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Image courtesy Lawrence Ong, EO-1 Mission Science Office and the EO-1 Team at GSFC/NASA and EDC/USGS
Through a shroud of smoke, the scorched, brown landscape left by the Wedge Canyon Fire in northwest Montana is visible in this image from the Advanced Land Imager sensor on the Earth Observing 1 satellite. The brown scar stretches over the tan ribbon of the Flathead River, which runs diagonally from top center to right center edge. At the time this image was acquired on July 29, 2003, the southwest perimeter of the fire appears most active, with a thick cloud of smoke rising from the fire. The Wedge Canyon Fire is one of three large fires burning in the mountainous terrain of northwestern Montana near Glacier National Park.
Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally.
This image originally appeared on the Earth Observatory. Click here to view the full, original record. | <urn:uuid:31747c4f-0b0d-445a-b5b2-d7aba7299d21> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=11840 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171670.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00245-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91478 | 233 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Reviewed by KT Horning
Tonya Bolden recounts the 100 year (100 years!) history behind getting the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) built which started at a GAR gathering of African-American Civil War veterans in 1915 (1915!) with a desire to build a national monument to honor these men.
With little to no power to lobby Congress, the members of the National Memorial Association didn’t make much progress but kept going. All the while their dream was growing until it had expanded into a full museum to honor African-American history. Continue reading.
How to Build a Museum by Tonya Bolden
Published by Penguin on January 11th 2016
Genres: African American, OwnVoices, U.S. History
Reading Level: Grades 3-5, Grades 6-8
Review Source: Reading While White
Buy at Powell's Books
Also by this author: Crossing Ebenezer Creek, Cause
Publisher's synopsis: Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture is truly groundbreaking! The first national museum whose mission is to illuminate for all people, the rich, diverse, complicated, and important experiences and contributions of African Americans in America is opening. And the history of NMAAHC--the last museum to be built on the National Mall--is the history of America. The campaign to set up a museum honoring black citizens is nearly 100 years old; building the museum and assembling its incredibly far-reaching collections is a modern story that involves all kinds of people, from educators and activists, to politicians, architects, curators, construction workers, and ordinary Americans who donated cherished belongings to be included in NMAAHC's thematically-organized exhibits. Award-winning author Tonya Bolden has written a fascinating chronicle of how all of these ideas, ambitions, and actual objects came together in one incredible museum. Includes behind-the-scenes photos of literally "how to build a museum" that holds everything from an entire segregated railroad car to a tiny West African amulet worn to ward off slave traders." | <urn:uuid:5da15543-027f-432c-bad2-ede40b225469> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://socialjusticebooks.org/how-to-build-a-museum-smithsonians-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479838.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216024809-20190216050809-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.931825 | 426 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Posted in Technology, classroom management, edtech, Teaching, Teacher ideas, 2019, learning games, games
In fifth grade, I used to creep to the basement after my parents were sleeping to play The Sims on our computer until well after midnight, often on school nights with no concern for having to be up early for school the next day. In high school, I would go to the library and sit at the computer farthest away from the library information desk, turning my screen so that no one could see me logging onto gaming sites during my “research” periods, or trying to use proxy servers to get onto MySpace and AIM. These are the experiences that sit fresh in my mind as I find myself in this ironic-but-necessary position on the other side of the digital battle against accessing restricted content at school.
Posted in Safety, Learning, Filtering, classroom management, edtech, Internet Safety For Kids, Chromebooks in the Classroom, Internet Safety, Digital Citizenship, Teaching, Chromebooks, 2019, Fortnite, games | <urn:uuid:01ddd507-ace9-4791-8e78-4361b41e057b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://blog.goguardian.com/topic/games | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526508.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720111631-20190720133631-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.952563 | 214 | 2.75 | 3 |
Kari Abby January 14, 2021 Worksheet
There are many types of worksheets you can use as a teaching aid. First is coloring pages. This is good in teaching kids the different colors and their names, and the proper way to color. With First Crafts, kids learn how to make simple crafts and enjoy the fruits of their hard work. There are also worksheets that teach how to read.
Letter Recognition – As your child learns sounds, they will also learn to recognize the letters of the alphabet. A great way to teach this is with a printable worksheet that shows the letter, a picture, and the ’name’ of the letter – like Annie Apple!
The first step is to consider the correct or appropriate font to use – the bigger the better. Avoid fonts such as the Roman Script as the curls and curves of the letters may be confusing. For kids, fun fonts such as the Comic Sans MS are advisable. It can be used as standard fonts for worksheets especially when bugger fonts are needed. Note that the font size itself may differ depending on the age of the students. So when writing worksheets for kids, font sizes between 14 and 18 are suggested.
Worksheets can be saved and reused from one lesson to the next. If a particular worksheet appeared to work better for the students it can be changed and reused for the next lesson, rather than starting over from scratch. Subject specific graphics can be added to worksheets to make them, visually appealing.
Language Development – Colors are often the first adjectives your child will learn and use. Color is used to describe and identify specific objects, helping your child to learn how to pronounce many different words.
Preschool printable worksheets can help you teach your child all about color in a fun and effective way. Here are a few of the reasons your preschooler needs to learn about color.
Tag Cloudexact form math christmas booklet applied business math problems 2nd grade math drills division answers math game websites for 6th graders 3rd grade math riddles everyday math skills link grade 2 grade 3 math fractions math is year 1 math problems addition sums for year 2 calculus limits review free educational math websites 4th grade math test printable division of decimals worksheets for grade 6 multiplying decimals worksheets 6th grade addition and subtraction worksheets to 20 ks2 telling the time worksheets math by the numbers | <urn:uuid:023112d7-559b-4c75-b390-e7b62269e67c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://istandwithilhan.org/e5239dhc/hT2398vC/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703564029.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125030118-20210125060118-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.925098 | 505 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Metal spinning, a cold-worked metal forming process, uses a combination of force and fast rotational motion to produce seamless, axially symmetric shapes. Rigid tools or rollers shape a metal blank, tube, or pre-form in several stages; until it reaches the desired final geometry specified by the spinning mandrel. Metal spinning produces a large number of products for various applications, including cookware, bells, cans, flowerpots, lampshades, funnels, gas cylinders and trash bins. Although a fast and economical mode of production, metal spinning still has a few drawbacks.
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Size and Shape Limitations
Due to the nature of the metal spinning process, its products are limited to those with concentric, axially symmetric shapes. Examples of shapes easily formed through spinning include hemispheres, cones, funnels, flanged covers, parabolas, stepped parts and dished heads. Additionally, the size of the available metal spinning equipment limits the maximum practical diameter of the components produced.
Production Volume Constraints
Metal spinning, whether manual or automated, requires component-specific tools; that is, the manufacturer must purchase or fashion spinning tools exactly suited to the desired geometry. Rollers and spoons – tools made of hardened steel – are designed for general use, while mandrels produce specific shapes. From an economic viewpoint, this makes it impractical for a manufacturer to produce low volumes of a component with a unique geometry.
Small Allowance for Errors
Cracks and dents in the component during production are irreparable for all practical purposes. Small irregularities and minor damages to a blank or an unfinished piece means immediate scrapping, as a repair is not a cost-effective solution. During spinning, the metal piece could also undergo an undesirable hardening. It would then have to go through heat treatment before the shaping process can proceed properly.
Manual Spinning Limitations
Manual spinning, though simpler, faster, and cheaper by an order of magnitude than spinning with a computer-numerically-controlled (CNC) lathe, still comes with a few disadvantages. Manual spinning requires that operators have a high level of skill as well as a fair amount of strength, as the process is physically demanding. Also, compared to similar metal-shaping techniques -- such as press forming -- manual metal spinning takes more time before a usable piece is finished. | <urn:uuid:16a5fac8-a0e4-48ca-a571-05849a5d9897> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.ehow.com/info_8725067_disadvantages-metal-spinning.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202872.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323141433-20190323163433-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.916918 | 487 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Small wildlife in the garden is not only beneficial to the plants that you are growing, but they also bring a certain beauty of their own and are interesting to watch. The more wildlife visiting a garden, the healthier it will tend to be. Instead of trying to deter garden guests, I do everything that I can to attract them to stop and enjoy my yard. All wildlife look for a few basic things that they need to survive, and its really those yards and gardens that can provide for their most basic needs, and not necessarily the most attractive garden, that they are going to congregate at.
Tips for Welcoming Wildlife to the Garden
If you want to welcome more beneficial wildlife to your garden, provide the following needs that all animals and insects have in the most natural way possible.
Provide A Source of Water
Water is always a great element to have in any garden. Gardens need water, water is found everywhere in nature and moving water, especially, adds to the sensory experience we have in gardens. It also happens that wildlife is also looking to provide for this very important need, especially in the winter, so wherever there is water you will see wildlife nearby. If you have the space and resources, a small garden pond is ideal.
Everything from birds to butterflies to frogs will sit, sip and splash in fresh water. Even a simple birdbath, or garden saucers will be very helpful to wild creatures. Scatter them around the yard, and make sure to fill regularly.
Your garden is a source of food for so many different types of wildlife, and the more native plants that you plant, the better (for a vast amount of reasons). It makes sense that birds and insects will seek out those plants that they find in nature, so by adding some of those same plants to your yard you are bringing wildlife right to you. To attract the most wildlife, plant a wide diversity of plants including flowers with nectar, fruit bearing plants and plants that produce seeds or nuts. In the winter, fill bird feeders with seeds geared toward your regular visitors, as well as other locals you would like to attract (you may be surprised who shows up).
Shelter is another very important need for all types of wildlife, and slightly more complicated to provide in the most natural way, but still possible. Birdhouses, or other hollow containers, make sure that birds are always returning to your garden. Keep overturned logs, some garden brush and stacks of logs are also places wildlife like to take shelter near so try and fit these things into the garden as naturally as possible.
Provide Natural Cover
Ever notice how most types of wildlife will dart back and forth into your garden? Animals and insects are always watching for predators, even while they are splashing around in the birdbath you have put out. In keeping with planting a diverse garden, it is also important to include trees and shrubs in and around your garden. Both of these provide coverage and security for animals that need a place to quickly escape into, and the more you have around the more wildlife will feel secure and safe near your yard.
Providing each of these is the best and easiest way to encourage beneficial wildlife to not just make their way into your yard, but to stay. None are difficult to provide, and the best part is, they don’t require a lot of time or money to add to your yard. | <urn:uuid:5fa6ddda-9f12-4e30-ae5c-4cfdfc6135e9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://momfoodie.com/welcome-beneficial-wildlife-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159359.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923114712-20180923135112-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.96933 | 689 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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Buy custom Unhealthy Addiction of the Wallpaper essay
The short story “The Yellow Paper” is told by the narrator, a woman, who has just given birth. The story depicts the narrator’s tumble into madness. The setting is an isolated room that is occupied for a summer holiday. The narrator’s husband John is a physician, who believes and appreciates feminism. John prefers his wife to stay indoors and have a rest after giving birth to their child. It is notable that the narrator is suffering from postpartum psychosis. The fact that the woman is left in an upstairs room against her wish is a clear indication of the aspect of feminism attributed to the Victorian society. The condition of the room is deplorable. The walls are covered by the dirty and half-peeled wallpaper (Gilman 13). Despite of this condition, John and his sister Jennie do not recognize this; instead, they try to comfort the woman. It should be mentioned that these two characters worsen the condition of the narrator due to their insensitivity.
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The woman wonders why her husband does not see and feel what she is experiencing. In essence, John and Jennie are problematic according to the narrator’s expression. For instance, on the last day the narrator refuses to open. When John manages to break into the room, he faints after seeing what his wife has done; however, she does not bother (Gilman 13). This indicates the extent to which the woman believes that her husband is the facilitator of her condition. It is evident that a lot can be learnt from the setting of this story as it depicts a deep discrimination against women and indicates the position or niche occupied by women in the Victorian society. The isolated room covered by the old yellow wallpaper is disturbing. The narrator is disturbed by its deplorable nature. In addition, a deep internalzation and observation of the wallpaper creates a horrible imagery in her mind. It is noticeable that the woman believes that there is another woman appearing in the wallpaper, who is trying so hard to get out of the wallpaper (Gilman 17).
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This situation is a replica of what the narrator is trying to do. She tries to get out of the room but the strong bars limit her moving. This context represents the situation common to the Victorian society, where women were trying to get out of the feminism chains and discrimination in vain (Gilman 16). It should be noted that the narrator expresses her anger in peeling off the wallpaper and rolling round the perimeter of the room. However, John, who is the primary protagonist in this story, does not see anything wrong. Moreover, he believes that his wife should remain calm in the isolated room in order to recover from the illness.
In essence, the protagonist’s mind or thoughts remain unconscious and stable. Women’s liberation and freedom are not approved and this is evidenced when John faints after realizing what his wife has done in the room. In addition, the setting becomes disturbing when the woman imagines that John and Jennie know about her behavior (Gilman 15). This situation prompts the woman to keep the discoveries she realized in the wallpaper in a secret. The narrator becomes paranoid believing that somebody has stuck in the wallpaper. Thus, the woman starts thinking that she is the only person who can uncover the secrets of the wallpaper. Obviously, the stimuli of the room are confined to that of the break neck pattern of the wallpaper, which the narrator describes as yellow, smelly and parched wallpaper. She even starts believing that the woman in the wallpaper is creeping. It is imperative to note that the main heroinee believes that she will free the woman in the wallpaper by stripping the remaining paper.
The behavior of John and Jennie is attributed to the deterioration of the woman’s condition. However, the immense influence comes from the wallpaper. The poor woman feels neglected by the closest people, especially when John indicates that this isolated room is the right place for her to rest. On the other hand, Jennie realizes the thoughts and pain experienced by the woman. What is more, she slowly accepts her way of thinking by acknowledging that nothing is wrong and by peeling off the ugly wallpaper (Gilman 12). It is notable that Jennie remains silent as if nothing had happened in the room, which is a clear depiction of women’s reaction on feminism. Jennie realizes the need for a liberated mind.
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In conclusion, the narrator tries to make the reader understand the struggles underwent by the women in the isolated room. It is notable that the author’s intention is to make the reader understand that in the Victorian society, women were chained by the strong forces of feminism. The wallpaper represents the Victorian society. The women were almost isolated by the men (Gilman 13). The narrator manages to break the chain of feminism exhibited in the Victorian society by peeling off the wallpaper. The aspect of depicting women in a patriarchal medical setting as powerless, silent and less active is defeated when the main heroine breaks the wallpaper and John faints after seeing this scene. It is notable that the narrator successfully uses insanity to dissent the medical and professional subjugation of women. She disapproves the male doctors who were acting with their egocentric interest in mind. Furthermore, she fights for the freedom of women in the Victorian society.
Custom Unhealthy Addiction of the Wallpaper essay
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- This Moment essay | <urn:uuid:7142c420-04aa-4b38-b987-b7a989032af2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://supremeessays.net/samples/literature/unhealthy-addiction-of-the-wallpaper.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667260.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113113242-20191113141242-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.962828 | 1,269 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Rally set to back Underground Railroad station
Local historian Scott Mingus talks about the history of the Underground Railroad and the Civil War in York County, and why the Mifflin House, which served as a stop on the Underground Railroad, needs to be saved. Credit: Don Bair Don Bair
Press Release from Preservation Pennsylvania:
WRIGHTSVILLE RALLY FOR HISTORY:
Threatened Underground Railroad station focus of public meeting on March 21
The future of the historic Mifflin House and farm in Hellam Township, York County, a well-documented safe house of the Underground Railroad, will be the focus of a community meeting on Wednesday, March 21 at John Wright Restaurant, 234 North Front Street, Wrightsville, York County, PA. The public is invited to attend this free event from 6 until 8 PM. Light food fare and beverages will be served.
Speakers will include:
Julia Chain is the Program Director at Preservation Pennsylvania, the private, statewide, non-profit advocacy and education organization based in Harrisburg. She will provide a brief overview of the zoning decision being defended by Hellam Township and supported by Preservation Pennsylvania and the Kreutz Creek Valley Preservation Society of Hellam Township, where the Mifflin House property is located.
Area business owner Louis Bond of the Charles Bond Company, Manheim and Christiana, Lancaster County, will share his personal and professional experiences of leading successful industrial enterprises that are housed in historic buildings.
Kathleen Anderson of Lancaster, whose ancestor, Robert Loney of Columbia, was an Underground Railroad agent who worked for many years with the Mifflin Family and other Abolitionists along the Susquehanna River, assisting many formerly enslaved Africans move safely across the river in their quest for freedom.
Community historian Randolph Harris of Lancaster will present an illustrated history of the Mifflin House and explain how this site, if preserved as an historic attraction, could become a key property in a regional area along both sides of the Susquehanna River where some of the earliest and most significant episodes in the historic of the Underground Railroad occurred. Harris’ presentation will highlight the educational impact and the economic development opportunities that could be realized if such a regional plan were created with community involvement and carried out.
Harris explained, “The history of the Underground Railroad continues to unfold at places like the Mifflin House, helping us to better understand our nation’s first civil rights movement, born in the wake the American Revolution. At the same time, it’s a story that is often difficult to tell and not easy to grasp. But in our area and in neighboring counties to the south in Maryland, and in surrounding Pennsylvania counties, the Underground Railroad’s origin, growth and function can be clearly and plainly understood like no other area of the United States.”
To help raise funds to preserve the Mifflin House, representatives of KCVPS and Historic Wrightsville, Inc. will offer items for sale featuring the Mifflin House. Donations are welcome.
Please join us for an enlightening presentation, networking with neighbors and rallying to preserve this significant historic place and its Underground Railroad history.
March 21, 6:00–8pm
John Wright Restaurant
234 North Front Street
For more information visit Help Save Mifflin House on Facebook or visit preservationpa.org
The owners of the Mifflin House property, the Blessing Family of Hellam Township and their developer, Kinsley Equities LLC of York, filed for a demolition permit in 2017 which was denied by the municipality. Their appeal to the Township’s Zoning Hearing Board also was denied and they have since filed an appeal in York County Court of Common Pleas. Either side could appeal a decision by county court to Commonwealth Court.
