits will commit to paying a share of the value of such subventions into a Human Development Fund. This share would be 2 percent in 2016 and rise to 20 percent in 2025, yielding about $6 billion to $60 billion a year.
Pollution and climate change impose huge costs on current and future poor populations. To deter pollution and help offset its effects, all countries will pay a fee to the Human Development Fund, based on per capita carbon dioxideemissions that exceed four metric tons a person a year. This fee would be 50 cents per excess metric ton in 2016 and rise to $5 in 2025. The yield is about $7 billion to $70 billion annually.
Arms exports into the developing world fuel conflicts, civil wars and repression. To help deter such sales and offset the dangers they create, rich arms-exporting countries agree to pay a share of the value of such exports into the Human Development Fund. This share would be 5 percent in 2016, rising to 50 percent in 2025, yielding around $1.4 billion to $14 billion annually.
Mispriced trade among subsidiaries of the same multinational corporation enables it to realize profits in jurisdictions where tax rates are low or zero. To help address the effects of lost corporate tax revenues on poor populations, multinational corporations will pay to the Human Development Fund an alternative minimum tax (ATM) equal to the amount by which all national taxes they pay fall short of a minimum percentage of their worldwide profits. This minimum percentage would be 5.5 percent in 2016 and increase to 10 percent in 2025. All countries commit to cooperate in enforcing the ATM against any companies operating in their jurisdiction.
To attract capital, some jurisdictions allow the maintenance of secret bank accounts, whose owners and beneficiaries remain anonymous. Because such accounts enable corruption, embezzlement, drug trading, terrorism and human trafficking, all governments commit to ending this practice as soon as reasonably possible by imposing collective sanctions on the relevant banks and countries. Funds whose beneficial owners remain undisclosed are to be regarded as ownerless.
The populations of many developing countries are burdened by large debts accumulated by their rulers for purposes that were not approved by or beneficial to the general public. Any future such loans are to be recognized as the recipient country’s genuine obligation only if the loan was ratified in real time by a Southern Debt Expert Committee. Lenders and their home countries commit to not exerting pressure on countries to service debts that previous governments incurred without approval from the committee.
The populations of many developing countries suffer huge natural resource outflows that are not approved by or beneficial to the people. Future such exports would be vetted by a Southern Resource Export Expert Committee to determine whether the outflow is acceptable to or serves the interest of the population. Should the committee find that neither condition is met, subsequent buyers must pay 20 percent of the purchase price into the Human Development Fund.
To stimulate pharmaceutical innovation to fight diseases of the poor and to improve access to new medicines, the Human Development Fund will finance a new program, the Health Impact Fund, which offers to reward any new medical advance based on its health impact, provided it is sold at cost. The fund will be financed initially at $6 billion annually.
To eradicate poverty, we must understand how it is reproduced on such a huge scale in an affluent world. The poorer half of humanity has been reduced to below 3 percent of global household income by national and supranational institutional arrangements, whose design only the rich can influence. To wipe out poverty, we must do more than mitigate the effects of such unjust arrangements — we must change them. | <urn:uuid:a55edcec-121c-4f8b-be25-9e4d1222808e> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://passblue.com/2013/05/01/eight-ways-to-end-poverty-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206118.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00393-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947336 | 1,027 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The RTC is used to keep track of the date and time.
from machine import RTC rtc = RTC() rtc.init((2014, 5, 1, 4, 13, 0, 0, 0)) print(rtc.now())
Create an RTC object. See init for parameters of initialisation.:
# id of the RTC may be set if multiple are connected. Defaults to id = 0. rtc = RTC(id=0)
Initialize the RTC. The arguments are:
datetimewhen passed it sets the current time. It is a tuple of the form: (year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]).
sourceselects the oscillator that drives the RTC. The options are
# for 2nd of February 2017 at 10:30am (TZ 0) rtc.init((2017, 2, 28, 10, 30, 0, 0, 0))
tzinfo is ignored by this method. Use
time.timezone to achieve similar results.
Get get the current datetime tuple:
# returns datetime tuple rtc.now()
Set up automatic fetch and update the time using NTP (SNTP).
serveris the URL of the NTP server. Can be set to None to disable the periodic updates.
update_periodis the number of seconds between updates. Shortest period is 15 seconds.
Can be used like:
rtc.ntp_sync("pool.ntp.org") # this is an example. You can select a more specific server according to your geographical location
Returns True if the last ntp_sync has been completed, False otherwise: | <urn:uuid:03f1e618-1270-454b-8be4-26d6ea5c4c4d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://docs.pycom.io/chapter/firmwareapi/pycom/machine/RTC.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947822.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425135246-20180425155246-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.730569 | 370 | 2.875 | 3 |
From 1000 onwards, Mahmud of Ghazna, a Muslim ruler in central Asia, conducted many raids into India and conquered the Punjab. After Mahmud’s death, and his successors’ defeat by the Seljuqs (1040), the Ghaznavids shifted their power-base to the Punjab, the vanguard of a Muslim invasion of the sub-continent.
The Rajput princes of northern India held off the Muslim invaders for a time, but their resistance was hampered by continual fighting amongst themselves. In due course, several Muslim sultanates established themselves in the north, the Sultanate of Delhi being the most powerful.
In the Deccan, the large Chalukya kingdom broke up into several large states at the end of the 12th century. In south India, the Colas renewed their expansion in dramatic style in the closing decades of the 10th century. They conquered territory both within India and overseas, with expeditions to Sri Lanka and even (according to their records) as far afield as South East Asia. By the early 13th century, however, Cola dominance of southern India is being challenged by other powers, in particular the resurgent Pandya dynasty.
The coming of alien Muslim armies into India seems to have completed the decline of Buddhism in its Indian homeland. It also seems to have started a process whereby Hindus emphasised certain features of their faith, the better to differentiate themselves from the Muslim newcomers. One of these features was caste. From now on, the caste system seems to have started becoming increasingly rigid. This process would continue for several centuries.
The past two and a half centuries have seen, first, the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate throughout India, immediately followed by its rapid disintegration. This process was greatly helped by the sack of the capital, Delhi, in 1398, by the forces of the central Asian conqueror, Timur, invading from Iran. By this date the sultanate is merely one amongst many small states in northern India.
The rise and decline of the Delhi sultanate has left a legacy of Muslim princes ruling in many parts of the sub-continent, along with older Rajput regimes, who have come to an accommodation with their Muslim neighbours. Although much of India is ruled by Muslims, the mass of the population largely remains true to its ancestral Hinduism. For the most part the Muslim rulers do not attempt to impose their own religion of their subjects, and indeed most employ Hindus as senior officials in their governments. In art and architecture, Muslim and Hindu elements are fusing together into a new style which will, in due course, give rise to such wonders as the Taj Mahal.
In the south, two powerful states have been established in the wake of the Delhi sultanate's conquests there. One is the Bahami sultanate, a powerful Muslim state, and the second is the kingdom of Vijayanagra. This is a Hindu state, whose rulers see themselves as the champions of the old religion against the alien forces of Islam. These two states are at almost constant war with one another. | <urn:uuid:de5d80c0-95a0-41e5-ae44-c149c53828fe> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.altnet.no/trade/1001-a-d-1500-a-d.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209980.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815063517-20180815083517-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.973828 | 633 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The world of sleep and dream research lost one of its all-time greats with the passing of William Dement. He died on June 17, at the age of 91. Dement was an innovative clinician, a popular teacher, and a strong voice for greater public attention to the dangers of inadequate sleep. He led the creation of the field of sleep medicine and devoted much of his career to mapping out various kinds of sleep pathologies and disorders. Our present-day understanding of the vital importance of sleep for human health depends in large part on his work.
Dement earned his M.D. and Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, where he worked in the 1950’s and 1960’s with Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky on some of the first detailed studies of the sleep cycle. He is generally credited with coining the term “rapid eye movement (REM) sleep” as a way to describe the regular phases of heightened neurophysiological arousal during the sleep cycle, phases in which an easily observed external sign is the darting movements of the sleeper’s eyes under their closed lids. He also performed some of the first experiments looking at the connections between the physiology of sleep and the psychology of dreaming.
After his time at Chicago, Dement went to Stanford University and in 1970 founded the Stanford Sleep Medicine Clinic. His research and public advocacy brought new awareness to sleep as a key factor in transportation safety (sleepy drivers and pilots are a danger to everyone), child education (sleepy kids can’t learn), and economic growth (sleepy workers are less productive).
For years he taught a popular course at Stanford on “Sleep and Dreaming,” and one of my only regrets from my time as a Stanford undergraduate (1980-1984) was that I never took Dement’s class. But his influence has been enormous on me and everyone who studies sleep and dreams. Among his many writings, the 1997 book The Promise of Sleep (co-authored with Christopher Vaughan) stands out as an authoritative statement of his basic views about sleep. It also includes numerous stories and reflections about the eventful trajectory of his career.
A particularly illuminating story appears in an earlier text, Some Must Watch While Some Must Sleep: Exploring the World of Sleep (1972), in which Dement related the following dream:
“Some years ago, I was a heavy cigarette smoker—up to two packs a day. Then one night I had an exceptionally vivid and realistic dream in which I had inoperable cancer of the lung. I remember as though it were yesterday looking at the ominous shadow in my chest X-ray and realizing that the entire right lung was infiltrated. The subsequent physical examination in which a colleague detected widespread metastases in my auxiliary and inguinal lymph nodes was equally vivid. Finally, I experienced the incredible anguish of knowing my life was soon to end, that I would never see my children grow up, and that none of this would have happened if I had quit cigarettes when I first learned of their carcinogenic potential. I will never forget the surprise, joy, and exquisite relief of waking up. I felt I was reborn. Needless to say, the experience was sufficient to induce an immediate cessation of my cigarette habit.”
In his comments on this powerful dream, Dement highlighted a truth often expressed in spiritual or religious contexts, but less often acknowledged in scientific discourse: “Only the dream can allow us to experience a future alternative as if it were real, and thereby to provide a supremely enlightened motivation to act upon this knowledge.” (1972, 102)
Indeed. Thank you for everything, Dr. William Dement.
Note: this post first appeared in Psychology Today, July 9, 2020. | <urn:uuid:8b44efd5-fed7-4e56-980e-7285ab160a71> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bulkeley.org/the-legacy-of-william-dement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.976054 | 774 | 3.265625 | 3 |
When it comes to the history of the human race, it is more than essential to understand that, regardless of the primary and the secondary sources that exist, historians have their views about the importance of certain people and their work for the modern world. Nonetheless, people had entirely neglected the leaders and rulers of antiquity, who were able to leave their ‘mark’ on the evolution of civilization and the contemporary world nearly two millennia ago.
This article presents the ten most influential figures from the ancient world before Christ (BC), explaining their impact on the evolution of the human race and their role in the contemporary period.
By writing this article, I completely understand that there might be some disagreements with the figures of my choice. Please be reminded that although I provide an objective explanation for every person, this is mainly an opinion article since history is not a straight line. There might be many variations between the choice of two distinct people, the writer and the reader.
The historical theory is how we can make sense of and understand what happened in the past; it is not just an accurate retelling of facts but particular narratives. There is no way of presenting objective facts. When someone tries to think historically, there is a framing of events by character bias. Before starting with the analysis, I would also like you to be reminded that the order in which the presentation occurs does not entail any implication about an extent of a more or less significant figure.
Ramesses the Great (1303 BC — 1213 BC)
Ramesses II, although he was the third pharaoh in the Nineteenth Egyptian Dynasty, he is regarded as the most important, most powerful, and most influential pharaoh. That is not only because of his military power and his dominant stance but also his significant contribution to the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt.
Ramesses was the leader that not only reasserted control over crucial territories that have been independent for a while but established a significant part of the Egyptians’ universal culture around cities, temples, and monuments. He is referred to as the “Great Ancestor” because he dedicated his life to raising awareness for the Egyptian financial and military power, cultural and linguistic aspects, and the spirit of the people.
I am confident that Ramesses is not a well-known person to an equal extent as Alexander the Great or Socrates, people that are analyzed below. This occurs since he was centuries older than these figures, and there are not enough sources to show the significance of his reign. Nonetheless, there is more than enough archeological data in terms of the Egyptian civilization as a whole and, more specifically, the pharaoh culture, to which Ramesses is probably the best representative.
Alexander the Great (356 BC — 323 BC)
Alexander III of Macedon was the son of Philip II, and at the beginning, he became known as the king of the ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedon. Philip II was assassinated for mysterious reasons, and Alexander III inherited the throne in a time of instability. It was only a matter of time before Alexander had conquered the southern cities of Greece in Sparta, Athens, and Thebes.
Alexander was planning a Panhellenic campaign against Persians, and his goals were also to free the Greeks of Asia. However, after the win in the Granicus River in 334 BC, which was the point of access to the Asian territories, Alexander had discovered a way of conquering the whole Persian empire.
The campaign is not the only reason why Alexander is such an influential figure. Still, it is the empire’s culture that was cultivated and the Mediterranean ideology which would be valuable for the rest of centuries to come. The way of achieving financial wealth and the culture of worshiping a divine power that he advocated, mainly in Asian territories such as Babylonia and Syria, was a starting point for these Asian cultures. It is even more significant to understand that he rebuilt the cities to indicate that he was not a violent conqueror but someone who wanted to control the Mediterranean world so he could work for its well-being.
The military approach and many other ways of organizing the conquered communities would be a model for the rest of the ancient empires. Many structural factors of the society he had determined stayed ‘alive’ for numerous centuries to come. It was also one of the first leaders that showed how unity and faith could win many battles while, at the same time, how becoming greedy could change this power and destroy even the greatest empires of history.
Although Alexander’s troops were exhausted, he pushed for additional expansions in the East. While the objective was to reach India, this greed led to the severe defeats of the Asian forces and significant revolutions met by Alexander’s death in 323 BC.
Julius Caesar (100 BC — 44 BC)
This is probably one of the few characters in the list widely known for the actual reason he should be known; the creation of the Roman Empire. Although he was born centuries after the original date of the Roman Republic, he was one of the most crucial figures that led to its instability and the rise of the empire.
Once again, his importance in creating the empire should overshadow his inherent ability of excellent military command and a powerful stance as a general, which led to the critical military victories in the Gallic Wars that extended the Roman territory, even before the creation of the empire. Politically, he was the most dominant politician during his time, and this is underlined from his appeal to the plebeians of the Roman republic. Once they supported him and his two allies, Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey, they created an alliance named the First Triumvirate.
The alliance was a way of better organizing the republic, but once Crassus died, Pompey sided with the aristocrats, and Caesar continued the representation of the plebeians. As it was apparent, they faced each other, and the win of the latter let him acquire the unchallenged power that he always aspired.
This was a way of completely changing the government, the senate, the social institutions, the land organization, and in general, he altered every single part of the republic as a way of converting it into his dream of a Roman Empire (which he sure did). His reforms and the complete territorial and power domination in the Mediterranean and the Asian world stayed ‘alive’ for half a millennia.
Cleopatra (69 BC — 30 BC)
After the death of Alexander the Great, the empire that he had created during his reign was divided into four Hellenistic states: the Seleucid Empire, the Kingdom of Pergamon, Macedon, and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. The transformation of the roman republic to a Roman Empire determined the dominant power of the Mediterranean, with most of the kingdoms having to accept the outcome.
One kingdom that had such a valuable history and developed faith that did not permit it to be surrendered to the Romans was the Ptolemaic kingdom. The most historical and influential leader was Cleopatra. The Ptolemy dynasty was the last state that resisted Roman dominance.
It was pretty impressive to see that not only the Egyptians were ahead of time. In a world of male dominance, a woman had taken over and commanded the government with the military, but her independent spirit was not the only thing that was of value. She managed to change the view of the ruler and the simple people in Egypt since she adopted a more empathized relation with the subjects, which led them to take into account her strong influence.
Another substantial milestone for the most significant woman ruler of the ancient world is that she had been the commander that the Roman military could not attack successfully. Her death ended the age of Hellenistic empires and asserted the beginning of Roman superiority in the Mediterranean.
Caesar Augustus (63 BC — 12 AD)
Although I have awarded the title of the person who has created the Roman Empire to Julius Caesar (and rightfully so), the man who made the most crucial amendments and capitalized on the road to global dominance that Julius Caesar had opened was Caesar Augustus. He is considered the founder of the Roman Principate. Although his ancestors have settled the Empire’s issues through force and war, his reign signified the beginning of the Pax Romana (Roman Peace), a two-century-long period of peace, prosperity, stability, and correct reforms.
A completely different article could be written on his conquers and successful campaigns, which enlarged the Empire. Regardless of the civil Augustan peace, he managed to annex great cities like Egypt, Dalmatia, Africa, Hispania. The year is 30 BC, and one man was controlling the whole world. The presentation of the Roman regime in historical evidence and works such as The Res Gestae indicates that Augustus was a savior of the republic.
When he talks about his regime, he presents himself as an ordinary senator. He knew that saying that he was a dictator would be wrong, and that is why he just stated that he was one of the best senators. Nonetheless, he was the prominent leader of the transformation in the political sector and the social reforms that resulted in people from all over the world not battling against the Romans but intending to become a part of the Empire.
The last tiny detail that might help you understand his immediate impact on the Roman community was that his original name was not Caesar Augustus. His original name was Gaius Octavius, but the people wanted to give him a new name because he was exceptional. They changed the name to Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus. The title for this man as a new position is not emperor, but he gets the title Princeps = the first citizen. This is the start of the new monarchy, a restored “Republic,” and the title of the Julius family in his name was an honor that only a leader of this magnitude could have.
Hannibal (247 BC — 181 BC)
During the years of the Punic Wars between the Carthaginians and the Romans, one of the most efficient commanders in human history made a name for himself. The military commander of the Carthaginians by the name of Hannibal Barca was taught from a young age to hate the Romans, which drove him to develop a tremendous Phoenician military and resist the conquer of the Romans.
He managed to build strategies that were continuing his father’s vision, the military commander in the First Punic War, but this is the first time after many decades in which the Romans felt threatened. Historians have argued that he was one of the best strategic commanders in human history. I would go as far as to say that he was the best tactician in ancient Mediterranean history.
The difference between Alexander the Great or Julius Caesar was that Hannibal was not well and widely known. Still, he also built a force on his own, making it capable of resisting the ultimate power of the Roman republic. His strategies had been adopted by the Napoleonic troops, the Ottoman, and the modern Russian empire, which indicates Hannibal’s impact as a military commander.
Cyrus the Great (600 BC — 530 BC)
It would not be equitable to write a list without creating the Persian empire, which was the most dominant force in the Asian world during the mid centuries of the last millennium BC. The man responsible for creating such a force was Cyrus the Great, Cyrus II of Persia originally.
Most of the military commanders and leaders of the subsequent centuries understood that an empire could not be powerful if the conquered cities are violently organized, and their cultures are destroyed. This is a lesson that Cyrus gave since he built the Persian or originally Achaemenid empire after embracing the previous states of the Near East, Western Asia, and conquered Central Asia.
Until this point, after he conquered the Median, the Lydian, and the Neo-Babylonian empire, the world had not seen such enormous power. Although he was planning the expulsion in the Mediterranean world and the Balkans, he died around 530 BC in an Iranian battle. Cyrus even appears in the Bible as the liberator of the Jews captive in Babylonia, which indicates the ideal legacy he acquired.
Tiglath-Pileser III (8th Century BC — 727 BC)
The Assyrian Empire (850–605 BCE) manages to survive despite kingdoms as the Egyptians face collapse since the Iron Age was destructive. The Assyrians had dominated large territories of the Mediterranean world. A reason for such a strong military and the resistance against the Egyptians was the king named Tiglath-Pileser III (for who we don’t have an exact date of birth), who established the most significant acquisitions that the empire would ever witness.
More specifically, he managed to make the most out of the west of the Asian world, annexing Phoenicia, Syria, and Damascus. That was mainly the result of his actions, which started from creating the first professional standing army for Assyria and resulted in the government’s reforms and the security, which led to further expansion.
At the Assyrian expansion, the people had not fully discovered the whole ancient world, and the troops were not aware of territories outside the Near East region. Nonetheless, Tiglath-Pileser conquered the south Mesopotamians, the west Israelis, the north Armenians and Syrians, and much of the Mediterranean. The Assyrians had a solid reason to believe that they were ‘on top of the world.’ The collapse of the empire decades later after the death of Tiglath is indicative of his impact as a ruler.
Leonidas I (540 BC — 480 BC)
Leonidas is the only leader on the list that is justifiably honored and deserves his place, even without having a history of establishing a dominant world empire. He deserves to be on the list more for a legendary and unique place in the cultural and legacy aspects of the Spartan world.
Evidence has shown us that one of the most ruthless cities in the whole span of human history was the Spartans, which was fostered during the reign of Leonidas as the Spartan King. It is a true statement that they were not afraid of anyone, and regardless of the enormous number of military troops that they were called to fight, they were willing to die on the battlefield to protect their city.
This spirit of collectivity, courage, and self-sacrifice came from Leonidas and, more specifically, from the Battle of Thermopylae. This was a battle during the Greek-Persian wars, where Leonidas had an army of 4,000 Greeks and Xerxes had a Persian army of 80,000 people from a different origin. The disgrace that the Spartans would feel if they got back to Sparta defeated was against their values, and even though the rest of the Greeks left, 300 Spartans with Leonidas as the leader stayed in the region to sacrifice themselves so the Greeks would have more time.
The quote of Spartans “either coming with their shield or coming back on it” is best described by the figure of Leonidas. The battle with the Persians showed the successors that these were the values a Spartan should cultivate.
Pericles (495 BC — 429 BC)
Last but not least, it would not be a quality list without the addition of the Athenian empire and the man that started this whole history, which remains up until this day, Pericles. He was the leader and the creator of the Athenian golden age, when the city flourished financially, socially, democratically, and militarily. According to Thucydides, Pericles was the first citizen of democratic Athens. He was the one that transformed the whole community into the regime that has dominated the world until the modern era.
Pericles is the prominent leader of the Athenian city, but he is also a historical figure that deserves to be honored as the best Greek leader, not only Athenian. That is because he transformed all the Athenian alliances into a Greek empire that would, later on, win crucial battles and build the structure for the western democratic civilization.
The only unfortunate event is that Pericles was the main one that had worked more towards building such a democratic empire. Still, when he died, the Athenians were at war with the Spartans, and he did not see his work being finished or completed. That is why Pericles did not leave behind a great empire or a power that could take over the ancient world. Still, even as an Athenian general, he provided the roots of democracy and unity, and he has to be honored up until this day.
Before the beginning of the centuries AD, although we do not have as much evidence as after the new period, the sources show that the ancient world was filled with figures that would influence humanity for centuries and even millennia to come. People did not practice negotiations as often, and the empire’s power was portrayed by the extent of the army and the leader’s ability.
This list showcases the ability of some rulers to use their army not only as a way of making military progress but also as a means of establishing a unified culture that would entail a legacy for the figure.
Join the discussion and participate in awesome giveaways in our mobile Telegram group. Join Curiosmos on Telegram Today. t.me/Curiosmos | <urn:uuid:3aec3425-53b8-47a3-b648-2c4f506202d4> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://curiosmos.com/10-of-the-most-influential-figures-in-ancient-history-before-christ/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991557.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517023244-20210517053244-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.978846 | 3,550 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Coursera - Introduction to Psychology as a Science (Georgia Institute of Technology)
WEBRip | English | MP4 | 960 x 540 | AVC ~231 kbps | 29.970 fps
AAC | 128 Kbps | 44.1 KHz | 2 channels | Subs: English | ~9 hours | 1.25 GB
Genre: eLearning Video / Psychology
Since we were young children, we have tried to understand, to predict, and to control behavior. We first dealt with our parents and teachers, and later our friends and companions. This course shows, however, how the understanding, prediction, and control of behavior require scientific validation. | <urn:uuid:16282905-91b0-48c2-a9ad-41607b95b60d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://tavaz.xyz/Introduction-to-Psychology-as-a-Science/article_846758.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588398.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028162638-20211028192638-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.913092 | 137 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Why is this National Outcome important?
Although outcomes are generally improving for most people in Scotland they are not improving fast enough for the poorest and most disadvantaged sections of our society, including those who face barriers because of their race, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation or religion or belief. Those who have the least access to income, employment and good housing experience higher levels of ill health; often have less physical and psychological resilience to meet challenges; and less power and influence to effect change. Poverty and inequality that is created by prejudice, discrimination or by structural bias not only diminish opportunity and life experience, but detract from Scotland's economic success and wellbeing as a nation. Tackling inequalities and promoting equality of opportunity and outcome, therefore, remain our major challenge.
What will influence this National Outcome?
Success in achieving this outcome will be influenced by: the progress made in identifying the complex range of barriers, behaviours and determinants which contribute to poverty and inequalities experienced by different groups in Scotland; identifying where the most significant impact can be made on outcomes; taking appropriate action. Specifically, we will continue to advance awareness-raising and anti-discrimination activity, to challenge attitudes, reduce stigma and build a tolerant Scotland. We will continue embedding equality and poverty considerations into decision making at every level and involving diverse groups of people to create more responsive policies and better outcomes for all.
Success will also be influenced by the quality of the data and information we have on the nature and extent of inequalities in Scotland. We need to understand the changing needs of our increasingly diverse communities and be more responsive in the policies we develop and services we provide. Our capacity to continue to work in partnership across the sectors and in harmony with communities will be crucial.
What is the Government's role?
Scottish Government is committed to action that:
Supports the improvement of life chances for all of Scotland's people, and in particular those who face discrimination, disadvantage and prejudice
Embeds equality considerations in all aspects of Scottish Government policy development and decision taking, demonstrating leadership for Scotland
Supports the development of a robust evidence base which identifies the underlying causes of inequality and supports activity to address it
We will do this by:
Engaging directly with diverse communities in order to better understand their concerns, priorities and perspectives
Ensuring that public funds are invested, where appropriate, with a focus on deprivation and inequality
Using the Equality Act 2010 and the framework provided by the public sector duties to embed equality considerations within the everyday work of the Scottish Government
Working across public and private sectors to identify the key determinants of inequalities in Scotland and agree shared responsibility for action
Using evidence and equality data to translate this into practical implementation, and taking forward a range of actions to tackle stereotyping (such as evidencing occupational segregation)
Related Strategic Objectives
Safer and Stronger
Wealthier and Fairer
Related National Indicators
Improve the skill profile of the population
Reduce the proportion of employees earning less than the Living Wage
Reduce the pay gap
Improve levels of educational attainment
Increase the proportion of young people in learning, training or work
Increase the proportion of graduates in positive destinations
Improve mental wellbeing
Reduce premature mortality
Improve support for people with care needs
Reduce crime victimisation rates
Reduce the proportion of individuals living in poverty
Reduce children's deprivation
Improve access to suitable housing options for those in housing need
Widen use of the internet
Increase cultural engagement
Increase people's use of Scotland's outdoors | <urn:uuid:166f198a-e279-4354-8f2d-322c5dae969b> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www2.gov.scot/About/Performance/scotPerforms/outcome/inequalities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659340.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117204652-20190117230652-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.928079 | 715 | 3.25 | 3 |
Drawbridge will address this issue as a priority in the development and commercialisation of Phaxan™
Figure 1: Comparison of anaesthetics in animal models of anaesthesia in early life: data from published literature on programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the brains of foetal and neonatal animals.
A Safety Announcement by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued on 14th December 2016 (click here to view) warned that repeated or lengthy use of general anaesthetic and sedation drugs during surgery or procedures in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women may affect the development of childrens’ brains. This is a consequence of reports from animal research spanning 17 years and more recent human studies that conclude long term adverse effects on cognition and behaviour may be caused by anaesthesia and surgery, implicating all anaesthetic drugs in everyday use.
They emphasised that recent human studies do suggest that a single, short exposure to general anesthetic and sedation drugs in infants or toddlers is unlikely to have negative effects on learning or behavioural development and this seems to be consistent with work in experimental animals. Although the FDA concluded that further research is needed to fully characterize this problem, they took the significant step of announcing that it now requires warnings to be added to the labels of general anesthetic and sedation drugs (including propofol, etomidate, midazolam, sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane (click to see List) so that the public may be better informed when making decisions regarding the timing of any elective procedures requiring anaesthesia in young children or pregnant women; weighing the benefits of the procedure against the possible risks of anaesthesia.
Current research is directed either at determining the mechanisms involved with the brain damage or delineating the extent to which the animal research relates to humans; or even if it does at all .
Drawbridge has a different approach to this based on three observations:
- All the chemicals with anaesthetic properties that have been implicated in neonatal neurotoxicity and cognitive delay are chemicals completely foreign to the body (xenobiotics); derived from various inorganic sources
- Allopregnanolone, a naturally occurring metabolite of progesterone, has anaesthetic properties by virtue of targeting the same mechanisms as propofol, sevoflurane etc BUT at the same time has the function of acting as a natural neuroprotective, shielding immature brains from damage and, further, controlling their normal development .
- One anaesthetic that has been used in humans, including children, babies and pregnant women in the past, alphaxalone (as Althesin), is closely related (an analogue) of allopregnanolone.
Drawbridge has been able to show that the new formulation of alphaxalone, Phaxan™, has all the same anaesthetic properties as Althesin . So without doubt, we can say that Phaxan™ will be able to be used to anaesthetise all the same groups of subjects as Althesin, including children, babies and pregnant women.
The question is:
“During Phaxan™ anaesthesia, will the alphaxalone protect the young immature brain, like allopregnanolone and further not be neurotoxic itself?”
This question was answered in 2009 by Yawno et al who showed that anaesthetic doses of alphaxalone could replace allopregnanolone in protecting the brains of late gestation foetal sheep and further, caused no neurotoxic effects by itself. – see figure 1 above
With these observations noted, and following the FDA announcement on 14th December, Drawbridge has decided to investigate by following up on these observations in the sheep model; the goal being to determine whether Phaxan™ could be the anaesthetic choice in future when young immature brains are at risk. These investigations will be a high priority in the development program for Phaxan™.
Chief Medical Officer & Chairman
Drawbridge Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd
1st January 2017
Hemmings HC Jr, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: i1–2
Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Absalom AR, Blomgren K, et al. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111: 143–51
Davidson AJ, Disma N, de Graaff JC, et al. Lancet 2016; 387: 239–50
Hirst et al; J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 139 (2014) 144-53
Goodchild et al; Anesth Analg. 125 (2015) 1025-31
Monagle et al; Anesth Analg. 121 (2015) 914-24.
Yawno et al; Neuroscience 163 (2009) 838–847 | <urn:uuid:cf3e6125-b5cb-49d3-87b9-a4cd1b2e9213> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://drawbridgepharmaceuticals.com.au/fda-rules-warnings-added-labels-commonly-used-anaesthetics-safety-concerns-late-pregnancy-babies-children-less-3-years-old/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534693.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520223029-20220521013029-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.91696 | 1,035 | 2.765625 | 3 |
There isn't much foliage to photograph here in winter except for ivy leaves. However there's always plenty of evergreen ivy leaves scrambling over old tree trunks and through the hedgerows. Therefore it makes a great subject to photograph. Especially when so much of the landscape is all shades of beige and brown.
In fact Ivy Hedera helix is the perfect plant for over wintering insects. Furthermore it gives shelter with its evergreen leaves. While it provides nectar in the later months of the year for the few pollinating insects that are still in flight. Particularly wasps and the autumnal Ivy bee - Colletes hederae. The solitary Ivy bee is only active between September and November and feeds exclusively on ivy blossom. While it's clusters of ivy berries that mature between November and January have a high fat content. As a result they are an excellent food resource for the birds during the cold winter months.
The plant has two stages of growth: juvenile and adult.
When it's at the juvenile stage it has lobed leaves, never flowers nor fruits. Consequently it usually just puts on lots of growth and aerial roots.
As you can see in these photos the ivy leaves are at the adult stage with mature unlobed oval leaves. When the plant grows in full sun it's able to produce lots of flower umbels and fruit. Likewise it's more like a bush rather than climbing up a tree trunk. As a result the upper branches hang rather than cling to anything.
Juvenile Ivy Leaves
Finally I'll leave you with a photograph of the juvenile leaves so you can compare. These leaves have 3 - 5 lobes which cling to tree trunks using their aerial roots.
This photograph was also taken in December but not on the same day as the previous shots. This image was shot with Canon 50mm f1.4 at f2.8. Check out my tips for using back light in your photos for further information. | <urn:uuid:a557ec3c-9484-465d-a441-dc81795dcbc4> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.leavesnbloom.com/2015/01/ivy-leaves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823839.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020063725-20171020083725-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.971681 | 405 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Centre of Archaeology has been awarded a major grant to research cultural genocide and killing sites in Jewish cemeteries across Europe.
Recording Cultural Genocide and Killing Sites in Jewish Cemeteries is a two-year research project, funded by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance.
This project will raise awareness of the causes and consequences of cultural and physical genocide (using Jewish cemeteries desecrated by the Nazis as a pilot case study), directly tackling racism, xenophobia and hostility in the present.
This will be achieved by:
(1) Conducting new research into relationships between the destruction of property by Nazis and their collaborators, and the use of religious spaces as killing sites;
(2) Undertaking a series of “social action projects” at selected Jewish cemeteries where cultural and physical genocide occurred in the past, and where neglect and vandalism is occurring presently.
(3) Disseminating the results of (1) and (2) via a state-of-the-art digital platform. The project will adopt a unique interdisciplinary methodology to achieve its aims, utilising techniques from history, archaeology, digital humanities, conservation and community engagement.
The project team have already began new research in Oświęcim Jewish Cemetery in Poland and the results of this work will be available in summer 2017. In May 2017, the team also undertook a survey in Rohatyn, Ukraine in order to document cultural genocide and mass killings at three sites. | <urn:uuid:17ba6af6-f045-4324-b69a-2b877ed84df6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://blogs.staffs.ac.uk/archaeology/projects/recording-cultural-genocide-and-killing-sites-in-jewish-cemeteries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998298.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616202813-20190616224813-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.922479 | 310 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Working Group Food Web
The Food Web Group focusses on complex interactions between planktonic organisms concentrating on primary producers at the base of the food web (phytoplankton) and their primary and secondary consumers (e.g. micro- and mesozooplankton). Planktonic food webs are considered as highly complex with a plethora of different feeding interactions, spatio-temporal dynamics and functions in the plankton. The characterization of Shelf Sea food webs is our central aim. By using field and experimental approaches, we address the effects of external (e.g. nutrients, temperature, light, hydrodynamics, CO2, O2) and internal drivers (intra- and inter-specific interactions) on food web structure and dynamics as well as bottom-up and top-down control mechanisms that either limit organisms by resource availability or include predation and herbivory at each trophic level.
Micrograzers play a prominent role as trophic link between microbial and classical food webs. As a result, we specifically consider small-sized protozoa (e.g. heterotrophic dinoflagellates, ciliates) and metazoa (e.g. meroplanktonic larvae, nauplii) in the plankton. Especially the ability of micrograzers to (1) buffer nutritional imbalances at the base of the food web, (2) suppress and modulate phytoplankton blooms and (3) improve the food quality for secondary consumers are central aspects of our research. By using multi-trophic approaches, we further aim to assess the impact of food quantity and quality aspects on the transfer of limitation signals and on energy transfer efficiencies onto higher trophic levels.
As a result from increases in atmospheric pCO2, seawater pH is predicted to drop. This effect is referred to as ‘ocean acidification (OA)’ and it is considered that increases in pH will negatively affect marine ecosystems. While there is some knowledge on specific effects of OA on the physiology and biochemistry of individual marine taxa, many uncertainties remain on how these responses translate up the food web. By simulating different pCO2 conditions, the ‘Food Web’ group experimentally analyses the effects of OA on plankton communities in cooperation with national and international partners (e.g. within the framework of BIOACID) in order to assess the vulnerability and potential consequences for all trophic components in the plankton. Apart from direct pH sensitivities of specific groups and species, indirect effect of OA resulting from e.g. changes in phytoplankton community structure, size classes, biomass and/or stoichiometry of microzooplankton as well as larger zooplankton (e.g. copepods), fish and jelly fish are analysed. | <urn:uuid:18799def-969f-4c19-a69c-2647e0a291e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.awi.de/en/science/biosciences/shelf-sea-systems-ecology/working-groups/food-web.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607731.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524020456-20170524040456-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.875583 | 601 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Honey is nectar which is dehydrated approximately 82%. Honey found with the pharoahs of ancient Egypt is said to still be edible. Learn more about why will never spoil from this Smithsonian article.
Amazingly, the contribution of a single honeybee to a jar of honey is but 1/12 of a teaspoon! An average population of a colony of honeybees is 20,000.
Swarm Honey is harvested from colonies of honeybees kept year-round in Durham and Orange counties. Our honey is wildflower honey; wildflower being beekeeper jargon for a medley of all the types of nectar. Fall honey is usually darker in color with a rich molasses flavor. It comes predominantly from wildflowers like goldenrod and aster, as well as buckwheat, which is planted as a covercrop. Spring honey is generally from the nectar of tulip poplar tree flowers, which bloom in the piedmont of NC in May and June. Clover is also a common spring nectar source. Spring honey has classic light honey flavor and color.
Swarm Honey is raw - or unheated - and coarsely filtered, so that some pollen residue remains. Because of the small amounts of pollen in raw honey, it is said to be a homeopathetic preventative for allergies.
Honey is sold as liquid honey and chunk honey and sometimes, slices of honeycomb. Chunk honey has a chunk of honeycomb suspended in liquid honey. Eating honeycomb may be unfamiliar to some people, but there are many ways to enjoy it. Honey is technically sold by weight rather than volume. A pound of honey is about 12 liquid ounces.
Honey is available seasonally while supplies last.
The following fine establishments sell our honey from their shelves:
This & That Gift Gallery, Carrboro
Dual Supply, Hillsborough
Nash Street Tavern, Hillsborough
Broken Spoke Farm Stand, Durham
Fieldstone Garden, Hillsborough
If your honey has been exposed to cold, it might crystallize. This means it has a cloudy appearance and is more viscous than typical (easier to spread without drips!) Crystallization doesn't harm the honey, and if gently re-heated, the honey will temporarily un-crystallize.
And if you are struggling to get that lid off, here are some suggestions.
Honey label - back
Bees on honey comb
Honey on biscuits
Our resource page, The Bee Yard, has links to more information on beekeeping and honey.
Photo credit: Tulip Poplar bloom: By Dcrjsr. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons; Goldenrod: Pixabay.com | <urn:uuid:574a83c2-3d9f-4657-8c9c-d3a5c56f15f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.swarmhunter.com/honey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930181143-20220930211143-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.935542 | 601 | 3.125 | 3 |
From science fiction to reality
Not so long ago, the idea of controlling gadgets using our voice seemed like nothing more than a science fiction fantasy. Now thanks to voice assistants such as: Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, and Google’s Assistant, we’re all doing it.
Voice recognition is taking over, but it wasn’t always like this. The technology has come a long way in a short space of time. It’s changing the way we all use our smartphones, and home appliances. And it’s all thanks to machine learning.
What is machine learning?
Machine learning has its roots in the 1950s, when scientists taught a computer to play draughts. These computers learned to play like a human, by adapting to new patterns of play, and predicting moves before they happen.
To do this, a machine-learning algorithm was provided with data, a list of moves to play, and their possible outcomes. It used this list to learn how to play. With practice, the computer would learn to become a better player.
More famously was the Turing Test, devised in 1950 by WWII code-breaker, Alan Turing. Its aim was to test whether a machine could mimic natural human behaviour, indistinguishable from that of a person.
A human participant would read text responses by a man, and a machine. And was then tasked with the challenge of determining which responses were human, and which machine. Turing concluded in his studies that machines can learn to think like a human. And if the machine fooled the human into thinking its response weren’t artificial – it passed the Turing Test.
Now here’s where the likes of Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant come in. Right now, any of these voice assistants can understand your voice commands. Ask a basic question, and you’ll get an answer.
But in time, these too will learn to become better, answer more complex questions, and be able to distinguish between different voices thanks to their own machine learning algorithms. They’ll be able to understand us better, listen to the way we speak, and decipher complex human language to answer any question we ask of them.
They’ll even sound more like us. Google Assistant, for example, uses a technology called WaveNet, which makes its speech sound more natural, and less robotic.
The future of smartphones
In a nutshell, this means you’ll soon be able to talk to Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant as if they were real people, edging us closer to a world with menu-free, button-free smartphones and gadgets, purely activated and controlled by voice.
At a Google Developer Days conference earlier this year, Google demonstrated how its Google Assistant, on an Android phone, will be able to respond to normal everyday language.
In the video below, a Google spokesperson asks: “What is the name of the movie where Tom Cruise acts in it and he plays pool, and while he plays pool he dances.”
Amazingly, Google Assistant is able to find the answer, bringing up results for Cruise film, The Colour of Money. See it for yourself here:
In the same conference, Google also demonstrated how its Assistant can learn to better understand the context of questions being asked. The presenter asked for photos of Thomas. With no context, the Assistant pulled up pictures of Thomas the Tank Engine.
It was then asked for Bayern Munich’s football team, which features a well-known player called Thomas Müller. The Assistant was once again asked for pictures of Thomas. This time it retrieved pictures of the footballer, demonstrating a contextual awareness previously only possible by humans. You can see this in the video below:
This is just two examples of how machine learning will change the way we use our smartphones and household gadgets within the coming year alone. And it’s a huge step closer towards an inevitable future of technology controlled purely by voice.
Don’t worry if you feel uncomfortable at the thought of talking to a machine. You’re not alone. But write off voice control at your peril. It’s here to stay, all thanks to machine learning.
What are you thoughts on machine learning? Terrifying, or the undeniable future? Or both? Leave us your comments below. | <urn:uuid:22ff7cfd-da64-4ebf-85c1-64c571e9baa5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://lowdown.carphonewarehouse.com/detail.aspx?channel=feature&articleid=39434 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510754.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016134654-20181016160154-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.949182 | 889 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Did Virginia Law Prevent Thomas Jefferson From Freeing His Slaves?
In the month of May, 230 years ago, the state of Virginia passed a law on emancipation of slaves. After the law passed, slave owners could legally emancipate their slaves. The subject of David Barton's New York Times best selling book, The Jefferson Lies, Thomas Jefferson owned slaves at that time in Virginia. Could he have freed them? It is a question taken up by Barton in the book.
In The Jefferson Lies, Barton asks:
If Jefferson was indeed so antislavery, then why didn’t he release his own slaves? After all, George Washington allowed for the freeing of his slaves on his death in 1799, so why didn’t Jefferson at least do the same at his death in 1826? The answer is Virginia law. In 1799, Virginia allowed owners to emancipate their slaves on their death; in 1826, state laws had been changed to prohibit that practice.
Barton seriously misrepresents or misunderstands (or both) the legal environment related to slavery during Jefferson’s life. InThe Jefferson Lies, Barton cites Virginia’s 1782 law on manumission which allowed slaves to be emancipated. He does not, however, quote it completely to make it clear that slaves could be freed at any time, not just at the death of a master. He deliberately omits the section that indicates slaves could be freed by an owner with appropriate deed. In fact, many such slaves were freed by other owners.
Here is the section quoted by Barton:
[T]hose persons who are disposed to emancipate their slaves may be empowered so to do, and...it shall hereafter be lawful for any person, by his or her last will and testament...to emancipate and set free, his or her slaves.
However, here is the entire first section of the 1782 law on manumission:
[T]hose persons who are disposed to emancipate their slaves may be empowered so to do, and the same hath been judged expedient under certain restrictions: Be it therefore enacted, That it shall hereafter be lawful for any person, by his or her last will and testament, or by any other instrument in writing, under his or her hand and seal, attested and proved in the county court by two witnesses, or acknowledged by the party in the court of the county where he or she resides to emancipate and set free, his or her slaves, or any of them, who shall thereupon be entirely and fully discharged from the performance of any contract entered into during servitude, and enjoy as full freedom as if they had been particularly named and freed by this act.
Note the section above in bold print. This is the portion of the first section of the 1782 law Barton omits. This section allowed slave owners to release their slaves by a deed. Emancipated slaves needed a document to prove that their former owners had freed them. This law allowed slave owners when they were alive to free their slaves, provided slaves were of sound body and older than eighteen if a female and older than 21 if a male, but not above the age of 45. Thus, Jefferson could have freed many of his slaves within the law while he was alive. In addition to The Jefferson Lies, Barton in a recent radio program emphatically stated that after 1782 slaves could only be freed at the time of a slaveholder’s death. Not only was Jefferson legally permitted to free his slaves, he actually freed two slaves in the 1790s, Robert (1794) and James (1796) Hemings.
