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Extrinsic Value Definition
The extrinsic value of an item refers to the value of the item outside of its intrinsic value, this can be derived from the amount of money assigned to the asset beyond the actual value. The extrinsic value of an item can be calculated as the variance between the intrinsic value of the item and the premium if the item (which is its market price). Extrinsic value is different from intrinsic value, the latter is the inherent value of an asset which forms the underlying price of such an asset. When measuring the extrinsic value of an item, external factors such as the size and the appearance of such an item can be considered.
A Little More on What is Extrinsic Value
Extrinsic value is an important metric in determining the price of an item or asset, it is the value of an object outside of inherent or intrinsic value. Typically, in an option, extrinsic can be determined by calculating the difference between the intrinsic value and premium of the asset or security. Intrinsic value, on the other hand, is identified by estimating the difference between the underlying price of an asset and the strike price of the option.
Factors Affecting Extrinsic Value
Since the extrinsic value of an asset or security is determined by external factors beyond the underlying price of the security. Time plays a crucial role in the value of an asset, so also market volatility or implied volatility. In many cases, ‘Time Value’ is another name traders or analysts describe extrinsic value. Time is a determining factor for extrinsic value because whether the option premium will increase or decrease is determined by the length of time the security or underlying asset used in the market.
Market volatility affects the extrinsic value of an asset significantly, this is because the tendency for an underlying asset to decrease or increase in price is dependent on its volatility.
Here are some crucial points you should know about extrinsic value;
- Extrinsic value refers to the value assigned to an object or an item outside of its underlying value.
- It is different from the intrinsic value which is the real value of an item.
- The extrinsic value of an object can be measured as the difference between the intrinsic value of an object and the market price (premium) of the object,
- Factors that affect extrinsic value are time and implied volatility. | <urn:uuid:fc8a4559-15e9-497f-affc-27c4c6d6c889> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://thebusinessprofessor.com/lesson/extrinsic-value-definition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439019.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604032435-20200604062435-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.892409 | 510 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Although Rob Gonsalves’ art is often categorized as Surrealism Art, it differs due to the fact that each painting, each illusion is deliberately planned and result from conscious thought. Ideas are largely generated by the external world and involve recognizable human activities, using carefully planned illusionist devices. Artist Rob Gonsalves was born in Toronto, Canada in 1959. During his childhood Gonsalves began to express his artistic ability. Drawing strictly from his imagination using various types of media he began to develop his artistic talent. By age twelve, his awareness of architecture grew as he learned perspective techniques and drew his first paintings and renderings of imagined buildings.
After an introduction to Artists Dali and Tanguy, Rob Gonsalves began his first surrealist paintings. The “Magic Realism” approach of Magritte along with the precise perspective illusions of MC Escher came to be influences in his future work. In his post college years, Gonsalves worked full time as an architect; while painting trompe l’oeil murals and theatre sets. After an enthusiastic response in 1990 at the Toronto Outdoor Art Exhibition, Gonsalves devoted himself to painting full time.
Rob Gonsalves injects a sense of magic into realistic scenes. As a result, the term “Magical Realism” describes his work accurately. His work is an attempt to represent human beings’ desire to believe in the impossible. | <urn:uuid:776a6dbb-e8e0-4808-8c6b-9f8bb342972e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://marcusashley.com/artists/rob-gonsalves | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320593.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625221343-20170626001343-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.978055 | 300 | 2.734375 | 3 |
While many things are clearly Halal or clearly Haram, there are some things that are still vague and more information is needed. These items are often referred to as Mashbooh, which means "doubtful" or "questionable". Let us take food additives, the most common thing that we usually encounter in our daily lives, as an example. Food additives such as gelatin, enzymes, emulsifiers, etc (E code) can be derived from the source of animal or plants. The question is, if the source is from an animal origin, is the animal being slaughtered according to the Islamic Rites (Zabiha)? If it is not Zabiha, then the food containing these additives would be Haram too.
More often than not, the source of these food additives is not known. Therefore, to be safe, one should always guard himself against things on the borderline (Mushtabahat). In other words, as a good and pious Muslim, if the food contains Mashbooh items, it should be avoided. Such a practice is very much in line with the Prophet's (peace be upon him) Sunnah as being described in the Hadith below:
What is Halal is clear and what is Haram is clear. Midway between them there are things which many people do not know whether they are Halal or Haram. He who keeps away from them will protect his religion and be saved. He who approaches them will be very near to Haram, like a herdsman wandering near Hima (the place set by the king to be used by his cattle only), who could soon fall into this protected area. Surely for every king there is such a protected area and God's is what He declared forbidden". | <urn:uuid:78993f9d-58fb-4c04-81a7-d0706061f258> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://jamiathalaltrust.org/mashbooh-doubtful-items.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488519735.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622190124-20210622220124-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.982427 | 351 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Digital supply chain solutions for visibility, quality, and compliance.
Optional and bespoke services to help you get started and scale.
Ask the expert, Food & beverage
Since the inception of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) in 2011, organizations across the food industry have been challenged to implement Hazard Analysis Risk-based Preventive Controls (HARPC) programs within their operations. The specific regulation related to preventing known risks came into place in 2015 with the implementation of the Preventive Controls rule. This rule created a significant shift from the standard Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) programs, which have been in place within the food industry in some form since the 1960s. Although the industry has greatly benefited from HACCP since its inception, the breakneck speed of technology development and consumer demand required a new way of managing risk.
When Pillsbury implemented HACCP during the height of the space race in the 1960s, there was a significant need to ensure that the food being served to American astronauts was safe because the threat of illness in space could lead to considerable risk to the mission. It was understood that testing foods for pathogens could ensure that the astronauts were protected. Unfortunately, the limitations of testing demonstrated that they could only ascertain the safety of specific foods and ingredients that were being tested. Additionally, they could not speak with confidence about the relative safety of the remaining batches, lot, or other defined production quantities. This dilemma outlines one of the core challenges pertaining to food safety: not all products and ingredients can be tested. Thus, programs, policies, and standards were needed to ensure consistent safety across the food industry.
Organizations evaluated their programs from top to bottom through the HACCP process to identify hazards—both known and unknown—and implemented effective control points to mitigate food safety risks. For example, businesses learned that foreign metal contamination was a risk likely to occur in a manufacturing environment. In response, the industry implemented control measures, including metal detectors, to identify and mitigate this safety issue to help prevent consumer injury. By identifying hazards and mitigating them through these control points, organizations could vastly improve the food supply chain’s safety.
With the implementation of FSMA, regulatory agencies posited that the current processes should be reviewed to determine which new and innovative solutions would need to be implemented to move the industry to an even safer place. During this process, HACCP was reviewed thoroughly. Although it has been extremely beneficial in strengthening food safety for many decades, the regulation was limited only to control points (items that are important but not vital) and critical control points (items that are vital).
By implementing HARPC, the critical control point concept would be expanded to encompass the model of preventive controls. This shift allowed companies to move from a reactionary mode of managing risks as they arise to preventing issues from occurring in the first place. This change may seem minor and uncomplicated, but its impact on operational programs and processes have been profound. HARPC requires organizations to revaluate all current programs, not only for known risks that are already managed through critical control points but also for the investigation, testing, and implementation of preventive controls for risks deemed reasonably likely to occur.
An example of a preventive control for an operation may be the requirement to check all dock doors on a predefined routine and to complete the necessary forms to confirm they are kept locked and secure. This is because the ability for doors to be left unlocked may pose a security risk to your facility. Over the last several years, organizations have endeavored to meet the requirements outlined within the Preventive Control Rule within their operation’s four walls. Moving forward, businesses should consider the implications this rule has on inbound and outbound cold supply chains.
One of the most significant hazards posed to the cold supply chain is the risks of loss of temperature control during transit, as well as security as it relates to transportation and economically motivated adulteration. Temperature abuse is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. With the implementation of the Sanitary Transportation of Human and Animal Food Rule, also part of FSMA, regulatory agencies are increasing their focus on this significant and unmanaged risk.
The cold supply chain presents unique challenges to your food safety programs. For example, consider the loss of temperature control for your raw materials and the safety hazards it might pose to them. Understanding these risks is critical when it comes to implementing preventive controls within the supply chain. As a food safety manager, where do you begin this process? An essential first step is maintaining a strong understanding of your supply chain. This presents a good opportunity to partner with your logistics, supply chain, and purchasing teams to map out this program.
Once you have a baseline understanding of the supply chain, begin an in-depth risk analysis project as you would when a process change occurs within your facility. During this analysis process, make sure to review previous quality or food safety concerns as an initial step in determining where risks might be. After completing this analysis process and understanding those risks reasonably likely to occur, it is then time to implement preventive controls programs and monitoring procedures to mitigate risks.
We are often asked the common concerns organizations identify within their supply chains. We have found several common concerns in the supply chain through the analysis of thousands of shipments. Primary concerns include the loss of power to a reefer truck, refrigeration unit temperatures going outside the approved settings, or the units are placed in cycle mode instead of in continuous mode. Transportation security and economically motivated adulteration are also emerging risks that organizations are considering and exploring ways to prevent them. As these risks are reasonably likely to occur, implementing a real-time supply chain monitoring program that identifies light and other events—and provides actionable insights—can be a preventive control measure within your programs.
Are you ready to take a preventive controls approach to managing your supply chain? If so, we would be happy to help you on this journey by implementing a pilot study to show the insights gained from taking a truly real-time approach.
About Jeremy Schneider, Business Development Director, Food Safety and Quality Assurance
Jeremy has more than 15 years of experience in the food quality, safety, and regulatory sector. His experience spans managing food safety and quality systems within several fast-casual restaurant chains as well as food manufacturing. During his career, he has addressed some of the most challenging and critical risks faced today by major consumer food brands.
Interested in learning more about real-time temperature monitoring or getting started with a pilot? Get in touch. We would be happy to help you solve your cold chain challenges. | <urn:uuid:6809b27e-f675-4987-b1d6-f6a5250cf212> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://controlant.com/blog/2021/ask-the-expert-utilizing-the-supply-chain-as-a-preventive-control-through-real-time-monitoring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662588661.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525151311-20220525181311-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.961529 | 1,338 | 2.9375 | 3 |
M1 Garand Gas-Operated Design
The M1 Garand rifle is a semi-automatic design. It fires a single round each time the trigger is pulled, using some of the power of that round to cycle the action, ejecting the spent cartridge and chambering the next round. It operates by using some of the expanding gas from the fired round to cycle the action. Designed in the 1920s, it was the world's first semi-automatic rifle generally issued to infantry.
The gas is diverted from the barrel through a small gas port into a gas cylinder. A piston is nearly all the way forward when the round is fired, making for very small volume within the cylinder.
The gas pressure against the piston head forces it back in the cylinder. The piston is the forward end of the operating rod, which extends back to the receiver where it engages a lug on the bolt to unlock it through rotation and move it backward to extract the spent cartridge case from the chamber. That case is ejected and the hammer is cocked in preparation for firing the next round. The operating rod and bolt then reach the rearward end of their travel, and the main operating spring pulls them forward again. If another round is available, it is chambered as the bolt and operating rod return to their original position.
The diagram from John Garand's U.S. Patent #2,287,032 shows a cross section of the muzzle area. 6 is the rifled barrel bore, and 7 is the optionally unrifled final 1.5" or so of the bore.
The gas port is the small hole 8, and 9 is the interior of the gas cylinder (15 and 16 show an annular ring making the very front of the gas cylinder slightly wider).
21 and 20 plus the threaded section to the left of 20 are the gas cylinder plug.
The gas cylinder is made from stainless steel to withstand the corrosive effects of hot gas under high pressure. That unfortunately makes for a fairly large highly reflective part near the muzzle. Chemical treatment can darken the outer surface, but remember that the material is called stainless steel because it is difficult to change its color. The gas cylinder would become shiny over time. Men in the field would re-blacken their gas cylinders with smoke from a campfire, candle, or trusty Zippo lighter.
Clockwise here you see a gas cylinder, gas cylinder lock, and gas cylinder lock screw.
The gas cylinder is slid into place on the barrel. The gas cylinder lock (see 17 and 19 in the cross-section diagram above) threads onto the barrel. The gas cylinder lock screw is inserted through the gas cylinder lock, preventing it from turning and unscrewing, and the screw is threaded into the front of the gas cylinder.
The rear surface of the gas cylinder lock screw forms the front wall of the gas cylinder.
Here we see just the gas cylinder, lock, and lock screw assembled together.
Below is a disassembled M1 Garand with the parts laid out as if in the form of a physical exploded diagram. The operating rod is the long object across the bottom. The shiny cap at our right (forward) end is the piston head itself. The angled piece at our left (rear) is the operating rod handle — this is the handle by which the action can be manually cycled.
The shiny segment of the barrel exterior was not parkerized, that surface was protected by high-temperature RTV sealant to keep the surface "in the white". The barrel slides through the two rings on top of the gas cylinder so that untreated shiny surface is within the front ring of the gas cylinder.
The gas cylinder lock threads onto the barrel, and the gas cylinder lock screw is inserted through the lower loop of the lock to thread into the front of the gas cylinder.
A later assembly step then inserts the piston end of the operating rod into the gas cylinder.
Gas Pressure During Firing
The bullet exits the muzzle at about 2650-2700 feet per
That means that only a little less than 50 microseconds elapse
between when the rear of the bullet passes the gas port and
when the bullet fully exits the muzzle.
1.5 inches = 0.125 feet
0.125 feet × ( 1 second / 2650 feet ) = 0.000 047 seconds
0.125 feet × ( 1 second / 2700 feet ) = 0.000 046 seconds
During that brief time, the gas cylinder is part of the highly pressurized space behind the accelerating bullet and the pressure within the cylinder is increasing very rapidly. The large momentum of the operating rod renders it effectively motionless during this period.
After the bullet has left the barrel, the gas pressure within the barrel is still much higher than ambient. Much of it flows out through the muzzle, the so-called "muzzle blast". Watch the grass in front of someone shooting from the prone position! However, gas will still flow out of the barrel through the gas port as long as the pressure within that region of the barrel is higher than that within the gas cylinder.
The pressure within the cylinder is higher than the exterior pressure, that behind the piston, so the piston and operating rod begin to accelerate toward the rear. The Garand piston-cylinder system is lossy, some gas will flow around the piston to exit the rear of the gas cylinder, but enough force is applied to operate the action.
After about 500 microseconds for most combinations of gas cylinder assemblies and ammunition, the pressure reaches its peak. The piston is now moving toward the rear and expanding the volume within the cylinder. Meanwhile, the gas flow from the barrel through the port is rapidly slowing.
Recall the ideal gas law: PV = NkT
P = absolute pressure
V = volume
N = number of particles of gas
k = Boltzmann's constant
T = absolute temperature
The volume started out very small, so a small rearward movement of the piston would make for a significant increase in volume and corresponding decrease in pressure if no more gas were flowing in.
The pressure within the cylinder continues to drop until about 3000 microseconds (or 3 milliseconds) have elapsed, at which point is it close to the ambient pressure. At this time the operating rod has moved approximately 3/8 of an inch. In this brief time and space of motion it has been accelerated to a velocity that allows its momentum to carry it to the rear to unlock and retract the bolt, extract and eject the spent cartridge, and cock the hammer.
Impulse is the integral of a force over time, it is the measure of the change in momentum applied to a body. The force would be the gas pressure multiplied by the area of the piston face, so the impulse or momentum transfer is proportional to the area under the above gas pressure curve.
The impulse is the integral or the area under that curve. The precise shape doesn't matter, you just need the area corresponding to the needed momentum transfer to get the operating rod moving at the needed velocity, Consider the difference between a regular hammer and a dead-blow hammer. Or, the difference between hitting something with a hammer and pushing against it.
Controlling Gas Pressure With A Ported Gas Plug
Many modern commercial .30-06 cartridges are loaded more powerfully than the original M2 ball ammunition for which the Garand is designed. If you use commercial ammunition you could damage the operating rod or cause even worse problems. The solution is a replacement gas plug screw.
GarandGear has developed a ported gas plug that significantly changes the shape of this curve. An operating rod can be damaged by overly high gas cylinder pressure causing excessive force against the piston at its front. Poor lubrication or mechanical binding of its movement can also cause damage, and notice that they directly lead to higher gas cylinder pressure as the piston is unable to accelerate rearward as quickly.
The red curve here shows a typical pressure curve with the original gas cylinder lock screw design.
The blue curve shows a typical pressure curve when the lock screw has been replaced with one with a deep cylindrical cup instead of a flat face. This increases the initial volume in the cylinder, and because to that PV = NkT law the peak pressure is significantly reduced. While they call this a "ported" gas plug, that does not mean that it vents gas and loses potential impulse. The port is that newly available volume within the rear body of the screw.
The action still cycles reliably because the pressure stays higher in the later phase of the cycle. The area under the blue curve, the impulse, transfers about the same amount of momentum.
See GarandGear's article on shooting commercial ammunition in your M1 Garand for much more detail, including many pressure curves like these measured on various factory ammunition.
History of the Garand Gas Screw
The original Type 1 gas screw design was defined in drawing number B147428. It was machined from a solid piece of stainless steel, and had a single slot for a large screwdriver blade.
The Type 2 (defined in drawing number B147851) had a "non-return valve" and can be spotted by the cross-shaped screwdriver slot with a 0.280" hole at its center. The M7 grenade launcher had a stud that, when mounted on the barrel, protruded into this central hole and opened that valve. That allowed gas to escape, lowering gas cylinder pressure and reducing what would have been excessive rearward momentum of the operating rod. That excess momentum would cause the rear of the bolt to hammer against and damage the rear of the receiver.
Type 3 (defined in drawing number B7310079) had a "poppet valve". It was used in the same way for the same reasons, and can be distinguished from the Type 2 by a "P" marking on their front face.
Springfield Armory manufactured the solid Type 1 lock screws throughout World War II, along with Type 2 (serial numbers 1,470,000-2,500,000, so Nov 1942 — Jan 1944)) and Type 3 (serial number 2,500,000 or Jan 1944 to the end of production). After January 1944, all had the Type 3.
Winchester manufactured Type 1 lock screws exclusively, except for a range of just 40,000 in 1945 which had the Type 3. International Harvester and Harrington & Richardson manufactured Type 3 lock screws only.
John Garand patented a venting gas screw in 1945, it was issued U.S. Patent US2,369,669 A. | <urn:uuid:7dfeecec-8e35-47fd-a227-154f4dbdd053> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://m1-garand-rifle.com/gas-pressure.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363598.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208205849-20211208235849-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.94645 | 2,172 | 3.09375 | 3 |
How to Read RSS Feeds
If you've ever clicked on the little orange RSS or XML buttons on a website you may have thought there was something wrong with the page because what you'll see is a load of code that looks a bit like html. The problem is that RSS feeds can't be read properly by web browsers so they just display the source code.
So how do people view RSS feeds?
As part of another website
As you can see from this website rss feeds can be displayed within a web page. Many web surfers won't even realize that what they are looking at is an RSS feed because it looks like part of the pages content or maybe an advert.
As more & more webmasters realize the benefits of syndicating the content of other websites into their pages it is becoming increasingly common to see RSS feeds displayed in this way.
This is very, very important because it means that your RSS feed can be seen by anyone, they don't even need to know what RSS is!
An RSS aggregator (also known as a news aggregator or news reader) is a piece of software which reads RSS feeds. They are usually stand-alone programs but may also be integrated into another program such as email software.
An RSS aggregator allows you to view any number of feeds you have subscribed to and automatically checks each feed for new content. This means that updates are delivered to you without even opening your web browser!
RSS aggregators are the traditional way of reading RSS feeds but they're not just used by people with a lot of technical knowledge, they are becoming increasingly popular with your average web user who wants to keep track of new content on many websites.
Online RSS Aggregators
Technically anything that combines 2 or more RSS feeds is an RSS aggregator, so this website is an RSS aggregator as is any other website that displays multiple RSS feeds. In this case it is the webmaster who determines which RSS feeds to display.
There are however a number of websites which allow you to view RSS feeds of your choice.
RSS feeds in Web Browsers
Whilst web browsers don't display the RSS feed if you click on the RSS button, some web browsers have an RSS aggregator function integrated into them. The most important of these is Firefox.
Firefox hasn't been around for long but it's already the second most used web browser. Firefox allows you to subscribe to an RSS feed as a 'Live Bookmark'. Live bookmarks appear alongside ordinary bookmarks (bookmark is the Firefox equivalent of Internet Explorers Favorites) the difference is that when you hold your mouse over the bookmark title a list of headlines from the RSS feed are displayed.
It is rumored that the next version of Internet Explorer will have a similar function.
In addition to the built-in RSS feed reading functions of web browsers like Firefox there are RSS reader plug-ins available for most web browsers.
RSS Feed Guide provides you with all the resources you need to use RSS Feeds to your advantage. With easy to follow tutorials and articles RSS Feed Guide will show you how to create RSS Feeds, display RSS Feeds and how to use RSS Feeds to increase your traffic, profits and search engine rankings. | <urn:uuid:13b61cd6-23c4-4f69-9cd8-c49129f2042d> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://rssfeedguide.com/read-rss.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527148.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419061412-20190419083412-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.939899 | 662 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Last Modified: 08.09.2014
Components are subdivided into simple (single page) and composite (compound, multi-page). A simple component displays on one physical page available under a specific URL. A composite component replaces a set of simple components. For example, a news section can be implemented using several simple components located on a separate physical page each, or using one composite component located on one physical page.
In terms of the structure and means of connection, simple and composite components are very similar. However, in terms of functioning, they are very different.
Simple (single page) components create an area on a page surface. They come at hand when you need to render data from different modules on a single page (for example: blogs and information blocks) or data from different information blocks (news and commercial catalog). Evidently, simple components are not convenient to create a whole news section or a catalog because this requires the creation of a considerable number of pages and controlling their linkage.
Composite (compound, multi-page) components create the site sections. For example, the commercial catalog component creates the whole catalog section including the catalogs page, the groups page and the product pages. Essentially, a composite component is a set of pages from the visitor's point of view, but represented by a single page physically. The foundation of composite components are simple components and the use of the single-page logic.
The advantage of composite components is the automatic preparation of parameters of the underlying simple components: you do not have to care about the interrelationships of internal parameters.
Composite components resolve the following problems:
- Avoid the creation of numerous pages to add all required sub-components to them.
There is no need to configure common parameters of each individual component.
- Avoid the need to establish composite associations between sub-components.
For example, you do not have to configure the link creation rules etc.
- Components (even those driven by custom view templates) can be enriched with new pages.
For example, if you add page (sub-component) showing 10 most rated forum visitors, this page becomes momentarily available in the public section.
- The component view template can be changed at one stroke instead of configuring each of the underlying sub-components.
A typical composite component workflow is as follows:
- the component takes user actions on input and defines the exact page to show to a visitor and attaches an appropriate template to the page;
- the page template attaches simple components and configures their parameters as required;
- the simple components perform the requested operations: request data from the system kernel, format and display data to the visitor; show various controls (links, forms, buttons etc.);
- the visitor sends a new request to the composite component using the controls.
Let us consider the difference between composite and simple components using the creation of a news section as an example.
A news section may be organized, for example, by placing a news list component on the page index.php and a detailed news component on the page news.php. In this case, the news list component must have entry parameters set in such a manner so that it could generate links to the page containing the detailed news (with news code). The detailed news component must have entry parameters set in such a manner so that it could generate a link to the page containing the news list.
ЧTo set a link to the page with detailed news the path to this page must be specified along with the name of the parameter in which a news code will be submitted for display. The same parameter name must also be set in the entry parameters of the detailed news component to indicate where it shall retrieve the code of the news to be displayed. Even in this oversimplified case, the settings are not so simple. What if it is a set of tens of components of a forum?
The use of a composite news component is a better option for website developers. For example, this component can be simply installed on the page index.php. The composite component itself will take care of link and parameter alignment. No further actions are required on the part of the website developer.
Template pages of the composite component will contain a connection of the relevant regular components with the correct setting of their entry parameters. Regular components will perform their regular functions: they do no care who retrieves them or why. For regular components, only the correct setting of their entry paramenters is important.
MVC pattern is implemented as follows:
- News composite component (controller) receives an HTTP query (user’s actions);
- News composite component (controller) checks if a news code is set through the HTTP query and connects from its template the page containing the news list or the page containing the detailed news (view);
- The connected page, in its turn, connects the relevant regular component at the same time installing entry paramenters accordingly;
- Regular component performs its work: requests data from the kernel (model), formats them, and displays to the visitor, and also displays control elements (links, forms, buttons, etc.);
- The user sends a new HTTP query to the news composite component (controller) using control elements;
- The procedure is repeated as necessary. | <urn:uuid:6b56207f-c9d8-4f8b-876e-9a47eabbc4c6> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://training.bitrix24.com/support/training/course/index.php?print_course=Y&COURSE_ID=68&LESSON_ID=6079&LESSON_PATH=5936.6078.6079 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358673.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128224316-20211129014316-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.843023 | 1,098 | 2.84375 | 3 |
International Day of Sign Languages: 23 September
International Day of Sign Languages is celebrated annually across the world on 23 September every year along with International Week of the Deaf. This day aims to raise awareness of the importance of sign language in the full realization of the human rights of people who are deaf. This year it was first International Day of Sign Languages. Its theme was “With Sign Language, Everyone is Included!”.
International Day of Sign Languages was proposed by World Federation of the Deaf (WFD), a federation of 135 national associations of deaf people, representing around 70 million deaf people’s human rights worldwide. Later, United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) instituted this day by adopting resolution A/RES/72/161 in December 2017. The choice of 23 September commemorates date of establishment of WFD in 1951. International Week of the Deaf was first celebrated in September 1958. According to WFD, there are approximately 72 million deaf people worldwide. More than 80% of them live in developing countries. Collectively, they use more than 300 different sign languages. | <urn:uuid:7ca5ad7b-2a24-4b03-b3c0-a58ed34f59ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/international-day-sign-languages-23-september-09201861234.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316150.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821174152-20190821200152-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.949893 | 222 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The notion of ‘optimum nutrition’ is also becoming more popular these days with people realising there is a difference between ‘adequate nutrition – the levels of nutrients you need to avoid deficiency – and the level of nutrients your body could use to thrive.
Nutritionist Fiona Hunter says, ‘35 years ago I was taught that Vitamin C was needed to prevent scurvy, a deficiency disease that was common in the 18th century amongst sailors who undertook long sea voyages, a condition which fortunately is very rarely seen in 21st Century Britain. We were also taught that it was possible to get all the vitamin D we needed from the action of sunlight on skin, but we now know that this is very unlikely – particularly in the UK from September through to March. Nutrition is an evolving science and new research is being published all the time which shows that vitamins and minerals do so much more than simply prevent deficiency diseases’.
The multivitamin has you covered when it comes to shortfalls in your diet when you don’t eat all the right foods. After all, it’s impossible to eat perfectly every single day.
The shortfalls in our diet
Diet should always come first but sometimes – whether it’s because you’re working late or just incredibly busy – our diet doesn’t cover all of the bases.
Dr Sarah Brewer, Medical Director at Healthspan says, ‘According to research a mere twenty-seven percent of adults, 35% of older adults and 8% of 11-18 year olds meet the ‘5-A-Day’ recommendation for consumption of fruit and veg per day, despite the newly implemented recommendation of ’10-a-day’ .
And it’s not just us that’re the problem. A paper published in the Journal Hort Science in 2009 suggested that the nutritional content of some fruit and veg may have dropped by as much as 40% in the last 70 years. Another report published by UK nutritionist Dr David Thomas found that levels of iron, copper and calcium in vegetables had decreased by up to 76% since 1940. His research revealed that in vegetables, levels of magnesium had dropped by 25%, calcium and copper by 75%, in fruit iron had dropped by 25% and copper by 20% ’.
If you know your diet isn’t as good or as varied as it should be, due to cutting back on food intake to lose weight, or avoiding certain foods or food groups due to personal beliefs, intolerances or dislikes, a multivitamin and mineral supplement will correct your nutritional deficiencies.
Choose a multivitamin for your age
Select a product based on your age, as those designed for the over 50s have boosted levels of nutrients to account for the reduced absorption that becomes increasingly common as you get older. National Diet and Nutrition Surveys show that significant numbers of people have low intakes of vitamin A, riboflavin, magnesium and potassium, for example, while over 40% of younger women have low iron intakes ’. In fact, there is evidence of iron-deficiency anaemia in 5% of older girls and 3% of adult women and older women according to NDNS research ’. | <urn:uuid:93bc827e-e78a-498a-aa97-6e931e212a0e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.healthspan.co.uk/advice/articles/why-a-multivitamin-might-be-for-you | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.967845 | 668 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Robert FitzRoy’s 19th-century illustration of how storms develop between areas of warm and cold air isn’t dissimilar from a satellite image (Image: The British Library)
Beautiful Science: Picturing Data, Inspiring Insight
Folio Society Gallery, British Library, London,
from 20 February to 26 May
In a small exhibition space built entirely of nooks and crannies, Johanna Kieniewicz, the British Library’s science curator, has created a surprising display.
Take for example, the opening image of a zoomable “tree of life” by James Rosindell, a biodiversity theorist from Imperial College London. It looks innocuous enough: it might belong in a children’s picture book. But the wealth of visual and textual information sewn into every scale of the map proves staggering. Life is vast.
Along with the intellectual surprises, there are some historical ones. What looks like a satellite image of global atmospheric circulation turns out, on closer inspection, to date from 1863: a print from The Weather Book by Robert FitzRoy (sometime captain of the Beagle and a visionary climatologist).
But perhaps the best-judged exhibit is also the least showy: a well-constructed video of interviews dealing with all the tricky questions about data visualisation in one place. Just how scientific is it? Is it really beautiful? Or distracting? And what about the underlying assumptions?
Having addressed these very necessary questions so economically, Beautiful Science can, and does, deliver on its title.
Scientific visualisation began, we learn, in the 17th century with the weather records of sea captains. Neatly rendered on an in-house computer, these records foreshadow NASA’s deliriously blue Perpetual Ocean video of 2011. This unforced pairing of historical and recent exhibits turns out to be a real strength.
Some early visualisations are predicated on ideas that turned out to be wrong. For example, the moon has little effect on the weather, and cholera is not spread by “bad air”. The data used to explore these ideas, being perfectly valid, can still reveal different insights to later observers.
This is the real strength of visualisation: it suggests interesting correlations without getting snarled up in language, which by its very nature tends to slip causation into every argument, whether you mean it to or not.
Because good visualisations give the viewer the chance to interpret things quite freely, Beautiful Science turns out to be, in the best sense, a playful exhibition. And toying around with the global epidemic and mobility model, I couldn’t for the life of me build a scenario that didn’t annihilate France.
Over all, covering climate change, public health and evolution, the exhibition gets the visitor asking the right sort of critical questions about how we communicate science.
See more in our gallery: “Worlds of data in seven beautiful visualisations“
Celebrate the mind-bending beauty of visual science and win a bundle of prizes including tickets to see author David McCandless at the British Library
Enter here: “Win Beautiful Science swag from the British Library“
More on these topics: | <urn:uuid:3f74e42d-7fc4-485f-8019-3b13bb95e9c3> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25099-the-beauty-and-intellectual-wealth-of-visualised-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.900756 | 671 | 3.5625 | 4 |
As teachers, we love finding free resources. So naturally, my heart leaped when I found two articles about hundreds of free art books you can download from the Getty Museum in Los Angeles and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Click here to read the article about the Getty’s books and click here to read about the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s books.
The article also contained links to articles about images being put into the public domain for free use. Hooray for open educational resources! Looking for more openly licensed (free to use!) K-12 content? Click here to check out Open Culture’s section on K-12. | <urn:uuid:10de6a7a-03fa-40ec-a957-a6be2c2b9b43> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://squareheadteachers.com/2015/04/07/download-free-art-books-from-famous-museums/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656577.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116011131-20190116033131-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.893173 | 135 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Increased physical activity among women who had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can lower the risk of progression to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
GDM is a common pregnancy complication, defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. T2DM is an escalating worldwide epidemic and preventing the disease is a global health priority. About one-third of women of reproductive age with T2DM have a history of GDM, so a diagnosis of GDM may provide an opportunity for women to recognize the increased risk of T2DM and take steps to try to prevent it in the future.
The authors examined the role of physical activity, television watching and other sedentary activity, along with changes in these behaviors, in the progression to T2DM. The study included 4,554 women from the Nurses' Health Study II who had a history of GDM and were followed from 1991 to 2007.
The authors documented 635 cases of T2DM. Each increase in an increment of 5-metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-h/wk), which is equal to about 100 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity or 50 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity activity, was associated with a 9 percent lower risk of T2DM. Women who increased their total physical activity levels by the federal government recommendation of 7.5 MET-h/wk or more (equivalent to 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity activity) had a 47 percent lower risk of T2DM. While an increase in physical activity was associated with a lower risk for T2DM, an increase in the amount of time spent watching TV was associated with a greater risk of T2DM.
"These findings suggest a hopeful message to women with a history of GDM, although they are at exceptionally high risk for T2DM, promoting an active lifestyle may lower the risk."
Commentary: Call to Increase Physical Activity Among Women of Reproductive Age
In a related commentary, Monique Hedderson, Ph.D., and Assiamira Ferrara, M.D., Ph.D, of Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, write: "The study by Bao et al in this issue sends a hopeful message to women with GDM, suggesting that it is possible to reduce diabetes risk through modifiable lifestyle behavior. Considering the urgency of addressing the current diabetes and obesity epidemics, their article is also a call to action for researchers and health systems to develop successful interventions to increase physical activity among women of reproductive age."
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:65722e41-0762-421d-a119-a26c6210e296> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140519170911.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily%2Fhealth_medicine%2Fdiabetes+%28Diabetes+News+--+ScienceDaily%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276304.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00220-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946804 | 536 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In August 1866, members of the British elite toasted the return of Edward John Eyre (1815-1901), ex-Governor of Jamaica, with a banquet in Southampton. John Ruskin delivered the key note address. The same evening, opponents of Eyre organized their own meetings, calling for Eyre to be tried for murder in the hanging of George Gordon following the Morant Bay rebellion of 1865.
Charles Darwin argued with Charles Dickens; Thomas Huxley clashed with Thomas Carlyle; Herbert Spencer debated John Ruskin and Alfred Lord Tennyson.
In November 1866, Huxley wrote to Darwin: “…I am glad to hear from [Herbert] Spencer that you are on the right (that is my) side in the Jamaica business. But it is wonderful how people who commonly act together are divided about it.” —Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, v. 1 (Macmillan and Co., 1913).
“Repeatedly, English grand juries refused to indict Eyre or convict his subordinates. The question of the constitutionality of martial law raised by the Jamaica Committee’s prosecutions implied that taking sides for or against Eyre’s actions was fundamentally an expression of political views about the legal limitations on the use of force in imperial governance. Defending the importance of the constitutional principles at stake in the Jamaica Committee’s unsuccessful prosecutions of Eyre, Mill articulated the duty to uphold the rule of law as a fundamental principle of modern citizenship. The question of the extent of Gordon’s rights as a “fellow-citizen” within the British Empire, however, remained unresolved.
Images come from a photography album in the Graphic Arts Collection documenting the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica (1865), the Indian Northwest Frontier Hazara Campaign (1867-1870), views of Malta, Ireland, Guernsey, Spain, and elsewhere, compiled [attributed to] by Alexander Dudgeon Gulland. Permanent Link: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/736664580 | <urn:uuid:f9511b92-effc-4ef2-bdb7-33d1b571b772> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2016/08/18/150-year-ago-london-society-split-in-two/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337322.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002115028-20221002145028-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.923312 | 433 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Suicide watch is an intensive monitoring process used to ensure that an individual cannot commit suicide. Usually the term is used in reference to inmates or patients in a prison, hospital, psychiatric hospital, or military bases. Individuals are placed on suicide watch when it is believed that they exhibit warning signs indicating that they may be at risk of committing bodily harm or fatal self injury.
Various forms of suicide watch exist. These generally involve the subject being under continuous or very frequent watch of a guard, such as a prison officer, security officer or orderly, who will intervene if the subject attempts to harm himself.
Periodic suicide watch
Periodic suicide watch, known at many facilities simply as suicide observation or suicide watch, involves the subject being monitored through frequent periodic checks.
Intense suicide watch
Intense suicide watch or observation involves the subject being observed continually by a person who may be employed in one of several possible capacities, sitting or standing in direct sight or arm's reach of the subject.
Conditions of suicide watch
People under suicide watch are put into an environment where it would be difficult for them to hurt themselves. In many cases, any dangerous items will be removed from the area, such as sharp objects and some furniture, or they may be placed in a special padded cell, which has nothing outcropping from the walls (e.g., a clothes hook or door closing bracket) to provide a place for a ligature to be attached, and with only a drain-grill on the floor. They may be stripped of anything with which they might hurt themselves or use as noose, including shoelaces, belts, neckties, bras, shoes, socks, suspenders and bed sheets. In extreme cases the inmate may be undressed entirely.
In even more extreme cases, inmates may be placed in "therapeutic restraints", a four- or five-point restraint system. The inmate is placed on his back on a mattress. His arms and legs are tied down, and a belt is placed across his chest. In a five-point system the head is also restrained. An inmate is allowed a range of movement every 2 hours. He is released one limb at a time, and is allowed to move it for a short period of time; he is then restrained again and then they move on to the next limb. This process is repeated until all areas restrained have been moved. This process usually continues in 8-hour shifts, and the inmate has a face-to-face encounter with a mental health professional at least once in each 8-hour interval. This cannot continue for more than 16 consecutive hours. The inmate is continually watched by staff during this time.
In the most extreme cases of self-harm, only when all other avenues have not worked or are impracticable, "chemical restraint" drugs may be used to sedate the inmate. In order for a facility to administer a chemical restraint, it must have the approval/recommendation of a licensed mental health professional, the facility warden, and a court order.
Suicide watch regimes, particularly in jail cells, have been criticized for being too restrictive and dismissive of privacy, socially functioning as a form of legal torture rather than being for the good of the detainee. Inmates are often placed naked in suicide cells, which are usually bare concrete, often without bedding (to prevent hanging by using bed sheets), and under frequent or continuous observation by guards. Unsanitary conditions are also common since toilet paper, underwear, and tampons (all potential means of choking) are restricted. Being exposed without any way of covering oneself, coupled with being under constant observation, can aggravate mental distress, particularly if the inmate has been a victim of sexual abuse. These harsh conditions came to light in 1998 when Elizabeth B., an inmate of Framingham prison in Massachusetts, USA, called a radio talk show to describe how she had been treated while on suicide watch:
I was ... put on eyeball status, stripped of belongings, clothing, placed naked in a room with nothing but a plastic mattress on the floor. Watched 24 hours a day by a man or woman. I was on my period but because of my status not allowed to have tampons or underwear. I was very humiliated, degraded. Being on eyeball status with male officers, my depression intensified. I didn't want to be violated any more than I already was, so I put the mattress up against the window. When I did that I was in violation because they couldn't see me. The door was forced open, I was physically restrained in four point restraints - arms, legs spreadeagled, tied to the floor, naked, helmet on head, men and women in the room.