The challenge to the appeal was filed by Hellam Township and is supported jointly by Preservation Pennsylvania and the Kreutz Creek Valley Preservation Society, a Hellam Township-based private non-profit organization. KCVPS is the group that acts as an official advisor to the Township when property owners or their agents file municipal applications for permits that will affect historic properties in the community. In 2017, the Mifflin House was added to Preservation Pennsylvania's list of the most endangered historic resources in the state. | <urn:uuid:96e6362e-1637-45f7-a08d-d92f83fdd04f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.ydr.com/story/news/history/blogs/cannonball/2018/03/09/rally-set-to-preserve-wrightsvilles-underground-railroad-station/32769571/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202589.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322014319-20190322040319-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.943782 | 875 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Sunset Over Selungo
Deep in the jungles of northern Borneo, Malaysia, lies a small village. It’s the last portion of untouched rainforest left in the country. From within this paradisiac place comes an inspiring lesson about freedom and the importance of standing up for the beliefs that one holds dear. The film tells the story of a group of men and women of the Penan tribe. Each individual that the filmmakers follow offer an intimate peek into an isolated lifestyle based on centuries of blissful survival in the jungle.
The Penan have lived in this forest for centuries but only started forming communities about 50 years ago. They hardly ever leave their homes because going into the city requires travelling first by boat, then car, and finally plane. A regular day in the rainforest begins around 5:30 am with breakfast and then fishing or hunting. The Penan have a diet that consists mostly of rice, coconut, fish, vegetables, wild boar, deer, snake, lizards, tropical fruit like pineapple, papaya or bananas, cassava, mushrooms, and a few other staples.
The lives of the Penan are connected to the rainforest because from it they get almost everything that they need, including medicine. The destruction of the forest by logging companies is disrupting the beauty of life as the Penan have come to know it. Animals are scarce and this makes it more difficult for them to find meat to eat. Were it not for the Penan forming blockades to protect what’s left of their jungle, it would all have disappeared a long time ago.
A group of Penan from 18 villages has taken the initiative to present a proposition to the Malaysian government. They are suggesting the creation of the Penan Peace Park in order to conserve what’s left of the rainforest.
Life for the Penan consists of hunting for meals and no Wi-Fi. However their daily concerns are pretty much the same as those of any other human in any other part of the world: the safety and protection of family and community.
Help protect the Penan tribe’s rainforest home. Please share this film. Visit selungo.com to find out more and support the Penan Peace Park. | <urn:uuid:430374c0-f5c0-49da-9409-cd097f49d6a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.documentarystorm.com/sunset-over-selungo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656665.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116031807-20190116053807-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.955355 | 460 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Written by Diney Bindman
Love, loss, and grief are basic to human life. Bereavement is both massively traumatic and highly personal, as the piercing loss felt is unique to each individual. Many people go through various standard emotions and responses when someone close to them dies, such as shock, numbness, and disbelief. Grief literally knocks one off-kilter mentally, physically, and emotionally, but realizing that these feelings are normal can be helpful, even though each person must find a way to deal with it in their own way.
“Grief is not a disorder, a disease or a sign of weakness. It is an emotional, physical and spiritual necessity, the price you pay for love. The only cure for grief is to grieve” (Earl Grollman)
The dark, empty feeling that you can’t replace that one person who has died can bring on panic, for now, it’s just you who has to cope in a world without them, a world which seems to have imploded around you, suffocating you, frightening you. It can be lonely, dark, and overwhelming. Some feel anger for their loss. Some may feel guilt at not doing something to change the situation that led to that person’s death. There may suddenly be less money available, or perhaps more money which, in itself, can cause stress, or you may be eating and sleeping alone for the first time in years, perhaps be faced with household chores and bills which used to be shared, if it is a life partner who has died. Sleep can be disturbed by vivid dreams and periods of wakefulness, leading to exhaustion. Some may react by eating less or stopping entirely, and therefore lose weight drastically, or start eating more as a form of “comfort eating,” and so put on weight, which can lead to more anxiety and a feeling of sluggishness. Others still may start to drink more and try to push the pain away by drinking to excess.
“It is very easy to see the allure of alcohol to dull the pain and the temptation to punish myself for something that is not my fault. But the sobering truth is that if I step onto the path of self-destruction, I know I will never come back.” (Bill Jenkins, What To Do When The Police Leave: A Guide to the First Days of Traumatic Loss)
Part of the grieving journey is trying to process and face the reality that you may have lost the one person who really understood you, or who really loved you more than anyone else in the world. Suddenly, there is no one with whom to share that private joke or to talk with about shared memories. Everything you have taken for granted is now gone in just a moment. This can often lead to the despair of unrelenting loneliness, and the feeling that nothing will ever make sense again. Maybe you’ll even feel that you don’t care if you live or die, as you cannot imagine life without them. Feelings of meaninglessness and depression can hit hard when the cold truth bites, and you panic as you realize that this person will never come back.
At this moment, although you will have begun the natural grieving process, such dark reality finally striking can make life seem totally unbearable. But allowing yourself to acknowledge the realization that you are never going to see that person again, the absolute loss of it, and moving through it by crying, talking, or even by angrily shouting, can help you to slowly come to terms with your loss. Talking about the death and, importantly, about the person who died, and dealing with the practicalities of a new life situation can help you acclimatize to the new reality and get you through some of the anguish.
“The reality is that we don’t forget, move on, and have closure, but rather we honour, we remember, and incorporate our deceased into our lives in a new way. In fact, keeping memories of your loved one alive in your mind and heart is an important part of your healing journey.” (Harriet Schiff, The Bereaved Parent)
The emotional rollercoaster following a loss may well include resorting to extreme measures to dull the deep pain, like feeling anger, resentment, or extreme use of alcohol, antidepressants, food disorders, self-harm, or extreme exercise. It can be a difficult cycle to change, but it can be done, and it’s important to remember that life will get better, although it will never be the same, and it’s not an easy or quick journey.
The stress of grief makes enormous physical demands, so it is important to try to break the cycle and start to eat well and rest, take gentle, not extreme, exercise, and don’t try to overdo anything too quickly. If you manage to do this, you will probably, albeit slowly, begin finding a way of living without that person you’ve lost, although they will always be with you in your thoughts and memories.
By building up consistent healthy habits which you can sustain, you will be able to rewire your brain to incorporate these habits into your daily routine. This is fundamental to recovering from any trauma to your mind and body.
“There has been a shift away from the idea that successful grieving requires ‘letting go’ of the deceased, and a move towards a recognition of the potentially healthy role of maintaining continued bonds with the deceased.” (Christopher Hall, Director, Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement)
During the grieving process, you are likely to feel fearful, vulnerable, and anxious, with little control over your life, thoughts, and feelings churning inside. Once the realization of your loss has triggered the starting point to recovery, you can hopefully reach some acceptance of your loss and move towards a more fruitful present. Oberit was developed with the approach of converting daily habits into a digital currency, to then spend on healthy products and services in our marketplace, which is designed to encourage a substance-free, healthy, and sustainable lifestyle.
Moving forward, step by step, after losing someone you love isn’t easy, but it is possible to return to a different life with memories of that person still alive within you, where you will feel happy, stable, and healthy. Let Oberit give you the incentive of rewards to keep your motivation going during weak moments, for we are all human and have our frailties.
“You will lose someone you can’t live without and your heart will be badly broken; the bad news is that you never completely get over the loss of your beloved. But this is also the good news. They live forever in your broken heart that doesn’t seal back up. And you come through.” (Anne Lamott, novelist)
Earn rewards for being your best self. | <urn:uuid:3120f77a-2982-4a51-b62b-e1b9b4925761> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.getoberit.com/blog-posts/understanding-why-bereavement-is-both-traumatic-and-personal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00880.warc.gz | en | 0.962158 | 1,418 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Written by Doug Kuntz and Amy Shrodes and illustrated by Sue Cornelison
Pre Reading Questions
Post Reading Questions
In the book Lost and Found Cat: The True Story of Kunkush’s Incredible Journey, we read about a family’s long journey to a new country and the incredible story of the people who worked together to find a beloved cat, Kunkush. In this activity, you will work in small groups to create your own Lost Cat Poster.
● Lost Cat template printed on cardstock. Download template.
● Cotton ball
● Elmer’s glue (Note: glue sticks do not work as well on cotton balls)
● Markers, crayons, color pencils
Duration: 40 minutes (for staff: 5-minute pre-activity setup, 5-minute prep)
● 5 minutes: Introduce the activity using the book and examples.
● 5 minutes: Put students in small groups (no more than 3)
● 20 minutes: Create Lost Cat Posters in small groups
● 5 minutes: Clean up
● 5 minutes: Reflect | <urn:uuid:bc3d32a1-8edb-4ab3-a84b-441c2109b34b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://seldallas.org/unit-5-skills-building-lost-and-found-cat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648858.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602204755-20230602234755-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.845841 | 246 | 3.390625 | 3 |
What is Slapped Cheek Syndrome?
Slapped Cheek Syndrome is sometimes called as parvovirus infection, erythema infectiosum, Latin word which means infectious rash, or fifth disease. It is famously called as the fifth disease because of the fact that it is considered before as the 5th common disease of children. It is called as the slapped cheek syndrome because it manifests the child having bright red cheeks, as if they were actually slapped in their cheeks. The children, around the ages of 4 to 12 years old, are the ones often affected with this disease condition. It can happen, however, in any age. It is a viral form of disease condition. When one has this kind of syndrome, its incubation period is usually 4 to 20 days before the appearance of the rashes. When the rash appears, the syndrome is normally no longer infectious.
Symptoms and Signs
When a person has slapped cheek syndrome, he or she is considered infectious during the 4 to 20 days before the rashes develops. Hence, the signs and symptoms that one should watch out are the following:
- Sore throat
- Runny nose
- Stuffy nose
- Slight elevation of the person’s body temperature
- Joint pain
- Light pink rash
- Neurological problems (rare)
- Cardiovascular problems (rare)
- Abdominal pain
- Blotchy red appears on the person’s cheeks
- The rash spreads through the body and it takes 3 weeks to go away.
- General flu-like symptoms
- Arthralgia or joint soreness
Causes and Risk Factors
The causative factor of slapped cheek syndrome is the parvovirus B19. However, there are parvovirus that is found in the cats and dogs. It is only the parvovirus B19 that is found commonly in human beings. The animals can’t be infected with the parvovirus that is associated with human beings and vice versa. The virus, itself, spreads from one person to another via airborne, direct contact, or saliva secretions of other persons.
Among the most common transmittable form of slapped cheek syndrome is through coughing, hand to hand contact, or sneezing. Those people living in a secluded, congested area are known to be risk of having this kind of syndrome. The more the immune system is compromised, as like children and sick persons, the greater the risk they have to acquire the slapped cheek syndrome.
The physician usually diagnoses the slapped cheek syndrome by doing the following actions:
- Physical Examination
- Medical History
- Blood test to check for the status of your immunity
Amongst the test mentioned, the blood test is the only diagnostic test that will confirm the slapped cheek syndrome. If however, the blood test shows that the patient is immune. It means that there is no possibility that the patient will be re-infected with the syndrome. Yet, if the blood test shows that there was a recent infection of the parvovirus, it will require further examinations to find out if there is a presence of complications that requires treatment.
There is no exact medication for the slapped cheek syndrome. It only requires supportive kind of treatment. Supportive treatment may include the following:
- Rest especially needed to prevent fatigue
- Paracetamol or Acetaminophen will relieve the fever symptoms
- Cold flannels that will relieve the hot cheek discomfort as it will lead to vascular constriction
- Adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration especially when the person is having diarrhea
- Antihistamines to relieve the itchy symptoms
- Moisturizing lotion to soothe the itchy feeling
- NSAIDs to relieve pain
Aside from the risk mentioned above, the high risk group may be able to have complications such as:
- Infection in Pregnancy. Pregnant women can be infected before and during their pregnancy. Their babies have won’t be harmed but about 5 percent may be able to develop severe form of anemia which will lead to still birth or miscarriage.
- Persons with Weak Immunity. Persons who are sick are usually the ones who have weak immunity. They are the ones called immunocompromised persons. Once they have weak immune system, they are at risk for acquiring diseases easily. One of the diseases that they are at risk of having is the slapped cheek syndrome. They manifest the symptoms of having severe anemia, a not well feeling, and a high temperature or fever.
- Persons having Hemolytic Blood Disorders. Persons with blood disorders such as thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and hereditary spherocytosis will have decrease hemoglobin. The most common complications are that of having severe anemia which will lead to aplastic crisis. In severe case, it will lead to having heart failure.
- Arthritis. It is a possible complication of the virus that causes this syndrome which affects the small joints in the feet and hands. Symptoms are the same with those of rheumatoid arthritis. This kind of complication occurs mostly in adults.
As of the moment, there is no vaccination that is available in preventing the slapped cheek syndrome. Persons, who were once infected with the parvovirus B19, are already immune with this kind of disease condition.
- Hand washing. In preventing the slapped cheek syndrome, the first and safest thing to do is to practice hygienic measures such as daily washing of hands before and after eating and going to the comfort room. This kind of act will reduce the spread of infection.
- Avoid sharing of utensils. The sharing of utensils should be also avoided. Consult physician as soon as possible if you manifest the symptoms mentioned. Pregnant women, who were exposed, should consult their physicians as soon as possible to prevent further complications.
- Keep the immune system healthy. You need to keep the immune system healthy by eating well, having a complete eight hours sleep and consuming vitamins to prevent acquiring the disease condition. | <urn:uuid:90e60f7c-a001-4723-9a87-b0d9150567c9> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://ehealthwall.com/slapped-cheek-syndrome-pictures-symptoms-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446525.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00127-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960379 | 1,248 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Regularly under the spotlight for his supposed influence on the Kremlin, Alexander Dugin has taken up and developed the geopolitical concept of Eurasia. Through this notion, he advocates the use of sacred geography and tradition in contemporary geopolitics.
For Dugin, geopolitics is not a science like any other. If alchemy and magic have disappeared in favor of their modern and secular forms, such as chemistry and physics, the sacred geography of the ancients remains alive through geopolitics. Recalling the Heartland theory of the British geopolitician Halford John Mackinder, Dugin makes Eurasia the centerpiece of sacred geography. With Russia at its center, Eurasia embodies the last bastion of tradition in the northern hemisphere, the only one capable of fighting effectively against modernity.
The Russian thinker holds that geography shapes ideologies, cultures and religions. Civilizations of the plains, steppes or deserts, for example, which are conducive to expansion and conquest, differ from civilizations of the mountains and forests, which are more inclined to preserve the traditions of the people. Dugin also defends the relevance of the traditional opposition thalassocracy-tellurocracy, used to qualify two distinct types of powers. There are those who dominate by the mastery of the sea and those who dominate by the mastery of the land; and it is understood that these modes of domination are not be insignificant on the ideological level.
According to Dugin, tellurocracy embodies stability, gravity, fixity and politics, while thalassocracy promotes mobility, fluidity, dynamics and economy. While the terrestrial empires, often military, are tellurocratic in form, the colonial empires, more commercial, are more thalassocratic. However, the geopolitician notes that this typology does not boil down to a simple water/land opposition and to a strict geographical determinism. There are maritime lands (islands) and terrestrial waters (rivers and inland seas). Similarly, Dugin notes that Japanese geopolitics is tellurocratic, despite its insular character; while he sees in the power of the North American continent a thalassocracy that relies on the dynamism of its maritime and commercial interfaces. Applying this reading grid, the Russian thinker considers that Eurasia, a land continent going from Europe to Asia and whose center of gravity is located in Russia, constitutes the tellurocratic model opposed to the Atlanticist United States of America.
Sacred Geography and Religions
Going beyond the strict framework of geography, this dualism is also found within religious systems. The values of the land transposed to the religious is manifested by depth, tradition, contemplation and mysticism. The Atlanticist principle, on the other hand, is more superficial and materialistic, giving primacy to ritual, to the organization of daily life, and even going so far as to ignore the divine part in man. Thus, Dugin sees Orthodoxy as the earthly aspect of Christianity, while Catholicism and Protestantism constitute its Atlanticist face. Similarly, within Islam, the earthly principle is found more in certain branches of Shi’ism and in Sufism. On the contrary, Salafism and Wahhabism would be more Atlanticist in their emphasis on ritual and their religious dogmatism, which seeks to eradicate the traditional spiritualities of the converted peoples. Faced with American Protestantism and Saudi Salafism, whose geopolitical alliances, since 1945, Dugin points out, the Russian world brings together, on the contrary, religions of a telluric type with Russian Orthodoxy but also Caucasian and Central Asian Islam.
As for Judaism, not only does it not escape this internal opposition, but it is also found in the secular forms of Jewish thought. Dugin analyzes the mystical branches of Judaism (Hasidism, Sabbataism, Kabbalism) as the expression of the earthly aspect of this religion. Talmudism, on the other hand, represents the Atlanticist aspect of the religion, particularly through its emphasis on dogmatic rigor and rationalism. Moreover, recalling the influence of Jewish messianism on the development of Marxism and Bolshevism, Dugin sees the latter as secular forms of earthly Judaism. On the contrary, secularized Atlanticist Judaism contributed to the rise of capitalism and the bourgeois spirit. The Russian geopolitician sees in this internal tension within Judaism the explanation of a recurrent “Jewish anti-Semitism.” Karl Marx’s statement that money is the profane God of Judaism (The Jewish Question) is the empirical embodiment of the mystical Jew attacking the Talmudic Jew, an emanation of tradition against a form of modernity.