In The Jefferson Lies, Barton then cites an 1806 Virginia law, and says
...the law required that a freed slave promptly depart the state or else reenter slavery, thus making it almost impossible for an emancipated slave to remain near his or her spouse, children, or family members who had not been freed. Many, therefore preferred to remain in slavery with their families rather than become free and be separated from them.
Barton in The Jefferson Lies is correct that the 1806 law presented a hardship to slaves who might want to be emancipated and had a willing master as they would have to make a choice of remaining near their families and risk being sold into slavery again if they remained in the state longer than a year. While Barton is accurate in The Jefferson Lies about the language of the 1806 statute on slavery, in a recent radio interview he characterized the 1806 law as absolutely prohibiting the freeing of slaves. While the 1806 law stated that one could be re-captured by state authorities and sold back into slavery, John Henderson Russell in The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865 (published in 1913) asserts that the law was rarely enforced as he could find very few legal documents indicating that a freed slave had been captured and re-sold into slavery. There is an additional change in the legal environment of slavery in Virginia that Barton does not cite in his discussion of Jefferson. In 1816 Virginia legislators “had bowed to economic, social and political realities and had allowed one ‘escape hatch’ from the trap of emancipation,” writes Philip Schwarz. That ‘escape hatch’ was that ‘freed people could petition local courts to exempt them from exile on the grounds of ‘their extraordinary merit’ and ‘good character.’” It would entirely likely that a freed slave coming with a letter of recommendation from a former president and a favorite son of Virginia would have obtained an exemption from the re-capture provision. Jefferson did free five slaves on his death in 1826, but he transferred the ownership of about 260 to his heirs at that time. According to Schwarz, Jefferson “included in his will a request that the legislature of Virginia grant permission for his former slaves to remain in Virginia.” If Jefferson could make that request for five slaves, it seems reasonable that he could have made that request for others.
Regarding Jefferson and the legal environment of slaves and their possible emancipation, Barton misrepresents both the 1782 and the 1806 laws regarding slavery. More significantly, what a tremendous act in support of human equality it would have been had Jefferson freed those of his slaves of the right age while he was President of the United States. He could have done so, but chose not to. One could argue that Jefferson was constrained by cultural conditions or by his own economic needs to have slaves, but he cannot be called a champion for the emancipation of slaves.
(The above article is an excerpt from Getting Jefferson Right: Fact Checking Claims about Our Third President, by Warren Throckmorton & Michael Coulter. Click the link for more information about the book, or go to www.gettingjeffersonright.com) | <urn:uuid:7a2ec384-90cd-4533-88e3-e9091045abed> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.crosswalk.com/blogs/dr-warren-throckmorton/did-virginia-law-prevent-thomas-jefferson-from-freeing-his-slaves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928019.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00058-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980123 | 1,403 | 3.34375 | 3 |
How To Write An Assignment For College?
There’s absolutely no doubt in the fact that completing an assignment is one of the toughest things for a student who is already engaged in several other activities and daily routine chores. Probably this is why you want to learn how to write an assignment for college. The first thing to do is to never overlook or neglect the importance of completing an assignment on time because it’s necessary for you to pass through your academic journey and then land on good, well-paying jobs.
If you are a student, you probably already know the entire circle around which your life evolves, but here, we are going to talk about one of the most important things, and that is to teach you how to write an assignment in college.
Time Management Is A First And A Must
Want to know how to write an assignment for college? The very first thing to focus on is time management. We’ve seen students falling victim to unbearable pressure and stress just because they are running short of time, and there’s a lot of work that they have to do and submit on time. The reason why you get stuck in such a chaotic situation is that you lack time management skills.
Yes, you read that, right! Time management is a skill that you have to develop with time because if you don’t, you’ll see yourself in stressful situations not just in your academic journey but in your professional and personal life too. Procrastination is the last thing on Earth that you should be thinking about if you are concerned about how to write an assignment for college with a tight deadline.
What you can do is that even if you are given a deadline of a month to submit the assignment, you should start from the very first day when it’s assigned to you. We aren’t asking you to just give all of yourself in the assignment, you, of course, can do other chores and play around but decide to give at least 15 to 30 minutes to your assignment every day. This way, it will be easier for you to complete the work on time; in fact, you might as well end up submitting the assignment way before the deadline, which definitely will be a plus.
Leave All The Distractions
It’s all about scheduling your day properly! As said earlier, if you’ve decided to dedicate a part of your day to your assignment, then make sure that you don’t get distracted during this time. Shut down your phone, turn off the PlayStation, sit in a separate room where there are no people around you, making noise. Just dedicate a quiet place in your house where you complete your assignment and then concentrate as much as it’s possible for you.
No matter how intelligent or confident you are about how to write an assignment for college, you’ll always fall into trouble if you get distracted every time you decide to work. Your surroundings need to be quiet, you should have all the focus in the world and one goal in your mind to complete some part of your assignment in the decided time.
Work On Your Grammar
For college assignment help, there are things you need to understand. An assignment with poor grammar can be a huge turn off for your readers, especially your instructor. So if you feel like you don’t have that great of vocabulary, then the best thing to do is to dedicate a part of your routine and work on your English writing skills. You are lucky enough to have different websites and online applications nowadays, where there are daily English lessons given to students. You can find the ones that are free and then use them to increase and enhance your English writing and speaking skills.
Furthermore, when you are writing your assignment, just keep checking it for any spelling mistakes or grammar mistakes. It’s better to keep monitoring if you are making mistakes instead of first completing the whole assignment and then checking for grammatical errors. This can be tough for you so don’t opt for this method. When you check errors paragraph wise, every day, it will be easier for you to locate your mistakes and learn from them when you correct them.
These are some important things you should know if you are looking for college assignment help. There’s no rocket science here, and it’s all basically about your concentration, your English writing skills and time management. When you adjust all these things, you’ll automatically start getting your desired results.
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Our college assignment help is the best, the way we deal with our customers and the amount we charge, it’s all quite transparent and is exactly in accordance with the quality of our service. It’s true that there are several other such service providers out there that would want to help you with your assignments, but then again, they don’t offer the quality and the transparency that we do.
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The fenugreek plant is well adaptable to a wide range of atmospheric conditions, temperatures and soils and therefore it is adaptable to different habitats. The plant grows in more than 20 countries around the Asia continent, Europe, Africa and America.
Fenugreek Gum Powder
The fenugreek gum powder is extracted from the fenugreek seeds. The seeds are rectangular to oval in shape, dirty orange to golden color and they have two endosperms which are galactomanans in nature. The powder is obtained from the milled endosperm of these seeds. It is a unique galactomannan with a high rate of galactose substitution since the mannose to galactose ratio is 1:1. This makes it have more solubility in cold water compared to other galactomanans.
The fenugreek gum powder is obtained through a series of mechanical processes including;
- Washing and hydrating the splits
- Flaking using roller mills to obtain better solubility
- Separation; done using sifters of 100 mesh,200 mesh and 300 mesh.
- Blending and packaging.
Phytochemicals of Fenugreek Gum Powder
The main chemicals contained in the fenugreek gum powder are the galactomannans, steroidal sapogenins and isoleucine.
Recently, studies have been conducted that highlight the biological and therapeutic properties of the fenugreek plant. These are attributed to several active secondary metabolites present in the plant including alkaloids, flavanoids, steroids, and saponins. The presence of phytochemicals called diosgenin and steroidal saponins are seen to be the main contributors for the plant being used in the productions of steroidal hormones.
The alkaloids together with other volatile compounds are responsible for the bitter taste and characteristic aroma of fenugreek. It is also a significant source of vitamin B, iron, silicon, sodium, protein, amino acids, fatty acids and dietary fiber. The fenugreek gum powder is also rich in soluble fiber, mucilage and the galactomannan that affect the uptake of bile salts and starch absorption.
The fenugreek plant is also a good source of antioxidants. Research has also reported that fenugreek fiber creates a satiety feeling in the body, has an effect on the blood glucose, insulin response and energy intake. The fenugreek fiber has also been observed to bind to and eliminate carcinogens in the intestines.
This is the most important of all the secondary metabolites found from the fenugreek gum powder. It has been found to have estrogenic activity and is also the most bioactive of the phytochemicals in the plant extracts. In industrial manufacturing, the compound is the active ingredient enabling large scale production of steroidal drugs and hormones such as testosterone, norethisterone, glucocorticoids and progesterone. It has also been seen to exhibit anti-cancer and anti-aging activities as well as cardioprotective and contraceptive action.
Other Industrial Applications of Fenugreek Gum Powder
Due to the effect of the fenugreek gum powder on the viscosity of fluids, it has gained various industrial applications in the food industry whereby it aids in texturization of baked goods, moisture retention and thickener in sauces. It also acts as a stabilizer in frozen products. The fenugreek gum powder is used as a food ingredient, flavoring agent, herb and spice. | <urn:uuid:9d0387f2-498e-492f-b955-e74958c9dd98> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.altrafine.com/blog/2019/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.934804 | 736 | 2.953125 | 3 |
"People thought that the esophagus wasn't hospitable to bacteria," says Martin J. Blaser, M.D., Frederick King Professor and Chairman of the Department of Medicine, and Professor of Microbiology, an author of the study. Bacteria were believed to move through the esophagus, the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, as food-borne passengers on route to the stomach.
But the new study in the March 23 print issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences demonstrates that bacteria do indeed live in the esophagus, and these microbes are a diverse bunch. "This study provides evidence for the first time that there are indigenous microbes in the human esophagus," says Zhiheng Pei, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Pathology and Medicine, the study's lead author.
The findings may have profound implications for treating diseases of the esophagus, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which afflicts some 10 million people in the United States. Chronic inflammation associated with GERD can lead to the development of a precancerous condition called Barrett's esophagus. If disease-causing bacteria are ever found in the esophagus, it may one day be possible to treat these diseases with antibiotics.
While bacteria in the esophagus will be news to most people, the NYU researchers had suspected that the food tube harbored microorganisms. After all, bacteria have now been found in deep-sea vents, hot springs, volcanoes, and other extremely harsh environments. "By comparison, the esophagus seemed much more hospitable," says Dr. Blaser.
In human biology, too, there have been surprises concerning bacteria. For many years, doctors didn't believe that bacteria could survive in the acid environment of the stomach. But in the early 1980s, researchers discovered that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori lived in the stomach and is associated with ulcers. Antibiotics are now routinely used to treat ulcers. In subsequent years, Dr. Blaser and other scientists established the bacterium's link to certain kinds of stomach cancers.
The connection between H. pylori and gastric cancer was one of the reasons why the NYU researchers were drawn to the esophagus. Might certain kinds of disease-causing bacteria also reside in the esophagus? While bacteria have long been known to inhabit the mouth, the evidence that bacteria even lived in the esophagus was inconclusive. Previous studies of the esophagus didn't consistently find bacteria in the esophagus that could be cultured. Textbooks have never described microbes in the esophagus.
Rather than relying on the conventional methods of culturing bacteria in petri dishes in the laboratory, the researchers decided to mine DNA libraries that have been compiled of bacterial genes. They used a technique called PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to greatly amplify snippets of DNA extracted from biopsies of tissue from the esophagus, and they compared the sequences of the DNA in the biopsies to known bacterial DNA.
The biopsies were taken from four patients who each had a healthy esophagus. Specifically, the biopsies were taken from the distal esophagus, the part closest to the stomach. This area is especially vulnerable to injury due to the backwash of gastric contents that occurs as a consequence of GERD.
The researchers found 95 species of bacteria, and they estimated that they were able to sample 56 to 79 percent of the species in the biopsies. Therefore, even more species may be present. Many of these bacteria resemble garden-variety microorganisms that aren't known to cause disease.
More than 60 percent of the esophageal bacteria were shared among all four individuals, indicating that populations of certain bacterial species appear to be common to all people, according to the study. Although many of the bacteria in the esophagus were highly related to the bacteria found in the mouth, certain bacteria were not known residents of the mouth, says Dr. Pei. This finding suggests that some, if not all, "esophageal bacteria may be unique," he notes.
Importantly, Dr. Pei also directly viewed bacteria colonizing the surface of the esophagus, proving that the bacteria weren't simply traveling through the tube but had taken up residence in the tissue lining it.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma, a kind of cancer, has been increasing rapidly in white men, according to the National Cancer Institute, which sponsored the NYU study. "Animal studies suggest that inflammation and normal bacteria work in concert to cause colon cancer," says Dr. Pei. "Esophageal cancer arises in an area of the esophagus where chronic inflammation is occurring," notes Dr. Pei.
In the next phase of their work, the researchers plan to identify the bacteria in the esophagus in people who have GERD and other esophageal conditions. They suspect that they may find different bacteria in the samples of unhealthy esophageal tissue, which could suggest that microorganisms are playing a role.
"We are operating in the framework of the 'microbiome', a term coined by Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg," says Dr. Blaser. "It means that microbes are part of us, part of our identity. They aren't just passengers," he says, " but are, in essence, metabolic and physiologic compartments of the human body." | <urn:uuid:e3b25410-597c-4098-816b-f103607f44b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-03/nyum-bli031504.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809229.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125013040-20171125033040-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.964559 | 1,128 | 3.78125 | 4 |
A=9 andB=5... but these triangles aren't physically possible to construct, are they?
Sure you can. For instance, if you set A=3/4 and B=5 then you can isometrically embed the figure above into a surface that looks something like this (albeit a tiny bit smoother): [embedding]In other words, since this problem seems to be about challenging your assumptions, I'll ask you to challenge your own... ;) New question: does there exist an assignment for A and B such that the figure above can be embedded isometrically in a space of constant curvature?-Keenan
(Actually, that figure has a glaring error, but you get my point.)-Keenan
Yah what lance said, then anonymous here confused the heck out of me. I think I don't even get what I'm not getting here.Whats wrong with A=9 B=5?
I'm not trying to be too sneaky (hence the title of the post). You can arrive at A=9 and B=5 using the Pythagorean theorem. However, the rule of similar triangles forces A=3/4, hence a contradiction. A variant of this blunder was found on some SAT exam.I'm not sure if there exists an assignment of A and B which allows such an embedding. I'll think about it when I have more spare time on my hands =)Suppose we draw a triangle on a sphere. Then it's possible to draw one with three 90 degree angles (one vertex on the north pole and two vertices on the equator somewhere). Keenan's question is whether there exists values A and B and such a surface (not necessarily a sphere) such that the figure makes sense.
Here's a pretty degenerate solution. Consider a sphere with radius 1/pi. The great circumference of the sphere has length 2. More importantly, the distance between the north and south poles is 1.Let the vertex connecting the segments of lengths 3 and 4 be located at the north pole. The segment of length 4 will loop around the prime meridian (and 180th meridian) twice and end up back at the north pole. The segment of length 3 will loop around at a different longitude 1.5 times and end up at the south pole. The segment of length B connects the north and south poles. Thus we see that B can be any positive odd integer.We also know that the segment of length 8 starts at the north pole and follows due south. Since it has an even integer value, it must loop around some great circle arc and end up back at the north pole. Using the same reasoning, the segment of length 5 must connect the north and south poles. Thus we can conclude that A must be a positive odd integer since that segment also connects the north and south poles.
Yisong, I followed you till the very end. You said that the end of 8 near 5 was the north pole, therefore the end of 5 near A was the south pole. We already determined that the end of 3 near A was the south pole. This means that A has to be even, right?
I think the image from the URL below will clear things up. Blue indicates north pole, and red indicates south pole.http://www.yisongyue.com/blogger/stupid_math_poles.png
Yisong, that solution was extremely degenerate. Shame on you!
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:18f3e2e7-187a-4bd9-85b5-a7a10eb7239b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://yyue.blogspot.com/2008/09/stupid-math-problem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191444.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00122-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949253 | 724 | 3.5625 | 4 |
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Issues faced by Deaf children
As late as the mid-20th century children with a hearing loss were often misdiagnosed and parents were told their child had a mental deficiency.(2)
Research has found that if children do not receive stimulation to the auditory nerves during the early formative years (preferably before about age 2) then this will result in lifelong communication and language problems.(3)
90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents(3). These people usually have no experience of deafness and have no idea how to treat it. Many are in denial, feel guilty, frustrated and scared. Without early intervention important bonding may not form because the parent and child are unable to communicate. Research shows that a hearing parent interacts with a hearing child in a significantly different way than with a deaf child. Interaction is often short with more interruptions, encouraging short attention in the child. Some parents become more controlling and this encourages behavourial domination in the child(5).
A number of research studies have quite clearly demonstrated that children with a hearing loss have many disadvantages particularly if left unrecognised, untreated or under treated.
Hearing loss disadvantages and quality of life issues
Research conducted by Hearing Review in late 2007(1) found there are a number the quality of life issues faced by deaf children. A mild loss creates a personal nuisance for the child and their family but a profound loss is a major disability which affects all aspect of life.
Kochkin et al(1) as well as other researchers have found that hearing impaired children had issues in a number of areas
(1) Social interaction
(2) Language and Communication
(4) Behaviourial Problems
(5) Mental Health
• Social skills were poor or under developed and may have a negative impact on social development.
• Self-esteem and confidence were low and this affected their relationship with peers and family.
• They find it hard to hear in group situations, therefore group participation is lower than that for their peers and this affects their leisure/play activities.
• They could not easily use a phone, something their hearing peers could, and this made them different.
• They do not always hear, so others have to yell at them causing embarrassment.
• If the child doesn’t answer, peers think they are being ignored causing misunderstanding.
• Many withdraw from social situations because of embarrassment and this contributes to isolation.
• They often have poor speech meaning others cannot understand them so they become self-conscious.
Language & Communication
Language and communication develop within the first two years of life.
Kochin et al(1) found Hearing Impaired children
• Often have delays in, as well as poor, speech and language development hindering their ability to communicate effectively.
• Have poor mental acuity due to poor speech and language development.
• Do not have the skills to ask the questions to get help because they do not know what they do not hear and parents have to guess whether the child is hearing well enough to cope with their hearing loss because the child doesn’t have the experience to know and explain where they need help.
• Need others to repeat themselves and frequently people show frustration at having to do this resulting in embarrassment.
• Many need sign language but it is imperative their family and close friends learn it as well so the child is exposed to as much language as possible.
If a child is to attend a main stream school then oral and written communication are necessary. However, a deaf child may not have the skills to allow them to keep up with their peers.
• Davis et al 1984 found that “hearing loss of any degree appeared to affect psychoeducational development adversely, leading to the conclusion that even minimal hearing loss places children at risk for language and learning problems.”(6)
• 71% of hearing impaired children had difficulty maintaining attention compared to 9% of normal hearing children.(5)
• Children with a mild to profound loss were behind in education achievement and their grades were lower than their hearing peers.(1)
• Reading development will be delayed. Average reading age of profoundly deaf 16 year olds was that of hearing 9 year olds.
• 50% of the children researched could not read at all.(3)
• The child needs personal attention especially in school. 1 in 3 children with a hearing loss need help in the classroom to interpret the teacher’s instructions.(1)
• Children need to learn coping mechanisms such as sitting at the front of the class or positioning themselves on the best hearing side or learning lip reading. One third of hearing impaired children receive preferential seating (ie at the front of the class).(1)
• Lip reading is only possible if they already know the language.
• May need a note taker or translator.(1)
• Many drop out early because they cannot cope resulting in a poor education and this means fewer job opportunities.
Misunderstandings causes confusion and results in behavioural problems.
• Behavioural problems are caused because of the frustration the child feels especially with peer group.
• Teachers report behavioural problems for one third of their hearing-impaired students particularly impulsivity and inattention.(5)
• Hearing impaired children may listen to music or TV too loud disturbing the rest of the family.(1)
Children especially, do not like to be different and if they feel different or ‘lacking’ their emotional health can be effected.(1)
• Because the child must rely on others to be their ears they lack a sense of independence.(1)
• Frustration at not making themselves understood nor being able to understand.
• Frustration and anger because they cannot perform as well as their peers.
• Lack of self-esteem and confidence.
• Both parents of as well as deaf children lack a sense of safety.(1)
• Not hearing in noisy situations can mean a child misses safety cues.(1)
• Parents are often told the child cannot be helped although this is not necessarily the case.(1)
• Parents in denial (will grow out of it!) or see it as nothing terrible and easily dealt with.(1)
• Children are not comfortable with a hearing aid and parents fear they will lose it.(1)
• There is a stigma in wearing a hearing aid. Hearing aids are for old people, makes the child feel different. They are ugly and don’t work. Other kids make fun of them.(1)
When the recommended intervention was implemented Kochkin(1) found that:
(1) 61% of children’s grades improved
(2) 46% had improved social skills
(3) 51% had improved classroom behaviour
(4) 49% had improved self-esteem
(5) If children under 6 months of age wear hearing aids then some of the effects on communication development can be prevented or minimized(4)
Most of the issues deaf children face; social interaction difficulties, behavioural issues, language and communication difficulties, poor education and so on, come about because these children have poor linguistic skills.
(1) Kochkin, S; Luxford, W; Northern, J; Mason, P; Tharpe, Anne Marie; Hearing Review September 2007: Are a million dependents with hearing loss being left behind? http://www.betterhearing.org/pdfs/marketrak7-children.pdf Accessed 6/8/08
(2) Perry, George; July 2008; Bet the Vet can hear http://www.c-a-network.com/georgep.php Accessed 7/8/08
(4) O’Donoghue, Gerard M; BMJ 1999: Hearing without ears: Do cochlear implants work in children? http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7176/72 Accessed 7/8/08
(8) Dettman, S, Pinder, D, Briggs, R, Dowell, R and Leigh, J; Communication Development in Children Who Receive the Cochlear Implant Younger than 12 Months - Risks versus Benefits 0196/0202/07/282 Supplement-0011S/0 • Ear & Hearing • Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins • Printed in the USA
(10) Tye-Murray N, Spencer L, Woodworth GG, University of Iowa Hospitals and clinics; Acquisition of speech by children who have prolonged cochlear implant experience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7596098?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=2&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Accessed 7/8/08
(14) Tomblin J, Spencer L, Flock S, Tyler R, Gantz B. A comparison of language achievement in children with cochlear implants and children using hearing aids. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42:497-509. http://jslhr.asha.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/2/497?ijkey=27a96bce4e87880681dc6daf9322e818f6615c29&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Accessed 7/8/08
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Parents play a significant and powerful role in shaping their child’s beliefs and attitudes about alcohol, through their role-modelling of alcohol-related behaviours.10,13 Watching adults drink frequently and enjoy alcohol is linked to the development of a young person’s positive expectations of their own use of alcohol.13
But this knowledge can cut both ways – observing adults have fun without alcohol, demonstrate they can refuse a drink, and not have alcohol as the central focus of all social gatherings can positively shape a young person’s understanding of the role alcohol may, or may not, play in their life.
Parental disapproval of their children drinking, and young people believing that underage drinking is considered unacceptable, can reduce the likelihood that adolescents will drink.3,14 Setting clear boundaries about the unacceptability of alcohol, and not giving alcohol to young people, can help to communicate this disapproval.
Parents are still the most likely group to have given alcohol to 12–17-year-old’s in Australia.5 This suggests that many parents are not yet aware of the negative impact such supply can have on their children.15 There may also be a lack of awareness about the damage caused to the brain by alcohol consumption during adolescence, and that the National Health and Medical Research Council recommends not drinking as the safest option for those under 18-years.16
There is now an opportunity to leverage the decreasing rates of adolescent alcohol consumption, and a growing body of knowledge around what works in prevention, to take positive, evidence-based action to empower parents and communities to further reduce the harms of alcohol to young people in Australia.
There is strong evidence that empowering parents with knowledge and understanding about why their children shouldn’t drink during adolescence, and the actions they can take, will reduce the likelihood their child will drink and drink in harmful ways.10,11
Mass media campaigns are another strategy to educate Australians about adolescent alcohol consumption. Awareness-raising campaigns can educate the public that not drinking when under 18 is the safest option, and inform parents about the power of role-modelling alcohol behaviour to their children.17
Programs that engage with parents may be a good strategy to combine with a mass media campaign. Programs could reinforce knowledge about the harms of alcohol to young people, while also fostering communication between parents. Creating a parental culture that recognises the harms of adolescent drinking can help to create a community-level culture, which disapproves of youth drinking. The message that adolescent drinking is unacceptable can be more effective when it is clearly and consistently repeated to young people both inside and outside of their home.
When adolescents are developing problematic drinking behaviours, parents can play a key role in supporting them to seek help, talking to their local doctor or other specialist services. | <urn:uuid:c0ca63e4-3ef7-4864-bd97-e3145830317f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://adf.org.au/alcohol-drug-use/teenagers/alcohol-young-people/parents-role-models/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247513661.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222054002-20190222080002-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.951262 | 568 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Neurodevelopmental disorders are caused by unusual brain development, brain damage, or any other abnormality in the brain. The most commonly addressed neurodevelopmental disorders on the exam are Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disabilities.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
ASD is characterized by atypical behaviors, speech, interests, thought patterns, and interpersonal interactions. People with ASD have a difficult time interpreting social cues and may prefer routine over spontaneity.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD is marked by the appearance of one or more symptoms:
ADHD is inheritable and can be treated with medications that calm the above symptoms 🧬 It often exists with another disorder, specifically a learning disorder or emotional disorder.
Those that are skeptic of ADHD simply blame the impulsiveness on the presence of the Y chromosome. They believe that in a boring environment, the child will be energized and improperly diagnosed with ADHD.
There is generally a lot of disagreement about ADHD and if it really is a neurodevelopmental disorder 🤷
Image Courtesy of Verywell Mind.
Having an IQ below 70 often means that there is some sort of intellectual disability
that causes a person to:
have limitations in learning
have a hard time solving problems
have a hard time communicating
lack in many skills needed for everyday life
People with an intellectual disability have a really hard time adapting to the demands of life that require conceptual, social, and practical skills. An example of an intellectual disability is down syndrome.
Neurocognitive disorder is a decrease in mental functioning caused by a somatogenic cause. Examples include breathing conditions, brain trauma, and cardiovascular disorders.
The most common neurocognitive disorder is Alzheimer's disease, which is basically memory loss as you age. Common symptoms include:
Psychotic and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that impacts an individual’s perception of reality. During a psychotic episode, people may experience improbable or possible delusions and auditory and/or visual hallucinations.
Schizophrenia is an example of psychosis, in which a person loses complete contact with reality and experiences false sensations.
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
There are many types of schizophrenia and their symptoms greatly vary.
Acute Schizophrenia is developed rapidly after a period of stress. They have more positive symptoms and are responsive to therapy, so recovery is possible.
Positive symptoms are added symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations. They add to a person's personality.
- Delusions, or false beliefs, can be erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, or mixed.
- Hallucinations, or false sensory experiences, are often auditory👂
Chronic Schizophrenia is slow and develops over time. Those with chronic schizophrenia exhibit negative symptoms. Recovery is doubtful.
Negative symptoms remove from a person's personality. Some examples include:
- Inability to feel emotion
- Difficulty understanding emotion
- Difficulty reading others' emotions
- Flat speech
- Impaired attention
- Lack of pleasure
Image Courtesy of Verywell Mind.
Schizophrenia is purely a disease of the brain.
If dopamine levels are high, there are too many receptors and schizophrenia is intensified.
Some display low brain activity in the frontal lobes and a shrinkage of tissue.
There is increased activity in the amygdala and thalamus.
Spaces in the brain are enlarged:
Image Courtesy of ResearchGate.
Since it is very genetic, risk could be increased during fetal development.
For example, if there is a pandemic, the mother is sick with the flu, or the mother lives in dense areas, there is an increased risk of schizophrenia.
To explain acute schizophrenia, stress could turn on specific genes that eventually lead to the disorder. Remember, your environment influences gene expression and behavior!
These are mainly biological factors and there aren't any psychological factors unless there is an underlying biological factor involved too. | <urn:uuid:143b498b-a4f5-49a3-b4df-bdd3b9d7cacb> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://fiveable.me/ap-psych/unit-8/neurodevelopmental-schizophrenic-spectrum-disorders/study-guide/UeIxH8UvART97L3IQnGx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.912267 | 830 | 3.625 | 4 |
When Science voted stem cell research its 1999 Breakthrough of the Year, the congratulatory article traced the field's origin to the 1981 successful culture of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells.1,2 But the roots of exploring these multipotential cells go back considerably farther, to a little-mentioned researcher who worked with mice at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine.
|Photo: Jackson Laboratory|
One day, he noticed a mouse with a huge scrotum. "We killed it, and looked at the testes, and they had strange things inside," recalls Don Varnum, a long-time technician in the lab. The growth included a mishmash of tissue, including hair and teeth. It was a teratoma, and other mice of strain 129 had them too. Intrigued, Stevens pursued federal funding to explore teratomas, and the support lasted a professional lifetime. "This stuff was extremely interesting, and it sure beat studying cigarette papers!" he recalls from his home in rural Vermont, where he has lived near family since suffering a stroke 10 years ago.
Stevens bred strain 129 to select for the teratoma tendency. Then he developed a serial transfer technique to be able to continuously study the rare cells in some of the growths that rendered them cancerous. When and if a teratoma ran out of these embryonal cells, it would just sit there, sporting its peculiar mix of hair and teeth, cartilage, and tiny tubules. "We just wanted to keep the tumor alive longer so we could study it. But it took a long time to succeed," says Stevens.
By passaging teratomas through many hosts and removing them from time to time and cataloging the tissues, the researchers witnessed all that these cells could become. And the odd tissue struggling for identity wasn't as haphazard as it seemed. When Stevens and Varnum transplanted teratoma bits into the peritoneal cavities, curious growths resembling inside-out embryos formed, called embryoid bodies. The tissues from the teratomas, given signals from the ascites fluid of the peritoneal cavity, seemed to be trying to organize.
The researchers continued to describe the tissues of teratomas and embryoid bodies, supplementing their publications with spectacular atlases of photographs that captured the temporal unfolding of this deranged development.3,4 Although the anatomy was clearly off, both out of place and out of time, Stevens and Varnum noted that the events followed a sequence of sorts. "Roy looked at thousands and thousands of mice. He noticed that for tissues to develop, several tissues must be in contact, so that the cells know whether to become liver or kidney," Varnum recalls.
Although Stevens' and Varnum's work was purely basic research, the events that they so carefully chronicled, and the biochemicals from without and within that fueled the choreography of early development, are what stem cell researchers and tissue engineers are deciphering today. Tracing Teratoma Origins Leads to ES Cells
With a steady supply of teratomas and their tissues identified, Stevens moved on to other questions--where, and when, did development take a wrong turn? And so he began looking backward, seeking the earliest stage when cells in the testes looked different, and then going back a few more days to account for changes not obvious to a human observer. This approach took him to the genital ridge in a 12-day prenatal mouse, which houses primordial germ cells, sperm precursors.
Then in 1970, Stevens made a leap that would profoundly affect stem cell technology a decade later--he noticed that the primordial germ cells that gave rise to teratomas looked a lot like the cells of considerably earlier embryos.5 So he transplanted cells from various stages of early strain 129 embryos, including inner cell mass cells, into testes of adult mice. Some of the early embryo cells gave rise to teratomas! These induced growths looked and acted like spontaneous teratomas, yielding embryoid bodies when transplanted into mouse bellies and displaying an impressive range of tissue types. Stevens called these cells from early strain 129 embryos that could support differentiation "pluripotent embryonic stem cells"--the origin of the term "ES cell." But because these cells could give rise to cancerous as well as normal cells, they became known as embryonal carcinoma, or EC cells.
The rest, as they say, was history. But quite a lot transpired between Stevens' identification of the developmental potentials of primordial germ cells and inner cell mass cells, and the unveiling of the role of the human versions of these cells as ES cells.
First, Beatrice Mintz and Karl Illmensee, from the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia, visited Stevens to learn his techniques and borrow mice; then they demonstrated that ES cells could give rise to organisms, not just teratomas.6 (Their surprise announcement of this feat at a meeting floored Stevens, a story unto itself.) Then Martin Evans at Cambridge University and Gail Martin at the University of California, San Francisco, and their coworkers showed that inner cell masses from normal mice could support development too.1,2 The field detoured into genetically altering mouse ES cells, which evolved into knockout technology with the harnessing of homologous recombination to target the genetic changes.7,8 Then in the late 1980s, Brigid Hogan, a professor of cell biology at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, with Peter Donovan's group at the National Cancer Institute, reignited interest in primordial germ cells by devising culture methods. These cells became known as embryonic germ (EG) or embryonic stem-like cells.9 A 1997 article in The Scientist interviewed several of these major players in the stem cell story.10
It wasn't until November 1998, with publication of the two human ES cell papers, that the media and public were finally diverted from Dolly sufficiently to notice this much more powerful technology.11,12 Attention centered on the two cell sources, and still does. James Thomson's group at the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center used inner cell masses from in vitro fertilization clinic "leftovers," while John Gearhart's group at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine used primordial germ cells from aborted fetuses. And the work that led to their success began in a mouse lab nearly half a century ago, with a man with gifted hands and alert eyes who personifies Louis Pasteur's oft-quoted observation that "chance favors only the prepared mind."
Leroy Stevens is truly the unsung hero of stem cell research.
Ricki Lewis is a contributing editor to The Scientist. A longer version of this article will appear in an essay book she is writing for Blackwell Science, scheduled for publication this fall.
1. G.R. Martin, "Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78:7634-8, 1981.
2. M. Evans and M.H. Kaufman, "Establishment in culture of pluripotential stem cells from mouse embryos," Nature, 292:154-6, 1981.
3. L.C. Stevens, "Studies on transplantable testicular teratomas of strain 129 mice," Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 20:1257-70, June 1958.
4. L.C. Stevens, "Embryology of testicular teratomas in strain 129 mice," Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 23:1249-94, December 1959.
5. L.C. Stevens, "The development of transplantable teratocarcinomas from intratesticular grafts of pre- and postimplantation mouse embryos," Developmental Biology, 21:364-82, February 1970.
6. B. Mintz and K. Illmensee, "Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 72:3585-89, 1975.
7. T. Doetschman et al., "Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells," Nature, 330:576-7, Dec. 10, 1987.
8. K.R. Thomas and M.R. Capecchi, "Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells," Cell, 51:503-12, Nov. 6, 1987.
9. Y. Matsui et al., "Effect of steel factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor on murine primordial germ cells in culture," Nature, 359:550-1, Oct. 8, 1992.
10. R. Lewis, "Embryonic stem cells debut amid little media attention," The Scientist, 11: 1, Sept. 29, 1997.
11. J. Thomson et al., "Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts," Science, 282:1145-7, Nov. 6, 1998.
12. M.J. Shamblott et al., "Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95:13726-31, November 1998. | <urn:uuid:9c4bffe9-f3e8-44f1-8f3e-c7ca7bb58fdd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.the-scientist.com/news/a-stem-cell-legacy-leroy-stevens-56114 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.941047 | 1,929 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Given a binary tree, print the bottom view from left to right.
A node is included in bottom view if it can be seen when we look at the tree from bottom.
/ \ \
5 3 25
For the above tree, the bottom view is 5 10 3 14 25.
If there are multiple bottom-most nodes for a horizontal distance from root, then print the later one in level traversal. For example, in the below diagram, 3 and 4 are both the bottommost nodes at horizontal distance 0, we need to print 4.
/ \ / \
5 3 4 25
For the above tree the output should be 5 10 4 14 25.
Input: 1 / \ 3 2 Output: 3 1 2 Explanation: First case represents a tree with 3 nodes and 2 edges where root is 1, left child of 1 is 3 and right child of 1 is 2. Thus nodes of the binary tree will be printed as such 3 1 2.
Input: 10 / \ 20 30 / \ 40 60 Output: 40 20 60 30
This is a functional problem, you don't need to care about input, just complete the function bottomView() which takes the root node of the tree as input and returns an array containing the bottom view of the given tree.
Expected Time Complexity: O(N).
Expected Auxiliary Space: O(N).
1 <= Number of nodes <= 105
1 <= Data of a node <= 105
Note: The Input/Output format and Example given are used for the system's internal purpose, and should be used by a user for Expected Output only. As it is a function problem, hence a user should not read any input from the stdin/console. The task is to complete the function specified, and not to write the full code.
We strongly recommend solving this problem on your own before viewing its editorial. Do you still want to view the editorial?Yes | <urn:uuid:c17cecf5-0d03-47cd-b0ca-3147e1a132ee> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://practice.geeksforgeeks.org/problems/bottom-view-of-binary-tree/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621273.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615114909-20210615144909-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.740105 | 400 | 3.671875 | 4 |
'Race' and 'ethnicity' and the science of human genetic variation 1945-2012. Research project funded by the Norwegian Research Council’s SAMKUL-program.
Over the last decades genome research has undergone a technological revolution and is now producing large amounts of data on human populations. This has opened up new avenues for scientific research and societal development, but has also raised a host of ethical and political questions about the role of genetic information in society. Among these debates are controversies on ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ and human genetic variation. How do social and cultural notions of 'ethnicity', 'race' and ancestry interact with the production of scientific knowledge about human genetic variations? These are important questions in ongoing international academic debates and research.
The overall aim of the project is to investigate the interactions between societal and scientific processes in the establishment of concepts of 'ethnicity' in physical anthropology and human population genetics from 1945 to 2012. In this project genetic data are neither understood as a simple representation of nature nor a product of social and political interests. Instead, we will elucidate how society shapes the production of scientific knowledge in human genetics, and how the scientific knowledge influences the social sphere. Our goal is to identify cultural and societal implications of human population genetics, and provide a knowledge base for normative discussions about these implications.
The project runs for four years and will conclude with an exhibition. It is funded by the Norwegian Research Council’s SAMKUL-program (Cultural conditions underlying social change). It is conducted in cooperation with the Department of Biosciences at the University of Oslo, the Institute of Health and Society at the University of Oslo and The Department of Philosophy, University of Bergen.
Project leader is Jon Røyne Kyllingstad
For more information, see project website.
The project currently consists of three parts.
This is a historical study of how biological differences between Sami and non-Sami Scandinavians have been construed within physical-anthropological and genomic research from the interwar years and until today. It explores how shifting scientific conceptualizations of ethnic groups have been influenced by – and have influenced – cultural and political discourses on ethnicity. It also explores the degree of continuity or discontinuity between the racial typologies of “old” physical anthropology and the conceptualizations of human biological difference in present day human genetic variation research. The study is undertaken by Jon Røyne Kyllingstad. He is a historian, senior curator at the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, and member of The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains. Kyllingstad has recently published the book Measuring the Master Race.
This study explores how physical anthropology and human genetic variation research have influenced the construction of racial and national identity in Greece from the 1950s and on. From its establishment in the late-19th century, Greek physical anthropology strove to answer the question of the origins of Greek populations in line with the dominant view of a lineal continuity between ancient and modern Greeks. During the following decades, and as the overarching questions and aims remained relatively unchanged, new research settings emerged. By discussing shifts in scientific narratives and methods, along with changing institutional settings, political ideologies and cultural understandings, the research emphasizes the close entanglement between science, the public and the state in the conceptualization of race and ethnicity in Greece. Ageliki Lefkaditou (Ph.D) is responsible for the study. She is a historian of science with a background in biological sciences and holds a postdoc-position at the Institute of Health and Society at the University of Oslo, while her office is at the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology.
This study explores the implications of the transition from the so-called classical genetic markers (based on blood group and protein polymorphisms) to DNA-based markers, and how definitions of biological race or population are used by molecular biologists, medical researchers, evolutionary biologists, and forensic scientists. Of particular interest is the investigation of how scientists define human population groups for studies in population genetics and DNA forensics, and how the results of these studies are conveyed to the public and ultimately exploited commercially. The study is conducted by Erika Hagelberg. She is professor of evolutionary biology at the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, and is trained as a biochemist and historian of science. She pioneered the analysis of DNA from bone and has been active in DNA typing, human molecular genetics and molecular evolution for 25 years.
This part of the project draws on the other studies and discusses ethical implications of applying various concepts of race or ethnicity to groups of people and to what degree researchers should be held responsible for the political, cultural and societal implications and consequences of the choices they make. Responsible for this study is Hallvard Fossheim. who is Dr.art in philosophy, and associate professor of ancient philosophy at the Department of Philosophy, University of Bergen. He was until recently Director of The National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and The National Committee for Research Ethics on Human Remains, which performs ethical evaluations of research on human remains.
In order to develop comparative perspectives and explore the international and transnational aspects of our project, we will arrange three international meetings.
In 2014 and 2015, we will hold two international workshops for small, invited groups of researchers working on questions related to our projects.
In 2017 we will organize a larger conference with a call for papers on a broader scope of topics related to ethnicity and DNA.
These initiatives will be undertaken in cooperation with an international group of experts, who are engaged in public and academic debates and research on questions of race, ethnicity and genetic variation:
Professor at the Free University (Berlin) and research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Leader of the research group "20th century histories of knowledge about human variation"
Ricardo Ventura Santos
Professor at the Department of Anthropology, National Museum and Senior Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Involved in the project ”Race, genomics and mestizaje (mixture) in Latin America”.
Professor of social anthropology at the University of Reykjavik. Has published extensively on Human Genomics and its interaction with the identities of individuals and groups.
Associate Professor of Sociology and Faculty Affiliate in the Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering at UC Santa Cruz. She founded and directs the Science and Justice Research Center at UCSC. She is the author of "Race to the Finish: Identity and Governance in an Age of Genomics" (Princeton University Press, 2005) and is currently working on a book manuscript entitled "The Postgenomic Condition: Ethics, Justice, Knowledge After the Genome".
Norsk Teknisk Museum
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Ankle Instability Surgery
Ankle instability surgery is performed to treat an unstable ankle and involves the repair, or replacement of a torn or stretched ligament.
There are two types of ankle instability surgeries:
- Anatomic repair: This surgery involves shortening and tightening of the stretched ligament
- Non-anatomic repair: This surgery uses a tendon as a graft to replace the damaged ligament.
Ankle instability is a chronic condition characterised by the recurrent slipping of the outer side of the ankle. Instability is generally noticed during movement of the ankle joint but can also occur while standing.
The symptoms of ankle instability include:
- The ankle feels unstable.
- The ankle turns repeatedly while walking on uneven surfaces or during a sporting activity.
- Pain, tenderness and swelling is present in the ankle joint.
Ankle instability usually results from repeated ankle sprains. Inadequate healing of a sprained ligament or incomplete rehabilitation of the affected ligament can result in instability. Recurrent injury to the ligaments further weakens them and aggravates the instability, which predisposes to the development of additional ankle problems.
Surgery is recommended in patients with a high degree of ankle instability and in those who have failed to respond to nonsurgical treatments.
- Anatomic repair is preferred in most cases of ankle instability.
- Non-anatomic repair is performed in obese patients requiring increased stability or when tightening of the stretched and scarred ligaments is not strong enough, and needs to be reinforced with a tendon graft.
Ankle instability surgery involves the repair or reconstruction of the injured ankle ligaments. Ankle instability surgeries can be categorised into either anatomic repair or non-anatomic repair, also called reconstructive tenodesis.
This involves the reconstruction of the stretched or torn ligaments. The surgery is performed under epidural anaesthesia. Your surgeon makes an incision on the ankle to expose the damaged joint and ligaments. The joint capsule and ligaments are examined, and the edges of the torn ligament are shortened and repaired with sutures. The ends may be overlapped and then sutured to strengthen the ligament. Your surgeon then covers the repaired ligament with the extensor retinaculum, a dense band of connective tissue, to reinforce the ligament further. The range-of-motion is evaluated; the incision is closed and a sterile bandage is applied.
This is a tendon transfer procedure that uses your own tendon or a cadaver tendon as a graft to replace the damaged tendon. The surgery is performed under epidural anaesthesia. Your surgeon makes an incision on your ankle. Drill holes are created where the damaged ligament normally attaches to the lower end of the fibula (calf bone) on one side and the talus (ankle bone) on the other end. Your surgeon then harvests the peroneus brevis muscle tendon, found on the outer edge of the small toe, and weaves it through the drill holes, to form a ligament complex. Range-of-motion is evaluated. The incision is closed and a sterile bandage is applied.
After surgery, your foot will be immobilised with a cast or splint. You will be provided crutches to avoid bearing weight on the operated ankle. Your doctor will remove the splint and provide a removable boot to be worn for 2 to 4 weeks. Physiotherapy will be initiated to strengthen your joint and improve range-of-motion. Complete recovery may take 10 to 12 weeks.