Being on suicide watch does not guarantee an individual will not kill himself. Ray Combs, who was best known for hosting Family Feud from 1988 to 1994, hanged himself in a closet while under suicide watch at a psychiatric ward in June 1996. Ashley Smith, a female inmate at a facility in Canada, killed herself while under suicide watch in October 2007. The circumstances surrounding her death were the subject of the Ashley Smith inquest. | <urn:uuid:49cbc4c9-de4e-4ea3-b8a9-2b99b2ab388a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_watch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987402.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00326-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966575 | 1,047 | 2.515625 | 3 |
பின்புறமாக, பின்னுக்கு, வியப்புண்டாக்கு, அதிர்ச்சியுண்டாக்கு
Adverb(1) having the wind against the forward side of the sails(2) by surprise
(1) Now he could look right through the tiny window over the roof, on to the tree-tops aback of the house.(2) Peter holds the jib aback until our bow swings across the wind(3) The two started down the dusty road and John was quick to follow, but his father's words pulled him aback .(4) Peter holds the jib aback until our bow swings across the wind.(5) the little strip of pasture aback of the house(6) When a sloop is hove to she is stopped in the water by her foresail being sheeted aback , on the windward side.(7) The wind came now from this side, now from that, determined to catch the sails aback .(8) Once the boat has tacked the jib will be aback .
(1) taken aback :: எடுத்து அதிர்ச்சி
1. behind ::
2. back ::
3. after ::
4. backward ::
5. abaft ::
6. aback ::
7. in reverse ::
8. rearward ::
English to Tamil Dictionary: aback
Meaning and definitions of aback, translation in Tamil language for aback with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of aback in Tamil and in English language.
Tags for the entry "aback"
What aback means in Tamil, aback meaning in Tamil, aback definition, examples and pronunciation of aback in Tamil language. | <urn:uuid:ef03c82c-f9a3-4af5-a6e9-b5fc370e2c48> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.english-tamil.net/?q=aback | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583680452.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119180834-20190119202834-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.762395 | 529 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Jazz Musicians Research Bunting
Twenty four jazz musicians are included in this fun way to research and display what your students know. Use these bunting pages to guide student research using websites, books or resources of your choice. Have them add a bit of color, cut them out and then display them in the hallway or on a bulletin board.
Included in this download are 24 buntings, each featuring a famous jazz musician. The buntings have blank spots for date born, date died, where they are from, nickname, most famous for..., education/training, instrument played/vocal style, family, jobs and a question I would like to ask them.
Mary Lou Williams
Nat King Cole
Terri Lyne Carrington
A sheet without a musician’s name is also included if you would like to assign additional musicians. Please note: research resources, biographies or other sources of information for this project are NOT included. This download contains the blank sheets for students complete using the resources of your choice.
25 pages PDF
PLEASE NOTE: This is a digital download. You will receive an email with a link to download your product. YOU WILL NOT RECEIVE A PHYSICAL PRODUCT. It is your responsibility to know how to download and open the files. After purchase, if you do not receive an email check your SPAM folder.
We Also Recommend | <urn:uuid:a514e057-5921-4016-bf06-196e5b270646> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.thebulletinboardlady.com/products/jazz-musicians-research-bunting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655924908.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711064158-20200711094158-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.873196 | 286 | 3.03125 | 3 |
General Gu Zhutong
|Born||9 January 1893
Lianshui County, Jiangsu
|Died||17 January 1987
|Allegiance||Republic of China|
|Years of service||1912-1987|
|Commands held||commander-in-chief of the nationalist ground force , chief of the general staff, commander-in of the third war zone|
|Battles/wars||Northern Expedition, Central Plains War, Encirclement Campaigns, 1939 Winter Offensive, New Fourth Army Incident, Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, Menglianggu Campaign|
|Awards||Order of Blue Sky and White Sun|
Gu Zhutong (traditional Chinese: 顧祝同; simplified Chinese: 顾祝同; pinyin: Gù Zhùtòng; 1893 – January 17, 1987), courtesy name Moshan (墨山), was a military general and administrator of the Republic of China.
Early life and career
Gu was born in Lianshui, Jiangsu province and attended army elementary academy at age 19, When the Chinese Revolution of 1911 broke out, he soon joined the Revolution. In 1912, he joined the Chinese Nationalist Party, and enrolled in Wuhan reserve officer candidate school, and then attend the Baoding Military Academy. In 1922, he went to Canton and became a staff officer of Second Cantonese Army. When Whampoa Military Academy was founded in 1924, he became one of the academy instructors. When the newly formed nationalist government launched a campaign against a local warlord, he became a battalion commander. During the Northern Expedition, Gu was promoted division commander and then corps commander. In the Central Plains War, he was the commander of the 16th route army. In 1931, he became garrison commander of Nanjing, the capital of the nationalist government. In 1933 he participated the anti-communist Encirclement Campaigns. In 1935 he was promoted to general and put in charge of three southwestern provinces, meanwhile he was also the chairman of Jiangsu province. After the breakout of the second Sino-Japanese war, he was named commander-in-chief of the third war zone, during the New Fourth Army Incident in 1941 nationalist units under his command destroyed a large contingent of communist troops, and Chiang Kai-shek decorated him with order of blue sky and white sun, the highest honor for a Chinese commander.
Chinese Civil War
In 1946, he was named commander-in-chief of the nationalist army and pacification director of Zhengzhou, and was put in charge attack communist-controlled areas in Shandong province. In 1947, he lost the critical Menglianggu Campaign, in which the elite 74th independent enhanced division was wiped out by the communist forces. Chiang Kai-shek relieved him of command, and appointed him as Chief of Staff instead. In March 1950, he arrived in Taiwan and was appointed as defense minister, and in 1954 he was promoted to four-star general. In 1956, Gu was appointed as secretary general of the National Defense Council; in 1967 he was named as deputy head of the strategic advisory committee. In 1972, he became an advisor to Chiang Kai-shek and died on January 17, 1987.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gu Zhutong.|
- Ministry of National Defense R.O.C
- US Naval War College | <urn:uuid:03798741-0da4-4fcd-9f7f-47985aaa298c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Zhutong | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663359.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00035-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965285 | 722 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Simply put, marking text to indicate sarcasm.
Even in speech, sarcasm doesn't always carry over well. Some people just can't recognize it. Some people just can't express it. In text, it's worse. While it's bad to act out an emotion by merely stating that you feel that way, it is sometimes necessary to indicate emotions such as sarcasm.
Sarcasm mode is Older Than Radio: the irony mark, ⸮, was proposed in the 19th century. Since then, it has also shown up in comics, both daily strips and comic books, generally in the form of a variant speech bubble outline (jagged, dripping, or icicled) or a different typeface than normally used.
Sarcasm mode shows up in many different forms on the Internet. Here is one way to mark it up:
- sarcasm mode on You mean you can't hear voice inflections in text? sarcasm mode off
This is also seen in Faux HTML Tags: <sarcasm> </sarcasm> form. Usually with this kind of sarcasm tag, only the closing tag is used. It's not as much fun, and might even be insulting, to announce in advance that you're being sarcastic, and oh, how the world weeps when you're insulted, right? </sarcasm> More recently this is further shortened to just appending /s at the end of the text.
Some people display sarcasm by emphasizing certain words as one would in speech, usually by using italic font. Others however, just use words that are not common in natural speech, such as "Gosh, really?", "My goodness, I never would have guessed that", and "Gee willikers, that's so insightful." Other people have even proposed a sarcastic font.
Roger Ebert has a rather comprehensive essay on this very subject, titled "This is the Dawning of the Age of Credulity," written after people completely failed to appreciate the sarcasm behind an 'interview' he gave regarding Creationism. This, however, was due to Poe's Law.
People have a tendency to pothole to this page every single time they're being sarcastic. Our advice is that, before you do this, you ask yourself if the sarcasm is visible without the pothole. If it is, ask yourself if there's any reason for you to pothole here. After all, you don't pothole to Sincerity Mode every time you mean what you say. | <urn:uuid:0915001d-5a60-4d3d-925a-e312612a9f30> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SarcasmMode | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146064.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225080028-20200225110028-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.974895 | 523 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Welcome back! In this lesson I will be showing you some ways to spice up your riffs, lines and solos with some chromatic passing tones. I have covered chromatics in previous lessons, but it is well worth continuing this topic. Chromatic means color and it represents additional notes that are not in the diatonic scales. They are also referred to as passing tones. By adding chromatics to your riffs and lines, it will make your playing more interesting. If you have heard people talk about playing outside in jazz and in other styles, adding chromatics can take you there. Also, this works with all types of music and it can be applied to any scale or arpeggio. Don't forget to alternate pick. Let me show you some ways I like to add chromatics.
Example 1 is a bluesy line in the key of F, and it mixes scales with chromatic passing tones. This line is based mainly on the F Mixolydian scale (F, G, A, Bb, C, D, Eb), and also on the F blues scale (F, Ab, Bb, B, C, Eb). The chromatic tones I added are mainly in bar 1 - the b3rd, Ab on beat 1 and the b5, B on beat 3. The b3 and natural 3 is very bluesy and especially adding the b5, these tones are also within those 2 scales. If you phrase it properly, you can add chromatics in a lot of places, typically on weak beats. You have to be sure to end on a scale or chord tone to be safe. Also, the 16th note triplet pattern in bar 2 adds a nice twist.
MP3 - Chromatic Riffs and Lines - Example 1
Example 2 is in Fm, which falls within the F Dorian scale (F, G, Ab, Bb, C, D, Eb) and the F blues scale, (F, Ab, Bb, b, C, Eb), with lots of chromatic tones added. Another great technique I use in this line is targeting, which is adding notes a half step above or below a chord tone or a scale tone. You can also approach these notes by a whole step or minor 3rd. In bar 1 of this example, I added the natural 3, A and the B in bar 1, that slides nicely to the C. The 2nd bar uses a lot of passing tones that connect the notes within the scale, which then it descends down the neck. The string skipping in bar 2 can be tricky, be sure to use alternate picking.
MP3 - Chromatic Riffs and Lines - Example 2
Finally, Example 3 is a fun riff that I came up with that is in Fm. It sounds great in a metal context with lots of distortion. The riff consists of minor 2nd and minor 3rd intervals, walking down to the F, and climbing up the neck. This can add a creepy effect, especially when you are moving repeated patterns down in half steps. The key is to resolve back to the root or to a chord tone - if not it may sound weird (which may be good sometimes).
MP3 - Chromatic Riffs and Lines - Example 3
OK, that is it for now! As always, make up your own lines and riffs, and be sure to visit www.mikecampese.com for the latest news, updates and album information.
Mike Campese is an all-around music performer, session artist and teacher competent in many musical styles, electric and acoustic. He has studied at G.I.T. (Honors Graduate), and with Paul Gilbert, Norman Brown, Stanley Jordan, Scott Henderson and Keith Wyatt.
His latest CD is entitled "The Fire Within", brand new for 2018.
Send comments or questions to: | <urn:uuid:276f13b0-cb5b-4029-b526-08b432d4b608> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.guitarnine.com/column/chromatic-riffs-and-lines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155413.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918130631-20180918150631-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.938107 | 794 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Did you know that adults who don’t exercise regularly are at risk of losing about 80% of their muscle strength by the time they turn 65? Most people have heard that regular exercise keeps you fit and is vital for the body’s organs, but many still aren’t motivated to exercise regularly. However, the above statistic shows why it is so important to have a regular exercise routine. Here are a few fun facts about exercise to motivate you to get started.
You may have also known that exercising elevates your metabolism, but did you know that it stays elevate after you work out and keeps burning calories even while you’re resting? This means that if you eat a healthy meal after you exercise, your body’s ability to utilize the nutrients in that meal dramatically improves. Experiencing heightened metabolism for longer periods promotes optimal body composition as well.
Have you ever wondered why walking is such a beneficial exercise? Well in addition to boosting oxygen and blood circulation to vital organs (e.g., brain, heart, lungs), we use about 200 muscles every time we take a single step. This is because walking engages muscles throughout the body, which makes it an ideal workout, especially if you can immerse yourself in a pleasant atmosphere such as a nature trail or park.
Another important point to remember is that, performing the same type of exercise everyday makes people more prone to injuries. Get creative with your workout routine by changing your scenery, your exercise equipment, or even trying something new. Your body will thank you for it.
Additionally, if you have kids, remember that their physical activity level and eating habits will more than likely resemble yours. Therefore, it’s important that you model healthy behaviors that they can maintain later on in life. This includes taking dietary supplements with essential vitamins, protein, collagen, and joint-enhancing nutrients daily. We don’t always get the recommended daily servings of nutrients from food, so adding a supplement to the diet helps make this goal possible. | <urn:uuid:2166bdba-cb38-41ca-99cd-84644c66131f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ostinol.com/blogs/news/fun-facts-about-regular-exercise | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506539.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923231031-20230924021031-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.963315 | 411 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Cathedral of Christ, is a cathedral in Dublin and one of the main monuments of the Irish capital. It is the cathedral of the diocesianglicana of Dublin and Glendalough. The current structure of the cathedral dates back to 1870, but it has been replaced by a wooden one, much older, built by the will of the first Viking king Sigtrygg Barba di Seta, in 1038, after his conversion to Christianity. Destroyed by a fire, the church was rebuilt by the Normans during their rule, between 1173 and 1240. Later, the cathedral was left in ruins, but thanks to a long restoration of the nineteenth century, today it is observable as it was a time. Since 1993, in the cathedral wing known as the "synod hall" there is a museum (Dublinia) focusing on the Viking and medieval history of the city. The nave is the internal subdivision of a large building, both civil and religious, by means of a row of columns or pilastriseparati arcades or architraves. The naves were adopted in Greek and Roman architecture to divide covered buildings for public use, such as arcades, and civil basilicas. The great advantage of the aisles was that of dividing the internal space into several sections that were covered separately, thus without having to resort to domes and mammoth roofs in the case of very large buildings. In religious buildings the body of the aisles is usually inscribed in the so-called piedicroce. The churches in fact often had a Latin cross plan, where the body of the naves, which ran from the bottom of the building to the cruise with the transept, occupied the lower part of the cross precisely. Therefore, the piedicroce with the nave must not be confused. With the rise of Christianity and the abandonment of paganism by the Roman emperor Theodosius I, the already existing places of worship, namely the Roman and Greek temples, within which only the priest officiating the religious rites could access (the people in fact it remained outside of them), they did not prove suitable for the new cult, which had already been codified with the celebration of the Eucharist to be done indoors. Furthermore, Christians had a marked disregard for pagan religion, and the reuse of ancient temples as churches was very limited throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Constantine I was the first to build new basilicas that were based on civilian basilicas, multi-purpose buildings dedicated to various commercial, forensic and political activities. The Christian basilicas, whose architecture was soon codified, had naves like the civil basilicas, from three to five. The central nave was higher, while the aisles were lower and narrower. The part of the central nave that emerged beyond the side aisles is called clerhistory, and was particularly important in the early Christian era because large windows were placed there that flooded the basilica with light. The shape of the naves also determined the profile of the façade, called "a capanna" because of the sloping slopes on the sides. Over the side aisles, matrons were often placed, that is the raised part of the church often reserved for women (but there are also "matronei" for the imperial court or other). Dublinia is a historical museum, located in a part of Christ Church Cathedral known as "synod hall" and centered on the Viking and medieval history of the city. There is an active historical re-enactment, with actors playing the part of Viking and medieval Dubliners (in costume), and encouraging visitors to participate. The exhibition opened in 1993, and was re-developed in 2010. The museum attracts over 125,000 visitors a year. | <urn:uuid:53e680a2-cbf3-4f94-b01e-196efdcba7a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.myooni.com/en/europe/tourist-attraction.php?id=1353 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991370.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515131024-20210515161024-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.981613 | 774 | 3.046875 | 3 |
In the struggle between the Vendeans and the Republicans in France from 1793 to 1795, a band of brigands sprang up, pillaging and firing the countryside.
They entered such houses as they suspected of holding treasure, demanding that the owner turn over his gold and silver to them.
Their chief leader was one called Schinderhannes or Jean l’Ecorcheur, “Jack the Scorcher,” who introduced ways of enforcing their demands. If a householder refused or was thought to have concealed some of his valuables, he would be bound to a chair and his feet thrust into the fire on the hearth.
For that reason these brigands became known as chauffeurs, firemen, from the French verb chamfer, to heat, to stoke. Later, after the introduction of steamships, locomotives, and so on, the term was more honorably applied to stokers and firemen.
The name was logically transferred to the mechanic employed to tend an automobile (later its driver) because the early automobile, which operated by steam, required a stoker. | <urn:uuid:30c4d151-6add-4723-a04f-8246c3a60fca> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://zippyfacts.com/where-does-the-word-chauffeur-come-from-and-what-does-chauffeur-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413624.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531182830-20200531212830-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.9849 | 234 | 3.359375 | 3 |
For more information, please visit MiSight® 1 day for myopia control | CooperVision
Why Is Myopia Management Important?
Dr. Russel Lazarus, April 23, 2020
While myopia is common vision problem that makes eyewear a new necessity, it can also cause serious eye diseases later in life.
Myopia occurs when the light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina, rather than directly on the retina. Myopia develops when the eye grows too long from front to back (axial length), and generally worsens over time until the eye is fully developed— usually around the age of 20.
While distance-only glasses and contact lenses are the traditional method of vision correction for myopia, these lenses focus light in a way that can actually increase the axial length of the eye— ultimately causing myopia to worsen.
A child with myopia has an increased risk for developing vision threatening eye diseases in the future, such as:
Is there a way to prevent my child’s myopia from worsening?
A number of recent studies suggest that it may be possible to control myopia by totally stopping, or at least slowing down, its progression during childhood and teenage years.
Myopia management is a treatment program aimed at controlling myopia, keeping the level of myopia as low as possible, in order to reduce your child’s risk of developing vision threatening eye diseases later in life.
Myopia management has shown to decrease myopia progression by up to 78 percent.
Myopia management can involve the use of eyeglasses, contact lens and eye drops — all scientifically proven to aid in the control of myopia progression. Schedule your appointment today to manage your child’s myopia.
A closer look at myopia management
Eyeglasses are a popular choice for children with myopia, as they enable vision acuity for distant images. Many times, reduced focusing skills can contribute to the development of myopia— these children may need a bifocal or multifocal lens to support the child’s focusing skills. Bifocal and multifocal lenses contain different lens powers throughout the lens, and enable clear vision at all distances. The specific power for the child’s near vision reduces the stress on the eyes, and possibly the progression of myopia.
Contact lenses provide clear vision at all distances, with a wider field of view as compared to eyeglasses. A multifocal contact lens works similar to eyeglasses to improve distance vision acuity while simultaneously reducing the stress on the eyes for reading and other near vision tasks. This can consequently reduce myopia progression.
Atropine eye drops
These medicated eye drops can be used to dilate the eye’s pupils during an eye exam, but have also been proven to reduce myopia progression. A very low dose of this eye drop is placed in the child’s lower eyelid every day.
This method is effective for children between the ages of 8 and 15, it only requires a single drop into the child’s eye once per day. Side effects may include blurry near vision or light sensitivity. Children will still need to wear their regular glasses or contacts during the day, but the eye drops can assist in slowing down the worsening myopia.
Orthokeratology (Ortho-k)/ Corneal refractive therapy (CRT)
Ortho-k reduces myopia progression through the use of specialized rigid contact lenses that reshape the cornea, the front outer surface of the eye. The contacts work to flatten the cornea, thereby changing the way light is focused on the retina at the back of the eye.
The contact lenses are inserted before bedtime, and are generally only worn while your child sleeps. Ortho-k provides clear vision for the whole day, thereby eliminating the need for wearing glasses or contacts during the day.
Ortho-k has been proven to reduce the rate of myopia progression in children by up to 50 percent.
Can vision therapy control myopia progression?
Vision therapy is an appropriate and effective treatment for children who have acquired myopia as a result of reduced eye focusing skills. Vision therapy involves a personalized program that trains the child’s visual system, including the eye-brain connection, to work more efficiently— thereby improving focusing abilities. Children who have reduced focusing skills, have a greater risk of developing progressive myopia.
When should my child start myopia management?
It is best to begin Myopia management as soon as possible to increase optimal results. Myopia generally worsens through the teenage years, and stabilizes as the child reaches adulthood, so these years are the optimal time to seek Myopia management options for your child.
There are now excellent myopia management options to help your child. Schedule your appointment today to explore which myopia management treatment option is most effective for your child.
Q1: What is myopia?
A: Myopia is a refractive error, or a vision condition that affects the ability to see distant images or objects clearly. Your eye doctor may refer to myopia as nearsightedness or shortsightedness.
According to the American Optometric Association, nearly 30 percent of the U.S. population, including both children and adults, suffer from myopia.
Q2: What are the signs and symptoms of myopia?
A: If your child is experiencing any of the following signs of myopia, schedule an eye exam with your eye doctor to determine if your child has a refractive error.
- Squinting when reading the board or watching TV
- Sitting at close proximity to the TV or computer screen
- Sitting at the front of the classroom to clearly see the teacher and board
- Holding books close to the eyes
- Disinterest in playing sports that require clear distance vision
- Reduced clarity of vision, as compared to friends and family
Q3: What causes myopia?
A: Myopia occurs when light enters the eye and focuses in front of the retina, rather than directly, on the retina. When the length of the eye is longer than normal, this particular shape causes the light to refract differently.
Myopia typically develops in childhood and worsens as the eyes continue to grow— as the eyes grow, so does their axial length. You may find that your child’s optical prescription worsens through their teenage years, and eventually reaches a plateau when the eye stops growing, typical around the age of 20.
Q4: Is myopia dangerous?
A: While myopia is not a dangerous vision condition, it does increase your child’s risk for developing serious, vision threatening eye diseases later in life.
In about 10 percent of people with myopia, the condition worsens in severity— and as myopia gets worse, your child’s risk of eye disease increases.
Eye diseases associated with high myopia include:
If your child has worsening myopia, schedule your appointment today to discuss the eye health benefits of myopia management.
Q5: How can I prevent my child’s myopia from worsening?
A: Recent studies suggest that it may be possible to control myopia progression, before it gets worse— to protect children from high risks of eye diseases associated with high myopia.
Myopia management is a treatment program prescribed by eye doctors, to completely stop, or at least slow down myopia progression.
Many eye doctors believe that commonly prescribed single-vision glasses and contact lenses may actually contribute to myopia progression.
Studies show that although distance-only glasses and contact lenses improve distance vision clarity, they focus light onto the retina in a way that can actually increase the axial length of the eye. Therefore, myopia management techniques move away from single-vision lenses, and include different methods of myopia correction.
Q6: What is involved in myopia management?
A: Depending on the age and severity of your child’s myopia, your eye doctor may prescribe any of the following management techniques:
Eyeglasses are one of the most popular choices for younger children. For many children with myopia, a further diagnosis of reduced focusing skills, which make it difficult for their eyes to work together as a team, can cause myopia to progress and worsen.
For these children, corrective lenses that contain more than one optical prescription, such as a bifocal or multifocal will be prescribed to support their focusing skills.
The optical power for near vision tasks reduces the stress on the eyes and the progression of myopia.
Bifocal lenses contain two optical powers. The top segment of the lens is used for distance vision, while the bottom segment is used for near-point tasks.
Multifocal lenses contain different lens powers throughout the lens, for distance, intermediate, and near vision tasks.
Contact lenses are preferred by older children and adults with myopia, as they are more comfortable for sports and contribute to improved self-confidence in social gatherings. Contact lenses also provide a wider field of view as compared to eyeglasses.
Multifocal contact lenses are similar to multifocal eyeglasses, improving distance vision acuity while simultaneously reducing the stress on the eyes for reading and other near vision tasks.
Atropine eye drops
Studies show that a daily, low dose of these medicated eye drops can reduce myopia progression and prevent your child’s prescription from climbing higher and higher. This method is most effective for children between the ages of 8 and 15. While these drops can assist in slowing down myopia progression, they are not used to correct myopia— so your child will still need to wear their eyeglasses or contact lenses regularly.
Caution: Side effects of atropine eye drops may include blurry near vision or light sensitivity. Speak to your eye doctor if side effects are affecting your child’s daily routine.
Ortho-k has been proven to reduce the rate of myopia progression in children by up to 50 percent.
This method involves the use of specialized rigid contact lenses worn at night, while your child sleeps. These contact lenses flatten the cornea, the front outer surface of the eye, to improve the way light is focused onto the retina.
Ortho-k provides clear vision for the whole day, without the need for glasses or contacts.
Q7: How effective is myopia management?
A: Myopia management has shown to reduce myopia progression by up to 78 percent.
Q8: Can vision therapy control myopia progression?
A: Vision therapy is effective in treating reduced focusing skills that may be contributing to worsening myopia.
Vision therapy involves a personalized program aimed at training the visual system, including the eye-brain connection, to work more efficiently. By improving your child’s focusing skills, you are decreasing their risk of myopia progression.
Q9: When should my child start myopia management?
A: Myopia generally worsens through the teenage years, until it stabilizes as the child reaches adulthood. Therefore, for optimal results, it is best to begin myopia management in the teenage years or as soon as possible.
If your child has been diagnosed with myopia, or their myopia is getting worse each year, speak to your eye doctor about a myopia management plan.
Based on your child’s age and optical prescription, your eye doctor will determine which myopia management method will be most effective for your child.
Over 2.6 billion people worldwide have myopia.
Can spending time outdoors reduce myopia progression?
With the prevalence of myopia (nearsightedness) on the rise, it’s critical for parents to understand how myopia can affect their child’s future and what steps they can take to safeguard their child’s eye health in the long run, with Myopia Management.
Childhood myopia or nearsightedness, raises the risk of major eye sight-threatening diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, and retinal detachment later in life.
What causes myopia?
Myopia results when the eye is longer than it should be, so the light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina rather than directly on it, creating blurry vision.
Myopia is caused by a mix of hereditary and environmental factors.
According to several research studies, the amount of time a child spends outside in the daylight plays a significant role in the development of myopia.
How does outdoor play affect myopia?
Although researchers have yet to identify precisely why ‘outdoor time’ prevents or delays myopia, several studies have shown that outdoor time can prevent or lower the chance of developing myopia.
One likely reason is the exposure to rays of sunlight.
According to research published in Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2017), the sun’s rays cause a release of dopamine which impacts the retina and may slow the elongation of the eye.
2. Relaxed eyes
Another theory is that spending time outside allows a child’s sight to move from nearby items to distant ones.
This constant changing of focus allows the eyes to relax.
Excessive near focus, such as staring at a digital screen, is thought to be a major contributor to the current rise in myopia.
Sending a child outside to play allows them to take a break from their smartphones, tablets, gaming, homework and other near focus activities.
3. Vitamin D
Furthermore, more time spent in the sun allows for greater Vitamin-D production. According to research published by Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (2014), nearsighted people have lower levels of Vitamin-D than those with normal eyesight. However, more research is still needed to provide more information.
If you suspect your child has myopia, schedule your appointment today to find out whether your child is a candidate for myopia management.
What can you do as a parent?
Children with myopia are more likely to acquire sight-threatening eye problems later in life.
Parents should take an active role in their child’s eye health and do everything they can to avoid or limit the progression of myopia.
Allowing your child to play outside for a couple of hours a day, even if they don’t have myopia, has been shown to delay the onset of myopia, according to several research studies.
Genetics also plays a role: nearsightedness is more likely to develop in a child if one or both parents are nearsighted.
So, grab a water bottle, some sunscreen, and a pair of sunglasses for your child and send them outside to play!
Children ages 6 and up should spend approximately 2 hours every day outside in the sunshine.
However, simply spending time in the sun is insufficient to secure the best potential outcome for their eye health. A myopia management program can help your child have the best chance of having healthy vision for the rest of their life.
What is myopia management?
Myopia management is a science-based approach to decreasing or stopping the myopia from worsening.
A study published by Diseases (2018), myopia management has been shown to decrease myopia progression by up to 78 percent.
There are various treatment options, and your optometrist will sit down with you and your child to discuss which one is best.
Myopia management has been approved for children as young as 8 years old to adults. Myopia treatment is beneficial for children with low myopia, but it can also help to delay the progression of myopia in children and teenagers with moderate to severe myopia.
Myopia management can involve the use of eyeglasses, contact lenses, and eye drops— all scientifically proven to help control myopia progression.
Schedule your appointment today to find out whether your child is a candidate for myopia management.
Dr. Russel Lazarus, July 13, 2020 optometrist.org | <urn:uuid:9fe61bb6-558a-4b57-a472-d27ac932a765> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kleinwoodvision.com/myopia-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.93743 | 3,326 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Sometimes, there is a need to have more than one IP Addresses assigned to a PC or a Server. If you have multiple services running on a server like a webserver and a mail server and want to assign each of these services seperate IP Addresses the Multiple IP addresses will help. While this need not necessarily require to have more than one Network Interface Card (NIC) on the server.
You can add multiple IP Addresses to a single interface card. However, these IP Addresses should be in the same logical network although in different subnets.
The following procedure will just guide you how to add Multiple IP Addresses:
1. Open Control Panel and Network Connections.
2. Right-click the LAN connection and select properties.
3. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click properties.
4. Select "Use the following IP Address" and enter the primary IP Address, Subnet mask and Gateway and the primary and secondary DNS Servers.
5. Click Advanced then Add under IP Addresses.
6. Add the IP Address and Subnet mask. Repeat the procedure if there are additional IP Addresses to be added.
7. Click Add under "Default Gateways" and add the gateway addresses.
NOTE: The system will always use the 1st available Gateway and will use the additional gateways unless the primary gateway is not reacheable.
8.Click OK then OK and then OK to save the changes.
9. To confirm the multiple IP Addresses are set, from the command prompt (Start-Run and type CMD) run the ipconfig command. You can see multiple IP addresses on one Network Interface Card. | <urn:uuid:dc9c6602-97b3-4e6d-aa64-f27d10855c15> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.itsyourip.com/networking/how-to-add-multiple-ip-address-in-windows-2000xp2003/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867311.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526053929-20180526073929-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.863492 | 346 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Echoes of Egypt in 12th-century Bologna and 13th-century Rome
In the Middle Ages, authentic ancient Egyptian artifacts emerged from the remains of former temples of Isis in places like Bologna and Rome, where they inspired Romanesque sculptors. This paper examines the specific examples of the 12th-century Benedictine cloister of Santo Stefano in Bologna and the 13th-century Benedictine cloister of San Giovanni in Laterano, the latter created and signed by a father-and-son team from the Vassalletto dynasty of Roman marble workers. The Vassalletto family carved Egyptian-style sphinxes and lions in several places in the Papal State; here they are placed in connection with a particular family, the Conti di Segni, who owned property near three ancient Roman temples of Isis and Serapis: the Isaeum Campense, the temple of Serapis on the Quirinal, and the Esquiline Sanctuary of Isis and Serapis.
The article is written in English.
A revived interest in ancient Egypt is well documented for 15th-century Italy, from the recovery and study of texts like the Corpus Hermeticum and the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo to the fascination with ancient Egyptian artifacts large and small, especially those preserved in Rome. Yet the distinctive arts of Egypt had already captured the imaginations of some medieval Italian artists and their patrons in 12th-century Bologna and the 13th-century Papal State, and probably with some awareness that they were dealing specifically with Egyptian works.
Egyptian Figures in 12th-century Bologna
Although Rome has always boasted a higher concentration of Egyptian artifacts than any other European city, Egyptian objects were already being imported to Italy in Etruscan times. As the ties between Rome and Egypt tightened in the first century BCE, culminating with the annexation of Egypt after the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, the volume of this trade continued to increase, leaving a scattering of Egyptian objects throughout the Italian peninsula. An ancient statue of the Nile has stood in above ground in Naples for most of its history, lending its name to one of the districts of the city, the Seggio di Nilo. Temples to Isis and Serapis were erected in Pompeii, Beneventum, and Bologna as well as Rome.
According to his 12th-century Vita, St. Petronius, the patron saint of Bologna, built a church over the city’s temple of Isis in the 5th-century, modeling its architecture on the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. Subsequent construction in what became an extensive Benedictine monastic complex has made this claim impossible to verify archaeologically. However, the 12th-century loggia that connects the monastery’s various churches and chapels, the so-called “Cortile di Pilato”, features columns with capitals evidently inspired by Egyptian art. These include a papyrus capital, a lotus capital, the image of a seated scribe (Fig. 1), the figures of Jupiter Ammon with his ram’s horns and Hathor with her cow ears as well as a grotesque-looking medieval version of Bes (Fig. 2).
Both the courtyard and the neighboring cloister were probably built shortly after the discovery of the relics of St. Petronius (1143) within the round church he is said to have founded, the Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher. Some of the cloister’s column capitals show sinners being punished (a man with a huge rock on his back, a man with his head turned around on his shoulders); it seems possible that the Egyptian figures in the Cortile di Pilato should also be seen as prisoners of the sacred architecture that holds them in place. Vitruvius and his De Architectura were well known in the Middle Ages (and certainly in a university town like Bologna), with the tale of the Caryatids, punished for their treachery by having their features commemorated in stone statues that took the place of columns on a portico (Vitruvius 1.1.5).
Egyptian artifacts from the ancient temple of Isis must have emerged during construction of the courtyard and cloister in the 12th century, if not before; the complex sustained severe damage in the Hungarian invasions of Bologna in the 10th century, and had already been remodeled extensively in the 11th. In any event, the 12th-century report that St. Petronius had founded his church of the Holy Sepulcher on the site of an ancient temple of Isis seems to have been founded on concrete archaeological evidence as well as local legend. The ancient statues themselves probably disappeared long ago, although the Museo Civico of Bologna does preserve a number of ancient Egyptian artifacts from the collection of the University, one of the oldest such institutions in Europe.
The idea that these ancient deities might be serving out a perpetual sentence as bearers of Christian architecture will recur when we turn to a set of Egyptian-inspired figures from 13th-century Rome. Again the context is a Benedictine monastery that arose near an ancient temple of Isis.
Sphinxes and Cats in 13th-century Rome
Among a large and fierce population of protective sculpted lions, the glorious 13th-century cloister of San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome (Fig. 3) also presents the images of two Egyptian sphinxes and a house cat. These crouching sphinxes, facing inward, guard the cloister’s central access to the enclosed garden with its 9th-century wellhead, while pairs of lions watch over the other two entrances. The garden is thus singled out as a hortus conclusus, a sacred space within the cloister of Sts. John the Baptist and John the Evangelist, the Benedictine monastery attached to the Lateran Basilica from the 9th century onward.
The sphinxes, like the crouching lions at the other entrances, are extremely worn. Both wear the linen nemes headdress that distinguished portraits of pharaoh in ancient Egypt, and must, therefore, derive from some Egyptian source in Rome. The sphinx to the left of the entrance (Fig. 4) sports a carefully curled Classical beard and the remnants of what seems to have been an impressive handlebar moustache.
His counterpart on the opposite side (Fig. 5) is beardless and cheerful, with the remnants of a huge smile and prominent laugh lines radiating outward from the corner of each sculpted eye. Their crouching bodies are neither explicitly male nor female. Their nemes-headdresses are distinctive but not identical.
The house cat (Fig. 6) appears amid a range of lions carved along the cloister’s elaborate white marble frieze.
The artists involved in creating this beautiful cloister are known from an inscription carved into one of its pilasters: two generations of the Vassalletto family, a dynasty of marble workers from Rome. Surprisingly for a medieval artisan, the inscription is in Latin verse:
Nobilis et doctus hac / Vassallectus in arte / cum patre cepit opus/ quod solus perficit ipse.
Vassalletto, unlike most artists of his era, is evidently an educated man, who describes himself as “nobilis et doctus”, only to qualify his nobility and learning, somewhat, by the specification “hac in arte”– proving that he is also skilled in verbal rhetoric. “Noblis” may simply mean that he qualifies for the title “Magister”. As for his mastery “hac in arte”, the fact that he is completing an ornamental cloister for the supreme pontiff in the mother church of Christendom provides testimony enough.
The Vassalletto dynasty can be traced over four generations of fathers and sons from the mid-12th to the mid-13th century: Vassalletto I, Pietro Vassalletto, Vassalletto II, and Nicola Vassalletto. Vassalletto the founding father carved a crouching column-bearing lion for the basilica of Santissimi Apostoli. The sculpture is poorly preserved today, but signed BASSALECTUS, a Latinized version of the family’s name.
The father and son responsible for the Lateran cloister are generally thought to be Vassalletto’s son and grandson, Pietro Vassalletto and Vassalletto II. Construction began on the project under Pope Innocent III, but continued under his successors Honorius III and Gregory IX, whose involvement is commemorated in the partially preserved mosaic inscription along the frieze, its large gold letters on cerulean blue (see Fig. 3) contrasting with the small inscribed signature of Vassalletto and his father.
Their presence of the sphinxes among two pairs of lions shows that they, too, served as guardians of the entry from the cloister into the central garden. There is no doubt that Vassalletto’s figures have been inspired by ancient Egyptian originals, both in their crouching posture and in the detailing of their nemes headdresses, which are similar to one another but by no means identical. Yet both of them exhibit definite peculiarities. The closest parallels to the bearded sphinx, with his Egyptian headgear and Classical curls, come from portraits of the Emperor Caracalla in a nemes, although no statues of this kind survive in Rome itself, and no statues are preserved that show Caracalla as a sphinx. Still, this emperor endowed a shrine to Isis on the Quirinal and possibly another on the Caelian.
The right-hand sphinx is not just smiling, but positively laughing, the corners of his eyes crinkled with mirth. James Stevens Curl notes that:
Egyptian and Egyptianizing lions and sphinxes surviving in Rome (mostly late works from Egypt or Roman versions of Egyptian originals) were used as exemplars by Cosmati artists, who emphasized the slight and mysterious smiles on the Antique versions, so that the 13th-century sphinxes (and sometimes lions as well) acquired wide smiles and wrinkles of laughter around the yes. Pairs of male and female sphinxes (as in the Lateran examples), are Revivalist rather than Echt-Egyptian [...]
An especially suggestive parallel to this merry sphinx comes from a worn Egyptian marble head with nemes of Roman Imperial date with what looks like a broad smile and inlaid eyes. It was found on the Via Labicana in 1875, and probably comes, therefore, from the large Isis temple in ancient Regio III, the Esquiline Hill. Unfortunately, it now lives in the storeroom of the extension of the Capitoline Museums at the Centrale Montemartini in Rome.
The sculpted house cat on the Lateran cloister frieze also derives ultimately from an Egyptian original, for many Roman cats are descended from temple cats imported from Egypt to the Isaeum Campense, the Isis complex in the Campus Martius. One of the cats of Isis is commemorated in an ancient marble sculpture on the cornice of the present-day Palazzo Grazioli, and also gives her name to the Via della Gatta that runs alongside the palazzo.
The Lateran cloister’s guardian sphinxes, with their Egyptian detailing, are by no means unique. Several other examples of crouching sphinxes with nemes-headdresses still survive, all from the 13th century, all preserved within the territory of the old Papal State, most of them connected with the Vassalletto family, and, as shall be argued here, connected with the baronial family that provided a series of popes in this period, the Conti di Segni. Because the circumstances of their making are so complex and the information about them is so sparse, the sphinxes continue to raise a host of unanswerable questions, beginning with the basic question: did anyone, sculptors, patrons, or scholars, know that these figures were specifically Egyptian, or specifically associated with Pharaoh?