The opposition between Eurasianism and Atlanticism does not summarize the vision of sacred geography according to Alexander Dugin, but it is an actualization of the eternal struggle between tellurocracy and thalassocracy, as well as the underlying basis of the war between tradition and modernity. He also relies on the East-West and North-South dualisms. For the champion of Eurasism, the East embodies archaism, tradition and the primacy of the supra-individual over the individual. The West represents on the contrary material progress, modernity and individualism. Faithful to the geographical representations of numerous traditions (biblical, Egyptian, Iranian or Chinese), this opposition is also corroborated by the frequent contemporary representations of the “Western world” and the East. However, in sacred geography, it is the Eastern values that are superior to the Western values. The exact opposite can be observed in modern geopolitics, for which Western values of liberal democracy and individualistic human rights, associated with a strict market economy, are set up as a model.
The Tradition of the North
In the eyes of Dugin, the East-West duality is however only a late horizontal transposition of the primordial geographical duality opposing the North to the South. Divine land par excellence, the North is the land of the spirit and of being. If he refuses the idea of a purely objective North, which would designate only a geographical pole, the Russian philosopher however rejects the definition of a North reduced to an idea. Certainly, the primordial tradition came from the geographical North; but that era is over. The man of the North, almost divine, has disappeared today as such but is still be present in a diffuse way and in variable proportions within all the peoples. The same is true of the man from the South, who embodies the tendency towards materialism and idolatry. If the man of the South venerates the cosmos, often in the form of Mother Earth, he apprehends it only by his instinct and shows himself incapable of grasping its spiritual part. These two types of man are no longer opposed to each other today, but within peoples and civilizations. In no way can this opposition be compared to a Manichean combat of good against evil. The North and the South are complementary; the former embodied in the latter. Nevertheless, Dugin believes that respect for the divine order requires the superiority of the spiritual principle of the North over the material principle of the South.
Although the opposition between the North and the South takes precedence over that between the East and the West, the Russian strategist notes that the first duality takes on a different coloring according to the geographical transpositions that take place. Various combinations can be formed by the spirituality of the North, the materialism of the South, the holism of the East and the individualism of the West. Dugin thus establishes that the sacred values of the North are sterilely preserved by the South, enhanced by the East and fragmented by the West. As for the values of the South, according to their milieu of immersion, they opacify the spirit of the North, transform Eastern holism into a pure negation of the individual, and generate an individualistic materialism in the West. It is under this last form that Western modernity appears in the eyes of the Eurasist philosopher. Fruit of the most negative combination of sacred geography, the supposed success of Western countries, however essentially located in the geographical north, advocates values opposed to tradition. This inversion of the poles constitutes a characteristic of the dark age, or Kali Yuga, in which the world now finds itself.
Nevertheless, Alexander Dugin does not consider that salvation must come from the South. Sterile by essence, the latter would only be able to preserve fragments of northern tradition that the Russian mystic perceives in the Islamic world, in Hindu India, and even in China, despite its partial conversion to modernity. Salvation comes from the alliance between this conservative South and the islands of authentic tradition still present in the North, and particularly in the Northeast. Dugin thus locates in the Russian world the current heart of tradition and the struggle against modernity. The Russian world, including Russia but also its various peripheries, brings together geographical qualities (located in the North-East in the sense of sacred geography), religious qualities (Orthodoxy, Eurasian Islam, Russian Judaism) and the characteristics of a telluric power which allow it to play a decisive role in the struggle against Atlanticist, Western modernity and its opposition to the spirit of the North.
Bertrand Garandeau is an anarcho-conservative sovereignist, based in France. This article appears through the kind courtesy of PHILITT.
Featured image: “Vyaselka,” (Rainbow), by Nikolay Dubovskoy; painted in 1892. | <urn:uuid:9a766d41-61e2-4225-8eef-44a3e28801f5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thepostil.com/russia-tradition-and-sacred-geography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.943229 | 1,945 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A study predicts AI will spur growth similar to groundbreaking technologies such as the steam engine, for at least the next decade.
The simulation run by the McKinsey Global Institute shows artificial intelligence has the possibility to add 1.2 percent to annual gross domestic product growth until at least 2030.
For perspective, that represents $13 trillion of additional global economic activity. Such growth is equivalent to other landmark developments such as that of the steam engine.
AI is among the most sought-after technologies globally. Much like 5G, countries are vying to become leaders in the space.
Russian President Vladimir Putin recently said:
“Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes with colossal opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict.
Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world.”
China and the US, the world’s largest economies, are the other major players in the AI race who aim to fully utilise the rapidly advancing technology in order to retain their lead.
Beijing has already set out its five-year plan which includes AI. The nation aims to be a leader by 2030.
Compared to the global average, China’s labour productivity is low and the economy is becoming reliant on consumption. Without AI, it’s likely the country will struggle to achieve its target growth rate.
Despite the economic benefits. there continues to be a concern about AI increasing wealth inequality.
“The productivity-enhancing, labour-saving technology is a challenging issue for all of the economies in the world,” Takashi Miwa, chief Japan economist at Nomura, said at a press briefing on Tuesday.
Like many experts, Miwa believes AI poses a threat to low-skilled jobs.
There will also be a severe disparity between countries. According to the McKinsey analysis, developed countries – likely to emerge as AI leaders – are set to benefit economically 20 to 25 percent more than current levels.
Emerging markets could only gain half of that, according to the report.
Are you surprised by the prediction? Let us know in the comments.
Interested in hearing industry leaders discuss subjects like this and sharing their use-cases? Attend the co-located AI & Big Data Expo events with upcoming shows in Silicon Valley, London and Amsterdam to learn more. Co-located with the IoT Tech Expo, Blockchain Expo and Cyber Security & Cloud Expo so you can explore the future of enterprise technology in one place. | <urn:uuid:1f7e4264-d5df-4e5b-927b-c9db27b894db> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.artificialintelligence-news.com/2018/09/06/study-ai-growth-steam-engine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337404.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003070342-20221003100342-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.954149 | 516 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Lidar mapping is a technology of precision terrain measurement that uses laser reflection and time delay analysis to develop accurate surface modeling. It is sometimes referred to as laser-radar, but radar depends upon the reflection of radio waves while lidar relies upon light detection and ranging to gauge elevation data. It can be employed from helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft or ground-based systems. The speed of light is a constant, measured against laser pulses and reflections to determine elevation. Lidar produces near-infrared spectral data both night and day, which can map terrain despite above-ground features like trees or structures.
Applications of lidar mapping include any field in which terrain contour-mapping is essential. Sciences such as archeology, geology, and geography use the technology. Seismology and atmospheric physics benefit from lidar's sensitivity to fluctuating atmospheric factors. Lidar is used in floodplain mapping, in the calculation of forest biomass data, transportation mapping, and urban modeling. Bare earth lidar reveals underlying terrain characteristics, while reflective-surface lidar data enhance analysis in urban planning and visualization.
Advantages of lidar mapping over conventional photogrammetry include high vertical accuracy, more efficient data gathering and processing, and versatility in varied environmental conditions. Lidar mapping typically employs laser emission and detection technology, scanning and control mechanics, a global positioning system (GPS), and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). These calculate precise XYZ coordinates of the targeted reflective surface. Other components may consist of a high-accuracy timer, high-performance computer, and a high-capacity data recording device.
Another key difference between lidar mapping and radar is resolution. Unlike radar, narrow-beamed lasers permit high-resolution, precision reflections. Three-dimensional topographic images can be drawn from the data sets that illustrate many chemical compounds more clearly, due to their proximity to the visible spectrum. Lidar's shorter wavelengths make the technology a key tool in analysis of aerosols and cloud particles in meteorology and atmospheric research. By combining different types of lasers in remote mapping, it is possible to measure subtle changes in reflection intensities of wavelength-dependent atmospheric phenomena.
Laser range finding provides three-dimensional models of surfaces or structural features like buildings, trees, and natural boundaries. Lidar mapping relies not only upon multiple lasers, but also on multiple timing effects to measure first and last reflections in order to tell low and high points. This provides precision feature elevation data. While lidar cannot penetrate tree canopies, enough laser data finds its way through breaks in the foliage to measure distance to ground. Other applications include traffic enforcement using vehicle-specific speed guns, physics and astronomy, various environmental sciences, and land or property surveying. | <urn:uuid:e52819cc-366d-44cd-b42a-c1e06d6b9afe> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-lidar-mapping.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107896048.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028014458-20201028044458-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.890163 | 561 | 3.9375 | 4 |
What are cold sores?
Understanding Causes, Triggers and Treatments
What are cold sores? Most people have experienced these annoying and uncomfortable blemishes at some point. The sore generally starts with slightly raised tingling bump near the lips that can grow into a fluid filled blister that is both embarrassing and uncomfortable. Certain people are more susceptible to developing cold sores than others. In fact, some people infected with the virus that causes the sores will never even know. So, what causes them and is there any way to prevent them from appearing?
What are cold sores?
The virus to blame is the herpes simplex virus (HSV), generally a strain known as HSV-1. A similar strain called HSV-2 causes genital herpes and produces similar blisters in the genital area. Unfortunately both strains can cause sores to appear on both the face and the genitals and both are very contagious and easily passed from one person to another. When people catch the virus it typically remains dormant in the system until something triggers an outbreak. Cold sores are most common around the lips, but they can develop anywhere on the body. They run a cycle before going dormant again. Typically it starts with a bump that develops into a blister. The blister eventually crusts over, dries up and fades away.
What triggers outbreaks?
There is no one single risk factor for a cold sore outbreak. Some people will never experience a cold sore and have no idea they have the virus. Others may experience them when they have a cold, are under a lot of stress or during the winter when the skin is dry. Sunlight, hormonal changes and certain foods and drugs are additional causes. People catch the virus from others by touching the affected area or sharing utensils, drinking from the same bottle or from a towel that has been used by someone with an active cold sore.
Can an outbreak be stopped?
People that have been exposed to HSV-1 will always have it in their system. This does not mean they will experience any outbreaks or repeated outbreaks, but certain people are more at risk. Anyone with skin disorders or a compromised immune system is more likely to have cold sores repeatedly. Once a cold sore forms it can take 1-2 weeks to fade away. A doctor can only treat a secondary infection if it develops and cannot make the cold sore disappear. However, there are some cold sore inhibitors available that may be able to prevent an outbreak if used at the first sign of a problem.
Cold sores are a common issue that are not generally dangerous, but they can become a problem if they become infected or spread to the eyes. Even when they are just a simple cold sore they are still uncomfortable and unsightly. Preventing an outbreak is always preferable to waiting for a cold sore to clear up. If someone is susceptible to outbreaks they should become aware of their triggers and seek out effective preventative treatments. | <urn:uuid:e6e009ca-ec18-4064-906e-872d670f7e74> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://stop-coldsores.com/what-are-cold-sores/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823318.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210055518-20181210081018-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.967346 | 598 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Magnolia trees planting zones are widely distributed in the world. For instance, Southern Magnolia and Champaca Magnolia grow efficiently in the subtropical and tropical climates in regions found in USDA Zone 10-12.
Magnolia trees can grow to heights of up to 80 feet tall and up to a maximum of 40 feet wide. However, the size and height of the trees depend on the fertility of the soil and the environment of the region. The Saucer Magnolia can grow to about 25 feet tall while the Sweetbay Magnolia can grow up to 50 feet tall. With a supportive environment and fertile soil, the trees can live up to the ages of 80-120 years.
Though we have different types of Magnolia trees, the soil requirement is universal for each tree. In general, the Magnolia trees require a slightly acidic, well-drained, loose, and most soil. For better results and healthy trees, it is advisable to mimic the Magnolia trees soil requirements which are compost and peat moss.
The growth rate of the Magnolia trees depends on the species of the tree. For instance, the Star Magnolia can grow to heights of 3 to 6 feet within a period of 5 to 6 years. On the other hand, the massive Southern Magnolia tree can grow to heights of 1 to 2 feet yearly. The Saucer Magnolia on its part has a growth rate of about 1 foot per year while the Sweetbay Magnolia has a growth rate of 1 to 11/2 feet per year.
The Sweetbay Magnolia tree usually grows upright hence making it ideal for outdoor leisure. These trees can be used in decks, pools, and patios. The Saucer Magnolia tree is ideal for espalier and container plantation. The Star Magnolia can be used for border accent, lawn specimen, and a patio container plant. Magnolia trees can be used for patio trees, border accents, screens, and hedges. | <urn:uuid:bb5490a7-0e6f-4798-8819-467c2452c977> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.tennesseewholesalenursery.com/blog/magnolia-tree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746386.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120110505-20181120132505-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.896146 | 396 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Hans Christian Küchelmann, 20 March 2019
During excavations in 2011 in the former defense ditch of the city of Bremen huge amounts of animal bones have been found. The material has been analysed in the course of the Hanse Project since it contained a large amount of cod (Gadus morhua) bones. But there were also other interesting finds pointing to a trade connection with the North Atlantic. Of particular interest is a bone of a razor bill or lesser auk (Alca torda) with cut marks. This bird does not live on the North Sea coast and must have been brought to Bremen from North Atlantic regions e.g. from Shetland, Iceland, the Faroes or Northern Norway, probably as a by-product of the Bremen North Atlantic trade for stockfish.
Julia Schmidt, public relations officer of the Landesarchäologie Bremen, has written a blog about this find (in German) that can be accessed on the Facebook page of the Landesarchäologie.
Bart Holterman, 11 October 2018
When one has the chance to visit the northernmost island of Shetland, Unst, it is worth visiting the ruined church at Lunda Wick, in a bay to the Southwest of the isle. To get there, one has to take a small gravel road across a barren moory landscape where nothing seems to live but sheep and the occasional marsh bird. At the end of the path, one reaches a secluded bay where the grey waves and the rain torture the sands of the beach, and out of the fog a ruined medieval chapel appears with a graveyard around it. Inside the roofless chapel are a number of old tomb stones, the text made almost illegible by the lichen that overgrows them and centuries of rain and salty sea wind. In a corner lies a grave slab, on which it is possible to discern a text written in Low German, with great difficulty: “Here lies the honourable Segebad Detken, citizen and merchant from Bremen, who has traded in this country for 52 years, and died [in the year 1573], the 20th of August. God have mercy on his soul” (see below for the Low German text).
Segebad Detken is known from written sources about the Bremen trade with Shetland. He can be tracked from 1557 onwards as a skipper in the northern harbours Burravoe in Yell, and Baltasound and Uyeasound in Unst. In 1566, he was robbed by Scottish pirates in the harbour of Uyeasound. As his tomb slab mentions that he had been trading for 52 years in Shetland, he must have died in the late 16th century (see below). After his death, his relatives took over the business: among others his son Herman and grandson Magnus are recorded as merchants in northern Shetland in the early 17th century.
Given the long careers of German traders in the North Atlantic, and the fact that Bremen and Hamburg merchants dominated this trade for over 100 years (for Shetland even longer), it is not surprising that some of these merchants were buried on the islands when they died there. We can find another example just a bit outside the same church. There is another grave of a contemporary of Segebad Detken, that of his fellow citizen Hinrick Segelken. The Low German text on his slab translates as: “In the year 1585, the 25th of July, on St James’ day, the honourable and noble Hinrick Segelcken the Elder from Germany and citizen of the city of Bremen, died here in God our Lord, who has mercy on him.”
The tombstones were most probably imported by the German merchants, as the sandstone from which they were made is not available on the islands. By erecting a distinct grave marker for their deceased colleagues, they did not only honour their remembrance, but it also served to strengthen their ties with the local communities. The material and textual aspects of the monuments reminded the observer of the importance of the German merchants for the local economy, even across the boundaries of life and death.
A similar situation we find on Iceland, where we can also find tombstones of German merchants. The National Museum of Iceland in Reykjavik, for example, houses the tomb slab of Bremen merchant Claus Lude (follow link for an image), who was originally buried in the monastery Helgafell on the Snæfellsnes peninsula. The stone shows his house mark, a seal with two crossed stockfishes, and a text which mentions that he died on 3 June 1585. Lude is known to have been active in harbours in Snæfellsnes in the 1550s, and held a license for the harbour Grindavík in 1571.
In southern Iceland, at the graveyard of the former monastery Þykkvabær, one can still find the tombstone of Hans Berman the Younger from Hamburg, who died in 1583. The monastery records reveal that he was administrator of the monastic property (klausturhaldari) and was killed by the parish priest of Mýrar. His name also appears in the register of the Confraternity of St Anne of the Iceland merchants in Hamburg, where another Hans Berman (probably his father) was elderman around the same time.
In Hafnarfjörður near Reykjavík, the Hamburg merchants had their headquarters and also erected their own church. It is likely that they also had a graveyard where they buried their dead. During construction of the modern harbour of Hafnarfjörður in the 1940s, human bones were found which many believed to be from the old German graveyard in the town. It might even be possible that these bones once belonged to Hamburg merchant Hans Hambrock, the only death of a Hamburg merchant in Hafnarfjörður known from the written record. Hambrock had died from the injuries inflicted upon him by his colleague Hinrick Ratken, who drew his knife against him after Hambrock had hit Ratken on the head during a conflict about the unloading of a ship in 1599. Regrettably, the remains of the German church in Hafnarfjörður are now buried below the modern town.
Inscriptions on the discussed tombstones
Lunda Wick, Shetland
Segebad Detken: “HIR LIGHT DER EHRSAME / SEGEBAD DETKEN BVRGER / VND KAUFFHANDELER ZU / BREMEN [HE] HETT IN DISEN / LANDE SINE HANDELING / GEBRUCKET 52 IAHR / IST [ANNO 1573] DEN / 20 AUGUSTI SELIGHT / IN UNSEN HERN ENT / SCHLAPEN DER SEELE GODT GNEDIGH IST.”
Hinrick Segelcken: “ANNO 1585 DEN 25 IULII / UP S. JACOBI IS DE EHRBARE / UND VORNEHME HINRICK / SEGELCKEN DE OLDER UTH / DUDESCHLANT UND BORGER / DER STADT BREMEN ALHIR / IN GODT DEM HERN ENTSCHL / APN DEM GODT GNEDICH IS.”
Clawes Lude: “Anno 1585 de.3. Junius starff clawes lüde van Bremen der olde. Dem godt gnedich seij.”