Advantages and disadvantages
The advantages of the anatomic repair include:
- Simple surgical procedure that makes use of your own anatomy to repair the damage
- Preserves complete joint mobility
- Rapid recovery
- Smaller incision
- Fewer complications
The disadvantage of the anatomic repair include:
- Loosening of the ligaments, requiring additional repairs
The advantages of the nonanatomic repair include:
- Provides increased strength
- Can be used when host tissues are severely damaged
- Provides additional stability in obese patients
The disadvantages of the nonanatomic repair procedures include:
- Decreased rear foot motion
- Does not preserve the peroneus brevis, an important structure for the ankle’s dynamic stability
Risks and complications
As with all surgical procedures, ankle instability surgery may be associated with certain complications including:
- Injury to the superficial nerves
- Chronic pain
- Need for second surgery (rare) | <urn:uuid:be782ad0-6b3b-4aa5-85c7-21d914a859a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.orthospecialist.co.uk/ankle-instability-surgery-mr-yegappan-kalairajah.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867217.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525200131-20180525220131-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.919422 | 932 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Penny Wise and Effect Size Foolish, Greg Duncan, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
- The Application of Effect Sizes in Research on Children and Families: Understanding Impacts on Academic, Emotional Behavioral and Economic Outcomes | Learn more about this project
This session focused on the merits of incorporating cost and benefit analysis into effect size calculations for intervention studies. In the Tennessee Star class size experiment students were randomly assigned to classrooms that averaged 15 students or 22 students for an average of 2.3 years. Schanzenbach completed an analysis of the ACT test scores for many of the students in the Tennessee Star experiment. The estimate of a .15 standard deviation achievement impact on ACT tests scores, near the end of high school, is a decidedly small effect size according to Cohen’s standards. A cost benefit perspective would examine what the .15 effect size is worth and what does it cost.
It is easy to translate the 22 versus 15 student class size into an approximate cost. The smaller class size cost an additional $11,500 per pupil. The cost-benefit question determines whether the dollar benefits exceed the $11,500 cost. One approach it is to try to translate test scores into productivity effects. The economics literature suggests that a one standard deviation increase in test scores produces an approximately 20 percent increase in lifetime earnings. Thus, a .15 standard deviation achievement impact translates into lifetime earnings gains of $17,000, some 1.5 times the cost of the intervention. Other possible benefits, such as crime reduction might also add to the benefit total. As a result, this benefit may well be a conservative estimate. The point to emphasize is that inexpensive programs with small effects may generate more benefits than costs and thus be worthwhile public investments. Conversely, expensive programs with big effects may cost more than they are “worth.” | <urn:uuid:c73d7b1b-138b-4dd9-96e1-bdaecae7cfb8> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/resource/penny-wise-and-effect-size-foolish-greg-duncan-institute-for-policy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300578.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00163-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922729 | 372 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Treating Mental Health Disorders
Mental health is a combination of our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health treatment is important because it helps us realize our potential, living a life with purpose and meaning, forming positive relationships with others, and experiencing peace of mind, contentment, happiness and joy.
What is an Anxiety Disorder?
Anxiety disorders are serious problems that cause significant worry or fear that doesn't go away and may even get worse over time. Most anxiety disorders lead to people being needlessly restricted in life. We all feel anxious at times, after all, anxiety is a normal human emotion designed to help us be careful and keep us safe. It becomes a disorder when the anxiety is fairly constant and has a negative and intrusive impact on the quality of a person's life.
Types of Anxiety Disorders
There are several types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobias, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder.
Although each anxiety disorder has unique characteristics, treatment usually involves a combination of psychotherapy, or “talk therapy,” and medications.
What is depression?
Depression is mental health disorder characterized by persistent low mood or loss of interest in activities, with significant impairment in daily life. Possible causes include a combination of biological, psychological, and social stressors. For a given individual the respective weight of these dimensions may vary.
Types of Depression
There are many different types of depression. A common confounding type of depression is bipolar depression. While not inherently more severe or difficult to treat than other types of depression, the treatment is different, standard antidepressants often fail to help a patient achieve stability. Confounding issues regarding possible depression are sadness and grief which, though very painful, are not pathological. It is often helpful to consult a doctor or therapist who can help you understand and address your unique issues.
The mainstay of treatment is usually medication, talk therapy, or a combination of the two. Medications to treat depression have been around for decades, however, exciting new medications options are emerging. Ketamine, for example, has recently been given FDA approval to treat severe depression. It is among a class of newer medicines that offer the promise of not only having a strong and positive biological effect, but also appearing to enhance ones counseling.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar Disorder is a diagnosis that relates to individuals who have stormy moods. The condition is characterized by a spectrum of severity, from individuals with mood swings on one end, to classic manic depression on the other. Patients on the less severe end of the spectrum are quite common. Many people with bipolar disorder often initially come to their doctors complaining of feeling depressed and hence are often repeatedly treated with antidepressants which often do not work very well.
The exact cause of bipolar disorder isn’t known but a combination of genetics, environment, and altered brain structure and chemistry may play a role. Manic episodes may include symptoms such as high energy, reduced need for sleep, and loss of touch with reality. Depressive episodes include symptoms such as low energy, low motivation, and loss of interest in daily activities. Mood episodes can last days to months at a time and may also be associated with suicidal thoughts.
Patient's on the less severe end of the spectrum often experience moodiness and emotional volatility.
Bipolar disorder is quite treatable but there are a lot of subtleties to its pharmacologic treatment so that referral to a specialist is often a good option if the condition is suspected.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
What is PTSD?
Post Traumatic Stress is condition in which a person has difficulty recovering after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event or overwhelming event.
The condition may last months or years. Triggers can unexpectedly bring back memories of the trauma accompanied by intense emotional and physical reactions.
Symptoms may include nightmares or unwanted memories of the trauma, avoidance of situations that bring back memories of the trauma, heightened reactions to stress, anxiety, or depressed mood.
Treatment includes counseling with an experienced therapist as well as the possible use of medications to manage symptoms.
Treatment typically includes working with an experienced therapist as well as the possibility of medications to manage symptoms.
What is ADHD?
ADHD is lifelong condition characterized by attentional problems, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
ADHD often begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. It may contribute to low self-esteem, troubled relationships, and difficulty at school or work.
Symptoms include limited attention and hyperactivity.
Types of ADHD
ADHD, combined type is the most common type of ADHD. It is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors as well as inattention and distractibility.
ADHD, impulsive/hyperactive type. This, the least common type of ADHD and is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors without inattention and distractibility.
ADHD, inattentive and distractible type. This type of ADHD is characterized predominately by inattention and distractibility without hyperactivity.
Treatments include medication and talk therapy. Stimulants are the best-known and most widely used ADHD medications. | <urn:uuid:7284842f-58db-4c88-8849-c8393843b031> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.wfpanc.com/mental-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335276.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928180732-20220928210732-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.949723 | 1,130 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Water Pollution is on a tremendous rise in today’s world. It involves contaminating the water with dirt and pollutants. Due to rise in industries, the amount of pollutants is increasing day by day. If the following trend continues, such a time will come that all the water sources will be heavily polluted.
There are various sources because of which water pollution is caused. Only the Industries cannot be blamed for this.
List of Sources Which Contributes to Water Pollution
1. Sewage and wastewater : It is said that charity begins at home. We should always have a proper sewage system at home. The wastewater from household activities such as cooking, washing clothes, bathroom etc should not be directed towards the water bodies without treatment. It heavily affects the rivers, seas etc and makes them polluted.
In many places, the drains are straight away directed towards the rivers without any treatment. This increases the amount of raw garbage in the rivers. It pollutes the water to a large extent.
2. Industrial waste : Rivers located near Industries suffer a lot from pollution. All the waste materials are dumped into these water bodies. Such wastes include petrochemicals, mercury, lead etc. They are very harmful for the marine animals. It makes the water poisonous and unfit for consumption.
Industrial waste are one of the highest contributors of water pollution. These wastes should be treated properly before disposal.
3. Oil spills : The various vehicles operating in water bodies spill oil from its engines. Moreover oil factories spill a lot of oil and dump it into the nearby rivers or seas. Such practices pollutes the water to a great extent. Oil does not get mixed with water and stays at the surface.
Such water can neither be used for drinking nor is it fit for the marine animals. It also causes loss in marine life.
4. Nuclear wastes : They are generated from nuclear stations. When these wastes come in contact with the water bodies, the water becomes hazardous to life. Certain nuclear wastes such as radioactive substances can even take away life.
5. Air pollution : The unwanted pollutants in the air causes air pollution. It is caused by the aggregation of various harmful gases which are disposed to the environment. It also results in ozone layer depletion as well as global warming.
This pollution from air, in-turn, returns to ground through rains and contaminate ground water . Hence, air pollution also leads to water pollution. Delhi has seen a massive increase in air pollution. Air filters have been installed in many offices and homes.
6. Plastic : Another harmful source of water pollution is dumping of plastic materials into rivers, seas etc. Plastic do not get decomposed easily. They will remain in their original state for a very long time. This pose a threat for the aquatic life.
Plastics are already banned in many places. They are very harmful substances which contributes a lot towards environment pollution.
7. Farm wastes : Nowadays, a large number of chemicals are used in farming. A variety of insecticides, pesticides etc are used in farms for the better growth of crops. All these are finally dumped in the nearby water bodies thereby polluting them. The rain water also washes away these chemicals and dispose them into the waterbodies.
Hence, organic farming should be adopted by people. It is not only good for our health but also saves the environment from getting polluted.
Thus, it can be concluded that there is not just a single source of water pollution. Everything is related to each other. One should be considerate enough not to add on to the existing water pollution. Water is life, it is very precious. Every possible measure should be taken to keep it clean and healthy. There are many harmful effects of water pollution. | <urn:uuid:78126d7e-b275-4166-8bd5-c021f50d8c2d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://savetherivers.in/how-is-water-pollution-caused/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890582.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121120038-20180121140038-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.962994 | 760 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Gonorrhoea and Chlamydia, could become harder to treat
Most people would agree that sexual health awareness is important for people of all ages. However, awareness of the key facts about the conditions, their mode of transmission and treatment is one thing - awareness of the how people are responding to this information is another.
The Health Protection Agency’s own figures confirm that in spite of increased sexual health awareness, there is a generally rising trend in Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) diagnoses in recent years. Whilst some of this may be due to increased community screening and improved sensitivity of testing - it is also appears to reflect increased prevalence. Young people 15-24 yrs continue to be the group most affected by STI’s.
In a recent study by Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, 47% of the 65 participants admitted to having had unprotected sex within the last month and a further two thirds had never had a sexual health check. Many people are continuing to have unprotected sex and are not having sexual health checks - thereby risking their own health and exposing future sexual partners to the risk of a sexually transmitted infection.
Although it may not be a statistically representative study, it illustrates the importance of condoms as a method for protecting against sexually transmitted infections and it also perhaps provides an insight into why we continue to see an increase in sexually transmitted infection rates in the UK despite increased awareness.
In addition a piece on ITV’s ‘This Morning’ on wednesday 19th February, drew attention to the fact that bacteria and viruses have the ability to build a resistance to the drugs used to tackle them. It would seem this is starting to occur with the treatment of STI’s.
In the future Gonorrhoea and Chlamydia, could become harder to treat due to this increased resistance. Without the availability of effective treatment, STIs could spread more rapidly and cause longer lasting damage to those suffering.
There is still scope for much improved rates of diagnoses through testing. Unless people get themselves tested quickly then they cannot be certain of precisely what problem they may have and what their treatment options are.
We offer the full range of GP supported, sexual health testing - with total privacy and confidentiality. | <urn:uuid:307ac54f-86a9-488c-8d26-82f427d8bd7d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.sti-test-sussex.co.uk/section-blog/item/gonorrhoea-and-chlamydia-could-become-harder-to-treat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886706.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704201650-20200704231650-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.969251 | 459 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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Sources for Evolution and Creation
James R. Hofmann
of Liberal Studies
State University Fullerton
firstname.lastname@example.org H223-E 657-278-7049
[Additional PHIL/LBST 333 course materials are available to currently enrolled students via CSUF TITANiam.]
Table of Contents
2. General References on the Relationship of Religion and Theology to Science
3. General References for Philosophy of Science
5. General References for Evolutionary Theory
6. Evolution as Fact and Theory
7. Introduction to Evolutionary Theory
8. Natural Selection
8.1 Natural Selection and Speciation
8.2 Darwin's Finches
8.3 Peppered Moths
8.4 Colin Patterson
9. Genetics and Mutation
9.5 HOX Genes
10. The Fossil Record
10.1 General References on Fossils
10.2 The Vertebrate Sequence
10.3 Reptiles to Birds: Archaeopteryx and Longisquama
10.4 Fish to Amphibian
10.5 Dinosaur Fossils
10.6 Polystrate Fossils
10.7 Whale Fossils
11. Punctuated Equilibrium
11.11 The Cambrian Explosion
12. Anatomy and Physiology
12.1 The Giant Panda
12.2. The human eye
12.3 Vestigial Organs
13. Molecular Evidence
14. Evolutionary Developmental Biology
14.2. Ernst Haeckel
15. Biochemical Complexity
15.5 Michael Behe
17. Origin of Life, Information and Complexity
18. Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins
19. Legal and Educational Issues
20. Intelligent Design
20.6 Jonathan Wells
20.7 William Dembski
21. General References for Geology and Radiometric Dating
22. General References for Young Earth Creationism
23. Young Earth Creationist Arguments for a Young Earth
24. Young Earth Creationist Arguments for the Coexistence of Humans and Dinosaurs
25. The Noachian Flood
26. Progressive (Old Earth) Creationism
27. Theistic Evolution
27.2 Other Theistic Evolutionists
30. Human Evolution
31. Evolution and Creation in the Popular Press
1a. Some useful blogs and news groups for discussion of evolution and creation
Click Here for Talk.origins,
Click Here for the talk.origins discussion forum.
Click Here for TrueOrigin, a creationist response to Talk.origins.
Click Here for The Panda's Thumb
Click Here for Pharyngula by P.Z. Myers.
Click Here for The Loom by Carl Zimmer.
Click Here for The Austringer, The Weblog of Wesley R. Elsberry.
Click Here for The Sandwalk by Larry Moran.
Click Here for The Questionable Authority by Mike Dunford.
Click Here for Science, AntiScience, and Geology, by Joe Meert.
Click Here for Uncommon Descent, Serving the The Intelligent Design Community.
Click Here for Index to Creationist Claims edited by Mark Isaak.
Click Here for Alec's Evolution Pages by Alec MacAndrew.
Click Here for The Lancelet by Martin Brazeau.
Click Here for Playing Chess with Pigeons by Troy Britain.
Click Here for Genomicron by T Ryan Gregory.
Click Here for Quintessence of Dust by Stephen Matheson.
Click Here for Rationally Speaking by Massimo Pigliucci.
Click Here for Talk Rational, an evolution and origins blog.
Click Here for Ediacaran by Chris Nedin.
Click Here for the blog of Todd Wood.
Click Here for the blog of John Hawks: paleoanthropology, genetics, and evolution.
Click Here for Telic Thoughts, an independent blog about intelligent design.
Click Here for the RNA Underworld by Arthur Hunt.
Click Here for the Design Matrix by Mike Gene.
Click Here for Answers in Genesis Busted.
Click Here for ASA Voices.
Click Here for Recursivity by Jeffrey Shallit.
Click Here for Evolution for Everyone: David Sloan Wilson.
Click Here for The Dispersal of Darwin.
Click Here for The Biologos Forum: Science and Faith in Dialogue
Click Here for Questioning Answers In Genesis, by The Colossian Forum
Some texts and authors that have sometimes been used for PHIL/LBST 333:
1.1 Darwin on Trial, by Phillip Johnson
1.1a Click Here for Johnson's home page.
1.1b Click here for links to most of Johnson's publications compiled by Stephen Jones.
1.1c Click Here for a 1999 intervew hosted by Communique.
1.1d Click Here for a video study guide to a debate between Johnson and William Provine provided by the Access Research Network.
1.1e Click Here for Johnson's 1989 "Position Paper on Darwinism".
1.2 Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution, by
1.2a Click Here for Miller's home page.
1.2b Click Here for "The Evolution of Ken Miller".
1.2c Click Here for Miller's article, "Life's Grand Design".
1.2d Click Here for Miller's 2000 keynote address in Kansas, "Finding Darwin's God: The New Battle over Evolution".
1.2e Click Here for "Finding Darwin's God", adapted from Miller's book.
1.2f Click Here for a December 2004 interview.
1.2g Click Here for information about Miller's 2008 book, Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul.
1.3 Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, by Douglas Futuyma
Click Here for Futuyma's "Hypotheses, Facts, and the Nature of Science".
1.4 Refuting Evolution & Refuting Evolution2 by Jonathan Sarfati Click Here for the PBS series on Evolution and
Click Here for a 2002 Scientific American article by John Rennie. Sarfati's book is a response to this production and article.
1.4a Click Here for Sarfati's homepage and links to many of his publications.
1.4b Click Here for Chapter 4 of Refuting Evolution: "Bird Evolution?".
1.4c Click Here for discussion of Sarfati's concept of "kinds" by David Thomas.
1.4d Click Here for "Rejoinder to Sarfati and Humphreys's Responses" by Perry G. Phillips of the Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute.
1.5 Click Here for information on Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction by Eugenie C. Scott. She is the director of the National Center for Science Education.
1.5a Click Here for a review by John Burgeson.
Here for an overview developed by the Ontario Consultants on
Religious Tolerance: "The Theory of Evolution and Creation Science".
1.7 Click Here for the American Scientific Affiliation Commission on Creation.
1.8 Click Here for "Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism", by Marcus R. Ross.
Here for The American Scientific Affiliation. The Affiliation
is described as "a fellowship of men and women of science and
that relate to science who share a common fidelity to the Word of God and a commitment to integrity in the practice of science."
Click Here for the ASA Creation/Evolution Page.
2.2 Click here for "Truth and Religion Reconsidered: An Analytic Approach", by Andrzej Bronk.
2.3 Click Here for "The Relation of Science, Factual Statements and the Doctrine of Biblical Inerrancy", by Bernard Ramm, former Professor of Christian
Theology at the American Baptist Seminary of the West.
2.4 Click Here for "Can Science Prove that God Does Not Exist?" by Theodore Schick, Jr.
2.5 Click Here for "Has Science Found God?" by Victor J. Stenger.
2.6 Click Here for "Rational Methodology for Identifying Supernatural Power and Purpose" by Steve Hinrichs .
Here for a course developed by Deborah and Loren Haarsma: "Science
and Spirituality: Is Harmony Possible?"
2.7a Click Here for "Are Science and Religion at War?".
2.7b Click Here for "Is the Creator Infinitely Lazy?".
2.7c Click Here for "If Science is Right, is Genesis Wrong?".
2.7d Click Here for "Can Creation and Evolution Both be Right?".
2.7e Click Here for "If Evolution is Messy, can Creation be Good?".
2.7f Click Here for additional resources related to the Haarsmas' book, Origins: A Reformed Look at Creation, Design, & Evolution.
Here for "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter
between Christianity and Science", David Lindberg and Ronald Numbers.
2.9 Click Here for "Bishop Barnes, Science and Religion" by Steve Bishop.
2.10 Click Here for "Important Primary Texts on Religion and Science in America" by Edward B. Davis .
2.11 Click Here for Myths, Models and Paradigms: A Comparative Study in Science and Religion by Ian Barbour (1976).
2.12 Click Here for "An Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science", distributed by the "Clergy Letter Project".
2.13 Click Here for "Understanding American Evangelicals", a lecture by Mark Noll, Francis A. McAnaney Professor of History, Notre Dame University.
2.14 Click Here for some sample articles from Science and Christian Belief.
2.15 Click Here for "Science, Religion, and the Teaching of Evolution in Public School Science Classes", issued by the National Council of Churches
Committee on Public Education and Literacy.
2.16 Click Here for the Nebraska Religious Coalition for Science Education (NRCSE).
2.17 Click Here for Counterbalance: New Views on Complex Issues.
2.18 Click Here for "An Evangelical Manifesto: A Declaration of Evangelical Identity and Public Commitment"; 7 May, 2008 by the Evangelical Manifesto Steering Committee.
3.1a Click Here for excerpts from "Science as Falsification" by Karl Popper.
3.1b For some comments on Johnson's references to Karl Popper, click here to see a review of Darwin on Trial by Gert Korthof.
3.1c Click Here for a discussion of Popper's demarcation criterion, "The Separation of Science From Non-Science and Pseudo-Science and the
General Problem of Rationality and Openness to Argument: A Critical Exposition" by Ray Scott Percival.
3.1d Click Here for essays on Popper by Rafe Champion.
3.1e Click Here for Rafe Champion's condensed version of The Open Society and Its Enemies.
3.2 Thomas Kuhn
3.2a Click Here for a short discussion of Thomas Kuhn by Frank Pajares of Emory University.
3.2b Click Here for an outline of Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions composed by Frank Pajares.
Click Here for a short synopsis of this outline.
3.2c Click Here for "Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms Die Hard" by Imran Javaid.
3.2d Click Here for "Popper and Kuhn on the Evolution of Science" by Pat Duffy Hutcheon.
Here for "Evolution and Philosophy - An Introduction" by
3.7 Click Here for "Methodological Naturalism?" by Alvin Plantinga.
3.8 Click Here for "Methodological Naturalism ? Part 2" by Alvin Plantinga
3.9 Click Here for "Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry", by Steven D. Schafersman.
3.10 Click Here for "Science as Successful Prediction" by Imre Lakatos.
3.11 Click Here for "Methodological Naturalism and Philosophical Naturalism: Clarifying the Connection", by Barbara Forrest, author of Creationism's Trojan Horse.
3.12 Click Here for "How Not to Attack Intelligent Design Creationism: Philosophical Misconceptions About Methodological Naturalism", by Maarten Boudry, Stefaan Blancke and Johan Braeckman.
4. GENESIS4.1. TRANSLATIONS OF GENESIS
4.3 "The Fundamentals" and "Fundamentalism"
4.3a See Jerry Bergman's A Brief History of the Modern American Creation Movement .
4.3b Although the term "fundamentalism" is used in a variety of manners today, the term has its origin in a series of pamphlets entitled The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth and published between 1910 and 1915.
Especially relevant for the discussion of evolution and creation are the following two essays from The Fundamentals:
4.3c Professor George Frederick Wright, DD, LLD: The Mosaic Authorship of the Pentateuch
4.3d Rev. Dyson Hague, M.A.: The Doctrinal Value of the First Chapters of Genesis
4.3e Click Here for "Understanding American Evangelicals", a lecture by Mark Noll, Francis A. McAnaney Professor of History, Notre Dame University.
4.3f Click Here for "Evangelicals, Creation, and Scripture: an Overview", by Mark Noll.
4.4 Biblical Literalism
4.4a Click Here for "The Bible Is a Textbook of Science", a position statement by Henry Morris of the Institute for Creation Research.
4.4b Click Here for "The Days Of Creation", a Special Committee Report of the Reformed Church in the United States, adopted by the 253rd Synod May 17-20, 1999.
4.4c Click Here for the 2000 Report of the Creation Study Committee by the Presbyterian Church in America .
4.4d Click Here for "Biblical Literalism: Constricting the Cosmic Dance", by Conrad Hyers.
4.4e Click Here for the Westminster Theological Seminary and the Days of Creation.
4.4f Click Here for "The Meaning of the Chronogenealogies of Genesis 5 and 11", by Gerhard F. Hasel.
4.4g Click Here for "The non-moving Earth & anti-evolution web page of The Fair Education Foundation, Inc" (Marshall Hall)
4.5 Death and Sin in Genesis
4.5a Click Here for "Death Before Sin?", an Institute for Creation Research essay that interprets Genesis to say that death began only after the sin of Adam and Eve.
4.5b Click Here for "Theological Analysis of Selected Recent Creationist Assertions Concerning the Occurrence of Death before Sin", by Gary Emberger.
4.5c Click Here for "Disease and Dying in the Fossil Record: Implications for Christian Theology" by Clarence Menninga.
4.5d Click Here for "Creature Mortality: From Creation or the Fall?", by John Munday.
4.5e Click Here for "A young Earth - it's not the issue!", by Ken Ham.
4.5f Click Here for "Why Does God’s Creation Include Death & Suffering?", by Tommy Mitchell for Answers in Genesis.
4.5g Click Here for "Two histories of death", by Ken Ham.
4.5h Click Here for "Animal Death before Human Sin ...does the Bible really teach that there was no animal death before human sin?", by Craig Rusbult.
4.5i Click Here for "Death before Sin", a collection of sources compiled by Answers in Creation.
4.5j Click Here for Genesis 2:17—“you shall surely die”, by Dr. Terry Mortenson for Answers in Genesis.
4.5k Click Here for "Genesis 2:17 - Death Before Sin" by Greg Neyman.
4.5L Click Here for "Evolution, Sin, and Death" by George Murphy.
4.5m Click Here for "The Pope on the Big Bang" by Ken Ham.
4.5n Click Here for "Understanding Genesis and the Fall" by Denis Alexander.
4.5O Click Here for "No Death Before the Fall - A Young Earth Problem" by Rich Deem for GodandScience.org
4.5p Click Here for "Why is there Death and Suffering?" by Ken Ham.
5.1a Click Here for an electronic version of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, with a search option.
5.1b Click Here for an electronic version of Darwin's 1871 Descent of Man.
5.1c Click Here The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online.
5.1d Click Here for "Evolution and Wonder: Understanding Charles Darwin".
5.1e Click Here for the Darwin Correspondence Project.
Here for a website dedicated to Alfred Russell Wallace.
5.3 Click Here for a website dedicated to Thomas H. Huxley.
5.4 Click Here for the contents for the journal Evolution.
5.5 To look at
the present reconstruction of the
history of life, see The Tree of Life .
5.6 Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life at UCLA.
5.7 SEE: Semiosis, Evolution, Energy - a virtual research project exploring the transformation of energy within evolutionary semiotic or codal organization.
5.8 Click Here for the American Association for the Advancement of Science Evolution Resources site.
5.9 Click Here for Understanding Evolution: An Evolution website for Teachers.
5.10 Click Here for the Society for the Study of Evolution.
5.11 Click Here for Educational Resources developed by the Evolution and the Nature of Science Institutes.
6. Evolution as Fact and Theory
Click Here for Stephen J. Gould,
"Evolution as Fact and Theory", May 1981.
6.1a Click Here for an abridged version.
6.2 Click Here for "Data, Theory, and Evolutionary Phenomena", by Jim Hofmann.
"Well evolution is a theory. It is also a fact. And facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty. Facts are the world's data. Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts. Facts don't go away when scientists debate rival theories to explain them. Einstein's theory of gravitation replaced Newton's in this century, but apples didn't suspend themselves in mid-air, pending the outcome. And humans evolved from ape-like ancestors whether they did so by Darwin's proposed mechanism or by some other yet to be discovered.
Moreover, "fact" doesn't mean "absolute certainty"; there ain't no such animal in an exciting and complex world. The final proofs of logic and mathematics flow deductively from stated premises and achieve certainty only because they are NOT about the empirical world. Evolutionists make no claim for perpetual truth, though creationists often do (and then attack us falsely for a style of argument that they themselves favour). In science 'fact' can only mean 'confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional consent'. I suppose that apples might start to rise tomorrow, but the possibility does not merit equal time in physics classrooms.
Evolutionists have been very clear about this distinction of fact and theory from the very beginning, if only because we have always acknowledged how far we are from completely understanding the mechanisms (theory) by which evolution (fact) occurred. Darwin continually emphasized the difference between his two great and separate accomplishments: establishing the fact of evolution, and proposing a theory - natural selection - to explain the mechanism of evolution."
7.1 For a survey
article by a famous evolutionary theorist, Stephen Jay Gould, see
Evolution of Life on Earth .
7.2 Click Here for "Understanding Evolution".
7.3 Click Here for the PBS series on Evolution.
7.4 Click Here for Educational Resources developed by the Evolution and the Nature of Science Institutes.
7.5 Click Here for the Darwin Correspondence Project.
Click Here for some sample definitions of natural selection.8. NATURAL SELECTION
Natural Selection and Speciation
8.1a Speciation via Natural Selection
8.1b Some More Speciation via Natural Selection
8.1c Click Here for "Nonrandom mating in drosophila melanogaster laboratory populations derived from closely adjacent ecologically contrasting slopes at Evolution Canyon by Abraham Korol et al.
8.1d Click Here for "Natural selection and speciation" by Christopher Schneider.
8.1e Click Here for "An Interventionist Theory of Natural Selection and Biological Change within Limits" by Leonard Brand and L. James Gibson.
8.1f Click Here for a young-earth creationist analysis of "kinds": "Baraminology - Classification of Created Organisms", by Wayne Frair; archived from the CRS Quarterly by the Creation Research Society .
8.1g Click Here for "How the Horned Lizard Got Its Horns", by K.V. Young, E.D. Brodie Jr., and E.D. Brodie III. Click Here for additional material.
8.2a For an application of a young-earth creationist perspective on the biological concept of species to Darwin's finches see Kenneth Cumming's article
Reticulate Evolution . Phillip Johnson discusses this case on page 25 of Darwin on Trial.
8.2b Click Here for "Darwin's Finches: Evidence supporting rapid post-Flood adaptation", by Carl Wieland of Answers in Genesis.
8.2c Click Here for "Phylogeny of Darwin's finches as revealed by mtDNA sequences" by Akie Sato, Colm O'hUigin, Felipe Figueroa, Peter R. Grant, B. Rosemary
Grant, Herbert Tichy, and Jan Klein.
8.2d Click Here for "Genetics and the origin of bird species" by Peter R. Grant and B. Rosemary Grant.
8.2e Click Here for the Galapagos finch page of Robert Rothman .
An interesting case of the role of natural selection in evolutionary change is provided by melanism in peppered moths. Johnson mentions this case on pages 26 and 176-177 of Darwin on Trial.
8.3a Click Here for a summary by Bruce Grant, "Fine Tuning the Peppered Moth Paradigm".
8.3aa Click Here for Bruce Grant's home page and a link to his review of Judith Hooper's Of Moths and Men.
8.3c Click Here For "Second Thoughts about Peppered Moths", by Jonathan Wells.
Click Here for other articles on evolution by Wells, and Click Here for other articles by Wells.
8.3d Click Here for a review of Wells' book, Icons of Evolution, by David Ussery. Click Here for analysis by Massimo Pigliucci.
Click Here for "Icon of Obfuscation: Jonathan Wells's book Icons of Evolution and why most of what it teaches about evolution is wrong", by Nick Matzke.
Click Here for a critique of Wells by Alan Gishlick for the National Center of Science Education.
8.3e Click Here for Kenneth Miller's comments on peppered moths.
8.3f Click Here for "Moonshine: Why the Peppered Moth Remains An Icon of Evolution", by Matt Young.
8.3g Click Here for the home page of Michael Majerus, which includes links to his lecture "The Peppered Moth: The Proof of Darwinian Evolution", given at the ESAB meeting in Uppsala on 23
August, 2007 and his "Peppered Moth: Decline of a Darwinian Disciple", delivered to the British Humanist Society on 12 February 2004.
8.4a On page 10 of Darwin on Trial, Johnson cites an oft-quoted statement by Colin Patterson. Click Here for correspondence from Patterson concerning this passage in a report by Lionel Theunissen.
8.4b Click Here for an alternative account by Paul Nelson.
8.4c Click Here for a 1981 speech by Patterson transcribed by Stephen Jones.
8.5 Click here for information on the Coelacanth, one of the most famous of the "living fossils" discussed by Johnson on page 29.
Click Here for information on natural selection in garter snakes that eat
Click Here for "The evolutionary origins of beneficial alleles during the repeated adaptation of garter snakes to deadly prey", by Chris R. Feldman, Edmund D. Brodie, Jr, Edmund D. Brodie III and Michael E. Pfrendera .
Here for DNA From The Beginning: an animated primer on
the basics of DNA, genes and heredity.
9.1a Click Here for a review of DNA structure and protein synthesis.
9.1b Click Here for a summary of various types of mutation.
9.1c Click Here for a summary of an interesting experiment by Joshua Lederberg. This is an example of a bacteria mutation that resulted in
adaptive change in a specific environment.
9.2 Click here for a discussion of the distinction between genetic "microevolution" and larger scale "macroevolution".
Debate over the role of random mutations
in adaptive change.
9.3a Click Here for "The Evolution of Improved Fitness by random mutation plus selection" by Edward Max. This includes a link to correspondence
with a critic, Lee Spetner.
9.3b Click Here for Spetner's update of his critique: "A Scientific Critique of Evolution".
9.3c Click Here for "Spetner and Biological Information" by Ian Musgrave.
9.3d Click Here for "Evolutionary Increases in Information" by Wesley Elsberry.
9.3e Click Here for a report on the role of chance in the history of amino acid sequences.
9.3f Click Here for "Evolution and Information: The Nylon Bug", by Dave Thomas.
9.3fa Click Here for further discussion of this case.
9.3g Click Here for "Evolution of Biological Information" by Tom Schneider.
9.3h Click Here for "Examples of Beneficial Mutations and Natural Selection" by Robert Williams.
9.3i Click Here for a discussion of "delta 32", a mutation studied by Stephen O'Brien.
9.3j Click Here for an article by O'Brien on the relevance of "delta 32" to research on HIV and AIDS.
9.3k Click Here for "Apolipoprotein AI Mutations and Information" by Ian Musgrave and Steven Pirie-Shepherd.
9.3L Click Here for "Information Theory and Creationism", by Ian Musgrave, Rich Baldwin, and others.
9.3m Click Here for the abstract of "Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in human lineage" (2004)
9.3ma Click here for more information on myosin.
9.3mb Click Here for pdf files (2004).
9.3mc Click Here for a lecture by Hansell Stedman.
9.3md Click Here for "Of muscle-bound crania and human brain evolution: The story behind the MYH16 headlines", 2006, by Melanie A. McCollum, Chet C. Sherwood, Christopher J. Vinyard,
C. Owen Lovejoy, Fred Schachat.
9.3n Click Here for "Evolution and Chance" by John Wilkins and Chance from a Theistic Perspective by Loren Haarsma.
9.3O Click Here for "Evolution by Accident" by Laurence A. Moran.
9.3p Click Here for "Are Mutations Harmful?"
9.3q Click Here for "Examples of Beneficial Mutations in Humans ".
9.3r Click Here for discussion of the origins of the SETMAR gene.
9.4 Mutation and the Evolution
9.4a On a computer simulation of the evolution of vision, see Richard Dawkins' Where d'you get those peepers .
9.4b For a controversial genetic argument that the eye has only evolved once, see Eye-opening Gene by John Travis.
HOX GENES AND OTHER REGULATORY GENES
9.5d Click Here for "Establishment of Spatial Patterns of Gene Expression During Early Vertebrate Development: Hox Genes" by Derrick Rancourt.
9.5e Click Here for "Interpreting the Homeobox: Metaphors of Gene Action and Activation in Development and Evolution" by Jason Scot Robert
9.5f Click Here for "Hox (homeobox) Genes - Evolution's Saviour?" by Don Batten of Answers in Genesis.
9.5g Click Here for "It's not just the genes, it's the links between them", by P.Z. Myers.
9.5h Click Here for "Natural Genetic Engineering -- the Toolbox for Evolution: Prokaryotes", by Dr. Jim Shapiro.
9.6 Technical Articles
9.6a Click here or Click Here for an interesting experiment by Joshua Lederberg discussed by Futuyma on page 137 of Science on Trial. This is an example of a bacteria mutation that was adaptive in a specific environment. Click Here for a summary of this experiment.
9.6b Click Here for "Evolution of an Escherichia coli Protein with Increased Resistance to Oxidative Stress" by E.C.C. Lin et al. This case is discussed
by Miller on pages 105-107 of Finding Darwin's God.
9.6c Click Here for a collection of articles on horizontal gene transfer by Michael Syvanen.
9.6d Click Here for "Algorithms for computing parsimonious evolutionary scenarios for genome evolution, the last universal common ancestor and
dominance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of prokaryotes" by Boris G. Mirkin et al.
9.7 Click Here for a report on gene swapping among bacteria.
9.8 The Genetic Code
9.8a Click Here for an introduction to the research of Laura Landweber.
9.8b Click Here for "Do Non-standard Genetic Codes Present a Challenge to Evolutionary Theories?", by R. Joel Duff.
9.8c Click Here for "The Universal Genetic Code Seen from an ID Perspective", by Mike Gene.
9.8d Click Here for the PBS production "Cracking the Code of Life".
9.9a Click Here for "The Real Life of Pseudogenes", by Mark Gerstein and and Deyou Zheng
9.9b Click Here for "Plagiarized Errors and Molecular Genetics", by Edward Max
9.9c Click Here for "Plagiarized Errors and Molecular Genetics: A Response to 'AFDave'", by Edward Max.
9.9d Click Here for "Loss of Egg Yolk Genes in Mammals and the Origin of Lactation and Placentation", by David Brawand, Walter Wahli, Henrik Kaessmann.
9.9e Click Here and Here for the GULO pseudogene.
9.9f Click Here for "What can pseudogenes tell us about common ancestry" by Mary Ball and Steve Karr.
9.9g Click Here for "Pseudogenes: Are They Non-Functional?", by Pierre Jerlstrom for TrueOrigin.
9.9h Click Here for comments on pseudogenes by Dennis Venema.
9.9i Click Here for "Genesis and the Genome ..." by Dennis Venema.
General References on Fossils and the Fossil Record
10.1a Click Here for a general introduction to fossils: "Fossils - Windows to the past".
10.1b Click Here for "Fossilization" by Chris Nedin.
10.1c The University of California Museum of Paleontology maintains a valuable online collection called Paleontology Without Walls
10.1d Don Lindsay has a nicely illustrated set of speciation examples he calls Smooth Change in the Fossil Record .
10.1da Click Here OR HERE for further discussion of Foraminifera.
10.1db Click Here for The Micropaleontological Society.
10.1dd Click Here for Dan Georgescu's page on foraminifera.
10.1de Click Here for an illustrated forminifera taxon timeline.
Hunt compiled a long list for the talkorigins archive: Transitional
10.1f Click Here for Paleo Links - 2002, maintained by James Mahaffy of Dordt College.
10.1g Click Here for "Fossils" compiled by computer scientist Don Lindsay.
10.1h Click Here for information on how fossils are dated.
10.1i Click Here for the Geoscience Research Institute: a research and communication institute serving the Seventh-day Adventist church.
10.1j Click Here for an on-line introduction to earth history.
Here for "Estimation at Age of Death" by Nancy Lovell.
10.1m Click Here for "Sex Determination" by Nancy Lovell.
Here for "What Are Conodonts?" by Jim Davison.
10.1o Click Here for Palaeontologia Electronica.
10.1p Click Here for discussion of trace fossils.
10.1q Click Here for a 1815-1817 geologic map prepared by William Smith and two accompanying publications: "WILLIAM "STRATA" SMITH ON THE WEB", produced by Cecil J. Schneer, Professor Emeritus of Geology and the History of Science at the University of New Hampshire.
10.1r Click Here for some examples of index fossils.
10.1s Click Here for "Taxonomy, Transitional Forms, and the Fossil Record", by Keith Miller.
10.1t Click Here for Tracking Down "The Missing Link" by Ben Zimmer.
10.1u Click Here for "What produces order in the fossil record?", by Jonathan Baker
10.2The Vertebrate Sequence
10.2a A good place
to start is a 1994 compilation by Kathleen Hunt on Transitional
to Birds: Archaeopteryx and Longisquama
10.3a Although Johnson is ambivalent about the import of Archaeopteryx for the evolution of birds from reptiles, other creationists, such as Duane Gish, take more extreme exception to evolutionary arguments. Click Here for "Archaeopteryx: Answering the Challenge of the Fossil Record", a response to Gish by Chris Nedin.
10.3b Click Here for "All About Archaeopteryx" by Chris Nedin.
10.3c Click Here for The Archaeopteryx Pages .
10.3d Click Here for links on Archaeopteryx, ancient birds and dinosaur-bird relationships.
10.3f Click Here for a very good Archaeopteryx page by daily-tangents.
10.3g Click Here for the Archaeopteryx page of Nick Longrich.
10.3h Click Here for "Structure and function of hindlimb feathers in Archaeopteryx lithographica", by Nick Longrich.
10.3ha Click Here for "Wings on Hind Legs", with links to photos of fossils of Longisquama insignis, a Triassic thecodont reptile with feather-like scales.
Click Here for another description of Langisquama.
10.3hb Click Here for a report on the claim that Longisquama had feathers.
10.3hc Click here for a proposed revision of bird geneology in light of Longisquama.
10.3hd Click Here for a September 2000 update on Longisquama.
fossils with feathers and "feathered dinosaurs".
10.3ia Dinosaur-bird link smashed in fossil flap.
10.3ib Click Here for another article on Archaeoraptor.
10.3ic Click Here for "Dinos of a Feather: Evidence Mounts of Feathered Lizards".
10.3id Click Here for a 7 December, 2000 report on Protopteryx: "Ancient Chinese 'Bird' Used Feathers to Fly".
10.3ie Click Here for an April 2001 report by Mark Norell on a new dinosaur specimen unearthed in the Liaoning Province of the China that is said to demonstrate "exceptional preservation of
integumentary structures akin to primitive feathers."
Click Here for a press release from the American Museum of Natural History.
Click Here for an ABC News report.
Click Here for a CNN report.
10.3if Click Here for Yale University's Peabody Museum Exhibit: "China's Feathered Dinosaurs".
10.3ig Click Here for "Are Birds Really Dinosaurs?", by John R. Hutchinson.
10.3ih Click Here for Chapter 4 of Sarfati's Refuting Evolution: "Bird Evolution?".
10.3ii Click Here for a report on recent evolutionary developmental biological research into the origin of feathers.
10.3ij Click Here for "Feathers, scutes, and the origin of birds", by Jeff Poling.
10.3j Click Here for the homepage of bambiraptor.
10.3k Click Here for "Development of teeth in chick embryos after mouse neural crest transplantations", by Thimios A. Mitsiadis, Yvonnick Chéraud , Paul
Sharpe and Josiane Fontaine-Pérus.
and Early Tetrapods
10.4a Click Here to see a 2000 fossil find relevant to the relationship of fish to amphibians.
10.4c Click Here for an interview with Ted Daeschler and Neil Shubin: "How Fish Came Ashore". Their discovery is
discussed by Miller on page 125.
10.4d Click Here for a 2/28/01 news report on a fossil of an early lobe-finned fish, Achoania.
10.4e Click Here for a discussion of Acanthostega gunnari by Jennifer Clack. Click Here for a NOVA interview.
10.4f Click Here for a discussion of Ichthyostega by Jennifer Clack.
10.4g Click Here for discussion of genetic research on digit and limb articulation.
10.4i Click Here "Regulation of number and size of digits by posterior Hox genes: A dose-dependent mechanism with potential evolutionary implications" by József
10.4k Click Here just for fun, to see The Mudskipper, a little fish that can hop around on mud. (cute)
10.4L Click Here for ""Discovery of a Transitional in Romer's Gap", by Alec MacAndrew, on Pederpes finneyae.
10.4m Click Here for "Demorphing the Tetrapodomorpha".
10.4n Click Here for information on the Coelacanth, one of the most famous of the "living fossils".
10.4O Click Here for The "GREAT" Transition, by Neil Shubin.
10.4p Click Here for the University of Chicago site dedicated to Tiktaalik roseae.
10.4q Click Here for Hynerpeton.
10.4r Click Here for "Tetrapods Answer" by Dennis Murphy.
10.4s Click Here for "New Limbs from Old Fins, Part 2" by Stephen Matheson.
10.4t Click Here for "New Limbs from Old Fins, Part 3" by Stephen Matheson.
10.5a Click Here for "The Therapsid-Mammal Transitional Series" by Lenny Flank.
10.5b Click Here for "What really killed T. Rex?", a report on several explanations of dinosaur extinction.
10.5c Click Here for The Pterosaur Home Page.
10.5d Click Here for photographs and discussion of "A king-sized theropod coprolite found in Saskatchewan" (discussed by Miller on page 62).
10.5e Click Here for an illustrated discussion of the fossilized heart of Thescelosaurus.
10.5f Click Here for recent dinosaur discoveries by paleontologist Paul Sereno.
10.5g Click Here for "Heme Compounds in Dinosaur Trabecular Bone" by Mary Schweitzer et al.