That medieval Roman sculptors were familiar with genuine Egyptian artifacts is evident both from the detailing of the Lateran sphinxes and from their crouched pose. Ever since late antiquity, Rome had been Europe’s version of Egypt, with monumental temples to Isis and Serapis in the Campus Martius, on the Quirinal, and on the Esquiline, 43 obelisks, and endless numbers of porphyry basins, granite columns, bathtubs, sculptures, table legs, paintings, furniture, miniature figurines and jewelry, not to mention the riches of Hadrian’s Villa near Tivoli. Only a tiny fraction of that abundance survives to the present day.
Crouching sphinxes also appeared beneath Roman statues depicting the Nile as a classical river god, including the figure beneath Michelangelo’s staircase at the summit of the Campidoglio, who may have started life as a pediment sculpture for the Temple of Serapis on the Quirinal.
Thirteenth century Roman sculptors had, therefore, a number of Egyptian models to choose from if they so desired. Furthermore, the 12th and 13th centuries were a period of active construction in Rome, including monumental porticoes and colonnades that once lined many of the main streets running through the city. The search for architectural materials to reuse, especially the ubiquitous stone columns, would have led to the discovery of ancient sculpture and other artifacts.
All three of the 13th-century popes connected with the construction of the Lateran Cloister came from Roman baronial families. Innocent III, the former Lothario dei Conti di Segni, was born in Anagni in the southern reaches of the papal state in 1160 or 1161, but studied in Rome and Paris before taking up a career in the Church. Elected in 1198, he is best known for calling the disastrous Fourth Crusade of 1204, extending official approval to Francis of Assisi and his followers in 1210, and calling the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215. He died the following year. In 1228, his brother Riccardo erected the gigantic Torre dei Conti next to the Roman Forum, on land that bordered three major Egyptian sanctuaries in Rome: the Isaeum Campense, the Serapaeum, and the sanctuary of Isis and Serapis in Regio III.
Normally the colossal ruins of the Serapeum have been associated with the Colonna family, whose property still engulfs the surviving remains. One of the sphinxes now in the Capitoline Museum entered their collection by the 15th century, and the 16th-century cardinal Pompeo Colonna commissioned consciously Egyptian-themed decorations for a missal. However, we should probably look more closely at the connection between the Conti di Segni and these monuments to understand the Egyptian-inspired sphinxes of the Vassalletto family.
Pope Honorius III, born Cencio Savelli in 1150, was a protégé of Innocent III. Elected in 1216, he continued his mentor’s interests by promoting the Fifth Crusade and encouraging the new Franciscan and Dominican orders. In hopes of encouraging his former pupil Frederick II of Germany to lead the Crusade, Honorius crowned him Holy Roman Emperor in Rome in 1220. But Frederick lingered in Europe as several troops of Crusaders campaigned without success in Egypt.
The Pope’s efforts with the new mendicant orders of Christendom were more successful. Honorius approved the Dominican Order in 1216, and in 1219 invited Dominic himself to move to Rome and live in the convent of Santa Sabina. He approved the Franciscans in 1223, and died in Rome in 1227.
Gregory IX, the pope who finally finished the Lateran cloister, was related to Innocent III through his Conti di Segni mother. His name at birth was Ugolino d’Anagni, the city where he was born in 1145. A canon lawyer trained in Paris and Bologna, he approved the book of canon law called the New Compilation of Decretals in 1234, and canonized both Francis of Assisi and Dominic Guzmán. Unlike his predecessor, Honorius, he quarreled openly with Frederick II, and campaigned energetically against the Jews.
The spiral mosaic column that serves as a base for the paschal candle at the Cathedral of Anagni, Gregory’s birthplace, is held up by two marble crouching sphinxes with nemes headdresses. The work is signed by Vassalletto (surely Vassalletto II). Another sphinx with a nemes is walled into the entrance to the sacristy of the cathedral in nearby Ferentino.
Yet another 13th-century sphinx with a nemes holds up a choir screen together with a lion in the Cathedral of Civita Castellana, a city that had a certain importance in the 13th century as a way station between Rome and Perugia, where the Curia frequently met. This work is signed by Drudo da Trivio, who also created the ciborium on the high altar of the cathedral in Anagni; the possible date is usually set around 1230, early in the reign of Gregory IX. An inscription credits the decoration of the cathedral itself to a “Raniero”—if this were the powerful Cardinal Raniero Capocci, who had worked closely with Honorius III, the opulence of the church and its lion-and-sphinx parapet would find a plausible context.
All of these sphinxes are carrying something: columns, walls, parapets. Like the Caryatids and Telamones of classical tradition, they have been put to work forever as a public display. In the case of the Caryatids, Vitruvius declares explicitly that these women from a treacherous city have been singled out for shame. These 13th-century sphinxes by Roman masters appear in connection with a close-knit group of popes from Roman baronial families, all well-educated, all concerned with Rome’s primacy, Crusade, and the conquest of heresy. As Erik Hornung has pointed out, by the 13th century Europe was full of pilgrims, travelers, and returning Crusaders who had passed to the Holy Land by way of Cairo and the Sinai. This was certainly the case for Honorius III, under whose reign the battlefield for the Crusaders was an Egyptian battlefield at Damietta. It is does not seem entirely far-fetched, then, to imagine 13th-century popes using Egyptian artifacts exactly as their pagan Roman predecessors had: to represent the triumph of Rome over every other culture—with one significant difference. Most of these sphinxes wear a broad smile. Perhaps, as the Gospel of Matthew declares (11:30), we are to believe that Christian service is an occasion for joy: “For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.”
It seems equally possible that a man as learned as Vassalletto might have had some inkling of what he was carving as he put the finishing touches on the Lateran Cloister, in the service of a learned pope whose mother may have grown up in the valley between the huge, ruined Temple of Serapis and the remnants of the Esquiline temple of Isis and Serapis. Furthermore, if the triumph is indeed that of Christian revelation, the captive Sphinx has every reason to be smiling with the revelation of enlightenment. Egypt, after all, was also the home of Christian monasticism.
A 13th-century sphinx from the Dominican convent of Santa Maria in Gradi in Viterbo bears the signature of another Roman master: Magister Paschalis Romanus, and the date of 1286. Her face and hairstyle are definitely female, although her body resembles that of the Egyptian sphinxes carved by Vassalletto and Drudo. Most significantly, however, she is a freestanding sculpture. Nothing, so far as we can tell, ever burdened her back.
For nearly three decades in the second half of the 13th century, the Curia resided in Viterbo, but the Popes had departed by the time she was made. Honorius IV, the pope who reigned when this sphinx was created, was elected in Perugia but crowned in Rome. During his reign he granted many favors to the two new mendicant orders, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, and perhaps this sphinx, too, has some connection with the papacy through his favors to the Order of Preachers.
It seems likely that Master Paschal saw the same Egyptian sphinxes in Rome as his colleagues from the Vassalletto family, but we can never be entirely sure. In 2012, officers of the Italian Guardia di Finanza raided a property in Viterbo and there, under wraps, was a well-preserved Egyptian sphinx, illegally excavated from an ancient site near the village of Monterosi, halfway between Viterbo and Rome. Whether it adorned an Etruscan tomb or a Roman shrine, its context has been lost. Even so, the discovery stands as a reminder that the Egyptian artifacts in Italy were more widespread and more various than we know.
Did the Bolognese artisans know that they were reproducing Egyptian art? Did Vassalletto, Drudo of Trevi, and Master Paschal the Roman know? In the case of Santo Stefano, the sculptors are certainly referring to a tradition, and surely to artifacts, associated with the very spot on which they worked. Vassalletto and Drudo, like their patrons, show at least familiarity with the characteristic poses and headgear of Egyptian sculptures in Rome, and Master Paschal, as a Roman, presumably had the same opportunities. The specific patrons and specific contexts of these works tends to suggest that they share a definite, rather than a generic meaning, in which the papacy, Egypt, and the Crusades might seem to play a likely role.
Ingrid D. Rowland is a professor at the Rome Global Gateway of the University of Notre Dame and writes frequently for the New York Review of Books. Her books include From Pompeii: the Afterlife of a Roman Town (2014), and Giordano Bruno: Philosopher/Heretic (2008).
See, for example, Brian Curran, The Egyptian Renaissance: the Afterlife of Egypt in Early Modern Italy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007; James Stevens Curl, Egyptomania: the Egyptian Revival, a Recurring Theme in the History of Taste, Manchester: Manchster University Press, 1994; Eugenio Lo Sardo, ed., La Lupa e la Sfinge: Roma e Egitto dalla storia al mito, Rome: De Luca, 2009.
See, for example, Jean Macintosh Turfa, Jean MacIntosh and Ann B. Brownlee, “’Worlds Intertwined: Etruscans, Greeks, and Romans’. The Kyle M. Phillips Jr. Etruscan Gallery and Symposium (“The Etruscans Revealed”) At the University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2003,”Etruscan Studies, Vol. 9, Article 24, http://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol9/iss1/24.
Massimo Clemente, Stefano de Caro, and Nicola Spinosa, eds., Lo sguardo del Nilo: storia e recupero del “Corpo di Napoli,” Naples: Colonnese, 1993; Giovanni di Cecca, “La testa della Sfinge ritorna sul Corpo di Napoli”, Monitore Napoletano, 9 November 2014, http://www.monitorenapoletano.it/sito/2014/novembre/3252-la-testa-della-sfinge-ritorna-sul-corpo-di-napoli.html (June 4, 2014).
See Sarolta A. Takacs, Isis and Sarapis in the Roman World, Leiden: Brill, 1995.
Robert Osterhout, “The Church of Santo Stefano: A ‘Jerusalem’ in Bologna,” Gesta, 20:2 (1981), 311.
A ninth-century cloister structure of vaults carried on granite spolia columns still exists behind the Vassalletto colonnades.
E. Bassan, Enciclopedia dell’Arte Medievale, s.v. Vassalletto, http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vassalletto_%28Enciclopedia-dell’-Arte-Medievale%29/ (June 4, 2014); P. C. Clussen, Magistri doctissimi Romani. Die römischen Marmorkünstler des Mittelalters (Corpus Cosmatorum I), Stuttgart-Wiesbaden, 1987; idem, “Marmo e splendore. Architettura, arredi liturgici, spoliae in M. Andaloro, S. Romano, eds., Arte e iconografia a Roma. Da Costantino a Cola di Rienzo, Rome: 2000, pp. 193-225; Manuela Giannandrea, “Creazioni à l’antique. I Vassalletto e il fascino della sfinge egizia nel medioevo romano, in Hortus atrium medievalium, 16. Les renaissances médiévales, Zagreb, 2010, pp. 1515-163.
See also A.L. Frothingham, Jr., “Notes on Roman Artists of the Middle Ages. III. Two Tombs of the Popes at Viterbo by Vassallectus and Petrus Oderisi,” The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, Vol. 7, No. ½ (March-June 1891), pp. 38-53.
Paolo Montorsi, “Su alcuni leoni di Vassalletto che derivano da un modello egiziano,” in Angiola Maria Romanini, ed., Roma Anno 1300: atti della IV settimana di studi di storia dell’arte dell’Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’ (19-24 maggio 1980), Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider 1983, pp. 655-674; Giannandrea, op. cit.; Pier Luigi Tucci, “The Revival of Antiquity in Medieval Rome: the Restoration of the Basilica of SS. Cosma e Damiano in the Twelfth Century,” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 49 (2004), pp. 99-126, esp. pp. 116-7.
Anne Roullet, The Egyptian and Egyptianizing Monuments of Imperial Rome, Leiden: Brill, pp. 4-5, 40; Paul Edmund Stanwick, Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002, pp. 32, 129-30.
Roullet, p. 4.
Curl, Egyptomania, p. 75. Curran, The Egyptian Renaissance, p. 45, follows this identification of the Lateran sphinxes as male and female, but, as noted above, there is no physical evidence that the beardless sphinx is female.
Roullet, op. cit, p. 103 no. 155; Miguel John Versluys, Aegyptiaca Romana: Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt, Leiden: Brill, 2002, p. 339 n. 463. My thanks to Sander Müskens for this reference.
A lovely account of this cat is provided by the website of the nearby Liceo Visconti, http://www.fuoridellaclasse.it/fuori_della_classe/Via_della_Gatta.html. (June 4, 2016). Some archaeologists believe that the Gatta is actually a monkey.
Roullet, op. cit.
Rabun Taylor, “Hadrian’s Serapeum in Rome,” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 108, No. 2 (April 2004), pp. 223-266, esp. p. 257, following Filippo Coarelli, Roma. Guide Archeologiche Laterza, Rome and Bari: Laterza, 2001, pp. 286-7.
James A. Brundage, “Innocent III,” in Christopher Kleinhenz, ed., Medieval Italy: an Encyclopedia, New York: Routledege, 2004, pp. 525-27, with bibliography; John C. Moore, Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To Root Up and to Plant, Leiden: Brill, 2003.
Anna Maria Cusano, Le fortificazione medioevali a Roma: la Torre dei Conti e la Torre delle Milizie, Rome: Fratelli Palombi, 1991.
Kathleen Wren Christian, Empire Without End: Antiquities Collections in Renaissance Rome, c. 1350-1527, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, pp. 58; Curran, The Egyptian Renaissance, pp. 245-274.
Alessandro Vettori, “Honorius III,” in Christopher Kleinhenz, ed., Medieval Italy: an Encyclopedia, New York: Routledege, 2004, p. 513, with bibliography.
Alessandro Vettori, “Gregory IX,” in Kleinhenz, ed., Medieval Italy, p. 460, with bibliography. Gregory IX also issued a bull demonizing black cats, the start of an infamous and tragic history.
Giannandrea, op. cit.; Montorsi, pp. 670-680.
Giannandrea, op. cit.; Montorsi, pp. 670-680.
Luca Creti, “Un contributo agli studi sull cattedrale di Civita Castellana: gli arredi cosmateschi scomparsi,” Biblioteca e Società, 2002, http://www.bibliotecaviterbo.it/biblioteca-e-societa/2002_4/Creti.pdf (June 4, 2016).
Creti, op. cit.
Pietro Dalena, “Itinerari verso la Terrasanta nel Medioevo,” http://www.oessgsezioneroma.it/images/5_Itinerari_verso_la_Terra_Santa_nel_medioevo.pdf (June 4, 2016).
Kenneth Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, and Harry W. Hazard, eds., History of the Crusades, Vol. 2, pp. 377-428.
Eugenio Lo Sardo, ed., La Lupa e la Sfinge: Roma e l’Egitto, Rome: Electa, 2008.
Carola M. Small, “Honorius IV,” in Kleinhenz, ed., Medieval Italy, pp. 513-4.
Finanza recupera sfinge egizia da scavi clandestine nel viterbese,” La Repubblica, December 6, 2012: http://roma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/12/06/news/finanza_recupera_sfinge_egizia_da_scavi_clandestini_nel_viterbese-48182586/ (June 4, 2016). | <urn:uuid:d80853f0-31fe-4e30-9e63-95296347753d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://tahiti.fi/04-2016/tieteelliset-artikkelit/echoes-of-egypt-in-12th-century-bologna-and-13th-century-rome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244353.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926165308-20200926195308-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.926305 | 6,850 | 3.5 | 4 |
Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama to James McCauley, a carpenter, and Leona McCauley, a teacher. At the age of two she moved to her grandparents’ farm in Pine Level, Alabama with her mother and younger brother, Sylvester. At the age of 11 she enrolled in the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, a private school founded by liberal-minded women from the northern United States. The school’s philosophy of self-worth was consistent with Leona McCauley’s advice to “take advantage of the opportunities, no matter how few they were.”
Most historians date the beginning of the modern civil rights movement in the United States to December 1, 1955. That was the day when an unknown seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. This brave woman, Rosa Parks, was arrested and fined for violating a city ordinance, but her lonely act of defiance began a movement that ended legal segregation in America, and made her an inspiration to freedom-loving people everywhere.
Education for Justice resources: | <urn:uuid:48b26b92-5942-4fc2-b037-28ef70aa3a23> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://educationforjustice.org/events/birthday-of-rosa-parks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149205.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714051924-20200714081924-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.966728 | 233 | 4.21875 | 4 |
verb (used with object), im·per·son·at·ed, im·per·son·at·ing.
- to assume the character or appearance of; pretend to be: He was arrested for impersonating a police officer.
- to mimic the voice, mannerisms, etc., of (a person) in order to entertain.
- to act or play the part of; personate.
- Archaic. to represent in personal or bodily form; personify; typify.
- embodied in a person; invested with personality.
- to pretend to be (another person)
- to imitate the character, mannerisms, etc, of (another person)
- rare to play the part or character of
- an archaic word for personify
1800, “personification;” 1825 as “an acting of a part or character;” noun of action from impersonate (v.).
1620s, “to invest with a personality,” from assimilated form of Latin in- “into, in” (see in- (2)) + persona “person.” Sense of “to assume the person or character of” is first recorded 1715. Earlier in same sense was personate (1610s). Related: Impersonated; impersonating. | <urn:uuid:e3686d95-a4f2-4b8c-8715-fb3d0857546a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.tekportal.net/impersonation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304134.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123045449-20220123075449-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.900172 | 288 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Kids should come with a manual, but they don't. If you just had your first child, you might be sitting there thinking, "How do I do this?" Not to worry. Parenting 101 class is now in session.
Do you have your notebook and pencil? Is your baby sleeping? Because if not, don't plan on getting anything done. That's your first Parenting 101 lesson. You're welcome.
Parenting 101: What It Takes to Be a Good Parent
Everyone that has ever been a parent has wondered whether they were a good parent. It is a natural curiosity.
We all wonder whether the things we do will affect our children in a negative way. Everyone has an opinion, and we hope to help sort some of those out.
Walk along with us as we explore what it takes to be a good parent and how to be a better parent. We will be sharing one sure-fire trick that will elevate your parenting skills beyond the solar system!
What the psychologists say
When it comes to raising children, psychologists usually have a lot to say. Unfortunately, we didn't find much out there on the intricacies of infants. Most of the information deals with children from toddler and beyond.
There isn't a lot of information that will tell you which cry means a wet diaper, which one means they're hungry, and which one means they're tired.
During the first year, you're going to have to figure out a lot on your own. Some things are well-documented in books, but these are predominantly centered around the physical care of your baby.
To care for your child's psychological wellbeing, the opinions are as varied as there are children in the world.
At Psychology Today, they offer up 10 parenting tips that are a good place to start:
- 1Identify your child's strengths
- 2Punishment is not as effective as praise and rewards
- 3Avoid negative emotions, such as sarcasm, anger, and ridicule
- 4Don't compare your children to each other
- 5Get support when you need help
- 6Give your children positive attention
- 7Monitor and limit your child's internet use
- 8Life is totally different when you have a child -- accept it
- 9Be a good example
- 10Don't give up on your kid
So there you have it. Psychologists don't know much about Parenting 101 when it comes to infants. However, the above list is a great place to start for general tips as you travel along your journey.
What the teachers say
Teachers don't really get to experience your children until they are beyond the toddler stage. When you send your child to school at the ripe old age of four or five, you have already taught them a lot.
Most teachers will expound on the importance of parental involvement from early childhood through high school. The difference between a student with an involved parent and one without is noticeable from pre-school age and beyond.
So, basically stated, most teachers say that an important part of parenting is to be involved in your child's activities, school, and life in general.
What other parents say
What don't they say would probably be the more accurate phrasing? When it comes to advising, there is no shortage of input from other parents.
"Well, when mine were that age..."
"None of my children acted that bad. I taught them manners."
"You have to spank them..."
"You can't spank them..."
"Don't let them make choices..."
"You need to encourage them to make decisions early..."
Every parent has an opinion. Some are good, and some are not so good. Unfortunately, there is no easy way to sort through them to determine which is which.
There is no shortcut to Parenting 101 when it comes to sorting out what will work best with your child. On this, listen to the opinions of other parents, but determine your own rules, guidelines, and practices when it comes to raising your children.
There is no "right" or "wrong" parenting style if you are actively trying your best. Because each child is different, parenting styles will even change from one sibling to the next. Remember, there are no one-size-fits-all manuals with children.
Adding a Child to Your Busy Schedule
So many people enter parenthood with the idea that a baby won't change their lifestyle much. They get a rude awakening within the first month of having a baby in the house.
It takes longer to prepare to go anywhere. Grocery shopping becomes a nightmare -- or a welcome respite if you can leave the child at home with a spouse. Diapers, wipes, extra outfits, bottles, and a few extra diapers.
Where did that Binky go? The owl? Where is the stuffed owl? How did you lose a shoe already? Ah, geez... did you have to spit up NOW? Oh, no you didn't! OMG! What did I feed you that caused THAT?
Buckle up. Please keep your hands and feet inside the car at all times. This will be the wildest roller coaster ride of your life. And you will not always enjoy the ride, but the triumphs are worth the troubles.
I wouldn't lie to you about that.
Achieving the proper mindset
If you are expecting, you have time to prepare yourself for this journey. Achieving the proper mindset before your baby arrives is a positive step in the right direction.
That includes adoptive parents, foster parents, and even aunts, uncles, and grandparents. Babies change family dynamics in many ways.
Read books. Learn about the birth process. Explore your options when it comes to the type of birth you want: natural, fully medicated, with a midwife or Doula, C-section. Some of those decisions will be based on the pregnancy itself.
Take some time before the baby gets here and adjust your mind. Watch documentaries. Talk to your doctors and nurses. Even if you don't use a midwife or Doula, they can be a wealth of information and counseling. Talk to other parents.
Parenting 101 isn't a manual you can open to page 72 to find answers. It is an entire process.
Don't be afraid to research, and don't panic when you read some of the "worst case" scenarios out there. While the internet can be a wealth of good information, there is also an overwhelming amount of questionable information out there. So research wisely.
Planning makes life easier on everyone
Find a pediatrician before the baby arrives if you can. Most pediatricians will allow for pre-patient interviews so you can meet the doctor and some of the staff. You can often tour their office, check references, and conduct research on the best type of doctor for your child.
Some will even allow you to pre-register your child as a patient. That allows you to enter all your personal data and register your insurance information. By pre-registering your child, your first appointment will run more smoothly.
Don't start habits that you don't want to continue for 18 years. If you have "whisper rules" every time the baby is sleeping, your child will grow up unable to sleep unless the entire house is quiet. Don't go out of your way to make noise, but don't over-do the quiet either.
Make lists and plan. Play "What if..." with your spouse to learn how each of you will respond to certain hypothetical things. Discuss alternatives. Planning is the best way to settle into changes quickly.
Although you don't need a plan for the next 18 years, having a good idea of what you are looking forward to will help. Discuss things like disciplinary expectations, chores, and school goals with your spouse before they become an issue.
Parents need to stay on the same track because raising a child is a team effort. If one parent is always giving in, the kid will learn to skip the other parent and always go to the one that caves.
Parenting 101 tip coming up: Children can be devious little manipulators. To win at parenting, you need to be aware of that and guard against it. You are the parent. The rules are made by you. Stay strong, firm and above all, consistent.
Family vacations can wait a few years
If you and your spouse routinely go on a large vacation every year, hold off on those for the first couple of years. Instead, try some shorter trips closer to home while your baby is an infant.
There is nothing worse than being two continents away from your pediatrician when Junior has his first earache. If you are closer to home, you can make the trip back to see your regular doctor.
Sightseeing tours aren't very fun with an infant. One of you will always be holding the baby, worrying about feeding, diaper changes, and trying to keep the baby awake all day so you can sleep at night. The list goes on.
There are some people who have taken infants camping as young as two and three weeks old. If your family camps, this is always a fun outing. Without the pressure to see all the sights, you can relax in the fresh air and actually enjoy a vacation.
There is plenty of time for European vacations in a few years.
Grandma, Grandpa, and all the relatives
Visiting relatives isn't always an easy task either. Your child will be in a new environment, surrounded by strange people cooing and pinching their puffy little cheeks.
To a baby that may feel like being a tiny ant staring at a huge boot about to drop on your head. It can be scary, so keep that in mind. We would be remiss in not extending that warning to new parents in any rendition of Parenting 101 tips.
Start with small groups so you don't overwhelm your child. Having relatives visit you in your home is an option also. Your child will have the familiarity of "home" when they meet hoards of belly-poking, cheek-pinching relatives.
Diaper bags, toys, and a clean outfit
Parenting 101 super tips to follow:
Keep a diaper bag packed and ready. ALWAYS.
Restock it when you return from an outing. Keep at least 10 diapers in it at first. That number will decrease as your child grows, but for a newborn, at least 10 diapers for any outing.
Add a zippered baggie or two to carry soiled diapers when there are no appropriate receptacles. Always carry at least one extra outfit for your child (and possibly a spare shirt for yourself). Baby wipes, washcloths, burping cloths, and receiving blankets are also good items to pack.
If you use formula, you can pre-measure the dry mix and keep a few spare bottles on-hand that you only have to add water to. When Junior gets cranky in the grocery store, you will bless this tip.
From One- to Five-Years-Old Is a Blur
We've already discussed a lot of early childhood issues. Planning is the most effective tool that you have as a parent. The first five years will be a blur. You may not remember much of it when they go off to Kindergarten.
Don't worry, those memories are still there. They'll surface and make you cry as you watch your child progress through the school years.
Take LOTS of pictures. We all have cameras on our phones. You don't need fancy equipment. Snap away. Take photos when your kid is sleeping. Catch them when they're playing. Crying, eating, pouting -- it's all fair game.
When you're looking back at these years, you can select photos to use as blackmail when they are a mouthy teenager...
"If you don't do your chores, I'm going to make sure the yearbook committee at school has THAT picture for your senior yearbook!"
Yes, that works. At least with most kids. They do worry about those embarrassing childhood photos taken by an exuberant parent.
OMG -- They're in School Already!
Ah... Kindergarten. It's been four or five years since you have had time to relax. Will you even know how to act? What will you do with all your free time?
Parenting 101 tip for the school years #1: Do Nothing.
Rest and relax for the first two weeks. Putz around the house. That generally means wandering aimlessly. The little person you dedicated your life to is gone for seven hours a day, and you feel empty. It's normal. It will pass.
Think of all the things you put on hold five years ago. Those hobbies? The craft projects? Painting the bathroom? You now have time to do all of them. YOU time. At first, it may seem daunting, but you will come to relish the school hours.
As each school day ends and you pick your kid up, share your day. Celebrate the triumphs of an art project. You will become adept at getting your child to tell you what those unidentified lumps in the drawing are.
Elementary school, PTA, and organized sports
As your child progresses through the early years of our educational system, there will be a multitude of things that parents need to pay attention to.
Elementary school is the basics. Teachers teach writing, simple math, and kids begin to get a little bit of history. The history usually takes the form of traced hands on brown construction paper made to sort of resemble a turkey. Projects are geared toward having fun and learning.
As your child develops, they will learn complex social niceties. Play fair, share the glue, don't run with scissors, and don't fight with little Susie.
As a parent, you will be asked to join a Parent-Teacher organization. These programs participate in school functions, fundraising for extracurricular activities, and creating a fun and healthy environment for your child. Consider joining the organization at your child's school.
If your child is athletic, most communities have programs that begin around the 4- and 5-year-old range. It's where the soccer mom is born. Encourage your children to participate in team sports. They teach team play, sportsmanship, and perseverance.
Parenting 101 is all about supporting your child and providing positive life experiences along the way.
Middle school, high school, and then the boot
If you thought the first five years went quick, wait until you hit middle school. Your child will be heading off to sixth grade one day, and then, seemingly hours later, you're getting a bill for senior pictures.
Middle and high school are where your child begins to plan for their future. They start considering colleges. Some will start researching career paths.
Whatever your child does at this stage regarding schooling is easy -- just support them.
Basic Parenting 101 goal of the day -- be a supportive parent no matter what.
Discuss their expectations and goals. Talk with them about their career paths. Sometimes these conversations are easy and relaxed. Other times it will be like pulling teeth trying to get your child to open up. Just roll with it.
Be prepared for it to change every two weeks, or maybe never.
Every child is different. Some will settle on a career and work steadily on that goal through their secondary education levels. Others will be indecisive and change their mind every couple of weeks.
It doesn't matter. Your job as a parent is to support them. Be willing to bend your own expectations because Parenting 101 isn't a cut-and-dried plan for success or failure. It merely means being a supportive parent and helping your child grow and develop into a successful adult.
Everything you have done up to this point in your child's life has been to serve one goal -- to get them out of your house and living productively on their own.
The Best Advice You Will Ever Get About Parenting 101
I'm about to zing you with the best Parenting 101 tip you will ever receive.
Are you on the edge of your seat?
Here we go...
This is by far the absolute BEST parenting tip you will ever receive from any source. It is so simple.
Just love your children!
That's it -- just love them. How easy is that? You can't mess them up if you just love them.
No matter what anyone says, if you love your children every single day, they will turn out all right.
They will. I promise.
Read all the books, study all the online sources you can Google, and try everything under the sun. What it all boils down to is that one, simple thing.
We hope you enjoyed our foray into the world of parenting. As our final thought, I would like to leave you with a challenge.
Hug your child and tell them that you love them.
Even if you're arguing. Even if they refused to brush their teeth. Hug them. Let them know that no matter what, you love them.
Do it now.
Leave us a comment with your most challenging parental struggle or your funniest parental moment. We love hearing from readers. | <urn:uuid:f804e7be-4a94-4818-b4ad-0698aab38d6d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://examinedexistence.com/parenting-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735916.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805065524-20200805095524-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.960219 | 3,572 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Rosalind Franklin was the most important person in the story of DNA’s discovery. She was the first-ever member of the human race—or any other species on earth—to see the secret of life. She answered Schrödinger’s question “What Is Life?” with a photograph she took on May 1, 1952. She pointed her camera at a single strand of DNA…. There was nothing else like [her camera] anywhere in the world….
Franklin knew what she had, but she did not run through the King’s College corridors shouting some equivalent of “Eureka!” She was determined not to leap to conclusions. She wanted to work through the math and have proof before she published, and she was determined to keep an open mind until she had gathered all data. So she gave the image the serial number 51 and continued her work…. Then Maurice Wilkins [Franklin’s associate at King’s College] showed picture 51 to James Watson and Francis Crick, and the three men were awarded the Nobel Prize for a woman’s work.
It was the same when Marietta Blau, an unpaid woman working at the University of Vienna, developed a technique for photographing atomic particles. Blau could not get a paid position anywhere, even though her work was a major advance in particle physics. C. F. Powell, a man who “adopted and improved” her techniques, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. Agnes Pockels was denied a college education because she was a woman, taught herself science from her brother’s textbooks, created a laboratory in her kitchen, and used it to make fundamental discoveries about the chemistry of liquids. Her work was “adopted” by Irving Langmuir, who won a Nobel Prize for it in 1932. There are many similar stories. A lot of men have won Nobel Prizes in science for discoveries made in whole or part by women….
For centuries, white men have tried to persuade other people that white men are superior. In the process, many white men have become convinced of their own superiority.
How a Fly a Horse
By Kevin Ashton
Yet, the issues dealing with diversity in tech goes much deeper than teaching computer programming or tech companies hiring practices and I address some of those issues in an article called “A Lack of Diversity at Google
The lack of diversity at Google has… to do with the company’s core structure, which would remain bluntly antagonistic toward behavioral and political diversity….
We don’t have the KGB on our neck, but the end result comes out pretty much the same. People who have independent ideas or who think the wrong kind of thoughts are cut out.
“Journalism is printing…” is not an actual Orwell quote but it does capture the essence of his suppressed introduction to “Animal Farm.”
Google is introducing new SDKs for Android
and the Unity game engine
today that will make it even easier for developers to create new apps.
The class will include a VR app for Sphero
. The following is some of the other new material that will also be included in class.
At Larchmont Library we conducted five sessions with local 5th – 8th graders on the following Wednesdays: October 15th, 22nd, 29th, November 5th, and 19th. This is the game that they created:
It is very important that children learn computer programming as Douglas Rushkoff wrote in Program or Be Programmed:
When human beings acquired language, we learned not just how to listen but how to speak. When we gained literacy, we learned not just how to read but how to write. And as we move into an increasingly digital reality, we must learn not just how to use programs but how to make them. In the emerging, highly programmed landscape ahead, you will either create the software or you will be the software. It’s really that simple: Program, or be programmed.
…and since childish people are the easiest customers to convince, the manufacture of childishness, extended into adulthood, had to be the first priority of factory schools. Naturally, teachers and administrators weren’t let in on this plan; they didn’t need to be. If they didn’t conform to instructions passed down from increasingly centralized school offices, they didn’t last long.
We think of things as helpful that actually aren’t and think of other things as unhelpful that in reality leave us stronger and wiser.
~ David and Goliath
Everyone can create.
Creators spend almost all their time creating, persevering despite doubt, failure, ridicule, and rejection until they succeed in making something new and useful. There are no tricks, shortcuts, or get-creative-quick schemes. The process is ordinary, even if the outcome is not.
Creating is not magic but work.
Life can be much broader once you discover one simple fact: Everything around you that you call life was made up by people that were no smarter than you and you can change it, you can influence it, you can build your own things that other people can use.
Once you learn that, you’ll never be the same again.
The Achievement Gap
For decades, educators have struggled to close the “achievement gap,” the persistent differences in test scores, grades and graduation rates among students of different races, ethnicities and, in some subjects, genders.
According to an American Psychological Association article
, a group of social and cognitive psychologists have approach this problem not based on the idea that at least some of these disparities are the result of faulty teaching or broken school systems, but instead spring from toxic stereotypes that cause ethnic-minority and other students such as women to question whether they belong in school and whether they can do well there. While such a major problem might seem to require widespread social change to fix, the psychologists are finding evidence that short, simple interventions can make a surprisingly large difference.
Jean Jennings (left) and Frances Bilas set up the ENIAC in 1946. Bilas is arranging the program settings on the Master Programmer. (Courtesy of University of Pennsylvania)
Women pioneered computer programming — but too often, that’s a part of history that even the smartest people don’t know.
Genes do have a huge influence on everything we are, but that influence is constantly subject to interaction with our environment. Intelligence *is*, very simply, a set of skills that a person acquires or does not acquire in his or her life. IQ is a snapshot of where that person’s skills are in that particular moment.
“The more hours of TV a girl watches, the fewer options she thinks she has in life.” ~ Geena Davis | <urn:uuid:938374c8-a519-4c5a-9ba4-d1f2383f894a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://startuptown.wordpress.com/2015/03/07/tech-diversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.966299 | 1,419 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Earth's core moves to its own beat
Earth in a spin The Earth's inner core is out of sync with the crust of the planet, frequently speeding up and slowing down from decade to decade, a new study shows.
The research, in the journal Nature Geoscience, will help scientists understand how the core generates the magnetic field that shields Earth from solar and cosmic radiation, allowing life to evolve.
The study is the first experimental evidence that the inner core rotates at a variety of speeds, says the study's lead author Associate Professor Hrvoje Tkalcic from the Australian National University.
"Edmund Halley, namesake of Halley's Comet, speculated that the inner shells of the Earth rotate with a different speed back in 1692," says Tkalcic.
"It's been known since the 1990s that the inner core rotates at a different speed to the mantle...it rotated quicker than the mantle, a few tenths of a degree ... but they all assumed a steady rate of rotation."
Tkalcic and colleagues found the inner-core exhibits a mean rotational rate between 0.25 to 0.48 degrees per year faster than the overlying mantle.
"On top of this...there is another motion that is superimposed, the so called decadal fluctuation," says Tkalcic.
"At certain times it accelerates, moving even faster than the mean rate, and at other times it decelerates and is moving a bit slower."
Tkalcic and colleagues sifted through 50 years of seismic earthquake data, searching for repetitive earthquakes known as doublets.
"This is a specific method using two earthquakes that happen at exactly or nearly the same place, but recorded at different times. Their waveforms look so similar we call them earthquake doublets."
Tkalcic and colleagues focused on earthquake doublets from events in the South Atlantic which were recorded on the other side of the globe in Alaska.
The seismic waves from these earthquakes travelled through the planet's core to reach Alaska, providing researchers with a snapshot of the inner-core taken at two separate times.
"They are exactly the same except for the small part of the waveform going through the inner-core...they sense a slightly different structure as the inner-core shifted during that time," says Tkalcic.
"Given that we know the structure of the inner-core and how it looks at that particular place sampled by the earthquake doublets, we can estimate the rotation rate of the inner-core with respect to the mantle."
Tkalcic and colleagues analysed seven doublets observed at the College Station, Alaska, as well as 17 previously reported doublets.
This allowed them to reconstruct a history of differential inner-core rotation between 1961 and 2007.
"We found the rotation rates were higher during the 1970s and slightly higher during the 1990s, then they were lower during the 1980s", says Tkalcic.
"The most dramatic change we found was for the most recent years, for the 2000s when we found a significant acceleration from the mean rate...but this will have to be confirmed with new measurements."
Tkalicic says the study method is a "very powerful way" to understand the internal structure and dynamics of our planet.
"The inner-core plays a crucial role in the geodynamo because it crystallises releasing additional heat causing vigorous convection in the [liquid] outer core helping to sustain the geodynamo."
"But the inner core also presents a barrier to the flow and it is the interaction at this barrier that is important and that will cause the differential rotation of the inner core with respect to the mantle," says Tkalcic. | <urn:uuid:1e2d92d7-8886-42f5-91a6-992cf2a03f03> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/05/13/3755690.htm?topic=ancient | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039568689.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423070953-20210423100953-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.960733 | 778 | 3.828125 | 4 |
The collapse of the Roman empire, never very well established in what would become the Levante Almeriense (basically, the area was used as a fish processing plant and shoe factory exploiting the Esparto grass that grows here; the only known Roman remains here locally are in Cadima, Los Gallardos, where the Romans had a small settlement next to the Rio Aguas), left what were small villages and fortified farms along the coastline vaguely united under the Count of Teodorimo. This continued for several centuries, as the villages basically got on with life leaving few historical records, although we know that this area boasted a small army of Goths paid for out of local taxes.
The “Moors”, knowing a good thing when they saw it, and having spent a couple of centuries ransacking the southern coasts in their boats, got together under a Berber lord called Tariq ben Ziyad, the governor of Ifriquiyya (North Africa) and started to conquer Spain from 711c.e. onwards, when old Tariq took his men across the strait of Gibraltar and conquered a peninsula that was racked by internal conflict. The two largest political blocks were the Goths, under King Witiza, and the Iberians, under Don Rodrigo – crucially, neither of the two sides would agree to a truce, allowing the Moors to divide and conquer with relative ease. Concentrating mainly on the centre of the peninsula, this area was bypassed by the Moors, as the Count Teodorimo of the time wisely refused battle and signed an advantageous peace treaty with the Arab commander Abd Al-Aziz. According to the chronicles of Arabian geographer Al-Urdi, the Cora Tudmir (County of Teodorimo) as a political entity encompassed an area from Los Velez in the north to Vera in the south, with Cantoría being its central axis. While the Moorish commander Ibn I-Jatter decided to break the peace treaty in 754 in order to secure his flank, this geopolitical entity survived until the middle ages.
The Moorish invaders were not a single political unit, rather they were from disperse political groups united under one religious leader. As they took control of the Iberian peninsula they did not attempt to impose their religion on the indigenous population. Instead, by offering the peasants who suffered under Christian feudal regimes freedom, local Christian lords often found themselves beset by mass mutiny and desertion. The only real difference between Islamic and others in those times was that non believers had a somewhat higher tax rate – this alone often sufficed to convert much of the population of their own free will. Landowners were allowed to keep their possesions upon the payment of a once off wealth tax to the new lords.