Hans Berman: “HIR LICHT BEGRAVEN SALICH HANS BIRMA[N] D:I:V:H [i.e. “De Junger van Hamborg”] ANNO 1583.”
Hofmeister, Adolf E. Sorgen eines Bremer Shetlandfahrers: Das Testament des Cordt Folkers von 1543. Bremisches Jahrbuch 94 (2015): 46–57.
Holterman, Bart. The Fish Lands. German Trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroes in the Late 15th and 16th Century. PhD thesis, Universität Hamburg, 2018.
Koch, Friederike Christiane. Das Grab des Hamburger Hansekaufmanns Hans Berman/Birman in Þykkvibær/Südisland. Island. Zeitschrift der Deutsch-Isländischen Gesellschaft e.V. Köln und der Gesellschaft der Freunde Islands e.V. Hamburg 5.2 (1999): 45.
MacDonald, George. More Shetland Tombstones. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 69 (1934): 27–48.
Bart Holterman, 22 December 2017
with Kevin Martin and Bart Holterman
A Project on the Low German merchants’ trade from Bremen and Hamburg with the North Atlantic islands is not complete without the vessels that made trade across the ocean possible. The written sources tell us that many German ships were lost along the coast of Iceland, but until today, not a single mentioned shipwreck was found. This is not surprising, given the circumstance that underwater archaeology in Iceland is not even twenty years old.
Some facts about finding shipwrecks
The saying “Searching for a needle in a haystack” is fitting pretty well to the search for shipwrecks mentioned in historical documents, considering the abilities to determine a ship’s position in the past and the fact that 71 % of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Even today, many ships vanish without a trace. On top of that, the number of archaeologists looking for certain shipwrecks is extremely low. Therefore, most shipwrecks are found by accident and they remain more or less anonymous.
However, technology has improved and the potential for finding shipwrecks is much higher today than in the past. A number of devices can be used and combined for surveying the sea floor. A common combination is a side-scan sonar and a number of magnetometers, but this is still no guarantee for finding wrecks. When a ship is too decayed, or has settled into the sediment, the sound-rays of the side-scan sonar will not be able to produce a recognisable image. Moreover, magnetometers will not detect anomalies from the earth’s magnetic field when there is not enough metal on board the ship. Especially for medieval ships and early modern merchant vessels without guns, this can easily be the case. A sediment sonar could be a solution, which measures changes of density in the sediment with sound signals. The disadvantage is that waterlogged wood has the same density as waterlogged sediment. If a shipwreck has no denser cargo or ballast on board, the sonar will not detect density changes. Therefore such ships will remain hidden, even if an area is surveyed. Divers might be suggested as a final solution but a diver’s operating range is very limited, as he/she depends on depth, weather conditions, visibility and air supply.
The fact is that archaeologists rely in most cases on coincidences, which is how most of the known shipwrecks were found. The reason for this is that many other professions like builders, fishermen, geologists etc. spend much more time working on the sea floor than archaeologists, and sometimes stumble upon a wreck. One famous example for this is for example the “Bremen Cog” in the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven. A suction-excavator operator found it in the river Weser close to Bremen, when he was working on an extension of the riverbed. It became one of the most important finds in ship archaeology. Over the past decades, since underwater became an area of archaeological interest, hundreds of shipwrecks have been registered by the heritage departments of the German federal states but only a few of them could be identified by historical documents.
When we approach the shipwrecks from the historical documents, we have to realize that mentioned positions for lost ships are most of the time very vague. This situation can extend the search area dramatically without even knowing if the wrecks still exist as a coherent site. The conditions of the natural environment are vital to the survival of remains. Rugged coastlines, strong currents, micro-organisms, the chemical consistence of the water and the like can severely contribute to the decay of organic matter, metals and even certain types of stone. In the Mediterranean Sea, for example, ship hulls will not survive for a long time above the sea floor due to temperature, salinity and micro-organisms. Iron will soon vanish by the reaction with salt and oxygen and even marble and copper-alloys will decay. The opposite situation can be found in the Northern Baltic or the Sea Black Sea, for example. The Northern Baltic is deep, has a very low salt content and is cold. This prevents wood-decaying organisms to multiply and destruction from anchors or looting divers. The Black Sea water, on the other hand, has hardly any oxygen in a certain depth, which almost freezes time on the sea floor.
In addition, the circumstances of the sinking in connection to the natural environment play an important role. A German ship in Spanish service in 1588, the Gran Grifon, hardly left any structural remains. Another extreme example is the destruction of a united navy fleet of Lübeck and Danish ships during the Nordic Seven Years War on the west coast of Gotland in 1566. Out of thirty-seven ships, fifteen were lost and 6000 to 8000 sailors lost their lives in the so-called Visby-Disaster. Intensive archaeological diving surveys for several years could not reveal any wreck site. The ships literally vanished, most likely because they disintegrated in the storm on the rough sea floor and their remains were thrown up on the beach.
These examples shows us that a sunken ship mentioned in the historical documents does not always leave a proper wreck site. Sometimes scattered debris spread over square kilometres of sea floor can be all that is left of a ship.
The missing wrecks of Iceland
In theory, Iceland has a high potential for finding shipwrecks. Since the late 9th century, humans settle here and they had no other way than to cross the rough North Atlantic Ocean and make landfall on a rugged coast. Many ships, Norwegian, Danish, English, Low German and Dutch, evidently got lost on their route between continental Europe and Iceland. A considerable number of these found their end on the coast of Iceland, as we can read in the historical documents. Ragnar Edvardson has calculated a number of about 450 shipwrecks in Iceland, from the period from 1100 to 1900, most of which foundered on the West coast. Until today, no wreck from the period of the Low German trade has been found. The oldest ship found in Iceland is currently a Dutch merchantman, which sank in the harbour at Flatey in Breiðafjörður in 1659, and is currently under investigation by Kevin Martin. The scarcity of known shipwrecks in Iceland is not necessarily because they vanished completely, but because maritime archaeology is a very young discipline in this country and started only with sporadic projects from 1993 onwards. The relatively few inhabitants of Iceland also reduce the possibility of coincidental discoveries of wrecks due to the lack of building activities.
Vive la Coïncidence!
However, coincidences happen – even in Iceland. In 1998, an excavator hit timbers while digging a cable trench near Búðir on the Snæfellsnes peninsula in Western Iceland. They turned out to be fragments of a ship that was buried under the sand of an estuary. Some timbers and ballast stones were recovered by archaeologist Björn Stefánsson, and brought to the National Museum of Iceland in Reykjavik, were they were documented and put in storage. None of the recovered timbers was suitable for dendrochronological dating, but the ballast included stones that can possibly originate in Norway, Britain or Greenland. However, this does not give any indication were the ship was coming from, because ballast was taken from board and loaded in all harbours depending on the cargo and to adjust the angle of the ship in the water, to trim the ship. The recovered timbers give the impression of an old carvel-built ship. The material seems not to be of the finest quality, but this is hard to judge from only a handful of timbers. A promising fact is that Búðir was an important trading centre in Iceland for at least 200 years. It was already visited by Bremen merchants in the late 16th century, who called it “Bodenstede”. For a long time it was the main trading site for the Snæfellsness Peninsula, called first by cargo ships of the Low German merchants and later by Danish and Dutch ships. It was abandoned as a trading post in 1787.
For this reason, we have written sources on the activities on this site including the loss of several ships during these 200 years. The problem for the identification of the accidental found ship is the fact that there was not only one ship lost near the site. We know at least about eleven ships that are reported to have been lost at Búðir and its harbour Búðavik. Of those eleven ships, one was from Bremen. It belonged to the merchant Vasmer Bake and sank in or close to the harbour of Bodenstede in 1587. This was reported by Carsten Bake, his son, who himself was involved in the Iceland trade. In 1607, a Danish ship wrecked at Búðir. For 1666, another ship sank west of Búðir. More ships sank in this area in 1724, 1728 (Danish) and 1754, and lastly, Bjarni Sívertsen’s cutter, which got lost here in 1812.
Certainly, it is possible that the ship found in 1998 is Vasmer Bake’s lost vessel from 1587, but the timbers cannot give us any more detailed information. All we can say today about the few recovered timbers is that there are five floor timbers and two fragments with an unknown function. The floor timbers indicate that the cable trench hit the wreck most likely in the bow section, leaving most of the buried remains uncovered. Each plank was attached to each frame with at least two tree nails, and each frame was connected to the keel with one or two tree nails. The dimensions of the floor timbers vary a lot, from flat and wide to high and narrow. This might be an indication that whoever built the ship faced either a shortage of crooked compass timbers, or the building did not rely on an even framing in a shell based building method, or both. However, it can also not be excluded that we face the remains of Bjarni Sívertsen’s cutter from 1812. Only future investigations might give us an answer.
Edvardson R. and Grassel Ph., The Potential of Underwater Archaeology in the North Atlantic. In: N. Mehler, Travelling to Shetland, Faroe and Iceland during the 15th to 17th centuries (in press).
Stefànson, B., Skipsviðir úr Búðaósi. Rannsóknaskýrslur fornleifadeildar 1998. Fornleifadeild þjóðminjasafns Íslands, Reykjavik 1998
Bart Holterman, 7 September 2017
Bart Holterman presentated the project and his own research on August 5 in Haus der Wissenschaft in Bremen. Matthias Holthaus was there as well and wrote the following article about it in the Weser Kurier of August 21, which gives a nice overview of the situation German merchants had to deal with when trading in the North Atlantic in the late Middle Ages (in German).
Posted in: Press
Keeping the Faroese bishop warm – how a tiled stove tells the story of the Reformation in the Faroes
Natascha Mehler, 16 August 2017
with Torbjörn Brorsson, Martina Wegner and Símun V. Arge
In 1557 the Reformation in the Faroes came to an end when the Faroese bishopric at Kirkjubøur was abolished and its properties confiscated by Christian III of Denmark. This was the result of a process which started in 1539 when Amund Olafson, the last Catholic bishop, was replaced by Jens Gregersen Riber, the first Lutheran bishop of the Faroes. Jens Riber stayed at Kirkjubøur until 1557 when he left to take on a new position in Stavanger. We know very little about the lives of these two bishops. However, during archaeological excavations conducted in 1955 at the site of the former episcopal residence, the remains of a tiled stove dating to the early and mid-16th century came to light which add knowledge about the daily life at Kirkjubøur.
The tile fragments were now, more than 60 years after their discovery, analyzed as part of this research project. Tiled stoves were a luxurious rarity in the North Atlantic islands. In Iceland, for example, 16th-century tiled stoves are only known from the two bishoprics at Skálholt and Hólar, the Danish residence at Bessastaðir and from the monastery at Viðey. The Kirkjubøur fragments are the only remains of a tiled stove in the Faroes. In Denmark or Northern Germany, however, tiled stoves were rather common in burgher households and those of the nobility.
19 stove tile fragments were found at Kirkjubøur, all made from red clays, moulded with relief decoration and applied with a white slip and green lead glaze. Varying fabric and decoration indicates that the tiles are the products from at least two different workshops. This means that either the tiles of the former stove were exchanged during its lifetime, or the stove was made from tiles from different workshops. The latter interpretation would be rather unusual in a continental context but all known early modern tiled stoves from Iceland were made of tiles from different workshops because access, import and maintenance were very difficult.
The images on the Kirkjubøur tiles mirror the struggles of the introduction of the Reformation in the Faroes. All tiles show Christian or biblical motifs and themes, but while one of the identified motifs displays catholic imagery, others are clearly reformist in meaning. In many Northern European households such stove tiles decorated with Lutheran imagery were indeed used as a medium to express the Lutheran confession.
One stove tile fragment shows a female figure with a cross in her left hand. A letter “S” is preserved, suggesting that this is a female saint such as Helena. If this interpretation holds true it would be a tile with purely Catholic imagery. The best preserved stove tile shows a bearded man in profile and the words [S]ANT PAVLO APOSTOLVS. Although this is a depiction of yet another saint – and thus rather Catholic in meaning – the letters of Paul the Apostle were often invoked by reformist theologians of Wittenberg. All other identified motifs were popular amongst supporters of Lutheranism. One fragment shows the lower body part of a female figure with a man’s head next to it. This is clearly a depiction of Judith with the head of Holofernes in her hand, a widespread stove tile motif in Lutheran contexts. And two identical tiles show the ascension of Jesus and parts of the creed of the Lutheran catechism. The surviving text reads 6 ER IST AVGEFARE[N] GEN HIMEL SITZET ZVR RECHTEN GOTES DES ALMECHTIGEN VATERS (transl. “he has ascended into heaven, and is seated at the right hand of the Father”). The letter 6 indicates that this is the sixth stove tile in a series.
Eight fragments of these stove tiles were selected for analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MA/ES), a standard method in ceramic analysis, carried out by Torbjörn Brorsson (Kontoret för Keramiska Studier). The main goal of the analysis was to determine the chemical composition of the various fabrics, with the aim to identify the workshops which produced these tiles. The results show that the tile with Paul the Apostle was made in Lübeck, and the tile with Judith and Holofernes, as well as the tile with the creed of the Lutheran catechism, in the surroundings of Lübeck. The tile with the female saint was made in the area between Lübeck and Bremen, which also includes Hamburg. This is no surprise; Northern German potters were the leading craftsmen to supply the Northern European market with stove tiles at that time.
The stove tiles were imported to the Faroes during the period when the Faroes were licensed to Hamburg citizen Thomas Koppen, between 1529 and 1553. Thomas Koppen was Oberalter of the churches in Hamburg and therefore an important figure in the process of the Reformation there. Maybe Koppen’s merchants (very likely he never visited the Faroe Islands himself) had brought the tiles from Lübeck via Hamburg to the Faroes. It is also very likely that Norwegian merchants from Bergen brought the tiles to the Faroes. The islands were closely connected to Bergen, with many ships travelling between the harbours of Tórshavn and Bergen. Lübeck merchants held a very important position in Bergen at that time and the tiles could have been brought from Lübeck first to Bergen and then went further to the Faroes.
The story that the tile finds suggest is such: a tiled stove was first erected at Kirkjubøur during the office of the Catholic bishop Amund Olafson, and fitted with tiles such as the one with the female saint. When Jens Riber took over as first Lutheran bishop in 1539 he bought new tiles from a different workshop and exchanged the purely Catholic images on his stove with motifs of the new faith. Only then could he enjoy the comforting warmth effusing from his stove without being agonized by the troubling sight of Catholic images.
Julia Hallenkamp-Lumpe, Das Bekenntnis am Kachelofen? Überlegungen zu den sogenannten “Reformationskacheln”. In: C. Jäggi and J. Staecker (eds.), Archäologie der Reformation. Studien zu den Auswirkungen des Konfessionswechsels in der materiellen Kultur (Berlin 2007) 239–258.
Louis Zachariasen, Føroyar sum rættarsamfelag 1535–1655 (Tórshavn 1961), see pages 161–184. | <urn:uuid:75155a02-572e-498c-9e42-eafdaef7dd38> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://fishandships.dsm.museum/?tag=bremen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056578.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918214805-20210919004805-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.9608 | 5,731 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Jump, Frog, Jump! Extension Activities
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2
Making the Bulletin Board
Materials You Need
- tempera paint, including various shades of green, and paintbrushes
- green construction paper
- cut-out letters for the title
- straight pins
Here's What to Do
- Read the story to the class. Point out the repetition of the phrase “Jump, Frog, Jump” and encourage children to predict when it will occur and to join in repeating it. Point out the accumulation of events and let children try to repeat the sequence as it occurs in the story.
- Name all of the animals in the book from which the frog jumps away. Encourage children to think of another situation or character from which the frog might have to jump.
- Have children create frogs using tempera paint and or various shades of green construction paper. Provide paper that is no larger then 12-by-18-inches or the frogs will be too big for the class book.
- Have each child make a lily pad from green paper. Be sure that these are large enough to include a caption.
- Write children's captions on the lily pads. For example, Manuel's frog jumped away from ________.
- Arrange the title in the middle of the board, placing the letters in an up-and-down arrangement. You can staple the letters on the board or use straight pins to hold the letters out from the board to create a jumpy effect.
- Use straight pins to attach frogs to the board. Put the pin through the frog and push the pin into the board. Pull the frog forward, away from the board, while keeping the pin stuck in the board. Vary the parts of the frogs that are pulled away from the board to give each frog a unique jumping style.
- Staple each lily pad close to the frog to which it belongs. | <urn:uuid:d5aba493-1a11-4316-937b-dfd427d8c77f> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/jump-frog-jump-extension-activities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663754.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00392-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921539 | 401 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Buddha, Mahabodhi Tree and the land of Nirvana Believed to be the world's most sacred Buddhist pilgrimage center, Bodh Gaya is believed to be the place where Gautam Buddha achieved Enlightenment.
Bodh Gaya is the very place that houses the Mahabodhi tree, under which Gautam Buddha meditated and attained enlightenment. The Mahabodhi temple built near the Mahabodhi tree is highly revered and it is an enriching experience to visit the temple. One can still find the remnants and descendants of the original Mahabodhi Tree. Bodh Gaya is the single biggest pilgrimage for all sects of Buddhists throughout the world. It is now one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites and a lot of foreign countries including Japan and China have helped the Indian government in building facilities for the Buddhist pilgrims. Bodh Gaya also has other various temples and monasteries dedicated to Buddhism. Located near the river Neranjana, Bodh Gaya was earlier known as Uruwela. It was also known as Sambodhi, Vajrasana or Mahabodhi until the 18th century CE. A trip to Bodh Gaya provides valuable insights into the culture of Indian religious philosophies and also showcases some architectural masterpieces that would leave one spellbound. | <urn:uuid:842f98c7-7825-4d12-a611-d7303de608c7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://krantiholidays.com/destination-details.php?id=15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038076819.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414034544-20210414064544-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.963066 | 269 | 2.9375 | 3 |
How Long Does Herpes Virus Live On Objects; Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is very easy to inactivate; you only need to expose it to a temperature greater than 56oC for 30 minutes and pH less than 4. You can also pasteurize it for 10 hours at 60oC. It can equally be microwaved for four minutes.