10.5h Click Here for a young-earth creationist interpretation of Schweitzer's research by Carl Wieland.
10.5i Click Here for "Dino-blood and the Young Earth", by Gary Hurd
10.5j Click Here for ""Dino Blood Redux" by Gary Hurd..
10.5k Click Here for "Tyrannosaur Morsels" by P.Z. Myers.
10.5k Click Here for information on Alaskan dinosaur fossils.
10.5L Click Here for comments by Bob Bakker, a famous dinosaur fossil hunter and Pentacostal preacher.
10.5m Click Here for "The Proof is in the Poop!", by Greg Neyman for Answers in Creation.
10.6a Click Here for "'Polystrate' Tree Fossils" by Andrew MacRae.
10.6b Click Here for "Polystrate Fossils" by Don Lindsay.
10.6c Click Here for "What are Polystrate Fossils?" by John Morris of the Institute for Creation Research.
10.6d Click Here for an American Scientific Affiliation conversation on polystrate fossils archived in 1997.
10.6e Click Here for "The Polystrate Trees and Coal Seams of Joggins Fossil Cliffs" by John Morris.
10.6f Click Here for "The Fossil Cliffs of Joggins" by Laing Ferguson.
10.6g Click Here for "The Joggins Fossil Cliffs", maintained by the Nova Scotia Museum.
10.6h Click Here for discussion of a polystrate whale fossil discovered near Lompoc, California.
10.6i Click Here for a Wikipedia article on polystrate fossils.
10.7a Click Here for discussion of Hans Thewissen's discovery of Indohyus.
10.7b Click Here for the Whale website of Philip Gingerich.
10.7c Click Here for "The Origin of Whales and the Power of Independent Evidence" by Raymond Sutera.
10.7d Click Here for "Hooking Leviathan by Its Past" by Stephen Jay Gould (1994).
10.7e Click Here for "Ambulocetus Has No Pelvis and is Largely Incomplete?".
10.7ea Click here for Ambulocetus fossils.
10.7f Click Here for "CETACEAN EVOLUTION (WHALES, DOLPHINS, PORPOISES) by Edward T. Babinski
10.7g Click Here for a summary of recent developments in whale evolution research, "The Steps of the Puzzle", by Carl Zimmer.
10.7h Click Here for "THE EARLY RADIATIONS OF CETACEA (MAMMALIA): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations", by
J. G. M. Thewissen and E. M. Williams (2002).
10.7i Click Here for "French-Chadian funded scientists reveal origin of hippos", on anthracotheres.
10.7j Click Here or Click Here for "The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla", by Jean-Renaud Boisserie , Fabrice Lihoreau , and Michel Brunet (2005)
10.7k Click Here for the Evolution of Dolphins and Whales Homepage
Creationist Interpretations of Whale Fossils
10.8a Click Here for "A Whale Fantasy from National Geographic" by Harun Yahya.
10.8b Click Here for "Walking whales, nested hierarchies, and chimeras: do they exist?" by John Woodmorappe.
10.8c Click Here for "Another whale of a tale: creationists without a 'whimper'?", by Mark Looy for Answers in Genesis.
10.8d Click Here for Chapter 5 from Refuting Evolution by Jonathan Sarfati: "Whale evolution?".
10.9 Snake Fossils
10.9a Click Here for Pachyrhachis problematicus, a fossil snake with legs.
10.9b Click Here for Haasiophis terrasanctus, another fossil snake with legs.
Elsberry has written a good summary of this topic called
Equilibrium. He also maintains a page called Evolution,
Anti-Evolution, and SciCre .
11.2 Punctuated equilibrium was initially proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge in 1972. It was an objection to what Gould has called
Darwinian Fundamentalism . The second half of this article is called Evolution: The Pleasures of Pluralism .
11.3 Click Here for "Snails Caught in Act of Evolution", a report on Gould's study of land snails as discussed by Miller on pages 118-121.
11.4 Eldredge proposed punctuated equilibria partly due to his study of trilobites. Click Here for A Guide to the Orders of Trilobites, maintained by
Sam Gon III, and Click Here for his gallery of Phacopida images, an order of trilobites particularly important in Eldredge's research.
11.5 Paleontologist Donald Prothero wrote an article for the Skeptic Society entitled Punctuated Equilibrium at Twenty: A Paleontological Perspective .
11.6 Although rather abstract by some standards, there is also a "Systems Approach" to punctuated equilibrium, for example, the ideas of F. Heylighen in
his article Punctuated Equilibrium .
11.7 For rapid evolution of bacteria that has been interpreted as support for punctuated equilibrium, see Score One for Punk Eek .
11.8 For a young earth catastrophist account of punctuated equilibrium, see PUNC EQ CREATION STYLE by Kurt Wise .
11.9 There is a wide variety of creationist views about speciation. In an article for Creation Ex Nihilo, young earth creationist Carl Wieland argues that
relatively rapid speciation is to be expected from a creationist perspective: Speciation Conference Brings Good News for Creationists .
THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
11.11b Click Here for "When Life Exploded", a 1995 Time cover story on the Cambrian explosion by J. Madeleine Nash.
11.11c Click Here for The Cambrian Period, maintained by the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.
11.11d Click Here for Burgess Shale fossils, maintained by Andrew MacRae of the University of Calgary.
11.11e Click Here for an introduction to pre-Cambrian animals, "Learning About Vendian Animals', maintained by the UC Berkeley Museum of
11.11g Click Here for "A Review of The Evidence For Trilobite Predecessors in the Fossil Record" by Robert B. MacNaughton.
11.11h Click Here for Palaeobiology: "The Realms of Archaean Life" by Euan Nisbet.
[Abstract: There is evidence of a variety of early organisms from the Archaean — some 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago. Now life at deep-sea hot springs
can provisionally be added to the list.]
11.11i Click Here for "Fossil Findings May Force Revisions in the History of Life", and Click Here for the technical article that is the basis of this report.
11.11j Click Here for "The Cambrian 'explosion': Slow-fuse or megatonnage?" by Simon Conway Morris.
11.11k Click Here for "Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla" by Gregory A. Wray et al.
11.11L Click Here for "The Universal Ancestor" by Carl Woese.
11.11m Click Here for "Default taxonomy: Ernst Mayr's view of the microbial world by Carl Woese .
11.11n Click Here for "Protein Phylogenies and Signature Sequences: A Reappraisal of Evolutionary Relationships among Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
and Eukaryotes", by Radhey S. Gupta.
11.11o Click Here for "Determining divergence times with a protein clock: Update and reevaluation", by Da-Fei Feng, Glen Cho, and Russell F. Doolittle
11.11p Click Here for 'Fun with geneology", by W. Ford Doolittle .
11.11q Click Here for "The Root of the Universal Tree and the Origin of Eukaryotes Based on Elongation Factor Phylogeny", by Baldauf, Palmer and W.
Ford Doolittle .
11.11r Click Here for "The Rooting of the Universal Tree of Life is Not Reliable", by Herve Philippe and Patrick Forterre.
11.11s Click Here for "Is There a Phylogenetic Signal in Prokaryote Proteins?", by Sarah A. Teichmann and Graeme Mitchison.
11.11t Click Here for "Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates", by Francisco J. Ayala et al.
12.1. THE Giant
12.1a The Panda's Thumb , by Paul & Susan Morris
12.1b Intelligent Design is not Optimal Design by William Dembski
12.1c Click Here for "Adaptations within the Bear Family: A Contribution to the Debate about the Limits of Variation", by David Tyler of the Creation
12.1d Evidence for Jury-Rigged Design in Nature compiled by Chris Colby and Loren Petrich et al.
12.2 Human Vision
12.2a On the "blind spot" in human vision, see Eyes and the Argument from Design .
12.2b For quotations by biologists Frank Zindler and George Williams on the design of the human eye, click here .
12.2c For a more detailed discussion, see How Could an Eye Evolve? by Don Lindsay .
12.2d For an argument that the eye IS well designed, see Why is the Retina Back-to-Front? .
12.3 Vestigial Evidence
12.3a Click Here for discussion of vestigial organs.
12.3b Click Here for a discussion of vestigial organs by Mark Isaak.
12.3c Click Here for "Vestigial Evidence".
12.4 Click Here for "Anatomy and Evolution of the Woodpecker's Tongue", by Rusty Ryan.
13. MOLECULAR EVIDENCE
13.1 Non-technical Articles
13.1a For their analysis of the molecular data, Johnson and Sarfati rely heavily upon a book by Michael Denton: Evolution: A Theory in Crisis. Click Here for several analyses of Denton's book.
13.1b Click Here for a detailed critique of the Denton argument by zoologist Wesley R. Elsberry: "Sequences and Common Descent". Click Here for an important
preliminary tutorial on prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Click Here for an example of the argument Elsberry is critiquing.
13.1c Click Here for an analysis of "The Schwabe-Denton interpretation of cytochrome-c differences" by Gert Korthof.
13.1d Click Here for "Invariant Cytochrome C Sequences Disprove Evolution?".
13.1e Click Here for "Equidistant Proteins Disprove Evolution?".
13.1f Click here for an argument by Steve Hinrichs that redundant DNA sequences and amino acid sequencing offers compelling evidence for Common
13.1g Click Here for discussion of Kent Hovind's claim that human cytochrome c is closest to that of a sunflower.
13.1h Click Here for discussion of Walt Brown's claim about the cytochrome c of humans and a rattlesnake.
13.1i Biochemist Terry Gray has some comments on DNA sequence data in his review of Darwin on Trial; see The Mistrial of Evolution .
13.1j Click Here for a Kenneth Miller review of the controversial textbook, Of Pandas and People, which includes a discussion of molecular data.
13.1k Click Here for "Plagiarized Errors and Molecular Genetics" by Edward Max.
13.1L Click Here for "Different Species with the Same 'Junk DNA'", by Don Lindsay .
13.1m Click Here for "Comparison of the Human and Great Ape Chromosomes as Evidence for Common Ancestory", by Robert Williams.
13.1n Click Here for "Stasis Considered" by Michael Thomas, an argument against the view that the molecular evidence supports macroevolutionary
13.1O Click Here for "Pseudogenes: Are They Non-Functional?", by Pierre Jerlstrom for TrueOrigin.
13.1p Click Here for discussion of Sarfati's claim that "Human lysozyme is closer to chicken lysozyme than to that of any other mammal", Refuting
Evolution, p. 83.
13.1q Click Here for "SNPs as Windows on Evolution" by Ricki Lewis.
13.1s Click Here for an online debate over the molecular evidence between David Thomas and Walter Remine.
13.1t Click Here for "What can pseudogenes tell us about common ancestry" by Mary Ball and Steve Karr.
13.2 Molecular Clocks
13.2a Click here for a discussion of the neutral theory of molecular evolution.
13.2b Click here for discussion of the neutralist-selectionist controversy.
13.2c Click Here for a review article: "The Molecular Clock: In analyzing sequence substitutions, more genes tell better evolutionary time".
13.2d Click Here for "A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales" by Rodriguez-Trelles, Tarrio and Francisco
Ayala (11 June, 2002).
13.3 Technical Articles
13.3a Click Here for "The Molecular Anatomy of an Ancient Adaptive Event" by Anthony M. Dean.
13.3b Click Here for "Constructing primate phylogenies from ancient retrovirus sequences", by Welkin E. Johnson and John M. Coffin.
13.3c Click Here for "Structural analysis of the nurse shark (new) antigen receptor (NAR): Molecular convergence of NAR and unusual mammalian
immunoglobins" by Roux et al. (discussed by Sarfati on page 83)
13.3d Click here for "Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interspersed elements: Hippopotamuses are
the closest extant relatives of whales", by Masato Nikaido et al.
13.3e Click Here for "An Irregular Bulge Common to a Group of BacterialRNases is an Important Determinant of Stability and Function in Barnase", by
Douglas Axe, N. Foster and A. Fersht.
13.3f Click Here for "The Effect of High-frequency Random Mutagenesis on in Vitro Protein Evolution" by M. Zaccolo and E. Gherardi.
13.3g Click Here for "Extreme Functional Sensitivity to Conservative Amino Acid Changes on Enzyme Exteriors", by Douglas Axe.
13.3h Click Here for recent sequence data pertaining to the "out-of-Africa" thesis for human evolution.
13.3i Click Here for "Testing a Biosynthetic Theory of the Genetic Code: Fact or Artifact?", by Terres Ronneberg et al.
13.3j Click here for discussion of the research of molecular biologist Carl Woese .
13.3k Click Here for "Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation" by Mark Springer et al.
13.3L Click Here for "Conflict Among Individual Mitochondrial Proteins in Resolving the Phylogeny of Eutherian Orders", by Ying Cao et al.
13.3m Click Here for "Complementary Advantageous Substitutions in the Evolution of an Antiviral RNase of Higher Primates", by Jianzhi Zhang and Helene
13.3n Click Here for "Phylogenetic Classification and the Universal Tree", by W. Ford Doolittle.
13.3m Click Here for "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants", by Kenneth M. Cameron, Kenneth J. Wurdack and Richard W. Jobson.
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
14.1 Click Here for a special series of on-line articles on evolutionary developmental biology compiled by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
14.2a Click Here for "Haeckel and the Vertebrate Archetype" by Scott Gilbert.
14.2b Click Here for Kenneth Miller's comments on Haeckel's drawings.
14.2c For further discussion of the Ernst Haeckel illustrations, see Haeckel's Law .
14.2d Michael K. Richardson is a developmental biologist who has written on Haeckel's drawings.
Click Here for his recreation of Haeckel's embryo drawings using photographs of real specimens.
Click Here for access to his other Haeckel Miscellanea.
14.2e Click Here for "Haeckel's Embryos" by Troy Britain.
14.2f Click Here for "Piltdown Embryo" by Steve Rudd for The Interactive Bible .
14.2g Click Here for examples of embryological evidence of common descent compiled by Douglas Theobald.
14.2h Click Here for "Wells and Haeckel's Embryos: A Review of Chapter 5 of Icons of Evolution" by PZ Myers.
14.2i Click Here for "Iconoclasts of Evolution: Haeckel, Behe, Wells & the Ontogeny of a Fraud", by Kurt Pickett, John Wenzel and Steven Rissing.
14.2j Click Here for "Haeckel's ABC of Evolution and Development", by Michael K. Richardson and Gerhard Keuck.
14.2k Click Here for "Haeckel's embyos: fraud not proven", by Robert Richards (2009).
14.3 For information
relevant to Johnson's comments on the role of developmental biology in
evolutionary theory, see ZYGOTE
, maintained by Scott Gilbert, especially the material he has compiled
on evolution and developmental biology in relation to Chapter 23 of his
Biology . This includes discussion of Ernst Haeckel.
14.4 Click Here for "Darwinism and Developmental Systems" by Paul E. Griffiths and Russell D. Gray.
14.5 Click Here for an illustrated news release concerning recent research on "how insects lost their legs".
14.6 Click Here for the technical article on insect legs by Lewis, DeCamillis and Bennett.
14.7 Click Here for "The evolution of evo-devo biology" by Corey Goodman and Bridget Coughlin.
Click Here for
"Development of teeth in chick embryos after mouse neural crest
transplantations", by Thimios A. Mitsiadis, Yvonnick Chéraud ,
Paul Sharpe and Josiane Fontaine-Pérus.
14.9 Click Here for Hindlimb Development in a Dolphin, by Hans Thewissen.
14.10 Click Here for Nose to Blowhole, by Hans Thewissen.
Here for "Origins of Structure in Globular Proteins" by Hue Chan
and Ken Dill.
15.2 Click Here for a response to Chan and Dill from intelligent design proponent Michael Behe.
15.3 Click Here for "Polymer Principles and Protein folding" by Ken A. Dill.
15.4 Click Here for an interesting case of molecular evolution in the antifreeze protein genes of Antarctic fish.
15.5 Click Here for "The descent of the antibody-based immune system by gradual evolution ", by
15.5a Subsequent to the publication of Johnson's book, Michael Behe published his 1996 book, Darwin's Black Box: the Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, in which he extended the biochemical arguments raised by Johnson. In 1996 Behe also posted a short summary of his views called Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference . Click Here for a statement from the Department of Biological Sciences at Behe's Lehigh University. Click Here for comments by Jill E. Schneider, a colleague of Behe's at Lehigh University.15.5 Michael Behe
16.1 Click Here for a discussion of Zoogeographic Provinces.
16.2 Click Here for Biodiversity on the Internet.
17. ORIGIN OF LIFE, INFORMATION, AND COMPLEXITY
for an interview with Stanley Miller: "From Primordial Soup to the Prebiotic
17.2 Click Here for "Emergence of Life and Biological Selection from the Perspective of Complex System Dynamics", by Bruce Weber.
17.3 Click Here for Leslie Orgel's website on origin of life.
17.5 The Santa
Fe Institute is an active center for origin of life research.
17.5a Click Here for Stuart Kauffman, one of the most prominent researchers at the Santa Fe Institute.
17.5b Click Here for "A quick introduction to the Algorithmic Chemistry project at the Santa Fe Institute".
Here for the homepage of Jack Corliss, another theorist
who studies the origin of life using the self-organization of complex systems.
17.7 Click Here for the New England Complex Systems Institute.
17.8 Click Here for Studies on the Origin of Life, maintained by the American Scientific Affiliation .
17.9 Click Here for "Life as a Manisfestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics" by Eric Schneider and James Kay.
17.10 Click Here for "Self-replicating Enzymes? A critique of some current evolutionary origin-of-life models" by Jonathan Sarfati of Answers in Genesis.
17.12 Click Here for "Atmospheric aerosols as prebiotic chemical reactors" by Christopher Dobson et al.
17.13 Click Here for "Selective adsorption of L- and D- amino acids on calcite: Implications for biochemical homochirility" by Robert M. Hazen et al., May 8, 2001.
17.13a Click Here for a Science News report: "Rocks May Have Given a Hand to Life".
17.14 Click Here for "Syntactic Autonomy: Or Why There is no Autonomy Without Symbols and how Self-Organizing Systems Might Evolve Them" by LUIS MATEUS
17.15 Carl Woese
17.15a Click Here for a report on recent research by Carl Woese : "New Cellular evolution theory rejects single cell beginning". (17 June, 2002)
17.15b Click Here for another report on Woese and other early life researchers: "Genetic Analysis Yields Estimations of a Primordial Commune."
17.15c Click Here for Woese's article "On the Evolution of Cells". (25 June, 2002)
17.15d Click Here for a report on the work of Woese and others by Brendan Maher.
17.15e Click Here for "Protein Phylogenies and Signature Sequences: A Reappraisal of Evolutionary Relationships among Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes", by Radhey S. Gupta.
Here for "Comparative genomics and evolution of proteins involved
in RNA metabolism" by Vivek Anantharaman, Eugene Koonin and L.
17.17 Click Here for "Prebiotic synthesis from CO atmospheres: Implications for the origins of life", by Miyakawa, Yamanashi, Kobayashi, Cleaves and
17.18 Click Here to get a pdf version of "The Evolutionary Origin of Complex Features", by Richard E. Lenski, Charles Ofria, Robert T. Pennock,
Christoph Adami, Nature (Vol. 423, 2003, pp. 139-145)
17.19 Click Here for "Life" by Bruce Weber.
17.20 Click Here for Order from Chaos: The Sierpinksi Gasket.
17.21 Click Here for "Information Theory and Creationism", by Ian Musgrave, Rich Baldwin, and others.
17.22 Click Here for Exploring Life's Origins.
18. STEPHEN JAY GOULD AND RICHARD DAWKINS
Here for Stephen Jay Gould Links.
18.2 For more information on the outspoken zoologist Richard Dawkins, click Richard Dawkins or Here.
18.3 Gould has often been at odds with Dawkins about the significance of natural selection. Gould and Dawkins discuss their disagreements about complexity, contingency and progress in two interviews carried out by the Skeptics Society:
18.4 For many links on Stephen Jay Gould and his disagreements with Richard Dawkins over gradualism, see The Gould Files
18.5 One of the major controversies in modern evolutionary theory is about the degree to which natural selection is the driving force behind evolutionary change.Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin have adamantly objected to what they consider to be an excessive expectation that observed traits are adaptations produced by natural selection. In 1979 they wrote a famous article on the subject using the spandrels of the Basilica de San Marco to make their point. Click Here for "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme", by Gould and Lewontin.
18.6 In 1996 Robert Mark wrote a nicely illustrated essay on the spandrel argument for American Scientist. See Architecture and Evolution .
18.7 Dawkins reviewed Gould's book Full House in a review called Human Chauvinism.
18.8 Click Here for Gould's essay "The Pattern of Life's History", Chapter 2 from The Third Culture .
18.9 Click Here for Dawkins' essay "A Survival Machine", Chapter 3 from The Third Culture .
18.10 Click Here for "I Have Landed", Gould's last essay for Natural History, January 2001.
18.11 Click Here for The Unofficial Stephen Jay Gould Archive.
18.12 Another interesting reaction to Gould by sociobiologist Richard Wright recently appeared in The New Yorker: The Accidental Creationist .
Richard Wright's latest book is Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny .
18.13 Click Here for an interview with Dawkins: "The Problem with God".
18.14 Click Here or Click Here for a Colbert Report Interview with Dawkins.
18.15 Click Here for the Richard Dawkins Foundation.
18.16 Click Here for Beyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival.
18.17 Click Here for the Richard Dawkins Website.
18.18 Click Here for The World of Richard Dawkins.
19. LEGAL AND EDUCATIONAL ISSUES
19.1 Legal and Educational Resources
19.1a The National
Academy of Sciences describes itself as "a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering
research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to
their use for the general welfare". This statement is taken from their
1998 publication Teaching
About Evolution and the Nature of Science .
19.1b Click Here for "Update on Challenges to the Teaching of Evolution" maintained by the American Geological Institute.
19.1c The National Science Teachers Association has compiled some relevant resources called NSTA Evolution Resources .
19.1d Directed by Eugenie Scott, the National Center for Science Education acts as a clearing house to prevent the teaching of creation as an alternative to evolution in public schools.
19.1e National Association of Biology Teachers: Statement on the Teaching of Evolution
19.1f Eugenie Scott: NABT Statement on Evolution Evolves
19.1g The National Association of Biology Teachers: Evolution Resources
19.1h Click Here for "Science Report: A third of U.S. schools don't teach evolution".
19.1i The American Scientific Affiliation describes itself as "a fellowship of men and women of science and disciplines that relate to science who share a common fidelity to the Word of God and a commitment to integrity in the practice of science."
19.1ia In 1995, the ASA contributed to a school board decision concerning evolution in Hemet California: A School Board Success Story
19.1j Click Here for the State of California Science Content Standards for the K-12 science curriculum.
19.1k Click Here for materials compiled on Roger DeHart's attempt to use additional intelligent design materials in his high school biology class by Carl
Johnson of the Burlington-Edison Committee for Science Education.
19.1L Click here for "Development of Evolution Teaching Policy in Light of Continued Debate Regarding the Teaching of Evolution and Creationism in the
U.S. Classrooms" by David Stone who teaches high school biology for the University Laboratory High School.
19.1m Click Here for the Evolution and the Nature of Science Institute, which is "a collection of classroom lessons to help high school biology
teachers more effectively teach basic concepts in the areas of evolution and the nature of science."
19.1n Click Here for discussion and text of many anti-evolution Bills documented by the National Center for Science Education.
19.1o Click Here for information posted by the Georgia Citizens for Integrity in Science Education.
19.1p Click Here for state-by-state information provided by the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
19.1q Click Here for access to "Science, Religion, and the Teaching of Evolution in Public School Science Classes", a statement issued by the National Council
of Churches Committee on Public Education and Literacy.
19.1r Click Here for "Lawful Design: A New Standard for Evaluating Establishment Clause Challenges to School Science Curricula", by Charles Kitcher.
19.1s Click Here for the British Centre for Science Education.
19.1t Click Here for The Clarence Darrow Digital Collection (on the Scopes Trial).
19.2 Important Educational Bills and Court Cases
19.2a Arkansas 1968, 1982
19.2aa After a lengthy legal process, in 1968 the United States Supreme Court ruled that an Arkansas statute prohibiting the teaching of evolutionary theory in public schools was unconstitutional; the case was Susan Epperson et al., v State of Arkansas
19.2ab In 1982, U.S. District Court Judge William R. Overton ruled that the 1981 Arkansas "Balanced Treatment" Bill, Arkansas Act 590, was unconstitutional;
Click Here for a transcript of Act 590.
Click Here for Judge Overton's decision.
19.2ac Click Here for the McLean v. Arkansas Documentation Project, correlated by Wesley Elsberry and Troy Britain.
19.2ad For Stephen Jay Gould's 1982 reaction to this case see Genesis vs. Geology .
19.2ae Click Here for an article on Michael Ruse, a philosopher of science who testified in the McLean v. Arkansas case.
19.2b Louisiana 1987
19.2ba The United States Supreme Court ruled on the Louisiana Balanced Treatment Bill in the 1987 decision Edwards v Aguillard .
19.2c KANSAS 1999-2001
On August 11 of 1999 the Kansas State Board of Education generated controversy by recommending that most evolutionary theory be dropped from the Kansas public school Science Education Standards.
19.2ca A useful collection of documents pertaining to this decision has been collected by the Kansas Citizens for Science.
19.2cb Click here for the minutes of the August 11, 1999 Kansas State Board of Education.
19.2cc Tom Willis of the Creation Science Association for Mid-America helped draft the Board's recommendation. The Association has posted many
useful documents on this case at its resource called Truth about the Kansas Science Standards Tornado .
19.2cd Tom Willis was interviewed on August 23, 1999 by the Washington Post .
19.2ce Stephen Jay Gould gave his response to the Kansas decision in an article for Time: Dorothy, It's Really Oz .
19.2cf For Michael Behe's assessment of the Kansas case, see Darwin's Hostages .
19.2cg Phillip Johnson wrote a response called The Church of Darwin .
19.2ch Johnson made other comments on education in a 1993 INTERVIEW with Yves Barbero.
19.2ci Click Here for the transcript of a July 27 2000 ABC Nightline production that includes an interview with Phillip Johnson: "God and Evolution in
19.2cj Click Here for an essay on the Kansas case by Eugenie Scott and numerous responses.
19.2ck Click Here for an opinion article from the Kansas City Star.
19.2cl Click Here for the Intelligent Design Network, organized in 1999 in response to the Kansas controversy.
19.2cm Click Here for correspondence from IDN concerning the reinstatment of evolution in Kansas schools.
19.2cn Click Here for a report on the Kansas Board of Education Republican primary election results of August 2000.
19.2co Click Here for a New York Times report on the primary results.
19.2cp Click Here for a February 2001 Topeka Capital-Journal article on the reinstatement of evolution into the Kansas public school curriculum.
19.2cq Click Here for the new standards adopted in Kansas in February 2001.
19.2da Click Here for a June 19, 2000 ACLU report on the Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education controversy.
19.2db Click Here for the decision in the June 19, 2000 case of Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education et al v Herb Freiler et al. in the United States
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
19.2dc Click Here for a pdf file of Chief Justice Scalia's dissenting opinion when the United States Supreme Court ruled not to reopen the decision of the
Court of Appeals, or Click Here for an on-line version.
19.2dd Click Here for the text of the initial version of Louisiana HCR 74. After a one hour hearing, the House Education Committee of the Louisiana State Legislature passed this version of HCR 74 on May 1, 2001 by a vote of 9 to 5. It was sent to the full house for debate.
19.2de Click Here for video of the House Education Committee hearing (start watching at the 3 hour, 18 minute mark).
19.2df Click Here for a salon.com discussion: "Louisiana calls Darwin a Racist".
19.2ea Click Here for text of Arkansas House Bill 2548, an anti-evolutionary bill proposed in February 2001 in the Arkansas legislature by Representative Holt that would make it illegal for the state or any of its agencies to use state funds to purchase materials that contain "false or fraudulent" claims. Click Herefor discussion of the bill by Wesley R. Elsberry.
19.2fa Click Here for Michigan House Bill 4382. The Bill includes the following:
IN THE SCIENCE STANDARDS, ALL REFERENCES TO “EVOLUTION” AND “HOW SPECIES CHANGE THROUGH TIME” SHALL BE MODIFIED TO INDICATE THAT THIS IS AN UNPROVEN THEORY BY ADDING THE PHRASE “ALL STUDENTS WILL EXPLAIN THE COMPETING THEORIES OF EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION BASED ON RANDOM MUTATION AND THE THEORY THAT LIFE IS THE RESULT OF THE PURPOSEFUL, INTELLIGENT DESIGN OF A CREATOR.”.
19.2fb Click Here for resources on this bill compiled by Todd Greene .
19.2g Ohio 2002
19.2ga Click here for materials relevant to the 2002 Ohio Board of Education debate concerning evolution in the Ohio public school science curriculum (developed by the National Center for Science Education .)
19.2gb Click Here for discussion by Kenneth Miller of the "Santorum Amendment", an amendment initially proposed for inclusion in Public Law 107-110, the "No Child Left Behind" Education Bill.
19.2h Missouri 2004
Click Here for Missouri House Bill 1722 which calls for balanced treatment of biological evolution and "biological intelligent design".
Dover Pennsylvania 2004-2005
Kitzmiller et al. v. Dover Area School District
19.2ia Click Here for court documents posted by talk.origins. Click Here for the decision of the court by Judge John E. Jones.
19.2ib Click Here for the text of Kitzmiller et al. v. Dover Area School District, the suit filed on December 14, 2004.
19.2ic Click Here for extensive documentation pertaining to this case, maintained by the National Center for Science Education.
19.2id Click Here for Speaking Freely: The blog of the ACLU of Pennsylvania, with links to many court documents.
19.2ie Click Here for links to documents provided by Americans United for Separation of Church and State.
19.2if Click Here for a Panda's Thumb blog with links to news and commentary.
19.2ig Click Here for commentary by Chris Mooney.
19.2ih Click Here for the opening Expert Statement by Kenneth Miller.
19.2ii Click Here for Miller's first morning of testimony and Click Here for his afternoon testimony.
19.2ij Click Here for the United States District Court website dedicated to this case.
19.2ik Click Here for another source of documents by Wikipedia.
19.2iL Click Here for transcripts and video of "Science Wars: Should Schools Teach Intelligent Design?", a workshop sponsored by the American Enterprise
Institute for Public Policy Research, October 21, 2005.
Click Here for a 2003 paper cited by Ken Miller at this workshop:
"Bacterial type III secretion systems are ancient and evolved by multiple horizontal-transfer events", by Uri Gophna, Eliora Z. Ron, and Dan Graur.
19.2im Click Here for "Intelligent Design on Trial" by Edward B. Davis.
19.2in Click Here for commentary by philosopher Alvin Plantinga.
19.2iO Click Here for "Seeing Government Purpose through the Objective Observer's Eyes: The Evolution Intelligent Design Debates", by Kristi L. Bowman.
19.2ip Click Here for "The 'Vise Strategy' Undone: Kitzmiller et al v. Dover Area School District", by Barbara Forrest.
19.2iq Click Here for a January 2006 interview with Michael Behe.
19.2ir Click Here for an October 2006 article on Judge John E. Jones III in The Lutheran, the magazine of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
19.2is Click Here for the transcript of a Public Affairs Forum Presented May 17, 2006: "Keeping Science & Religion Separate in Schools: THE VIGIL AFTER DOVER".
19.2it Click Here for the slides used by Kevin Padian in his testimony at Dover.
19.2iu Click Here for the NOVA production "Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial".
19.2iv Click Here for "Darwin, Dover, 'Intelligent Design' and textbooks", by Kevin Padian and Nicholas Matzke.
19.2iw Click Here for "Five Years After A Landmark Court Ruling Against ‘Intelligent Design,’ Evolution Opponents Are Still On The Prowl" by Sandya Bathija. (January, 2011)
19.2ja Click Here for the 13 January 2005 decision on the Cobb County case involving stickers in textbooks:
"This textbook contains material on evolution. Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things. This material should
be approached with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically considered."
19.2jb Click Here for the 13 January 2005 decision with links to commentary.
19.2jc Click Here for the 25 May 2006 decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
19.2jd Click Here for Georgia Citizens for Integrity in Science Education.
19.2je Click Here for information of the 19 December, 2006 settlement to end the sticker placement.
19.2ka Click Here for reviews of proposed changes in Kansas science education, 2004-2005.
19.2kb Click Here for the Coalition for Science: Speaking for Science Education in Kansas.
19.2kc Click Here for "Kansas Denied Use of National Science Education Standards".
19.2kd Click Here for KCFS News and Resources.
19.2ke Click Here for "Kansas Science Standards 2005", resources compiled by the eight authors of the revisions to the Kansas Science Standards.
19.2kf Click Here for "Standup for Science", resources compiled by the Discovery Institute.
19.2kg Click Here for "Some FACTS about the Kansas BOE’s new science standards", posted by Kansas Citizens for Science.
19.2La Click Here for documents pertaining to the suit brought against the El Tejon Unified School District January10, 2006.
19.2Lb Click Here for the text of the complaint filed 10 January 2006, Hurst v Newman.
19.2Lc Click Here for information on the Lancaster California "Science Philosophy" Policy adopted in March 2006.
19.3 Textbook Controversies
Of Pandas and People
19.3aa Click Here for a Kenneth Miller review of the controversial textbook, Of Pandas and People.
19.3ab Click Here for a review of Pandas written for the National Association of Biology Teachers by Richard Aulie.
19.3ac Click Here for reactions to Pandas from The Textbook League .
19.3ad Click Here for resources on Of Pandas and People collated by the National Center for Science Education.
here for "Good Science, Bad Science: Teaching Evolution in the States"
by Lawrence Lerner of CSULB, published by the Thomas B.
Fordham Foundation, January 2000.
19.3c Click Here for a response to "Good Science, Bad Science" by Jonathan Wells and Jay Richards of the Discovery Institute.
19.3d Click here for "An Evaluation of Ten Recent Biology Textbooks" by Jonathan Wells of the Discovery Institute.
19.3e Wells has also written a book titled Icons of Evolution. Click Here for a review by David Ussery
and Click Here for further analysis by Massimo Pigliucci. Click Here for other articles by Wells.
19.3f Click Here for a Kenneth Miller analysis of a disclaimer about evolution placed in science texts in several states.
20. INTELLIGENT DESIGN
20.1 Intelligent Design Resources
20.1a Click Here for a classic text on the design argument, David Hume's 1779 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.
20.1ba Click Here for the Access Research Network (ARN), one of the primary sources of intelligent design publications and resources.
20.1bb Click Here for ARN's "Frequently Asked Questions about Intelligent Design".
20.1bc Click Here for another ARN site dedicated to intelligent design.
20.1bd Click Here for "the Wedge Update", maintained by ARN's Mark Hartwig.
20.1c Click Here for Intelligent Design Theory: "A New Science for a New Century"?, a lengthy collection of references for intelligent design
theory compiled by John M. Lynch .
20.1d Click Here for commentary on Intelligent Design publications by Mark Isaak.
20.1d Click Here for the Discovery Institute, an advocate of intelligent design through its Center for Science and Culture
Click Here for the Intelligent Design Society of Kansas.
Click Here for a little humor from the reDiscovery Institute. Click Here for a snappy jingle.
Click Here for an article on the origins of the Discovery Institute by Chris Mooney, "Inferior Design".
Click Here for an early posting of the Discovery Institute's Wedge Strategy.
Click Here for a formatted copy of the Wedge Strategy hosted by John M. Lynch. Click Here for another copy.
Click Here for a 1 February 2006 Seattle Weekly article on the origins of the The Wedge.
Click Here for the Discovery Institute's "Evolution News & Views: News Analysis of Media Coverage of the Debate Over Evolution".
Click Here for the Biologic Institute.
Click Here for Faith and Evolution
20.1e The Foundation for Thought and Ethics advocates the introduction of intelligent design theory in public school curricula. See their argument in
Intelligent Design in Public School Science Curricula: A Legal Guidebook .
20.1f Click Here for "Teaching the Origins Controversy: A Guide for the Perplexed" by David K. DeWolf of the Discovery Institute.
20.1g Click Here for ORIGINS, a website dedicated to intelligent design and philosophical theism.
20.1h Click Here for "Design Features of the Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle" by Jules Poirier and Kenneth Cumming of the Institute for Creation Research.
20.1i Click Here for a review of John Haught's book, God After Darwin: A Theology of Evolution by Michael Behe, together with a response from Haught.
20.1j Click Here for "We're Not in Kansas Anymore: why secular scientists and media can't admit that Darwinism might be wrong" by Nancy Pearcey.
20.1k Click Here for "Getting God A Pass: Science, Theology and the Consideration of Intelligent Design", by John Mark Reynolds .
20.1L Click Here for the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design.
20.1m Click Here for the Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Club at the University of California San Diego.
20.1n Click Here for the Intelligent Design network, inc.
20.1O Click Here for The Intelligent Designer Speaks.
20.1p Click Here for "Life in the Big Tent: Traditional Creationism and the Intelligent Design Community", By Paul A. Nelson.
20.1q Click Here for the ID blog Intelligent Design the Future.
20.1r Click Here for information on the movie "Flock of Dodos: The Evolution - Intelligent Design Circus".
20.1s Click Here for "Seeing Government Purpose Through the Objective Observer's Eyes: The Evolution-Intelligent Design Debates", by Kristi L. Bowman.
20.1t Click Here for the Intelligent Design blog of Andrew Rowell.
20.1u Click Here for "Intelligent Design and the the End of Science", by Jeffrey Koperski.
20.1O Click Here for Overwhelming Evidence, ID for high school students.
20.1p Click Here for Intelligent Design Facts.
20.2 Critiques of the Intelligent Design Movement
20.2a Historian of science Edward B. Davis is a theistic evolutionist and has critiqued the intelligent design movement in his article Of God and Gaps:
Intelligent Design and Darwinian Evolution .
Robert Pennock has written a critique of the new intelligent design movement called Tower of Babel .
Click Here to read Pennock's first chapter, a historical survey of creationist movements in the United States.
Click Here for a review by Johnson. Click Here for a response from Pennock.
20.2c Click Here for a February 28, 2001 Salon.com review of the intelligent design movement: "Assault on Evolution".
20.2d Click Here for "Darwin in Mind: 'Intelligent Design' Meets Artificial Intelligence", by Taner Edis.
[Abstract: What's Wrong with the Information Argument Against Evolution? Proponents of "Intelligent Design" claim information theory refutes Darwinian
evolution. Modern physics and artificial intelligence research turns their arguments on their head.]
20.2e Click Here for Talkdesign.org: Critically Examining the 'Intelligent Design' Movement.
20.2f Click Here for "E. Coli at the No Free Lunchroom: Bacterial Flagella and Dembski’s Case for Intelligent Design", by Howard J. Van Till.
20.2g Click Here for Unintelligent Design, a collection of essays critical of the ID movement and moderated by Mark Perakh at Talk Reason.
20.2ga Click Here for THE DESIGN REVOLUTION? How William Dembski Is Dodging Questions About Intelligent Design by Mark Perakh.
20.2gb Click Here for THE DESIGNER-OF-THE-GAPS REVISITED A critique of William Dembski's article "Irreducible Complexity Revisited"
by Richard Wein.
20.2h Click Here for "The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism Is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream", by
Barbara Forrest. Click Here for information on Creationism's Trojan Horse; the Wedge of Intelligent Design, by Barbara Forest
and Paul Gross.
20.2i Click Here for "Darwin's Discovery: Design without Designer", by Francisco Ayala.
20.2j Click Here for "The advantages of theft over toil: the design inference and arguing from ignorance", by John S. Wilkins and Wesley R. Elsberry.
20.2k Click Here for "Not a Free Lunch But a Box of Chocolates: A critique of William Dembski's book No Free Lunch", by Richard Wein.
20.2L Click Here for "Intelligent Design: Creationism's Trojan Horse" (Feb, 2005), by Barbara Forrest.
20.2m Click Here for the reDiscovery Institute.
20.2n Click Here for "Being Stalked by Intelligent Design", by Pat Shipman.
20.2O Click Here for "Is it Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution", by Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey.
20.2p Click Here for SETI and Intelligent Design.
20.2q Click Here for 'Turn out the lights, the “Teach the controversy” party’s over', By Robert Camp.
20.2r Click Here for Creation & Intelligent Design Watch, Hosted by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal.
20.2s Click Here for "The Other ID Opponents: Traditional Creationists see Intelligent Design as an Attack on the Bible", by Rob Moll.
20.2t Click Here for "Bacterial type III secretion systems are ancient and evolved by multiple horizontal-transfer events",
by Uri Gophna, Eliora Z. Ron, and Dan Graur (2003).
20.2u Click Here for Conservatives Against Intelligent Design.
20.2v Click Here for "Lawful Design: A New Standard for Evaluating Establishment Clause Challenges to School Science Curricula", by Charles Kitcher.
20.2w Click Here for "Turn out the lights, the “Teach the controversy” party’s over", by Robert Camp.
20.2x Click Here for "Life's Grand Design", by Ken Miller.
20.2y Click Here for "Is Intelligent Design 'Scientific'”?, by Loren Haarsma.
20.3 Bombardier Beetles and Intelligent Design
20.3a For an evolutionary response to the argument from design, see “Bombardier Beetles and the Argument of Design”, 1997, by Mark Isaak .
20.3b Click Here for "Spray aiming in the bombardier beetle: Photographic evidence".
20.3c Click Here for "The Amazing Bombardier Beetle!" posted by Answers in Genesis.
20.3d Click Here for "Reducibly Complex Bombardier Beetles" by T. Ryan Gregory.
Here for "An Interventionist Theory of Natural Selection and Biological
Change within Limits" by Leonard Brand and L. James Gibson.
20.5 For discussion of a recent case in which intelligent design was being taught in a Kansas public school, see Whose 'science'? .
20.6a Jonathan Wells is a senior fellow for the Discovery Institute's Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture and is the author of Icons of Evolution.
Click Here for the Icons of Evolution website.
20.6b Click Here for articles on evolution by Wells, and Click Here for other articles by Wells.
20.6c Click Here for a review of Icons of Evolution by David Ussery .
20.6d Click Here for an analysis of Icons by Massimo Pigliucci.
20.6e Click Here for "Icon of Obfuscation: Jonathan Wells's book Icons of Evolution and why most of what it teaches about evolution is wrong", by Nick Matzke.
20.6f Click Here for "Icons Still Standing", a response to Matzke's critique by Casey Luskin.
20.6g Click Here for "Critics Rave Over Icons of Evolution: A Response to Published Reviews" by Jonathan Wells (17 June 2002).
20.6h Click Here for "Icons of Anti-Evolution", critiques of Wells compiled by The Icons of Anti-Evolution Project.
20.6i Click Here for a critique of Wells by Alan Gishlick for the National Center of Science Education.
20.6j Click Here for "The Flagellum Unspun: the Collapse of 'Irreducible Complexity'", by Kenneth Miller.
20.6k Click Here for "Still Spinning Just Fine: A Response to Ken Miller", by William Dembski.
20.6L Click Here for "The Fact of Evolution: Implications for Science Education", by James R. Hofmann & Bruce H. Weber. This is a critique of Chapter
3 of Wells' Icons of Evolution: "Darwin’s Tree of Life".
20.6m Click Here for "Wells and Haeckel's Embryos: A Review of Chapter 5 of Icons of Evolution" by PZ Myers.
20.6n Click Here for "Iconoclasts of Evolution: Haeckel, Behe, Wells & the Ontogeny of a Fraud", by Kurt Pickett, John Wenzel and Steven Rissing.
20.7a Click Here for the homepage of William Dembski, and Click Here for his weblog, Uncommon Descent.
20.7b Click Here for Dembski's "Teaching intelligent design as religion or science?".
20.7c Click Here for a collection of Dembski on-line essays.
20.7d Click Here for discussion of Dembski's book No Free Lunch.
20.7e Click Here for "E. Coli at the No Free Lunchroom: Bacterial Flagella and Dembski’s Case for Intelligent Design", by Howard J. Van Till.
20.7f Click Here for THE DESIGN REVOLUTION? How William Dembski Is Dodging Questions About Intelligent Design by Mark Perakh.
20.7g Click Here for THE DESIGNER-OF-THE-GAPS REVISITED A critique of William Dembski's article "Irreducible Complexity Revisited"
by Richard Wein.
20.7h Click Here for "Not a Free Lunch But a Box of Chocolates: A critique of William Dembski's book No Free Lunch", by Richard Wein.
Click Here for
"Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial
flagellum", by N. J. Matzke.