Since Moorish Spain was beset by internal conflict between regional political leaders, there were quite a few internal conflicts that racked Moorish Spain, and indeed facilitated the “reconquista” of Spain by the Christian Kings in the 14th and 15th century. Indeed, times Almeria was separate from Granada and were at war! Constant internal strife left the moors, who had vastly superior numbers, technology and organization, at the mercy of the kingdoms of Castile, Asturias and Aragon – what would later unify to become Castile, and then Spain, under Fernando and Isabel (the Catholic Kings).
Initially, the whole of Moorish Spain was administered by a series of local governors, called Wa lis, appointed by the Governor of Ifriquiyya who retained overall control of the Iberian Peninsula. However, later on the province of Al-Andalus gained independence from Ifriquiyya and became its own self governing province within the Caliphate of Damascus; walis were appointed by the Shah or elected locally. While always paying lip service to the Caliphate, there were always strong internal divisions between the Walis.
In 1243, under constant attack from the Christian realms, a number of these divided Islamic realms united under the Tarifa of Granada; this included Almeria and it’s regions. This lead to a period of peace and prosperity for the region of Vera, as Granada sent miners and technicians to exploit the mineral and agricultural riches of the area. It is at this point that villages such as Bédar and Serena were first recorded, although not as mining villages but agricultural – there was a strong silkworm industry in the area!
The Moors never managed to conquer the whole of the Peninsula – crucially, they were defeated in a number of small battles in the north of the country. They proceeded to ignore these areas, and in the process permitted the formation of the first Christian kingdoms of Spain. The first of these, the Kingdom of Asturias, established itself in the northwest of the Peninsula; after the Moors were defeated in France, the Kingdom of Navarre established itself, followed by Aragon. For the next several centuries they based themselves in the fortified northern mountain regions and attacked the Moors, attempting to expel them from the Peninsula. This was a long and arduous process, and the Christian Kings did not succeed in reaching the southern Med coast until the late 13th century, when the Moorish lines collapsed and they reformed their border in Murcia.
This region was dangerously close to the frontier between the Tarifa of Granada and the Christians in Lorca, and suffered several times by incursions by enemy troops. In 1304 Vera was sacked and burnt by Christians; this lead to a peace treaty that lasted until 1319. After war recommenced, an eastern frontier was drawn up that named fortified key villages in the defensive line as Alicún de Ortega, Benzalema, Benamaurel, Cúllar, Castilléjar, Galera, Orce, Huéscar, Los Vélez, Xiquena, Overa, Arboleas, Zurgena, Albox, Partaola, Cantoria, Albanchez, Bédar, Cuevas & Vera.
In 1407 a series of concerted attacks against the Moors were organised from Lorca. This eventually lead to the entire collapse of the eastern front, the capture of Vera, Mojacar, Serena, Bédar, Los Velez, and the push towards Granada through the valley passes. The Moors developed a scorched earth retreat policy which destroyed many artifacts from the area. Between 1410 and 1447 several peace treaties were made and broken, and these villages were on the frontline, being taken and retaken many times.
By 1488 the Catholic Kings had occupied all coastal terrains up till Malaga, leaving the Moors isolated in the mountains and surrounded by Cristian troops. With the Moorish supply lines cut, the Marquess of Cadiz negotiated a surrender treaty in which Mojacar and Vera surrendered to the Catholics – this lead to the surrender of all other small villages in the area, and the final collapse of the Moorish lines up to Granada. All non catholics in Mojacar were expelled and formed a new village in Turre – those of Vera, also expelled, formed a village in Antas. The intention of the Catholic commanders was to fortify both Mojacar and Vera with Catholics and use them to as fortified bases to control the surrounding areas – this did not go quite according to plan, as we shall see next month! | <urn:uuid:5e3c2bd0-c1dd-4029-8ea7-380f4bca8991> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.davidjackson.info/blog/2008/09/03/a-brief-overview-of-the-history-of-the-levante-almeriense-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891976.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123131643-20180123151643-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.976388 | 1,534 | 3.078125 | 3 |
DNA in breast tissue can lead to detection of cancer risk.
Research from a new study at University College London is saying the DNA in normal breast tissue can indicate the risk for developing breast cancer, according to UPI. The potential for this new early detection method can be extremely valuable as doctors may be able to accurately predict a woman’s risk for the disease and take extra precautions to monitor her health.
Earlier research has shown factors such as starting periods early, late entry into menopause and family history are linked with the increased risk of contracting breast cancer. It appears these factors alter the genetic programming in breast cells, and the new research says this alteration can be detected in the cell’s DNA.
The study analyzed 569 breast tissue samples, including 50 from women who were cancer free, along with others who did have cancer. A comparison of the data revealed that over 30 percent of the samples with DNA alterations matched the cancer samples. Researchers were able to identify some of the programming in the cells that changes them from normal tissue to cancerous.
Martin Widschwendter, head of the department of women’s cancer at University College London, said in a press release the new findings are important in supporting further research into women’s cancer development and prevention.
Widschwendter added, “We are working hard to understand the risk factors associated with epigenetic changes in normal breast tissue and how these predispose a woman to cancer. The application of these altered epigenetic signatures hold the key developing new interventions that could ‘switch off’ this epigenetic defect and hold the key to preventing cancer development.”
This new information shows how epigenetic alterations can be used to identify women at a higher risk of developing breast cancer, according to Andrew Teschendorff, a researcher at University College London. He continued, “Since epigenetic alterations are reversible, it offers the potential to design preventive strategies. Our work further highlights the importance of inter-disciplinary work, combining clinical, biological and statistical expertise to make these findings possible.”
The findings of the study were published in the journal Nature Communications. | <urn:uuid:c9e3cf59-d45f-40f5-a4de-91ea782cc3d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.babwnews.com/2016/01/has-science-found-an-early-indicator-of-breast-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523476.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607013327-20200607043327-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.950018 | 440 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The DOs and DON'Ts of Recycling
DO rinse recyclables clean. They don't have to be perfect, just no stuck on food.
DO breakdown and fold cardboard boxes.
DO pay attention to size! Anything under two (2) inches is too small to be caught in our recycling facilities.
DON'T place plastic bags in the recycling bin. Even if they have a recycling symbol on them it is NOT recyclable in zero-sort, but check these locations for bag recycling.
DON'T put anything with food residue in the bin. Think about it, a greasy pizza box covered in sauce, cheese and bread does not make very great paper products.
DON'T place Styrofoam into recycling. It is very hard to recycle and can not be handled in Vermont facilities.
The main reason of recycling is to conserve energy, help the environment, reduce pollution, slow global climate change and lower waste products in landfills. By recycling, people can have something to do with the earth's overall health and keep the air, water and land clean.
In Vermont, recyclables were banned from the landfill in 2015 but residents are still throwing recyclables away in the garbage. Some even throw their garbage into Zero Sort believing 'anything is recyclable because it gets sorted. This is not correct. Zero Sort does make it so you don't have to sort, but it's meant only for recyclables, not garbage. Please put your garbage in the garbage bin and recycling in the recycling bin.
Recycling can be made very simple. Keep a recycling bin next to your garbage can for convenience. We have blue bins for $7 at the RCSWD office. In college it is helpful to keep a plastic bag for recycling next to the garbage. That way you can carry them out and then reuse the bag afterwords.
Items such as paint cans, batteries, aerosol cans, old or never been used oil, gasoline, household cleaners, automotive fluids, rat poison are also recyclable, but not in the same place. Instead, they are treated as Household Hazardous Waste (HHW). They can be brought to the Transfer Station on Gleason Road in Rutland by making an appointment or you can check our Rural Collection Schedule to see when we'll be in your town for a collection day.
Some businesses will accept batteries for recycling in their store. See what stores in your town accept batteries here.
Check out Paintcare.org to see if a store near you accepts paint to be recycled. | <urn:uuid:b85b3798-b154-49a5-bf54-e35636f9f9f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.appt.rcswd.com/recycling-basics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499524.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128054815-20230128084815-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.953465 | 534 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Creatine has been an
established component of meat for since the 1830's. 10 years after,
in 1842, a scientist discovered that wild fox meat had ten times
the muscle - creatine content compared to farm raised animals. The
general conclusion was that creatine levels were influenced by
muscle exercise. Early scientific tests were administered and data
was collected in order to reach conclusions on creatine levels in
the body, and external factors which could influence these levels.
In the late 1920s, researchers determined that creatine exists in
two main forms - free creatine and phosphorylated
Creatine is a naturally
occurring guanidine - derived compound synthesized from the amino
acids arginine, glycine, and methionine. In humans, over 95 percent
of the total creatine content is located in skeletal muscle, with
approximately one - third of the total being free creatine form.
The enzymes necessary for creatine synthesis are located in the
liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Creatine is carried to the muscles by
Creatine is an essential
player in one of the three primary energy systems used for muscle
contraction. When your muscles contract, the initial fuel for this
movement is a compound called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP
provides its energy by releasing one of its phosphate molecules. It
then becomes a different compound called ADP (adenosine
diphosphate). Unfortunately, there is only enough ATP to provide
energy for about ten seconds, so for this energy system to
continue, more ATP must be produced. Creatine phosphate comes to
the rescue by giving up its phosphate molecule to ADP, recreating
ATP. This ATP can then be used again as fuel for more muscle
The greater quantity of
creatine you have in your muscles, the more ATP you can remake.
This allows you to train your muscles to their maximum potential.
This greater ATP resynthesis also keeps your body from relying on
another energy system called glycolysis, which has lactic acid as a
byproduct. This lactic acid creates the burning sensation you feel
during intense exercise. If the amount of acid becomes too great,
muscle movement stops. But if you keep on regenerating ATP because
of all the Creatine you have, you can minimize the amount of lactic
acid produced and actually exercise longer and harder. This helps
you gain strength, power and muscle size; and you will not fatigue
Research has conclusively
found, time and again, that creatine will aid strength training
athletes who require large bursts of power for relatively short
periods of time. However, research is still being carried out to
reach a positive conclusion.
Creatine has also been
shown to enhance your body's ability to make proteins within the
muscle fibers, which are essential to muscle contraction. So when
you build up your supply of these contractile proteins, you
actually increase your muscle's ability to perform physical
Manufacturers of creatine
products recommend a loading phase of 30 grams a day for one week,
followed by five to ten grams a day for the maintenance. These
numbers of averages, and quantities of creatine to consume will
vary with weight.
None of the studies
carried out have shown creatine to be toxic. Some individuals have
complained that creatine will increase the amount of water they
hold due to creatine use. Creatine has never been studied over very
long periods of time, and, although what data is available
indicates that creatine is perfectly harmless, conclusive evidence
is undetermined as of the present date.
If you have any questions
or concerns about the use of creatine supplementation in your diet,
feel free to contact me at the address listed below.
Go to: The Safety of Creatine | <urn:uuid:0bbe3117-3511-4e33-a48c-6b646fd9043c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://www.dietlive.com/creatinehistory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488253106.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620175043-20210620205043-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.939381 | 799 | 3.453125 | 3 |
As a tribute to Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez unveiled Saturday a new coffin adorned with gold, pearls and diamonds.
Soldiers lifted a flag from the mahogany coffin during a ceremony marking the anniversary of Bolívar's death in 1830. Bolivar is both a national hero in Venezuela and the namesake of Chávez's Bolivarian Revolution political movement.
"You live on in us," Chávez said in a speech, standing next to the coffin. "As the years pass, you will be more alive, father Bolivar."
Officials have said Chávez's government is spending 119 million bolivars ($27.7 million) to build a new mausoleum to house Bolivar's remains. The mausoleum is to have a soaring roof, and a metal framework has been erected behind the National Pantheon, where Bolívar's remains have long been entombed.
You live on in us...As the years pass, you will be more alive, father Bolivar.
- Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez
Chávez oversaw the exhumation of Bolívar's remains last year, seeking to confirm his idol's identity and investigate a theory that Bolivar could have been killed. Researchers confirmed Bolívar's identity through DNA tests but were unable to pin down the cause of his death.
The new coffin bears golden stars and the national seal, as well as Bolívar's initials and golden laurels. An announcer said the decorations on the coffin include diamonds and pearls from Venezuela.
Chávez has made Bolívar a central symbol throughout his nearly 13-year-old presidency. He often speaks below a portrait of Bolívar. In 1999, Chávez promoted the approval of a new constitution that changed the country's name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
Based on reporting by the Associated Press. | <urn:uuid:b91f9ef2-fe7b-4dc4-b25f-9ea19fabf0d4> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/12/17/venezuelas-chavez-honors-simon-bolivar-with-new-coffin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122192267.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175632-00161-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954629 | 399 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Safer Spaces Policy
Agreement on behavioral attitudes to abide by between ourselves:
- Racism, as well as ageism, homophobia, sexism, transphobia, ableism or prejudice based on ethnicity, nationality, class, gender, gender presentation, language ability, asylum status or religious affiliation is unacceptable and will be challenged.
- Respect each other’s physical and emotional boundaries, always get explicit verbal consent before touching someone or crossing boundaries.
- Be aware of the space you take up and the positions and privileges you bring, including racial, class and gender privilege.
- Avoid assuming the opinions and identifications of other participants.
- Recognise that we try not to judge, put each other down or compete.
- Be aware of the language you use in discussion and how you relate to others. Try to speak slowly and clearly and use uncomplicated language.
- The group endeavours as much as is feasible to ensure that meeting spaces are as accessible as possible to the widest range of people.
- Foster a spirit of mutual respect: Listen to the wisdom everyone brings to the group.
- Give each person the time and space to speak. In large groups, or for groups using facilitation: Raise your hand to speak.
- “Respect the person; challenge their behavior.”
- If someone violates these agreements a discussion or mediation process can happen, depending on the wishes of the person who was violated. If a serious violation happens to the extent that someone feels unsafe, they can be asked to leave the space and/or speak with a person or process nominated by those present.
- Whilst ground rules are collective responsibility, everyone is also personally responsible for their own behavior. | <urn:uuid:c318e065-f208-405f-b7db-37daeefff70c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://systemchangenotclimatechange.org/safer-spaces-policy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487613453.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614201339-20210614231339-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.941667 | 351 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Memories Of Fearful Odors Activate Heightened Sense Of Smell
redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports – Your Universe Online
Neuroscientists at Rutgers University have discovered that fear reactions can occur in the olfactory system, even before the brain has had an opportunity to interpret and associate a particular odor with trouble. In a study published Thursday in the journal Science, John McGann, associate professor of behavioral and systems neuroscience at Rutgers and colleagues, report that neurons in the noses of laboratory animals reacted strongly to threatening odors before the odor message was even sent to the brain.
“What is surprising is that we tend to think of learning as something that only happens deep in the brain after conscious awareness,” McGann said. “But now we see how the nervous system can become especially sensitive to threatening stimuli and that fear-learning can affect the signals passing from sensory organs to the brain.”
McGann and his team made their discovery by using light to observe activity in the brains of genetically engineered mice through a window in the mouse’s skull. They found that the mice that received an electric shock simultaneously with a specific odor showed an enhanced response to the smell in the cells in the nose, before the message was delivered to the neurons in the brain.
The research indicates that fearful memories can influence the senses, findings that could help improve our understanding of conditions like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), in which feelings of anxiety and fear exist even though an individual is no longer in danger.
“We know that anxiety disorders like PTSD can sometimes be triggered by smell, like the smell of diesel exhaust for a soldier,” said McGann.
“What this study does is gives us a new way of thinking about how this might happen.”
The researchers also discovered a heightened sensitivity to odors in the mice traumatized by shock. When these mice smelled the odor associated with the electrical shocks, the amount of neurotransmitter – chemicals that carry communications between nerve cells – released from the olfactory nerve into the brain was as large as if the odor were four times stronger than it actually was. This created mice whose brains were hypersensitive to the fear-associated odors.
Until now, scientists did not believe that reward or punishment could influence how the sensory organs process information.
McGann says he plans to continue his research to determine whether the hypersensitivity to threatening odors can be reversed by using exposure therapy to teach the mice that the electrical shock is no longer associated with a specific odor. McGann said this could help develop a better understanding of fear learning that might someday lead to new therapeutic treatments for anxiety disorders in humans. | <urn:uuid:2d6e0ba8-2f00-4775-b1f6-07d20be0a49c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113027608/fearful-odors-activate-heightened-sense-of-smell-121313/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999636575/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060716-00059-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95911 | 548 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Failure to meet social expectations early in their schooling puts children at risk for both peer rejection and academic failure, write a group of authors in a recent article in Preventing School Failure.
While educators face enormous pressures to boost student achievement, social skills are so important to students’ success, teachers should find time to include social skills training into daily academic instruction, they say.
“Classroom teachers have long recognized the importance of social and behavioral skills, viewing cooperating, self-control, and other social skills as critical to achieving academic and behavioral success,” write the researchers. “Indeed, students who lack these skills are more likely to face a number of undesirable outcomes that include poor interactions with teachers and peers, diminished academic performance, and an increased number of disciplinary infractions.”
Rather than setting aside a special time or removing students from the classroom, teachers can incorporate various social skills into daily instruction for the whole class, the researchers write.
The article in Preventing School Failure includes an appendix with resources for teaching social skills. The resources include DVDs, software and curriculum guides. Social skills deficits are as unique as the students themselves, so educators must take into account individual circumstances.
The authors outline the following steps for incorporating social skills training in daily classroom instruction:
Step 1: Select target students
Identify students who exhibit significant deficits. Take the time to closely examine students and observe how and with whom they interact.
Step 2: Determine desirable social skills
Before beginning instruction, it’s important to identify skills a student needs. Does the student have difficulty coping with frustration, accepting criticism, cooperating with classmates, working independently or following classroom protocol? As the student population becomes more diverse, it’s important for educators to take into account varying cultural values, community norms and parental expectations.
Step 3: Distinguish between can’t and won’t
To intervene effectively, it is important to distinguish between students who cannot perform a given skill because they have failed to acquire it and those who have the ability but don’t use it. Students who lack the skill must be taught it, while students who choose not to engage in the behavior need to be motivated to do so.
Step 4: Instruct
A sound social skills program should teach students to identify alternative pro-social behaviors and strategies, provide opportunities to practice the behavior, reinforce the behavior and introduce concepts of self-control.
Once an educator chooses a resource, it’s best to use small increments of time within a lesson–beginning, middle and end–to infuse social skills instruction into the academic content, the authors write.
“ENGAGE: A Blueprint for Incorporating Social Skills Training Into Daily Academic Instruction,” by Naomi Schoenfeld et al., Preventing School Failure, Volume 52, Number 3, Spring 2008, pp. 17-27. | <urn:uuid:387e60ec-3c2e-4550-90a6-8fd6fff41e11> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.ernweb.com/educational-research-articles/include-social-skills-in-daily-academic-instruction-researchers-say/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660966.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00140-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927264 | 590 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Hope & Healing | Grieving Differently, Together
Grief is an inevitable part of life. Although everyone will experience it, no two people will share the same response to a loss. Infant or pregnancy loss is especially difficult. One of the most challenging things about grieving after this type of loss is that you and your partner will not react the same way. Conflict within a relationship can arise if your partner does not appear to feel or express their sadness in the same way as you. You may become angry or resentful if you believe your partner moved on too fast or did not show as much grief as you. Although everyone grieves in their own way, it has been established that there is a female and male model of grief. Understanding these different models and the challenges they can present may help you and your partner learn how to walk through your grief together.
The two models of grief, developed by Harvard professor Phyllis Silverman, point out the differences between how men and women react to a loss. However, it is important to note that some women may follow the male model and some men may follow the female model. You may not follow the same model for every type of loss you experience, either.
Female Model of Grief
The female model emphasizes connection rather than disengagement after a loss. Those who follow the female model have an easier time expressing their feelings and are more comfortable reaching out to others to talk about their loss.
Male Model of Grief
In the male model of grief, the goal is to move on from the past. They feel their grief with great intensity but are quick to heal and return to work or other activities of life. Men typically feel like they have to the be the strong one or the shoulder to cry on, which makes them less likely to reach out to others as they continue to cope independently.
It is common for conflict to arise in a relationship, because the outward expressions of these two models are so different. It can be very easy to isolate yourself after pregnancy or infant loss, but it is important that you and your partner be unified in your grief. Remember, even though your grief may look different, you are both in pain. Moving forward together while trying to establish a sense of equilibrium after a loss can be difficult.
Here are a few tips that you and your partner may find helpful:
Communicate—This sounds simple, but loss is hard and so is talking about it. While it can be incredibility difficult to talk about your feelings, it can provide great comfort. Be patient with each other and mindful of how you communicate.
Be kind to one another—After a loss, it is normal to feel anger, guilt, or shame. Know that there was likely nothing either of you could have done to prevent this loss. Be careful not to take your anger out on or blame each other for what you are going through. Respect that your reactions will not be identical, and that is okay. Recognize the differences and talk through them so you can continue to support one another.
Ask for what you need—Don’t expect your partner to anticipate your needs. Let them know what would be helpful. If you or your partner need help with tasks such as meal preparation, shopping, or watching other children do not be afraid to ask other family members or friends.
Seek professional support—There is a difference between grief and depression. If you continue to feel stuck and unsure how to move forward, it is okay to seek support from a professional. You may need to go alone or as a couple to therapy or you may find enough support within a bereavement group for those who have suffered a similar loss. It is okay to try different things to find what works best for you.
Journal Idea: What is one thing your partner could do to help support you in your grief? | <urn:uuid:3a549062-18a3-424c-919d-6c354e794645> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.annasgrace.org/single-post/2019/02/25/hope-healing-grieving-differently-together | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107916776.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031062721-20201031092721-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.972389 | 782 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It is an area where you see signs that say Honey Run Creek and Cherry Mound Baptist Church. Northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky meet on a rolling green landscape that has seen American society evolve from the days before the United States was even founded and named.
If you were to highlight today's Bible Belt on a U.S. map the outline would approximate the Confederacy of 1863, geographical shorthand for a large meaty swath of the cultural south. The Old South of the seaboard colonial period was a stronghold of the Anglican Church. The transition to conservative Protestant country occurred during the 19th century, coming about as a series of religious revivals, many linked to Baptist movements. The stamp on the culture here of widely shared religious practice and faith remains strong.
Nashville, Tennessee, is sometimes called the buckle of the Bible Belt because it is home to the national offices of the Southern Baptist Convention, The National Association of Free Will Baptists and the United Methodist Church's publishing house. Nashville is also sometimes referred to as the Protestant Vatican.
Slightly above the buckle, at the center of the Kentucky-Tennessee boundaries lie Simpson and Allen Counties, both just inside the Kentucky line. As the city of Franklin is to Simpson County, so the city of Scottsville is to Allen County -- Franklin a little bigger than Scottsville, by maybe again half as much. The counties contain the same amount of registered voters: approximately 11,000 each.
Simpson County is 75 percent Democrat; Allen County roughly 60 percent Republican. The demographics of the two counties, however, are nearly indistinguishable. In both counties, as in most of the Bible Belt, social issues have rearranged party structures. Just noting the number of Republicans or Democrats is not really the best measure of how the residents have voted or how they might vote.
Simpson County is a little more than 75 percent white, a little less than 25 percent black and less than 1 percent other, or Latino. It has a strong manufacturing economy. Bobby "Chip" Phillips, Jr., Simpson county clerk, notes that Franklin is a big factory town with both Harmon-Becker and Franklin Precision Industry turning out auto parts. There are also businesses that produce the materials that the two plants use to make the parts from.
Phillips knows that if the car market goes the way of the housing market that majority Democratic Simpson County will face economic problems. But for the time being there is plenty of work and "everyone who wants a job, has one." Unemployment is not an issue in the Franklin.
It's a different situation in majority Republican Allen County, where Beverly Calvert, county clerk, talks about a plant closing. She tells me A.O. Smith, a General Electric appliance parts manufacturer, is shutting down after 33 years of operation. Two hundred jobs, a big number in a small county, will be lost. Calvert's brother, in his 50s, is in upper management at the plant and will probably have trouble finding another job.
But Allen County's Scottsville still has a Dollar Store distribution center. Dollar Stores is a chain of variety stores concentrated throughout the south -- originated, in fact, in Scottsville. Betty Turner Campbell, daughter of the original Dollar General owner, is the driving force and the money behind Camp Courageous, a summer camp for seriously ill children between the ages of 7 and 15. The camp is modeled after Paul Newman's Hole In The Wall Gang and other similar programs and will create a few counselor positions. But Camp Courageous will mostly rely on volunteers, no replacement for A.O. Smith.
Allen County also has a Sumitomo facility that manufactures wiring systems, a Halton facility, and a Smuckers plant that all seem to be staying put. Still, employment is a concern in Allen County.
Calvert tells me that in both counties, in the region generally, people tend to vote for individuals not parties. In Republican Allen County there is a Democratic circuit clerk and a Democratic sheriff. In Democratic Simpson County there is a Republican county judge.
Bill Clinton carried Simpson County in both 1992 and 1996 but George W. Bush beat Al Gore there in 2000 with a margin of 55-45. Then, in 2004, Bush beat John Kerry solidly 61-39, but the ballot that election included a state constitutional amendment on defining marriage strictly as a union between a man and a woman. Voter turn out ballooned and the amendment garnered landslide approval, roughly 85 percent of the vote. The Republican majority in Allen County went the same way.
In 2006 both Simpson County and its principal city Franklin voted a split decision in what County Clerk Phillips refers to as a very emotional election. The question voters were deciding was whether to be a wet or a dry county. In other words, to sell alcohol or not to sell alcohol, that was the question. Although the county remains dry, the city voted to go "damp," allowing only restaurants that seat more than a hundred people and derive a minimum of 75 percent of their income from food to serve mixed drinks. Repeated previous elections had kept both the city and county dry.
Both Phillips and Calvert will be converting their counties to an e-scan voting process for the fall. To create a record of the vote, the system uses a paper ballot, which is then fed into and read by a scanner. Calvert sees it as a step back into the stone age and Phillips doesn't seem to be very enthusiastic about it either. Calvert sarcastically thanks Florida for creating more work for the state of Kentucky.
Indeed, clerks in the small counties don't look forward to having to retrain the election volunteers who are the mainstay of the polling centers. Nor do they want to divert their understaffed departments from their everyday work to conduct recounts.
But those are problems for the fall. Scottsville has a local law that doesn't even allow the placement of campaign signs within the city limits until 45 days prior to the election. For now, the people in the area are taken up with the concerns of Americans everywhere -- things like how to come up with the money to put gas in the car to get to work.
I am delighted to reactivate Ramblin' 'Round for publication at OffTheBus. It is a column title that has been with me since my days as a reporter for the 4th Armored Division Rolling Review in Germany. I have carried the title with me through the years and every time I break it out, it seems to fit whatever I'm writing about at the time. In this incarnation, I will be covering the political lay of the land in the Bible Belt with attention given to the nuances of individual areas. | <urn:uuid:b6706d0d-8f5c-4c0e-bc87-25b2ee506c85> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rt-eby/kentucky-bible-belt-patch_b_107991.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097546.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00200-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962807 | 1,363 | 2.609375 | 3 |
You’re not alone. Mood and anxiety disorders are common among cancer survivors.
by Isabel Schuermeyer, MD
A cancer diagnosis is a life-changing event – one that can seriously affect your mental well-being. Anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders are common among cancer survivors, even among those who have never experienced these kinds of mental health issues before. People without strong social support systems have a higher risk of developing mood and anxiety disorders after being diagnosed with cancer.
But before we can tackle these issues, we must first learn what they are.
After a cancer diagnosis, people may say to you, “Of course you’re depressed. You’ve just been diagnosed with cancer.” That’s because many people use the term “depression” to describe feelings of sadness.
However, feeling sad (which is common and normal after a cancer diagnosis) is not the same as experiencing depression. Major depression is a medical condition that needs medical attention and treatment, whereas sadness is a temporary emotion that subsides on its own.
Major depression not only affects your quality of life, but it can also affect your ability to tolerate pain. It can even make it difficult for some survivors to stay with their course of cancer treatment. Getting treatment for depression, however, results in improved quality of life, less pain, and less time in the hospital.
The symptoms of major depression include depressed mood, decreased interest in activities you previously enjoyed, poor concentration, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and changes in sleep or appetite. While everyone feels down from time to time, in order for major depression to be diagnosed, your symptoms must last at least two weeks. During regular visits, your oncologist may ask you questions about the symptoms listed above to screen for depression. If you are showing signs of depression, your doctor can refer you to a mental health professional.
Very rarely, a person will develop mania during the course of cancer. When this happens, it is often a side effect of steroids given as part of the cancer treatment.
Mania can be thought of as the opposite of depression. When this mood disorder develops, a person may experience decreased need for sleep, impulsive behavior, rapid speech, and increased activity. Mania is treated with medicines that stabilize mood. Depending on the severity of the mania, admission to a hospital or mental health facility for psychiatric treatment may be necessary. People with mania often require a psychiatric evaluation.
Anxiety is prevalent among cancer survivors. Some people will have a specific phobia, which is a type of anxiety disorder. For example, a needle phobia or claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces, such as an MRI). Some people may even experience anticipatory anxiety, meaning they experience anxiety in anticipation of encountering something that has caused anxiety in the past. Anticipatory anxiety can occur prior to doctors’ appointments and scans. In severe cases, a person can begin to experience anxiety months prior to appointments.
Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by overwhelming and persistent worries, poor concentration, irritability, restlessness, and sleep disturbances. Other anxiety disorders cancer survivors may experience include post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder.
Typically, coping strategies that have worked for you in the past will work again to help you during this stressful time. It is best to pick healthy coping mechanisms, such as humor, exercise, spending time with friends, meditation, or mindfulness. Turning to illicit drugs or alcohol is an unhealthy coping technique that you should avoid. Many people find support groups helpful. Most cancer centers offer these types of groups, but you can also find them online or through local community organizations.
The two main types of treatment for major depression and anxiety disorders are antidepressant medications and psychotherapy (or talk therapy).
♦ Antidepressants are medications that are taken daily. They often require a few weeks before reaching their full effect. Many antidepressants are safe to use with chemotherapy, and most have few side effects. However, all medicines have the potential for side effects, so it’s important to talk with your doctor prior to taking any new medications.
♦ Psychotherapy can alleviate depression and anxiety by helping you develop new approaches to managing your symptoms and coping with general life problems. Psychotherapy can have long-term benefits, lasting even after completing the therapy.
Many resources are available to help you cope with your emotions after a cancer diagnosis. However, if you develop symptoms of a mood or anxiety disorder, you should seek out proper treatment from a mental health professional. With the right treatment, mood and anxiety disorders can be overcome, and you can live well with cancer.
Dr. Isabel Schuermeyer is immediate past-president of the American Psychosocial Oncology Society and a member of the psycho-oncology department at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, OH.
This article was published in Coping® with Cancer magazine, May/June 2017. | <urn:uuid:132dbba9-5e8d-462c-bf5a-98f8c139253b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://copingmag.com/feeling-anxious-depressed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.953476 | 1,010 | 2.671875 | 3 |
I don't think we've had the occasion to properly introduce our tunnel yet, even though we've had it and used it (quite unproductively) for quite a few years now. So let's take the opportunity of a brand new plastic covering to present it to you (before it becomes dirty and starts to degrade).
We're used to calling this structure a hoophouse, although its size (about a meter tall at its highest) doesn't make it a proper "house", but rather a tunnel (or "chenille" AKA caterpillar, as the French would put it). Tunnels are widely used in field horticulture for various purposes, but nothing says we folks can't make our own and use it at home.
What's it good for, though?Many things, actually.
1) You can use it to cover seedlings before they're ready for transplanting. If you are growing your seedlings at home, there might come a point where you will be able to move them to the tunnel to finish their growth before transplant. The tunnel may offer some protection to the cold night temperatures depending on its location.
2) You can also move it over a garden bed, instead of using it on an hard surface as we do (although setting hoops directly into the ground - about 2 feet deep - might be the best option here). Take note that pests already established in the garden will thrive under a tunnel, so be careful. The tunnel warms the soil and may be used to:
- thaw a garden bed faster in the spring
- start an extra early-season crop (that can be uncovered later in the spring as the soil and air warm): lettuce, spinach, mâche, radish, kale, peas, asian greens, leek, etc.
- delay a late-season crop (that was started uncovered earlier in the summer or fall): carrots, beets, lettuce, spinach, asian greens, radish, tomatoes, squash, etc.
- start a summer crop earlier: tomatoes, cucumbers, squash, etc. can be planted as seedlings a few weeks earlier if they are protected by a tunnel.
Basically the tunnel can be used to extend the growing season. The best season is the longest season (like winter, right?).
3) Preserve a winter harvest: Some late fall crops can tolerate below-freezing but near-zero temperature without damage if they are allowed to heat up during the day. Some crops, like baby carrots (i.e. premature carrots), can also be conserved until November if covered with a thick mulch of straw; the cold breaks up the starch in the roots into sugars, resulting in the sweetest "candy" carrots.
4) You can lay in the tunnel in mid-April and pretend summer has already arrived.
How it's madeIt's pretty simple and straightforward, and is open to lots of improvements and tinkering to better suit your needs.
-wood planks, we used 2x4 to make a structure of dimensions 8x3 feet
-power drill and a 1½-inch wood spade bit
-1-inch PVC pipes (the flexible, grey types)
-plastic sheet big enough to cover the hoops with a few extra feet on all four sides
1) Put together a wooden frame of the desired size. If you want to use the tunnel in the warmer months and be able to ventilate it properly to avoid killing your plants, the tunnel can be ventilated properly by uncovering only the end walls if its length is no more than three times its width (or so says Eliot Coleman). If it's longer than that, you will need to remove more than just the end walls to allow proper ventilation.
When making the frame, make sure that the planks are laid flat (the wider side facing up). You can join them by putting wooden blocks as props at each corner, in which you can screw the planks.
2) Make 1½ inch holes every 2-3 feet along the length of the frame. Make sure the holes on one side of the frame are well aligned with the holes on the other side, as these will be used to insert the hoops. Make sure too that you have holes to insert hoops at each end of the frame.
3) Cut 1-inch PVC pipes in equal lengths. The length of the pipes will determine the height of the tunnel. You can test them by inserting one end in a hole in the frame and bending the pipe over to the hole on the other side to see how long the hoops should be. Usually a tunnel is 60cm (2 feet) high.
4) Install the hoops and cover the tunnel with a large sheet of plastic, preferably UV-resistant. You can attach the plastic sheet to one half of the hoops with zip ties if you want (as long as you're still able to lift one side of the plastic sheet to have access to what is in the tunnel). You can pass the zip ties through washers on both sides of the plastic sheet to minimize damage (the tension in the plastic can cause the holes to enlarge through time).
It is also possible to wrap and fasten the extra length of plastic on each long side of the tunnel to pieces of wood (see our tunnel). This helps weighing down the plastic during windy days.
So that's it, we hope you enjoy your tunnel! Other small-sized garden protections include the covered A-frame (which is really just an A-frame covered with a plastic sheet to extend the tomato season), and the age-old cold frame.
BONUS: Pictures of the garden set up
|Tulips, they never die.|
|Some spinach seeds left from last year decided they would sprout.|
|The rhubarb looks very healthy so far!|
|The motherwort is getting bigger, too.|
|Looks like we'll have plenty of strawberry blite seedlings to cover this bed!|
|A strawberry blite seedling.|
|While digging up the garlic to put all the bulbs on the same bed, we found some small parsnips from last year. We'll see if they can grow properly this year and maybe set seeds.|
|One of our kale plants bolted early last year and dropped its seeds on the bed. This year, tiny kale seedlings are popping out of the ground!|
|The garlic bed. We'll add some leeks and onions (mostly onions) to keep it company in about a week.|
|It took me a while to find it, but we transplanted this blackberry seedling last year in the hope that it would finally establish somewhere for good. We're not sure if it's still alive...| | <urn:uuid:1da0534c-0153-42db-b534-c0d8d9a19f47> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://campuscropsmcgill.blogspot.com/2014/04/our-tunnel-or-hoophouse.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991562.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210519012635-20210519042635-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.944184 | 1,400 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A Harvard historian examines the origins of “the foremost civil rights issue of our time.”
Over the past two years, deadly confrontations between police and young African-Americans, the demonstrations and movements these incidents inspired, and subsequent commentaries by writers such as Ta-Nehisi Coates have forced the issues of aggressive police practices and mass incarceration to the forefront of our national consciousness. Now comes Hinton (History and African and African-American Studies/Harvard Univ.; co-editor: The New Black History: Revisiting the Second Reconstruction, 2011) to remind us that these problems were a long time in the making. As the author demonstrates, President Richard Nixon’s war on crime, Ronald Reagan’s war on drugs, and George W. Bush’s war on terror played roles in ratcheting up the militarization of police forces and the surveillance of the inner city. All contributed mightily to the vastly disproportionate numbers of African-Americans and Latinos currently filling our prisons. But Hinton goes even further back to Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs and the unfortunate yoking of anti-poverty legislation with anti-crime laws. This unprecedented infusion of the federal government’s authority, muscle, and dollars into crime prevention—primarily through the aegis of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration—distorted and eventually overwhelmed efforts to combat unemployment, address housing, and improve education. Academic readers will appreciate Hinton’s archival deep dive into the various and successive congressional acts responsible, sometimes unwittingly, sometimes not, for what amounts in her terms to criminalizing poverty. She discusses the prevailing social science theories that informed those laws—James Q. Wilson and Daniel Patrick Moynihan take a beating—and frequently cites official reports and informal intergovernmental communications that expose the policymakers’ thinking. General readers will be appalled at her portrayal of outrageous police practices, all fueled with LEAA money, that contributed to the agency’s reputation as a “bureaucratic monster.”
Those whose politics differ from Hinton’s will likely be inclined to quarrel with her diagnosis, but they’ll be obliged to grapple with her fact-filled, scholarly argument. | <urn:uuid:2551701a-cfc8-4114-b775-f22df00e4f3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/elizabeth-hinton/from-the-war-on-poverty-to-the-war-on-crime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693363.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925201601-20170925221601-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.918959 | 452 | 2.625 | 3 |
Everyone signed the Tycho Conventions, everyone agreed that they wouldn't go back home to their Frankensteinian labs and start or resume working on creating genetic super men. But a lot of those men and woman who signed the Conventions had their fingers crossed, because the Convention had almost no effect on the status and progress of the large Super Human genetic projects.
In Huxley's Brave New World, humans were divided into 5 classifications, Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, with further divisions within those classifications. This nomenclature was useful, and is used, but only in the meta-context. No one in the Cosmic Era would consider themselves as part of any specific caste or level.
Gamma is the baseline human, same in the Cosmic Era as today, and Gammas represent the largest percentage of the human population.
Gamma+ is the end result of genetic screenings and basic repair of hereditary diseases. Gamma+ are very common through large portions of the Atlantic Federation, Pacific Rim Coalition, and in parts of the Eurasian Alliance. Gamma+ populations are healthier longer, and have a much lower level of medical burden on society. Aside from a general better quality of living and much lower instances of chronic diseases, there are almost no differences between G+ and G.
Gamma- is the end result of genetic coding that rather than removes hereditary diseases can activate them if dormant or recessive, creating high instances of the appearance of said disorders and illnesses. Gamma- is uncommon as it is the result of 'genetic sabotage' (more on this elsewhere)
The first tangible rewards from the pursuit of Homo Sapiens Superior was the creation of panels of genetic screenings, with the associated therapies and procedures to eliminate many hereditary conditions. This burst of technology was greeted with great joy, and as polio, cholera, and smallpox had been made memories centuries before, the seemingly insurmountable foes of cancer, diabetes, and hypertension were turned into ghosts.