The virus can survive for just a short period outside the host’s body. It can equally live on dry inanimate objects and can remain viable for up to 8 weeks. When the humidity is lower, their survival rate increases.
How long does HSV live on an object?
HSV is the cause of sexually transmitted disease in the United States. It can also live for long on certain objects, like medical equipment, clothing, towels and toilet seats; this is line with a study conducted by researchers at the University of California.
A pediatrician and research fellow at the University of California’s Los Angeles campus, Dr. Trudy Larson, stated that the HSV used in her research were obtained from infected patients.
The general understanding about HSV before that time was that the infection could only be contacted via sexual intercourse. However, this new research punctured hole in that understanding. This showed the world that it is possible to get HSV infection via non-sexual means. It also shows that one can get without having any form of physical contact with the affected person.
While Larson said the indirect contact might not be a viable means of getting the infection; she also said it is a possibility. She stated that there is no viable proof yet of such a thing ever occurring. She, however, cautioned that people should be wary of this possibility and take precautions to be on the safer side.
The public health significance of the findings by Dr. Larson was later questioned by Dr. Paul Wisener, who is the head of venereal disease control for the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). He insisted that there is no viable evidence yet to show that HSV can be transmitted via non-sexual means.
He went further by saying adults who newly contracted the virus usually have a previous history of unprotected sexual conduct. He also said any baby that has the virus must have gotten it during vaginal birth if the mother has an active HSV infection.
To buttress Dr. Wisener’s submission, Dr. Steven Straus, who is a herpes expert at the National Institute of Health, said in checking how long herpes virus lives in an object, presence of the virus on inanimate objects, like toilet seat and towel does not mean it can be spread to other people who come in contact with these inanimate objects, even if the virus is available in large number.
Dr. Larson agreed with the two of them but insisted that doctors at UCLA have come across cases of genital warts infection in adults and children, who never had any previous sexual encounter.
There are two forms of HSV diseases. There is Types 1, which is responsible for cold sores or fever blisters in the mouth region. However, the Type 2 was discovered recently to be transmitted via sexual means to the genital region and can manifest as recurring sores, causing pain.
You should keep in mind that there is no cure for this infection; patients are only treated symptomatically. Above 300,000 cases of HSV infection are being reported in the United States on a yearly basis.
The study from UCLA provided above was reported at the Society of Paediatric Research and American Paediatric Society’s joint meeting.
Samples of both types of HSV were isolated from the genital lesions of infected patients and then transmitted to various surfaces. One form of genital herpes patient was also asked to sit on the toilet seat briefly.
Afterward, samples were collected by Dr. Yvonne Bryson and Dr. Larson, after which they were cultured under standard laboratory conditions to check for their viability.
It was then discovered that the virus could survive on the toilet seat for up to 4 hours. HSV also survived for up to eight hours on medical instruments used commonly for genital examination. The survival period on cotton gauze was 72 hours. Survival period after transmission to a plastic surface from a glove print is about one hour.
Larson expressed her concern about the transmission of the virus on towels and clothing because of their long survival on gauze. She fears such transmission can be more frequent among families and roommates of infected individuals.
The virus will need first to enter the human body before it can become infectious, and it can only enter via openings to mucous membranes of the genital and mouth.
Larson then advised those infected by HSV to practice good hygiene and be more aware. She said they should place a paper cover on toilet seats before sitting on it. She also stated that the virus could be killed by bleach.
How Long Does Herpes Virus Live On Objects: HSV incubation period
The incubation period for HSV can be as long as 26 days. The incubation period for orolabial HSV infection can be as long as 12 days and an average of four days. You can get genital herpes after five days of infection. You can also get genital lesion after about 24 days of the infection especially via organ transplantation if the organ is infected. | <urn:uuid:d8fade36-e6b7-45fe-bc86-d2a39bfc1029> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://naturesgist.com/2017/12/24/how-long-does-herpes-virus-live-on-objects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815934.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224191934-20180224211934-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.967566 | 1,091 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In The Light of Italy: Corot and Early Open-Air Painting
Corot in Italy: Open-Air Painting and the Classical Landscape Tradition
In the Light of Italy: Corot and Early Open-Air Painting
Before Photography: Painting and the Invention of Photography
The traveling exhibition “In the Light of Italy” (recently at the Brook-lyn Museum of Art and shortly to reopen at the St. Louis Art Museum) features half a dozen luminous oil sketches of Naples made in the 1780s by Thomas Jones. A further two of these extraordinary studies, in which the artist seems to compose his scene at random, and to lavish his attention on the mundane details of crumbling walls and rooftops of indeterminate age, were included in the Tate’s recent “Grand Tour” show. In both exhibitions, Jones was paired with a scarcely less remarkable artist, Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes: in London we saw his twin views of a roof-top with a clothesline at two different times of day; in Brooklyn there were views in and around Rome, and another of these twinned views of the same site under different conditions of light—Rocca di Papa in the Mist and Rocca di Papa under Clouds.
The sketches were roughly contemporary, but there is no evidence that either artist knew the other’s work. The two men have this important feature in common, that they did their sketches in oil on paper, a technique which aids speed of execution, since oil paint dries swiftly on paper. The paint is applied directly. There is no preliminary drawing, and so the technique is quite different from that used by both artists when they sketched with pen or pencil on paper, composing the elements of the scene in strong, calligraphic outline (even when these outlines were later to be painted over in watercolor). The oil sketch on paper is entirely a matter of brushwork, a study in light and color.
A further thing the oil sketches of Jones and Valenciennes have in common is that they were only discovered in this century. Valenciennes had once been well known as the leader of a neoclassical school of landscape artists, but his reputation was at its nadir when the bequest of the Princesse Louis de CroÌÀ came to the Louvre in 1930 and the Italian landscape sketches (which had all been in the same single collection since their purchase by the princess’s ancestor, the Comte de l’Espine, in 1819) were exhibited for the first time. People discovered that, insipid as they thought his finished works to have been, Valenciennes was, in private, a “devoted realist.” This gave, as Peter Galassi explains in Corot in Italy, a new perspective for understanding Corot’s early work.1
But Jones had never been well known in his lifetime, and only one of his large, mythological landscapes ever made it into one of the great collections. By happy chance, this one exceptional painting is also currently touring the United States, and the curious can catch up with it next in Toledo, Ohio, where it is appearing in the exhibition “British Art Treasures from Russian Imperial Collections in the Hermitage.”2 It was bought by Catherine II, and shows a stormy landscape with Dido and Aeneas (Jones was not a figure painter, so…
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Purchase a trial Online Edition subscription and receive unlimited access for one week to all the content on nybooks.com. | <urn:uuid:bb026b6f-309f-46f1-8851-475a8213b0f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1997/03/06/who-was-thomas-jones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161942.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00026-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976898 | 811 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Passport and diplomatic passports are both issued by government authorities. An ordinary passport is for citizens who wish to travel for vacation, study, and business, whereas a diplomatic passport is given to top-ranking government officials.
Passport vs Diplomatic Passport
The main difference between a passport and a diplomatic passport is an ordinary passport issued to any citizen. A diplomatic passport only issued to privileged.
Ordinary Passports are a compilation of documents issued by the government to citizens. In this particular category, there is no special authorization of passports allowed. The primary purpose of a passport is validation given to citizens, which consists of the bearer’s name, nationality. This identification document mainly required during international travel.
Minsters of foreign affairs, receive this diplomatic Passport—these passports issued for people representing homeland abroad for the benefit of countries’ progress. Government authorities appoint these diplomats; hence, they have a lot of privileges.
Comparison Table Between Passport and Diplomatic Passport (in Tabular Form)
|Parameter of Comparison||Passport||Diplomatic Passport|
|Type||This type of Passport given to ordinary citizens, including VIPS personals. Also known as Type P passport (P stands for personal). The significant difference is that these types of passports come in a 30- or 60-pages booklet.||These types of passports mostly awarded to High ranking government officials. A diplomatic passport is a Type D passport (D stands for diplomatic). The main difference is that these passports are small 28 pages booklet.|
|Colour||The color of the regular Passport is usually Dark navy blue.||The color of the diplomatic Passport is Maroon.|
|Issuing authority||Government authorities.||The ministry of foreign affairs issues it to high-level government officials, strictly on office duty only.|
|Tenure||This Passport commonly issued for ten years for elders and five years for children below five years. There is Compulsory renewal after five years for children and ten years for elders.||Issued for five years or less depends on the position of a government authority.|
|Usage||Identity for the representation of the country, this Passport is used for travel, business, education, medical, and other private concerts and art shows.||Identity for diplomats to attend congresses and conferences held by other countries diplomats.|
|Purpose||This Passport solely used for personal interests of travel. The involvement of the government is nil in these types of passports.||This Passport is strictly for the benefit of the country. This validation is for the person who represents the government in other countries via international travel—complete involvement of the government.|
What is Passport?
Passport is a standard travel document used by all countries around the globe. This document confirms, identity and nationality of an ordinary citizen.
In India or any other country, this Passport is issued by President to the citizens as proof of citizenship.
The Passport contains the standard information of a particular person, which involves name, date of birth, address, photo, and signature. These biometrics are very vital and helps the citizen to get in touch with respective countries’ embassy.
The process of application is relatively simple and requires a few easy steps. The individual needs to contact the government-approved local passport office with the following documents.
- Photo of the passbook of a current bank account.
- Proof of age (Birth certificate, school leaving certificate, Aadhar (for people born in INDIA, driving license or PAN)
- Proof of address (water bill, Electricity bill, Gas connection proof, Landline or post-paid mobile bill)
The above documents are for personal above 18 years of age. Passports for minors are issued based on parents or guardians address proof. This meticulous process takes around 2-3 hours.
Once process completion, clearance needs to be given by the government-appointed passport authority. Once the approver provides a green signal, the passport application goes to local police authority in your area.
After police verification, Passport is issued in 30-40 days. In India, there is a provision for Tatkal Passport. If applying for tatkal, one can expedite the process and receive the Passport within 1 to 3 days.
What is Diplomatic Passport?
A diplomatic passport is the only type of Passport given to top-ranking government officials. Only the government elite receives this Passport, for strictly official purposes rather than recreational activities.
Diplomatic Passport is, in general, are rare applications issued only by the consular general of the passport office. The eligibility criteria are different for this unique Passport. In India it’s released to the following: –
- All Indian foreign service officials when traveled abroad on official duty.
- Selected ministers from the ministry of external affairs, picked and appointed by the Prime minister or President. These officials granted privileged rights.
- Kit and kin of diplomats, who are dependent on the officer. Near and dear, given only when diplomat official accompanies them. (There are several clauses in this, spouse and children can be awarded this Passport under specific guidelines)
The process of applying for diplomatic Passport is a sophisticated process that includes the submission of confidential data to the central government.
The stringent process requires submission of Form P-1, Form P-1 [a], attested photocopies, safe custody certificate if the diplomat has ordinary Passport, letter of approval from head authority, and letter of recommendation from ministry with attestation.
Main Differences Between Passport and Diplomatic Passport
- Both passports are required by the citizen to travel to another country from the homeland. These passports are unique identification of citizenship.
- The benefits are different between these two passports. Ordinary passport holders need to pay a particular fee to acquire a visa. In contrast, the diplomatic passport holder has free permits to any country and sometimes visa-free travel when duty calls.
- Ordinary passport holder needs to clear immigration; standing in long ques is required. Whereas, diplomatic passport holders can head through custom lines without any interference.
- Passport holders have no exemption of taxes, whether it is airport tax- or duty-free tax. The diplomatic passport holder is not liable to any government-imposed taxes on travel.
- Ordinary passport holders are not allowed to possess any confidential government-related information on them while traveling. The airport authorities will strictly confiscate these practices. On the contrary, diplomatic passport holders can carry sensitive details without any explanation to the airport authority.
Both the ordinary and diplomatic passports issued in the interest of the public—diplomatic passports issued for diplomats serving in other countries, representing homeland. Ordinary Passport held with people who are associated with the private sector mostly.
Though both the passports essential element is the same, they have a lot of differences when it comes to benefits and purposes. Any diplomatic passport holder can easily acquire ordinary Passport, whereas the regular passport holder cannot hold a diplomatic passport unless he/she is a high official government employee.
Table of Contents | <urn:uuid:00482bf5-368f-49e9-8300-1f43e9616f5c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-passport-and-diplomatic-passport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057424.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923135058-20210923165058-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.917464 | 1,466 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Nano-pharmaceuticals in Medicine
Nanotechnology is an emerging field with a major goal to target drug delivery to improve the efficacy and safety profile. The application of nanotechnology to medicine, known as nano-medicine, concerns the use of precisely engineered materials to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Nanomaterials possess various unique physiochemical properties, such as small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials. These properties can be used to overcome limitations found associated with traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This review focuses on recent progress and development in the field nano-pharmaceuticals for various biomedical applications. | <urn:uuid:1b5ee839-03fd-415f-a842-3876c149de35> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://insajournal.in/insaojs/index.php/proceedings/article/view/470 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583814455.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121213506-20190121235506-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.938841 | 139 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The publicly owned bank Brown refers to – The Bank of North Dakota – is probably the most important legacy of the 19th century populist movement. See prior post Populism: America’s Largest Mass Democratic Movement
Americans could save $1 trillion over 10 years by financing infrastructure through publicly-owned banks like the one that has long been operating in North Dakota.
President Donald Trump has promised to rebuild America’s airports, bridges, tunnels, roads and other infrastructure, something both Democrats and Republicans agree should be done. The country needs a full $3 trillion in infrastructure over the next decade. The $1 trillion plan revealed by Trump’s economic advisers relies heavily on public-private partnerships, and private equity firms are lining up for these plumbing investments. In the typical private equity water deal, for example, higher user rates help the firms earn annual returns of anywhere from 8 to 18 percent – more even than a regular for-profit water company might expect. But the price tag can come as a rude surprise for local ratepayers.
View original post 1,034 more words | <urn:uuid:1165a010-06fc-47a0-87f0-91cda8e1f33c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://stuartjeannebramhall.com/2017/01/27/how-to-cut-infrastructure-costs-in-half/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122629.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00575-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930258 | 221 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Table of Contents
2. The Development of English Orthography and Punctuation: Origins of the Apostrophe.
3. Determining the Status of the Apostrophe and its Transition Period
4. Factors Influencing the Evolution of the Apostrophe in the Genitive
4.1. The Role of Proper nouns ending in -a or -o
4.2. The Role of the his-genitive.
4.3. The Development into a Phrase Marker
5. The Apostrophe as a Genitive Marker in the Plural
6. Conclusion: The future of the genitive apostrophe?
The use of the apostrophe, a diacritic sign, as a case marker is one of the peculiarities of present-day written English. To this day there hasn't been much research on the development of English's unique genitive marker. Previous work on the subject hasn't taken into account how the many parallel developments concerning the genitive contributed to the evolution of the apostrophe as a case marker1. Therefore aim of this paper is to show how variation and change in regard to the genitive, especially in the early modern English period, contributed to present-day genitive case marking.
Early modern English is the domain of focus firstly, because it constitutes an important transitional period in which much of the syntactic and morphological structures familiar to us today were being established (Baugh & Cable 2013: 152). Secondly, it is the period in which grammarians first took orthography under consideration and first attempts were made at a written standard. Orthographical developments are of importance to the apostrophe as it is only an element of writing and not of speech2. Therefore Chapter 2 will take a look at factors of consideration in the development of English orthography.
The greatest part of this paper will focus on the evolution of the apostrophe as a genitive marker in the singular, because it was first established in the singular and only later extended to the plural (Altenberg 1982: 53). Most of the factors contributing to the apostrophe’s evolution only apply to the singular. Chapter 5 is devoted to the extension of the apostrophe into the plural.
This paper will begin with a description of the apostrophe's origin and early functions in order to understand how it could acquire new functions. Then, the role of different factors influencing genitive marking will be examined.
2. The Development of English Orthography and Punctuation: Origins of the Apostrophe
For a better understanding of how the apostrophe could come into use and gain ground in the in the English language it is helpful to take a look at the development of the functions of English orthography and punctuation. This chapter will discuss the considerations of printers, writers and grammarians that resulted in the use of the apostrophe and attempt to classify the apostrophe within orthography/ punctuation will be made.
As mentioned earlier, not much consideration was paid to orthography or punctuation until the introduction of the printing press in 1476 (Salomon 1999: 23). The following three centuries then became the most important in the development of a standard form of orthography and punctuation (Salomon 1999: 53). In the 16th and 17th centuries the issue of whether spelling should be logographic (“signifying meaning without necessarily representing sound” (Salomon 1999: 16)) or phonetic occupied printers. The former can be seen as a function of the apostrophe today as it enables the reader to distinguish genitive singular, genitive plural and the common case plural, which became phonetically identical. It is unlikely to be a coincidence that the rise of the apostrophe should fall in the time period when logographic spelling was discussed and applied.
The matter of punctuation first aroused theoretical interest in the latter half of the 16th century (Salomon 1999: 21). Fittingly, the apostrophe came into the English language with the use of roman type, which became current in England in the mid-16th century (Brosnahan 1961: 367). The apostrophe stems from Italian writers. It first appeared in post-medieval Latin writing (Sklar 1976: 176), possibly, it was first used in an edition of Petrarch’s Italian verse in 1501 (Cavella & Kernodle 2003: 1). It then came into English via French in the 1530s (Cavella & Kernodle 2003: 1; Salomon 1976: 40).
But can the apostrophe really be seen as an element of punctuation? Grammarians of the 16th century did. For example, John Hart, the first to discuss the use of the apostrophe in English in his 1551 manuscript “the opening of the unreasonable writing of our Inglish toung” addresses the apostrophe in his chapter on “pointing”, where he attributes it the functions of indicating omission (Salomon 1999: 22). This was the most likely the sole purpose of the apostrophe at his time, but today additional functions complicate the matter.