20.7j Click Here for "What Every Theologian Should Know about Creation, Evolution, and Design", by William Dembski.
The Bacterial Flagellum
Click Here for
Mark Isaac's discussion of claims that the bacterial flagellum could not have
20.8b Click Here "The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of "Irreducible Complexity", by Kenneth R. Miller.
20.8c Click Here for "Bacterial type III secretion systems are ancient and evolved by multiple horizontal-transfer events",
by Uri Gophna, Eliora Z. Ron, and Dan Graur (2003).
21.1a For some nice descriptions and images of relevant igneous rocks, take the Igneous Rocks Tour .
21.1b Click Here for The Affiliation of Christian Geologists.
21.1c Click Here for an on-line introduction to earth history.
21.1d Click Here for The Geology of the Grand Canyon.
21.1e Click Here for an analysis of the formation of the Grand Canyon by Frank Steiger.
21.1f Click Here for "Radiometric Dating, Paleosols and the Geological Column" by Joseph Meert.
21.1g Click Here for "Palaeosols" by Jonathan Clark.
21.1h Click Here for "The Geologic Column: Does it Exist?", by John Woodmorappe.
21.1j Click Here "Events in the Vicinity of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River".
21.1k Click Here for Geologic Time, by William L. Newman.
21.2 RADIOMETRIC DATING
21.2a Click Here for a non-mathematical introduction to radiometric dating techniques by Jonathon Woolf.
21.2b Click Here for a more technical introduction that includes isochron dating by Chris Stassen.
21.2c Click Here for Isochron Dating by Chris Stassen.
21.2d Click Here for "Watching a Rock Age on an Isochron Diagram", an animation by Jon Fleming.
21.2e Click Here for "Virtual Dating", a tutorial on isochron dating methods developed by Gary Novak of CSLA.
21.2f Click Here for "Radiometric Dating and the Geological Time Scale" by Andrew MacRae.
21.2g Click Here for "The Age of the Earth" by Chris Stassen.
21.2h Click Here for "A Radiometric Dating Resource List" maintained by Tim Thompson . This list includes links to lengthy debates about radiometric dating methods and the age of the earth.
21.2i Click Here for "Radioactives Missing from the Earth", by Don Lindsay .
21.2j Click Here for Radiocarbon-Related Information Sources.
21.2k Click Here for "Radiometric Dating Does Work!", by G. Brent Dalrymple.
21.2L Click Here for 'How Old is the Earth: A Response to “Scientific” Creationism', by G. Brent Dalrymple.
22. GENERAL REFERENCES FOR YOUNG EARTH CREATIONISM
"Young Earth Creationists" generally espouse several very specific Biblically related doctrines of creation, no death before sin, a relatively young age of the earth, and a world-wide flood. Listed below are just some of the numerous young-earth creationist sites.
22 Click Here for "Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism", by Marcus R. Ross.
Here for the Institute for Creation
22.1a Click Here for a collection of ICR research papers
22.1b Duane Gish presents his position in an article entitled Is it Possible to be a Christian and an Evolutionist? .
22.2 Click Here for the Creation Research Society.
22.3 Click Here for Answers in Genesis (AIG-US President Ken Ham) Click Here for "A young Earth - it's not the issue!", by Ken Ham.
22.3a Click Here for Answers in Genesis' "Arguments we think creationists should NOT use".
Click Here for CMI's "Arguments we think creationists should NOT use".
Click Here for the Answers in Genesis "Arguments Christians should not use" series.
22.3b Click Here for "Maintaining Creationist Integrity: A response to Kent Hovind", by Carl Wieland, Ken Ham and Jonathan Sarfati.
22.3c Click Here for "15 ways to refute materialistic bigotry" by Jonathan Sarfati of Answers in Genesis.
22.3d Click Here for the Scientific American article Sarfati is responding to: "15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense".
22.3e Click Here for information about Creationist Scientists, such as Duane Gish , a list maintained by Answers in Genesis.
22.3f Click Here for the on-line Answers Research Journal.
22.3g Click Here for "ID and President Bush—the deeper issues" by Dr. Terry Mortenson.
22.3h Click Here for No Answers in Genesis!
22.3i Click here for Questioning Answers In Genesis: Exploring the wonders of geology in response to young-Earth claims..., by Jonathan Baker.
22.3j Click Here for Roger Patterson: Natural Selection vs Evolution
22.4 Click Here for Creation Science Evangelism, the homepage of Kent Hovind (Dr. Dino). His blog is Here.
22.4a Click Here for links to critiques of Kent Hovind maintained by John Stear.
22.4b Click Here for a debate between Kent Hovind and John D. Callahan.
22.4c Click Here for "Maintaining Creationist Integrity: A response to Kent Hovind", by Carl Wieland, Ken Ham and Jonathan Sarfati.
22.5 Click Here for Creation Ministries International. Click Here for CMI's "Arguments we think creationists should NOT use".
Click Here for the Answers in Genesis "Arguments Christians should not use" series.
Here for the
Geoscience Research Institute, a research
and communication institute serving the Seventh-day Adventist church.
22.7 Click Here for the Twin Cities Creation Science Association.
22.8 Click Here for A Creation Perspective developed by David Plaisted.
22.9 Click Here for the True.Origin Archive: Exposing the Myth of Evolution.
22.9a Click Here for "A Theory of Creation: A Response to the Pretense that No Creation Theory Exists"
by Timothy Wallace for The True.Origin Archive.
22.10 Click Here for The Westminster Confession of Faith, the basis for the present interpretation of the Bible by the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.
22.9a Click Here for the 2001 "Report of the Creation Study Committee" published by the Presbyterian Church in America.
22.11 Click Here for Lambert Dolphin's Resource Files.
22.12 Click Here for a lengthy bibliography of young-earth creationist articles maintained by The Revolution Against Evolution.
22.13 Click Here for a list of resources maintained by Christian Connection's Christianity and Science.
22.14 Click Here for Creation in the Crossfire, published by The South Bay Creation Science Association.
22.15 Click Here for the Creation Science Association of Orange County.
22.16 Click Here for The Kolbe Center for the Study of Creation.
22.17 Click Here for Catholic Apologetics International.
22.18 Click Here for the Creation Biology Society, formerly BSG: A Creation Biology Study Group
22.19 Click Here for The Center for Origins Research at Bryan College
22.20 Click Here for the Young Earth Creation Club.
22.21 Click Here for "The non-moving Earth & anti-evolution web page of The Fair Education Foundation, Inc"
22.22 Click Here for Logos Research Associates.
22.23 Click Here for The New Creationism: Building Scientific Theories on a Biblical Foundation, by Paul Garner.
D. Russell Humphreys
23.1a Click Here for biographical information and some links.
23.1b Click Here for an interview with Russell Humphreys: "Creation in the Physics Lab"
23.1c Click Here for Humphreys' article "Evidence for a Young World".
23.1d Click Here for Humphreys' article "The Earth's Magnetic Field is Young"
23.1e Click Here for Humphreys' article "The Creation of Planetary Magnetic Fields".
23.1f Click Here for a response to Humphreys and Thomas Barnes by Tim Thompson .
23.1g Click Here for a response to Humphreys by David E. Thomas.
23.1h Click Here for a discussion of the geomagnetic field by Gary Glatzmaier.
23.1i Click Here for further discussion of geomagnetic reversals.
23.1j Click Here for another short discussion of geomagnetic reversals.
23.1k Humphreys is also the author of Starlight and Time .
Click Here for a critique of this book by Samuel Conner and Hugh Ross of Reasons to Believe
23.lL Click Here for a reply by Humphreys.
23.lm Click Here for "Russell Humphreys answers Various Critics".
23.1n Click Here for a May 21, 2001 interview of Humphreys.
23.1O Click Here for "Nuclear Decay: Evidence for a Young World by Humphreys.
23.1p Click here for comments on the above Humphreys article by David Thomas.
23.2 Keith Wanser
23.2a Click Here for a statement by Keith Wanser originally published in In Six Days.
23.2b Click Here for replies by Keith Wanser to a set of questions posed by students in LS487 during Fall 1999.
23.3 Andrew Snelling
23.3a Click Here for biographical information and links to many Snelling publications.
23.3b Click Here for "Excess Argon: the Achilles Heel of Potasium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating of Volcanic Rocks"
23.3c Click Here for Impact #309: "Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating of Crustal Rocks and the Problem of Excess Argon" (Mar. 1999).
23.3d Click Here for "The Cause of Anomalous Potassium-Argon "Ages" for Recent Andesite Flows at Mt. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand, and the
Implications for Potassium-Argon "Dating"(1998).
23.3e Click Here for "Will the Real Dr Snelling Please Stand Up?", by Alex Ritchie.
23.4 Steven A.
23.4a Click Here for biography and a link to "Mt St Helens 'dating'"
23.4b Click Here for "Excess Argon within Mineral Concentrates from the New Dacite Lava Dome at Mount St. Helens Volcano" (1996).
23.4c Click Here for "Grand Canyon Lava Flows: A Survey of Isotope Dating Methods" by Steven Austin.
23.4d Click Here for "Excessively Old 'Ages' for Grand Canyon Lava Flows" by Steven Austin.
23.4e Click Here for "A Criticism of the ICR's Grand Canyon Dating Project" by Chris Stassen.
23.4f Click Here for "K-Ar ages of Pleistocene Lava Dams in the Grand Canyon in Arizona" by Dalrymple and Hamblin.
23.4h Click Here for "The Misguided Erosion Argument" by Glenn Morton.
23.4i Click Here for "Salty Seas: Evidence for a Young Earth", by Jonathan Sarfati. This is based on a 1990 article by Austin and Humphreys.
23.5 Don DeYoung
23.5a Click Here for "Is the Moon Really Old?"
23.5b Click Here for a response by Tim Thompson: "The Recession of the Moon and the Age of the Earth-Moon System".
23.5c Click Here for a response to Thompson by Malcolm Bowden; "The Moon is Still Young".
23.6 Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth (RATE)
23.6a In July 1997, a group of young earth creationist scientists affiliated with The Institute for Creation Research started a research collaboration called "Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth" (RATE). Progress reports have been published as Impact 290 , Impact 301 , and Impact 314 . Click Here for information on their book, Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, published in 2000 by the Institute for Creation Research and the Creation Research Society . Click Here for a December 2000 update.
23.6b Click Here for a critique of RATE by geologist Joseph Meert . For other articles by Meert, Click Here .
23.6c Click Here for a discussion of radiogenic helium in zircons.
23.6d Click Here for "Young-Earth Creationist Helium Diffusion 'Dates': Misconceptions Based on Bad Assumptions and Questionable Data", by Kevin Henke.
23.6e Click Here for articles on RATE provided by the American Scientific Affiliation.
Radiometric Dating and Lava Flows
23.7a Click Here For a discussion of the 1801 eruption of the Hualalai volcano in Hawaii that has been cited in debates about the validity of
potassium/argon dating, "Fresh Lava Dated as 22 Million Years Old", by Don Lindsay .
23.7b Click Here for "200 Year Old Lava Dated 2.96 Billion Years Old?" by Mike Hopkins.
23.7c Click Here for additional discussion by Mark Isaak.
23.7d Click Here for more discussion by Kevin Henke.
Here for an excerpt from The Annals of the World (1658)
in which Bishop James Ussher advocates the date
of creation at 23 October 4004
23.9 Christian Objections to
Young Earth Creationism
23.9a Click Here for "Radiometric Dating: A Christian Perspective by Roger C. Wiens .
23.9c Click Here for a critique of young-earth arguments by a Christian geologist, Lorence Collins.
23.9d Click Here for "Is There Really Scientific Evidence for a Young Earth?", by Matthew Tiscareno .
23.9e Click Here for "A Brief Intro to the Creation-date 'Debate'" by Darrick Dean.
23.9f Click Here for "Young Earth Creationism", presented by Evidence for God from Science.
23.9h Click Here for Answers in Creation: Bringing the Bible and Science Together Without Conflict.
23.9i Click Here for Rocket Science Ministries.
23.9j Click here for Questioning Answers In Genesis: Exploring the wonders of geology in response to young-Earth claims..., by Jonathan Baker.
23.9k Click Here for "PCA Geologists on the Antiquity of the Earth" and Click Here for a response by John Reed for Answers in Genesis.
23.10 John Woodmorappe
23.10a Click Here for "Billion-fold Acceleration old Radioactivity Demonstrated in Laboratory" by John Woodmorappe.
23.10b Click Here for commentary on Woodmorappe: "Modifications of Nuclear Beta Decay Rates" by David Ewan Kahana.
23.10c Click Here for "Glenn R. Morton's Misuse of Woodmorappe's, List of Discrepant Isotopic Dates", by John Woodmorappe.
23.10e Click Here for "How Can Woodmorappe Sell Us a Bill of Goods if He Doesn't Know the Costs?", by Kevin Henke.
23.10f Click Here for other responses to Woodmorappe by Kevin Henke.
23.10g Click Here for "Geochronology kata John Woodmorappe", by Steven H. Schimmrich.
23.11 Guy Berthault
23.11a Click Here for Guy Berthault's description of his stratigraphy experiments.
23.11b Click Here for "EXPERIMENTS IN STRATIFICATION", October 2000 by Guy Berthault.
23.11c Click Here for "Sedimentation Experiments: Nature Finally Catches Up!", by Andrew Snelling.
23.11d Click Here for "Berthault's 'Stratigraphy': Rediscovering What Geologists Already Know and Strawperson Misrepresentations
of Modern Applications of Steno's Principles" by Kevin Henke.
23.11e Click Here for a response from Berthault.
23.11f Click Here for "Some Questions for Dr. Berthault" by Kevin Henke.
23.11g Click Here for "Other Views: Guy Berthault", presented by the Institute for Biblical & Scientific Studies.
23.11h Click Here for "The Curious Case of the One-Man Band: The work of Guy Berthault: Revolutionary Geology or Extravagant Hubris?" by Alec MacAndrew.
23.12 Click Here or for "Evidence for a Young Earth from the Ocean and Atmosphere", by Larry Vardiman, Oct.8, 2005.
23.13 Click Here for Dealing with Creationism in Astronomy by W.T. Bridgman.
24. COEXISTENCE OF HUMANS AND DINOSAURS
24.1 Some young-earth
creationists argue that there is evidence that dinosaurs and humans coexisted.
See, for example, The Footprints of Dragons by Lourella Rouster.
24.2 Paluxy River Fossil Footprints
24.2a For an account of Carl Baugh's excavation of Paluxy River fossils as supported by the Creation Evidence Museum, Click Here and then click on "Excavations".
24.2b Click Here for a lengthy collection of references to the the Paluxy Dinosaur "Man Track" controversy generated by alleged fossils of human and dinosaur footprints.
24.2c Click Here for a history of the Paluxy fossil controversy by Arthur Chadwick.
24.2d Click Here for another discussion of Carl Baugh's work by Wayne Spencer.
24.2e Click Here for Glen Kuban's discussion of the famous "Burdick Print".
24.2f Some of the Paluxy fossils together with the "Burdick Print" were highlighted as part of a February 25, 1996 NBC broadcast called The Mysterious Origins of Man, produced by BC Video.
Click Here for links to some responses to that broadcast, and Click Here for a review by Glen Kuban.
24.2g Click Here for a discussion of Carl Baugh originally maintained by Answers in Genesis.
24.2h Click Here for "The Paluxy River Mystery" by John Morris of the Institute for Creation Research.
24.2i Click Here for a response to John Morris by Glen Kuban.
24.2j Click Here for Glen Kuban's analysis of the Paluxy tracks.
24.2k Click Here for "Stones and Bones" , a blog where Gary Hurd comments on Paluxy and other tracks.
25.1 Some General Young Earth Creationist Resources on a Global Flood
Dolphin: On the Great Flood
25.1b John D. Morris: The Global Flood of Noah's Day
Click Here for "Flood Models: the need for an integrated approach" by Andy
McIntosh, Tom Edmondson and Steven Taylor,
for Answers in Genesis.
25.1d Click Here for "A Scientific Paradigm for the Genesis Flood", by Ted Noel and Ken Noel for The Bible Only.
25.1e Click Here for "How did Noah Gather the Animals?", by John Morris.
25.1f Click here for "Startling evidence for Noah’s Flood: Footprints and sand ‘dunes’ in a Grand Canyon sandstone!" by Snelling and Austin (1992).
Click Here for commentary on wind-blown and subaqueous dunes.
Click Here for commentary on the footprints discussed by Snelling and Austin.
Click Here for more commentary from Answers in Creation.
25.1g Click Here for "Doesn’t the Order of Fossils in the Rock Record Favor Long Ages?" by Dr. Andrew A. Snelling for Answers in Genesis. (September 9, 2010)
25.1h Click Here for "The top five challenges for creationist geology" by Paul Garner.
25.2 JOHN BAUMGARDNER
John Baumgardner is a young earth creationist who has developed computer models to argue that the Biblical flood can be understood in terms of rapid tectonic activity.
25.2a Click Here for the online home of Dr. John Baumgardner's work related to the Genesis flood and Click Here for his Logos Research page.
25.2b Click Here for his 1994 paper entitled "Runaway Subduction as the Driving Mechanism for the Genesis Flood".
25.2d Interview with plate tectonics expert Dr. John Baumgardner
25.2e For another interview, click Scientists Who Believe
25.2f Click Here for a response from the National Center for Science Education.
25.2g Click Here for a response from Darkness to Light Ministries.
25.2h Click Here for "Depths of the Oceans: Incompatible with A Global Flood Model", by Joseph Meert.
25.2i Click Here for an Answers in Genesis "Forum on catastrophic plate tectonics".
25.2j Click Here for "Ancient Molecules and Modern Myths", by Gary Hurd.
25.2k Click Here for "A Catastrophic Breakup: A Scientific Look at Catastrophic Plate Tectonics" by Greg Neyman.
Click Here for "Institute for Creation Research 'Racing' Plate Tectonics Nonsense" by Greg Neyman.
25.2L Click Here for Dismissing "catastrophic plate tectonics", by Gary Hurd.
25.3 John Woodmorappe
25.3a John Woodmorappe has written extensively on the feasibility of a literal reading of the Genesis account of Noah's ark.
25.3b Click Here for a summary of Woodmorappe's arguments by Jason Browning.
25.3c Woodmorappe's 1993 book, Studies in Flood Geology , initiated a lengthy debate with Steven Schimmrich .
25.3d Woodmorappe's 1996 book is Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study .
25.3e Click Here for an analysis of some of Woodmorrappe's calculations.
25.3f For a bibliography of other Woodmorappe articles look him up by Clicking Here .
25.4 Larry Vardiman
25.4a Click Here for "Out of Whose Womb Came the Ice?".
25.4b Click Here for "Cooling of the Ocean After the Flood".
Northrup (advocate of multiple floods)
25.5a Click Here for a diagram of Northrup's "Five Biblical Catastrophe Harmonizational Model"
25.5b Click Here for Northrup's "Guidelines for Understanding the Witness in the Record of the Rocks".
25.5c Click Here for Northrup's "The Geological Foundation below the Noahic Flood Deposits"
25.5d Click Here for links to Northrup's other essays on geology and Genesis.
25.5e Click Here for a critique of Northrup by geologist Joseph Meert .
25.6 Objections to a Global Flood
25.6a Click Here for The Flood Page: Articles on Noah's Flood, by Glenn Morton .
25.6b Click Here for "Problems with a Global Flood" by Mark Isaak .
25.6h Click Here for "Isotopic Sorting and the Noah's Flood Model", by Patrick Spears.
25.6L Click Here for "More Nonsense on 'TRUE.ORIGINS': Jonathan Sarfati's Support Of Flood Geology", by Kevin Henke.
25.6m Click Here for "Creationist 'Flood Geology' Versus Common Sense Or Reasons why 'Flood Geology' was abandoned in the mid-1800s by
Christian men of science". Quotations from modern day scientists (and others) compiled by Edward T. Babinski.
25.6O Click Here for "What Would We Expect To Find if the World had Flooded?" by Ken Harding.
25.6p Click Here for Answers in Creation.
25.6q Click Here for Paul H. Seely, , 2003, "The GISP2 Ice Core: Ultimate Proof that Noah's Flood Was Not Global". Perspectives on Science and
Chrisitian Faith. vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 252-260.
25.6r Click Here for "The Proof is in the Poop!", by Greg Neyman for Answers in Creation.
25.6s Click Here for Joseph Meert on the "Austin Chalk".
25.7 William Ryan and Walter Pitman
Recent research by William Ryan and Walter Pitman has led some to think that the flood described in Genesis may have been a local flooding of the Black Sea. Their book is called Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History.
25.7a Click here for a review in the Biblical Archaeology Review.
25.7b Click here for a review in the Christian Science Monitor and other links.
25.7c Click Here for Robert Ballard's discovery of human habitation beneath the Black Sea.
25.7d Click Here for photographs of the Ballard discoveries.
25.7e Click Here for a young-earth response to Ballard's discovery by Tas Walker of Answers in Genesis.
25.7f Click Here for an October 2000 Kansas City Star article on Ballard's hypothesis.
25.7h Click Here for discussion of Noah's flood by B. A. Robinson of the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
Here for "Flood Stories from Around the World", by
26.1 See the links and articles compiled by Dave Armstrong .
Click Here for "Answers in
Creation: "Bringing the Bible and Science Together Without Conflict".
26.3 Click Here for Rocket Science Ministries.
26.4 Click Here for Christian Faith and Reason.
26.5 Click Here for Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya).
26.6 Click Here for Harun Yahya, An Invitation to the Truth.
27. THEISTIC EVOLUTION
27.0 Click Here for Perspectives on Theistic Evolution.27.1 CATHOLICISM
Pope Benedict XVI and Cardinal
27.1k Click Here for "Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God".
27.1ka Click Here for "Finding Design in Nature" by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn
27.1kb Click Here for a letter to Pope Benedict XVI in response to Cardinal Schönborn's New York Times article.
27.1kc Click Here for "Creation and Evolution: to the Debate as it Stands", by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn (2 October, 2005).
27.1kd Click Here for a critique by Stephen M. Barr., October, 2005.
27.1ke Click Here for 'The Designs of Science", by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, January, 2006.
27.1kf Click Here for a talk by Vatican Observatory director, Father George V. Coyne, SJ, "Science Does Not Need God. Or Does It? A Catholic
Scientist Looks at Evolution", 31 January, 2006.
27.1La Click Here for John Haught's homepage.
27.1Lb Click Here for a video-taped interview.
27.1m Kenneth Miller: Kenneth R. Miller is a Catholic cell biologist and textbook author who teaches at Brown University.
27.1ma Click Here for Miller's article: Life's Grand Design
27.1mb Click Here for Miller's "Thoughts of an 'Ardent Theist,'or Why Jerry Coyne is Wrong".
27.2a Howard J. Van Till: Howard J. Van Till argues for theistic evolution from a tradition he traces to Saint Basil and Saint Augustine .
27.2 Other Theistic Evolutionists
Gray is a biochemist and theistic evolutionist. Go to his
Page for reviews of Behe and Johnson and documents pertaining to Gray's
trial by the Harvest Orthodox Presbyterian Church.
27.2ba Click Here for "On the Animal Ancestry of Adam's Body An Ecclesiastical Appeal in the Case of the Session of Harvest OPC vs. Dr. Terry M. Gray",
and Click Here for other trial documents pertaining to Terry Gray.
27.2bb Click Here for "Complexity--Yes! Irreducible--Maybe! Unexplainable--No! A Creationist Criticism of Irreducible Complexity", by Terry Gray.
Click Here for descriptions of Peacock's books, his career, and his reception of the 2001 Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion.
27.2d Click Here for "Theological Implications of an Evolving Creation", by geologist Keith Miller
Click Here for information on a lecture by Keith Miller at CSUF on March 11, 2004: "An Evolving Creation: Not an Oxymoron"
27.2e Click Here for comments by Bob Bakker, a famous dinosaur fossil hunter and Pentacostal preacher.
27.2f Denis Lamoureux.
Click Here for his homepage.
27.2fa Click Here for "Evolutionary Creation" by Lamoureux.
27.2fb Click Here for "The Phillip E. Johnson Phenomenon: Are Evangelicals Inheriting theWind?".
27.2fc Click Here for "A Black Box or a Black Hole? A Response to Michael Behe".
27.2fd Click Here for "Beyond the Evolution vs. Creation Debate", by Denis Lamoureux.
27.2ga Click Here for his homepage as Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute.
27.2gb Click Here for the transcript of an interview by Bob Abernethy.
27.2gc Click Here for "The Language of God: A Believer Looks at the Human Genome".
27.2gd Click Here for an April 17, 2008 interview.
27.2ge Click Here for the Biologos Foundation, founded by Francis Collins.
Click Here for "Nothing in
Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution", by Theodosius
27.2i Click Here for An Evangelical Dialogue on Evolution: Sharing one Evangelical's perspective on evolution and its implications for the Christian Faith.
27.2j Click Here for "Creation, Evolution, and Christian Laypeople" by Tim Keller.
27.2k Click Here for "Evangelicals, Creation, and Scripture: an Overview", by Mark Noll.
27.2L Click Here for "Barriers to Accepting the Possibility of Creation by Means of an Evolutionary Process", by Bruce Waltke.
27.3 Other Discussions of Theistic Evolution
27.3a In 1992
Johnson debated philosopher Michael Ruse over the following
issue: "Can Darwinism be Reconciled with any Meaningful form of Theistic
Johnson: NO Ruse: YES
Here for articles on theistic evolution posted by the American
27.3c For a critique of theistic evolution by William Dembski from the point of view of the Discovery Institute intelligent design movement, see
What Every Theologian Should Know about Creation, Evolution, and Design .
27.3d Click Here for Christianity and Evolution by Carl Drews.
27.3e Click Here for Perspectives on Theistic Evolution by Phillip Jones
27.3f Click Here for "An Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science", distributed by the "Clergy Letter Project".
Click Here for a response from Rev. Mark H. Creech, executive director of the Christian Action League of North Carolina, Inc.
27.3g Click Here for "A Catechism of Creation: An Episcopal Understanding", prepared for study in congregations by The Committee on Science,
Technology and Faith.
27.3h Click Here for the Nebraska Religious Coalition for Science Education (NRCSE).
28.1 Click Here for "Darwin's Truth, Jefferson's Vision: Sociobiology and the Politics of Human Nature" by Melvin Konner.
28.2 Click Here for The Human Behavior and Evolution Society.
28.3 Click Here for "Of Vice and Men: The Fairy Tales of Evolutionary Psychology" by Jerry Coyne; a review of A Natural History of Rape: Biological
Bases of Sexual Coercion by Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer.
28.4 Click Here for a review of David Loye's book Darwin's Lost Theory of Love; reviewed by Jane Lampman in The Christian Science Monitor.
28.5 Click Here for Darwinism and Conservatism: Friends or Foes?
Here for "The Second Law of Thermodynamics", by Frank
29.2 Click Here for "The Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Context of Christian Faith", by Allan H. Harvey.
29.3 Click Here for "The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Evolution, and Probability", by Frank Steiger of Talkorigins.
29.4 Click Here for "Attributing False Attributes to Thermodynamics", by Frank Steiger.
29.5 Click Here for "Thermodynamics vs. Evolutionism", by Timothy Wallace of TrueOrigin.(includes a reply to Steiger)
29.6 Click Here for "The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Evolution", by Frank Lambert.
29.7 Click Here for "Life as a Manisfestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics" by Eric Schneider and James J. Kay.
29.8 Click Here for "Ecosystems as Self-organizing Holarchic Open Systems : Narratives and the Second Law of Thermodynamics" by James J. Kay.
29.9 Click Here for "Thermodynamic Cycles, Developmental Systems, and Emergence" by Bruce Weber and Terrance Deacon.
30. Human Evolution
Here for the WEBBOOK: How Humans Evolved.
30.1a Click Here for "Fossil Hominids: The Evidence for Human Evolution" by Jim Foley.
30.2 Chromosome Evidence
30.2a Click Here for "Comparison of the Human and Great Ape Chromosomes as Evidence for Common Ancestory", by Robert Williams.
30.2b Click Here for "An Inversion Between Man and Chimpanzee Chromosomes", by Don Lindsay .
30.2c Click Here for "A Translocation Between Man and Chimpanzee Chromosomes, by Don Lindsay .
30.2d Click Here for "Bite makes way for brain: A single mutation may have caused gross anatomical changes that spurred human evolution",
by Brendan A Maher.
30.2e Click Here for Larry Flammer's resources on Chromosome Fusion.
30.2f Click Here for "A Tale of Two Chromosomes" by Jean K. Lightner from Answers in Genesis.
30.2g Click Here for "The Mistakes that Argue for Evolution" by Kenneth Chang.
30.2h Click Here for "Luskin's ludicrous genetics", by P.Z. Myers.
30.3 Technical Articles on Human Evolution
30.3a Click Here for "Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of keratinocyte growth factor gene amplification and dispersion in evolution of great apes and humans"
by D. B. Zimonjic et al.
30.3b Click Here for "Hominids and Hybrids: The Place of Neanderthals in Human Evolution", by Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H. Schwartz.
30.3c Click Here for "Mitochondrial DNA Sequences in Ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins" by Alan Thorne et al.
30.3d Click Here for "Mitochondrial Genome Variation and the Origin of Modern Humans" by Max Ingman et al.
30.3e Click Here for a March 2001 report of the discovery of Kenyanthropus platyops: "New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle
Pliocene lineages" by Meave G. Leakey, et al.
30.3f Click Here for "Constructing primate phylogenies from ancient retrovirus sequences", by Welkin E. Johnson and John M. Coffin.
30.3g Click Here for "Relaxed selective pressure on an essential component of pheromone transduction in primate evolution" by
Non-technical Articles on Human Evolution
30.4 Click Here for discussion of the Piltdown Man hoax by Richard Harter.
30.5 Click Here for the Human Evolution Education Network.
30.6 Click Here for a report on recent human fossil discoveries in Dmansisi, Georgia.
30.7 Click Here for "Leakey Ancestors", a museum of human ancestors maintained by Meave Leakey.
30.8 Click Here for "Hominid Evolution" by Stephen Broker of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute.
30.9 Click Here for Becoming Human
30.10 Click Here for "Was Lucy An Ape-man?" by John Morris of The Institute for Creation Research.
30.11 Click Here for "Lucy's Knee Joint" by Jim Lippard on the Talk.Origins Archive.
30.12 Click Here for "Neanderthals and Modern Humans: A Regional Guide".
30.13 Click Here for a report on recent discoveries in Australia: "Is Out of Africa Going Out the Door?"
30.14 Click Here for "Human Evolution".
30.15 Click Here for Anthropology in the News.
30.16 Click Here for "The Genetic Archaeology of Race" by Steve Olson from The Atlantic Monthly April 2001.
[Subtitle: DNA analysis is explaining where "racial difference" comes from—and what it does and doesn't mean. The study of human genetic variation has become the
most contentious area in modern science.]
30.16a Click Here for "Gene Map Presents Race Concerns", by Kristen Philipkoski.
30.17 Click Here for Becoming Human, developed by the Institute of Human Origins.
30.18 Click Here for The Smithsonian Institution Human Origins Program: In Search of What Makes Us Human.
30.19 Click Here for a talkorigins comparison of hominid skulls.
30.20 Click Here for "Evolution's Youth Movement: Fossil children may harbor clues to humanity's origins", by Bruce Bower.
30.21 Click Here for discussion of Sarfati's claim that "Human lysozyme is closer to chicken lysozyme than to that of any other mammal", Refuting
Evolution, p. 83.
30.22 Click Here for "The Bullfrog Affair", a discussion of several protein controversies, including lysozyme.
30.23 Click Here for discussion of Kent Hovind's claim that human cytochrome c is closest to that of a sunflower.
30.24 Click Here for "Top Ten Missing Links".
30.25 Click Here for "The Chimpanzee Genome and the Problem of Biological Similarity" by Todd Charles Wood (the human/chimp problem for baraminology).
30.26 Click Here for "Meet Lucy".
30.27 Click Here for "Were Australopithecines Ape–Human Intermediates or Just Apes? A Test of Both Hypotheses Using the 'Lucy' Skeleton", by Phil Senter.
31.a Click Here for "A New Kind of Ancestor: Ardipithecus Unveiled" by Ann Gibbons.
32. EVOLUTION AND CREATION IN THE POPULAR PRESS
Here for "Double-Dealing in Darwin: Are intellectuals allowing
dogma in science but not in religion?" by Michael Ruse.
32.2 Click Here for "Government shouldn't choose sides in evolution debate".
32.3 Click Here for "Scientific proof, not faith, determines what is truthful".
33 Islam and Evolution
Click Here for
Darwin and Evolution in the Muslim World, an October 2009 conference at
33.2 Click Here for Harun Yahya, An Invitation to the Truth.
33.3 Click Here for autobiographical data on Adnan Oktar.
33.4 Click Here for articles posted by Harun Yahya, An Invitation to the Truth.
1 visitors since February 25, 2003. | <urn:uuid:9d15c0da-488d-4221-82b4-a6fe8eb9c1eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://hssfaculty.fullerton.edu/liberal/jhofmann/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823462.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019194011-20171019214011-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.834749 | 29,295 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Birds of a feather: The Prince Edwards Islands form an important breeding ground for Wandering Albatross. The islands have been declared the first sub-Antarctic Ramsar site, one of two named on International Biodiversity Day. (Photo courtesy of the ADU.)
Tuesday 22 May was International Biodiversity Day and South Africa did something rather special, notes the Avian Demography Unit's (ADU) Professor Les Underhill.
Two new Ramsar sites were listed, Wetlands of International Importance, at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands (made up of Marion Island and Prince Edward Island) and the Makuleke Wetlands, part of the Kruger National Park.
The most important reason for nominating the Prince Edward Islands is the peat bogs, a result of seabird guano.
South Africa has now designated a total of 19 Ramsar sites, covering a surface area of 543 978 hectares.
'Nominating the Prince Edward Island as a Ramsar site was originally the brainchild of the ADU's John Cooper,' Underhill said.
It's the first Ramsar site in the sub-Antarctic and besides Cooper, the ADU is also linked to the islands through lecturer Dr Marienne de Villiers and her PhD student Mariette Bause.
Ramsar's Africa regional team, Abou Bamba and Evelyn Parh, have said the sub-Antarctic site serves as an example for other parties with island territories at that latitude.
The islands are also important bird breeding sites for the vulnerable Wandering Albatrosses (Diomedea exulans), White-chinned Petrel (Procellaria aequinoctialis), the endangered Sooty Albatross (Phoebetria fusca), and Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassarche carteri).
Three penguin species also breed and moult on the rocky areas around the coastline.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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William Cobbett was born on 9 March 1763 at Farnham in Surrey. His father was a small farmer and innkeeper. Cobbett's memories of his early life were pleasant, and, although he moved to London when he was 19, his experiences on the land left their impressions on his life. He enlisted in the British army in 1783 at the age of 21 and eventually rose to the rank of sergeant major. He taught himself English grammar and laid the foundation of his future career as a journalist.
After serving in Canada, he returned to England in 1791 and charged some of his former officers with corruption. Although venality was common in the army, his charges boomeranged when the officers sought to bring countercharges against him. Rather than appear at a court-martial, Cobbett fled to France. Realising that France in the throes of revolution was no place for an Englishman, he sailed for America and settled in Philadelphia, where he supported himself and his family by teaching English to French émigrés.
The welcome that was given by radical republican groups in the United States to Joseph Priestley after he had left England in 1794 drew Cobbett into controversy. Convinced that Priestley was a traitor, Cobbett wrote a pamphlet, Observations on the Emigration of Joseph Priestley, which launched his career as a journalist. For the next six years he published enough writings against the spirit and practice of American democracy to fill twelve volumes. He violently attacked corruption and hypocrisy and personal abuse of power in the American democratic system. His journalism won him many enemies and the nickname "Peter Porcupine". After paying a heavy fine in a libel judgement, Cobbett returned to England in 1800.
Although he embraced advanced political ideas, Cobbett was not really a radical but instead deeply conservative, even reactionary. His object was to use radical means to break the power of what he regarded as a selfish oligarchy and thus establish the earlier England of his imagination. In his England, political parties, the national debt, and the factory system would not exist. Instead, all classes would live in harmony on the land. Despite this seemingly backward-looking viewpoint, Cobbett's writings were widely read. This was partly because of his lucid style but mainly because he struck a powerful chord of nostalgia at a time when rapid economic changes and war with France had produced widespread anxiety. The Tory government of William Pitt welcomed Cobbett and offered to subsidise his powerful pen in further publishing ventures. Cobbett, whose journalism was entirely personal and always incorruptible, rejected the offer and in 1802 started the weekly Political Register, which he published until his death in 1835. The Register at first supported the government, the Peace of Amiens (1802) with France disgusted him, and he called for a renewal of the war.
Cobbett believed that commercial interests were dictating foreign policy and were responsible for all that was wrong with the country. In 1805 he announced that England was the victim of a "System", which debauched liberty, undermined the aristocracy and the Church of England and almost extinguished the gentry. His conviction grew in the following year after he witnessed the widely accepted corruption in parliamentary elections. Cobbett's career as an orthodox Tory was over. Advocacy of radical measures brought him into an uneasy association with reformers. Cobbett and the radicals could never be close, however, since his goals were so different from theirs.
Cobbett was at his best when condemning specific abuses. He spent two years in gaol (1810-12) and paid a fine of £1,000 after denouncing the flogging of militiamen who had protested against unfair deductions from their pay. He also recognised that unrest among the poor was caused by unemployment and hunger and not, as the government had alleged, by a desire to overthrow English society. One of his most appropriate comments was: I defy you to agitate any fellow with a full stomach.
Cobbett could see no solution to economic distress without a reform of Parliament and reduction of interest on the national debt. In 1816, at the height of his influence, he was able to reach the common man by putting out the Political Register (denounced as Cobbett's "two-penny trash") in a cheap edition that avoided the heavy taxes on ordinary newspapers. Samuel Bamford commented that
At this time the writings of William Cobbett suddenly became of great authority; they were read on nearly every cottage hearth in the manufacturing districts... He directed his readers to the true cause of their sufferings - misgovernment; and to its proper corrective - parliamentary reform. Riots soon became scarce... Hampden clubs [organizations pressing for reform of Parliament] were now established... The Labourers ... became deliberate and systematic in their proceedings. [Samuel Bamford, Passages in the life of a Radical, 1839]
and Cobbet himself said
I missed scarcely a week to inculcate the doctrine of absolute necessity to avoid all acts of violence of every sort, and to observe strict and real obedience to the laws. . .. I did more in the space of a month, to prevent depredations of this sort, than all the new penal laws, all the magistrates, and all the troops, had been able to do in seven years. [Political Register, 16 August 1817]
The government, seeing sedition in even the most moderate proposals for change, repressed dissent, and in 1817 Cobbett was forced to flee to the United States to avoid arrest. Renting a farm on Long Island, New York, Cobbett continued to edit and write for the Political Register, which was published by his agents in England. When he returned to England at the end of 1819, his influence had waned and he was insolvent.
During the 1820s he supported many causes in an attempt to regain his standing and in the hope that they would lead to the changes in England's political and economic system that he desired. He tried unsuccessfully to be elected to the House of Commons in 1820 for Coventry and in 1826 for Preston. His famous tours of the countryside began in 1821 and were to lead to his greatest book, Rural Rides, which was an unrivalled picture of the land and championed traditional rural England against the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution.
In 1825, William Hazlitt wrote this criticism of Cobbett, in his Spirit of the Age,
He is too much for any single newspaper antagonist, 'lays waste' a city orator or Member of Parliament, and bears hard upon the Government itself. He is a kind of fourth estate in the politics of the country... Mr. Cobbett speaks almost as well as he writes. The only time I ever saw him he seemed to me a very pleasant man: easy of access, affable, clear-headed, simple and mild in his manner, deliberate and unruffled in his speech, though some of his expressions were not very qualified... As a political partisan, no one can stand against him. With his brandished club, like Giant Despair in the Pilgrim's Progress, he knocks out their brains: and not only no individual, but no corrupt system, could hold out against his powerful and repeated attacks. But with the same weapon swung round like a flail, with which he levels his antagonists, he lays his friends low, and puts his own party hors de combat...
Though he is not servile or mercenary, he is the victim of self-will. He must pull down and pull in pieces: it is not in his disposition to do otherwise. It is a pity; for with his great talents he might do great things, if he would go right forward to any useful object, make thorough-stitch work of any question, or join hand and heart with any principle... Mr. Cobbett is great in attack, not in defence: he cannot fight an uphill battle. He will not bear the least punishing. If any one turns on him (which few people like to do) he immediately turns tail...
Although he had no love for the Whigs, Cobbett supported the parliamentary Reform Bill of 1832, which, despite its limited nature, he sensed was the best that could be had. In 1830 agricultural labourers in southern England had rioted in protest against their low wages. Cobbett defended them and was prosecuted in 1831 by a Whig government that was anxious to prove its zeal in moving against "sedition". Acting as his own counsel, Cobbett confounded his opponents and was set free. Yet, despite this threat of another gaol term, he supported his persecutors on the issue of parliamentary reform. In 1832 Cobbett was elected to Parliament as a member from Oldham. At 69 years of age he found the nocturnal schedule of Parliament an unpleasant contrast to his lifelong preference for early rising and working in the morning. Essentially an individualist and a man of action, he chafed at parliamentary routine. Most members of the House of Commons did not respect him, and Cobbett's parliamentary career was a failure. The unnatural hours hastened his death, from influenza, on 18 June 1835.
Passionate and prejudiced, Cobbett's prose was completely personal. He had no theoretical understanding of the complicated issues about which he wrote. While his views of the ideal society were retrograde, no one could excel him in specific criticisms of corruption and extravagance, harsh laws, low wages, absentee clergymen-indeed, nearly everything that was wrong with England.
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This simple guide discusses how to use a hazmat suit correctly, including putting it on, removing it, cleaning / decontamination, and disposal.
A hazmat suit is a full body multipurpose protective garment that shields you from inhaling or coming into contact with hazardous chemicals, biological agents or radiation. Personnel must be specifically trained to wear hazmat suits in order to deal with hazardous materials.
Looking for great deals on HAZMAT suits and accessories? We have a large selection of hazmat PPE gear in our online store. Check out our HAZMAT suits & accessories here >
If you’re considering the purchase of a hazmat suit and have questions we recommend reading our helpful Essential Hazmat Suit Buying Guide here >
Putting On a Hazmat Suit
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Hazmat suits are worn on top of normal clothes or protective undergarments.
The sequence of putting on a hazmat suit is:
- Face mask
This sequence is designed to allow the wearer to properly make the hazmat suit airtight.
After donning the suit, it must be further secured and sealed at the following points: the face, ankles, wrists, neck and waist. Depending on the threat situation, such as a physician putting on a hazmat suit to protect against coronavirus, the seal level can vary.
Putting on a Hazmat Suit correctly can be time consuming even in the midst of events such as chemical spills or biological warfare. It can take up to 30 minutes to put one on properly.
Removing a Hazmat Suit
Taking a hazmat suit off should be done with utmost focus on safety.
It is essential that you don’t contaminate the clothing under the suit and most importantly, your skin.
Generally, it is best to walk through a decontamination sequence before taking a hazmat suit off. This includes walking through a series of showers, which may contain decontamination agents, soap and/or clean water. This must be contained in pools to prevent the contaminated liquid from spreading and re-contaminating your suit or body.
Once the hazmat suit has been washed off while wearing it, the best way to remove the suit safely is to roll it downward, being very careful not to touch the suit exterior. The gloves come off with the suit by pulling your hands out and turning them inside-out.
If you are wearing boots over the suit, they must be removed first before rolling the suit down.
The breathing apparatus must be removed last. You should never touch the front of the breathing apparatus when taking it off.
Your hands should also be washed between each step of removing your hazmat suit.
Hazmat Suit Cleaning and Disinfection
Hazmat suits are generally made for single use. However, if the suit is designed for multiple uses, then it must be cleaned and disinfected properly after removal.
The first step is to following the suit manufacturer’s guidelines. This is important since there might be some damage to the suit caused by using the wrong cleaning agents or techniques.
Once the suit is clean, wipe off any remaining liquid in the suit using absorbent material such as a sponge. Dry it on a rack as stipulated by the manufacturer. The best hazmat suit drying conditions are temperatures not exceeding 40 degrees celcius
The suit should be allowed at least 2 hours drying time. After the suit is dry, it should then be hung up or re-packed according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.
For more information, see our post Are Hazmat Suits Washable?