While the tech was used by many adults, it's effects weren't really felt until in utero screenings were carried out, and the children were born free from many known genetic defects and faults. As this progresses, fewer and fewer fetuses tested positive for genetic defects and flaws, and the former invasiveness of a genetic screening test became as casual as a blood test.
The goal of genetic manipulation is the Alpha, Homo Sapiens Superior, Human+. There is enough literature and public fear and insecurity over the fate of 'inferior' humanity once the supermen show up to keep these projects from going through larger trials. But the Alphas exist. They are stronger, faster, and tougher than the normal human (though only typically 15-20%) but they are are more intelligent, more resistant to disease, and have much longer lifespans.
The goal of creating Alphas isn't creating supersoldiers. At the end of the day, the two goals are very different and in some cases mutually exclusive. The supersoldier is a biological weapon, and breeding an entire population of bioweapons is a really bad idea. Anyone who has seen the damage a rogue supe can inflict knows this. The goal is to produce the new ruling class, the new biogenic elite. These Alphas are wiser, longer lived, and when tinkering with things as complicated as preventing age based degeneration, making alphas physically attractive is so easy that its basic equipment.
The core of most Human+ programs is the creation of supersoldiers. In an era where the most expendable commodity is human life, making said humans more powerful, durable, and threatening just makes sense. Most supersoldier programs took advantage of genetic augmentation and manipulation to create physically incredible subjects, stronger, faster, and able to heal rapidly from serious wounds. More exotic augmentations would follow, and eventually the goals of most supersoldier programs delve into creating genetically induced parapsychics. The fate of the Supersoldier is one that is balanced out against the position held by the Powered Armor trooper, Special ops and elite but mundane soldiers, cyborgs and bionics, and full on robotic soldiers.
One of the few aspects of the Tycho Conventions that is followed is the creation of Human-, or deliberately crippled or handicapped humans. Epsilons existed to perform menial and basically slave labor but in the Cosmic Era, this sort of work is handled by automation and robots. The machines do the thankless work, and there aren't populations of deliberately damaged and intentionally handicapped humans.
The is an exception to every rule, and the Epsilon Exception is the genetic brute. Physically imposing and massive, the brute is a giant, made of thick muscle and dense bone, driven by hormonal rages and controlled by only a very primitive and child like mind. The Brute is a super soldier that is kept under sedation, in a double or triple max security location until they are activated and given their instructions. Most brutes are unleashed like raging bulls let loose inside confined buildings. A few brutes are augmented with combat computers to make them passable competent at following orders.
PermaKids are a peculiar sort of Epsilon mod. The PermaKid has certain biological triggers disabled and hormone functions shut down. The PermaKid or PK will never go through puberty, never reach sexual maturation, and will remain a generally undersized human. The intellect grows, and the personality develops but given the hormonal neutering, their bodies don't develop the growth spurt never hits. PermaKids have been created by people who want children without the hassle of having teenagers. There are rumors that PKs have abbreviated lifespans, 20-30 years.
The Delta is the ideal consumer, smart enough to press buttons and buy things and show up to work productively or semi-productively, but not smart enough to question authority figures, or solve serious issues without outside guidance and help. Other hallmarks of Delta genetics is a rather abbreviated lifespan, most Deltas are going to average out reaching the basic age of retirement, they remain productive and economically involved until they become too old to function in this role and then they die.
Yes, this is horrible.
In the pragmatism of the Cosmic Era, following the long lean years of the Second Dark Age, the concern of having a large number of senior citizens acting as a 'drag' on society and the economy reaching the conclusion of having a working/labor caste with a very specific shelf life was not nearly as offensive. Old people get sick, have lots of medical bills, create all sorts of moral and societal issues over health care. If they only get slightly old and then die, that solves so much of the problem right there. The average Delta lives 50-65 years.
The meretrix is a genetically designed female sex worker. Meretrices are engineered to have very low fertility rates, increased sex drive, and a greater resistance to STDs and infections. The typical meretrix phenotype is a rather squishy pneumatic body type that isn't particularly attractive, but certainly 'available'. These sex trade workers are most commonly found in the fringe areas of the ACPS, and the USSA. The ACPS designed Meretrix strain is a dominant phenotype, so that the children of meretrices themselves are delta/meretrix as well.
Betas are where the money is at. Better, stronger, faster, smarter, and longer lived than the average gamma type human, but not so much so that the larger number of gamma level humans are aware of it. The Beta isn't threatening, isn't scary. But the Beta is transitional.
The Beta is the gateholder, ushering in the next generation of Betas. Adults can get a functional Beta upgrade through genetic therapy (6-8 months) provided they have the money and contacts. Children can also be upgraded in the womb, under the aegis of a follow up genetic screening test and treatment session. Which children get these? The right ones, of course. The children of certain gifted people, people in positions of wealth and power, and so forth. Politicians and CEOs have beta augmented children. Some children are augmented seemingly at random (the AISCs tasked with tracking population demographics pick the parents whose offspring are to be upgraded). The number of betas will increase, until there are enough betas to create a buffer between the alphas and the gammas, and then the gammas will start being phased out.
Oh don't look so upset, machines are upgraded every year. Out of consideration of your fleshy sentimentalities, this program is going to run about 200 years.
The element of the superhuman take over story is that the genetic supermen show up and immediately threaten humanity with their superior power, and a frightened and inferior humanity is forced to lash out with its two greatest weapons, superior numbers and a capacity for violence. There are forces at work within the Cosmic Era that have their own agendas and are working behind the scenes for their own purposes.
The ACPS is advancing its own plan, Gaochao is a generation plan that aims to expand the borders of China by increasing the numbers of people who are genetically Chinese in each area. Rather than being aimed at the enemies of the ACPS, this plan is aimed at the allies of China within the ACPS. The introduction of Chinese sourced genetic screenings was initially met with joy, as it meant that generations of crippling cancers and other diseases were on the way out. The populations have started noticing that their birthrates are going down, and that while cancer is gone, the first people who accepted genetic therapies are starting to die off younger than their untreated parents. Sex workers in Thailand and SE Asia are seeing the normal prostitution based birthrate plummet, as the number of sex workers increases (meretrices).
All the while, there is no shortage of Chinese people immigrating into these countries, to take up the slack. Once the majority of people in a region are Chinese, that region becomes part of China.
The Atlantic Federation has its own Coordinator Program and it is aiming at creating a population profile that is 10% Alpha, 35% Beta, 50% Gamma and 5% Delta. This push is largely being supported by the same factions that are pushing the Atlantic Federation into space. The larger number of Federation ships, space colonies, habitats, and offworld sites like the Lunar cities, Martian cities, and the asteroid belt mining stations require exceptional humans to maintain, and standard humans to populate
What About Clones?
Clones have already been discussed in Cloning in the Cosmic Era but most codex and series clones are going to generally be Gamma or Beta level, and unless there is a specific reason, clones are going to start with a clean genetic code, so wont have inheritable genetic conditions. Soldier and other high risk clones are more likely to be expendable Delta types, as are menial labor clones, but again, clones and robots are competing for the same jobs and in the realm of low pay, low initiative, low difficulty jobs, the machines have a solid track record of winning.
Gamma is normal, Beta is transitional between Gamma and Alpha. Delta is transitional between Gamma and Epsilon. Epsilons are undesireable as they are considered a waste of resources (electricity is in much higher availability than organic food, shelter, etc). Alphas are desireable, but due the potential of public backlash (And toss in a couple of high profile Alphas losing their marbles Sephiroth style) they cannot and are not immediate goals. The Beta has to be transitioned through before the alpha will be accepted. | <urn:uuid:e34a8994-985b-4b96-8015-349682a5c663> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://strolen.com/viewing/Genetic_Castes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158320.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922103644-20180922124044-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.961419 | 2,397 | 2.71875 | 3 |
You have a routine in your house. It probably looks something like this: the children come home from school, they have a snack of milk and cookies, play, have dinner, do homework, watch television then go to bed.
It’s easy for a routine like this to become a ritual that doesn’t change, but reconsider this: a change in routine is possible.
Children often spend many hours doing quiet and generally passive types of activities like reading, watching television and direct their attention to other contemplative activities.
There’s an opportunity to step out of your comfort zone and do something more; balance these passive activities with physical activity – that’s right – MOVE!
Engaging both the passive and active parts of a child’s experience creates a more balanced all-encompassing life experience.
Exercise fuels the brain with oxygen. Eating nutritious food and drinking sufficiently is important too. Make healthy choices and create healthy habits to support the beneficial outcome you want … that includes physical activity.
Do your part, Get Moovin’ & Groovin’ with your kids, this type of activity benefits the whole family.
A child’s life changes for the better when they’re involved in another playmates activity or others get involved in their activity. Through these experiences they experience acceptance and socialization.
Additionally, physical play improves fitness, strength, endurance and balance. The same part of the brain that processes movement also processes learning. The physical activity boosts cognition making learning easier.
At the same time the children are building muscles and strengthening their bodies. Their coordination improves and as an added bonus they burn energy that makes them tired and hungry, the results: the child sleeps and eat better too.
It’s up to you to set the stage. This is not about what your child can’t do – this is about untapped potential and the child’s accomplishments. Focus on what your child can do and expand upon it. This is what you’re exploring together.
Children often follow by example, so it’s important that the parent is comfortable with physical activity and expresses pleasure in the shared activities.
Go to a park or a playground with your child or take the whole family, you’ll have access to more space for different kinds of activities and the possibilities expand.
Children develop good feelings about themselves as they learn to control their actions and their bodies. They learn through their experience. As an added bonus their vocabulary changes to include new action words that describes their experience.
Choosing a variety of activities with your child keeps your child involved. Do some of these activities with your child and watch how your child responds.
Ideas that Offer More Options: An outdoor environment offers more possibilities for these stimulating activities which include, Jumping, Jumping on a bed, Jumping Jacks, Jump Rope, Skating, Swinging, Spinning, Rolling, Running in place, across a field or on the beach – barefoot in the sand, Hopping, Throwing, Crawling, Catching, Pushing, Pulling, Climbing monkey bars, See-sawing, Dancing, Walking in your neighborhood, Hiking in nature, Cutting, Sawing, Pounding, Stretching, Balancing or a simply walk a straight line. Walking backwards with the child gives everyone involved a unique experience.
Create an obstacle course and describe the objective. Encourage the child or children to experiment instead of telling them what to do.
Children usually enjoy these activities especially if you do them together. When possible, music in the background makes the activities more enjoyable.
Okay, consider passing on the parents jumping on the bed – maybe you have access to a trampoline. Consider a broad scope of possibilities with each activity.
Daily physical education works in tandem with educational learning. Physical activity prepares the brain to respond to challenges. The child develops quicker responses, better motor fitness and remembers more. You may notice the child has less stress and more ease of movement too.
The children challenge their own strength and learn about what they are physically capable of doing. The child develops skills that shift their attention from one task to another. This builds confidence.
Consider the opportunities that may arise from development of physical strength and stamina such as teams to join, contests and races.
There are rewards for taking action. A parent connecting with their child in more diverse ways, enjoys the experience and learns that it’s a win-win situation with rewards for everyone, not just the for the child. The child learns that the parent approves and that they are capable of doing physical things independently.
The obvious reward is to get to have another physically active experience. This is new repetitive physical activity. When you take an action and repetitively get a reward for what you’ve done, your behavior naturally changes.
Act on your impulse … act now …MOVE!!!
Orchard Human Services, Inc. a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization | <urn:uuid:7e7e6951-a65a-4842-9a0d-843af727fde6> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://parentblog.org/uncategorized/parents-get-it-moovin-and-groovin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735939.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805094821-20200805124821-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.945439 | 1,032 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Microsoft Excel Tips. Functions. VBA Programming. Forumalas. Excel 2003 and Excel 2007 Videos. MS Office Questions. Learn Excel Easy Way. MS Word,MS Access. ASAP Tools of Excel. Excel New Features.Functions: Sumif,Countif,Vlookup,Piviot Table,Text Properties,Cell Format,Advance Filter,Duplicate Records
Find Character in string (text) from Ending
The following formula will help you to identify specific character from the end.
For example, the character which want to find has multiple instances, this formulae will give you the last instance position.
If you want to extract what's to the right of the last forward slash you can use | <urn:uuid:777903a3-c5ae-4cb5-bf7f-3cd02d8ccdd9> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://xcel7.blogspot.com/2011/09/find-character-in-string-text-from.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864022.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621040124-20180621060124-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.768891 | 147 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The 2016 Summer Olympics begin in Rio this August. That means soon you can be homeschooling with the Olympics! The most valuable prerequisite for all of the Olympians is their unwavering dedication. Each competitor spends hours every single day dedicating time and effort to their skill to get them into the Olympics, and eventually into a win. This concept of determination is easily lost among our day-to-day tasks. Dedication is not a skill easily learned or easily implemented but it is certainly worthwhile. While homeschooling your children you can use the Olympic event to discuss and teach the value of determination with these 4 resolutions:
Determination has to be learned
Determination is not a natural ability. Many times passion fuels the ability to learn determination to increase skill or achieve a specific level of success. If passion is necessary to learn persistence then your little ones need to discover their passions. Watching the Olympics is a great start to exposing your kids to what this level of drive looks like and where it can take them.
Anything is Possible
Many young ones learn early on that “anything is possible” but there are so few real-life examples of this phrase. Going beyond storybook tales and movies, how do you share that anything truly is possible? Many of the Olympic competitors have amazing back-stories of how they came from “nothing” and worked hard every single day to get where they are. Many of these real-life stories hold valuable lessons, not just for kids, but for all of us.
Failure is Okay, Giving up is NOT
Failure is one of the most consistent experiences in life. Not just failure, but disappointment, sadness, etc. Whether personal or external, failure will happen, and we need to teach our children that failing is okay – it’s the giving up part that’s not. Many of the Olympic competitors failed before reaching the Olympic event. Almost all of the competitors will fail at the Olympic event..except one.. the winner. Watching how the competitors handle themselves and their failures are great examples of what failing but not giving up can look like.
Training is not easy, but necessary
The competing Olympians didn’t just train – they trained hard. They trained their body, their mind, and their spirit. Each Olympian had to overcome their own personal obstacles which could have included personal confidence, fears of public speaking, fear of failure, dieting, and much more. | <urn:uuid:cb117607-f9f2-4776-8709-394980d5e36b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://homeschool-curriculum.org/what-homeschoolers-can-learn-from-the-olympics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.961045 | 497 | 2.75 | 3 |
By KATHY McCORMACK
Associated Press Writer, Jul 5, 2006
One of the New Hampshire Historical Society’s most mysterious and requested artifacts – the “Mystery Stone” – is now on display in the exhibition New Hampshire Through Many Eyes at the Society’s museum
Source: Museum of New Hampshire History. Click and Drag Photo to resize.
CONCORD, N.H. (AP) -- In 1872, so the story goes, workers digging a hole for a fence post near Lake Winnipesaukee in Meredith found a lump of clay that seemed out of place.
There was something inside - a dark, odd-looking, egg-shaped stone with a variety of carvings, including a face, teepee, ear of corn and star-like circles.
And there were lots of questions: Who made the stone and why? How old was it? How was it carved?
To date, no one's been able to say for sure, and the item has come to be known as the "Mystery Stone."
Seneca Ladd, a Meredith businessman who hired the workers, was credited with the discovery.
"As Mr. Ladd is quite a naturalist, and has already an extensive private collection of relics and specimens, he was delighted with the new discovery, and exhibited and explained the really remarkable relic with an enthusiasm which only the genuine student can feel," an article in "The American Naturalist" said that November.
Ladd died in 1892, and in 1927, one of his daughters donated the stone to the New Hampshire Historical Society. The stone, surrounded by mirrors showing off its symbols, recently went on permanent display at the Museum of New Hampshire History, where it had last been exhibited in 1996.
All the symbols on the 4-inch-long, 2 1/2-inch-thick stone are open to interpretation. On one side, it has what look like inverted arrows, a moon, some dots and a spiral. Another side shows the ear of corn and a depressed circle with three figures, one of which looks like a deer's leg.
"The American Naturalist" suggested the stone "commemorates a treaty between two tribes."
Others have guessed the stone is Celtic or Inuit. A letter to the historical society in 1931 suggested it was a "thunderstone," which, the writer said, "always present the appearance of having been machined or hand-worked: frequently they come from deep in the earth, embedded in lumps of clay, or even surrounded by solid rock or coral."
Another curious detail is that there are holes bored in both ends of the stone, with different size bits. Each bore is straight, not tapered. Scratches in the lower bore suggest it was placed on a metal shaft and removed several times, according to an analysis done by state officials in 1994.
"I've seen a number of holes bored in stone with technology that you would associate with prehistoric North America," said Richard Boisvert, state archaeologist. "There's a certain amount of unevenness ... and this hole was extremely regular throughout."
Boisvert suggested the holes were drilled by power tools, perhaps from the 19th or 20th centuries. "What we did not see was variations that would be consistent with something that was several hundred years old," he said.
The analysis, which included comments from geologist Eugene Boudette, concluded the stone is a type of quartzite, derived from sandstone, or mylonite, a fine-grained, laminated rock formed by the shifting of rock layers along faults. The rock type was not familiar to New Hampshire, but the state could not be ruled out as the source, Boudette said.
Boisvert said to his knowledge, the stone is unique. "That makes it very hard to figure out where it fits," he said.
Click and drag photo to resize.
One problem is the story of the stone's discovery is fuzzy, he said.
"You couldn't be certain exactly what kind of context it came from. There's a lot of ambiguity there ... it's very difficult to evaluate it," he said. "The context of the discovery is sometimes more important than the item itself."
For example, Boisvert said, if the item had been something used by a fraternal order that has its own secrets and mysteries, "that means the information doesn't get out very well, does it? The information may have been available at one point, but it's really no longer available to us. Who knows?"
Wesley Balla, the society's director of collections and exhibitions, said one avenue to explore might be looking for similar symbols. And, "there's also always the hope that there might be something more in either newspaper or manuscript form that might discuss the contents," he said.
Balla said the discovery seems to reflect on the way artifacts were treated in the 19th century. The focus was more on the object itself, not on details such as how deep the soil was where it was found, if anything was found near it, or how far it was from the lake.
"All of that is lost," he said. | <urn:uuid:697587ff-8567-4dd8-bbf6-352dd8a5e4a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://s8int.com/page42.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146302.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00018-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984532 | 1,076 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- white label dating telephone number;
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- How Does Carbon Dating Work;
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Principles of Radiometric Dating
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Holt McDougal Introduction to Geography: Radiometric dating is a method used to determine the age of rocks and other materials based on the rate of radioactive decay. Radiometric Dating Determining your age is easy.
Radioactive Decay and Parent and Daughter Nuclides To better understand how radiometric dating helps us determine the age of rocks, it will help us to gain a better understanding of how elements decay. Radioactive Decay- Isotopes Specially defined isotopes, called nuclides, can be unstable and therefore undergo radioactive decay. Alpha Decay This transformation into a different nuclide can be accomplished in different ways.
Alpha Decay Beta Decay If we have a parent nucleus where the neutron-to-proton ratio is too great, then that parent might be feeling unstable about its circumstance and want to move to a more stable state through beta decay. Try it risk-free No obligation, cancel anytime. Want to learn more?
Select a subject to preview related courses: Gamma Decay There is another type of decay that we want to learn about, but unlike alpha and beta decay, this type of decay does not release a particle. Gamma Decay Lesson Summary Let's review. Learning Outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Define radiometric dating Describe how unstable nuclides undergo decay Identify alpha, beta and gamma decay.
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You are viewing lesson Lesson 5 in chapter 2 of the course:. Earth Science 24 chapters lessons 16 flashcard sets. Earth's Spheres and Internal There are three principal techniques used to measure carbon 14 content of any given sample— gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting, and accelerator mass spectrometry.
Gas proportional counting is a conventional radiometric dating technique that counts the beta particles emitted by a given sample. Beta particles are products of radiocarbon decay. In this method, the carbon sample is first converted to carbon dioxide gas before measurement in gas proportional counters takes place.
Liquid scintillation counting is another radiocarbon dating technique that was popular in the s. In this method, the sample is in liquid form and a scintillator is added. This scintillator produces a flash of light when it interacts with a beta particle. A vial with a sample is passed between two photomultipliers, and only when both devices register the flash of light that a count is made.
Principles of isotopic dating
Accelerator mass spectrometry AMS is a modern radiocarbon dating method that is considered to be the more efficient way to measure radiocarbon content of a sample. In this method, the carbon 14 content is directly measured relative to the carbon 12 and carbon 13 present. The method does not count beta particles but the number of carbon atoms present in the sample and the proportion of the isotopes.
Not all materials can be radiocarbon dated. Most, if not all, organic compounds can be dated. Samples that have been radiocarbon dated since the inception of the method include charcoal , wood , twigs, seeds , bones , shells , leather, peat , lake mud, soil , hair, pottery , pollen , wall paintings, corals, blood residues, fabrics , paper or parchment, resins, and water , among others. Physical and chemical pretreatments are done on these materials to remove possible contaminants before they are analyzed for their radiocarbon content.
The radiocarbon age of a certain sample of unknown age can be determined by measuring its carbon 14 content and comparing the result to the carbon 14 activity in modern and background samples. The principal modern standard used by radiocarbon dating labs was the Oxalic Acid I obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland.
This oxalic acid came from sugar beets in Minerals should not contain any excess Ar because Ar should not enter the crystal structure of a mineral when it crystallizes. Thus, it always better to date minerals that have high K contents, such as sanidine or biotite. If these are not present, Plagioclase or hornblende. If none of these are present, then the only alternative is to date whole rocks. Some 40 Ar could be absorbed onto the sample surface. This can be corrected for. Most minerals will lose Ar on heating above o C - thus metamorphism can cause a loss of Ar or a partial loss of Ar which will reset the atomic clock.
If only partial loss of Ar occurs then the age determined will be in between the age of crystallization and the age of metamorphism.
What is Carbon (14C) Dating? Carbon Dating Definition
If complete loss of Ar occurs during metamorphism, then the date is that of the metamorphic event. The problem is that there is no way of knowing whether or not partial or complete loss of Ar has occurred. Examples of questions on this material that could be asked on an exam. Prior to the best and most accepted age of the Earth was that proposed by Lord Kelvin based on the amount of time necessary for the Earth to cool to its present temperature from a completely liquid state.
Principles of Radiometric Dating Radioactive decay is described in terms of the probability that a constituent particle of the nucleus of an atom will escape through the potential Energy barrier which bonds them to the nucleus. Thus, if we start out with 1 gram of the parent isotope, after the passage of 1 half-life there will be 0.
Some examples of isotope systems used to date geologic materials. To see how we actually use this information to date rocks, consider the following: To account for this, we first note that there is an isotope of Sr, 86 Sr, that is: If we divide equation 4 through by the amount of 86 Sr, then we get: Note also that equation 5 has the form of a linear equation, i.
How can we use this? In nature, however, each mineral in the rock is likely to have a different amount of 87 Rb.
Related explain the principle of radioactive dating
Copyright 2019 - All Right Reserved | <urn:uuid:5cab4ac8-d865-46cc-a40f-1a08267f678a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://gestmurcdiszover.cf/posy-explain-the.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371576284.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405084121-20200405114121-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.900403 | 1,655 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Ontario Balsam Poplar
Populus balsamifera, commonly called balsam poplar, bam, bamtree, eastern balsam poplar, hackmatack, tacamahac poplar, tacamahaca, is a tree species in the balsam poplar species group in the poplar genus, Populus. The genus name Populus is from the Latin for poplar, and the specific epithet balsamifera from Latin for "balsam-bearing". Other common names for the species include heartleaf balsam poplar, and Ontario balsam poplar. The black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, is sometimes considered a subspecies of P. balsamifera and may lend its common name to this species, although the black poplars and cottonwoods of Populus sect. Aigeiros are not closely related.
Populus balsamifera is the northernmost American hardwood, growing transcontinentally on boreal and montane upland and flood plain sites, and attaining its best development on flood plains. It is a hardy, fast-growing tree which is generally short lived, but some trees as old as 200 years have been found.
The Balm-of-Gilead (Populus × jackii), also known as P. × gileadensis, is the hybrid between P. balsamifera and the eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides), occurring occasionally where the two parental species' ranges overlap. This hybrid is also sometimes planted as a shade tree, and sometimes escapes from cultivation. The name Populus candicans has been variously used for either P. balsamifera or P. × jackii; it is currently considered a synonym of P. balsamifera.
Balm of Gilead is a balm (healing compound) made from the resinous gum of this species[unreliable source?] or related species such as Populus × jackii. However, despite the name, this tree is not the source of the turpentine Canada balsam, derived instead from the balsam fir (Abies balsamea).
- "USDA GRIN taxonomy".
- Peattie, Donald Culross. 1991. A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 100.
- Earl J.S. Rook (2006-03-04). "Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera". Rook.org. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
- "USDA PLANTS profile".
- "Populus balsamifera L". Na.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
- Werthner, William B. (1935). Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398 pp.
- "Herbal Branch 4: Balm of Gilead". Familyherbalremedies.com. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
Media related to Populus balsamifera at Wikimedia Commons
|This Salicaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:808d70fd-e105-485e-b46e-31ea13487785> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_balsamifera | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644068098.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025428-00120-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.783405 | 701 | 3.109375 | 3 |
posted on Feb, 6 2014 @ 01:46 AM
reply to post by Arken
For those ancient alien theorists like myself, another explanation for these kind of boxes comes to mind.
Perhaps the boxes were used to store critical equipment for the Annunaki during the deluge (the deluge seems to have occurred between 10,500 to 14,000
yrs ago)- most, if not all of them went into orbit during the deluge, but they would have had a great deal of equipment that they would need to leave
behind on the surface. When sealed, possibly with a seal made from gold or silver leaf, they would be completely water tight.
The main evidence for megalithic aliens are the tool marks left on the stones. The tooling marks show clearly the width and diameter of cutting
blades, rate of progress through the stone and therefore the force can be calculated. When we know the force, we know the minimum strength of the
material from which the cutting instrument was made. The results prove that many cutting tools (disk saws and hole cutting saws) were made from some
material orders of magnitude stronger than steel.
From the abundant evidence left by tool marks we can prove through application of some basic math and science that these were highly advanced tools -
for me, thats the end of that controversy.
edit on 6-2-2014 by Amagnon because: (no reason given) | <urn:uuid:5a2aa859-b574-4ad2-be16-5a7705ce5c79> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread996202/pg3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898894.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00177-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975003 | 294 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Hampshire Cultural Trust cares for over 30,000 coins which date from the Iron Age to the present day. They reflect centuries of commerce and monarchy and capture the likenesses of hundreds of different rulers. If you were to examine these coins in person, or even look through our collections website, you might notice that there are some striking similarities between a number of our medieval coins.
With their bouncing curls, large crowns and sharp, calculating gazes, you might even think for a moment that the coins depict the same person—and in a way, they do. The question this article will explore is: why do these coins look so similar?
The answer lies, in part, with a coin from the reign of Henry III. The king who gave Winchester its Great Hall was also responsible for one of the many features which these subsequent coins under discussion have in common: the long cross.
The long cross had been used intermittently on early medieval coins, but in 1247 Henry III brought it in as a permanent feature on English coins. The long cross standardised the size of the coins. Prior to this, there was considerable confusion about the exact size coins were supposed to be and it allowed opportunists to 'clip' the coins. This meant that metal from coins was harvested, melted down and sold on, while the coin retained its original value. Henry III’s coinage reforms helped put an end to this fraudulent practice.
If you compare Henry III’s coin to that of his son, Edward I, then we can see where the inspiration for Edward’s own coin reforms may have come from. Edward altered the way the king’s likeness was presented on coins and it is him who we have to thank for the bouncy curls and clean-shaven jaw. Edward also introduced different denominations of coins, which helped to buoy the English economy, and he reduced the number of mints around the country. This last policy resulted in the closure of the Winchester mint, which had been operating for four hundred years.
The fact that the likeness remained more or less the same for two centuries is extraordinary, especially considering that this was an intensely tumultuous period in English history. From 1327 to 1485, English monarchs were deposed on seven different occasions and the kingdom repeatedly broke down into civil war as different factions vied for political power and, ultimately, the throne itself. The backdrop to all of this was the Hundred Years War, which emptied the English treasury and, in the end, left the kingdom very little to show for a century of intermittent and bloody warfare.
Despite all of this change, the Edwardian likeness endured. In many ways, it was the only consistent thing about the monarchy in this period—and in that, perhaps, we find the answer to our question, although we can never be absolutely certain. Coins were, and remain to this day, everyday propaganda. They help a monarch emphasise their power and similarities between coins across different reigns helped to show that there was continuity between monarchs. This was especially important given the amount of change that was occurring in this period.
Moreover, it suggested that these rulers were part of an unbroken chain of monarchy (despite it clearly being broken many times over), and it emphasised their dynastic links to Edward I and the Plantagenets. This would have been advantageous in the case of Henry VII, whose claim to the throne was widely questioned. By maintaining this image of kingship on his coinage, he could emphasise his place within the royal story and show that not only was he the rightful king—he was also part of this monarchic continuity from Henry III and Edward I onwards.
Therefore, perhaps what we see is not so much the likeness of the kings who are ruling, but a likeness of what kingship ought to be, and was expected to be by all parts of society during the medieval period. What these rulers are projecting to us is essentially the same person, the same ideal, in order to demonstrate that they are that ideal monarch - even when they are not.
If you have enjoyed Culture on Call and you are able to make a donation, please click the link below. Any support you can give will help us keep communities connected to culture in these difficult times. | <urn:uuid:4bdc989d-01be-4865-bc26-4654e85c1700> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.cultureoncall.com/striking-similarities-the-coins-of-the-plantagenets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335350.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929100506-20220929130506-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.980322 | 869 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Class loader makes JVM to load classes that are being used by an application. Class loading process have three phases:
1. Physical Loading
As shown in the following figure:
1) Physical Loading
Physical loading is the fi rst phase, in which class loader, searches the required class files on specified paths and loads the bytecode in memory.
2) Linking Linking phase is accomplished in three stages:
a) Bytecode Verification:
3) Initialization Phase
Class loader performs various checks on bytecode to ensure its proper formation, as required by JVM.
b) Class Preparation:
In this stage, memory is allocated to components of a class
i.e. fields, methods etc.
Transforming symbolic references from the type into direct
During initialization phase, static initializer blocks are executed for initializing static fi elds to their default values.
Types of Class Loaders
When JVM starts, three class loaders work:
1. Bootstrap class loader
2. Extension class loader
3. Application class loader
1. Bootstrap Class Loader:
It is responsible for loading Core java library (rt.jar) from JDKfolder/jre/lib directory. This class loader is a program written in native code.
2. Extension Class Loader:
It is responsible for loading class libraries (x.jar) from JDKfolder/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. Application Class Loader:
It is responsible for loading classes (jar files) from directories specifi ed by system CLASSPATH variable.
The classloader hierarchy is shown below:
Note that the class loader hierarchy shown below is not inheritance hierarchy but a delegation hierarchy. Most class loaders delegate finding classes and resources to their parent class loader before trying to load the classes itself. If the parent class loader cannot find the class or resource, then the class loader try to find them locally. In other words, a class loader loads the classes which are not available to the parent class loader. For example, if the application class loader need to load a class, it first delegates to the extension class loader, which, then delegates to the bootstrap class loader. However, the parent class loader always has the opportunity to load a class first. | <urn:uuid:38815777-6aca-4523-8f92-ab8571051f20> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://sbenterprises.in/java-virtual-machine/class-loader-page.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987828425.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023015841-20191023043341-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.842867 | 522 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In many ways, research on linear measurement has not answered fundamental questions that were asked 2 decades ago (p 893). Research suggests that students construct meaningful understanding of length measurement as they abstract and reflect on the process of iterating unit lengths (p 895). In contrast to the Piagetian view, a simpler explanation of the mechanism for length conservation is possible. As children repeatedly compare abstracted scanning motions for non-aligned equal-length objects by placing them in appropriate end-to-end alignments, they abstract a general reversible alignment process. This process, coupled with exposure to adults who interpret the process as indicating that the length of an object does not change when it moves, builds a reasoning structure that supports conservation (p 897). | <urn:uuid:921930d3-ed03-42e1-b113-3cb3d1a229e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://teachspatial.org/length/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655908294.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710113143-20200710143143-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.938134 | 150 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The second Spring Talk featured Fraser Thomson, a lawyer with Ecojustice Canada, who described how he and his fellow lawyers are using the legal process to fight for the environment. Two general crises face us, one being the climate crisis of global warming as exemplified by the image on an emaciated polar bear on a small ice floe. The second is the human crisis that follows as the elderly and marginalized communities are disproportionately impacted by heat waves, smoke from wildfires, spread of infectious diseases once found only in the tropics, forced migration, and increased extreme weather events.
Fraser suggested that the 2020s were the most critical decade yet for climate action. Currently one proposed environmental target is a 1.5°C temperature increase in average global temperature over pre-industrial levels, a goal unlikely to be reached at current levels of carbon dioxide emission. Even a 2.0°C increase would harm hundreds of millions more people, and current projections suggest 3.0°C as likely without serious action. And even at lower levels, there is concern of an irreversible tipping point where ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica slide into the ocean or permafrost melts, releasing both carbon dioxide and methane, an even more potent greenhouse gas. Fraser suggested that there is a political crisis of government inaction at all levels. The targets for Rio, Kyoto and Copenhagen agreements have all been missed, with the Paris Agreement the newest hope.
Youth are key to action on climate change because their future is a consequence of our current action or inaction. Their anxiety and fear for the future is part of the mental health impact arising from climate change. As such, Fraser is working with a diverse group of seven young clients from across Ontario who have launched a lawsuit against the Ontario Ford government that repealed, on taking office, laws to reduce pollution. One of Fraser’s clients stated that “it’s important for me to be part of this lawsuit because my generation deserves a future”.
Fraser sees two opportunities, one human and one legal, that offer hope. Firstly, youth offer new ideas and energy: they are effective and energetic spokespersons for the environment. Secondly, Canada has human rights legislation that offers equality rights and Charter rights as a means to challenge government action. Governments can make and change laws, but they cannot violate constitutional or Charter rights. The Ecojustice suit asks the question: “Has the state consciously engaged in activity that will harm the planet and therefore infringe on the rights of citizens?”. It hopes to force the provincial government to adopt science-based targets for greenhouse gas emissions. So far, since its launch in November 2019, Ecojustice has successfully fought the Ontario government’s attempts to quash the suit and it is likely to go to trial.
The discussion that followed Fraser’s presentation covered a wide range of topics, many beyond the scope of this topic: other cases being launched across Canada; infringement on indigenous rights; the Ajax Duffins Creek controversy; the Tragedy of the Commons and local environmental action compared to that of China and India; and, the consequences of a future change of government.
Fraser clearly showed his passion for Ecojustice’s environmental mission and we look forward to getting updates on the progress of the lawsuit.
Fraser has attached the following two links for follow-up support for these issues: the first, for the youth in the Ecojustice case against the Ontario government, and the second, in support of Bill C12
Here are the links: | <urn:uuid:7bececf1-d909-43bc-a425-8993ffa181b4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://allto.ca/talks/fighting-for-the-future-how-youth-led-climate-litigation-can-help-tackle-the-climate-crisis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929122500-20230929152500-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.94942 | 719 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In a house full of energy hogs like a furnace, air conditioner and hot water heater, sometimes we overlook opportunities to cut back on utility costs that are hiding right under our noses. One appliance that seldom comes to mind when seeking to reduce electricity consumption is the dishwasher. This useful piece of equipment does use a decent amount of energy, however – after all, its main by-product is heat, which takes a substantial amount of power to produce. Read on for an eye-opening exploration of the question of just how much electricity does a dishwasher use.
Dishwashers frequently conceal their true energy consumption since the machine doesn't actually use very much in the way of electricity itself. The pump and control electronics require about 1200 watts, about the same as a blow dryer. Unless the appliance has its own onboard heater, which adds quite a bit to its power demands, that's it. The reason that the dishwasher is able to get away with such a low power profile is because it piggybacks off another one of your household appliances for as much as half of its energy consumption – the hot water heater.
Dishwashers need piping-hot water to do their job effectively, and that water has to come from somewhere. The gas or electricity that the water heater needs to supply the dishwasher should, by rights, count toward the dishwasher's total energy consumption. How much energy is required depends on the amount of water the appliance needs to clean the dishes, which in turn depends primarily on when the dishwasher was manufactured:
Take the estimates above as a general guideline, not set-in-stone figures. To provide a true estimate of how much energy a dishwasher uses is tricky, since the amount of power used by your model will vary widely depending on the manufacturer's design and which cycles you choose to run. Different settings for soil level and the type of dishes in the load will affect variables such as the water pressure and amount of water. You may also have an option for heated drying, which essentially doubles the base electrical cost to produce another round of heat. So, your mileage may vary, but by using the average consumption rates we can get an idea of how money the dishwasher adds to your monthly utility bills.
A dishwasher's base electricity usage is pleasantly inexpensive. For a 1200-watt model and a load time of one hour, you use 1.2 kilowatt-hours (kWh), which is about 12 cents per load on a 10 cent per kWh electricity plan. If you run the appliance five days a week, you'll end up paying just $2.40 each month for basic electricity consumption.
Don't forget about the hot water, however. Assuming we've got an inlet temperature of 68°F and a target temperature of 120°F, the numbers work out as follows:
How to Save Money When Using Your Dishwasher
You do have opportunities to whittle down the amount of money you spend on energy for your dishwasher and other kitchen appliances. Try out the following tips to keep your power usage to a bare minimum: | <urn:uuid:c1076893-a8d9-4754-98c2-fb0b37196fb2> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.directenergy.com/learning-center/energy-efficiency/how-much-energy-dishwasher-use | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510352.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403061648-20200403091648-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.955266 | 630 | 2.875 | 3 |
The EPA under the Obama administration has passed new rules on what waterways the Clean Water Act applies to:
The Clean Water Rule, drafted by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers, extends the Clean Water Act’s protections to all tributaries with signs of flowing water. These streams and wetlands can have a crucial effect on the health of downstream waters, agency officials say. For “drinking water to be clean, the streams and wetlands that feed them need to be clean too,” EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said in a statement.
This restores protections that the waterways had until rulings by the Supreme Court:
The uncertainty stems from a 2006 Supreme Court decision that concluded the act protects against illegal discharges into streams and wetlands that connect to navigable waters, but that did not define what qualified as a connection.
Republicans, of course, are against the expansion:
“The administration’s decree to unilaterally expand federal authority is a raw and tyrannical power grab that will crush jobs,” House Speaker John A. Boehner of Ohio said in a statement.
Let’s be clear what this is about:
Granta Nakayama, who served as the Assistant Administrator for the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance at the EPA until 2009, found that between July 2006 and March 2008 the agency had decided not to pursue formal enforcement in 304 cases because of jurisdictional uncertainty.
In 2008, in an internal memo, Nakayama wrote that the uncertainty “results in delays in enforcement and increases the resources needed to bring enforcement cases.”