Sklar (1976: 175), on the other hand, defines punctuation as: refer[ing] to only those marks which represent pauses or changes in the intonation or pitch; that is, conventional symbols reflecting the prosodic features of spoken English.
In respect to this definition, the apostrophe cannot be regarded as a punctuation mark, because it usually doesn't symbolize any phonological representation and when it does, it does not lie in the domain of prosody, but stands for a phoneme, such as in <boss's> /bossiz/. This is not possible for a punctuation mark (Sklar 1976: 175).
However, Sklar's (1976: 175) definition only considers phonology, not other functions of orthography and punctuation. During the period from 1582- 1660 punctuation (if not by Sklar's (1976: 176) definition) was increasingly being used not for signifying prosody, but for the convenience of the reader:
Punctuation ceases to be regarded primarily as a guide to the spoken language, and becomes an aid to clarity in the printed word (Salomon 1999: 40).
The apostrophe is certainly not a typical punctuation mark, but to a considerable extent in time it has been classified as one. I have chosen to call it a diacritic case marker as Altenberg (1982: 42) does because Sklar’s (1976: 177) term “orthographic symbol” seems to general. The apostrophe is a good example of the eModE development to logographic orthography and reader-friendly punctuation.
3. Determining the Status of the Apostrophe and its Transition Period
As mentioned above, the apostrophe originally entered the English language as a sign of a letter suppressed in writing. But by at the end of the 17th century, it can, in many cases, be regarded as a genitive marker (Altenberg 1982: 53). It is quite difficult to put a date on this transition because it was a gradual process, and the use of the apostrophe varied greatly, even at the end of the 17th century and well into the 18th century, depending on the individual preference of the author or printer. Sklar (1976: 176) fittingly describes its usage as “anarchic” even in the 18th century.
Further complicating the matter is the fact that “it is very difficult to say when it is consciously applied as a case marker and when it is merely an indication of vowel elision” (Altenberg 1982: 53).
Contemporary grammars offer some insight to this problem, but they can’t be relied on because the information in grammars generally tends to lag behind actual language use (Salomon 1999: 48; Sklar 1976: 176). However, they help roughly date the development, as we can assume the apostrophe can be regarded as a genitive marker sometime before grammarians generally agreed to this.
The first to connect the apostrophe with the genitive morpheme was the Scottish grammarian Hume as early as 1617 which is exceptional for his time (Altenberg 1982: 55). Most grammarians, even at the end of the 17th century didn’t see the apostrophe for anything but a sign of elision (Sklar 1976: 176). John Ash held this view as late as 1763 when other grammarians generally accepted the apostrophe as genitive marker in the singular (Sklar 1976: 78f.). Joseph Priestly in 1761 was the first to state the function of the apostrophe as a genitive marker in the singular and plural in the form we know today: with an apostrophe and s in the singular and an apostrophe following the word in the plural (Sklar 1976: 179). But the apostrophe in the plural remained highly controversial until the mid-19th century (Sklar 1976: 179). We can conclude that by the early 17th century the apostrophe showed some signs of a genitive marker and that the process ended in the mid-19th century at the latest.
1 Brosnahan (1961) barely mentions the his-genitive and focuses on vowel-final nouns, Sklar (1976) and Cavella & Kernodle (2003) discuss the influence of the his-genitive, but their focus lies on present-day developments
2 Except in cases where it today indicated syllabic pronunciation as in fox’s
- Quote paper
- Sarah König (Author), 2014, The Role of Variation and Change in the Evolution of the Apostrophe as a Genitive Case Marker, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/314132 | <urn:uuid:b78f4408-feb1-4054-a8ab-377b92a0eb42> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.grin.com/document/314132 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668534.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114182304-20191114210304-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.92856 | 2,027 | 3.875 | 4 |
Born in Bondage: Growing Up Enslaved in the Antebellum South
Each time a child was born in bondage, the system of slavery began anew. Although raised by their parents or by surrogates in the slave community, children were ultimately subject to the rule of their owners. Following the life cycle of a child from birth through youth to young adulthood, Marie Jenkins Schwartz explores the daunting world of slave children, a world governed by the dual authority of parent and owner, each with conflicting agendas.
Despite the constant threats of separation and the necessity of submission to the slave-owner, slave families managed to pass on essential lessons about enduring bondage with human dignity. Schwartz counters the commonly held vision of the paternalistic slaveholder who determines the life and welfare of his passive chattel, showing instead how slaves struggled to give their children a sense of self and belonging that denied the owner complete control.Born in Bondage gives an insightful look at what it meant to grow up as a slave in the antebellum South. Schwartz re-
creates the experiences of these bound but resilient young people as they learned to negotiate between acts of submission and selfhood, between the worlds of commodity and community. | <urn:uuid:74f00f22-2c44-4641-b153-b687a0b600d8> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://eddigest.com/sub.php?page=book_reviews&review_id=228 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900185.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00101-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965519 | 243 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Students spend hours a day in classrooms, so it is critical to their learning to have places to sit that are healthful and comfortable.
Schools and universities should outfit their classrooms and other learning spaces with furniture that enables students to carry out their school work comfortably and does not detract from their ability to focus and learn.
Old and inflexible
Many classrooms in schools and universities are equipped with desks, tables and chairs that aren’t appropriate for the young clientele that use them. A report from the University of Manitoba, "Ergonomics for Schoolchildren," states that more than 83 percent of elementary school students sit at chair-desk combinations that are not suitable for their body height.
The report says that conventional chairs in many classrooms have a rigid seat that inclines backwards and connects to the seat, which may cause a lack of blood circulation; a rounding of the back; tense shoulder, neck and back muscles; a spinal cord that is pressed to one side; and a constriction of the digestive organs.
Ergonomically appropriate chairs, the report says, should enable students to move while they are seated. Examples include a chair with a flexible back that enables a student to change the seat inclination, or a chair with a rocking mechanism.
For desk surfaces, the University of Manitoba report recommends desks equipped with castors so that students can move around, or a height-adjustable table that can serve as a lectern where children can stand as they carry out their work.
The surface of the desk should be inclined at an angle of about 16 degrees—horizontal tops cause children’s backs to become round and their heads to bend back as they are working, the report says.
Because the age range and size differences among students in a school—even within an individual classroom—may be significant, schools that have adjustable chairs and desks will be better able to provide students with properly fitted work spaces.
The website Ergonomics4schools.com recommends that seats should allow a student’s body to be comfortable and not restricted.
•The seat height should not be so high so that a student’s legs are dangling. Dangling legs lead to pressure on the soft tissues under one’s thighs, and that "interferes with the return of blood from the lower limbs, which may cause tingling and numbness in the thighs."
•The seat depth should have clearance at the back of one’s knees in order to prevent pressure on the network of blood vessels and nerves.
•The seat back and angle of a seat should support the natural curves of a person’s spine.
•When a student is seated, the main weight bearing should be taken by the bony parts of one’s bottom and the top half of the thighs.
In addition, a chair should enable a student to change posture periodically so that different groups of muscles can be used for support. The consequences of poor seating are discomfort, fatigue and inefficiency in what a student is doing. | <urn:uuid:4ef1dfd6-f07a-4d47-8640-65d801c69488> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://asumag.com/Furniture/learning-comfort-201210 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826907.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00236-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952758 | 623 | 3.28125 | 3 |
25 Biggest Political Scandals In History.
Purpose: The primary goal of this weekly summative assignment is to probe and scrutinize a major political scandal.
Prepare: Review Chapters 11 and 12 in the course text and the following website: 25 Biggest Political Scandals In History.
Reflect: As we have learned over the last few weeks, politics is often about power and the efforts to gain and maintain power. In their efforts to gain and maintain power, some politicians violate widely held ethical and moral limits and even established laws. These violations are often revealed to the public by the news media. Sometimes, political scandals abruptly end promising political careers and sometimes, political scandals are used to gain electoral and political advantages over opponents. The more we know about how scandals affect politics, political actors, and the media, the more we know about how public and private actions impact and are impacted by rights, justice, and what is considered acceptable or unacceptable political behavior.
Write: In your essay of at least 600 words, research one major scandal involving politicians (Watergate, Bill Clinton, Iran-Contra Affair, Silvio Berlusconi, etc.). The scandal does not have to be a U.S. political scandal. First, describe how the media portrayed the politicians involved. Next, discuss the outcome of the scandal. Did the individuals gain greater political power and exposure? Did they resign from office or were their political careers cut short due to the scandal? Lastly, explain what effect, if any, the scandal had on the political environment and the media and why.
The Week Four Assignment:
- Must be at least 600 words (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the APA Essay Checklist for Students.
- Must include a separate title page with the following:
- Title of paper
- Student’s name
- Course name and number
- Instructor’s name
- Date submitted
- Must use at least three appropriate sources:
- These should include this website: 25 Biggest Political Scandals In History, the course text, and any of the required or recommended resources for this week.
- You can also include additional resources found on the Ashford University Library website. The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types.
- Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the In-Text Citation Guide.
- Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement.
- Must include a conclusion that summarizes the main points and restates the thesis.
- Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the APA References List.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. | <urn:uuid:84b63051-6519-4717-8b61-732fe3a3f4fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://submityourhomeworks.com/political-scandals-in-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304515.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124054039-20220124084039-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.942165 | 581 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In the Coastal Plain of Delaware, the non-marine Cretaceous sands and clays are separated from the Tertiary formations by a series of marine formations of Upper Cretaceous age. The sedimentary and hydrologic characteristics of these formations deserve detailed study because some of them are water-bearing beds. whereas others act as confining beds. A clear understanding of their relative age. and the presence or absence of unconformities is needed for proper correlation with formations found in wells throughout the State. as well as in Maryland and New Jersey.
Please give proper credit to the Delaware Geological Survey.
Organist, D.M., Richards, H.G., Groot, J.J., 1954, rine Upper Cretaceous Formations of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal: Delaware Geological Survey Bulletin M
Delaware Geological Survey
University of Delaware
Delaware Geological Survey Building
Newark, DE 19716
Mon - Fri; 8:00am to 4:30pm | <urn:uuid:41ed03db-2692-48b9-af34-5a5beb0851c1> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.dgs.udel.edu/print/224 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164568332/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134248-00071-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889699 | 202 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Feature: Using your genes to detect arrhythmias
By Emily Leighton, MA’13
“Meet your genes.”
A tagline for 23andMe, a popular DNA testing company, invites you to get to know yourself by discovering your genes – one of many testing kits now available direct to consumer.
As demand for genetic testing increases and next-generation sequencing technology becomes more readily available, clinicians are increasingly expected to interpret the results for clinical decision-making.
It’s a troubling scenario for Julieta Lazarte, MD/PhD Candidate. She recently co-authored an editorial titled “Hazards of interpreting genetic reports” exploring the pitfalls of genetic interpretation.
“Genetic analysis is complex even for a genetics lab, so imagine a clinician on their own,” she explained. “In the piece, we recommend clinicians contact a genetic counsellor to assist with interpretation and navigating the implications for patients and their families.”
As a graduate trainee based at the London Regional Genomics Centre at Robarts Research Institute, Lazarte is no stranger to complex genetic analysis.
Her doctoral research is focused on atrial fibrillation, a common type of arrhythmia that is associated with serious complications, such as stroke. She is specifically interested in ‘lone’ atrial fibrillation, which occurs without the presence of heart disease or a heart abnormality. This type of atrial fibrillation often appears in younger patients.
Using genomic analysis, Lazarte is investigating and characterizing the underlying genetic causes associated with ‘lone’ atrial fibrillation. She discovered a series of small, common gene variants that when occurring together, increased a person’s risk of developing the condition.
This information can also be applied to patients with standard atrial fibrillation, as environmental factors, such as high blood pressure, could be masking the same underlying genetic cause.
For Lazarte, the goal is to improve early diagnosis using genetic markers.
“One of the worst outcomes for patients with atrial fibrillation is a stroke,” she explained. “If this happens, we really have failed. Early detection is extremely important, as sometimes people don’t even know they have the condition.”
Genetic markers may also lead to new treatment options, including medications that target mutations in specific genes.
Supervised by Dr. Robert Hegele, Lazarte says her training experience at Schulich Medicine & Dentistry has been world-class. “Dr. Hegele exemplifies the very best of what a clinician-scientist can be. I’m learning how to communicate with patients effectively and build those relationships,” she said.
“And seeing Dr. Hegele with the patients, he is like a celebrity,” she added with a laugh.
Lazarte was born in Argentina and moved to Canada at the age of 14. She completed an undergraduate and master’s degree at the University of Toronto.
The MD/PhD program at Schulich Medicine & Dentistry provided an opportunity to blend her interests in medicine and health research. “I enjoy training in both environments. It’s so rewarding to work and interact with patients in the clinic and then try to solve the genetic complexities in the lab,” she said.
She recently received the Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, awarded to high-calibre doctoral students to support their research training experience.
“It’s validating for all the hard work and energy I’ve put into my research project and it’s opened tremendous doors for me,” she said.
One of those doors is a four-month research internship with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, supported by the Michael Smith Foreign Study Supplement. Lazarte is learning how to code and analyze large genetic data sets. “This opportunity is advancing the scope of my learning significantly,” she said.
Having already completed two years of medical school, Lazarte will finish her Doctor of Medicine degree after defending her PhD thesis in the coming months.
Looking ahead, Lazarte hopes to follow in Dr. Hegele’s footsteps, balancing research with a clinical practice. “Seeing how the love of scientific discovery continues to excite and energize him after decades in the field, it’s inspiring,” she said. “I hope for the same passion and excitement in my career.” | <urn:uuid:72e5f840-4786-4571-9576-279034a8fddb> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.robarts.ca/explore_robarts/news/2021/feature_using_your_genes_to_detect_arrhythmias.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.943369 | 954 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Last month, Daisy Elementary Principal Kirk Shrum clipped a Parade magazine story about a study that shows physical activity boosts math and English scores among children.
"We definitely agree with the study," Mr. Shrum said. "We need to incorporate movement into our classrooms."
The study, "Physically Fit Kids Do Better in School," appeared in the January 2009 issue of the Journal of School Health.
All children 2 and older benefit from at least 30 minutes of activity a day. Break physical playtime into 10- or 15-minute sessions if necessary. - American Hear t Association
It showed that children in grades 4-8 who were more fit had higher rates of passing standardized math and English tests.
Brain studies back up the findings. Regular exercise has a beneficial effect on many brain functions, including reducing depression, according to a 2003 news release from the Society for Neuroscience.
Physical activities also help control weight, which lessens the chance of developing chronic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes.
"From 1999 to 2006 we saw a 600 percent increase in the number of times students left class to see a school nurse for problems associated with Type 2 diabetes," said Russell Cliche, head of the coordinated school health program for Hamilton County. "They're leaving the classroom for several minutes to get their blood sugar checked, and that's one of the big impacts you see with chronic disease - the children are taken out of the classroom to deal with their disease."
Far more than exercise classes is needed, though, to help children, he said. In some cases, kids are mimicking their inactive, poorly fed parents' behaviors, he added.
"It's a chronic disease culture," Mr. Cliche said. "We're dealing with chronic disease, which impacts performance and truancy and graduation rates, which impacts crime in the community." | <urn:uuid:4e2d20b4-7b42-4b10-a29c-afff755d40c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2009/feb/26/fitness-boosts-brains/209165/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829325.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00214-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968886 | 374 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Cardiac risks of hormone therapy for aging males?
Patients who succumb to the temptations of anti-ageing therapy with testosterone should bear in mind that the hormones could lead to sleep and … health disorders.
A study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2003 88: 3605-3613) shows that hormone therapy leads to sleep apnoea syndrome, or snoring, and is therefore a potential cardiac risk factor. In the USA, advertising for the medically controversial indication “male menopause”, according to which – exaggeratedly formulated – men around 50 sink into depression and inactivity if they do not take hormones, has tripled the prescription of testosterone preparations. In Europe, too, manufacturers are trying to establish the condition.
The only possible risk currently considered is enlargement of the prostate. Other risks may have been overlooked because they were not looked for, suggests a group of researchers from the ANZAC Research Institute and the Woolcock Research Institute in Sydney. Their study is the first randomised double-blind trial to examine the effects of hormones on sleep and breathing, writes David Handelsman’s group.
They treated seventeen healthy men aged 60 for three weeks with three weekly injections of testosterone (500 mg, 250 mg and 250 mg) or a placebo. After an eight-week break in therapy, the patients changed treatment (cross-over). The examination in the sleep laboratory (polysomnography) showed that the testosterone treatment shortened the total sleep time by one hour and prolonged the duration of hypoxaemia by five minutes per night. Hypoxaemia occurs due to sleep apnoea syndrome, which, according to the results of the study, is promoted by testosterone treatment. The number of episodes leading to short pauses in breathing after initial snoring increased by 50 percent.
This significantly disturbed the quality of sleep. Sleep apnoea syndrome is also a recognised risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
However, the study was not able to prove more far-reaching consequences of the sleep disorder. Also, the dose of testosterone was significantly (two to three times) above the recommended amounts. According to the authors, it cannot be ruled out that treatment with normal doses can aggravate latent sleep apnoea syndrome. | <urn:uuid:11e52696-38b3-4c1a-a13c-70aa757d25c4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.urologia-keul.com/en/cardiac-risks-with-hormone-therapy-for-aging-males/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.940236 | 467 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The 51st running of the Iditarod begins tomorrow. As I sat down to write about the Iditarod, it occurred to me that I did not know where the name for the world’s most famous dog-mushing race originated. Sure, I knew there was an Iditarod Trail and the history of the 1925 diphtheria serum run to Nome, but where does the name come from and why was there an Iditarod Trail in the first place? So I did a little digging and here’s what I found.