Hazmat Suit Disposal
Most hazmat suits are designed for single use, and cannot be cleaned and worn again.
According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), contaminated hazmat suits must be disposed of in a responsible manner so that the environment doesn’t get contaminated.
Re-usable hazmat suits may also become disposable when they have been reused for too long. Cumulative wear and tear by bleaching agents and cleaning over time may compromise the impermeability of the suit’s material. This means disposal and also time for a new hazmat suit.
How to Use a Hazmat Suit (Levels A and B)
- Meet required medical assessments for blood pressure, pulse rate, temperature and other pre-entry physical tests
- Check the suit for any quality or damage issues
- Remove any tags or tape from new suits
- Wipe anti-fogging agent on the interior of the visor
- Do not wear boots or shoes on the inside of the suit
- Place your feet and legs into the suit first
- Have an assistant help you to maintain balance while you enter the suit. Alternately, you can enter the suit while sitting down on a chair or bench.
- Put on chemical resistant steel toe boots to protect your feet
- Pull the suit legs over the top of the outer boots
- Tighten the interior suit belt if included
- Put on the SCBA breathing pack before donning the rest of the suit. Do not connect or turn on the breathing supply until the suit is fully on.
- Turn on SCBA tank air flow and check the airflow status using the regulator guages
- Put on the independent respirator piece over your face
- Put on inner gloves if needed
- Stand and pull the upper part of suit over your head and insert your hands into the gloves
- Attach the breathing air supply and begin breathing through the SCBA
- Zip up the suit on the front or back. Get assistance if required. Secure any and all storm flaps over the zipper.
- As an extra precaution, wrap the wrists, ankles, waist, neck and face mask area with high-test tape.
- Make sure your range of motion is acceptable in the suit before beginning tasks.
Hopefully this article has provided good infomation on how to use a hazmat suit correctly.
UP NEXT: How HAZMAT Suits Work | <urn:uuid:27347e77-84f1-43fc-b30f-7a0590af2979> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://selectsafety.net/how-to-use-a-hazmat-suit-a-simple-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604794.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526100301-20220526130301-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.909137 | 1,255 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What Exactly Is the Polar Vortex?
By Zachary Lawrence and Amy Butler
At the start of February 2021, a major snowstorm hit the northeast United States, with some areas receiving well over two feet of snow. Just a few weeks earlier, Spain experienced a historic and deadly snowstorm and dangerously low temperatures. Northern Siberia is no stranger to cold, but in mid-January 2021, some Siberian cities reported temperatures below minus 70 F. Media headlines hint that the polar vortex has arrived, as if it were some sort of ice tornado that wreaks wintry havoc wherever it strikes.
As atmospheric scientists, we cringe when the term polar vortex is used to loosely refer to blasts of cold weather. The actual polar vortex can't put snow in your backyard, but changes in the polar vortex can load the dice for wintry weather – and this year, the dice rolled Yahtzee.
The Winds of Winter
The polar vortex is an enormous, three-dimensional ring of winds that surrounds the North and South poles during each hemisphere's winter. These winds are located about 10 to 30 miles above Earth's surface, in the layer of the atmosphere known as the stratosphere. They blow from west to east with sustained speeds easily exceeding 100 mph. In the darkness of the winter polar night, temperatures within the polar vortex can easily get lower than minus 110 F.
Fortunately for everyone, the stratospheric polar vortex itself won't appear outside your front door. The polar vortex does influence winter weather, but it is more like a domino – when it is knocked over, it can start a chain of events that later result in wild weather.
The strength of the polar vortex can vary widely during winter, and these variations can lead to shifts in the strength and position of the jet stream, the fast-flowing river of air in the troposphere beneath the polar vortex. When the jet stream changes, it affects the movement of weather systems, causing different parts of the world to see much warmer or colder, or much wetter or drier conditions.
The Domino Effect
Since the Earth's atmosphere is one giant shell of air that moves like a fluid, the polar vortex is interconnected with the weather that moves around the Earth at lower altitudes. Normal variations in the jet stream and weather can disturb the structure of the vortex in the stratosphere. Like an elastic band, the vortex usually rebounds back to its normal shape and size, maintaining its strong winds and low temperatures.
Between December (left) and January (right), the polar vortex moved entirely off the North Pole and lost much of its structural integrity. Zachary Lawrence/CIRES/NOAA
But sometimes, these weather and jet stream variations can knock the polar vortex off balance, causing significant wobbles in its shape, location, temperatures and winds. When this happens, the structural integrity of the polar vortex begins to break down. If this happens often enough over a period of time, everything can go haywire with the polar vortex as the winds break down and the vortex warms up.
As the polar vortex deforms between December and January, the jet stream became much wavier and brought cold storms farther south. Zachary Lawrence/CIRES/NOAA
This is precisely what has unfolded this year: On Jan. 5, the polar vortex was completely thrown out of whack by an event called a sudden stratospheric warming. Sudden stratospheric warming is the technical name for these violent disturbances that severely distort and weaken the vortex, knocking it off of the pole or even ripping it apart. When this happens, temperatures in the normally cold polar stratosphere explosively rise by as much as 90 F over the span of a few days – hence the name of these events.
Here is my "official" 3D animation of this year's stratospheric #PolarVortex split. Another beautiful event! https://t.co/ml59N1cDoh— Zac Lawrence (@Zac Lawrence)1547503640.0
At this point, the domino has tipped over: Eventually the jet stream feels the effects of the weakened polar vortex above, and it can begin to undulate. When the jet stream gets wavy, it can dip farther south, bringing cold air and winter storms with it.
The January 2021 event pushed the polar vortex from its normal position over the North Pole all the way over to Europe and Siberia, nearly pulling it apart multiple times in the process. It can take weeks or months for the polar vortex to recover from something like this. While the vortex pieces itself back together, the undulating, curvy jet stream can bring frigid Arctic air and winter storms to the U.S. and Europe while allowing unusually warm weather to get into the far north.
A Strong Polar Vortex Means Warmer, Not Colder, Weather
In some winters, weather systems barely affect the polar vortex at all, allowing the vortex to grow colder with faster winds. This can have the opposite effect on the jet stream, causing it to keep cold Arctic air from the polar regions locked up north. This is what happened during the Northern Hemisphere winter of 2020, when the polar vortex was extraordinarily strong and many regions experienced an exceptionally warm and mild winter.
Calling any blast of cold air a polar vortex is wrong. The behavior of the polar vortex doesn't just portend colder weather – it can also foreshadow much warmer weather. Most of the time the polar vortex has little influence on winter weather as it flows like normal, miles above the surface. But forecasting and monitoring huge disturbances to the polar vortex allows us to anticipate the chain of events that may leave feet of snow and frigid weather at your doorstep.
Zachary Lawrence is a Research Scientist, University of Colorado Boulder.
Amy Butler is a Chemistry & Climate Processes Research Scientist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Disclosure statement: Zachary Lawrence has received funding from NOAA. Amy Butler has received funding from NOAA and NSF.
Reposted with permission from The Conversation.
- How Wind Power is Saving Millions During Polar Vortex - EcoWatch ›
- Why the 'Polar Vortex' Does Not Disprove Global Warming - EcoWatch ›
- Polar Vortex: Everything You Need to Know - EcoWatch ›
- Polar Vortex Power Outages: 6 Things to Know about Supply, Demand, and our Electricity Future - EcoWatch ›
- Record Snow Hits Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, Causing Mass Power Outages - EcoWatch › | <urn:uuid:585ca780-377c-4a6e-9042-246c3275930d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.ecowatch.com/polar-vortex-definition-2650542435.html?rebelltitem=6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487608702.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613100830-20210613130830-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.921617 | 1,325 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Tag: "genitalia" at biology news
Defining male and female
...Meeting. At the same time, children with ambiguous genitalia
continue to undergo surgical sex assignment. Baby girls with a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), for example, may undergo clitoroplasty to reduce male-looking anatomy, as well as vaginoplasty if the labia are fused together. "T...
Certain fish have a special mating preference
...ize was larger, as there is minimal cost for large genitalia
in that environment. Bigger is better for mating,...tors that shape the evolution of body forms. Male genitalia
are more variable than just about any other body form studied, and there is a significant cadre of e...
Size matters: fish genitalia attractiveness vs. predatory escape value
...Academy of Sciences. Variation in the size of male genitalia
in animals that have internal fertilization has long been of interest. While competitive advantages of sperm robustness and other post-mating sexual selection criteria have been widely studied and posed as evolutionary explanations, the roles of pre-...
PNAS highlights for the week of May 16 - 20
... predators, researchers report. Diversity of male genitalia
size in animals with internal fertilization has in...chanisms, such as mating selection favoring larger genitalia
and natural selection favoring reduced size, may also drive genital diversification. --- Rapid Iden...
Like mother, like cubs
...as were hermaphrodites. The characteristics of the genitalia
are responsible for some obvious anatomical challe...es may be helpful in understanding how this unique genitalia
evolved and why it works. Mating that culminates in pregnancy and successful rearing of young is c...
How does one sex grow larger than the other?
...ggs, it may be costlier to produce male gonads and genitalia
than it is to produce female gonads and genitalia. As a result, males might need more time to mature at larger body sizes. This world-wide collaboration developed because most people work and thus have data on only particular animal groups. Wolf B...
Size matters if you're a rodent
...will be catching on any time soon." The study of genitalia
has a long history in evolutionary biology. Because genitalia
evolve very rapidly compared to other body structures, they are often the only means through which s...
Ewwwww! UCLA anthropologist studies evolution's disgusting side
...ransplant organs were appendages like tongues and genitalia
that routinely come into direct contact with the ...he idea of transplanting internal organs. Tongues, genitalia
and anuses ranked the most disgusting, while hips, kidneys and arteries turned the fewest stomachs. ...
'War Between the Sexes': The coevolution of genitalia in waterfowl
...cies of ducks and geese, the authors show that the genitalia
of males and females have dynamically co-evolved w...er exploration of the development and evolution of genitalia
in birds. "I am sure there are more surprises out there," she said! Her further research will ask wh... | <urn:uuid:18ac9469-290a-42ac-a2a3-006cdf4a19ea> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://news.bio-medicine.org/tag-2/genitalia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936469305.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074109-00213-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928763 | 662 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This interactive SMARTboard math activity provides the opportunity for students to practice early addition skills. Students add small amounts together with pictorial representations as they practice counting on. This activity allows for differentiation with the choice to add on from a numeral or to tap the box under the numeral to reveal a pictorial representation for simple scaffolding. The answer is revealed by sliding down the grocery bag at the end of the cash.
With a theme of fruits and vegetables this is a perfect math activity for Nutrition Month! | <urn:uuid:f1b5f86d-a7bf-4ea1-b085-8c4f566e507c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/SMARTboard-Grocery-Store-Addition-A-Healthy-Foods-Math-Activity-628503 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947705.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425061347-20180425081347-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.909039 | 103 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Selected Community Events
A Tale of Two Sides African Americans in the Civil War
Jan 19, 2013 2 - 4 PM
BVAAM 500 E. Pruitt Street, Bryan, TX
The Brazos Valley African American Museum along with the Sons of Confederate Veterans, Sul Ross Camp 1457, is pleased to present their newest exhibit A Tale of Two Sides: African Americans in the Civil War. This exhibit will give an insight to the role of African Americans in the Civil War. This event will be held at BVAAM 500 E. Pruitt Street, Bryan, TX, on Saturday, January 19, 2013 from 2P-4P. The public is invited to attend.
The issues of emancipation, slavery and military service were intertwined from the onset of the Civil War. Both Union and Confederate soldiers had reasons for fighting in the war. African Americans, who were slaves at the time, often had conflicting interests about serving in a war that could determine their fate; either to remain slaves or become free. The African American soldiers assumed an active role in the war and compelled the Union and Confederate governments to respond to the pressing issue of slavery or emancipation.
This exhibit will offer the public more insight into the complex, yet unique role of African Americans in the Civil War.
For information regarding the BVAAM please contact Donna Pittman at firstname.lastname@example.org or call 979 775-3961. For information regarding Sons of Confederate Veterans, Sul Ross Camp 1457, please contact Bill Boyd at 979 693-6983.
The Brazos Valley African American Museum is a non-profit museum that chronicles the tragedies and triumphs of African American life from ancient civilization to the present day. It also focuses on local histories of churches, families, and schools. Sons of Confederate Veterans, Sul Ross Camp 1457, take the responsibility of preserving the heritage that has been bestowed upon them by their Confederate ancestors. | <urn:uuid:94f7e17b-8584-461f-b058-053efca2cff8> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.kbtx.com/templates/subCommunityEventPopup?c=y&ep=/community&eid=187124361 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829972.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00047-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941746 | 401 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Clocking a century today, is the oldest surviving champion, Agnes Keleti. She hails from Hungary and not only is she one of the country’s most crowned Olympian with 10 medals winning 5 gold medals in Helsinki 152 and Melbourne 1956, she is one of the most decorated Jewish athletes. Only three male Olympians have won more gold medals than her in Hungary
Hungary’s most-decorated female Olympian, won the floor event in 1952 in which includes uneven bars, balance beam and team event, being her first time at the Olympics at 31 year of age. She defended her title in 1954 making her World champion. In 2002 the International Gymnastics Hall Of Fame inducted Keleti and she has an Israel prize from 2017.
In 1956, Summer Olympics Melbourne, Keleti won six medals which included three gold medals and at 35 making her the oldest female gymnast to ever win gold. It was after this that the Soviet Union invaded Hungary during the Olympics and together with 44 other athletes, Keleti received political asylum.
As much as this might seem all glorious, not seem, it is. Keleti might just have had more had she competed in the Olympics before she was 31. However, she survived the World War 2, She began gymnastics at age 4 having been born in Budapest and by 16 she was the Hungary National Champion. She was considered in the 1940 Olympics, but the war had the games cancelled and not a chance given in 1944. As she was forced to go into hiding, she was also expelled at her club for being Jewish and went into hiding together with her family. She survived by working as a maid in small village. Her father and her relatives were gassed during the Holocaust but her sister and mother were saved by a Swedish diplomat.
During this way, the Nazis used labor camps, when news got to her that she wouldn’t be taken in she hastily married Istvan Sarkany in 1944.He was a Hungarian gymnast in 1930s who had national titles and was in the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Although they divorced in 1950. She later remarried and was blessed with two children.
Since Lydia Wideman passed away last year, Keleti became the oldest Olympian and the President of the International Olympic Committee, Mr. Thomas Bach called her since he couldn’t visit due to the pandemic restrictions and said, “Heartfelt congratulations and best wishes for your birthday. Your story is truly inspirational, you have demonstrated the power of strong determination and courage to overcome tragedy. These are the attributes of a great Olympic champion. As an Olympian, your 10 medals, five of them gold, are truly amazing. I am sure that had you competed at the Olympic Games London 1948; you might even have had more.
The MOB Secretary-General was present, the president of the Hungarian Olympic Champions Club and the Hungarian Gymnastics Association. She received cake and flowers and a copy of Hungary’s first modern Olympic champion Alfred Hajos’ victory medal.
Happy Birthday Ms. Keleti | <urn:uuid:74e13364-91a5-42fd-af45-839bff9c0db3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.teamkenya.or.ke/celebrating-1oo-years-agnes-keleti-the-worlds-oldest-olympian-champion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519784.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119201033-20210119231033-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.988513 | 634 | 2.65625 | 3 |
First known habitation of Lithuania dates back to the final ice age, 10 000 BC. The hunters gatherers were slowly replaced by farmers. The origin of Baltic tribes in the area is disputed but it probably dates to 2500 BC. These forefathers of Lithuanians were outside the main migration routes and thus are among the oldest European ethnicities to have settled in approximately current area.
These Baltic peoples traded amber with Romans and then fought Vikings. In the era only one small tribe from area around Vilnius was known as Lithuanians but it was this tribe that consolidated the majority of other Baltic tribes. This process accelerated under king Mindaugas who became a Christian and received a crown from the Pope in 1253. After his death the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fell back to pagan ways leading to a centuries-long conflict with Teutonic Knights.
The eventual adoption of Christianity by Grand Duke Jogaila (1387) did not stop the knights. Lithuanians forged a long-lasting alliance with Poland that eventually extinguished the Teutonic threat. Ruled by Grand Duke Vytautas Lithuania became the largest state in Europe, stretching from Baltic to the Black sea in the 15th century.
A new threat came from the east with Moscow rapidly gaining power and conquering lands. In response Lithuania and Poland formed a Commonwealth in 1569. Initially it was successful in dettering enemies. However the political union led to gradual polonization of the Lithuanian nobility as Lithuanians of the time regarded Polish culture to be superior.
By the 17th century Poland-Lithuania was weakened due to a unique yet hard-to-manage political system of "Noble democracy" where a concensus was a prerequisite for any important decision. The Commonwealth lost a series of wars that wiped out its great power position. In the late 18th century (1772-1795) the country was completely partitioned and annexed by Prussia, Austria and Russia with the main Lithuanian lands falling under the Russian rule.
The Russians banned Lithuanian language and suppressed Catholic religion. There were two unsuccessful revolts to restore Poland-Lithuania (1830 and 1863) but eventually the National Revival established a goal for Lithuania independent of both Russia and Poland. The restoration of statehood finally became possible after both the crumbling Russian Empire and the Germans surrendered in World War 1.
Limited industrial revolution and urbanization took place in late 19th century but the newly independent Lithuania was still an agricultural society. The short period of prosperous freedom was cut short again by the World War 2 (1940). Lithuania was occupied once by the Nazi Germany and twice by the Soviet Union, both powers perpetrating genocides. The brutal Soviet occupation lasted for 45 years and only ended in 1990. In this era hundreds of thousands people, including the entire intellectual elite, were murdered, tortured or expelled to Siberia in cattle carriages. This has left deep economical, pscyhological and spiritual scars in the Lithuanian nation.
Guerilla campaigns of 1940s-1950s were crushed and any resistance persecuted but the massive Sąjūdis movement (established 1988) made it clear that not even the Soviet machine was able to suppress Lithuanian will for freedom. Lithuania became the first Soviet-controlled country to restore independence on 1990 March 13th and despite Soviet aggression in 1991 that left some 20 people dead the independence was not reversed. In fact it (amongst other reasons) led to the total collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991.
In the 1990s Lithuania swiftly readopted capitalist economy and saw a massive economic growth, with modern skyscreapers, malls, detached homes, cars and renovated downtowns reaching Vilnius, Klaipėda, Kaunas and other cities, in that order. But the Soviet years left the economy decades behind that of the West. Disillusioned by unfulfilled hopes of getting rich quick many Lithuanians emmigrated. This emmigration reached epic proportions after Lithuania joined the European Union in 2004: the country lost up to 20% of its people to the newly accessible labour markets of the West.
The word “Lithuania” was mentioned for the first time in the annals of Quedlinburg (year 1009) where a story describes how Saint Bruno was killed by the pagans “on the border of Lithuania and Russ”.
It was the paganism that made Lithuania known in Western Europe in this era as the Christian kings were keen to convert this area to Christianity. The “Baltic Crusades” started and Teutonic Order HQ was moved to Marienburg not far from the Baltic Sea.
In this era the small duchies of Lithuania consolidated into a larger country with its ruler Mindaugas adopting Catholicism and getting crowned in year 1253. The change in religious policy was short-lived however, and the next monarch Treniota went back to defense of paganism and seemingly eternal war against the Teutonic Order that transformed Western Lithuania into depopulated wastelands.
While ruled by pagan Lithuanians the Grand Duchy successfully expanded eastwards and annexed many Orthodox lands in modern-day Belarus and Ukraine, therefore becoming the last pagan great power in Europe (and, in fact, the final pagan state).
In 1385 the monarch Jogaila converted his country to Catholicism and adopted Polish crown in addition to the Lithuanian one by signing the Union of Krėva. Grand Duchy of Lithuania still remained independent and reached its greatest extent under the rule of Vytautas the Great when it was the largest country in Europe stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. By this time Orthodox Slavs outnumbered Catholic Lithuanians, but the latter remained in power.
It was a spectacular victory by Vytautas and Jogaila at Žalgiris (Grunewald) in 1410 against the Teutonic knights that finally defeated the Order as it had previously refused to drop territorial claims against Lithuania even after its conversion. Since that moment it was the rapidly expanding Russia (Muscovy) that posed the greatest threat to Lithuania capturing various cities of the Grand Duchy in a series of wars. Russian monarchs claimed that all of the Lithuania's Slavic lands should belong to Russia.
The Union of Lublin (1569) transformed the Lithuanian-Polish relations from those of two sovereign states sometimes sharing a single monarch to a single confederation of Poland-Lithuania. Lithuanians needed this union to secure their eastern boundaries from the strengthening Russians whereas a small, but more modern Polish kingdom sought for new lands (Lithuania agreed to transfer the entire Ukraine to Poland).
The Union bought time for both countries. Immediately after the Union Poles and Lithuanians conquered Livonia. German-ruled duchies of Courland and Prussia (newly protestant state in place of the former Teutonic Order) became Polish-Lithuanian fiefs.
However, the pressure from other Eastern and Northern powers mounted and the turning point was the Deluge when Poland-Lithuania was invaded and partitioned by Russians and Swedes (1655 – 1660). Vilnius was desecrated and burned down by Russian Cossacks and a campaign of murders and rapes followed. This was the first sack of Vilnius since the Teutonic incursions.
Poland-Lithuania managed to liberate itself but after this blow never did it become a great power again. It continued to get weaker and weaker internally. After the extinction of Jagiellonian dynasty (1572) the monarchy became elective and every new monarch ceded more and more rights to the nobility. This way Poland-Lithuania acquired a unique political system of “Noble democracy” where most of rights rested in around 10% of males known as the nobility (who participated in various parliaments or Seimas) with the rest of the people having no power. Even the king had to follow the wishes of his noble “subjects”.
By the late 17th century the nobility enjoyed the right of “liberum veto” where any noble could stop any political decision he doesn’t agree with. The country was effectively paralyzed because concensus could never be reached with so many people enjoying the liberum veto right.
The state was further weakened by internal conflicts between different noble families, such as Radvila and Sapiega ones. These conflicts sometimes grew into civil wars for the delight of neighboring powers (e.g. in year 1700).
Culturally Lithuania survived the reformation as a Catholic country (but minorities were respected). 46% of Grand Duchy's people were ethnic Lithuanians and 40% Belarusians but the nobility grew increasingly Polonized, adopting Polish language which they regarded to be noble (whereas Lithuanian and Eastern Slavic languages were thought to be sufficient for peasants alone). Only in Samogitia the situation was remarkably different with many nobles never ceasing to speak Lithuanian natively.
With most Lithuanian speakers of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth illiterate the center of ethnic Lithuanian culture moved to Lithuania Minor region in Prussia (east of Koenigsberg). In this area where Lithuanians formed a majority of population the Reformation was successful and the Lutheran faith became dominant. Lutherans promoted printing of religious books in local languages, including Lithuanian. Therefore the first Lithuanian books (e.g. “Katekizmas” by Martynas Mažvydas) were printed in Koenigsberg rather than Vilnius.
In the meantime the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became weaker and weaker both internally and externally. In 1772 the three nearby great powers (Austria-Hungary, Prussia and Russia) conspired to partition the country. Final attempts to change the situation, such as the adoption of a new Constitution (second in the world after the US one) abolishing the liberum veto, or the uprising by Tadeusz Kosciuszko, were too litte and too late. After three partitions the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was erradicated from the map. The ethnic Lithuanian lands were captured by Russia and Prussia in the third partition of 1795.
What initially started as a mere change of the ruler from a Polish-Lithuanian king to a Russian czar eventually led to a major russification drive.
Administratively Lithuania was divided into the area directly acquired by Russia in 1795 and the area acquired from Prussia after the Napoleonic wars (in 1815). The latter was part of the nominally autonomous Kingdom of Poland and lived under the Napoleonic Code whereas the earlier was a directly ruled by the Russian Empire.
In 1831 and 1863 the local nobility led revolts against the Russian rule attempting to restore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Both were crushed despite some initial successes and their leaders were dispossessed. Some of the Lithuanian countryside and cities were then settled by Russians.
In the year 1832, the Vilnius University was closed. By the year 1865 printed Lithuanian language was banned. A policy of “Restoration of the Russian beginnings” was initiated as the Russian propaganda claimed that before polonization the Lithuanian lands were in fact Russian.
The Roman Catholic Church was persecuted, with some church buildings torn down and some others handed over to the Russian Orthodox church. New Russian Orthodox churches sprung in the New Towns of the largest cities. The Uniates, regarded as schismatic Orthodoxes, were disbanded altogether. Mikhail Muravyov, nicknamed “The hangman”, was made the governor-general of ethnically Lithuanian governorates.
The persecutions failed to defeat Lithuanians. Knygnešiai (literally “bookcarriers”) smuggled the banned Lithuanian books from the Lithuania Minor (a historical fact declared to be completely unique by UNESCO). Illegal Lithuanian-language schools were set up in villages. Catholic priest Motiejus Valančius led the Abstinence Movement aimed at resisting the Russian policy of weakening the masses through making them addicted to alcohol.
It was during the late 19th century when the popular idea of liberation among ethnic Lithuanians switched from restoration of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to an establishment of smaller independent state on the Lithuanian ethnic lands, leaving the rest of the former Grand Duchy to the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish ethnic states. These events (all together known as the Lithuanian National Revival) tamed the long-term assimilation-induced decline of the Lithuanian-inhabitted area and their share therein.
Economically Russia was backwards compared to the Western Europe and while there was some infrastructure development, such as the Saint Petersburg-Warsaw railroad of 1861 that went through Vilnius, this was far from the Western standards. Moreover, the official class division of the society was rigorously supported by the state and only in year 1861 the farmers ceased to be regarded as a property of the local nobles.
Unlike Latvia (where Riga was among the 5 largest cities of the Russian Empire) Lithuania was expected by the Russians to remain an agricultural hinterland. The industrialization and urbanization that defined 19th century elsewhere in Europe was therefore limited but the towns and cities were still growing much faster than ever before.
Lithuanians seeking industrial jobs migrated elsewhere: some to the major cities of the Russian Empire such as Riga or Saint Petersburg, others to the USA. In 1900 there were more ethnic Lithuanians in Riga and Chicago than in any city inside Lithuania where many cities were dominated by Jews and Polish-speaking people.
In Lithuania Minor the cities were German while some Lithuanian towns and villages gradually germanized over the century. In spite of this Lithuania Minor, technologically advanced and devoid of discriminatory Russian policies, remained a fortress of Lithuanian National Revival.
The Russian Empire started to crumble in 1904 when it lost the war to Japan and had to give in to some demands of its minorities. Lithuanian language was permitted once again and the Lithuanian countryside sprung up with new Roman Catholic church spires.
In 1915 the Germans captured Lithuania-proper during the First World War. In 1917 Russia surrendered to Germany (after the war hardships led to a revolution in Russia) and renounced any claims to the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, while the subsequent German losses in the Western Front led to a possibility to declare independence of Lithuania on February 16th, 1918.
The newly independent country faced as many as three major foreign enemies in the years between 1918 and 1921: the Bolsheviks, the pro-czar Bermontian army of former World War 1 POWs led by Pavel Bermont-Avalov and the Republic of Poland, also born at the final stages of the World War 1.
Lithuania withstood the foreign interventions, but the Polish attack in breach of the Suvalkai Treaty led to an annexation of the eastern Lithuania (including the capital city Vilnius) to Poland. This was never recognized and Lithuania remained at a state of war with Poland, with the new government city Kaunas officially designated the “Temporary capital”. “We won’t calm down without Vilnius” became a popular slogan and organizations like the “Union for the Liberation of Vilnius” sprung up with the Lithuanian-Polish territorial dispute becoming one of the keystones of interwar Lithuania’s policy.
The main western powers recognized Lithuania only in 1922 as they prefered a stronger Poland to counter the German and Soviet threats. But by the 1922 it was already clear that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth will not be reborn as the Poles ceded many eastern lands to the Soviets in the Treaty of Riga.
Unlike the part of Lithuania that was in the Russian Empire, Lithuania Minor remained under the German rule except for its northernmost part, the Klaipėda Region (German: Memelland), which was detached from Germany due to its Lithuanian majority. As the Lithuanian Republic was still unrecognized, Klaipėda Region remained under League of Nations rule. In 1923 Lithuania supported a revolt in Klaipėda Region and the new directory (government) of Erdmonas Simonaitis joined Lithuania (as a bilingual autonomous area) thereby giving the young country its only seaport. Together with it came a sizeable German minority which caused trouble in the 1930s when the Nazi ideas catched on among the Germans of Klaipėda Region.
1926 saw a military coup and the new president Antanas Smetona ruled until the end of independent Lithuania, with the period thus frequently known as the “Smetonic era”. Lithuania became one of the first authoritarian countries in the Eastern Europe, but by the year 1936 only a few, such as Czechoslovakia, would still remain democratic.
Interwar Lithuania continued to be an agricultural society with only 20% of people living in cities, therefore it was less heavily hit by the Global Depression, remained a devout Catholic land with the church not disestablished and birth rates soaring (the population increased by 22% to over 3 million in years 1923-1939 despite a sizeable emigration primarily to the South America).
The foreign policy of Lithuania was friendly to the Germans and Soviets because many other countries, like France or Estonia, supported Poland in the conflict over Vilnius. However, the increasing imperialism of both Germany and the Soviet Union eroded their need for independent Lithuania. In 1939 German ultimatum led to the loss of Klaipėda Region. A secret Molotov-Ribentropp pact protocol included Lithuania in the German zone of influence, but the Smetona’s refusal to invade Poland together with Germany led to the change in the protocol with Lithuania being “ceded” to the Soviet Union. In 1939 Soviet Union established army bases in Lithuania after an ultimatum (this ultimatum also returned 1/5th of Vilnius region, recently occupied by the Soviets during their invasion of Poland), and another ultimatum in 1940 led to a full-scale occupation and annexation.
The cruelties of first Soviet occupation, of a scale not seen in Lithuania since the Russian Empire rule, led to a widespread despise of the regime in less than a year. For example in four days between June 14 and June 18 of 1941 alone some 40 000 people from educated families were exiled to Siberia and Soviet labour camps (almost half of them 16 year old or younger, 556 infants under 1 year, families typically separated), most never to return alive. Others were arrested with many later tortured and massacred in places like Rainiai and Cherven.
When the German Reich declared war on the Soviet Union the Lithuanians staged a June Revolt and managed to liberate most of the country. However, the German armies came in and while Germany did not immediately abolished the provisional government (possibly hoping for similar anti-Soviet revolts elsewhere) they rendered it powerless. By August all forms of self-rule were extinguished; by November all Lithuanian political parties banned.
The new Nazi German occupation brought a relief from the Soviet persecutions but it had its own target: the Jews. As many as 88% of this minority was destroyed in the upcoming 3 years. After a brief life in forced ghettos they were killed in places like Paneriai near Vilnius or the concentration camps in Germany and German-occupied Poland.
By 1944 the Germans were losing the war and the Soviets occupied Lithuania yet again. Two Soviet occupations led to a far greater loss of life than the Nazi German occupation, leading to a popular opinion that World War 2 ended for Lithuania only in 1990. Lithuania lost ~8% of its pre-WW2 inhabittants due to Nazi actions and ~32% due to Soviet actions (until year 1953), some 40% in total (1,15 million out of 3 million). 1/3 to 1/2 of this number were killed. Well over 90% of victims were civilians.
From the Soviet occupation in 1944 to the death of Stalin in 1953 Eastern Europe was a Stalin’s playfield with human rights practically non-existent. Lithuanian nation was not expelled in its entirety, unlike Chechens or Crimean Tatars for example, but as many as half a million Lithuanians were, many dying or losing heath in the cold GULAGs of Siberia, others died in prisons. Additionally, many of Lithuania’s Poles (200 000) were expelled to Poland by Stalin (in trains marked with slogans “We are returning home” despite of the fact that the Polish-speaking minority existed in Lithuania for centuries). Lithuanians of Klaipėda region were expelled to Germany together with the Germans of Lithuania (170 000 people). At the same time Lithuanian cities like Vilnius and Klaipėda were heavily settled by ethnic Russians with Lithuania’s Russian population share increasing more than threefold in a decade (from 2,5% to 8,5%). All these persecutions triggered the longest major guerilla war in modern Europe. This Lithuanian armed resistance was crushed by large Soviet forces by mid 1950s with some 30 000 partisans killed. Under Stalin Lithuania lost 32% of its pre-WW2 population.
Furthermore most of Lithuania Minor was annexed to Russia as Kaliningrad Oblast. After a brutal genocide (300 000 locals murdered, among them 130 000 Lithuanians) the region's population was replaced by Soviet settlers and new Russian placenames were coined for its towns and features. This effectively ended the history of Lithuania Minor.
Nikita Khrushchev’s destalinization (1953-1964) changed some policies (those people exiled to Siberia who were not yet dead gained limited freedom and the settling of Lithuania by ethnic Russians slowed down) but most things left unchanged. The agriculture remained collectivized and its outputs greatly diminished (especially when taking into regard the improved technologies), the property remained nationalized, the ownership of Lithuanian symbols and any criticism of communism or the Soviet occupation were still punished by long terms of imprisonment (in jails or insane assylums) and the Lithuanians living in other parts of Soviet Union as well as those living in the multi-ethnic Vilnius region were russified.
Soviet Lithuania was isolated from the non-Soviet world with travel restrictions both for foreigners to enter anywhere except for several designated tourist places, and for the locals to travel abroad. Religion and the religious were persecuted and many Roman Catholic churches as well as all the monasteries were closed down with the number of open Catholic churches in Vilnius becoming the same as that of Russian Orthodox churches despite there being ten Catholics for every single Orthodox.
The Soviet economy was plagued by the popular belief that “Everything belongs to everybody, and therefore everything belongs to nobody” and stumbled well behind the Western European one. People were widely stealing from their workplaces and this was regarded as a normal practice by the society, therefore condoned by the peers and even many CEOs. Few people (if any) were rich in terms of money but the community was far from egalitarian because it was who you knew that mattered the most: the people who had important friends also had access to many things that were inaccessible to most others, e.g. better cars, larger apartments, modern TV sets or warm-climate fruits (these things were inaccessible to many partly because they used to be taken by those who had important “relationships”).
Still however, the Lithuanian economy remained one of the most robust ones inside the Soviet Union – in Central Asia, Siberia or the Caucassus the situation was even worse. The economical hardships as well as the inability to maintain a large army and secret service network (that was necessary to subdue any resistance in the Soviet Union and elsewhere in the Eastern Europe) led to Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of Perestroika and Glastnost (1985), or the move towards capitalism and democracy.
In Lithuania this led to the establishment of Sąjūdis (The Movement) led by musician Vytautas Landsbergis. It took an increasingly pro-independence stance and its protests were attended by hundreds of thousands. The pro-independence underground always existed in Lithuania in the form of Lithuanian Freedom League or the Roman Catholic secret newspaper describing the brutality of the Soviet regime. But only by the 1988 the majority of Lithuanians dared to tell their thoughts publically.
In 1990 Sąjūdis won the first free elections in Lithuania and the independence was restored on March 11th, 1990. The Soviets subsequently attempted to reimpose their control by force and the attack of January 13th, 1991 led to the deaths of 14 armless civilians (together with tens of thousands others they protected key buildings such as the Vilnius TV tower and the Supreme Council from the Russians). On July 31 of 1991 seven customs officers were killed by Russian forces on the newly established Lithuanian-Belarusian border. These attempts consolidated the Western support for the Lithuanian independence and the de jure recognitions started to pour in by the early 1991 (many countries, like the USA, never recognized the occupation of Lithuania and thus did not have to recognize independence). By the end of 1991 the Soviet Union completely collapsed and turned into 15 independent countries. Russians withdrew their final soldiers from Lithuania by 1993 (the first completed withdrawal in entire Eastern Europe).
The long awaited independence brought many personal freedoms which the people eagerly sought. This was an era of massive new churches, telenovellas and anime on prime-time TV, hip-hop, mass import of non-Soviet cars and the first travels to the West. Criminal news (hidden from public in Soviet Union) were now the first pages of newspaper a regular reader would skim. It was easier for new ideas to gain acceptance than ever before or since.
Private property was again the norm and nationalized land was returned to former (pre-1940) owners where possible. Everybody who lived in Lithuania by the time it restored independence (1990) was allowed to get the Lithuanian citizenship (regardless of ethnicity or language skills) therefore Lithuania avoided the problem of stateless people that plagued Latvia and Estonia.
Freedom euphoria was however joined by hardship of economical transition. Factories that had been built for the Soviets were horribly outdated and unable to compete in the free market both due to low technology and the management not understanding things like marketing. The inefficient system of collective agriculture has been swiftly disbanded. Only a small part of these Soviet-established businesses survived.
In the meantime Lithuanians started new businesses in places like Gariūnai marketplace with some of these early traders now being millionaires or billionaires, like Nerijus Numavičius of VP Grupė whose Maxima supermarket chain later catapulted him into Forbes billionaire list.
Early years of Lithuanian economy (1990 – 1995) had a frontier feeling with organized crime (especially extortion) burgeoning. Some people that stood in the "mafia's" way (businessmen, a journalist, prosecutors) were murdered. Only by 1995 the police was strong enough to defeat the villains; the Vilnius crime boss Boris Dekanidze was sentenced to death while the Kaunas “Godfather” Henrikas Daktaras served a term in prison.
By 1997 the lawless businesses gave way to modern developments, while certain key state institutions (telecommunications, passenger sea lines, oil refinement) were privatized by foreign consortiums. What started with the first skyscrapers of Vilnius in 2000 quickly expanded to other main cities. By the year 2003 Lithuania was effectively a modern society.
In year 2004 Lithuania joined the European Union and NATO, both memberships having been a major foreign policy goal since independence. European Union membership required to adapt Lithuanian laws, ushering the end of 1990-2004 libertarian Lithuania. Enterpreneurship decreased, bureucracy replaced idealism while political correctness engulfed freedom of speech.
Foreign policy goals in the East were less successful with Russia (also Israel and Belarus) refusing to try the Soviet war criminals now residing in these countries. After the rise of Vladimir Putin Russia refused to recognize the Soviet occupation of Lithuania altogether claiming that Soviet Union had “liberated Lithuania”.
Post-independence economic growth have been sweeping but the Soviet occupation left Lithuania decades behind the West leading to lower salaries. Some Lithuanians refused to wait and opted to leave their homeland instead (primarilly to the United Kingdom and Ireland). This emigration gained epic proportions after Lithuania’s admission into the European Union made it legal to settle anywhere in Western Europe. The population of Lithuania went down from 3,5 million to 3 million people in a decade between censae of years 2001 and 2011. Currently the population of Lithuania is even smaller than that before the World War 2. Such emigration levels are unheard of anywhere outside of the countries struck by wars and disasters. | <urn:uuid:0924f10a-48f8-4794-80a5-cff22f4fc9f4> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.truelithuania.com/topics/history-and-politics-of-lithuania/history-of-lithuania | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267729.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00075-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974172 | 5,985 | 3.953125 | 4 |
“My family is gunning for Wolftopia”
Wolf Cukier, a 17 year old highschooler from Scarsdale High, New York who joined NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Centre in Greenbelt Maryland for a summer internship, found a new circumbinary planet on his 3rd day. Wolf was assigned to look at star brightness variations which had been recorded by NASA’s TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), a satellite launched with the aim of finding planets outside our solar system.
Cukier was going through data that for a system that was flagged by other volunteers as an eclipsing binary, (a system where two stars circle around each other). After reviewing the data extensively, he concluded that the phenomenon he assumed to be a stellar eclipse, turned out to be a planet; confirmed by the inconsistency in the transit timing.
How Wolf Did It
TESS uses each of its four cameras to take an image of a certain portion of the sky for a duration of 30 minutes, at 27 day intervals. The brightness (or the variation of it) of each star is measured as it changes over time. In any given solar system, a planet must transit, i.e move in front of it’s (home system’s) star. A transiting planet causes a sudden drop in the star’s brightness by moving in front of it which is exactly how they’re singled out. Image data from TESS is run through a pattern identifying algorithm which can easily detect the transit for the bigger star, but it’s comparatively more difficult to do the same for the smaller star, since its smaller size leads to a dimmer profile (about one-third of our sun). The human eye is significantly superior at detecting non-periodic patterns in data, such as those that can be seen in transits from aforementioned systems.
The planet Wolf was able to discover, was dubbed “TOI 1338 b” (named after the system it was found in – TOI 1338). TOI 1338b or Wolftopia as his family would like to call it, is 6.9 times the size of the Earth (or roughly the size of Saturn) and is located at a distance of about 1300 light years away. The planet orbits two stars, which in-turn orbit each other, in an arrangement known as a binary system and a planet found in such a system is referred to as a “circumbinary” planet. “If you think to Luke [Skywalker]’s homeworld, Tatooine, from Star Wars, it’s like that. Every sunset, there’s gonna be two stars setting,” said Cukier, comparing it to Star Wars.
You can find a YouTube video embedded below, explaining in further detail how TOI 1338 b was found.
Why is TOI 1338b a big deal
Wolfopia is the first circumbinary planet found with the help of TESS and is the only planet found so far in TOI 1338. What makes this discovery exceptional is the fact that it’s tough to review transit data for a binary system, the difficulty arising due to the stars eclipsing each other periodically, made tougher by the difference in the sizes of both stars. While still just in highschool, it is safe to say that Cukier has a decent career ahead of him.
NASA’s TESS Program
Back in July 2018, NASA announced that they would start using their Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite to find exoplanets (planets outside our solar system), including ones that could support life.
NASA expects to find upwards of 200,000 exo-plants within the next two years. This initiative will allow researchers to conduct followup studies in promising candidates and extensively examine that planet’s capacity to support life. | <urn:uuid:ebdf17e1-0510-431d-b179-ca5ac1e7e3d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.internationalinside.com/news/teen-discovers-new-planet-on-3rd-day-of-internship-at-nasa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647409.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531182033-20230531212033-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.964858 | 807 | 2.953125 | 3 |
How do we make a leader? How do we promote leadership among our youth? Today we honor those presidents who have dedicated their lives to public service and have helped define America's role in the world. Through periods of crisis, and periods of prosperity, good times and bad, presidents have lead this country and have acted in both domestic and foreign relations in order to ensure a better future for us all.
President George Washington our first president organized the first United States Cabinet and the Executive Branch, established the USA federal judiciary and played a major roll in bringing amendments to the US Constitution through the Bill of Rights. President Abraham Lincoln signed the first of the Homestead Acts, allowing poor people to obtain land, and issued the Emancipation Proclamation which led to abolishing slavery in the United States. Events such as the Civil War, the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, the formation of NATO, WWI and II, the Louisiana Purchase, 911 and so many more, have required clear thought and due diligence to act in order to preserve the American character and make us the country that we are today.
Community nonprofit organizations, schools and small businesses promoting youth leadership look to GrantWatch.com for funding opportunities to grow the character and values needed to mold and empower youth to become leaders.
Grants of up to $500 to USA youth (up to age 19) for youth-initiated and youth-led activities addressing issues in the areas of environment, democracy and equality, health, and community. Funds will support ongoing volunteer programs and events
Grants typically ranging from $500 to $2,000 to USA and Canada nonprofits to support programs in the areas of education and youth development. Programs include educational services, youth mentorship and development, community and family outreach, cultural events, summer camps and extracurricular programs, holiday retreats and educational resources.
Grants to USA nonprofit organizations for programs that educate about capitalism, preserve the principles of democracy and core American values, protect citizens' rights, and encourage leadership and personal responsibility. Funding may be provided for operating, capital, or program support.
Grants of up to $10,000 to USA and territories high school educators and teams of students to invent technological solutions to real-world problems of their own choosing. Initial applications are due March 7. Projects span many fields like assistive devices, environmental technologies, consumer goods, and experimental vehicles.
And we should also honor the teachers who have helped to mold these youth leaders:
Awards of $6,000 to USA, Canada and International K-12 classroom teachers who have demonstrated their capacity to change the outcome of students’ lives and the communities where they teach. Entries should illustrate how the nominee meets the following criteria: Exceptional dedication and skill in shaping and influencing children’s lives through excellence in educational effort…
Contact us at Support@GrantWatch.com 561-249-4129 for these opportunities!