And so in 2007, when an oil company discharged thousands of gallons of crude oil into Edwards Creek in Titus County, Texas, the EPA did not issue a fine, pursue legal action or even require clean up. Similarly, after a farming operation dumped manure into tributaries that fed Lake Blackshear in Georgia, the EPA did not seek to hold the polluting company responsible — despite the fact that tests showed unsafe levels of bacteria and viruses in the lake, which was regularly used for waterskiing and other recreation.
Businesses and large farmers want to be able to save money by polluting, that’s what Boehner and the Republicans are supporting. | <urn:uuid:29753493-a2d9-47cf-8e46-50740287580d> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://fredtopeka.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/epas-new-rule-on-clean-water-bothers-groups-that-want-to-pollute/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170253.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00230-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952917 | 457 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Well, let's start from the beginning, convolution is an operation that is used not only in neural networks. Actually, people were using it in signal processing long before neural networks. Convolution is also used in image processing, in photoshop for example. So let's start from image processing. Take a look at this link. Here you can see how we can use conv op to process an image. If you choose an outline kernel you can basically extract edges from that image using 3x3 kernel and applying it on the image.
So when you train your network you change parameters of that kernel in a way that minimizes your loss function. However, it is a really hard question what representations your CNN will learn. But for the sake of the example, let's assume that in the first layer your network learned to extract edges from an input image. Then you feed that feature map to the second layer and the second layer now should learn to extract new features from those edges provided by the first layer. For example, it can learn to detect horizontal edges or vertical one, so if you trying to recognize cars vs pedestrians, for example, cars will have more horizontal edges when pedestrians will have more vertical edges. Also note, that we usually make several feature maps per layer, so in this example, 2nd layer can output 16 feature maps produced by different kernels with different parameters so it could recognize vertical edges, horizontal edges, round one and so on. After that you feed the output of the 2nd layer, let's say, to the fully connected layer and the fc layer will say "ok, I see that previous layer recognized horizontal edges so I must output higher probability for the car, but if 2nd layer recognized vertical edges I would output higher probability for the pedestrian".
Of course, this is oversimplified and in reality, representations learned by the network will be way more abstract, but I think just for the sake of gaining intuition this is an acceptable example. But if you are looking to gain a deeper knowledge about what CNNs learn in their layers read this article, not an easy reading, especially if you don't know much about CNNs, but it is quite insightful. Also if you don't want to read that article here is a video presentation made by the authors of that paper on youtube. | <urn:uuid:f37960b0-ec51-4230-93e2-1f8226476d2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/8929/features-map-convolutional-neural-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107893402.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027052750-20201027082750-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.936251 | 468 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Caledonia Products Integrative Problem
April 1st, 2013
1. Why should Caledonia focus on project free cash flows as opposed to the accounting profits earned by the project when analyzing whether to undertake the project? Caledonia should observe the free cash flows on the project instead of the accounting profits because free cash flows help show how well the project can pay back its initial investment. Of course it will also show the projected profit of the project yearly as well. The accounting profits do not show just cash flow, but instead consider things like deprecation which is not cash and therefore it understates the amount of cash available (Titman, Keown, & Martin, 2011).
2. What are the incremental cash flows for the project in years 1 through 5 and how do these cash flows differ from accounting profits or earnings? Free cash flows differ from accounting profits because they incorporate depreciation back into the equation. It is important to add back in the depreciation expense, since the item was actually purchased using cash previously and depreciation is not a cash-flow (Titman, Keown, & Martin, 2011). Free cash flows also look at the Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) and Working Capital. The CAPEX includes initial project investments and also if there is any salvage value left on equipment. The Working Capital depends on how much the firm depended on credit and how much inventory they use as well.
3. What is the project’s initial outlay
The intial outlay is 8,000,000 (7,900,000 for new plant and equipment and 100,000 for shipping).
4. Sketch out a cash flow diagram for this project.
| |Year 0 |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 |Year 4 |Year 5 | |Unit Price | |$300.00 |$300.00...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:d880d9bc-997b-4698-bc24-bf8f7289af55> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Week-4-Ltb-1569709.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947654.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425001823-20180425021823-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.915968 | 387 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Could a bacteria commonly found in plants and soil save bats from a deadly fungal disease called White-nose Syndrome? It’s possible, scientists say. The new treatment, developed in Missouri by Forest Service scientists Sybill Amelon and Dan Lindner, and Chris Cornelison of Georgia State University, doses bats at a low level through the air. Scientists are seeing an increased health and survival rate among the bats.
The researchers found a possible cure in a common bacterium, which is already used in industrial applications like food flavorings. The team “grew the bacterium on cobalt, which produced so-called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that stop the fungus, Psuedogymnoascus destructans, from growing,” according to Discovery.com. However, because more than one chemical is created from the reaction, they are working to isolate the individual chemical that stops the fungus from growing.
White-nose Syndrome is a fungus that attacks a bat at the nose, ears and wings while it is hibernating. The bats’ temperature is also at its lowest at this point which encourages the fungal growth. All of the bats in a colony infected with White-nose Syndrome will die because their immune systems are compromised. Healthy bats will be able to retain their weight during hibernation, whereas bats with White-nose Syndrome will use twice as much energy and lose their fat reserves too early.
Bats in 26 states have been confirmed to have the disease and almost six million bats have died because of it since 2006. The 150 bats that survived the bacteria experiments will be released May 19. | <urn:uuid:6f630bde-9889-4824-bdff-5919a5f827c9> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://inhabitat.com/missouri-scientists-may-have-a-cure-for-white-nose-syndrome-in-bats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946199.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423203935-20180423223935-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.964382 | 335 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Supernovas may eject gas, extending dwarfs but leaving them nearly starless
A. Di Cintio, C. Brook, NIHAO simulations and Hubble Space Telescope
Brilliant births and destructive deaths of stars might take a runt of a galaxy and stretch it to become a ghostly behemoth, new computer simulations show. This process could explain the origin of recently discovered dark galaxies, which can be as wide as the Milky Way but host roughly 1 percent as many stars.
Since 2015, astronomers have found hundreds of these shadowy systems lurking in and around several clusters of galaxies (SN: 12/10/16, p. 18). How these dark galaxies form is a puzzle. But prolific star formation and blast waves from exploding stars could be responsible, researchers suggest in a paper to appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters.
“The mystery is: Are these galaxies like the Milky Way, or are they dwarf galaxies?” says study coauthor Arianna | <urn:uuid:47660e83-93cf-4bef-9ad8-84c46edb6d62> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.sciencenews.org/article/stellar-vomiting-produces-dark-galaxies-simulations-suggest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257156.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523063645-20190523085645-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.916516 | 204 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Artemis was the
Olympian Goddess of the hunt and the wilderness. She existed in harmony
with the forest and all of nature loved her. Her animal form was a
One myth, in which Hercules was commanded to capture the magical deer of
Artemis, tells of her brief fall. In order for Hercules to be fast
enough to capture Artemis he called upon Hermes to lend him his wings.
Artemis' reaction was to try to get even by hunting Hercules. Artemis
became obsessed with capturing and possessing Hercules. She believed she
was in love with Hercules but she had became a predator and was no
longer in harmony with nature. The animals became afraid of Artemis and
as a result the wilderness rejected her along with the other hunters who
had also become predators. Intervention by Hermes made Artemis realise
what she had done and once again she became the Divine huntress.
Numerous other legends relate the grace and beauty of Artemis. She was
desired by many gods and men but she was very protective of her purity
and non won her heart. Some tried to capture her. Grave punishment
awaited those who attempted to dishonour her in any way. At an early
age, as a wish, she was granted eternal virginity by her father Zeus. | <urn:uuid:383be2c2-2d9c-4314-bd50-25a786ef4024> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://scothowden.com/Artemis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.989522 | 271 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Politician, soldier, naturalist, and historian—a century after the peak of his multifaceted career, Theodore Roosevelt remains a towering symbol of American optimism and progress. This collection of speeches and commentaries from 1899 through 1901 embodies the Rough Rider's enduring ideals for attaining a robust political, social, and personal life.
The twenty-sixth president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) served as Chief Executive from 1901 to 1909 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his mediation of the Russo-Japanese War. Roosevelt wrote thirty-five books and delivered numerous lectures on topics ranging from citizenship and success to duty and sportsmanship. His 1899 address to a Chicago audience, "The Strenuous Life," articulates his belief in the transformative powers that individuals can achieve by overcoming hardship. Along with the other speeches and essays in this collection, Roosevelt's work offers an inspiring vision of moral rectitude and stalwart leadership.
Reprint of the Review of Reviews Company, New York, 1910 edition.
|Availability||Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours|
|Dimensions||5 3/16 x 8 1/4| | <urn:uuid:6eec2478-d0f3-4abc-a3f9-28614c9d2d97> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://store.doverpublications.com/0486472299.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298529.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00229-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919883 | 237 | 2.625 | 3 |
Human Rights in Cambodia
Updated 28 October 2015
The Cambodian constitution provides for separation of power and judicial independence, but the political dominance and influence of the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CCP) over all branches of government poses a serious challenge to democratisation and human rights protection and promotion. Prime Minister Hun Sen has been in power since 1985. Human rights violations in Cambodia include excessive use of force against and arrests of protesters; threats, intimidation, and judicial actions targeting human rights defenders, journalists, trade unionists, opposition groups, and politicians; hate speech directed at people of Vietnamese origin; trafficking in persons; corruption; and mass violations of land and housing rights.
Cambodia is a State party to most international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and the Convention against Torture (CAT). Chapter III of the 1993 Constitution enshrines and protects human rights. However, some laws fall short of international standards and may undermine human rights. The mandate for an independent United Nations human rights expert focusing on Cambodia has been in place since 1993. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) also maintains a country office.
In mid-2013, elections were held amidst allegations of widespread electoral fraud, which led to a political deadline. The main opposition party – the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) won an unprecedented number of seats but refused to take their seats in the National Assembly. CNRP demanded political changes and so did hundreds of thousands of ordinary Cambodians who came out in mass protests, particularly in the capital Phnom Penh. Protests escalated and were subsequently met by a crackdown with wide-reaching restrictions on the right to freedom of assembly. The mass protests also fuelled Cambodian factory workers’ demands for a living wage. The peaceful protests were repeatedly met with disproportionate use of force by security forces, resulting in several deaths and leaving many injured.
While struggling to reform, Cambodia also has to deal with its past. In August 2014, the UN-backed Khmer Rouge Tribunal sentenced the two most senior Khmer Rouge leaders still alive to life for crimes against humanity. However, the work and legacy of the Tribunal is threatened by political interference, allegations of corruption, and lack of funding.
The Situation for Human Rights Defenders in Cambodia
Cambodian civil society is robust but operates under an often restrictive and hostile environment. Civil society organisations focusing on service delivery – particularly with regards to health care – generally face fewer obstacles than human rights and advocacy organisations. State security forces, as well as anonymous state-employed thugs, routinely crack down on demonstrations with excessive force. There have been cases of killings of human rights defenders, including prominent leaders such as Chut Wutty and Chea Vichea.
Independent trade unions exist, but they have limited resources and face harassment, including by non-independent unions, whose representation of workers is dubious. Amid global demand for low-price goods, independent unions face difficulties to promote decent working conditions and fair wages. Human rights defenders protecting labour rights risk being fired, harassed, or arrested for organising industrial action.
In January 2014, the Ministry of Interior imposed a ban on assemblies, demonstrations and marches, in response to large-scale protests against the flawed elections, increase in garment worker wages and autocratic rule.
A draft ‘Cybercrime Law’ with provisions that would introduce restrictions on freedom of speech on the Internet is currently being considered in Cambodia’s parliament. These, and other legal measures, effectively hamper the work of human rights defenders in Cambodia.
Human rights groups continue to be vocal and creative in their response to threats against human rights defenders. They engage with and are supported by international and regional human rights groups, the OHCHR country office, the UN Special Rapporteur, donors, and other stakeholders.
Increasingly they support parts of wider social and grassroots movements involving workers, women, farmers, and democracy advocates, which have become vibrant and increasingly visible through protests and other peaceful actions.
Ten Rights In Focus
The Right to Life and Physical Integrity
The 1993 Constitution prohibits the death penalty. Cambodia acceded to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in 1992. Nonetheless, cases of torture are still reported, particularly in police custody, and mostly to extract confessions and for money. Detainees and prisoners are reportedly subjected to physical abuse including beatings, electric shocks, whippings and suffocation. Cambodian authorities have repeatedly condemned the use of torture, however, there is still no feasible judicial recourse for victims. A reason why acts of torture still prevail is that courts rely on forced confessions as evidence in convictions. This in turn is made possible since the authorities seldom allow independent monitoring of the treatment of detainees and prisoner.
Human trafficking is also a serious problem in Cambodia. Marginalised Cambodians are trafficked to countries in the region – like Thailand and Malaysia – often as migrant workers for construction businesses or to work on Thai fishing boats under slave like conditions. Reportedly, they are held on the boats against their will, forced to work for no or little pay, and often under threat of violence. Cambodians are also trafficked to neighbouring countries as domestic workers or to work in the sex industry. Women from neighbouring countries – e.g. Vietnam – are also trafficked to Cambodia, often for sexual exploitation.
The Right to Liberty and Security of Person
Cambodian law, particularly the Criminal Procedure Code, provides for due process rights for detainees and other persons deprived of their liberty. Pre-trial detention is allowed for up to six months with possible extension by permission from a judge. However, detainees are reportedly held without trial for longer periods than the law prescribes.
There are also so-called correction centres across Cambodia, in which drug users, homeless people, and sex workers are incarcerated in clear violation of international law. Estimated 2 000 people a year are detained without due process and with no means to get the legitimacy of their detention examined. Moreover, forced labour, physical and sexual assaults, and demeaning treatment of detainees are also reported, both as punishment and as part of the corrective measures.
Prison and detention conditions are poor and sometimes life threatening. Prisons are overcrowded and most prisoners have to survive on less than 1 US dollar a day and the water provided is often scarce and unhygienic. Basic necessities, including food and medical supplies, are scarce and those who do not have the money to pay the guards for supplies or lack trading goods have to endure an even more challenging environment. Children, who are allowed to stay in prison with their mothers until the age of three, also have to live in harsh conditions without proper nutrition or medical care.
The Right to a Fair Trial and an Effective Remedy
Although attempts have been made to improve fair trial rights, the judiciary remains susceptible to political influence, is permeated by corruption and lacks independence. Actions by Cambodian courts often do not comport with rule of law principles and international fair trial standards. The principle of presumption of innocence, though prescribed by law, is routinely ignored and defendants are often expected to bribe judges. Moreover, confessions often replace proper investigations and the accused are sometimes forced to sign statements after being subjected to beatings and threats. Defendants and legal representatives have the right to access information relevant to their case, but tend to be denied such access or have too little time to prepare a defence, particularly in politically sensitive cases. The same applies to cases involving high-ranking individuals. The elite are seldom held accountable for unlawful actions.
Human rights defenders and government critics are at times targeted by politically motivated charges. Legal action is repeatedly taken against land rights activists, trade unionists, and journalists to prevent them from carrying out their activities.
Critics lament the delay in the so-called Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge. In 2014, two former top leaders were found guilty of having committed the crimes against humanity of murder, political persecution and other inhumane acts, and sentenced to life, nine years after Cambodia and the UN agreed to establish the tribunal.
The Right to Freedom of Expression
Freedom of expression continues to be restricted in Cambodia, despite constitutional guarantee. The government and its associates strictly control traditional media outlets and run most TV and radio stations in the country. Print outlets and other broadcasting news that criticise the state, or are perceived to be affiliated with the political opposition, are regularly charged with defamation or incitement. Reportedly, state officials have also harassed and threatened journalists, reporters and publishers giving cause to some self-censorship among media professionals. However, new media – including online news, social networks and blogs – faces less government restrictions and together with increasing Internet access it has become possible to share views on different social and political issues. Online activists have also been able to spread information and shed light on matters considered to be sensitive in Cambodia. Nevertheless, the government has taken some restrictive measures and blocked websites and blogs deemed to be immoral or for criticising the state.
Public concern has also been raised about the so-called cybercrime law currently being considered. If adopted in its last published form, freedom of expression on the Internet would be severely restricted. The proposed law contains vaguely worded provisions prohibiting ‘non-factual’ material, material that could be ‘damaging to the moral and cultural values of society’, and material that could lead to ‘insecurity’ and ‘instability’.
Human rights defenders’ work in Cambodia is hampered by the restrictions on freedom of expression. Criticism of the government is not well accepted and journalists, activists, union leaders and human rights workers are routinely targeted with defamation and other politically motivated charges. They are frequently subjected to harassments, arbitrary arrests, and threats, including threats of legal action and of violence.
The Right to Freedom of Assembly and Association
In August 2015, the Law on Associations and Non-governmental Organisations was adopted, stoking fear within civil society of a shrinking space, as it codifies restrictions to the right to freely form and run associations.
Mass protests late 2013 and early 2014 mobilised Cambodians who expressed a range of grievances, including the power monopoly of the CPP, land confiscations and poor working conditions for garment workers. In early January 2014, security forces opened fire to disperse factory strikers who demanded higher wages, and killed four people. A blanket ban on assemblies has since been lifted.
Human rights defenders, particularly those seeking to protect labour rights or communities facing forced evictions, endure harassments and threats. Grassroots activists, including those from the Boeung Kak Lake community, are routinely beaten by the police and at times subjected to arbitrary detention as well as prosecution.
Nevertheless, the mobilisation of grassroots networks signals that people now increasingly choose to exercise and claim their rights and freedoms.
The rights to protection against hate speech and war propaganda
Racist hate speech particularly targets Vietnamese living in Cambodia (approximately 5 % of the population). The former UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Surya Subedi, expressed concern in 2014 about the prevalent anti-Vietnamese racism in the country, which occasionally has resulted in attacks on persons believed to be of Vietnamese origin. Some members of the opposition party has aggravated the situation by giving anti-Vietnamese statements claiming political control of the CPP by the Vietnamese government and blaming ethnic Vietnamese as partly the root of other problems in Cambodia.
The Right to Political Rights
Cambodia has a parliamentary multi-party system with regular elections, but democratic deficiencies are prevalent. Prime Minister Hun Sen has ruled the country for 30 years, which makes him one of the longest serving political leaders in the world. Tolerance for political opposition is limited. The CPP dominates political life in Cambodia. National elections were held in Cambodia in late July 2013. The CPP won a majority of the seats in parliament, but the opposition CNRP won more than 40 % of the seats. A political deadlock ensued, lasting a year, until both parties reached agreement over several contentious issues, such as the reform of the National Election Commission.
Allegations of election irregularities have been raised in previous elections, which the CPP won. However, since the most recent election, people are voicing discontent with being excluded from meaningful political participation, and are calling for democracy and increased transparency in political decision-making processes.
The Role of Civil Rights Defenders in Cambodia
Since 2011 Civil Rights Defenders has cooperated with human rights defenders in Cambodia’s civil society. We have provided financial and technical support to human rights groups, and facilitated their networking them with human rights defenders from across the world to exchange best practices. We have also co-organised lobbying trips for groups of human rights defenders visiting Sweden and supported human rights defenders in emergencies.
Tags: Human rights.
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Online Workshops About UDL and Accessibility
Introduction to Accessibility and Universal Design for Learning
Developed by Blackboard, Inc. and offered by the Boise State IDEA Shop, this course is an introduction to building online courses that are usable and accessible. The content is intended to inspire further exploration and advocacy for designing materials that benefit all students and help them achieve their educational goals. While the focus of this course is on developing online courses, much of the information about accessibility and universal design for learning is also applicable to face-to-face courses and hybrid courses.
The course is self-paced but facilitated by instructional design consultants from the IDEA Shop. You can move through the material on your own schedule, though a recommended schedule is provided.
The course content is organized into three modules:
- Universal Design
- Assistive Technology
For details about upcoming offerings, see “Workshops & Events” on the Center for Teaching and Learning website, or contact Kevin Wilson, instructional design consultant, IDEA Shop (firstname.lastname@example.org).
Universal Design in Education: An Online Tutorial
Developed by the Center for Universal Design in Education, this extensive tutorial covers the history, definition, and principles of universal design while also providing numerous examples of specific applications of universal design.
Universal Design for Learning Module for Postsecondary Education
Developed by the Florida Consortium on Postsecondary Education and Intellectual Disabilities, this online course presents UDL as a manageable framework of strategies and techniques that support a diverse population of students while maintaining the integrity and content of the postsecondary education coursework. By using techniques described in this module, you will discover students who once struggled to learn become more engaged and leave with a deeper understanding of the course content.
Universal Design for Learning: Online Training Module
According to the Center for Teaching and Faculty Development at San Francisco State University, after completing the online training course, you will be able to do the following:
- Identify the principles of Universal Design for Learning
- Identify the benefits of Universal Design for Learning, both for you and your students
- Explain the rationale for implementing Universal Design for Learning
- Identify alternatives in conducting your classes
- Develop strategies for implementing Universal Design for Learning in your classes
Accessibility: Designing and Teaching Courses for All Learners
This Open SUNY course offers an opportunity to obtain a better understanding of accessibility as a civil rights issue and develop the knowledge and skills you need to design learning experiences that promote inclusive learning environments. Prepare to engage in thoughtful discussions, participate in peer review assignments, take short self-check quizzes, watch videos, and explore relevant readings. You will also earn badges that recognize your mastery of these competencies.
During this 6-week course (1 to 2 hours per week), you’ll learn how to:
- Recognize and address challenges faced by students with disabilities related to access, success, and completion.
- Articulate faculty and staff roles in reducing barriers for students with disabilities.
- Apply the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in designing accessible learning experiences.
- Analyze the benefits of Backward Design when developing learning experiences.
- Use Section 508 standards and WCAG 2.0 guidelines to create accessible courses.
- Determine which tools and techniques are appropriate based on course content. | <urn:uuid:f7fdda69-0579-4de0-b217-d148467cde1d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.boisestate.edu/accessibility/faculty/online-workshops-about-udl-and-accessibility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271763.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626161834-20220626191834-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.90694 | 691 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Far before the terms Native American or Indian were necessary, the tribes were spread throughout the Americas. Before any white man set foot on this land, it was settled by the forefathers of bands we now call Sioux, or Cherokee, or Iroquois.
For thousands of years, the American Indian grew its customs and legacy without disturbance. And that history is fascinating.
From Mayan and Incan ruins, from the mounds left in the central and southern regions of what’s currently the U.S. we have learned much. It’s a tale of beautiful arts and crafts and deep spirituality. Archaeologists have unearthed highly advanced buildings and public works.
While there was unavoidable tribal conflict, that was simply a slight blemish in the history of our ancestors. They were at peace with this beautiful continent and intensely connected to nature.
The European Settler Arrives
When European leaders dispatched the first vessels in our direction, the intention was to discover new resources – but the quality of weather and the bounty of everything from wood to wildlife subsequently changed their tune. As those leaders heard back from their explorers, the motivation to colonize spread like wildfire.
The English, French and Spanish rushed to carve up the “New World” by sending over inadequately prepared colonists as fast as they could. At the beginning, they skirmished with the alarmed Indians of America’s eastern seaboard. But that soon gave way to trade, since the Europeans who came ashore here understood their survival was doubtful with no Indian help.
Thus followed years of relative peace as the settlers got themselves established on American soil. But the drive to push inland came soon after. Kings and queens from thousands of miles away were restless to find even more resources, and some colonists came for freedom and adventure.
They required more space. And so began the process of pushing the American Indian out of the way.
It took the shape of cash payments, barter, and notoriously, treaties which were nearly uniformly ignored once the Indians were pushed from the territory in question.
The U.S. government’s policies towards Native Americans in the second half of the nineteenth century were determined by the desire to expand westward into areas occupied by these Native American tribes. By the 1850s virtually all Native American tribes, roughly 360,000 in number, lived to the west of the Mississippi River. These American Indians, some from the Northwestern and Southeastern territories, were confined to Indian Territory situated in present day Oklahoma, while the Kiowa and Comanche Native American tribes shared the territory of the Southern Plains.
The Sioux, Crows and Blackfeet dominated the Northern Plains. These Native American groups experienced hardship as the continuous flow of European immigrants into northeastern American cities pushed a stream of immigrants into the western lands already occupied by these various groups of Indians.
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The early nineteenth century of the United States was marked by its steady expansion to the Mississippi River. However, due to the Gadsden purchase, that lead to U.S. control of the borderlands of southern New Mexico and Arizona as well as the authority over Oregon country, Texas and California; America’s expansion would not end there. Between 1830 and 1860 the United States pretty much doubled the amount of territory within its control.
These territorial gains coincided with the arrival of hordes of European and Asian immigrants who wished to join the surge of American settlers heading west. This, partnered with the discovery of gold in 1849, presented alluring opportunities for those willing to make the long quest westward. As a result, with the military’s protection and the U.S. government’s assistance, many settlers set about establishing their homesteads in the Great Plains and other parts of the Native American group-inhabited West.
Native American Tribes
Native American Policy can be defined as the laws and operations developed and adapted in the United States to define the relationship between Native American tribes and the federal government. When the United States first became a sovereign nation, it adopted the European policies towards the native peoples, but over two centuries the U.S. designed its very own widely varying regulations regarding the evolving perspectives and requirements of Native American regulation.
In 1824, in order to administrate the U.S. government’s Native American policies, Congress formed a new bureau inside the War Department referred to as Bureau of Indian Affairs, which worked directly with the U.S. Army to enforce their policies. At times the federal government recognized the Indians as self-governing, independent political communities with varying cultural identities; however, at other times the government attempted to force the Native American tribes to give up their cultural identity, give up their land and assimilate into the American traditions.
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With the steady stream of settlers into Indian “” land, Eastern newspapers printed sensationalized stories of cruel native tribes carrying out massive massacres of hundreds of white travelers. Although some settlers lost their lives to American Indian attacks, this was certainly not the norm; in fact, Native American tribes generally helped settlers cross the Plains. Not only did the American Indians peddle wild game and other necessities to travelers, but they served as guides and messengers between wagon trains as well. Despite the friendly natures of the American Indians, settlers still anticipated the possibility of an attack.
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To soothe these worries, in 1851 the U.S. government placed a conference with several local Indian tribes and established the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Within this treaty, each Native American tribe consented to a bounded territory, allowed the government to construct tracks and forts in this territory and agreed to not go after settlers; in return the federal government agreed to honor the boundaries of each tribe’s territory and make total payments to the Indians. The Native American tribes responded quietly to the treaty; in fact the Cheyenne, Sioux, Crow, Arapaho, Assinibione, Mandan, Gros Ventre and Arikara tribes, who signed the treaty, even consented to end the hostilities between their tribes in order to accept the terms of the treaty.
Navajo Jewelry is Celebrated Worldwide by American Indian Art Collectors
This peaceful accord between the U.S. government and the Native American tribes did not stand long. After hearing testimonies of fertile land and great mineral wealth in the West, the government soon broke their pledge established in the Treat of Fort Laramie by permitting thousands of non-Indians to flood into the area. With so many newcomers moving west, the federal government established a plan of limiting Native Americans to reservations, small swaths of land within a group’s territory “” earmarked exclusively for their use, to be able to provide more territory for “” non-Indian settlers.
In a series of new treaties the U.S. government made Native Americans to surrender their land and migrate to reservations in exchange for protection from attacks by white settlers. In addition, the Indians were given a yearly stipend that would include money in addition to foodstuffs, livestock, household goods and farming equipment. These reservations were created in an attempt to clear the way for heightened U.S. expansion and administration in the West, as well as to keep the Native Americans separate from the whites in order to decrease the potential for friction.
History of the Plains Indians
These deals had many complications. Most of all many of the native peoples didn’t completely grasp the document that they were confirming or the conditions within it; moreover, the treaties did not acknowledge the cultural norms of the Native Americans. In addition to this, the government departments accountable for administering these policies were plagued with poor management and corruption. In fact many treaty terms were never executed.
The U.S. government rarely fulfilled their side of the accords even when the Native Americans migrated quietly to their reservations. Shady bureau agents frequently sold the supplies that were meant for the Indians on reservations to non-Indians. Moreover, as settlers required more property in the West, the government constantly reduced the size of Indian reservations. By this time, many of the Native American peoples were unhappy with the treaties and angered by the settlers’ constant demands for territory.
A Look at Native American Symbols
Angered by the government’s deceitful and unjust policies, several Native American tribes, including bands of Cheyennes, Arapahos, Comanches and Sioux, fought back. As they struggled to defend their lands and their tribes’ survival, more than one thousand skirmishes and battles broke out in the West between 1861 and 1891. In an effort to coerce Native Americans onto the reservations and to end the violence, the U.S. government responded to these incursions with costly military campaigns. Clearly the U.S. government’s Indian regulations required an adjustment.
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Native American policy shifted radically after the Civil War. Reformers felt that the scheme of driving Native Americans into reservations was too strict even while industrialists, who were concerned with their land and resources, considered assimilation, the cultural absorption of the American Indians into “white America” to be the single permanent strategy for assuring Native American survival. In 1871 the federal government approved a pivotal law stating that the United States would not treat Native American tribes as autonomous entities.
This law signaled a drastic change in the government’s relationship with the native peoples – Congress now viewed the Native Americans, not as nations outside of its jurisdictional control, but as wards of the government. By making Native Americans wards of the “” government, Congress imagined that it was better to make the policy of assimilation a broadly acknowledged part of the cultural mainstream of America.
More On American Indian History
Many U.S. government representatives viewed assimilation as the most effective remedy for what they deemed “the Indian problem,” and the only lasting means of protecting U.S. interests in the West and the survival of the American Indians. In order to accomplish this, the government pressed Native Americans to relocate out of their established dwellings, move into wooden buildings and become farmers.
The federal government handed down laws that required Native Americans to abandon their usual appearance and lifestyle. Some laws outlawed common religious practices while others required Indian men to cut their long hair. Agents on more than two-thirds of American Indian reservations established courts to implement federal polices that often restricted traditional ethnic and spiritual practices.
To boost the assimilation operation, the government set up Indian training centers that attempted to quickly and forcefully Americanize Indian kids. As per the founder of the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, the schools were created to “kill the Indian and save the man.” To be able to accomplish this goal, the schools required enrollees to speak only English, put on proper American attire and to replace their Indian names with more “American” ones. These new regulations brought Native Americans nearer to the end of their classic tribal identity and the beginning of their life as citizens under the complete control of the U.S. administration.
Native American Treaties with the United States
In 1887, Congress approved the General Allotment Act, the most important part of the U.S. government’s assimilation platform, which was developed to “civilize” American Indians by educating them to be farmers. In order to make this happen, Congress planned to establish private title of Indian land by dividing reservations, which were collectively owned, and giving each family their own block of land.
In addition to this, by pushing the Native Americans onto limited plots, western developers and settlers could purchase the remaining land. The General Allotment Act, often called the Dawes Act, required that the Indian lands be surveyed and each family be provided with an allotment of between 80 and 160 acres, while unmarried adults were given between 40 to 80 acres; the residual acreage was to be sold. Congress wished that the Dawes Act would split up Indian tribes and stimulate individual enterprise, while cutting down the expense of Indian administration and serving up prime land to be purchased by white settlers.
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The Dawes Act turned out to be catastrophic for the American Indians; over the next decades they lived under policies that outlawed their traditional approach to life yet failed to provide the critical resources to support their businesses and households. Dividing the reservations into small parcels of land brought about the significant decrease of Indian-owned land. Within three decades, the tribes had lost in excess of two-thirds of the territory that they had controlled before the Dawes Act was passed in 1887; the majority of the remaining land was purchased by white settlers.
Commonly, Native Americans were duped out of their allotments or were forced to sell their land in order to pay bills and provide for their own families. Consequently, the Indians were not “Americanized” and were routinely unable to become self-supporting farmers or ranchers, like the creators of the policy had anticipated. Further, it developed animosity among Indians toward the U.S. government, as the allotment process often destroyed land that was the spiritual and cultural location of their lives.
Native American Culture
Between 1850 and 1900, life for Native Americans changed substantially. Through U.S. administration regulations, American Indians were forced from their living spaces as their native lands were parceled out. The Plains, which they had previously roamed alone, were now inhabited with white settlers.
The Upshot of the Indian Wars
Over the years the Indians ended up cheated out of their property, food and lifestyle, as the “” government’s Indian plans shoved them into reservations and attempted to “Americanize” them. Many American Indian bands could not endure relocation, cultural destruction and military loss; by 1890 the Native American population was decreased to fewer than 250,000 people. As a result of decades of discriminatory and ruthless policies instituted by the United States government between 1850 and 1900, life for the American Indians was altered permanently.
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- a special section of some law enforcement agencies trained and equipped to deal with especially dangerous or violent situations, as when hostages are being held (often used attributively): a SWAT team.
- Usually swat. (especially among online video gamers) to cause a SWAT team to be deployed on (an unsuspecting victim) by falsifying a threat, often as a punishment or retaliation: The prankster planned to swat other gamers during their streaming broadcasts so everyone would see it happen. Several members of the development team were swatted when the game expansion disappointed fans.
Origin of SWAT
- a former princely state of NW India: passed to Pakistan in 1947
- a river in Pakistan, rising in the north and flowing south to the Kabul River north of Peshawar. Length: about 640 km (400 miles)
- Special Weapons and Tactics: a military-like unit within the US police force, trained to deal with specially dangerous situations, such as hostage-taking and riots
- to strike or hit sharplyto swat a fly
- another word (esp Brit) for swatter (def. 1)
- a sharp or violent blow
Word Origin for swat
- a variant of swot 1
Word Origin and History for s.w.a.t.
also SWAT, 1968, acronym said to be for Special Weapons and Tactics squad or team; or Special Weapons Attack Team.
1796, American English and northern England dialect word, possibly an alteration of Middle English swap "to strike, smite" (see swap), ultimately of imitative origin. Related: Swatted; swatting. The noun is recorded from 1800. | <urn:uuid:eddc157d-b7ff-43be-aa70-f653d5804c18> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/s-w-a-t- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514879.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022071304-20181022092804-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.930904 | 333 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Who is more likely to molest a child?
The younger the victim, the more likely it is that the abuser is a family member. Of those molesting a child under six, 50 percent were family members. Family members also accounted for 23 percent of those abusing children ages 12 to 17xi. More than 90 percent of girls in juvenile justice systems self-disclose trauma.
What is the age for child molestation?
Under California Penal Code Section 647.62, it is illegal to annoy or molest a child under the age of 18. This occurs when a person is motivated by sexual interest in a child.
What is molestation in the first degree?
Child Molestation in the First Degree
When defendant has, or knowingly causes, another person under the age of 18 to have sexual contact with another who is less than 12 years old, not married to the defendant, and the defendant is at last 36 months older than the victim.
What is molestation case?
Molestation is a form of a sexual crime and is considered as one of the serious issues. This term has nowhere been defined in the Indian Law. As defined literally, it means that there is a sexual force upon somebody without any consent. This victim can be a child, an adult, irrespective of an age.
What is the profile of a child molestor?
Most child molesters are expert at getting children and families to trust them. Many target their victims and attempt to involve themselves in the child’s life, including their family, school, house of worship, sports, and hobbies. They are often the first to offer to babysit or drive children to activities.
Which child characteristic is the most exploitable?
Children’s need for attention and affection is their single most exploitable characteristic.
How long is a sentence for molestation?
If you are convicted of child molestation, you face a sentence of up to 364 days in jail or six years in prison. Your sentence may also include fines of up to $5,000, and you may be required to register as a sex offender.
What is the difference between first and second degree child molestation?
Rape in the first degree: Sexual intercourse with a member of the opposite sex between an offender who is 16 years old or older and a victim who is under 12 years old. … Sexual abuse in the second degree: Sexual contact between an offender who is 19 years old or older and a victim who between 12-16 years old.
What is a child molestor called?
The term pedophile is commonly used by the public to describe all child sexual abuse offenders. This usage is considered problematic by researchers, because many child molesters do not have a strong sexual interest in prepubescent children, and are consequently not pedophiles.
How do I deal with a child molestor?
Call the authorities. Then keep the child molester away from your home and your child. Know that the molester will be after the child to stop them from telling. Do what you need to do to protect the child when you can’t be there.
What are the characteristics of a predator?
Predators exhibit traits such as sharp teeth, claws, and venom that enhance their ability to catch food. They also possess extremely acute sensory organs that help them to find potential prey.
What type of abuse is the hardest to detect?
Emotional abuse often coexists with other forms of abuse, and it is the most difficult to identify. Many of its potential consequences, such as learning and speech problems and delays in physical development, can also occur in children who are not being emotionally abused.
What makes a child at risk?
For example, children are seen as at risk if they are disabled, have low self-esteem, or have been abused. Alternatively, some contend that one should not view children themselves as being at risk, but rather the environments in which children develop. For example, it could be said that the family is at risk.
What happens to a child molestor?
Those convicted of child molestation face a dire reality. … When released from prison, those convicted must register as a sex offender. They must also report to a probation officer and may be ordered to undergo counseling. In some civil cases, offenders have been directed to pay restitution to their victims.
What does child Molestion mean?
Child sexual abuse, also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. … Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest and can result in more serious and long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.
Is 1st or 4th degree worse?
While it may seem a bit backwards to some people, the lower the degree of an offense (1st Degree, 2nd Degree, or 3rd Degree), the more serious charges. Likewise the higher the degree (4th Degree or 5th Degree) means the offense is of a less serious nature. Many, but not all, 1st and 2nd Degree offenses are felonies.
What is 2nd degree child Moleststion in Missouri?
A person commits the crime of child molestation in the second degree if: Such person subjects a child who is less than 12 years of age to sexual contact; or Being more than 4 years older than a child who is less than 17 years of age, subjects the child to sexual contact and the offense is an aggravated sexual offense.
What is a 12 year old called?
Your son won’t technically be a teenager for another year, but 12 is when the big transitions begin. That’s why kids this age are called preteens or tweens. Their world is getting bigger on every level: physical, mental, emotional and social.
Is 17 years old still a child?
A 17 year old is young adult, though technically still a child. An 18 year old is an adult.
Can a child molestor be rehabilitated?
Several studies show that rehabilitative therapy, when paired with legal measures, can give offenders a sense of hope and progress and reduce recidivism rates by as much as 22%. To many survivors and advocates, the experience of sexual assault is so horrifying that any recidivism risk is too high.
How do you know if you have predatory behavior? | <urn:uuid:e9d1c904-c20c-4ec3-8d89-eccee51250b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://cuddlebite.com/what-is-the-criteria-for-determining-molestation-in-a-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585561.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023033857-20211023063857-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.961957 | 1,322 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is Miniature Art?
Miniature art is fine art.
Miniature art is a specialty art, not a novelty art. Through
the ages it has been considered an art form. Miniature art is
most often extremely detailed work, exquisite in color with a
strength of composition which can more than compete with larger
paintings. A compositional guide requires a gentle, no more than
1/6th scale of the actual subject.
A miniature usually takes as
long or longer to produce as a large piece of art. A fine miniature
can be magnified many times and it will still hold together as
a fine work of art of much greater size. Most artists can work
large, but few have the skill and discipline to work miniature.
2008 Award winning artworkThis unique art form, based on a minute
scale, traces its roots back to the book paintings and illuminated
manuscripts of the 7th century.
Download the MASF Color Brochure:
There is much debate as to
if there is a technique to be considered as the best, more accurate,
or most correct technique... Techniques such as stippling, hatching
and pointillism are sometimes only discovered under magnification.