The promise of gold brought many outsiders to Alaska in the late 1800s. Many of those gold rush towns have survived the test of time. Fairbanks, Nome, and Skagway come to mind. Others did not fare as well. The town of Iditarod (Athabascan meaning “distant place”) was one of those boom and bust towns. When gold was discovered along a tributary of the Iditarod River in 1908, word spread and by 1910 the town of Iditarod swelled to a population of over 3,000 people. Even though the area was remote, even by today’s standards, there were hotels, a mercantile, a bank, and even three newspapers. By 1940, the gold was gone and so were the people. Today, Iditarod is a ghost town with nothing left except dilapidated buildings, but the namesake remains a checkpoint where mushers pass through on the Iditarod.
With the gold rush, came the reality of the harsh winters and the difficulty of transporting people and goods. In warmer months, rivers and boats were used to bring supplies but after freeze-up, those methods were no longer a viable option.
Dog mushing has been a way of travel for people in the arctic for thousands of years. Native Alaskans bred dogs for sledding to traverse the unforgiving frozen tundra. In the early 1900s, the Iditarod Trail was formed as a way to connect Seward to Nome and gold rush towns, such as Iditarod, Knik, and McGrath in between. Much of the trail followed routes used by Native Alaskans to connect their villages. The Iditarod Trail was used to move supplies in and gold out. It also served as a mail route.
With the invention and more common use of the airplane and later the snowmachine, dog sledding as a mode of transportation fell out of favor. The Iditarod Trail was no longer needed. However, in 1925 the trail was famously used as a mushing route to deliver diphtheria serum to Nome. The weather was too unfavorable to safely use airplanes so a relay of dog sled teams got the supplies there just in time to avoid a deadly outbreak.
Many people believe the Iditarod plays homage to the famous diphtheria serum delivery to Nome, but that is not the case.
In the 1960s, Dorothy Page was head of a committee tasked with preserving the history of Alaska. She had an idea to create a commemorative sled dog race using the Iditarod Trail. The race would celebrate the centennial anniversary of Alaska becoming a US Territory. Joe Redington Sr., now known as the father of the Iditarod, championed her idea. He saw the race as a way to resurrect the sport of dog sledding and to have the Iditarod Trail recognized as a National Historic Trail. He accomplished both. The first Iditarod race from Anchorage to Nome was completed in 1973 and in 1978, the Iditarod Trail officially became Alaska’s only National Historic Trail.
The ceremonial start of each year’s race begins in Anchorage. If you happen to be visiting during that time you can attend in person or fly to Nome to see the finish. Volunteerism is a huge part of what makes the Iditarod a success so you could also volunteer to work during the race.
Most people’s Alaska vacation doesn’t coincide with the running of the race, so the Iditarod Headquarters in Wasilla is well worth a visit. During the summer, there are dog mushing demonstrations, videos, and memorabilia. Of course, they also have a gift shop so you can bring home an Iditarod t-shirt and a coffee mug (I am speaking from personal experience).
The official Iditarod website is a great resource to follow along with the race, getting information on the mushers and their dog teams, and a way to feel a part of the race even from outside Alaska. The website is a wealth of information (my source for a lot of this post) if you’re interested in learning more about the race and its history. | <urn:uuid:1b275674-b7e3-496c-b4b3-cadf87420a2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://sojournalaska.com/activities/iditarod/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.975122 | 994 | 3.125 | 3 |
On the money: Kate Sheppard and the making of a New Zealand feminist icon
Katie Pickles, University of Canterbury
In 1992 four New Zealand icons (and the queen) appeared on new banknotes. Part of creating national identity, these notable citizens were chosen to represent the pinnacles of achievement.
Āpirana Ngata, Edmund Hillary, Ernest Rutherford and Kate Sheppard — all in circulation so their acts and values can be admired, celebrated and emulated.
Collectively, the banknote icons signalled a bicultural nation that celebrates Māori knowledge and success, a place where women are equal and where it is possible to lead the world, including in science and exploration.
But while positioned on individual pedestals, these people were also part of citizenship-building that relied on team efforts.
Ngata was one of many talented members of the Young Māori Party. Hillary didn’t climb Everest alone. And Rutherford’s scientific breakthroughs resulted from collaborative work that stood “on the shoulders of giants”.
Cast in bronze
So what of Kate Sheppard’s position? A year after she graced the $10 note, she was put on another pedestal, literally. Unveiled in 1993, the national memorial provides a useful interpretation of the suffrage leader’s place in the collaborative women’s movement of the late 19th century.
The memorial’s Christchurch location, Sheppard’s name in its title and her central position cast in bronze all recognise her leadership. But the monument also recognises how, after the victory, she brought together the networks that had formed during the suffrage campaign.
Sheppard became the first president of the National Council of Women (NCW) in 1896, but flanking her in bronze are others central to the women’s movement.
Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia of Taitokerau requested the vote for women from the Kotahitanga parliament. Amey Daldy was a leader of Auckland’s Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and Franchise League. Ada Wells of Christchurch worked for equal educational opportunities for girls and women. Harriet Morison of Dunedin was an advocate for working-class women and active in the Tailoresses’ Union. And Helen Nicol led the important women’s franchise campaign in Dunedin.
The monument also recognises the complex layers and themes of women’s suffrage, including the place of men such as MP Sir John Hall who played a vital part in the suffrage victory. Seven other prominent suffragists are also named. Smaller panels depict generic women going about their daily lives, all part of the wider movement.
An archetypal heroine?
So what makes Sheppard so iconic? As well as her role in a world-first episode in New Zealand history, I would argue Sheppard embodies many of the characteristics common to modern heroines globally.
She is emblematic of a mother figure, specifically as a maternal feminist concerned with home, purity and well-being. Metaphorically, her work involves giving birth to the nation.
Accompanied by an image of the symbolic white camellia flower presented to pro-suffrage MPs, Sheppard’s image on the banknote is part of her invention as a feminine, stylishly dressed, commanding figure.
But there are other dynamics at work, too. Sheppard is sometimes framed as a reformer, called to work for a more peaceful and egalitarian society. But the 2015
punk-rock musical That Bloody Woman portrays her as a rebel warrior queen, fighting with bravery and determination.Intrigue in her private life also adds to Sheppard’s appeal. Was her marriage to Walter Sheppard unhappy? They lived apart from 1905 until he died in 1915. Author Rachel McAlpine wrote a fictional account involving an extramarital affair and a love child.
And what of the rumours surrounding Sheppard’s friendship with William Lovell-Smith, who she married towards the end of her life after the death of his wife Jenny? Her private life hints at mystery and suggests a woman advancing new ways of co-habiting.
There is also tragedy. Sheppard lost her only child, Douglas, in 1910, and outlived her nearest and dearest friends and relations, including her only grandchild.
Sheppard’s shape-shifting presence leaves room for us to create our own versions to augment all the writing she left revealing her beliefs and ideas. The Kate Sheppard Women’s Bookshop aptly memorialises her, and her leadership is honoured through scholarships and awards.
All this has helped keep her memory alive, especially with the feminists who have always claimed her as a heroine.
Who else but Sheppard?
Sheppard is on the money, then, but who else might represent the heroic archetype?
Waikato woman of mana and Kīngitanga leader Te Puea Hērangi is surely one, described by historian J.G.A. Pocock as possibly the most influential woman in New Zealand’s political history.
Te Puea was also a mother figure. A literal healer, she nursed her people back to health — especially after the smallpox epidemic of 1913 and the devastating 1918 influenza epidemic that killed a quarter of the population at Mangatāwhiri, leaving many orphans to be cared for.
Her motto is said to have been “work, eat, pray, work again”. Te Puea was called to help her people and was dedicated to leading their resurgence. In particular, her efforts secured the Kīngitanga movement. Part of her legacy as the most active leader of her generation was the building of Tūrangawaewae marae at Ngāruawāhia.
Like Sheppard, Te Puea’s health and welfare work included campaigns against alcohol and smoking. In the face of Pākehā resistance she built an impressive health facility at Tūrangawaewae. In 1951 she became the first patron of the Māori Women’s Welfare League.
Her activism included seeking compensation for land confiscation. An early peace warrior, she led a non-violent campaign against conscription during the first world war. Like Sheppard, she was part of an international network and well-connected around the Pacific.
Also like Sheppard, Te Puea was strategic and collaborated with many men. She launched Māui Pōmare’s political career and later collaborated with Āpirana Ngata. Well known in the Pākehā world as Princess Te Puea, in 1937 she was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
In many ways, of course, Christchurch and Ngāruawāhia were worlds apart. While both women challenged the state, Sheppard represented a mainstream Pākehā establishment, whereas Te Puea pursued mana motuhake for her people. Yet, placed side by side and viewed through an early 21st-century lens, both are important heroines in history.
Both stand for citizens working together for the common good. Kate Sheppard might be on the money to represent women’s rights as a fundamental part of Aotearoa New Zealand. But, as her memorial suggests, it’s important we don’t see her as the only woman worthy of being on a pedestal.
Katie Pickles, Professor of History, University of Canterbury
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. | <urn:uuid:9cccd166-e921-4440-857d-219d554026fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.tunefm.net/2021/09/30/on-the-money-kate-sheppard-and-the-making-of-a-new-zealand-feminist-icon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.962211 | 1,594 | 2.828125 | 3 |
MIS-C cases more severe in second wave, study finds
Patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children experienced more severe illness during a second wave of cases compared with the first, according to a study published in The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.
The CDC defines multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) as a condition in any patient aged 21 years or younger who presents with fever, laboratory evidence of inflammation, evidence of clinically severe illness requiring hospitalization, with two or more organs involved, who has no alternative plausible diagnosis and has tested positive for current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infection, or reports exposure to a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19. A similar syndrome also can occur in adults.
Ashraf S. Harahsheh, MD, FACC, FAAP, a cardiologist at Children's National Hospital in Washington, and colleagues managed two pediatric cohorts of patients with MIS-C, following surges of COVID-19 cases in the U.S.
The first cohort consisted of 43 patients who were hospitalized between March and October 2020, whereas the second was composed of 63 patients hospitalized between November and April 2021.
“We’ve now seen three distinct waves of MIS-C since the beginning of the pandemic, each wave following national spikes in cases,” Roberta DeBiasi, MD, chief of pediatric infectious diseases at Children's National and a coauthor of the study, said in a news release.
“Kids in the second wave cohort had potentially experienced intermittent and/or repeated exposures to the virus circulating in their communities,” DeBiasi said. “In turn, this may have served as repeated triggers for their immune system, which created the more severe inflammatory response.”
Among a total of 106 patients from both waves, 46% were female, 54% were Black, 39% were Hispanic and the median age was 8.4 years (range, 4.7-13.4). No underlying medical conditions were found in 80 patients (75%).
Compared with patients hospitalized during the first wave, patients hospitalized during the second wave included a higher proportion of older children (21% vs. 5%), and they were more likely to present with shortness of breath (18% vs. 3%) but less likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (16% vs. 49%).
Participants hospitalized during the second wave were also more likely than those in the first wave to require vasopressors (73% vs. 51%) and were less likely to use only a high-flow nasal cannula (10% vs. 26%).
“Despite the increased degree of clinical severity and laboratory abnormalities in the [second] cohort, no significant differences were noted comparing wave 2 and wave 1 cohorts,” the authors wrote. | <urn:uuid:847017a6-f99f-4bf5-9821-cf99616be1d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20211118/misc-cases-more-severe-in-second-wave-study-finds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.974745 | 595 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Many of you may have heard of the procedure Water Syringing, but the more modern term used now is Water Irrigation. Water Irrigation or syringing is a method of wax removal carried out by most Ear Care Specialists or clinicians usually using the Propulse water Irrigator. The Propulse Irrigator enables effective patient care, with adjustable water pressure providing safe water delivery.
Inside of the ear is very sensitive, if you have a build-up of ear wax this can cause damage to the canal and eardrum which can affect your hearing. The ear irrigation method is a safe way to minimize the risk of damage to the ear, however, ear syringing is not safe for everyone. Individuals who have severe Otitis Externa, also known as swimmers’ ear and those with a history of eardrum surgery, middle ear disease or radiation therapy to the ear. Your ear care specialist will discuss with you a safer alternative of ear wax removal such as Microsuction or manual removal.
You will be advised to use olive oil at least 3 days prior to the appointment to try and soften the ear wax, failure to do this may mean the ear care specialist may not be able to remove the wax effectively and you will be asked to come back for a 2nd or 3rd appointment.
Before any ear care professional performs water irrigation, they will ask you a series of questions based on your medical history to deem whether the procedure will be safe to carry out. Once they have all your information, they will then shine a light into your ears with an Otoscope which magnifies the image to ensure that your symptoms are the result of excess wax build-up and not something more serious.
Once you have been asked a series of questions, the specialist will you take you into the treatment room to begin the procedure. Using the controlled pressurised flow of water, they will begin to remove the build-up of ear wax. Under the gentle force of the water, the ear wax is softened and washed out of the ear. It’s important to know that cold water should not be used, instead be a warm, tepid temperature.
Water Irrigation is totally comfortable, and, in many cases, the ear wax blockage is removed in minutes, most people do not suffer pain during the procedure and often recommend it to their friends and family.
Like with most things you may experience some side effects from having the water irrigation method. These side effects are not typically serious, but they can be uncomfortable. Common side effects of ear irrigation can include the following:
The method of water syringing has come a long way, many GP surgeries unfortunately no longer offer this service, however, there are many Audiologists and Ear Care specialist up and down the country that are specialising in Water Irrigation and other methods of wax removal.
The benefits of water irrigation over the microsuction method is, it tends to remove the majority of the wax leaving a clear image of the eardrum. You wouldn’t necessarily get this outcome with the Microsuction method or Manual Removal alone. However, sometimes both Water Irrigation and Microsuction are used together to attempt to clear the ear.
You may experience some soreness after the procedure, this is extremely rare and can be due to the removal of large amounts of wax being removed. If you experience moderate to severe pain, this could be down to an undying infection, in this case, speak to your local pharmacist or make an appointment with your GP.
It is very important that you keep the ear dry for at least seven days after the procedure as you may be prone to infection, if you have a shower place some cotton wool into the ear and if you are a keen swimmer make sure to use earplugs.
If after having the procedure you find you are still struggling with your hearing, the ear care specialist will either advise on any medical issues detected and may provide a report for you to take to your GP or offer to book you in for a hearing test. | <urn:uuid:43626111-558a-422c-a052-97258a11b0c1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://theearwaxremovalspecialists.co.uk/water-syringing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126171830-20201126201830-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.959524 | 835 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Atlas of Vertebrate Decay is gruesome, yet useful. Gruesome, because its authors aimed to create a visual composite of sharks, lampreys, hagfish, and other spined creatures in various states of decay. Useful, because their goal was to help scientists better identify puzzling fossil remains. In their study, published in Paleontology, the authors explain the problem:
The origin of vertebrates represents a landmark event in the history of life on earth.
Despite its great potential, however, the fossil record of these events is hard to read, and interpretations remain equivocal. Of the several fossil taxa that have been discussed in the context of vertebrate origins and early evolution, many have proved to be highly contentious in terms of interpretation of their anatomy.
All too often, direct comparisons are made between the morphology of fossils and the pristine anatomy of living relatives. Pristine anatomy is not, however, a suitable comparison.
In other words, some of the earliest ancient vertebrates were too squishy to leave easily identifiable remains that lasted through millennia. The fix? Create a database of ancient vertebrates’ nearest living relatives in all states of rot. ScienceNOW explains the unappetizing process:
First, they collected living specimens of six species that researchers believe are similar to early vertebrates, including the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), jawless lampreys, a couple of sharks, and the fishlike chordate known as Amphioxus.
Once back at the lab, the team let specimens rot in water for as long as 300 days, periodically photographing the disintegration.
From those pursuits, they produced dozens of photos. Some surprises emerged from the decay. Sharks, for example, resemble a certain 400-millon-year-old Scottish fish fossil that may or may not be an early vertebrate ancestor, ScienceNOW says, while the team discovered that some of the most potentially useful body parts, like tell-tale cartilage and distinctive muscle tissue, tends to be some of the first matter to go when the decomposition kicks in. Their images show just what may last the squeeze of time and geology, and what does not. They conclude:
Complex and repeated patterns of transformation during decay are identified and figured for informative character complexes including eyes, feeding apparatus, skull and brain, muscles, branchial apparatus, axial structures, viscera, heart and fins.
The methods and techniques outlined are eminently applicable to other clades soft-bodied organisms and demonstrate a new way to interpret the exceptionally preserved fossil record.
More from Smithsonian.com: | <urn:uuid:36793d5c-5a37-4dbd-8bd1-e0e786df5aaf> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-gruesome-atlas-of-vertebrate-decay-does-have-a-practical-purpose-84062177/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585653.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023064718-20211023094718-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.936107 | 547 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Build a strong foundation for your future mathematic, science or business studies. Enter the world filled with numbers, percentages and formulas. Draw up graphs as you study statistics. Understand basic geometry, trigonometry and algebra.
- 31 Dec 2018
Established in Queensland in 1999, Unilearn specialises in supporting and creating learning opportunities such as foundation subjects for people looking to return to study, or to gain the qualifications needed to enrol in university. They cater for rural and remote students as well as international students and collaborate with Open Universities Australia and their partners to encourage lifelong learning.
This unit covers:
Module 1 – Beginning Mathematics
- Topic 1: Working with numbers
- Topic 2: Working with percentages
- Topic 3: Working with geometry
- Topic 4: Working with ratios and trigonometry
Module 2 – Introduction to Algebra
- Topic 1: Formulae and equations
- Topic 2: Powers, scientific notations and the metric system
- Topic 3: The Cartesian coordinate system
Module 3 – Linear and Quadratic Functions
- Topic 1: The rules of algebra
- Topic 2: Linear equations and applications
- Topic 3: Graphs and equations
Module 4 – Basic Functions and Matrix Algebra
- Topic 1: The concepts of functions – linear functions
- Topic 2: The quadratic functions and polynomial functions
- Topic 3: Exponential functions and logarithms
- Topic 4: Matrix algebra
Module 5 – Introduction to Statistics
- Topic 1: Terminology and data collections
- Topic 2: Representing data
- Topic 3: Summarising data
- Topic 4: Exploring Bi-variate data
- Discussion forum/Discussion Board
- Online Quizzes/Tests
- Online assignment submission
- Standard Media
- Web links
- Book of readings
- Resources and Links
- Printable format materials
- Online Assessment
- Audio-Video streaming
- Printable format materials
This unit does not assume that you have any prior knowledge beyond general reading and writing skills. It does presume you are self-motivated and capable of self-directed learning.