About the Author: Libby Hikind is the Founder and CEO of GrantWatch.com. Christopher Waldeck is the social media strategist and content contributor at GrantWatch.com. | <urn:uuid:2ead561e-be62-432b-add6-7829b7dcbc1a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.grantwatch.com/blog/news-blog/presidents-day-and-youth-leadership/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314641.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819032136-20190819054136-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.947611 | 635 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Depression is a mental condition that can easily strike any person. In the UK and the United States, it was estimated by the Mental Health Foundation that about ten percent of the population have specific forms of depression. Depression may range from mild to severe. Each type of depression has different duration, intensity and symptoms. Mild depressions usually have negligible or little impact on our life. Their effects could eventually disappear after a period of time. There are various variations that you should know.
Clinical Depression or Unipolar Depression is probably the most popular type. Clinical depression is severe enough that health professionals need to intervene to treat the affected individuals. Depression is much more about feeling down, because it’s something that we feel regularly. However, people with clinical depression can’t escape from their mental condition. They can’t switch the condition off. Clinical depression will eventually interfere with our ability to do normal tasks.
Symptoms of clinical depression include
Initially, clinical depression starts as a mild mental condition, with relatively identifiable symptoms. However, this can be a start, if mild depression persists and hard to stop. In this case, it is important to get an accurate prognosis from relevant health professionals. The risk is higher if you have one or more family members who have recurring depression in the past. Before the situation gets too serious, you get appropriate treatments.
An immediate treatment is by using anti depressant medication for six months or more. Medical drugs don’t treat the actual root of the problem, but if patients are feeling better and more relaxed, it’s easier for them to think and improve their conditions. Counselling and talking therapies are essential to treat mild, moderate and severe depression. Patients need help to change their negative behaviors and thinking patterns. Professionals can talk through problems and examine at issues deeper, so they can have better coping strategies and new insights.
There’s no single and definite cause of clinical depression. Some people are more at risk of developing clinical depression, such as those who are unemployed, socially isolated, disabled or sick for a long time. People who are depressed often have lower level of essential fatty acids and serotonin, so nutritional factors also play a role. | <urn:uuid:5411a85d-057c-40fc-bce9-53e934b697b0> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://westmagazine.net/things-you-should-know-about-clinical-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667260.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113113242-20191113141242-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.95492 | 448 | 3.359375 | 3 |
One definition of a ‘carbon footprint’ is “the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organization, or community”. 1 For paper products like print media, this includes everything from harvesting trees, through the manufacturing process, to use and disposal or recycling.
Paper’s Carbon Footprint Divided into 3 Elements
A look across paper’s entire life cycle shows that its carbon footprint can be divided into three basic elements:
Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
- Gases that cause heat to remain in the atmosphere. For paper this is largely carbon dioxide.
- The process of capturing carbon dioxide that’s in the atmosphere and containing it, reducing global climate change.
- Reduction to emissions by preventing them from entering the product’s life cycle.
How Print Media and Paper Products Address Crucial Areas
All three areas of carbon footprint are important to address for a product or service to reduce or maintain a small carbon footprint. Here is how the manufacturing and use of paper meets all three:
- It’s Made From a Renewable Resource That Stores Carbon
- It’s Manufactured Using Mostly Renewable Energy
- It’s Recyclable and Recycled at a Rate of 72%
There are a lot of mistruths and downright lies about print marketing as aims to get companies to pay for digital ad agencies, social media platforms and other “Carbon conscious” mediums. We rounded up some topic areas from leading publications to show how paper is addressing sustainability.
• The forest products industry is a leader in the production of renewable energy, with more than 58% of the on-site energy needed to produce paper products derived from carbonneutral biomass. The specific CO2 emissions decreased since 1990 by 44% per tonne of product. Our sector is the largest industrial producer of bioenergy, generating 20% of the biomass based energy in Europe. 2
• There is a vital difference between energy production from fossil fuels and from biomass. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide that has been locked up for millions of years [introducing “new” carbon to the atmosphere]. By contrast, burning biomass simply returns to the atmosphere the carbon dioxide that was absorbed as the trees grew and there is no net release of carbon dioxide if the cycle of growth and harvest is sustained. 3
• It is the new carbon from fossil fuels that is primarily responsible for the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide that have occurred in the last 100 years. 4
• The global print and paper industry accounts for only 1% of global carbon dioxide emissions. 5
• Energy consumption of our mills has decreased by 5.2% in the last two years (2013 over 2011). 6
• Today, 96.4% of electricity is produced on-site in paper mills using the energy-efficient combined heat and power method 7 [which recycles exhaust steam for use as manufacturing process heat or space heating]. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems are highly efficient (up to 80% efficiency compared to about 50% for traditional fossil-fuel power plants 8) and, because they require less fuel to produce the same amount of energy, have lower emissions than separate heat and power generation.
• Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by trees and stored for a period before being returned to the atmosphere. The sequestered carbon is stored not only in trees. It is also stored in forest products [including paper] for periods ranging from days to centuries. 9
• In the long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fibre or energy from the forest, will generate the largest sustained [climate change] mitigation benefit. 10
• Trees use energy from sunlight to convert CO2 from the air into sugars. This is the process of photosynthesis. These sugars fuel tree growth and wood production. When trees die most of the stored carbon is returned to the atmosphere, although some of it may be locked up in the soil. Young forests grow rapidly and soak up carbon more quickly than mature forests. In mature forests the carbon balance may reach a steady state as carbon storage is matched by decomposition. At this point the forest becomes a vast carbon reservoir. When mature trees die the carbon stored is released back into the atmosphere. By harvesting trees before they die we can ensure that the carbon is locked up for longer in recyclable wood products. We can ensure that the system will continue to provide environmental benefits for future generations by replacing the felled trees with new ones. 11
• The purpose of sustainable forest management is to ensure stable or increasing stock of wood as well as carbon sequestered in it. European forests sequester increasing amounts of carbon in tree biomass. Each year about 430 million tonnes of CO2 (MCPFE, 2011), or around 10% of total greenhouse gas emissions, are removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and tree biomass growth in EU countries. 12
Launch A Sustainable Campaign with Print Marketing
Velocity Print Solutions works to make sure print materials are customized and can be printed on demand to minimize waste and maximize the effectiveness and lifespan of print marketing materials. Our amazing direct mail services make sure print is delivered quickly to avoid deprecating relevance and further reduce environmental impact.
1. Oxford University Press, 2015
2. CEPI, 2014
3. Biomass Energy Centre, 2011
4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report, 2007
5. World Resources Institute (WRI), 2005
6. CEPI, 2014
7. CEPI, 2014
8. Association for Decentralised Energy, 2015
9. NCASI, 2007
10. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report, 2007
11. Forestry Commission, 2014
12. European Commission, 2012 | <urn:uuid:8a60a3fd-24e4-4a8c-b321-c87fd3eafc91> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.velocityprint.com/general/papers-carbon-footprint-isnt-as-high-as-you-think/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710534.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128171516-20221128201516-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.920236 | 1,228 | 3.4375 | 3 |
"The women think he has exposed their Bitchery too much; and the Gentlemen, are offended with him, for the discovery of their follyes."
So wrote John Dryden, in defense of "The Double Dealer" by his prot_g_ William Congreve, librettist of Semele and one of the imposing figures of the great age of English satire. Drawing on ancient Greek and Roman examples, satires could be gently playful, following Horace, or scathingly vicious, after Juvenal. They exposed the foibles of society, and attacked the hypocrisy or misrule of leading public figures, as in The Beggars' Opera. In all cases, the aim was to use laughter to bring audiences to a greater understanding of themselves, their leading citizens, and the society they lived in.
But this was not simply a matter of social commentary; it was seen by many as a political duty. The British people were fiercely proud of the fact that they lived in a limited monarchy with regular elections. There was almost no censorship in Britain and writers saw the freedom to expose incompetence and corruption as a precious asset when they compared themselves to the heavily censored, absolutist monarchies of Europe, in particular Louis XIV's France. Many writers drew parallels with ancient Athens, suggesting that the spirit of democracy lived in Aristophanes' pillorying of corrupt demagogues and that the decline of satirical poetry in both Greece and Rome prefigured those societies' descent into servile dictatorship. A people who did not have the spirit to criticize their leaders openly were only one short step away from slavery, and laughter was a wonderfully effective weapon for keeping that spirit alive.
One of the most vivid ways in which political satire was employed was through the thin veil of classical myth. Audiences knew the stories in detail, and mythical figures were easily understood as allegories for current monarchs, politicians, and political events. We know that audiences recognized these parallels, because they would regularly applaud or catcall speeches in plays that reflected on current events.
Congreve's Semele libretto was written around 1705 for an opera with music by John Eccles (which apparently was never performed). During these years, politicians and public alike were anxious about who would succeed the childless Queen Anne. The 1689 revolution had removed the Catholic Stuarts, and had implicitly asserted Parliament's right to depose monarchs who ruled unconstitutionally. The Act of Settlement (1701) had granted the succession to the Protestant House of Hanover on Anne's death. However many Britons, particularly on the "religious right," held that since the monarchy was divinely chosen, they remained bound by oath to the Stuart Kings. There was widespread anxiety that Anne's death would bring an attempted counter-revolution, supported by France, to place the (Catholic) son of James II on the throne. Congreve's portrayal of Jupiter, the King of the gods, is a clear reminder of the libidinous, unconstitutional rule of the Stuart Kings. Moreover, Act I of Semele is Congreve's own addition to the myth as found in Ovid's Metamorphoses. It shows Semele's choice between marrying her lawfully chosen (but perhaps rather boring) husband and elopement with a dashing foreigner. This was a typical way of portraying Britain's choice between the legitimate Hanoverian kings and the romantic but dangerous Stuarts. Semele's unfortunate fate leaves no doubt as to Congreve's view of the subject.
In the 1740s, more than three decades after Congreve wrote his libretto, Handel was most likely attracted to it by the success of Thomas Arne's new setting of Congreve's masque The Judgement of Paris. By this time, Handel had given up writing Italian operas in favor of English oratorios with biblical plots, which were cheaper to produce because they were intended for unstaged performances without sets and costumes. They could also be performed on holy days in Lent when "'theatrical" performances were banned, and they involved large and elaborate choruses‹a novelty in theater at that time. In adapting Semele to this oratorio format, Handel created a wonderful blend of sacred solemnity and operatic drama. Not daring to call it an oratorio (since it was not remotely religious), he called it The Story of Semele, Performed after the manner of an oratorio.
It was, however, a disastrous failure, receiving only five performances. Given the excellence of its dramatic, sensuous, and inventive music and its poetic libretto, the explanation for its failure must lie in the very different social and political climate of the 1740s. In 1714, the Hanoverian George I had succeeded to the throne peacefully, an attempted invasion in 1715 easily crushed. George II had succeeded him in 1727 to the accompaniment of Handel's sublime anthems, and while the Stuarts continued to claim the British throne (and would try one last time in 1745), as far as the British establishment was concerned, the matter was settled. By 1744, social attitudes towards royal adultery, female sexuality, and the place of women had changed considerably, and in that context Semele had acquired a political coloring quite different than that imagined by Congreve.
In 1735, on a visit to Hanover, George II had begun an affair with Amalie von Wallmoden (reporting the progress of the liaison in detail to his wife, Queen Caroline!). Two years later, following Caroline's death, Wallmoden came to England. She was naturalized and created Countess of Yarmouth, with an income of £4000 a year. Unfamiliar with British politics, she seems to have abstained from using her emotional and political power over the King for several years. By the early 1740s, however, she was perceived by the public to wield a strong influence. She was alleged to have been involved with the peerage creations in 1741, and around 1743 she was the subject of an anonymous pamphlet which congratulated her on engineering Prime Minster Walpole's fall from office. Semele could easily be seen as a representation of the over-ambitious royal mistress who uses her sexual power to manipulate a weak-willed monarch.
Semele's wary reception illustrates a crucial change in the English public's attitudes toward their leaders. In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, it was virtually required for the monarch to have mistresses as proof of his virility. Queen Caroline had accepted this and tried to engineer mistresses for her husband who would not wield excessive personal or political influence. George II enjoyed the satires that circulated about his affairs because they publicized his manly virtues. In public perception, however, there was always a fine line between natural virility and being in thrall to women, and in the early eighteenth century this line was moving. Increasingly, an uncontrollable sexual appetite was seen as a form of effeminacy, and therefore uncomfortably similar to the spineless "luxury" of Italy, the land of popery, sodomy‹and opera (moralists never tired of pointing out the connections between these three!). George's shameless flaunting of his infidelities seemed increasingly to belong to a different age. The public increasingly expected their divinely-ordained monarch to behave with more Christian decency‹or at least discretion.
Moreover, expectations about female behavior had changed considerably. While the heroines of seventeenth-century comedy (including Congreve's) were witty, worldly young ladies of fiercely independent spirit, groups such as the Society for the Reformation of Manners now energetically promoted the virtues of temperance and, above all, chastity as the supreme virtues. The Society prosecuted gin houses, brothels, and general acts of "lewdness", and this change in attitudes was reflected in the theater and novels. It reached its height with the heroines of Richardson's novels Pamela (1740), who resists the attentions of her employer until he marries her, and Clarissa (1748), who commits suicide rather than live after her rape. In such a climate, Semele was hardly an ideal heroine. Indeed Charles Jennens, librettist of Messiah and Belshazzar, referred to Handel's work as "no oratorio but a bawdy opera" and refused to subscribe to a copy. It was the only work of Handel's that he did not buy.
What is interesting is that Handel clearly understood the need to tone down the libretto for performance during Lent in this more moralistic age. He removed the most explicit language, including the clearly sexual motivation for Jove's final capitulation to Semele:
Jupiter: Speak, speak, your Desire,
[I'm all over Fire.]
Say what you require,
I'll grant it‹ [now let us retire.]
Ditto the particularly erotic means of her death:
Juno: But like himself, the mighty Thunderer
In Pomp of Majesty,
And heav'nly Attire;
As when he proud Saturnia charms,
And with ineffable Delights
Fills her encircling Arms,
And pays the Nuptial Rites.
[By this Conjunction
With entire Divinity]
You shall partake of
[heav'nly Essence - replaced with "immortality"]
He removed an unpalatable reference to Juno being both Jupiter's sister and his wife, and he changed Juno's description of Semele from "curs'd adulteress" to "cursêëd Semele". And, perhaps anticipating royal sensitivity, he toned down references to Semele's insatiable ambition:
Semele: I love and am lov'd, yet more I desire;
Ah, how foolish a Thing is Fruition!
As one Passion cools, some other takes Fire,
And I'm still in a longing Condition.
Whate'er I possess
Soon seems an Excess.
For something untry'd I petition;
Tho' daily I prove
The Pleasures of love,
I die for the Joys of Ambition.
But whatever Handel cut from the libretto, he more than put back into the music‹and this was made possible by the fact that Semele was originally not staged. The abandoned sensuality of the arias "Endless pleasure" and "With fond desiring" or the erotic slumbers of "O sleep, why dost thou leave me?" could not be more explicit, nor could Jupiter's aroused confusion in "Come to my arms." But it was Handel's change to the ending that was most audacious. Congreve's libretto originally ended with a dance in praise of Bacchus, reveling in the power of alcohol over love. Handel instead gives Bacchus a full Coronation Anthem, redolent of his famous "Zadok the Priest" and the "Hallelujah" chorus from Messiah.
This use of the solemnity of oratorio at the opening and close of Semele to balance the operatic drama of the central story is one of the work's particular strengths, with each element dramatically complimenting the other. However, to a world increasingly preoccupied with temperance and chastity, this final apotheosis to the god of drink and debauchery must have seemed several steps too far. This was particularly insensitive at a time when opera tended (with a few notable exceptions) to celebrate the virtues of hereditary and absolutist rule.
Fortunately, modern audiences are no longer blinded by this dogmatic religious moralism and can see beyond it to the heart of the points that Congreve was making about human frailty‹especially in those who hold political power. Semele is a witty but scathing satire on the power of sexuality to cloud the judgment of those in office and on the ambitions of those who seek power from them. And when our leaders wield powers of life and death over most of the globe, surely it is healthier to laugh at their weaknesses than to look the other way.
John Andrews, a British conductor and musicologist, has recently completed a Ph.D. on the social, political, and religious context of Handel's Semele. | <urn:uuid:10d30c13-d775-4bfa-ad2b-3c058c7fa209> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.playbill.com/article/sex-drugs-and-baroque-opera | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512411.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019145850-20181019171350-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.975578 | 2,543 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Toward the end of January 1967, it was revealed that Lunar Module 1 would not reach the Cape in February, as expected. This meant, the moon landing might be delayed because the lander was not ready. But the mission planners could not wait for the Apollo engineers to iron out all the problems. They had to plan for a landing in 1969 and hope that the hardware would catch up with them.
At various stages of lunar module design, mockup reviews were conducted to demonstrate progress and identify weaknesses. These inspections were formal occasions, with a board composed of NASA and contractor officials and presided over by a chairman from the Apollo office in Houston.
The Lunar Lander originally had two docking hatches, one at the top center of the cabin and another in the forward position, or nose, of the vehicle, with a tunnel in each location to permit astronauts to crawl from one pressurized vehicle to the other…
Since the lunar module would fly only in space (earth orbit and lunar vicinity), the designers could ignore the aerodynamic streamlining demanded by earth’s atmosphere and build the first true manned spacecraft, designed solely for operating in the spatial vacuum.
Max Faget’s position was that considering the difficulty of the job, if each mission was successful half the time, it would be well worth the effort. But Gilruth thought that was too low. He want a 90% mission success ratio and a 99% ratio for Astronaut safety. Walt Williams who was currently running the Mercury program believed that astronaut safety needed to be limited to only 1 failure in a million which was 99.9999%.
…From the information they gathered on the existing technical problems, Disher and Tischler concluded that prospects were only one in ten that Apollo would land on the moon before the end of the decade…. | <urn:uuid:de1f6ad7-43cb-45cc-8f4e-c21e1f86129c> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://spacerockethistory.com/?tag=space-technology-laboratories | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195530246.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723235815-20190724021815-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.975473 | 368 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Schoharie County, New York
|Schoharie County, New York|
|County of Schoharie|
Schoharie County Courthouse
Location in the U.S. state of New York
New York's location in the U.S.
|• Total||626 sq mi (1,621 km2)|
|• Land||622 sq mi (1,611 km2)|
|• Water||4.5 sq mi (12 km2), 0.7%|
|• Density||53/sq mi (20/km2)|
|Time zone||Eastern: UTC−5/−4|
Schoharie County (// skoh-HAIR-ee) is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,749, making it the state's fifth-least populous county. The county seat is Schoharie. "Schoharie" comes from a Mohawk word meaning "floating driftwood."
- 1 History
- 2 Geography
- 3 Demographics
- 4 Economy
- 5 Communities
- 6 Notable sites
- 7 Notable people
- 8 In popular culture
- 9 Politics
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
The large territory of the county (much of upstate and western New York) was long occupied by the Mohawk Indians and, to the west, the other four tribes of the Iroquois League (increased to six with the migration of the Tuscarora from the South to New York in 1722). After European colonization of the Northeast started, the Mohawk had a lucrative fur trade with the French coming down from Canada, as well as the early Dutch colonists, and later British and German colonists.
Some Palatine Germans, who worked in camps on the Hudson to pay off their passage in 1710, later settled in this county in the 1720s and 30s. In addition, Scots-Irish immigrants settled in the present Schoharie County area before the American Revolutionary War, especially near Cherry Creek.
After Great Britain defeated the Dutch and took over their colony in 1664, they began to establish counties in the New York territory in 1683. The present Schoharie County was first part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont. In theory, it extended westward to the Pacific Ocean, as the colonists wanted to keep their options open. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now part of Vermont.
On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one retaining the name Albany County. Tryon County was formed from the western portion of the territory (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated Tryon County was eventually organized into what are now 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York.
In the years preceding 1776, as social and political tensions rose in the colony, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County, then on the frontier, fled to Canada. In 1784, after the peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War and the establishment of states, the new government changed Tryon County's name to Montgomery County to honor United States General Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died trying to capture the city of Quebec.
The state continued to organize new counties. In 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. It was originally much larger than the present county, including present-day Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne counties.
In 1795, Schoharie County was created by joining portions of Otsego and Albany counties.
This was an area of fighting during the American Revolutionary War. On the frontier, colonists were subject to raids by British and their Iroquois allies. Four of the six tribes allied with the British, hoping to repel the colonists from their territory.
Much of the southern portion of the county lies within the Catskill Mountains. Land rises in both directions quite rapidly from Schoharie Creek in the middle of the county. In contrast, the northern part of the county is predominately small hills and valleys. More than 75% of the county's population lives in the north, closer to the Mohawk River, the historic transportation route east and west through the state. Schoharie Creek is a northward-flowing tributary of the Mohawk River. The Schoharie Creek watershed spans an area of approximately 950 square miles (2,500 km2). The course of Schoharie Creek includes two reservoir-dam systems.
The Gilboa Dam and the Schoharie Reservoir are part of the New York City Water Supply System. The New York Power Authority operates the Blenheim-Gilboa Dam and its reservoir to produce hydroelectric power. The headwaters of the Delaware River is located in the Town of Jefferson. Tributaries of the Susquehanna River are located in the Towns of Jefferson and Summit.
The highest point is at the summit of Huntersfield Mountain on the southern boundary with Greene County, at 3,423 feet (1,043 m) above sea level. The lowest point is where the Montgomery County line meets Schoharie Creek, 520 feet (158 m) above sea level. The most prominent geological feature is Vroman's Nose, near the village of Middleburgh, New York in the Town of Fulton.
- Albany County - east
- Delaware County - southwest
- Greene County - southeast
- Montgomery County - north
- Otsego County - west
- Schenectady County - northeast
|U.S. Decennial Census|
As of the census of 2000, there were 31,582 people, 11,991 households and 8,177 families residing in the county. The population density was 51 people per square mile (20/km²). There were 15,915 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile (10/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 95.06% White, 2.14% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. 1.86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20.9% were of German, 15.6% Irish, 11.5% American, 10.8% Italian and 9.7% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 95.5% spoke English, 1.7% Spanish and 1.0% German as their first language.
There were 11,991 households out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.20% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families. 25.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the county, the population was spread out with 24.00% under the age of 18, 10.60% from 18 to 24, 26.20% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.80 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $36,585, and the median income for a family was $43,118. Males had a median income of $31,725 versus $24,475 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,778. About 7.90% of families and 11.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.70% of those under age 18 and 8.60% of those age 65 or over.
Schoharie County's primary industry is agriculture. Farms are situated all over the county and farm stands and other agriculture-related businesses are operated throughout the county. Many residents work in the Capital District, New York. Wal-Mart has a distribution center in the Village of Sharon Springs. The I-88 corridor is growing due to the short commute to Schenectady and Albany.
The Catskills-area villages have a number of historic hotels, as it was a vacation destination in the early 20th century. Second homes are common in the county.
A growing tourist industry attracts visitors for recreation, the landscape and historic destinations. Visitors come to Howe Caverns, Secret Caverns, the Carrot Barn, the Apple Barrel Country Store and Cafe, Vroman's Nose, the Old Stone Fort, and the Iroquois Indian Museum. The Old Blenheim Bridge was among the attractions until it was destroyed by Hurricane Irene in August 2011. Work to rebuild the covered bridge began in 2017.
During the 19th century, the Middleburgh-Schoharie Railroad was constructed through the county.
In 1981 the Iroquois Indian Museum opened in a new building near Howe Caverns in Cobleskill. It has the largest collection of Iroquois art in the United States and includes a performance center where Iroquois present traditional and contemporary music and dance.
The Gilboa Fossil Forest is home to one of the earth's oldest forests, with petrified tree trunks dating back over 380 million years to the Devonian period. Numerous fossils are on display at the Gilboa Museum near the Schoharie Reservoir.
Notable people who were born or lived in Schoharie County include:
- Peter I. Borst, 1797–1848, U.S. representative from New York
- William C. Bouck, 1796–1859, former governor of New York 1843–1845
- John McGiver, 1913–1975, actor
- Timothy Murphy, 1751–1818, Revolutionary War sniper
- Nicole Sullivan, 1970–present, actress
- George Westinghouse, 1846–1914, engineer, inventor and entrepreneur
- Uriah Wood, 1830–1913, Wisconsin politician
In popular culture
- The novel Midnight's Lair (1983) by Richard Laymon was about explorers trapped in Howe Caverns.
- David Letterman, a late-night TV host, did a parody about the town of Schoharie.
- The two season reality series, The Fabulous Beekman Boys was set in Sharon Springs.
- In August 2010, the series Ghost Hunters filmed an episode about the Old Stone Fort; it aired December 8, 2010.
- A finalist on Tila Tequila took the show to the bowling alley in Cobleskill.
- The Boulder, Colorado Jam band String Cheese Incident mentions Schoharie County in the song 100 Year Flood.
|2016||62.9% 8,831||30.2% 4,240||7.0% 979|
|2012||56.5% 7,467||41.1% 5,427||2.4% 313|
|2008||56.0% 8,071||41.7% 6,009||2.2% 322|
|2004||59.0% 8,591||38.7% 5,630||2.3% 338|
|2000||55.0% 7,459||39.8% 5,390||5.2% 705|
|1996||40.4% 5,353||44.5% 5,902||15.1% 2,006|
|1992||40.1% 5,678||35.3% 4,997||24.5% 3,472|
|1988||55.9% 7,008||43.0% 5,389||1.1% 139|
|1984||68.0% 8,692||31.3% 3,996||0.8% 100|
|1980||52.1% 6,382||38.5% 4,715||9.5% 1,165|
|1976||57.2% 7,154||42.0% 5,250||0.9% 111|
|1972||69.7% 8,644||30.1% 3,730||0.3% 32|
|1968||57.2% 6,166||36.0% 3,883||6.8% 728|
|1964||36.8% 4,193||63.1% 7,187||0.1% 11|
|1960||63.7% 7,644||36.2% 4,342||0.1% 16|
|1956||73.3% 8,851||26.7% 3,227||0.0% 0|
|1952||71.8% 8,972||28.1% 3,509||0.1% 18|
|1948||61.3% 6,751||36.6% 4,032||2.1% 236|
|1944||60.6% 6,546||39.1% 4,219||0.3% 36|
|1940||64.1% 7,316||35.7% 4,073||0.2% 25|
|1936||60.3% 6,895||37.0% 4,229||2.7% 310|
|1932||53.4% 5,513||45.4% 4,684||1.2% 121|
|1928||67.7% 6,906||28.7% 2,926||3.7% 377|
|1924||62.2% 6,142||34.6% 3,413||3.3% 324|
|1920||58.4% 5,572||38.8% 3,697||2.8% 268|
|1916||43.5% 2,851||52.8% 3,457||3.8% 246|
|1912||36.1% 2,391||50.6% 3,355||13.4% 887|
|1908||45.2% 3,393||51.2% 3,841||3.6% 270|
|1904||46.2% 3,672||50.5% 4,010||3.3% 263|
|1900||46.2% 3,860||51.7% 4,317||2.2% 180|
|1896||46.6% 3,838||51.0% 4,203||2.4% 199|
|1892||39.5% 3,236||55.3% 4,531||5.3% 430|
|1888||41.4% 3,696||56.0% 5,006||2.6% 235|
|1884||38.5% 3,472||59.2% 5,339||2.3% 210|
- 2018 Schoharie, New York limousine crash
- List of counties in New York
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Schoharie County, New York
- "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
- "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
- "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
- "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
- "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
- "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
- "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- "History of Schoharie", Jumping in Pools blog (2009-02-17). Retrieved on 2013-08-16
- Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
- Schoharie County Chamber of Commerce Official Site
- Schoharie County, New York official site
- Schoharie County official tourism site
- Early history of Schoharie County
- Summary history of Schoharie County
- Haunted History Trail Through Schoharie County
- Schoharie County at Curlie
- "History of Schoharie", Jumping in Pools blog | <urn:uuid:877fb7a3-a201-4af9-b1cd-6c2095664c23> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741764.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114082713-20181114104713-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.925468 | 3,776 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Practicing physical activity can improve your lifestyle in many ways. Regular exercise can reduce the risk of many chronic diseases and early death. It can also increase bone density, flexibility, and stability. People who stay active and participate in physical activities are more likely to value their health and read health books. However, people who do not exercise regularly are less likely to feel this way. The benefits of exercise go beyond physical health. The more physically fit you are, the more energy you will have.
Exercising can help you cope with mental challenges. It can also strengthen your immune system, which can help you fight off disease. Even if you do not have experience with physical activity, you can start by starting with low-impact activities. You can increase your activity level by gradually increasing the amount of time you spend exercising. You can even make your freedom lifestyle and fitness routine, or you can follow a program that is designed for beginners.
Why Fitness is Essential for a Healthy Lifestyle?
Physical activity can be a challenge, especially for older people, but it can also help older people remain active. Exercise promotes strong bones and muscles. It can also improve your cardiovascular and respiratory health. It can also decrease your risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. So, it’s worth getting started. It’s not just beneficial for your health but also for your life. So, make sure you get out there and start moving!
Getting started with a fitness program may require some re-learning and trial and error. Some people have problems with the idea of making changes. Others might find it hard to exercise. This is normal, as long as you are committed to achieving them. It’s always better to start small and build up from there. And don’t forget to be kind to yourself. You’ll be happier and healthier when you start with a good fitness program.
New habits don’t come easily. It’s easy to become overwhelmed by unfamiliar concepts and ideas. Despite the positive effects, it can be difficult for some people to stay motivated. It’s best to begin with a simple exercise program, and slowly increase your levels of fitness as your life improves. You’ll soon see results. The benefits of a freedom lifestyle and fitness activity will continue throughout your life. So, make sure to stay active and get in shape!
Exercise: Tool for Healthier Life
In addition to physical benefits, exercise can improve your mental state. It builds resilience and helps you deal with stressful situations. It also boosts your immune system and lowers stress levels. It’s important to do regular exercise if you want to maintain good health. The more often you exercise, the better. If you can’t afford to do it yourself, try joining a gym or a class that’s specifically for women.
Taking regular exercise increases your chances of living a longer and healthier life. While it can be difficult to exercise every day, the benefits of regular physical activity are numerous. It improves your physical health and promotes healthy muscle and bone tissues. Moreover, freedom lifestyle and fitness can reduce the risk of various chronic diseases, including heart disease. It also enhances self-esteem. In other words, fitness enhances the quality of your life.
While exercise can be challenging for some, it is an excellent way to stay healthy and active. It promotes strong bones and muscles. This also improves the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which means that it’s important to stay physically active throughout your life. It can also help you maintain a healthy weight. Ultimately, it will improve your quality of life. But first, you need to understand how fitness improves your lifestyle.
Physical activity helps you cope with stress. It boosts your mood, improves your sleep, and improves your overall mental wellbeing. It can help you cope with anxiety and other problems. Exercise can also add years to your life. When you exercise, you’ll feel more confident and energetic. You’ll have more energy and confidence. It makes you more productive. Having more energy is good for your life. It will improve your sex life.
For a better lifestyle and fitness plan, you can hire a professional trainer. It is a good option to go for a premium fitness studio like freedom lifestyle and fitness. Most of the clients hire personal trainers for their health plan because it provides proper training. They prefer to go for the best lifestyle rather than taking part in regular sessions.
Fitness and exercise are beneficial for the body. It develops potential that led to a healthy lifestyle. Many gyms charge an extra fee for the fitness trainer as they provide special plans for the diet and food. | <urn:uuid:692d4584-fa97-4ead-8756-28149e009412> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.moneyoutline.com/how-freedom-lifestyle-and-fitness-improves-your-physical-and-mental-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.958418 | 962 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Tactile surfaces such as detectable warning pavers, tiles, and plates serve a vital purpose in enhancing accessibility and navigation for individuals with visual disabilities. The humble beginnings of these textured ground indicators have blossomed into an indispensable infrastructure component that promotes mobility and independence.
In this blog, we'll explore some key milestones in the evolutionary journey of tactile surfaces. Understanding this history provides insight into how these accessible design elements came to transform public spaces.
The genesis of tactile paving traces back to post-World War II Japan. After the war, Japan's cities saw an influx of veterans with visual disabilities. This highlighted the need for urban design features to assist navigation.
In 1965, Seiichi Miyake, an engineering student at Okayama University, developed an innovative solution - textured blocks with raised domes and bars detectable by foot and cane. His invention was inspired by Braille blocks.
In 1965 itself, Miyake's tactile blocks were installed for the first time at a street crossing in Okayama City. This pioneering installation near a school for the blind kickstarted the tactile paving revolution.
Soon after, the textured blocks spread across Japan at pedestrian crossings to promote safety. Their runaway success led to the adoption of national railways across transit platforms nationwide.
By 1985, tactile paving was ubiquitous in Japan. That year, it was formally christened “Hazard Guide for the Visually Impaired.”
Color coding also helped users interpret different blocks. This formalized tactile system accelerated accessible urban growth across Japan.
In the 1990s, tactile paving expanded beyond Japan, becoming recognized internationally as an indispensable tool for accessible design.
The ADA in the US, Australia’s Disability Discrimination Act, and the UK’s Department for Transport helped proliferate tactile paving by setting standards.
By the late 1990s, tactile blocks were ubiquitous across transit platforms and pedestrian walkways in major cities across North America, Europe, and Oceania.
Canada actively adopted tactile systems starting in the 1990s across transportation infrastructure. In the 2000s, integration spread to the wider public realm via provincial and municipal accessibility laws.
The Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) currently mandates tactile installation in all new and renovated public spaces across the province.
Today, tactile paving is entrenched worldwide as an indispensable accessibility solution. With the population aging, chronic illnesses, and mobility device usage increasing, the importance of tactile surfaces grows each year.
Tactile surfaces allow users of all abilities to access outdoor recreation, transit systems, pedestrian routes, businesses, and public services independently and safely.
The evolution of voluntary accessible design into enforceable regulations and standards has helped drive universal adoption. Tactile surfaces now seamlessly blend into urban landscapes as an intuitive accessibility aid.
Tactile solutions like detectable warning tiles and plates are vital in making infrastructure accessible for multiple reasons:
Tactile surfaces allow people with visual disabilities to navigate safely using senses like touch and hearing. The textured cues provide spatial awareness, directionality, and hazard warnings.
Tactile plates transform unfamiliar, complex environments into navigable spaces by providing a mental map. This allows for exploration with confidence, independence, and security.
Tactile patterns placed strategically help users detect and avoid dangers like platform edges, busy intersections, and stairs through tactile feedback.
Installing compliant tactile surfaces satisfies legal obligations under disability legislation like the AODA, ADA, and building codes.
Standardized installation ensures uniformity in how warnings and cues are conveyed across regions. This consistency enables intuitive interpretation.
By facilitating accessible navigation, tactile surfaces encourage fuller participation in community life, from parks to libraries to arenas.
In Canada, tactile installations must adhere to accessibility legislation and standards. Key regulations include:
Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA)
Thanks to inclusive design advocacy, rigorous testing, and human-centered innovation, tactile surfaces have evolved into an indispensable component of accessibility.
Ongoing research aims to enhance detectability and aesthetics using technologies like RFID-embedded and LED-integrated tiles. As populations age and diversify, the need for accessible infrastructure only grows.
Tactile wayfinding and hazard warning solutions continue advancing in lockstep with progressive social values of equity, mobility, and independence.
The future looks bright for tactile surfaces to play an ever-greater role in crafting barrier-free, welcoming communities that leave no one behind. The universal adoption of these inclusive design elements is a mark of societies progressing towards accessibility for all citizens.
Tactile paving was invented in 1965 by Japanese engineering student Seiichi Miyake, who was inspired by Braille.
The first ever use of tactile paving was in 1965 at a street crossing in Okayama City, Japan, near a school for the blind.
Tactile paving was introduced in North America in the 1990s after the ADA and Disability Discrimination Act set detectable warning standards.
Common tactile paving materials are durable polymers, metals, porcelain, rubber, concrete, and engineered composite plastics.
Tactile surfaces provide standardized tactile and audio cues to help visually impaired pedestrians detect hazards, navigate safely, avoid disorientation, and travel independently.
As Canada's leading tactile solutions provider, Tactile Solutions Canada offers premium products to make infrastructure accessible. Our extensive range includes:
Let our team of experts recommend optimal solutions for your next public space project. Contact Tactile Solutions Canada today! | <urn:uuid:808a47cd-2bb8-4c8c-952c-3aa2bd8adbb8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.tactilesolution.ca/blog/the-evolution-of-tactile-surfaces:-a-look-back-at-milestones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.897543 | 1,102 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A balance sheet provides detailed information about a company’s assets,liabilities and shareholders’ equity.
Assets are things that a company owns that have value. This typically means they can either be sold or used by the company to make products or provide services that can be sold. Assets include physical property, such as plants, trucks, equipment and inventory. It also includes things that can’t be touched but nevertheless exist and have value, such as trademarks and patents. And cash itself is an asset. So are investments a company makes.
Liabilities are amounts of money that a company owes to others. This can include all kinds of obligations, like money borrowed from a bank to launch a new product, rent for use of a building, money owed to suppliers for materials, payroll a company owes to its employees, environmental cleanup costs, or taxes owed to the government. Liabilities also include obligations to provide goods or services to customers in the future.
Shareholders’ equity is sometimes called capital or net worth. It’s the money that would be left if a company sold all of its assets and paid off all of its liabilities. This leftover money belongs to the shareholders, or the owners, of the company.
The following formula summarizes what a balance sheet shows:
A company’s assets have to equal, or “balance,” the sum of its liabilities and shareholders’ equity. | <urn:uuid:2df75784-2b15-4b97-a55b-e7991c49494e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.cceye.com/2014/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220125916-20190220151916-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.964424 | 291 | 3.75 | 4 |
The Lead Safe API uses characteristics about the patient to determine if they are at a higher risk for lead poisoning. This determination is based on a machine learning algorithm that considers many factors that directly and indirectly correlate with future lead poisoning.
The model behind Lead Safe API, originally developed by the Data Science for Social Good Program at the University of Chicago, includes clinical data, census data, open data on buildings, and data belonging to the CDPH Lead Program. Because all of this data is collected and stored separately, applying it can be difficult. One challenge was turning a large amount of information into a comprehensive, yet comprehensible, data set. Another is providing this data to physicians in a format they can use. This project led to a streamlined method of sharing data across sectors of health by using an API, which will also be made available to other healthcare providers in the future.
“Decades of data on lead prevalence exist, but data silos impede its potential impact on addressing disparities that are perpetuated due to social determinants of health,” says Nivedita Mohanty, M.D., AllianceChicago’s Chief Research Officer and Director of Evidence Based Practice.
CDPH worked with University of Chicago data scientists to develop and deploy a predictive algorithm to identify lead risk. AllianceChicago provided leadership on the design and implementation. AllianceChicago is also conducting the initial pilot within their health centers to make this information available to clinicians who work directly with families living in at-risk neighborhoods. | <urn:uuid:23e21148-9a0b-40e0-9583-bc3823c2474d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.qvera.com/case-study-alliancechicago-identifying-child-lead-exposure-risk/?utm_campaign=Case%20Study%20-%20AllianceChicago&utm_source=Website | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735851.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804014340-20200804044340-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.941241 | 303 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Python virtual environments are used to create isolated python environments to avoid dependency and version conflicts, and also indirectly take care of permission issues. But what is the easiest way to set it up, and use it, in Ubuntu?
virtualenvwrapper (user friendly wrappers for the functionality of
sudo apt install virtualenv
The reason we are also installing virtualenvwrapper is because it offers nice and simple commands to manage your virtual environments. There are two ways to install
As Ubuntu package (from Ubuntu 16.04)
sudo apt install virtualenvwrapper
echo "source /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh" >> ~/.bashrc
Install and/or update pip
Install pip for Python 2 with
sudo apt install python-pip
or for Python 3
sudo apt install python3-pip
(if you use Python 3, you may need to use
pipin the rest of this guide).
Optional (but recommended): Turn on bash autocomplete for pip
pip completion --bash >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrcto enable.
Because we want to avoid
sudo pipwe install
virtualenvwrapperlocally (by default under
pip install --user virtualenvwrapper
echo "export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3" >> ~/.bashrc
Source virtualenvwrapper in
echo "source ~/.local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh" >> ~/.bashrc
Setup virtualenv and virtualenvwrapper:
First we export the
WORKON_HOME variable which contains the directory in which our virtual environments are to be stored. Let's make this
now also create this directory
and put this export in our
~/.bashrc file so this variable gets automatically defined
echo "export WORKON_HOME=$WORKON_HOME" >> ~/.bashrc
We can also add some extra tricks like the following, which makes sure that if
pip creates an extra virtual environment, it is also placed in our
echo "export PIP_VIRTUALENV_BASE=$WORKON_HOME" >> ~/.bashrc
Source ~/.bashrc to load the changes
Test if it works
Now we create our first virtual environment. The
-p argument is optional, it is used to set the Python version to use; it can also be
python3 for example.
mkvirtualenv -p python2.7 test
You will see that the environment will be set up, and your prompt now includes the name of your active environment in parentheses. Also if you now run
python -c "import sys; print sys.path"
you should see a lot of
/home/user/.virtualenv/... because it now doesn't use your system site-packages.
You can deactivate your environment by running
and if you want to work on it again, simply type
Finally, if you want to delete your environment, type
Thanks to the author of this blogpost.
Virtual environments offer a way for managing and isolating dependencies on a per-project basis. Moreover, they also avoid the whole
sudo pip install situation, which is a security risk as I have explained in https://askubuntu.com/a/802594/15003. The official Python documentation also encourages the use of virtual environments.
The easiest way to create and use virtual environments for both Python 2 and Python 3 is to install
apt-get. For each Python project, create a virtualenv and then activate it. Note that the virtualenv is specific for a particular Python version. After activation, use
pip to install Python packages as usual regardless of whether you are using Python 2 or 3; there is no need to use
pip3 for Python 3.
sudo is only used to install
virtualenv and is not used with
pip, therefore avoiding the aforementioned security risk. The commands to do so are:
sudo apt update sudo apt install virtualenv cd ~/desired_directory # cd to desired_directory virtualenv venv # create virtualenv named venv for default system Python, which is Python 2 for Ubuntu source venv/bin/activate # activate virtualenv pip install -U pip # upgrade pip in case it is outdated pip install desired_package # install desired_package
If you would like to create a virtualenv for Python 3, replace
virtualenv venv with:
virtualenv venv -p python3
Read more about various bells and whistles for
virtualenv at https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/.
With the venv module available from Python 3.3 (and Ubuntu 15.10)
Virtual environments (venvs) are so popular that the functionality is now included in python itself (from 3.3 onwards). To use it on Ubuntu you need to install
python3-venv (since the
ensurepip module is not available):
sudo apt-get install python3-venv
After that you can use
to create a virtual environment called
myvirtualenv. You can then use
to activate the virtual environment. To deactivate simply type
pyvenv script has been deprecated in favour of
python3 -m venv. This prevents confusion as to what Python interpreter
pyvenv is connected to and thus what Python interpreter will be used by the virtual environment. (source) | <urn:uuid:79b16793-4efa-4eb0-8000-208ab9837490> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://askubuntu.com/questions/244641/how-to-set-up-and-use-a-virtual-python-environment-in-ubuntu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.729328 | 1,275 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of chronic inflammation of the spine and the sacroiliac joints. The sacroiliac joints are located in the low back where the sacrum (the bone directly above the tailbone) meets the iliac bones (bones on either side of the upper buttocks). Chronic inflammation in these areas causes pain and stiffness in and around the spine. Over time, chronic inflammation of the spine (spondylitis) can lead to a complete cementing together (fusion) of the vertebrae, a process referred to as ankylosis. Ankylosis leads to loss of mobility of the spine.
Ankylosing spondylitis is also a systemic disease, meaning it can affect other tissues throughout the body. Accordingly, it can cause inflammation in or injury to other joints away from the spine, as well as to other organs, such as the eyes, heart, lungs, and kidneys. Ankylosing spondylitis shares many features with several other arthritis conditions, such as psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and arthritis associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Each of these arthritic conditions can cause disease and inflammation in the spine, other joints, eyes, skin, mouth, and various organs. In view of their similarities and tendency to cause inflammation of the spine, these conditions are collectively referred to as "spondyloarthropathies." Ankylosing spondylitis is considered one of the many rheumatic diseases because it can cause symptoms involving muscles and joints.
Ankylosing spondylitis is two to three times more common in males than in females. In women, joints away from the spine are more frequently affected than in men. Ankylosing spondylitis affects all age groups, including children. The most common age of onset of symptoms is in the second and third decades of life.
This answer should not be considered medical advice...This answer should not be considered medical advice and should not take the place of a doctor’s visit. Please see the bottom of the page for more information or visit our Terms and Conditions.