The answer is to study others from past to present.Whatever technique
is used, it should meticulously handled and the workmanship flawless.
Miniature art sometimes defeats the spectator's belief as to
what is possible for the artist to create in such a small space.
Man's fascination with creating
in small scale has been evidenced in many of the world's civilizations.
Ancient Greeks adorned their walls with small murals while coins
and rings bore engraved portraits. In the Middle Ages, monks
often embellished manuscript pages with delicate illuminations
and bordered them with a red lead pigment called minium from
which miniature later evolved.
Elizabethan England was noted
for its miniature portraits on vellum and later ivory, which
served much as small photographs do today. A very personalized
form of art, it was easily carried in pocket or locket. The period
of exploration and colonization brought the miniature to America's
shores where its European heritage soon reflected the influences
of the New World and its challenges and freedoms. The advent
of photography in the mid-nineteenth century drastically reduced
the appeal of the miniature portrait. However, the love of creating
art "in the small" did not die.
The end of the last century
and the early years of the twentieth century witnessed the revival
period of interest in miniaturism followed somewhat later by
the current resurgence. Today's practitioners of American Miniaturism
reach far beyond the portrait field, embracing a wide variety
of subject matter, media and techniques.
On the practical side, miniature
art, with its minimal space requirements and favorable cost comparisons,
places original fine art within the reach of both art lovers
WHAT IS MASF?
The Miniature Art Society
of Florida, Inc., is one of a number of non-profit groups in
the United States involved in contemporary miniaturism. Founded
in 1974 in Clearwater by Bede Zel Angle, Dunedin artist and teacher,
it has grown from two dozen early organizers to more than 400
members in the United States and several foreign countries. It
has brought Clearwater and Florida to the forefront in the rising
resurgence of interest in miniature art.
WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES?
The Society encourages artists
to become involved in the exciting world of miniaturism. It seeks
to broaden the awareness of the public and collectors to the
delicate beauty and refinement of this venerable art form. Its
scholarship efforts assist talented young artists of the future.
The first exhibit of contemporary
miniature art on the Suncoast was presented by the Society at
the Florida Gulf Coast Center in 1975. An invitational show,
it featured several hundred works of award winners from the United
This was followed in 1976
by the First National Miniature Art Show at the Bank of Clearwater.
An open competitive show, it was succeeded by 13 international
shows held at the former Kapok Tree Restaurant.
The Fifteenth International
Show was held at the Museum of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg in 1990,
followed by the 1991 show at the Summit Conference Center in
Clearwater. The 1998 Show was held in the prestigious Belleview
Mido Resort Hotel.
Over the years the Society
has also exhibited upon invitation at the Dunedin Fine Art Center
and in 1989 joined with the Tampa Museum of Art in a unique show
of historical and contemporary miniatures.
Some of its permanent collection
of over one hundred pieces may be seen at Clearwater East Library
and is exhibited each year at the International Show. It traveled
in 1989 to select Suncoast locations of Fortune Bank. During
the same year MASF artists donated ten paintings to the city
of Clearwater for presentation by Mayor Rita Garvey to its Sister
City, Nagano, Japan.
The MASF PERMANENT
The MASF Permanent Collection
began in 1976 with the objective goal of the Society purchasing
outstanding artworks representing contemporary miniature art.
This collection is displayed at local libraries in the Clearwater,
FL region and at special events. It is usually on display in
connection with the annual MASF International Exhibition each
January. The Society published Catalogue of the Miniature Collection
in 2000 highlighting the works aquired up to that date. The MASF
Permanent Collection numbers over 125 works as of 2009. Five
panels of the MASF Permanent Collection went on year round display
at the MASF office at Sterling Commons in Dunedin, FL in October
A few of the Collection's
cases are provided below.
The Miniature Art Society of
2519 McMullen Booth Road, Suite 510-252
Clearwater, FL 33761 USA
All images © MASF and the
respective artists. Artwork featured on this website has been
awarded in a MASF Exhibition or is part of the Permanent Collection.
Photos courtesy of Andrew Gott and Wes Siegrist. Miniatureartsocietyofflorida.com/miniature-art.com
is the official website of The Miniature Art Society of Florida.
All artwork, images and contents of this website are © Miniature
Art Society of Florida and the respective Artists. | <urn:uuid:33d25b4c-8e52-4aea-87d9-4545622f6366> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://miniature-art.com/whatis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188824.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00599-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899179 | 1,339 | 3.1875 | 3 |
NAB Visual Discrimination Test
Authors: Robert A. Stern, PhD / Travis White, PhD
The NAB Visual Discrimination Test, a stand-alone component of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB), can be used to assess visual perception in adults without the demands of motor output.
This test evaluates deficits in visual perception using stimuli that are not amenable to verbal encoding. Administration of the assessment is brief and straightforward, using a match-to-target paradigm that is commonly used to measure visual perception and visual-spatial skills. The paradigm requires the examinee to match a target visual design from an array of four similar designs presented beneath the target.
The NAB was standardized on a national sample of 1,448 adults.
Administration and Scoring
The test takes 10-15 minutes to administer. Scores are expressed as Z-scores, T-scores, and percentile ranks. There are two equivalent forms, allowing re-administration without concern about practice effects. | <urn:uuid:35a9584e-fc98-4d41-b1cf-57a06f68bc65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.academictherapy.com/detailATP.tpl?action=search&cart=16326749252018124&eqskudatarq=DDD-1739&eqTitledatarq=NAB%20Visual%20Discrimination%20Test&eqvendordatarq=ATP&bobby=%5Bbobby%5D&bob=%5Bbob%5D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.826481 | 215 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Public health requires a proactive approach, focusing as it does on ensuring the mother and child’s health and prevention of infection and disease. The World Health Organisation estimates that 22 per cent of global maternal deaths occur in India, where millions of women suffer pregnancy-related morbidity. Let me share some more information on this subject.
Every 12 minutes a woman dies in child birth; three lakh children die as soon as they are born; 1.2 million children die before their first birthday. Infant mortality is a big issue. A large number of births happen by C-section. Even if women undergo periodic antenatal check-up, about 14–15 per cent of them will need caesarean section. That means 5.2 million C-section operations a year, for which we need two lakh gynaecologists. We have only 50,000. Most, if not all of them, live in small to big towns and cities but 60 per cent of new births happen in rural India. The practice of midwifery which used to be quite common some decades ago is now virtually extinct.
In this field of Maternal and Child Health, I would like to cite the example of the wonderful, inseparable and inspiring couple Dr Abhay Bang and Dr Rani Bang. This couple has selflessly dedicated itself to the health, social and educational improvement of the tribal people of the Gadchiroli district in North-Eastern Maharashtra, one of the most backward districts in that State, where they found 92 per cent of tribal women had gynaecological disorders, a good part STD related. They also discovered pneumonia was a major child killer in 58 villages in Gadchiroli district. Determining that the major problems affecting mothers and children in India are malnutrition, infection and unregulated fertility, they went about improving the quality of care that mothers receive during pregnancy and childbirth knowing this to be one of the most effective ways to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.
Dr Abhay Bang devised a novel Home-Based Neonatal Care (HBNC) programme to save newborns at remote places. A married woman in the village is given rigorous training in examining pregnant women, diagnosing their health, possible need for expert supervision and distribution of basic medicines to both the mother and the newborn child. This woman named Arogyadoot (wellness ambassador) is also trained to give injections to the newborn. HBNC has been extremely successful in the villages in Gadchiroli where the maternal and infant mortality rates have reduced significantly as a result of Dr Bang’s interventions.
We are all inspired by Dr Bang’s success story and it is time for us to create awareness on Home-Based Neonatal Care in our communities around. Maybe a small push in the right direction will lead to saving the lives of thousands of mothers and newly born babies. Be the inspiration and connect people for a healthy world.
Director, Rotary International | <urn:uuid:6f9f2e67-6e1e-4761-b691-53c37811db2c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://rotarynewsonline.org/maternal-and-neonatal-healthcare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201699.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921112601-20200921142601-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.95035 | 599 | 3 | 3 |
Some science behind the scenes
Inocybe is a large, complex genus of mushrooms. Members of Inocybe are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptation to different trees and perhaps even local environments.
Inocybe species are not considered suitable for consumption. Many species contain large doses of muscarine. Muscarine is found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, and was first isolated from Amanita muscaria in 1869. It can cause convulsions and death. Thus any hallucinations reported are usually due to poisoning.
No easy method of distinguishing the muscarine containing varieties from the potentially edible species exists. In fact, Inocybe is the most commonly-encountered mushroom genus for which microscopic characteristics are the only means of certain identification to the species level.
While the vast majority of Inocybes are toxic, seven rare species of Inocybe contain psilocybin, but distinguishing them from the other varieties requires expert help. Given the fact that Inocybe mushrooms can result in death from asphyxiation, it hardly seems worth the risk! These include:
- Inocybe aeruginascen [ which also contains aeruginascine]
- Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina
- Inocybe calamistrata
- Inocybe coelestium
- Inocybe corydalina var. erinaceomorpha
- Inocybe haemacta
- Inocybe tricolor | <urn:uuid:aab32f41-cd78-4e7a-9208-03720a7adc7c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://allaboutheaven.org/science/inocybe-mushrooms/121 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058589.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928002254-20210928032254-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.923709 | 335 | 3.59375 | 4 |
It’s time to describe the definition of cognitive resistance because it maybe helpful to someone. I’ll try to explain it in plain language.
Cognitive resistance occurs when the human mind encounters a complex system that also depends on the context of the product use. Author Cooper assures us that all modern informational products have high cognitive resistance.
This is when the user looks at the interface and has no idea what will happen when the interaction between the product and user begins. For example, a washing machine. In one mode it regulates the temperature, and another mode, it regulates the number of revolutions. A person will not understand it without explanation or previous experience with such an interface.
Another example, the classic hyperlink. It has two parameters of clarity which are underline and font color. It’s clear by clicking on it, the user will move to the next page. Furthermore, the hyperlink can accurately describe the page it will take the user.
With a tablespoon, it is clear what can be done with it.
You need to aim for low cognitive resistance, so that your products will be understandable and enjoyable your users. | <urn:uuid:c2499a65-b593-491f-a2ba-656d34fde74a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ivanzviahin.net/blog/all/cognitive-resistance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.899527 | 233 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Mars Global Surveyor mission is the oldest of the three, having been in orbit around the Red Planet since 1997. Mars Odyssey, meanwhile, has been circling the planet since 2001 whereas Mars Express is the relative newcomer in the group, after entering its orbit near the end of 2003. All three spacecraft are traveling at speeds of nearly 7,000 miles an hour. The Odyssey and Global Surveyor crafts both travel in nearly circular orbits around the poles of Mars, with Odyssey maintaining a slightly higher altitude, mainly to avoid a collision. The closest the two come to each other is 15 kilometers, and the new pictures show Odyssey from distances between 90 and 135 kilometers.
In comparison, Mars Express, which travels in an elliptical orbit, keeps its distance from Global Surveyor. As a result, the shot of the European spacecraft--taken from more than 250 kilometers away--is less defined. The Mars Orbiter Camera took all the pictures on April 20 and April 21. When trained on the planet, the instrument can resolve features as small as a few meters across. | <urn:uuid:3c78eb86-cce3-4105-a23a-939a7a360c99> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mars-spacecraft-snaps-sho/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818154147-20180818174147-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.942085 | 214 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have found a way to apply a powerful new DNA-editing technology more broadly than ever before.
“This is one of the hottest tools in biology, and we’ve now found a way to target it to any DNA sequence,” said Carlos F. Barbas III, the Janet and Keith Kellogg II Chair in Molecular Biology and Professor in the Department of Chemistry at TSRI.
The breakthrough concerns a set of designer DNA-binding proteins called TALEs, which biologists increasingly use to turn on, turn off, delete, insert or even rewrite specific genes within cells—for scientific experiments and also for potential biotech and medical applications, including treatments for genetic diseases.
TALE-based methods had been considered useful against only a fraction of the possible DNA sequences found in animals and plants, but the new finding removes that limitation.
Barbas and his team report their finding on August 26, 2013 in an advance online edition of the journal Nucleic Acids Research.
Molecular biologists have long dreamed of being able to manipulate DNA in living cells with ease and precision, and by now that dream is nearly a reality. TALE-based designer proteins, introduced just a few years ago, are arguably the most user-friendly and precise DNA-directed tools that have yet been invented.
Read more at: Phys.org | <urn:uuid:b251d7c0-440c-48cc-863d-cf39cd67bf26> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.technology.org/2013/08/27/scientists-report-breakthrough-dna-editing-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981969.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00006-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945695 | 286 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Antarctica is a continent covered by ice. Within its beauty of intricately shaped snow crystals precipitating from the air to sculpted icebergs floating in the ocean, the 4000-m thick ice sheet covering the continent contains stories of past climate. The ice records past volcanic events, contains samples of ancient dust and air, and tells us stories of our planets climate history.
Over the last 10 years, a team of scientists, engineers, and support staff have worked together to drill an ice core 3405m deep through the center of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet - the WAIS Divide Ice Core. We have made new observations and generated new ideas about climate history from this ice core and related studies.
the velvet ice team is taking the next step : using the borehole to explore the ice deep within the ice sheet.
Many scientists have been involved in WAIS. The Velvet Ice team is just one team of several exploring the past climate history and linking to present and future ice sheet changes. WAIS Divide Ice Core Website - the main website for the project.
VeLveT Ice - eVoLution of Fabric and Texture in Ice at WAIS Divide
Our team is working on understanding the relationship between ice microstructure, impurities, and ice flow and their connection to climate history.
What does that mean? Ice in an ice sheet begins its journey as snowflakes and makes its way through the ice sheet as more snow is deposited on top of it, and the ice flows downward and outward towards the ocean. During their journey, ice crystals grow, shrink, and change their orientations. We are trying to find out exactly how these characteristics of the crystals are connected with the way the ice flows and the climate in the time period that the snow was deposited.
Collaborative Science In order to do this, we need to approach our question from many different angles. To see the change in crystal properties, we use data from others who have looked at "thin sections" of ice from the ice core in a microscope, and we will be helping another group use a sonic logger within the borehole. To understand ice flow, we use an acoustic televiewer to examine how the borehole diameter and tilt changes over time, combined with GPS measurements at the surface. We are also partnered with a group that owns an ApRES (phase sensitive radar) which measures the vertical strain rates (changes in the height over certain depths) over large areas. We use reconstructions from the isotopes of the ice core to get a picture of the past climate. All of these pieces come together to give us a better understanding of what is happening in the ice at WAIS Divide.
Icedrill.org is the home of the U.S. Ice Drilling Program
The public outreach component of this organization has a wonderful website here. With lesson plans, learning expeditions, and links to lots of photo galleries, videos, and other sites. And more videos at NSF's Science360. | <urn:uuid:46de7513-049d-4d81-913a-56ba02a4c3d9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://exploreice.org/wais-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314696.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819073232-20190819095232-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.945448 | 609 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Health & Safety – Using Electrical Thermal Imaging to create a safe working environment
Health & Safety is playing in increasing role in all aspects of the workplace, be it a commercial or industrial environment.
In the workplace, it is primarily the employers responsibility to provide a safe working environment.
However the employee is also responsible for their own health & safety as well as that of their colleagues. Both employers and employees have a duty of care to each other.
Health & Safety is not just about common sense, it is about putting procedures in place to protect employees, their employers and to keep businesses operating safely and efficiently.
Electrical engineers can use thermal imaging to enhance the health & safety of a workforce and protect the assets of a business. The thermal imaging camera is used to detect unusual hot spots in fuse boards and electrical panels that control machinery, such as production lines in a food factory or manufacturing facility.
Prevention is better than cure
As with all things health & safety related, prevention is better than cure. The health & safety of employees can be increased by using thermal imaging (or thermography) to perform predictive maintenance on electrical equipment, by forecasting where an issue is likely to arise, before the potential risk of fire due to an electrical fault increases and becomes a reality.
For more information about the technical aspects of the process, you can visit our page on thermal imaging reporting available in the Peterborough area. | <urn:uuid:bfa27d46-5aaa-41b8-aee6-cb3891e5cc4c> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.peterboroughelectricians.co.uk/health-safety-electrical-thermal-imaging-safe-working-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419056.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601145025-20200601175025-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.959195 | 285 | 2.546875 | 3 |
- Cannabis is able to slow the progression of multiple sclerosis
The question of whether marijuana should be used to treat this disease is complex, as there is uncertainty about its benefits in relation to its side effects. Multiple sclerosis patients suffer permanent muscle contraction, spasms, severe pain and difficulty sleeping. Drugs that have traditionally been used to treat these symptoms are not effective, so many have chosen to consume cannabis.
Already in 2012, a study revealed the positive effects of cannabis in a model of multiple sclerosis in mice, demonstrating an improvement in disease progression. And there are more jobs that provide a scientific basis for drug development in order to develop based on the modulation of the endocannabinoid system therapies.
These studies were the germ of Sativex, an oral spray derived from cannabis which significantly improves spasticity in a proportion of people with multiple sclerosis who had been identified as likely to respond to therapy. Well-controlled, clinical trials help resolve the contradictory conclusions about the use of marijuana to treat symptoms of MS. Today Sativex cannabis is the drug most commonly used to treat spasticity: now available in 15 countries and approved in another 12, including the United States.
- The cannabis can alleviate the chronic pain caused by fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome of unknown origin characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and multiple tender points on the body. Some patients often use cannabis therapeutically to treat the symptoms; however, there are still few clinical trials to evaluate its effect.
What we do know is that cannabis sativa has about 400 different chemical molecules, of which about 60 have analgesic properties. Some experts have suggested that cannabinoids are applicable for the treatment of chronic pain such as fibromyalgia, and have theorized that the disease may be associated with a deficiency underlying clinical endocannabinoid system, which also plays an important role in migraine syndrome irritable bowel and a growing list of medical conditions.
One of the most important studies evaluated the benefits associated with cannabis use in patients with fibromyalgia. Their conclusion was clear: “Patients who use cannabis not only helps relieve pain and almost all associated symptoms, but also no one reported worsening after consumption”.
Also in a recent online survey by the National Pain Foundation in the United States, which involved more than 1300 patients with fibromyalgia, the result appointed cannabis as the most effective for symptoms treatment, beating all drugs on prescription (Lyrica, Cymbalta and Savella). Morgan Freeman the actor said that medical with medicinal cannabis after a near-fatal car accident in 1997. Since then he has suffered from fibromyalgia on his left arm: “I have chronic pain and the only thing that relieves me is marijuana.” | <urn:uuid:d0f948bc-4163-4580-9397-2f4caa3c6c92> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://zapatistarestaurant.com/conditions-that-are-alleviated-by-marijuana-part-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.957375 | 561 | 2.578125 | 3 |
FGM in the Asia Pacific Region
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a human rights violation, a form of violence and discrimination against girls and women. It is most often carried out on girls between infancy and age 15, though adult women are also subjected.
Where are women living with the consequences of female genital mutilation or at risk in the Asia-Pacific region?
Despite evidence of FGM occurring in countries across South and South East Asia, not a single country has enacted a specific legal prohibition against female genital mutilation. In the wider Asia-Pacific region, both Australia and New Zealand have specific laws against female genital mutilation.
The Orchid Project and Malaysia-based regional feminist NGO, the Asian Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW), who are supporting the development of the Asia Network to End FGM/C have established a platform of NGOs, activists, and researchers across the region to build stronger relationships and collaboration between organizations working across the region.
Sahiyo is an organization empowering Asian communities to end FGM through dialogue, education, and collaboration based on community involvement. Their groundbreaking exhibition, Faces for Change, highlighted the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) through portraits and personal stories of eight FGM survivors from the Dawoodi Bohra community in India.
Other organizations and activists working to address FGM in Asia include WeSpeakOut, founded by Masooma Ranalvi, Rena Herdiyani, the vice-chairperson of Kalyanamitra in Indonesia, and Saza Faradilla in Singapore.
Activists and groups working to end the practice across the region face monumental challenges in their work, compounded in many cases by the lack of reliable data, insufficient support and funding from the international community, and reluctance of national governments to take action on the issue, and in some cases a refusal by the national governments to recognize the existence of the practice at all. | <urn:uuid:cbc1ef56-34a3-472e-8a5f-40dcda13aaa7> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.equalitynow.org/fgm_in_the_asia_pacific_region | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488540235.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623195636-20210623225636-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.940538 | 399 | 3.25 | 3 |
A guest post by AASA President Gail PletnickA visit to Dochgarroch Primary School in Inverness, Scotland was a true lesson in personalizing learning. Sandra MacLennan, the head teacher and principal, arranged an extraordinary visit that included a tour of the entire facility and visits to a music class, preschool and regular classroom.
During the music class, we were treated to children performing piano, violin, trumpet and chanter solos. We learned that the chanter was the “training” instrument for bagpipes. That was followed by children sharing traditional Scottish songs and dance. The students were kind enough to give their American visitors a dancing lesson. I am not certain one lesson was enough. In the regular classrooms, we saw children typing in Braille, others on a computer doing a lesson, a story time and a pre-school class having snack.
You may be asking why any of this is special or how it relates to personalized learning? Well, this school has a total of 19 children ranging in age from 4 to 12 and includes special needs students. These children are served in two classrooms by one classroom teacher, one head teacher, a few support personnel and two special area teachers who rotate between schools in the region. The interests and needs of each child are being met in this unique learning environment.
This government school not only builds on their students’ passions and strengths but are equally dedicated to ensuring the child’s academic needs are met, including filling what is referred to as the attainment gap. In fact, the government has provided 1,800 pounds per student or approximately $2,300 per student to provide support to students who need that extra help. The student’s free meal status is used to help determine the funding received. Yes, this does sound familiar to Title 1 in some ways. Where it differs is the flexibility in how the funds can be used. The head teacher and parents work together to determine how best to fill the gap.
The take away from this visit is, whether schools are large or very small, located in the highlands of Scotland, the suburbs of Phoenix, Ariz. or outside Philadelphia, Pa., meeting the needs of every child must be the goal. Personalizing a child’s education ensures we tap their passions, build on their strengths and focus on their weaknesses.
Gail Pletnick is the superintendent of the Dysart Unified School District in Surprise, Ariz., and the 2017-18 president of AASA, The School Superintendents Association. She is participating in the AASA International Seminar in Scotland. | <urn:uuid:47c7ef47-356e-441e-aba4-5f2859d91180> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://dandomenech.org/index.php/2017/10/06/a-look-at-personalized-learning-in-scotland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647299.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320052712-20180320072712-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.970976 | 539 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When your team is in the field, your workers need to wear safety vests, or high-visibility vests. These vests are made with highly reflective materials that keep individual workers visible, especially at night. All safety vests are rated and approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Safety vests are classified as Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3, based on the amount of both reflective material and high contrast (orange or lime color) fabric making up the vest. The degree of reflectivity in the tape and intensity of the background fabric colors are specified in the ANSI standard. The more hazardous your workplace, the more visible your team needs to be.
Learn about the differences between the classes of hi-vis vests and when to use each.
Class 1 Safety Vests
Class 1 vests are for those working in low-impact areas. According to OSHA, this includes areas where traffic flow does not exceed 25 mph. Workers should also be stationed a good distance away from the traffic to prevent injury. Class 1 vests are typically used by parking attendants, delivery drivers, and roadside assistance personnel in low traffic areas.
All class 1 vests should have a minimum of 155 square inches of reflective tape. Dimensions of the reflective tape can be either 6.46 linear feet of 2-inch tape or 9.39 linear feet of 1 3/8-inch tape. The reflective stripes should be around the middle in a 360º stripe and above each shoulder. These vests should also have a bright yellow or orange color.
Class 2 Safety Vests
Those working near heavier traffic and in low visibility areas will need to wear class 2 safety vests. The weather may reduce visibility in these areas and traffic flow may exceed 25 mph. Workers should still be stationed a good distance away from the traffic. Class 2 vests are typically worn by airport workers, high-volume parking or toll booth operators, and forest workers.
Class 2 vests must have a minimum of 201 square inches of reflective tape. Dimensions of the reflective tape can be 8.373 linear feet of 2-inch tape or 12.2 linear feet of 1 3/8-inch tape. Reflective stripes should be over the shoulders and around the middle in either one or two 360º horizontal stripes.
Class 3 Safety Vests
Class 3 vests are reserved for those that are close to high-traffic areas, including site inspectors, emergency responders, railway workers, and utility crews. Traffic in these areas may be close to or exceed 50 mph. Workers typically work right next to the road or in other hazardous areas, so they should be as visible as possible to prevent injury.
These vests must have a minimum of 310 square inches of reflective tape that is 12.92 linear feet and 2-inches wide. This includes a requirement that the worker have a full silhouette outline. Headlights approaching a worker should make plain that this is a person. This means reflective materials on the arms and legs, which far exceeds the standards for Class 1 and Class 2 safety vests.
Finding Quality Safety Vests for Your Workers
Reflective safety vests should be just as comfortable as they are safe. If you’re looking for reflective safety vests for members of your team, visit PK Safety for a wide selection of high-visibility clothing, including Class 1, 2 and 3 vests.
The PIP ANSI Type R Class 3 Two-Tone Surveyor Vest is made of a mesh and a solid polyester fabric which adds breathability and less prone to dirt and damage. The contrasting colored tape around silver reflective provides optimal visibility.
The PIP ANSI R3 Two-Tone Mesh Surveyor Vest is made of a mesh adds a great deal of breathability especially in warmer climates.
The PIP ANSI Class 2 Two-Tone Six Pocket Surveyor's Vest comes with a back-mesh panel that keeps you cool on the job, while the front panel comes with pockets for radios, phones, and other supplies. It also comes with reinforced stitching for more durability, and two-tone reflective tape for more visibility in the field.
The PIP Type R Class 2 Two Pocket Zipper Mesh Vest 302-0702Z-LY is made of polyester mesh for more breathability. You and your team can stay cool on the job without putting yourselves at risk. It’s perfect for anyone that needs a Class 2 reflective safety vest.
The PIP Yellow Mesh D-Ring Access Hi-Vis Vest 302-0600D-LY is perfect for those working in class 2 work zones or those facing potential fall hazards. It’s made with breathable fabric and comes with a built-in access point for attaching a safety harness. Available in Lime Yellow and Orange.
Stay safe on the job with these quality hi-vis safety vests. For more information on the differences between Class 1, 2 and 3 vests, contact the safety professionals at PK Safety. | <urn:uuid:59b86c6e-6b98-4731-a4d2-63960556d27a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://pksafety.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-class-1-2-and-3-safety-vests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.931107 | 1,024 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Summary: Brother against brother. Father against son. Son against father. It was a war that was anything but “civil”. Wars are inevitable.What if we could learn to fight fair? What if we could wage civil wars?
Civil WarsPt. 3 - D Day
I. IntroductionAfter the war, 650,000-850,000 fathers and sons did not return. Thousands of those that did return home were wounded and maimed. As a result, many women found themselves widowed and alone, running farms, plantations, and businesses. Countless women spent the rest of their lives nursing the permanent physical and psychological wounds of their husbands and sons.
The fighting was real and the pain was real. As Warner Thomson, a Unionist living in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, wrote of his estrangement from his Confederate sons, "My natural affection for my sons & love for my country cause a struggle in my mind—it is a painful one."
The civil war was not civil. Households were divided. Families were torn apart. Sides chosen.
The Civil War like the war that took place between Cain and Able in the garden reveals that those closest to us can inflict the most pain. These battles also reveal that we simply don't navigate relationships well. We have been designed and created for relationship but because of our failure to fight fair we escape into isolation which plays into the hands of our soul's enemy and we find ourselves in prison and alone.
It is absolutely impossible to walk through life and not experience a war. Demand for our own way, selfishness, childishness, hardheadedness, pride, stubbornness are some of the reasons this is true. So since we will experience the pain of war it is important for us to be armed. One of the greatest, most important, essential weapons that we must possess is also a weapons that I would submit is one of the least utilized, understood, and developed in this generation. This weapon is so crucial because it actually assists us in knowing what is war and what isn't. I see too many who don't have this weapon reacting and attacking unnecessarily. It allows us to recognize and differentiate between foe and friend. If you have ever felt the impact of friendly fire you will know that is one of the most painful things to experience in life. This weapon when used correctly helps us have fewer wars. The weapon is discernment. Discernment must be developed and honed. Let me see if I can help you today.
TEXT: John 13:21-30
After he said these things, Jesus became visibly upset, and then he told them why. “One of you is going to betray me.” The disciples looked around at one another, wondering who on earth he was talking about. One of the disciples, the one Jesus loved dearly, was reclining against him, his head on his shoulder. Peter motioned to him to ask who Jesus might be talking about. So, being the closest, he said, “Master, who?” Jesus said, “The one to whom I give this crust of bread after I’ve dipped it.” Then he dipped the crust and gave it to Judas, son of Simon the Iscariot. As soon as the bread was in his hand, Satan entered him. “What you must do,” said Jesus, “do. Do it and get it over with.” No one around the supper table knew why he said this to him. Some thought that since Judas was their treasurer, Jesus was telling him to buy what they needed for the Feast, or that he should give something to the poor.Judas, with the piece of bread, left. It was night. | <urn:uuid:e719473a-d658-472f-af73-0fc9e1edf1b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.sermoncentral.com/sermons/civil-wars-pt-3-d-day-steve-ely-sermon-on-discernment-195861 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.986153 | 774 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Abraham Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation, declaring slaves in Confederate states to be free.
1863 · The Battle at Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg involved the largest number of casualties of the entire Civil war and is often described as the war's turning point. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers lost their lives during the three-day Battle. To honor the fallen soldiers, President Abraham Lincoln read his historic Gettysburg Address and helped those listening by redefining the purpose of the war.
1896 · Utah Becomes a State
After three prior attempts to become a state, the United States Congress accepted Utah into the Union on one condition. This condition was that the new state rewrite their constitution to say that all forms of polygamy were banned. The territory agreed, and Utah became a state on January 4, 1896.
English: from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements eber ‘wild boar’ + hard ‘brave’, ‘hardy’, ‘strong’. The surname was at first found mainly in East Anglia (still one of the principal locations of the variant Everett), which was an area of heavy Norman and Breton settlement after the Conquest. This suggests that the personal name may be of Continental (Norman) origin, but it is also possible that it swallowed up an unattested Old English cognate, Eoforheard. | <urn:uuid:b9355c81-d89f-4def-ba8d-420ede089e78> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L8WL-89S/claud-everett-1860 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538226.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123160717-20210123190717-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.963786 | 291 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Jun 30, 2014
Heat-assisted magnetic recording doubles hard disk drive capacity
Conventional perpendicular magnetic recording is reaching the limit of its recording density, at around 1 Tb/in2, or a terabyte per square inch. But heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) may pave the way for the next generation of hard disk drives with higher capacities. Reporting in Nanotechnology, researchers have employed HAMR and doubled the traditional capacity through simulation.
A special recording medium that has good thermal stability at room temperature is used in HAMR. When a focused optical beam is delivered onto its surface, the local medium is temporarily heated up to exceed its Curie temperature. This also lowers its coercivity to allow magnetic recording. When the local medium cools down, it becomes stable again to retain data.
Localized surface plasmon resonance could play an important role in HAMR by providing a highly focused optical spot for heating the recording medium within a small volume, thus facilitating the recording density. However, researchers are struggling with low-cost integrated optic designs that not only provide a better focused optical field, but also achieve higher efficiency to avoid reliability issues
Doubling recording density
International research collaboration between the University of Rochester in the United States and Swinburne University of Technology in Australia seeks to address such a dilemma. The scholars design an aluminum near field transducer based on a novel bow-tie structure, and engineer a highly integrated micro-nano-optics system for use in HAMR.
Using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation, they find that their design can generate a competitive optical spot size of 35 nm inside the magnetic medium at the wavelength of 450 nm. This corresponds to a recording density of up to 2 Tb/in2. At the same time it offers a much higher efficiency compared with previously reported designs that are mostly based on noble metals such as gold.
Remaining work on this project may include further optimization of the structure dimensions, device fabrication and characterization. Nevertheless, the researchers have demonstrated that aluminium can be a high-efficiency inexpensive plasmonic material for the development of HAMR technology, thereby providing a solution that might double the capacity of traditional hard disk drives.
More information can be found in the journal Nanotechnology 25 295202.
Competing interactions and stepwise magnetization observed in Fe nanoparticle films (Aug 2013)
Large-area nanopatterning: structuring uniform hard magnetic nanodots on thin film (Aug 2011)
Magnetic recording creates complex nanoparticle patterns (May 2012)
About the author
Lingyun Miao at the University of Rochester is the principal investigator of this project. Most of the work in this report was done during his visit at Swinburne University of Technology in the summer of 2013, supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under the East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes (EAPSI) Program (Grant No. 1316918). Lingyun Miao is a senior member of the IEEE. His research interests include integrated opto-electronics, nano-engineering and ultra-high density magnetic recording. | <urn:uuid:cd53cabd-7c1f-480a-ac7d-6d11e944aa90> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/lab/57685 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278042.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00216-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931355 | 639 | 2.625 | 3 |
New Test Could Lead to Effectively Customizing Treatments for CF Patients, Study Contends
The test finds which compounds are more effective in restoring the beating of patient-derived airway cilia, which are hair-like structures that line the human airways and whose movement is disrupted in patients with CF.
Researchers believe this tool may lead to personalized therapy in CF patients, as well as for other disorders in which cilia movements are disrupted.
The findings, “Phenotyping ciliary dynamics and coordination in response to CFTR-modulators in Cystic Fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells,” were published recently in the journal Nature Communications, and featured in a news story by Ziba Kashef from Yale University.
The thick mucus that is characteristic of CF obstructs breathing, and disrupts the beating of cilia covering the cells lining our lungs and upper airways.
Cilia normally beat in a rhythmic, sweeping fashion, toward the mouth to help move airway mucus (swallowed or coughed out). This self-clearing mechanism, known as mucociliary clearance, helps keep harmful microbes and irritants away.
As the thick mucus of CF patients accumulates in airway surfaces, it restricts the cilia beatings, and these changes can be observed and quantified in the lab by specialized microscopy techniques.
In the study, researchers at University of Cambridge and Yale School of Medicine, took advantage of the disrupted ciliary movements observed in CF patients to create a test that screens for the most effective therapies in restoring such cilia movements.
If the defect on CF cells is partially corrected by a specific compound, then less thick mucus will be produced, and the cilia will beat at a rhythm closer to how they would on healthy cells.
To observe and quantify these changes with high-resolution, the test combines automatic high-speed video microscopy (multiscale differential dynamic microscopy, multi-DDM) and a new video analysis algorithm model.
In the pilot study, researchers examined the cilia of airway epithelial cells isolated from patients with different CF mutations (F508del on one or both copies of the CFTR gene, which is the gene defective in CF patients), and compared those samples to normal cells.
Researchers measured how the beat frequency and coordination of cilia changed in response to six different CFTR-modulating compounds: the CFTR corrector lumacaftor (VX-809), the FDA-approved CFTR potentiator Kalydeco (ivacaftor), and a combination of both, sold as Orkambi (lumacaftor/ivacaftor); and two other investigational CFTR correctors (C4 and C18), alone or combined. Of note, lumacaftor, Kalydeco, and Orkambi were all developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals.
The assay was able to quantitatively identify the most efficient compounds to restore cilia beating in each patient.
By identifying which specific modulators best restore ciliary beating, researchers argue that this test could be a fast and efficient way to help predict treatment effectiveness in patients in a personalized way.
That is an important feature, “as patient-to-patient variation is an obstacle to therapeutic intervention and cannot currently be explained by mutation/s in the CFTR gene alone” the researchers wrote.
The team believes that such an approach may pave the way for personalized medicine, helping to tailor treatments for CF patients.
Also, as problems in cilia dynamics are evident for other diseases, the test is not limited to CF, but also may have applications in other disorders.
Yale University made available a microscopy video record of some of the cilia analyzed in the study. The video can be viewed here. | <urn:uuid:2215e8de-f311-4c33-884f-5ab6fc529d5a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/2019/04/18/test-customizing-treatments-cf-patients-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487607143.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613071347-20210613101347-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.932513 | 784 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Sohail, the spokesman of the Meccan deputation, immediately objected, “It is the custom of the Meccans to begin, ‘In Thy name, O God.’”
“So be it,” assented the prophet; then, continuing, he dictated the opening of the body of the treaty—“’These are the conditions on which Mohammed, the apostle of God, has made peace with those of Mecca.’”
A deep murmur of disapproval arose throughout the Meccan embassy.
“Not so, O Mohammed!” cried Sohail again. “Had we indeed acknowledged you as the prophet of God, think you we would have sent Khaled Ibn Waled with armed men against you? Think you we would have closed the streets of Mecca against one whom we recognized as an ambassador of the Most High? No, Mohammed, son of Abdallah, it must not be ‘apostle of God.’”
Mohammed again bowed in token of submission. “Write thus, then, O Ali,” he said. “’These are the conditions on which Mohammed, son of Abdallah, has made peace with those of Mecca.’”
He then proceeded to the terms of the treaty, stipulating that the prophet and his followers should have access to the city at any season during the period of truce, provided they came unarmed, habited as pilgrims, and did not remain over three days at a time.
This business concluded, the embassy from Mecca retraced its way; and Mohammed, changing his mind about entering the city at that time, ordered that prayers should be offered up on the spot, that seventy camels should there be sacrificed, and that the pilgrims should then return home.
This was accordingly done, and the people went back in some disappointment to Medina, where the prophet announced the success of his mission in a new passage from the Koran:
“Now hath God verified unto his apostle the vision wherein he said, Ye shall surely enter the holy temple of Mecca, if God please, in full security.”
THE SIEGE OF KHAIBAR.—KEDAR.
“The drying up a single
tear has more of honest fame than
shedding seas of gore.”
In the same year, the seventh year of the Hejira, Mohammed made the expected attack on Khaibar. The chief, Kenana, got word of his approach, and ordered that the country for miles around the capital should be laid waste. For days the long roads leading into the city from every direction, swarmed with a moving line of anxious-faced people, driving their camels and sheep ahead of them, and leading mules laden with household property. Low wagons creaked beneath the weight of fodder for the animals, and corn and dates for the people; and the loud “Yakh! Yakh!” of the camel-drivers mingled with the thud of the camel-sticks falling upon the thick hides of the lazy animals.
Asru was given charge of the expedition for laying waste the country; and never was a more considerate destroyer.
“Here, here!” he would cry to an aged man, “let me load that animal for you!” and he would lift the heavy burden to the back of the pack-mule, while the old man would say, “You are surely a kind soldier after all.” | <urn:uuid:92e30c7e-24a5-46c4-aae4-3eb6f9b264d4> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/17435/90.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767828.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00057-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964721 | 740 | 2.59375 | 3 |
For those not aware of this broadcasting service, LPFM stands for Low Power FM radio broadcasting.
In the United States, the lowest minimum wattage a licensed FM radio station may have is 100 Watts. Under the LP10 class rules, that would drop to 10 Watts.
LPFM is the common term used to define an FM broadcast station that originates its own programming, but only has the power of a translator – with some key differences. While a translator can be authorized with as much as 250 Watts at 328 feet, LPFM stations are currently limited to 100 Watts ERP, at 100 feet HAAT. Currently translators may not originate programming, but there is a proceeding underway which, if approved, would allow origination of programming.