Archived: March 20, 2014
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Read the Original Article: Ankylosing Spondylitis | <urn:uuid:0b1dd53a-5853-44b9-8e75-f57dcc58a746> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://answers.webmd.com/answers/1172533/what-is-ankylosing-spondylitis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446997.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00158-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945784 | 484 | 3.5 | 4 |
Every Thursday at 12:30 p.m., the University of Maine’s Socialist and Marxist series meets in the Bangor Room of the Memorial Union with a presentation meant to inform and inspire. This series specifically tackles controversial topics. On their docket, they plan on discussing racism, decolonization and our relationship to the world itself. This week’s topic was climate change, specifically the Green New Deal.
In their presentation, Professor of History Nathan Godfried and Associate Professor of Paleoecology and Plant Ecology Jacquelyn Gill compared Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s proposed Green New Deal to Franklin Roosevelt’s original New Deal in 1933. In order for the original New Deal to work, it required years of the working class being pushed to absolute loss. The deal was made to help resolve the Great Depression, but the initial deal was a “top-down approach,” and, because of that, the needs of the working class were overlooked.
“It wasn’t without a peoples’ movement that the people ultimately received the proper accommodations,” Godfried said.
It was after the failure of the first deal that people’s protests began. Work strikes started taking place across the country, the unemployed organized themselves and, over the next two years, the government worked to repress the peoples’ movement. In 1935, Roosevelt was forced into an ultimatum: either continue to suppress the people or accommodate them. So, the Second New Deal was made and the Social Security Act was passed. The Green New Deal requires, then, a push for a more comprehensive deal than those of the past.
The challenge that comes with wanting to reach climate reform is reaching out to known support. However, in response to an audience question, Gill posited that climate change has friends in high places.
Climate change is seen as a threat to public safety. Public safety is a key issue when it comes to climate reform, as there’s the worry that the solution that gets made will impact those at higher power, which Gill states, “isn’t being very well addressed.”
“Who has a seat at the table when we come up with these plans? We’re not trying to repeat prior damage,” Gill said. “A lot of it comes down to representation. We need to hear from people what they need. It’s frustrating not having politicians’ support. However, it’s up to us to speak with our votes and be the change we want.”
The Socialist and Marxist series explores contemporary problems, proposes a solution and starts a conversation. The floor opens for discussion and inquiry at the end, and the presenters provide feedback and an informed perspective to the group. The Socialist and Marxist series encourages new faces at their meetings, which occur every Thursday from 12:30-1:45 p.m. in the Bangor Room of the Memorial Union. | <urn:uuid:e9665cfe-8850-4051-bb85-5943764e93ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://mainecampus.com/2020/02/from-new-deal-to-green-deal-socialist-series-draws-attention-to-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371821680.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408170717-20200408201217-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.966819 | 614 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Are You Taking Too Much Calcium, A or D?
We take vitamins and minerals for our health, but taking doses that are too high may have the opposite effect! It’s especially important to stay within recommended doses for calcium, and vitamins A and D.
Vitamin and mineral supplements are a good thing. But too much of a good thing can negate any health benefits — and even pose health risks.
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Why it matters: Calcium plays a critical role in building and maintaining healthy bones. For decades, experts have recommended high-dose calcium supplements to prevent osteoporosis. The bone-thinning disease is responsible for fractures that cause many elderly men and women to lose their independence — and sometimes their lives.
How too much can hurt: “More and more studies are showing increased risks for heart attack and stroke among men and women taking calcium 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams (mg) per day as directed,” says Dr. Young.
Researchers believe that without adequate vitamin D to help absorb it, the extra calcium settles in the arteries instead of the bones. There, it helps form plaques that threaten the heart and brain. Excess calcium can also cause muscle pain, mood disorders, abdominal pain and kidney stones.
What to do about it: “We recommend trying to get your calcium from food,” says Dr. Young. “The body absorbs and utilizes calcium better from food than from supplements.”
Probably the best source of dietary calcium is fat-free organic Greek yogurt. It gives you 450 mm of calcium per serving, plus vitamin D and protein, and two servings fulfill your calcium needs for a full day. Other sources of calcium include:
Why it matters: Vitamin D works in tandem with calcium to fortify your bones, and research shows it improves asthma and depression. Vitamin D also strengthens the immune system and boosts immunity.
Your skin manufactures the vitamin after exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays. “Yet we are an indoor society and, unlike our ancestors, we wear clothing (and sunscreen) when we go outdoors,” says Dr. Young.
Most Americans are deficient in vitamin D and have blood levels in the 20s. So most doctors recommend vitamin D supplements to bring blood levels up to 30 ng/mL. “Past studies have suggested improved benefits when vitamin D levels are closer to 50 ng/mL, so that is our target in the Center for Integrative Medicine,” says Dr. Young.
New studies question the benefits of vitamin D supplements for prevention and survival from diseases. However, “in the Center for Integrative Medicine, we see significant improvement in patients’ pain, mood and quality of life with vitamin D supplements,” says Dr. Young.
How too much can hurt: Vitamin D blood levels exceeding 100 ng/mL can be dangerous. The extra vitamin D triggers extra calcium absorption. This can cause muscle pain, mood disorders, abdominal pain and kidney stones. It may also increase risk for heart attack and stroke.
“Most reports of toxicity involve patients taking synthetic vitamin D2, so we prescribe natural vitamin D3,” says Dr. Young.
What to do about it: “We recommend starting with a simple blood test to determine your levels of vitamin D, and then prescribing vitamin D3 supplements,” says Dr. Young. You should see your doctor every three months until you reach steady vitamin D blood levels. That usually takes six to 12 months. After that, checkups every year or every other year are fine.
Why it matters: Vitamin A is important for visual health. It also contributes to healthy skin and hair, and boosts your immunity. Signs of deficiency include night blindness, dry, scaly skin around your eyes, coarse hair and respiratory infections.
How too much can hurt: Fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A can lead to toxicity because the body stores any excess in fat and does not excrete it. Two signs of vitamin A toxicity are headache and skin rashes. Research also suggests that extra vitamin A may work against vitamin D and cause osteoporosis.
Vitamin A’s presence in so many different supplements compounds the problem. “Patients who take a variety of supplements are getting much more vitamin A than they should,” says Dr. Young. “We recommend no more than 5,000 international units (IU) per day from both supplements and your diet long-term.”
She does not recommend cod liver oil; it has pre-formed vitamin A that can lead to toxicity.
What to do about it: It’s better to get vitamin A from orange-colored vegetables and fruit — carrots, sweet potatoes, squash and papayas. Dark green, leafy vegetables and egg yolks are also good dietary sources of A.
It’s important to get as many vitamins and nutrients as you can from your food. “However, widespread changes in farming practices mean a lower nutrient content in our fruits and vegetables,” cautions Dr. Young. “Many people still benefit from their nutrient levels assessed and taking a high-quality daily multivitamin.” | <urn:uuid:68fc0a43-2c72-44d4-9085-5efbd4bd0e61> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2014/05/supplements-taking-many-can-hurt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448198.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728103510-20170728123510-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.918686 | 1,108 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Published by MONTECRISTO Magazine , story by Heather Ramsay.
We hold out our phones and peer at our tiny screens as we walk on the slippery wooden boardwalk at the New Westminster Quay. In the distance, I see the present-day Fraser Surrey docks, but through my phone, I see Kwantlen women on the banks of the Fraser River circa 1903. I stop in front of a still-working paddle wheeler and silvery salmon leap through the air. Instructions on the screen tell us to try to catch them, and we poke our fingers at the glass.
“I failed my mission. I didn’t get all my fish,” jokes Brenda Fernie, CEO of the Seyem’ Qwantlen Business Group and the great, great, great granddaughter of Whattlekainum, the Kwantlen chief who greeted us in graphic form as we started on this adventure. We’re playing The Tireless Runner, an interactive storytelling mission on the augmented reality platform known as QuestUpon. Tireless Runner (the English meaning of Kwantlen) is a game and a history lesson—“edutainment,” as its developers have called their version of augmented reality—that allows users to interact with animated figures, take on challenges, and time travel, all while learning about the Kwantlen First Nation on its traditional, unceded territory.
Less than a year ago, the general population might not have grasped this experience. Fernie and I laugh about this as a grizzly bear, an animal that used to inhabit the pre-metro meadows of the Fraser Valley, wanders across our screens. But in July 2016, United States computer game company Niantic unleashed Pokémon Go to the world, and suddenly millions of people were marching around, their phones held out like dowsing rods, catching animated creatures that popped out from behind buildings. The concept gives The Tireless Runner a more familiar (and even trendy) context.
That said, even if people wandering along the quay are aware that they are in Coast Salish territory, few are likely to know that the Kwantlen Nation, whose main reserve is near Fort Langley, once had a village here too. Even a visit to the Fraser River Discovery Centre won’t reveal what Chief Whattlekainum points out in his Tireless Runner greeting: his people occupied territory from Richmond to Mission along the river, and high up Golden Ears mountain and into Stave Lake. New Westminster is on the site of sχəyəməɬ, one of the Kwantlen Nation’s largest pre-contact, year-round settlements, and is directly across from a seasonal fishing village at qəyqə́yt on the Surrey side of the river.
Fernie and her co-workers had been searching for a different way to engage people with their nation’s history. Then one day, Seyem’ Qwantlen president Tumia Knott met Tammy Meyers and Miles Marziani from QuestUpon at an event in Mission. Meyers and Marziani are the owners of this emerging B.C.-based tech company and have been producing experiential games since 2011. They were demonstrating one of their first quests, Legend Tracker, which includes encounters with legendary figures like the Loch Ness monster in Scotland and Ogopogo in the Okanagan. When a Sasquatch walked across Knott’s screen in downtown Mission, she was hooked, and talked with the creators about building a quest for the Kwantlen.
“We wanted to start by offering the app in New West, because so many people already come to the quay,” Fernie says. She hopes that if families are looking for something to do, they will wander the waterfront and interact with the past, including travelling back through time to experience the pivotal meeting between Chief Whattlekainum and explorer Simon Fraser in 1808.
“I can send you an eagle and you’d see it flying around in your office. Or I can send you a message that you have to go to a specific place to get.”
QuestUpon was named the most innovative entertainment company at the 2015 NextBC awards, and has a lock on providing experiences at historical sites and small cities in B.C. Besides Mission, users can play games in Kelowna, the Yale Historic Site, Hat Creek Ranch, and the tiny but historic community of Hope. And now, QuestUpon is getting calls from brands like the Disney Corporation, whose managers have finally grasped what geolocative augmented reality can do.
“I can send you a text that has augmented reality in it. I can send you an eagle and you’d see it flying around in your office. Or I can send you a message that you have to go to a specific place to get,” Meyers says. She has done demonstrations where a UFO descends and beams unsuspecting bystanders up, then turns them into unicorns that fly around. “It’s a pretty huge platform and network,” she explains. “Our goal is to position ourselves with partners who can scale en masse.”
It’s amazing to think that a small B.C. company, not to mention a tiny First Nation, is at the forefront of this innovative technology. Vancouver has long been in the digital gaming industry, but since I’m new to it all, I seek out Dr. Ray Hsu, founder of the Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Working Group at the University of British Columbia. Hsu, a poet and UBC professor, has taken it upon himself to drag the university into the 21st century when it comes to innovative educational technologies. “When I first looked around to see who was thinking about VR [virtual reality] on campus, all I heard were crickets,” Hsu says wryly.
Now, there is an interdisciplinary team of faculty members, students, information technology units, and interested community members who talk about immersive technology and how it can be used or developed on campus. Hsu says Vancouver is perfectly poised to be part of the next wave of digital technology, thanks to the active and innovative mass of people here thinking about high tech. The city’s proximity to Silicon Valley also helps.
The current buzz is around how virtual and augmented reality will link to education. In all Hsu’s conversations with Vancouver’s techies and venture capitalists, he has learned that education is the market everyone is salivating for, because gamers constitute a limited pool. “All of them are small potatoes when you think about education,” says Hsu, “because education is everyone.”
I knock asteroids out of the way and find myself floating in front of the moon.
I meet Hsu in the atrium of the Life Sciences Centre at UBC, and he is excited to hear about The Tireless Runner’s ability to share history via augmented reality. But as I describe my experience, he stops. “Was this experience through a headset, or were you just looking through your phone?” he asks.
I admit it was the latter. “Have you ever experienced VR?” he asks. He’s talking full immersion. For him, augmented reality is Microsoft’s HoloLens, a headset that allows virtual 3-D mushrooms and robots to join you in your living room. Alternatively, virtual reality—with goggles on, ears covered with a surround-sound headset—is full immersion in another world.
It’s official. I’m hopelessly low-tech. Even Fernie has tried the new View-Master, a high-tech version of the old stereoscopic 3-D viewer with round slide reels (which I have used before—thanks, Grandpa, for showing me the Grand Canyon!). Fernie has played Ingress (Niantic’s first game), and likes to stay on top of the latest technologies. I have barely downloaded a game onto my iPhone, let alone popped it into Google Cardboard to witness a train whistling in the distance. But Hsu offers to increase my awareness by inviting me to a demonstration at the VR Lab the following week.
Thanks to Google Maps (which I do know how to use), I find UBC Studios on the sprawling campus and am led into a small padded room. Hsu hooks me into a headset, and with my eyesight and hearing blocked, I am given two controllers.
“How do you feel about being underwater?” Hsu’s muffled voice reaches me through the equipment. “Bring it on,” I say. And all of a sudden, I’m in Finding Nemo. Bright tropical fish swarm past as I stand on the deck of a sunken ship. I reach out to touch them and boom: my hand hits the wall.
“Let me know if you feel uncomfortable at any time and we’ll get the equipment off,” says Hsu, just before a huge blue whale swoops to a stop in front of me and blinks. Next, I knock asteroids out of the way and find myself floating in front of the moon. Then I live my ultimate dream of walking like a giant over Google Earth landscapes.
When it is over, I have to agree with Hsu: we hadn’t been talking about the same thing at all. Creative types are on the move, he says, searching for the product that will make the virtual reality industry take off. Microsoft opened an office in Vancouver in July 2016 to explore the tech potential of the city; virtual reality movies have become all the rage at the Sundance Film Festival; even Destination British Columbia, our provincial tourism marketing agency, created a 360-degree experience to take viewers into the province’s wilderness.
I think back to my morning with Fernie. It had been so simple: we held our phones up to the skyline, and all the industrial clutter on the river vanished; several dugout canoes appeared, giving us a taste of the landscape from a time before settlers started to arrive in the Lower Mainland. “Our storytelling has always been shared orally, which we see is being lost in these modern times,” Fernie says. “We saw a need to adapt how we can share these stories and history.”
Fernie remembers her first time doing the quest. They were holding a launch party at the Fraser River Centre in April 2016, and everyone was excited to get out on the boardwalk. She got a photo of herself with Whattlekainum, and an elder pulled herself out of her wheelchair to take a selfie with an elk.
We held our phones up to the skyline, and all the industrial clutter on the river vanished.
“The majority of people use smartphones, so using mobile technology made sense to us,” says Fernie. Working with QuestUpon’s innovative technology gets people engaged while they learn. This is especially important for youth, she says, but also helps to raise a greater awareness of Kwantlen culture and history in the modern world.
The jury is still out on immersive technology. Some think every household will own a virtual reality headset in five years’ time, and that augmented reality immersion will allow users to look at an outfit on a passerby and find out where to buy the identical look. Others think the over-hyped technology might just disappear. And some worry that immersion in other worlds will further distort our expectations for real life and disassociate us from actual reality.
The Kwantlen, at least, haven’t put all their bets on new technologies. The Kwantlen Traditional Knowledge project is taking a more conventional path to storytelling, with an academic text as well as a coffee table book. And, Fernie points out, dozens of people a day also take advantage of an even more old-fashioned interactive offering each summer: “They take a walking tour in Fort Langley or Maple Ridge, with a real live community member.”
Main screen of The Tireless Runner quest on QuestUpon. | <urn:uuid:a44a3f63-f16e-4334-b52a-950d09213c82> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://questupon.com/blog/tag/kwantlen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998844.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618223541-20190619005541-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.958105 | 2,538 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Some of B.C.’s quietest and most critical stretches of whale habitat could be transformed for the worse by increased shipping noise associated with Enbridge’s Northern Gateway and other planned projects on the north coast.
A study headed by Christine Erbe, director of the Centre for Marine Science and Technology at Curtin University in Perth, Australia, predicts total underwater shipping noise could increase 10-fold in B.C.’s northern fiords if Northern Gateway proceeds.
“The levels would be way above anything these animals would ever have experienced naturally,” Erbe, a former research scientist with Canada’s federal Fisheries department, told The Vancouver Sun.
“There is a worry they will go away and not come back to these fiords. This is critical habitat, important to them. Are they going to be able to feed elsewhere? We can only answer that with long-term monitoring.”
Whales use sound to hunt, communicate and identify ocean features for navigation.
Erbe predicted sound levels based on a projected 220 tanker visits annually to Kitimat, terminus of the planned Northern Gateway pipeline. It would deliver diluted Alberta oilsands bitumen for shipment to Asian markets. Along one third of the coastal route, noise levels would exceed ambient levels for a third of the day, a calculation based on one tanker with a two-tugboat escort — a commitment from Enbridge to improve safety for laden vessels.
The noise calculations do not take into account all the other projects in the works for Kitimat, including new and expanded liquefied natural gas operations that would add ever-greater numbers of ships to north-coast waters.
“That’s the real concern,” said Erbe. “That’s always the problem with environmental management. Animals look at the cumulative (impact) and that is what needs to be considered here.”
Erbe’s study was commissioned by World Wildlife Fund Canada as part of increased global scrutiny into the effect of underwater noise.
Hussein Alidina, WWF-Canada’s senior marine science officer, said Canada has no guidelines for sound exposure levels from chronic sources of noise such as shipping. “One of the biggest drawbacks is that we don’t have strong environmental quality guidelines for noise,” Hussein said in Vancouver. “There are no standards that say ‘this’ is an acceptable limit.”
Another study for WWF-Canada, co-authored by Erbe and marine biologist Rob Williams, created a map of underwater noise energy from shipping traffic on B.C.’s coast. It confirmed that the Salish Sea, including critical whale habitat, is the noisiest and the areas to be transited by Northern Gateway tankers are among the quietest.
“It’s a snapshot, a measure of the total noise energy you put into the system,” Alidina said.
While Canada’s Oceans Act endorses a precautionary approach to marine management, that has not been practised, he said. “So far, it’s been lip service. We talk about it because it sounds good. This is the test of where we use it.”
Extreme underwater noises, such as those associated with military sonars, seismic exploration for petroleum and even pile driving, especially on rocky ocean bottoms, can injure and even kill marine life, ranging from whales to fish to squid.
A young female killer whale, from the endangered southern resident group, washed up dead last February in Washington state. While an underwater explosion or naval sonar was suspected, the exact cause has not been determined.
(Seismic noise is not an issue on the B.C. coast, where there is a ban on offshore oil and gas exploration.)
Although shipping is in many ways an international issue, there are measures that can be taken locally to protect whales.
Darrell Desjardin, Port Metro Vancouver’s director of sustainable development, said local initiatives include a port policy of ceasing dredging and pile-driving work should killer whales approach within one kilometre, something that happens one to five times a year.
Whale movements are monitored visually and through hydrophones as well as through spotting by commercial whale-watching companies and OrcaLab, a whale monitoring research station on Hanson Island off northern Vancouver Island. OrcaLab has observed that oceangoing ships are not all of the problem. Cruise ships generate considerable noise, as do tug boats, especially during slow tows of log booms. Other noise sources include ferries, pleasure craft and commercial fishing boats.
(Ships hitting whales is another issue, as evidenced by a dead fin whale arriving on the bow of cruise ship in Vancouver in 2009.)
Port Metro Vancouver is also considering an incentive program for quieter ships, similar to it air-pollution policy already in place that saves ships up to $7,500 on “harbour dues” on each of their first five visits to the port.
The amount of underwater noise in Port Metro Vancouver would still be 100-fold greater than the north coast, even if Northern Gateway were to proceed, Erbe said. Research shows you can hear three ships of 20 metres or greater in length on average at any time off Vancouver.
One cannot assume the effect of noise on marine life would be the same in Vancouver as the north coast.
Heavily-developed Vancouver is frequented by fewer whales than the north coast, although humpbacks and grey whales are gradually reoccupying the Salish Sea.
Chronic noise is viewed as just another potential nail in the coffin of southern resident killer whales.
As on the north coast, however, the volume of shipping is expected to climb in Vancouver.
The number of “foreign vessel calls” to Port Metro Vancouver increased to 3,024 in 2011 from 2,791 in 2009, and several port terminal port expansions are in the works. The average vessel size increased to 43,825 tonnes from 42,769 tonnes during the same three-year period.
At the global level, a special committee of the International Maritime Organization is looking into ways to reduce shipping’s affect on marine life, he said. Steps could include better ship maintenance to ensure fouling of propellers does not increase noise, improved hull design for new ships, and special restrictions and speed limits on vessels transiting critical whale habitat — similar to initiatives to protect endangered North Atlantic right whales on the east coast of North America.
Lance Barrett-Lennard, senior marine mammal researcher at the Vancouver Aquarium, believes much can be done relatively inexpensively to reduce the sound that ships produce, including the use of vibration-absorbing engine mounts and technology to reduce the sound generated through cavitation, the formation of bubbles by the propeller.
“Whenever I see a navy ship I drop the hydrophone,” he said. “It’s interesting, any involved in sub warfare are incredibly quiet.”
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is also studying the issue of underwater noise.
Erbe stressed the importance of scientists obtaining “baseline” information on whales and ship traffic so that better management decisions can be made in future. “There’s nothing we can do about Vancouver and Seattle. But along the northern coast, we can still do a better job.”
That is precisely what marine biologist Janie Wray and partner Hermann Meuter are doing at their Cetacealab on the south end of Gil Island — a quiet stretch of coastline south of Prince Rupert where whale populations are increasing.
They spotted their first fin whale in 2006, and by 2011 had recorded at least 28 individuals from Caamano Sound to Wright Sound.
“It’s depressing to think that might change,” she said. “Here they have found this incredible sanctuary, the numbers have increased, and we think one of the reason is being it’s quiet. How many places on this planet are like that?”
Fin whales are the second largest creature on Earth at up to 27 metres in length and 80 tonnes. They producing low frequency vocalizations closer to the underwater sounds emitted by shipping than smaller wheels.
Higher-pitched killer whales use echolocation to discriminate between their favourite prey, chinook, and other salmon. “They are using sound in a way we don’t yet appreciate,” said John Ford, a federal marine scientist, “Does underwater noise potentially interfere with that?”
To get a better handle on how whales are affected by shipping, a study is underway at three critical habitat sites: South Pender Island at Boundary Pass, Sheringham Point at Juan de Fuca Strait and Kelsey Bay in Johnstone Strait.
“Most people are quite surprised with what a noisy place it is underwater,” Ford added.
Marine life such as whales have evolved to take full advantage of the fact sound travels easily through the ocean, relying on songs and echolocation as their primary means of communication and locating prey, Erbe’s research shows. As well, shipping noise is a “chronic, habitat-level stressor to marine life” and is only getting worse.
Her study of Northern Gateway measured the “cumulative underwater acoustic energy” from shipping to underwater noise over a 12-month period.
A report on an ocean noise workshop organized by WWF-Canada in Vancouver last Jan. 31 and Feb 1 concluded that “ocean noise is a growing concern and its impact must be considered in the management and planning of current and future activities in the marine waters of B.C.”
Commercial whaling slaughtered more than 25,000 whales on the B.C. coast from 1908 to 1967. Today, 25 species of cetaceans are found in B.C. waters, including whales, dolphins and porpoises. | <urn:uuid:2addbba2-fe4e-4445-b72d-b5849ed4756a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.thestarphoenix.com/technology/Gateway+tanker+noise+could+drive+whales+away+from+north/7734415/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999635677/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060715-00029-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949657 | 2,077 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The “Next! 6th war loan” propaganda poster was used during World War to encourage the purchase of War bonds by those on the home front. The war bonds saving programme was used during World War 1 and 2 to help raise money for the war effort. It worked by selling those at home government issued bonds which accrued interest. They were usually heavily promoted using propaganda.
This poster depicts a grimacing soldier looking down on an image of Japan, we also see a bomb falling on the island. The “Next!” refers to the job being completed in Europe with the fall of Nazi Germany and how the next steps are Japan. The sea surrounding Japan is blue, but the sky overhead is an ashen grey, representing the threat of the U.S.A.
The “Next! 6th war loan” poster was designed by James Bingham who was an artist and illustrator during World War 2. This is his only known propaganda poster work. This poster is part of our collection of war bond posters. | <urn:uuid:fd01edb5-8661-4772-88da-ddddffe28088> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://propagandaposterstore.com/product/next-6th-war-loan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189244.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00163-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983477 | 211 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Bad breath, also known as Halitosis, is an unpleasant and embarrassing condition. Unfortunately, a lot of individuals with this condition don’t even know they have it. Halitosis is caused by health conditions, certain foods and lifestyle habits. There are several products for bad breath including mouthwashes, mints, sprays and parsley oil capsules but these products offer temporary control. If improved oral hygiene does not improve the condition, a dentist should be consulted to check for mouth problems and a doctor may be needed to detect systemic ailments.
Certain foods such as Garlic and Onions cause bad breath. When the food in absorbed into the bloodstream it is transferred to the lungs and exhaled. These odours remain until the body has eliminated the offending food.
When teeth are not brushed and flossed daily, food particles in the mouth rot and encourage growth of bacteria which leads to bad breath. Saliva plays an important role in the mouth to cleanse, moisten and remove particles that may cause bad breath. A dry mouth, known as Xerostomia, usually leads to bad breath because the flow of saliva is reduced. When the mouth is dry, dead cells build up on the tongue, cheeks, gums and palate which decompose and lead to odour. The mouth is usually dry during sleep and this is worsened if you sleep with your mouth open. On waking, individuals have bad breath. Xerostomia may be caused by salivary gland problems, certain medications or by breathing through the mouth constantly. Artificial saliva, increased water intake and avoiding sugar may be prescribed to treat this condition.
Smoking tobacco causes bad breath, stains the teeth, affects taste buds blunting the sensation of taste and irritates the gums. This habit should be discouraged. Medical disorders that may cause bad breath include Infections along the respiratory tract, Chronic sinusitis, Postnasal drip, Tonsillitis and Strep Throat, Lung abscess, Chronic Bronchitis, Diabetes and Gastrointestinal, Liver and Kidney problems. Lung abscesses and chronic chest infections cause extremely foul breath. Patients with Liver failure often have “fishy†breath while those with Kidney failure have “urine-like†breath. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to ketoacidosis and patients have a distinct “fruity†or “acetone-like†breath. Gastrointestinal diseases like hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) lead to bad breath. Individuals on low carbohydrate diets have what is popularly referred to as “Atkin’s Breath†(named after the developer of the Atkin’s diet).
Periodontal (Gum) Disease presents with persistent bad breath and/or an unpleasant taste in the mouth. Gum disease is caused by plaque which is the colourless sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on the teeth. Toxins created by the bacteria irritate the gums, cause tooth decay and in advanced cases, gums, jaw bones and other structures that support the teeth may become damaged. Pockets of plaque develop between the teeth and gums that give rise to offensive breath. Denture wearers may develop bad breath if the dentures are not cleaned regularly or if they don’t fit well. Regular dental check ups help detect the disease early so adequate treatment may be given to prevent complications.
In several cases, proper oral hygiene and avoiding foods that cause bad breath are treatment enough. If bad breath persists after adequate oral hygiene has been practiced, a dentist should be consulted and if the cause of bad breath is not oral, a doctor should be consulted.
If you have constant bad breath, it is a good idea to keep a log of food consumed and medication taken to identify odour causing foods and drugs. Teeth should be brushed twice a day with a fluoride containing toothpaste to combat plaque and remove food particles. Floss or an interdental should be used to clean in between teeth. Patients who use removable dentures should take them out at night and clean them properly before reapplying them. Mouthwashes are cosmetic and only have a temporary effect on bad breath.
Tips to help improve bad breath include brushing teeth regularly and if possible after each meal, flossing or using an interdental at least once a day, paying attention to tongue hygiene by brushing or using a tongue scraper. Denture wearers should pay attention to cleaning them properly and toothbrushes should be changed regularly. Drinking plenty of water helps keep the mouth moist and chewing gum and sucking sweets (preferably sugar-free) help stimulate saliva production. Chewing parsley after eating garlic helps neutralise the odour or you may want to avoid eating foods that lead to bad breath. | <urn:uuid:eb110000-9248-4149-b73d-2d4a41812d5b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/05/bad-breath-halitosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657134758.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712082512-20200712112512-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.933437 | 1,008 | 3.328125 | 3 |
A proud culture with a grand history, Russia is learning to embrace modernizing tendencies in order to remain an influential superpower.
The reign of Peter the Great (1682–1725) marked the beginning of a long trend of increasing Russian monarchical authority. Brought together in the newly established Empire, the conquered regions in Eastern Europe, Siberia, and the Caucasus transformed Russia into a major power in Europe, the Near East, and Central Asia. From Saint Petersburg, the Russian emperors ruled over the third largest land empire in history, continually expanding its borders from the late 18th century until the dawn of the 20th century.To learn more:
The empire’s expansion gathered momentum in the late 18th century and during the 19th century with the addition of new territories. Under the leadership of Catherine II (1762–1796), Alexander I (1801–1825), Nicholas I (1825–1855), and Alexander II (1855–1881) Russia seized control of Finland, Livonia, Poland, Ukraine, and the Caucasus. In the vast regions running from the Caspian Sea all the way to the Pacific, Russia and Great Britain were engaged in a drawn-out struggle for influence, known as the Great Game, which curbed Russia’s growing power in Central Asia and the Far East. This continual expansion lasted nearly a century and came at the expense of the Ottoman, Persian, and Chinese states, contributing significantly to their decline. After waging several wars, the Romanovs linked these annexed regions to their territory by extending the railroad network. To control these areas located so far from the heart of the Empire, fortified outposts were established, and the lands settled by Cossacks who defended and farmed these regions. The emperors, wielding total power over their subjects, fluctuated between conservative and reformist tendencies over the generations. Nonetheless, they failed to instigate the kind of reforms that might have succeeded in safeguarding their position in a society in turmoil. The defeat by the Japanese Empire in 1905 marked not only the end of Russian expansion, but also the start of a period of profound challenge to the authority of Nicholas II.Did you know?
The Russian colonization of North America began in the 18th century and ended in the late 19th century. Following the sale of Fort Ross (California), the Russian Tsar also sold Alaska to the United States in 1867. | <urn:uuid:d87c026b-19bf-42d7-97e4-7c1b1a93119d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://humankind-encyclopedia.games2gether.com/en-us/fame-cultures/game-content/cultures/Faction_Civilization_Era5_RussianEmpire | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711017.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205132617-20221205162617-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.940168 | 492 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Lyme disease warning: The symptom you should watch out for after a tick bite – Dr Ranj
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that may be spread to humans from the bite of an infected tick, according to the NHS. While most tick bites are harmless, untreated lyme disease could lead to some neurological problems, and even arthritis. If you’ve been bitten by a tick, there is a chance that you could be at risk of the bacterial infection. ITV This Morning’s Dr Ranj has revealed that you should particularly look out for a bullseye rash if you’ve been bitten by a tick.
There is a small chance that ticks can transmit a bacterial infection called lyme disease
A rash that looks like the centre of a dartboard could be a warning sign of lyme disease, said Dr Ranj.
Around one in three people with lyme disease develop the characteristic rash, that could become very red, and may have slightly raised edges.
But, you should speak to a doctor if you’ve been bitten by a tick, and suddenly become quite unwell, he said.
“Tick bites – they attach themselves [to the skin],” said Dr Ranj. “What we usually say is, if they are attached, be very careful removing them.
“Ideally remove them very close to the skin, or use special tick-removing tweezers.
“There is a small chance than ticks can transmit something called lyme disease, and therefore I would say if you are becoming unwell, and are developing a rash around it – particularly a bullseye rash – make sure you see your GP.”
The lyme disease rash can develop up to three months after the initial tick bite, and may last for several weeks.
But, it’ll usually start to show itself within the first four weeks of the infection, said the NHS.
Other, more common lyme disease symptoms include muscle and joint pain, joint swelling, and difficulty concentrating.
Some people may also start to feel very hot and shivery, develop painful headaches, and could feel persistently nauseous.
You’re more likely to be bitten by a tick if you’ve recently been walking through forests or grassy areas.
Symptoms of Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease is a bacterial infection spread to humans by infected ticks. Here are the signs and symptoms that follow a bite.
Symptoms of Lyme Disease
The ticks that cause lyme disease can be found all over the UK, but are most common in the wooded areas of southern England, as well as the Scottish Highlands.
But you could lower your chances of tick bites by using an insect repellent, and by steering clear of long grass and foliage.
If you find a tick on your skin, you can remove them with fine-tipped tweezers, said the NHS.
Grasp the tick as close to the head as possible, and slowly pull it upwards, making sure not to crush the tick.
After it’s been removed, clean the bite with an antiseptic if you have it available, or even just soap and water.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:f0a69146-98c0-4ebc-868a-fc02c914c9ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://justbalancinghealth.com/health-news/lyme-disease-warning-the-symptom-you-should-watch-out-for-after-a-tick-bite-dr-ranj/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145910.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224071540-20200224101540-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.961123 | 668 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Wayne Anderson Illustrations : un album. Children's Book Illustrators and Illustrations - nocloo.com. Historical Anatomies on the Web: Browse Titles. Historical Anatomies Home > Browse Titles Images have been selected from the following anatomical atlases in the National Library of Medicine's collection.
Each atlas is linked to a brief Author & Title Description, which offers an historical discussion of the work, its author, the artists, and the illustration technique. The Bibliographic Information link provides a bibliographical description of the atlas, so users will know which edition was scanned and if there are any characteristics special to the Library's copy. Kunstformen der Natur. Book Record. Turning The Pages Online: Book Menu. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus The Edwin Smith Papyrus, the world's oldest surviving surgical text, was written in Egyptian hieratic script around the 17th century BCE, but probably based on material from a thousand years earlier.
The papyrus is a textbook on trauma surgery, and describes anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous injuries in exquisite detail. American archaeologist Edwin Smith discovered the papyrus in Egypt in the 1860s, and his daughter donated the papyrus to the New-York Historical Society after his death. It eventually made its way to the Library of the New York Academy of Medicine, and it was recently translated for the first time in over 50 years into English by James P. Allen of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Konrad Gesner's Historiae Animalium. Liam?s Pictures from Old Books. | <urn:uuid:fa123a92-5bb6-4d6a-abf9-281ca10b571c> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.pearltrees.com/whatisthursday/illustrations/id2143249 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464809.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00090-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911577 | 334 | 2.78125 | 3 |
40 Cool Science Experiments on the Web
Use videos of science experiments to teach basic concepts and spark students’ interest in science.
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2, 3–5, 6–8
Perhaps you don't have enough class periods to do every science experiment you wish you could, or maybe your budget for beakers and baking soda is all tapped out. Maybe you just want to watch and see how it's done before you try to build a volcano with 24 fourth-graders. Whatever the reason, having students watch a science demonstration close up on the Web is the next best thing! Read on to discover 40 favorites for K-8 students chosen by the great people at the X-Ray Vision-aries blog. They may even inspire your students' next science fair projects!
1. Dry Ice Bubble
This fun, simple demonstration of how to create a giant soap bubble with dry ice will have your students' eyes popping.
2. Glow Sticks-Liquid
Light Kids love glow sticks. Ask them how they work and the likely answer will be "batteries." The answer is simple science. This cool experiment on the luminescent science behind glow sticks is one of many fantastic and informative videos on YouTube hosted by Steve Spangler.
3. Inertia Experiment
This basic experiment using a pen cap, a bottle, and a crochet hoop demonstrates one of Sir Isaac Newton's most fundamental principles — "an object at rest stays at rest."
4. How to Make a Rain Cloud in a Bottle
Teach kids the curious process of condensation with a bicycle pump, a soda bottle, and a few other simple items. This is a great way to teach the science behind everyday weather.
5. Afraid of Pop Rocks?
Discovery Channel's venerable Mythbusters team uses science to debunk the popular urban legend that the combination of Pop Rocks and soda could cause your stomach to explode. Use this video to talk with your class about how to pose scientific questions.
6. How Do You Keep an Egg From Breaking?
How Stuff Works creator Marshall Brain offers a kid-friendly look at the science behind a shattering egg. How can you drop an egg from a height of two feet and not have it break? Watch this video with your students and invite them to figure it out!
7. Surface Tension
Science Bob shows you how to make a paperclip (and a coin!) float on water with a little bit of dish soap.
8. CO2 is Heavier Than Air
Using household ingredients, this experiment illustrates the weight of carbon dioxide when compared with other gases in the atmosphere. This is an ideal experiment for introducing your students to the concept of greenhouse gases and global warming.
9. Where Do Ocean Currents Come From?
Without motion in the ocean, there wouldn't be nearly as many different things living in the sea. Teach your students how the ocean ebbs and flows and the behavior of different types of currents with Bill Nye's informative, detailed demonstration.
10. How Much Sugar Is in a Can of Soda?
This great kitchen science experiment dealing with nutritional values and evaporation will have your students thinking twice before the next time they ask for a glass of their favorite drink. The shocking answer? In every 12-ounce can of soda, there is about seven and 1/2 teaspoons of sugar.
11. The Science Behind the Olympics
Steven Spangler demonstrates how air flow and resistance affect the speed and performance of a ball in the air or a relay runner on the track. Students who love sports will find themselves fascinated by the forces at work in their favorite games.
12. Why Won't This Balloon Pop?
This video will appeal to kids and adults alike, showcasing an enjoyable experiment involving a seemingly invincible balloon.
13. Harry Potter: Three Magical Experiments
Sometimes science can look a lot like magic. In this video, scientist Dan Jambuck shows kids step by step how to make a fizzy potion and invisible ink with kitchen ingredients. Do these with your students and have them record their scientific observations in invisible ink!
14. How to Build a Water Rocket
One of the many delightful videos hosted by eHow's Expert Village involves instructions on building a water rocket out of a plastic bottle, demonstrating how air pressure works. The step-by-step instructions are easy to follow or to duplicate in your own classroom.
15. The Tea Bag Rocket
Simple, fun, quirky, and entirely feasible for the classroom, the tea bag rocket looks at science from an unexpected angle. Use this quick video lesson to teach your students about the density of air and how it is affected by changes in temperature.
16. How to Make a Miniature Volcano
Some teachers see the vinegar and baking soda volcano as something of a science fair cliché. It may be an oldie, but it's a still a goodie. Watch this with your students before creating your own mini Krakatoas.
17. Exploding Piñatas
Watch seventh- and eighth-graders design a piñata that explodes on its own and sprays the room with candy. A good model of the scientific process-students come up with the goals of their experiments and test several models to determine success.
18. The Science of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Using ingredients readily available at grocery, drug, and hardware stores, children can learn about the properties of matter.
19. How to Make a CO2 Sandwich
Here's a fun activity that uses some common items that you'll find around the house and a little creativity to explore the "pop" factor of vinegar and baking soda. Steve Spangler and his second-grade assistants create "sandwich bombs" out of plastic bags and simple chemistry.
20. How Does Your Body Digest Food?
In this video, Marshall Brain dives into the digestive process and presents an experiment that replicates how the stomach and large and small intestines break down food.
21. Exploding Bubbles
What happens when heat is applied to bubbles created using hydrogen gas? The video experiment starts slow but ends with a bang.
22. The Science of Remote Controls
Your students use them all the time, but do they know how they work? Pushing a button on a remote control sets in motion a series of events that causes the device to send out a pattern of light pulses. The infrared sensor on the controlled device "reads" these pulses. The Happy Scientist explains how and why it works.
23. How to Make a Glacier Out of GAK
Elmer's glue, Borax, and a few other ingredients are used to demonstrate the properties of an arctic glacier. Both GAK and glaciers are polymers that can stretch or break depending on the amount of pressure applied. If there is a lot of pressure on a glacier, ice will crack or break (causing crevasses in glaciers); when the pressure is lower or the strain rate is small and constant, ice can bend.
24. The Electric Pickle
Another super demonstration from Steve Spangler, this amusing and highly informative experiment uses a pickle in a simple electric circuit. Your students will light up when the pickle turns red and glows! A great introduction to the science of electricity.
25. How to Make a Tornado in a Bottle
With simple ingredients, students can create a miniature whirlpool that illustrates the movement and behavior of water with artistic flair.
26. How Does a Microwave Oven Work?
Robert Krampf uses a melting chocolate bar to demonstrate how microwaves move through the air.
27. Why Does Ivory Soap Float?
This simple experiment shows students the secrets behind Ivory Soap's unique physical structure that allows it to float.
28. How to Make Flubber
Slime and other gooey substances are an undeniable favorite when it comes to kid-friendly science experiments. Follow the step-by-step instructions to make it in your own classroom.
29. The Sticky Note Experiments
This smart, funny video will teach you and your students how to make a "waterfall" out of sticky notes. The video is entirely without words and only about a minute long, but it will inspire your students to want to make their own experiment videos. (Tip: Share the videos at your next science fair.)
30. A Watched Pot
How much science can you learn by watching a pot of boiling water? You and your students might be surprised. Learn how heat affects water's density and why bubbles float to the top.
31. How to Build a Catapult
One of the most basic physics projects around is also one of the most enjoyable. Colin Kilbane teaches viewers how to make a tiny, very simple machine. Building a catapult is simple: Use a block of wood as a base, a plastic spoon as the arm, and two push pins and a rubber band as the torsion energy. What's your ammunition? Mini marshmallows, of course.
32. Light Bends and Bounces
The science videos of Bill Nye the Science Guy are produced by Disney and couldn't be clearer or more appealing to students. Do your students know why light bends through a lens? Bill shows us why. Notice that the light changes direction every time it goes from air to plastic, and then again when it goes from plastic to air. It slows down and speeds up. When that happens, it just can't help but bend.
33. What Happens When You Mix Diet Coke and Mentos?
The scientists test their theories on why soda turns into a fountain if you drop in a Mento. Show this to students after trying the experiment and challenge them to propose their own theories.
34. How to Walk on Water
This extremely messy experiment is an argument in itself for using video in your classroom. A mixture of cornstarch and water teaches kids about non-Newtonian fluids while at the same time shows them how to walk on it without sinking.
35. What is Energy?
Bill Nye introduces the concept of energy with his kinetic style, a bowling ball, a piece of glass, and a barbecue. Energy can change from one form to another. Watch as it makes things go, run, and happen.
36. Are Elephants Afraid of Mice?
The Mythbusters investigate the truth behind the old tale of whether mighty pachyderms are afraid of tiny rodents. The results might surprise you!
37. How to Make Butter
Show your students this video hosted by the always pleasant Robert Klampf before having them make their own butter from soured cream.
38. Feel the Pressure
Pressure pushes in all directions at once. Bill Nye goes scuba diving and journeys to the Hoover Dam with a jackhammer to demonstrate the concept of underwater pressure.
39. The Egg and the Bottle
Steve Spangler offers up a new perspective on the tried-and-true classic experiments in which a hard-boiled egg pops into a bottle when the bottle is heated. Why does it work? When molecules of air heat up, they move far away from each other and take up more space.
40. Bowling and Momentum
To explain the concept of momentum, Bill Nye shows the universal forces at work in the difference between throwing a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball at the pins.
Help your students choose topics that will bring out their best work. The hardest part about doing a science project is picking the right experiment. Sure, you can look at websites that list ideas that have already been done. But the best projects come from children's everyday questions and observations about the world around them.
An experiment can be as simple as "Why do I feel hotter when I wear the red side of my jersey instead of the white when I play soccer?" or "Do I really need to go to bed at 8:15 every night?" When kids look around and ask questions about their lives, they can make the most rewarding projects.
To start, ask them when was the last time they wondered why something happened or how something worked? Suggest they think about their favorite hobbies (skateboarding, cooking, video games) and ask "why does..." questions about the hobby.
Look at television commercials and question their claims.
Ask open-ended questions such as, "What is the effect of x on y?" "How does x move?" or "How does y react when you blow on it?" | <urn:uuid:a557f95e-5e6d-4bc2-beb5-589ed6e1c3d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/40-cool-science-experiments-web | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917611 | 2,573 | 3.8125 | 4 |
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