LPFM is also undergoing some changes. There is a current proposal before the FCC to increase the maximum ERP from 100 watts to 250 watts. We expect this proposal to succeed, with rule codification around September 2012.
The FCC began issuing licenses for LPFM stations in 2000; however, the idea is not exactly a new concept.
LPFM existed for more than thirty years in the United States, known as a “Class D” station. The first Class D license was issued by the FCC in 1948. Class D stations were originally licensed at 10 Watts on the FM band, within the region of 88 to 92 Mhz (known as the “educational band”).
Class D stations were the FCC’s first attempt to bring more schools and colleges on the air – a way to give potential broadcasters an outlet for hands-on training at a much lower cost compared to say a 3,000 Watt station.
As time passed, Class D FM stations were granted higher power levels and ranged between 1 to 100 Watts. They were strictly non-commercial, and were only licensed to educational institutions. As a result of the educational institution requirement, there wasn’t a major demand for Class D stations.
It all began when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Act into law. This led the way to federal funding becoming available for non-commercial educational radio stations. It fundamentally changed the idea of what non-commercial educational stations should be.
The first goal of the Act was to establish a national “public radio” network. Shortly after, National Public Radio was born, providing programming far above the level Class D stations were able to deliver on their own.
This basically created what we know as public radio today. The designers thought public radio should provide a nationally-accessible educational service – basically a “school on the radio.” Although many Class D stations were licensed to educational institutions, because of their small coverage they were generally used as on-air radio laboratories. It was a way for students to experiment with radio. As a result, the quality of the programming didn’t measure up to the standards of National Public Radio. | <urn:uuid:5309173f-0e06-4b8d-b9e1-c8e2f1417a4a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://lpfmradio.org/lpfm-radio-stations-unraveled-what-is-lpfm-radio/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00421-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980546 | 593 | 3.1875 | 3 |
“I know”, my daughter exclaimed in excitement. “It is because that is the day of Jesus’ birthday”.
🙂 What a wonderful beauty to be surrounded with intelligent children.
Christmas is celebrated to remember the birth of Jesus Christ, who we believe is the Son of God.
The name ‘Christmas’ comes from the Mass of Christ. A Mass service (which is sometimes called Communion) is where Christians remember that Jesus died for us and then came back to life. The ‘Christ-Mass’ service was the only one that was allowed to take place after sunset (and before sunrise the next day), so people had it at Midnight! So we get the name Christ-Mass, shortened to Christmas.
Christmas is now celebrated by people around the world, whether they are Christians or not. It’s a time when family and friends come together and remember the good things they have. People, and especially children, also like Christmas as it’s a time when you give and receive presents!
Why 25th though?
No one knows the real birthday of Jesus! No date is given in the Bible, so why do we celebrate it on the 25th December? The early Christians certainly had many arguments as to when it should be celebrated! The first recorded date of Christmas being celebrated on December 25th was in 336, during the time of the Roman Emperor Constantine (he was the first Christian Roman Emperor). A few years later, Pope Julius I officially declared that the birth of Jesus would be celebrated on the 25th December.
However, there are many different traditions and theories as to why Christmas is celebrated on December 25th.
A very early Christian tradition said that the day when Mary was told that she would have a very special baby, Jesus was on March 25th – and it’s still celebrated today on the 25th March. Nine months after the 25th March is the 25th December. March 25th was also the day some early Christians thought the world had been made, and also the day that Jesus died as an adult. | <urn:uuid:855c9144-713a-4195-b825-fd7c758ba7c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://itsallbuki.com/2016/12/29/mommy-why-is-christmas-day-on-the-25th-december/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865679.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523141759-20180523161759-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.985282 | 431 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Plants are subject to diseases just as humans are, and there are many different types of diseases that plants suffer from. Plant diseases can deteriorate the quality of a plant and if not treated will kill the plant completely. The introduction of invasive species of plants and animals has made the problem of plant diseases even more widespread. Knowing about some of the most common plant diseases will help you protect your garden from becoming infected.
- Root and Crown Diseases: Detailed information on this grain disease including symptoms.
- Small Grain Smut and Bunt Diseases: Information on the various bunt and smut diseases.
- Wheat Stripe Rust: Information on the signs and symptoms of the grain disease called strip rust.
- Apple Scab: Information on the symptoms and disease cycle of apple scab.
- Coryneum Blight of Stone Fruits: Information on the different levels of severity on stone fruits.
- Collar Rot: Information on collar rot in tobacco greenhouses.
- Powdery Mildew: Information on powdery mildew and some management strategies.
- Black Root Rot of Strawberries: Information on this fruit disease including aboveground and belowground symptoms.
- Vascular Wilt Diseases in Potatoes: Information on the symptoms, organisms, and disease cycle of this vegetable disease.
- Neck Rot of Onions: Information on the symptoms of neck rot in onions and the organisms that cause this disease.
- Early Blight (Potatoes and Tomatoes): Management of early blight in potatoes and tomatoes and information on the organisms that cause this vegetable disease.
- Blossom End Rot: Information on prevention and cultural recommendations for blossom end rot.
Shade Trees and Ornamental Diseases
- White Mold of Ornamentals: Information on the symptoms of this plant disease and control measures.
- Verticillium Wilt of Flowers: Information on symptoms and control of this plant disease.
- Phyophthora Root and Crown Rot: Information from Clemson University on this plant disease.
- Fire Blight of Ornamentals: Information on the disease cycle and control of this plant disease.
- Cytospora or Perennial Canker: Symptoms and control of this plant disease.
- Leaf Scorch: Symptoms and prevention of leaf scorch.
- Oedema: Symptoms and management strategies for oedema.
- Herbicide Injury: Herbicide injury symptoms on soybeans and corn.
- Iron Chlorosis: Information on iron chlorosis and what causes it.
- Winter Injury: Fact sheet on the effects of winter injury.
- Necrotic Ring Spot: Information and facts on necrotic ring spot in turfgrass.
- Summer Patch: Information on symptoms, disease cycle, and management strategies of this turf disease.
- Take-All Patch: Information on symptoms and control of this turf disease. | <urn:uuid:dd2f8b85-2095-4cf7-a62a-89f974992b5d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.simplygardenfurniture.co.uk/Article/common-plant-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647003.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319155754-20180319175754-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.843039 | 586 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The ASA Council recently stated that the Classification by Race, Ethnicity, Color and National Origin (CRECNO) measure, if approved, would have several negative effects. First it "would eliminate California citizens' ability to hold accountable both their state and local governments, as well as private entities, regarding prohibitions against discrimination on the basis of race and/or ethnicity/national origin."
According to Sally T. Hillsman, ASA Executive Officer, researchers would lack the data to inform policymakers on this critical issue, and major research studies of great importance to California's and the nation's health and well-being would necessarily exclude the nation's most populous state.
"For these reasons, ASA urges that California voters allow their governmental entities to collect the necessary data to support evidentiary research on race, ethnicity, and national origin," said Hillsman.
For example, a large body of social science research documents the role and effect of race in social institutions and environments, including criminal justice, education, health, job markets, and where people live. These studies illustrate how racial hierarchies are embedded in daily life--from racial profiling in law enforcement, to "red-lining" communities of color in mortgage lending.
"Sociological research on 'race' provides evidence in the current scientific and civic debate about the consequences of the existing categorizations; allows scholars to document how race shapes social ranking, access to resources, and life experiences; and advances understanding of this important dimension of social life, which in turn advances social justice," said Hillsman. "Refusing to acknowledge the fact of racial classification and to measure its consequences serves only to preserve the status quo of inequalities."
Sociological research has found that individuals and social institutions evaluate, rank, and ascribe behaviors to individuals on the basis of presumed race. The concept of race in the United States changes as economic, political, and historical contexts change. Real-world scientific findings regarding employment, neighborhoods, and health care highlight the persistence of "race" in primary social institutions. These important scientific findings would be impossible without public data on race.
The ASA concludes that "race" clearly matters in America and to Americans, and scientists and policymakers deserve continued access to public data collected on "race."
In 2003, the ASA issued a formal statement, The Importance of Collecting Data and Doing Social Scientific Research on Race, which details ASA's arguments that underlie its position against Proposition 54. The complete 12-page statement is accessible on the web.
The American Sociological Association, founded in 1905, is a non-profit membership association dedicated to serving sociologists in their work, advancing sociology as a science and profession, and promoting the contributions and use of sociology to society.
Contact: Johanna Ebner or Lee Herring
(202) 383-9005, ext. 332 | <urn:uuid:2d1d7297-09e9-47a1-8964-6e1276dee5ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-09/asa-asa092203.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.931342 | 574 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Naba Basar explains why this milk product should be a part of everyone’s diet.
Cleopatra bathed in this milk product for a smooth and tender complexion. Genghis Khan fed it to his soldiers to give them courage. Though a cherished food in the Middle Eastern and Central Asian lands for centuries, only recently has yoghurt gained universal popularity. It was discovered about 5,000 years ago on the Mesopotamian plains. Later, the Turks introduced it into Eastern and Central Europe, giving it the name – yoghurt.
Modern nutritionists have justified its reputation as an almost medicinal food. The Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria found in yoghurt, which convert pasteurized milk to yoghurt during fermentation, aid in digestion of food within an hour of consumption. Humans produce this digestive enzyme naturally during childhood, but it declines, when we reach adulthood.
Yoghurt is an excellent source of protein, calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin B12. It is so protein-dense that it is now considered a meat alternative. It has been proven that yoghurt contains a teeming load of healthy bacteria – about 100 million per gram. Its antibiotic effects help combat infections and protect the stomach lining from toxins, as it flourishes in the digestive tract. Containing high levels of natural prostaglandins, yoghurt can prevent diarrhoea and dysentery – especially in infants.
Yoghurt helps prevent cancer in colon by suppressing activity that converts harmless chemicals into carcinogenic agents. It is also known to help prevent yeast infections. As a source of calcium, yoghurt can even prevent osteoporosis. Many doctors recommend live yoghurt for patients on antibiotics to replenish good bacteria. Some argue that yoghurt live cultures may reduce the occurrence of colds, allergies, and hay fever. It also counteracts lactose intolerance by its association with lactase.
Much more easily digestible than milk, yoghurt is ideal for pregnant women, children, the aged, and the sick. In addition, it is believed that regular eaters of this fermented milk tend to have clear skin and find no problem in enjoying a good night’s sleep. Yoghurt also reduces bad breath and internal gas and keeps vaginal flora in balance.
Increased yogurt consumption may help increase one’s resistance to immune – related diseases, such as cancer and infections, particularly gastrointestinal infections. Partly, this increased resistance is because of the live and active cultures (LAC) found in yoghurt.
Contrary to the general notion, yoghurt is not fattening. For those wishing to cut down on the amount of fat, cholesterol, and calories in their diets, yoghurt made from skimmed milk is highly recommended. In preparing meals, brands labeled low-fat and low-cholesterol can be substituted for mayonnaise, sour cream or similar products. This will result in tremendous improvement in diets – at times working wonders.
All types of milk, ranging from reindeer to cow, can be utilized in the making of yoghurt. However, the nutrient and fat values vary depending on whether it is prepared from cream, whole, partly-skimmed or skimmed milk, and if it has additives, such as fruits or syrups.
As for yoghurt’s taste, the more cream is used the tastier. However, if made from skimmed milk, it is somewhat weaker in flavour but also lower in fat and calories.
Besides its notional value, yoghurt is high in protein, convenient, marvelously versatile, and adaptable – a naturally sweet, tangy, and smooth milk product. It adds richness, flavour, and an appetizing aroma to myriad of dishes. The possibilities of cooking with this cultured milk are infinite. It blends well with cheese, eggs, grains, meats, fruits, vegetables and makes an excellent marinade. Delicious when flavoured with syrups, nuts, herbs and spices, it enhances and is enhanced by other ingredients of foods.
Dishes prepared from yoghurt, especially in the Arab world, are endless. In numerous Muslim countries, yoghurt is often drunk to break the Ramadan fast. A yoghurt drink is the thirst quenching beverage much favoured by most strata of North African society. During hot summer days, cold soups similar to the famous Spanish Gazpacho are on the menu in many Arab homes. In winter, nothing is more satisfying than Libaniyah, a piping hot soup made from yoghurt, garlic, mint, and rice.
Labneh, a type of cheese made by placing yoghurt in a cloth bag and allowing it to drain, is a favourite healthy breakfast and snack food or a tasty dip, enjoyed in the Middle East. However, in the greater areas of Syria, Sheesh Barak, a type of dumpling in yoghurt, is the king of yoghurt dishes. To the peasants, a steaming hot aromatic bowl of Sheesh Barak is heaven-sent on cold winter days.
Because of its appealing taste and healthy properties, yoghurt continues to command the interest of cooks and medical scientists around the world. Researchers are continuously investigating the beneficial effects this nutritious food may have in reducing cholesterol levels and preventing a good number of diseases.
According to a new study published in The Lancet, the British Medical Association Journal, treating pregnant women with ‘good bacteria’ such as Lactobacillus in yoghurt may prevent thousands of children from contracting asthma by strengthening the baby’s fledgling immune system before birth. For postmenopausal women, increasing calcium intake may be critical in helping to reduce bone loss. A recent study showed that women three to six years past menopause, who increased their calcium intake to 1,500 milligrams per day for three years, slowed bone loss. Scientific evidence also indicates that for the elderly, calcium lowers the rate of bone loss and lessens the effects of osteoporosis. The results are promising | <urn:uuid:9d698839-d1e9-450e-8925-1f8040251b57> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.hibamagazine.com/say-yes-to-yoghurt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825029.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213171808-20181213193308-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.941784 | 1,262 | 2.875 | 3 |
Stay at home: guidance for households with possible coronavirus (COVID-19) infection
Updated 16 March 2020
The most common symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are recent onset of:
For most people, coronavirus (COVID-19) will be a mild illness.
- if you live alone and you have symptoms of coronavirus illness (COVID-19), however mild, stay at home for 7 days from when your symptoms started. (See ending isolation section below for more information)
- if you live with others and you or one of them have symptoms of coronavirus, then all household members must stay at home and not leave the house for 14 days. The 14-day period starts from the day when the first person in the house became ill
- it is likely that people living within a household will infect each other or be infected already. Staying at home for 14 days will greatly reduce the overall amount of infection the household could pass on to others in the community
- for anyone in the household who starts displaying symptoms, they need to stay at home for 7 days from when the symptoms appeared, regardless of what day they are on in the original 14 day isolation period. (See ending isolation section below for more information | <urn:uuid:d60fc3d7-5cb1-41f7-acdb-68c56de33fec> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.uskciwprimary.co.uk/coronavirus-updates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886706.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704201650-20200704231650-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.941664 | 261 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Before we move forward, I want to make sure you understand how to select multiple items. This process works in the Scrivener Binder, Corkboard, and Outliner, as well as in File Explorer, on the Internet, and in most software programs.
Whenever you want to select more than one item in a list, you can use easy keyboard shortcuts. There are two types of multiple selection: contiguous and non-contiguous.
Contiguous selection means selecting a group of items that all connect to each other. Think “continuous”. If our list were the letters of the alphabet in ascending order, each of the following could be a contiguous selection because they all are next to each other in the list:
— A, B, C, D
— F, G, H, I, J, K, L
— W, X, Y
1. Click on the first file once to select it.
2. While holding down the Shift key on your keyboard, click on the last file in the list you want to select.
The first and last files are selected, along with any files in between, as shown below.
3. Release the Shift key.
Your editor might change to Corkboard or Outliner mode. Just ignore it for now. At this point, you could move the files as a group, or right-click any one of them to get options you can apply to all of them.
4. To deselect the files, you can click once on any Binder item.
Scrivener returns to Editor mode, displaying the text of the selected document.
Non-contiguous selection applies when you want to select items regardless of their proximity to each other. You can click on as many items as you want and they’ll be individually added to the selection. Using our alphabet again, some non-contiguous selection options would be:
— A, D
— C, G, Q
— A, B, C, M, N, Z
1. Select the first file in the Binder.
2. While holding down the Ctrl key, click on the second file you want to select. Repeat as necessary.
Only the clicked files are selected, as shown below.
3. Release the Ctrl key.
4. To deselect the files, click on any Binder item. | <urn:uuid:e2120fed-867b-4bca-a262-48f369044a2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://scrivenerclasses.com/lesson/selecting-multiple-files-9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104249664.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703195118-20220703225118-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.90817 | 500 | 3 | 3 |
When people ask me how to find out more about their ancestors, what they often really have in mind is researching their grandfathers on the paternal side of the family to discover how far back they can get with their surname.
We need to remember that our surname is a social convention, as ancient as the patriarchy itself, so that when we think about our ancestors we are influenced in a way that limits our perception because we tend to exclude all the female branches and, within these, all the male and female lines, too.
To clarify: what exactly is a pedigree or ancestry tree?
A pedigree stems from one person, which could be us or one of our parents, for example. That person is the starting point on which our research and the graphical representation of the tree will be based.
Conventionally this person will be identified by the number 1 (Sosa-Stradonitz Numbering System). According to this useful numbering system, the number of a person’s father is twice their own number, and the number of a person’s mother is twice their own, plus one. Likewise number 1’s paternal grandparents will have numbers 4 and 4+1 (5), while the maternal grandparents will have 6 and 6+1 (7), and so on. Therefore, if we focus on our paternal line alone, we will limit our knowledge exclusively to those ancestors represented by these even numbers: 2, 4, 8, 16, etc…
Another convention in genealogy is the way we calculate generations: these begin from our starting reference (i.e. number 1). So number 1 represents the first generation, his/her parents are the second generation, the grandparents the third generation, and so on…
It is clear that we are dealing with a total of 6 people, including ourselves, so 5 ancestors in all. If we also include the wives/mothers of each generation (numbers 3, 5, 9, 17 and 33), we come to a total of 10 people, plus ourselves.
So, how many ancestors are there in the sixth generation?
In theory (and in practice in 99% of cases) there are 32 people. In order to know the total number of ancestors we have, we need to sum all those of the preceding generations, that is the fifth, fourth, third and second generations… So the total number of our ancestors, from ourselves to the sixth generation, is: 32+16+8+4+2 = 62 people.
Earlier we talked about our paternal surname line, with our 5 direct ancestors (2, 4, 8, 16 and 32): in that case we really are only dealing with less than 10% of our ancestors (5 out of 62). In other words we are ignoring over 90% of our own family history due to the influence on our perception we mentioned above. That 90% includes most of the histories that connect with our own… and that 90% is determined by our female ancestors. Leaving out our female ancestors means reducing our knowledge by 50% for every generation we trace back. It also means that, by concentrating on just our own surname out of a possible 32 in 6 generations, we lose all the others.
Conclusion: in order to fully understand our family history, we cannot, and must not, ignore the history of our female ancestors.
A word of advice: there is no need to feel overwhelmed by this unexpected number of people. Family research can be divided into parts or branches, each of which can be explored over time if you do not want to deal with them all at once. There is one great certainty in genealogical research: each person we find and each bit of information we add, clearly no longer needs to be searched for. Our family tree can be reconstructed step by step, each branch unfolded over time, to gradually reveal that immense wealth of histories, people, places, times and mysteries that have combined to make us who we are.
⇒ To find out more about how to begin your journey with us, just contact us via one of the links found at the top or bottom of each page (Email, Facebook Messenger, Whatsapp, etc.).
[this article was originally published in Italian on our facebook page] | <urn:uuid:839c9f7b-978b-46fd-bc7d-68d1689f0141> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.livornogen.com/en/2021/05/01/women-in-our-genealogies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991693.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512004850-20210512034850-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.954095 | 864 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Preparation. This is a hallmark of how we operate nuclear plants. We always prepare, follow procedures, and in May, we pay close attention to our inclement weather plans as hurricane season is right around the corner. The Atlantic hurricane season officially begins June 1 and lasts through Nov. 30.
In 2017, there were 17 named storms, 10 hurricanes and six major hurricanes making it one of the most active hurricane seasons on record. Nuclear plants from Texas to the Carolinas weathered those storms safely. As we prepare for what forecasters warn will be an active 2018 hurricane season, here are a few ways nuclear sites prepare for hurricanes:
In the days leading up to a storm, items that could potentially be blown away or become airborne are tied down.
Emergency equipment, such as generators and pumps, are checked to ensure full operability.
A visual inspection of the site is conducted to further ensure water and wind will not affect essential equipment.
Critical supplies are checked and stocked, including assuring there is enough food and water on site to sustain workers in the event they have to stay on-site for many days.
Nuclear sites reach out to local and federal emergency preparedness stakeholders in the days leading up to the storm to ensure understanding of the actions underway.
Nuclear plants are built to withstand natural disasters and many other emergencies, no matter how unlikely. There is a long history of withstanding storms, floods, blizzards, high winds, extreme cold and heat, and even a solar eclipse.
Nuclear energy generates carbon-free, life-essential electricity around-the-clock to power the lives of our communities. When a hurricane is forecasted, we are ready. If there is damage to the electrical grid, we are there to generate electricity to power hospitals and communities as soon as they can safely receive power again. Our preparation and design help us serve our communities, even if Alberto, Florence or Sara come to town. | <urn:uuid:98e4ac0a-2303-4645-95b4-b2d9b818a759> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://nuclear.duke-energy.com/2018/05/17/how-we-prepare-for-a-hurricane-at-a-nuclear-plant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249468313.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223041554-20190223063554-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.952661 | 396 | 3.234375 | 3 |
NATIONAL ARTS & HUMANITIES MONTH
In October, National Arts & Humanities Month encourages us to explore the beauty and culture around us. It’s the largest annual celebration of the arts and humanities in the United States, and there are festivities from coast to coast to honor NAHM. During October, we encourage you to reflect on the many ways arts and humanities contribute to our society. Can you imagine a world without music? A world without beautiful art, statues, literature, or culture? A world without the arts and humanities is a world lacking all of those things, and frankly, a world I wouldn’t want to live in.
HOW TO OBSERVE #ArtsAndHumanitiesMonth
Explore the arts and humanities that have made an impact in your life and use #NationalArts&HumanitiesMonth to post on social media. If you are an artist, promote yourself on social media and show people all the beautiful work you do. During an Arts & Humanities speech in 2016, then-President Barack Obama said,
“In seeking to break down barriers and challenge our assumptions, we must continue promoting and prioritizing the arts and humanities, especially for our young people. In many ways, the arts and humanities reflect our national soul. They are central to who we are as Americans – as dreamers and storytellers, creators, and visionaries. By investing in the arts, we can chart a course for the future in which the threads of our common humanity are bound together with creative empathy and openness.”
You heard the man! Invest in the arts, especially local art, and you will begin going down a lovely path. Chances are, those around you will follow and join you in your support for the arts & humanities. Here are some other ways to celebrate this month.
- Host an event, like an open studio, to allow the public to come in and check out the work you do.
- Meet up with some friends to attend a local concert or art show.
- Write a special post about NAHM and share it on social media with the hashtag listed above.
- Write to your member of Congress to let them know about the importance of arts and humanities in our communities. Discuss art education funding.
NATIONAL ARTS & HUMANITY MONTH HISTORY
National Arts & Humanities Month has encouraged others to explore the arts and humanities in their lives since 1993. | <urn:uuid:bfad13f0-26b5-4cb6-b016-f04427c16d04> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://nationaldaycalendar.com/national-arts-humanities-month-october/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662533972.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520160139-20220520190139-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.927221 | 500 | 3.046875 | 3 |
When word of Gen. Robert E. Lee’s spectacular and bloody victory at Chancellorsville arrived at the War Department in Washington on May 6, 1863, observers said President Lincoln couldn’t have been more overwhelmed if he had been struck by a thunderbolt and he couldn’t have looked more ghostlike if he had just risen from the dead.
The president clasped his hands behind his back and walked the room, saying, “My God! My God! What will the country say? What will the country say?”
The casualties began coming into Washington that night. Men lay helpless in the rain on the wharf and nearby streets, soaking on blankets, their wounds bound by bloody rags. There were few volunteers and few attendants.
“The wounded are getting to be common. People grow callous,” wrote Walt Whitman, who was volunteering as two boatloads of wounded came in.
Source: Freedom Rising: Washington in the Civil War by Ernest B. Furguson | <urn:uuid:a12e681a-e87f-40d3-9b3f-8d2d6c4369e4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lincolnwonk.com/2014/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00820.warc.gz | en | 0.97954 | 211 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Safe meat fulfills an important role in our daily diets by providing nutrients to the body. Unsafe meat with a high bacterial count on the other hand is a major health hazard and should be avoided. Bacteria responsible for food-borne disease cannot be seen, smelled or tasted.
Where Can You Buy Safe Meat?
Buy your meat at a shop accepted by the health authority of your town or village.
This meat is safe because it comes from an abattoir which sells safe meat.
The shop can be a butchery, supermarket or a spaza.
The carcasses in these shops have a stamp on each quarter, which means that the meat is clean, safe, without disease and will stay fresh much longer.
The stamps are given by meat inspectors who know everything about meat.
Where Is Meat Unsafe?
The meat of animals killed in unacceptable places or in the open is unsafe.
Animals can get ill just like people. They get brucellosis or TB or carry tapeworms.
If you eat the meat of an animal which is ill you can become ill too.
If meat is handled with dirty hands or instruments or in a dirty place it will be full of germs.
If you eat dirty meat, the germs will make you ill.
Meat From Accepted Abattoirs Is Safe
Animals which arrive at accepted abattoirs are examined by vets. The vets make sure the animals are healthy. No animal which is ill is slaughtered.
If an animal is tired after a long journey, it is given time to rest before it is slaughtered.
Animals are killed in such a way that they do not suffer pain.
They are killed in such a way that they bleed properly and very little blood is left in the meat. Meat with little blood stays fresher longer.
Directly after the animal has been killed and bled, the skin and intestines are removed. Next the carcass and offal are inspected by a meat inspector.
The inspector makes sure that the meat is healthy. If it is healthy, he gives it a stamp. Unsafe meat is destroyed.
The inspectors and vets also make sure that everything at the abattoir is clean.
The meat is put in a refrigerator to make sure that any germs which are left do not increase.
The meat is also kept cool on the way to the shop to keep it fresh.
Meat From Other Places May Be Unsafe
Animals killed at places other than abattoirs are not examined by vets. These are called informal slaughterings.
Animals killed there may be ill.
At informal slaughterings there is no place where the animal can rest.
Tired animals do not bleed well.
Meat with too much blood in it does not stay fresh long.
Informal slaughterers do not have proper instruments.
They can not keep everything clean.
The carcasses are not examined by inspectors. You can not be sure that the meat is safe.
Informal slaughterers cannot keep the meat cool and germs will grow on it.
If you eat such meat you may become ill.
What You Can Do If You Cannot Buy Safe Meat Near Your Home?
Ask the leaders or health authorities of your village to get safe meat from villages or towns nearby. If enough people want safe meat, butchers will deliver in a truck with a built-in refrigerator.
Ask the informal traders to get advice from health authorities so that they too can sell safe meat.
Is Safe Meat Really So Important?
If you bring unsafe meat into your home, the germs may spread to your hands, tables, knives and other places. From there they may spread to other food.
Cooking the meat may well kill the germs, but not the poison they leave in the meat. The poison may make you ill.
Tips For Handling And Preparing Meat
Never leave meat at room temperature for more than 2 hours, including preparation and serving time. Especially avoid the temperature zone of 10 to 60ºC where bacteria multiply rapidly.
Cool leftover meat immediately and thoroughly and then cover it. Shallow containers will speed up the process.
When reheating leftovers, heat thoroughly (up to the bone). Cooked meat should only be reheated once.
Avoid cross contamination from dirty hands, cutting surfaces, knives, containers, other food and dish cloths.
We would like to thank the National Department of Agriculture and the Directorate – Veterinary Public Health for permission to use the information from their bulletin “Safe Meat”.
Reviewed for F.A.C.S. by AHu (2016) | <urn:uuid:7bbe47a0-6c46-4721-8e54-ce3d5e9d07e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://foodfacts.org.za/safe-meat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513478.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211105804-20171211125804-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.954204 | 963 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Volunteer for NIAID-funded clinical studies related to emerging infectious diseases on ClinicalTrials.gov.
In September 2012, just days after receiving reports that a newly identified coronavirus had claimed the life of a person in Saudi Arabia, NIAID and its international partners began discussing potential studies of the virus. Their plans took on greater urgency eight days later when the United Kingdom reported treating the same viral infection in a man who had recently traveled in Saudi Arabia. This patient survived.
These first two cases sparked fears among scientists of a new SARS-like outbreak. SARS—severe acute respiratory syndrome—also is caused by a coronavirus, which in 2003 spread rapidly from person to person, sickening more than 8,000 people and killing more than 900 worldwide. Until SARS, most scientists viewed coronaviruses as relatively harmless causes of the common cold.
In late November 2012, after a lull that made scientists optimistic, the case count climbed to nine people, including five deaths.
In response to the outbreak, Drs. Heinz Feldmann and Vincent Munster at NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML) in Hamilton, Montana, began studies of the novel coronavirus in Syrian hamsters and rhesus macaques. Their partners at Erasmus University in The Netherlands are conducting similar tests in ferrets and cynomolgus macaques. The groups are coordinating their work to determine which species may be the most suitable to study as a model of human infection. The same four animal species are used to study other human respiratory diseases, most notably SARS, influenza, and hantavirus.
The new coronavirus is closely related to coronaviruses isolated from bats, suggesting that these animals might be its natural carrier. The RML Virus Ecology Unit conducts research on viruses that originate from bats, such as Ebola and Nipah, and this new coronavirus underscores the need for NIAID research on infectious disease ecology and natural carriers, or reservoirs, of infectious agents.
“The virus appears to cause severe lung and kidney damage,” said Feldmann, who in 2003 was among a group of scientists who tracked the spread of the SARS virus from its origin in southern China to a Hong Kong hotel, where it affected several guests.
“We want to mimic human infection in an animal model to understand how this novel coronavirus causes disease and whether there is a potential for transmission of the virus among humans.”
Once the scientists learn how the virus spreads in an animal model, they will begin working on countermeasures such as antiviral treatment and vaccines to assist preparedness efforts.
“Several weeks passed between the cases, so we still are not sure whether there is potential for this new coronavirus to infect more people,” said Munster, who heads the Virus Ecology Unit at RML. “Our studies will provide valuable knowledge that should help us if this disease is indeed similar to SARS.”
Media Availability: MERS-CoV Treatment Effective in Monkeys, NIH Study Finds—Sept. 8, 2013
Media Availability: NIH Scientists Develop Monkey Model to Study Novel Coronavirus Infection
Last Updated September 13, 2013 | <urn:uuid:04c53dc1-b5b1-4874-a137-40ab6d2c60c8> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/emerging/Pages/coronavirus.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869647.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00026-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941069 | 666 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Branching Out into Language
Matilde Marcolli is using the tools of mathematics to dig up the roots and examine the branches of linguistic family trees.
By Whitney Clavin
A history of the words on this page would date back farther than you might think. Modern-day English originated from Germanic and Latin-based languages, which themselves evolved from an even more primitive language known as Proto-Indo- European, whose history stretches possibly as far back as 10,000 years ago when the Neolithic era began.
How do we know this? In the same way that biologists trace the evolution of life with the help of family trees— beginning with single-celled protozoa at the roots and ending with modern-day plants, birds, and other animals at the leaves—linguists use family trees, too, to study the history of languages and map out their common origins.
The Indo-European linguistic family tree is probably the most studied of those; it is a sprawling oak-like collection of several hundred languages, of which English is just one branch. Traditionally, linguists have used historical texts to trace the roots of languages like these, but such texts are not always available, especially when trying to study languages spoken in more remote parts of the world.
So, what are text-less linguists to do? They can turn to a different language—the language of math—and seek the help of the experts who speak it. A number of mathematicians have become interested in linguistics and in mapping out the relationships among languages. They bring to the metaphorical table a number of tools and techniques that allow them to compare cognate, or similar, words among languages and to track changes in the sounds of words, called phonetics. They then use those similarities and changes to tease out the relationships among the languages they are studying.
The challenge with all of these mapping techniques is that, while they work relatively well on the leaves and branches of a language tree, they are often less effective at uncovering the tree’s oldest sections: the roots that are buried most deeply in the past.
Over the past several years, Caltech mathematician Matilde Marcolli, together with her students, has begun developing new computational methods that allow her to build and analyze linguistic trees—and, specifically, to hone in on their oldest sections. To do this, Marcolli is applying several different mathematical methods to the study of language: algebraic geometry, topology, and coding techniques, among others.
“Individually, some of these methods have been applied before,” she says. “But in trying to tackle the structure of syntax in natural languages, you need a broad combination of different mathematical approaches.”
So far, Marcolli’s approach has proved successful. She has shown that algebraic geometry methods can be used to narrow down candidate linguistic trees and identify the ones that best follow evolutionary processes and thus are more likely to be correct. And by applying topological math techniques to these narrowed-down family trees, she has revealed how some of the branches, or subfamilies, have influenced one another through the years. “What I’m most interested in is using mathematical methods to understand how human languages are structured and how the structure has changed over time,” says Marcolli. “By applying different mathematical methods to languages, you can get the methods to talk to each other and provide a more comprehensive look at the tree’s structure.”
Layers of Language
Language, like matter, adheres to a detailed and manylayered structure. At its smallest scale, it is made up of different types of sounds, or phonemes. Different languages have different numbers of phonemes: the East Papuan languages of New Guinea use 11 different distinct phonemes, while the African language family called Khoisan has more than 140 basic sound units, including clicks. At the next level of language structure are words and the varying ways in which words are not only formed but are modified to play different roles in a sentence—such as when the verb “run” changes to the past tense “ran.” This latter process is known as morphology. While English has a moderate degree of morphology, German and Russian have a much higher degree. Vietnamese, on the other hand, generally does not alter its words; thus, this language is considered among the least morphologically complex.
An even higher-scale structure in language is syntax. While morphology is about the way words change, syntax looks at how the meaning of a sentence changes based on the ordering of those words. Syntax differs by language: For instance, many languages put the subject before the verb, as in English, while others, such as the Celtic languages, do the opposite. Another element of syntax has to do with “head directionality,” or the positioning of the main part (or head) of a sentence—the subject and the verb. In head-initial languages such as English, the main part of the sentence comes first, and the rest of the sentence is appended to the end; in head-final languages such as Japanese, the main part of the sentence comes after its complement. For instance, when a Japanese person says, “I want to eat an apple,” they would place the word apple and other words before eat, since eat is considered the head of the sentence.
It is in this area—syntax, or the large-scale structure of language—where the focus of Marcolli’s language research lies. She and other linguistic researchers are looking at variations in the syntax of languages to better understand how they each splintered off from one another and evolved.
“What linguists have already been doing for many decades is trying to classify the way the syntax works in different languages on the basis of what are called binary variables,” says Marcolli, referring to an idea originally introduced by philosopher and linguist Noam Chomsky in the 1960s and 1970s. “You basically ask a yes/no question for all the variables known—for example, does the language put the subject before the verb—and then you compare languages to see how different those variables are.”
Mapping the DNA of Language
To this end, linguists have developed a database of 115 syntax variables for 253 world languages spread across several different language families. The Indo-European languages are well represented in the database, which includes not only English but Spanish, Punjabi, and Persian, to name a few. One way computational linguists use the database is through the “neighborhood-joining method,” in which languages with a greater number of syntax variables in common are placed closer together on the tree.
“These syntax parameters act as a sort of DNA for language. You can apply phylogenetic ideas from biology in order to construct plausible histories of how these languages might have evolved,” says Kevin Shu, a Caltech undergraduate student who worked with Marcolli on her linguistics research. The method is not infallible, of course. If an error finds its way into one of the branches of a family tree, it will propagate deeper and deeper, spreading back to the roots like an infection.
To solve this problem, Marcolli adopted a tool used by mathematical biologists; an algebraic geometry technique developed by UC Berkeley mathematicians Bernd Sturmfels, Lior Pachter (now the Bren Professor of Computational Biology and Computing and Mathematical Sciences at Caltech), and others. Marcolli is the first to apply this tool to linguistic trees to find which are the “healthiest,” or have the fewest errors. The tool looks at the modern-day languages that make up the leaves of the trees and traces backward to the roots to see if the placement of the leaves makes evolutionary and mathematical sense.
“Whatever the modern languages look like now, they are a function of what happened according to some random evolutionary process that has been creating mutations in those languages along the way,” says Marcolli. “The distribution of the binary syntax variables that we observe in language today—those at the leaves of the tree—is produced by that evolutionary process acting on that tree.”
Using their algebraic geometry method, the Caltech researchers were able to narrow in on what is generally accepted as the most accurate of the Indo-European trees, demonstrating that the technique worked in this wellknown language family. Marcolli plans to use the method next on languages that are not as well documented to see if she can better illuminate their murky origins.
One limitation of this geometric method, however, is that it makes a basic assumption that the binary syntactic parameters examined—the subject-verb order and the head directionality, for instance—evolve independently of one another. But, says Marcolli, “there are unknown relationships between the different syntactic parameters that will impact the way languages change and evolve.”
The Shape of Language
To better understand the interconnectedness of the syntactic variables and to build the most accurate trees, Marcolli and colleagues are taking advantage of a suite of methods to “shape” the linguistic trees in the way an arborist uses a variety of tools to shape an actual tree. These methods include various forms of geometric data analysis and coding theory as well as some novel methods of topological data analysis developed by Stanford mathematician Gunnar Carlsson and others. Topological data analysis is a mathematical technique that allows mathematicians to look at the higher-order structures, or shapes, that organize sets of data. The method, which has been growing in popularity in recent years, can reveal previously unseen connections between data points.
To look for these sorts of obscured connections within the Indo-European language tree, Marcolli and her students applied the topological method to the syntax variables they had already studied using algebraic geometry. They found something unexpected: when one branch of a linguistic family tree influences the growth of another, a loop or circle can show up in the topological data analysis, indicating lateral connections between those languages, as opposed to direct evolutionary pathways. For example, a circle in the data would indicate connections between a tree’s different language branches—branches that had, for the most part, grown independently.
“We found that, in the Indo-European language tree, there is a circle in the data that is mysterious,” says Marcolli. “What it seems to mean is that, at the syntax level, the ancient Greek languages may have influenced other branches of the family tree, such as some of the Slavic languages. This is a phenomenon that linguists have already observed in other ways, but you see it now in the topological data because there’s a circle that comes up. And that means that this is a methodology that will become really useful in the study of linguistic evolution.”
“Languages evolve over time and become separated, but they can come back together again and influence each other,” adds Alexander Port, a Caltech undergraduate student of Marcolli’s who is now doing graduate work at the University of Southern California. Port worked on this project with Marcolli as a part of a computationallinguistics class.
In the future, Marcolli hopes to use studies like these to develop models that describe the structure of languages and all the nuances as well as how groups of people acquire new languages or become bilingual. If scientists can better understand how people learn languages—or “how the ‘syntax calculators’ in our brains work,” as Marcolli puts it—it might lead to new insights into how to create the neural networks needed for artificial intelligence.
But, for now, her focus is on language and its history. As Marcolli demonstrates, the best way to uncover the buried past of words may well be through the use of numbers. | <urn:uuid:c9529dcb-60c5-4a2b-b109-5e4ef6c5ada0> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://magazine.caltech.edu/post/roots-of-language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573832.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920050858-20190920072858-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.953432 | 2,472 | 3.578125 | 4 |
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