No special requirements
The subject is a preparatory mathematics subject designed to help you gain the necessary knowledge to enter into a tertiary study. This subject helps you to gain an understanding of percentages, basic geometry and trigonometry leading to an introduction to algebraic manipulation and linear, quadratic and exponential functions. Matrix algebra is introduced and the final module introduces elementary statistics. On successful completion of this subject, you should have a sound mathematical base for further studies at advanced levels, or to commence tertiary studies in business or similar degrees.
This subject includes individual tutorial support with an experienced high school mathematics teacher. Tutorial support is via email, phone and an online classroom with discussion forums. There is also a Unilearn Student Support Officer available to help you throughout your study. This subject provides 4 core credits towards your QCE.
The subject has flexible enrolment dates to meet your needs. Start your study when you want and complete the subject any time within the 12 month enrolment window. This subject is equivalent to General Mathematics (Math A). This subject requires a minimum of 220 hours or 18 weeks to complete. The 18-week option is only available to you if you complete the subject in the online classroom. For international students, an additional $150 is applied to your subject for postage and handling of overseas materials. The cost of the textbook is not included in the subject price.
The final exam is not included in the subject price. The cost of the exam is $75 (International exams $150). For more information please call the Student Advisor team on 13OPEN (13 6736) or visit http://unilearn.net.au/current-students/final-exam/
Note: Most students take 540 hours to complete the degree as the 220 minimum hours is the learning in the textbook only and does not take into account completing homework, reading time, tutorial help and progress tests. Please keep this in mind when nominating to complete in an accelerated timeframe.
- Practice questions (0%)
- Progress tests (10%)
- Invigilation by provider (90%)
Textbook information is pending. | <urn:uuid:880f348b-dd54-435f-937d-0ee5174be996> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.open.edu.au/subjects/unilearn-introductory-mathematics-unl-unl31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256948.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522183240-20190522205240-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.875881 | 875 | 3.125 | 3 |
13 March 2002
ORGANIC FOOD MIGHT REDUCE HEART ATTACKS
Articles like this might increase heart attacks in some quarters:
'John Paterson, a biochemist at Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary,
criticises Krebs... ' For more on the Krebs agenda:
Organic food might reduce heart attacks
Eating organic food may help reduce your risk of heart attacks, strokes and cancer. The finding will reignite the debate over its health benefits and may force regulatory agencies to reconsider their position.
Until now there has been little scientific evidence to suggest that organic food is any healthier than conventional produce. The head of the British Food Standards Agency, John Krebs, has gone so far as to say it is no better. But John Paterson, a biochemist at Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, criticises Krebs for making such statements "on the basis of very little information".
Now Paterson and a team from the infirmary and the University of Strathclyde have found that organic vegetable soups contain almost six times as much salicylic acid as non-organic vegetable soups. The acid is responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of aspirin, and helps combat hardening of the arteries and bowel cancer.
"Eating organic may be good for you," says Paterson. "I'm not an evangelist for the organic food movement, but there was a fairly substantial difference."
The average level of salicylic acid in 11 brands of organic vegetable soup on sale in Britain was 117 nanograms per gram, compared with 20 ng/g in 24 types of non-organic soup. The highest concentration of the acid, 1040 ng/g, was found in carrot and coriander soup made by Simply Organic based in Bilston Glen, Scotland, while it was not detectable in four traditional soups made by Scottish company Baxters.
Salicylic acid is produced naturally in plants as a defence against stress and disease. This could explain why levels are higher in organic vegetables, which are generally grown without protection from pesticides.
Earlier research by Paterson's team discovered significantly higher concentrations of the acid in the blood of vegetarian Buddhist monks compared with that of meat-eaters.
The Food Standards Agency now promises to study the new evidence. "We are aware of the suggested benefits of high levels of salicylic acid and will look at what the report has to say," says a spokeswoman.
Journal reference: European Journal of Nutrition (vol 40, p 289)
ngin bulletin archive | <urn:uuid:c9086ea9-c8e3-4f7b-a215-c3347b3ab642> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://ngin.tripod.com/130302b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.944348 | 535 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Restoration of predator would bring balance to eco-systems say conservationists
Conservationists say they need to raise £50,000 to reintroduce predatory big cats to Scotland.
Lynx could one day prowl the country’s forests if they get their way.
The Lynx UK Trust says it wants to set up a colony of the animals in an estate either in Aberdeenshire or Northumberland.
It claims the public is overwhelmingly behind the moves – despite opposition from landowners and farmers, who worry it could predate livestock.
Lynx reintroduction has a vast potential to bring ecotourism money into local communities
Lynx were wiped out in the British isles more than 1000 years ago, and conservationists say their reintroduction would help restore a natural balance to eco-systems and would provide a natural control for deer, whose numbers have rocketed.
A final decision on where the trust will launch the pilot scheme is expected to be made later this year – if it meets its fundraising targets.
Lynx UK Trust fundraiser Katherine Johnston, said: "As well as community support, we need funding to make this happen. We hope that our vision of rewilding inspires people to support our work.
"Asmall donation now can lead to a transformative impact on our rural economy and the nation's biodiversity for generations to come."
The trust says reintroduction of lynx could be worth £67.7 million to the economy over 25 years, largely through tourism.
Chief scientific adviser, Dr Paul O'Donoghue, said: "Lynx reintroduction has a vast potential to bring ecotourism money into local communities.
"It's been an incredible success in Germany and we really think the lynx will more than pay its way both through tourism but also critical ecological services like helping to control deer, allowing forest regeneration." | <urn:uuid:c701c93b-5d36-4a75-96fe-f5240c4cdc9e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tfn.scot/news/cash-needed-for-lynx-reintroduction-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.944845 | 385 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Publication: Temperatures at the last interglacial simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model
Full text at PDC
Advisors (or tutors)
American Geophysical Union
The last interglacial (Eemian, 125,000 years ago) has generally been considered the warmest time period in the last 200,000 years and thus sometimes been used as a reference for greenhouse projections. Herein we report results from a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model of the surface temperature response to changes in the radiative forcing at the last interglacial. Although the model generates the expected summer warming in the northern hemisphere, winter cooling of a comparable magnitude occurs over North Africa and tropical Asia. The global annual mean temperature for the Eemian run is 0.3 degrees C cooler than the control run. Validation of simulated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) against reconstructed SSTs supports this conclusion and also the assumption that the flux correction, fitted for the present state, operates satisfactorily for modest perturbations. Our results imply that contrary to conventional expectations, Eemian global temperatures may already have been reached by the mid 20th century.
© 1998 by the American Geophysical Union. We thank D. Schriever for supporting us with the simulations for the last interglacial and M. Lautenschlager for helping us to set up the experiment. M. Montoya thanks also E. Zorita, V. Kharin, S. Lorenz, and V. Ocafia for advice and discussion. Finally, we thank the reviewers (C. Covey, P. Fawcett, and G. Vailis) for their valuable comments. M. Montoya was supported by a grant of the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (Spain). T. J. Crowley was supported by National Science Foundation grant ATM-9529109. H. yon Storch was supported by BMBF grant 07VKV01/1.
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Prell, W. L., and J. E. Kutzbach, Monsoon variability over the last 150,000 years, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8411-8425, 1987. Ravelo, A. C., R. G. Fairbanks, and S. G. H. Philander, Reconstructing tropical Atlantic hydrography using planktonic foraminifera and an ocean model, Paleoceanography, 5, 409-431, 1990. Roeckner, E., et al., Simulation of the present day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution, Rep. 93, Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1992. Ruddiman, W. F., and A. Mcintyre, Northeast Atlantic paleoclimatic changes over the past 600,000 years, in Investigation of Late Queaternary Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, edited by R. M. Cline et al., Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 145, 111-146, 1976. Sausen, R., K. Barthel, and K. Hasselmann, Coupled ocean-atmosphere models with flux corrections, Clim. Dyn., 2, 154-163, 1988. Shen, S.S., G. R. North, and K.-Y. Kim, Spectral approach to optimal estimation of the global average temperature, J. Clim., 7, 1999-2007, 1994. Slowey, N. C., G. M. Henderson, and W. B. Curry, Direct U-Th dating of marine sediments from the two most recent integlacial periods, Nature, 353, 242-244, 1996. Terasmae, J., A palynological study of Pleistocene interglacial beds at Toronto, Ontario, Geol. Surv. Can. Bull., 56, 23-41, 1960. van der Hammen, T., T. A. Wijmstra, and W. H. Zagwijn, The floral record of the Late Cenozoic of Europe, in The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages, edited by K: K. Turekian, pp. 391-424, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Conn., 1971. von Storch, H., Inconsistencies at the interface of climate impact studies and global climate research, Meteorol. Z., 4 NF, 72-80, 1995. von Storch, J.-S., Interdecadal variability in a coupled model, Tellus, Ser. A, 46, 419-432, 1994. von Storch, J.-S., V. Kharin, U. Cubasch, G. C. Hegerl, D. Schriever, H. von Storch, and E. Zorita, A 1260-year control integration with the coupled ECHAM1/LSG general circulation model, J. Clim., in press, 1997. Woillard, G. M., Grande Pile peat bog: A continuous pollen record for the last 140,000 years, Quat. Res., 9, 1-21, 1978. Zorita, E., and H. von Storch, A survey of statistical downscaling techniques, Rep. 97/E/20, GKSS- Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany, 1997. Zubakov, V. A., and I. I. Borzenkova, Global Palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoic, 453 pp., ElSevier, New York, 1990. | <urn:uuid:ae0a1c04-f494-4125-a41b-2d7398b00109> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/b9fd8d16-74b7-42f2-8569-119d562c093d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924191454-20230924221454-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.69381 | 3,419 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Associations by the Numbers: An Overview
Advancing the economy and society:
Associations make broad contributions to American life. They are an essential piece of our national, state, and local economies. They create jobs in every state. Their measurable economic benefits include more than 1.3 million jobs for Americans and a total payroll of more than $55 billion. Beyond their direct economic impact, associations play a vital role in enriching communities and creating positive change around the world.
- The IRS recognized 63,866 trade and professional associations in FY2016.
- The IRS recognized 1,237,094 charitable and philanthropic organizations in FY2016.
- Membership organizations employ more than 1.3 million people.
- Membership organizations generate a payroll of more than $55 billion.
- Nonprofit organizations’ share of GDP is over 5 percent.
- Trade and professional membership associations generate $116 billion in revenue.
- Nearly 63 million Americans volunteer through a membership organization.
Advancing the workforce:
Each year, associations provide millions of American workers across every industry and state with critical post-college skills training required for professional success and career advancement. Associations proactively and purposefully create centralized training programs, certifications and standards to ensure individuals, industries and society-at- large benefit from a strong and vibrant workforce.
- Of the 57 million adults in America who take formal work-related courses or training each year, 9.7 million (or 17 percent) receive that training from a professional association.
- In total, associations account for more than 315,000 meetings held in the U.S. each year, with 59.5 million participants in attendance.
- Most associations (88 percent), regardless of type or size, report sponsoring an annual meeting or exhibition, with a median attendance of 803 registrants.
- More than half (52 percent) of associations report holding other regularly scheduled meetings on specific topics throughout the year.
Source: IRS Data Book 2016; NAICS (North American Industry Classification System), U.S. Census Bureau | <urn:uuid:7f6839fd-7f01-4410-b7a3-0282fbcd4139> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.thepowerofa.org/power-of-a-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648481.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014003258-20191014030258-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.91402 | 422 | 2.53125 | 3 |
All the Romance languages have developed compound perfect tenses in the course of their history, even though there were no compound (periphrastic) perfect tenses as such in classical Latin. The Germanic languages, including English, have also developed compound perfect tenses over time following the same principles. But the Portuguese present perfect tense, or pretérito perfeito composto to give it its Portuguese name, is a linguistic curiosity in a number of respects.
Originally, in both Romance and Germanic languages, what we now call past participles were not really verb forms at all, but adjectives derived from verbs. Indeed, in both English and Portuguese, many past participles may also occur as adjectives. Compare the uses of ‘broken’ in ‘I’ve broken the window’ (past participle) with ‘the broken window’ or ‘the window is broken’ (adjectival uses). Latin had a so-called resultative construction involving the verb habere ‘to have’ in its full lexical sense of ‘to possess’ and an adjectival participle qualifying the thing possessed in sentences like epistulam scriptam habeo, equivalent to saying ‘I have the letter written’. As Latin developed into the modern Romance languages, this resultative construction (‘I have the letter written’) morphed into a fully-fledged verb tense (‘I have written the letter’). In the process, the verb ‘have’ lost its full lexical meaning and became grammaticalized as an auxiliary and ‘written’ was no longer perceived as an adjective qualifying ‘letter’, but rather as part of the compound (periphrastic) verb form. Accordingly, it was no longer made to agree in case, gender and number with the direct object. Exactly the same development can be seen in English during the Old English period when English nouns and adjectives still inflected for gender, number and case just like in Latin. In some Romance languages, past participles still have to agree with the direct object under certain circumstances, e.g. in French, when the direct object of a perfect tense precedes the participle, cf. j’ai fermé la porte ‘I’ve closed the door’ (noun direct object follows the participle so no agreement) vs. La porte? Oui, je l’ai fermée ‘The door? Yes, I’ve closed it’ (pronoun direct object precedes the participle so the latter has to agree in gender). The fact that this agreement in French is only made in the written language and cannot be heard in speech with the vast majority of verbs (fermé, fermée, fermés and fermées are pronounced identically) suggests that it is a grammatical relic that no longer has any semantic importance. Indeed, in Portuguese and Spanish, the past participle has become invariable in all perfect tense constructions.
It should be said at this point that in both early Romance and Germanic languages, intransitive verbs, i.e. those that cannot take a direct object, originally formed their perfect tenses with the auxiliary ‘to be’ rather than ‘to have’. This is entirely logical because whereas the past participles of transitive verbs have passive meaning (broken = which has been broken), the past participles of intransitive verbs have active meaning (gone = which is gone). Modern languages have maintained this distinction to differing degrees: in Italian, it is a general rule that intransitive verbs expressing change of location or state form their perfect tense with essere ‘to be’ while all other verbs use avere ‘to have’; in French, the dividing line is less clear with a more limited number of verbs using être ‘to be’ as their perfect auxiliary. In these languages, the adjectival participle logically has to agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence when the auxiliary is ‘to be’. In Portuguese and Spanish, the equivalent of ‘to have’ is used for all verbs. Among the Germanic languages, German, Dutch and Danish still make a distinction between transitive verbs which use ‘to have’ and some kinds of intransitives which use ‘to be’, while in English ‘to have’ is now used for all verbs, though the use of ‘to be’ can still be found in older forms of the language (e.g. ‘Christ is risen’, ‘I am come in my Father’s name’ etc.).
So what is curious about the Portuguese perfect tenses in particular? The first thing is that Portuguese is the only modern Romance language that uses the auxiliary ter derived from Latin tenere ‘to hold’ in addition to the auxiliary haver derived from Latin habere, which is the one used in all other Romance languages, including Spanish. Furthermore, as any student of Portuguese should know, the auxiliary ter is the ONLY option in the present perfect indicative (tenho feito) and subjunctive (que tenha feito) and perfect infinitive (ter feito), whereas haver can be used as an alternative to ter in the pluperfect indicative (tinha/havia feito) and subjunctive (tivesse/houvesse feito) and future perfect subjunctive (tiver/houver feito), though its use is now restricted to more formal written style. In fact, in earlier forms of Portuguese, the auxiliary haver also occurred in the present perfect, but this usage died out a long time ago, as to all intents and purposes has the use of haver as an auxiliary in the spoken language of Brazil. Contrary to what we might think, the consensus among experts is that ter was the original auxiliary for the perfect tenses in Portuguese, and that haver was introduced as a more literary/formal alternative modelled on Spanish and French.
The second curious thing about the Portuguese perfect tense is that it has iterative meaning, i.e. it refers to actions or states that have been recurring or continuing for a while up to and including the present. In all the other Romance languages, the perfect tense is much more commonly used to refer to one-off actions, though it may also have iterative meaning in some contexts. So in Portuguese you can say Tenho comido muita maçã ultimamente ‘I’ve been eating a lot of apples lately’ but you cannot say *Tenho comido uma maçã hoje de manhã, whereas in Peninsular Spanish it is perfectly correct to say He comido una manzana esta mañana ‘I’ve eaten/I ate an apple this morning’ and in French J’ai mangé une pomme ce matin. As the translation above shows, the Portuguese perfect tense corresponds in meaning to the English present perfect continuous (‘have been eating’) rather than the present perfect simple (‘have eaten’). So the Portuguese perfect tense is unique among the Romance languages in both its formation (using the auxiliary ter instead of haver) and its meaning (iterative rather than one-off).
But the mystery doesn’t end there. The present perfect indicative can only have iterative meaning so the question Você tem dormido bem? can only mean ‘Have you been sleeping OK?’ (i.e. of late) and never ‘Have you slept OK?’ or ‘Did you sleep OK?’, but the present perfect subjunctive can also refer to one-off action, so it is perfectly correct to say Espero que você tenha dormido bem essa noite ‘I hope you slept OK last night’. The same goes for the perfect infinitive: Eu me sinto melhor por ter dormido bem essa noite ‘I feel better for having slept well last night’. And while the pluperfect can have iterative meaning, more often than not it refers to a one-off action and would be understood as such unless the wider context dictated otherwise, thus Eu tinha comido muita maçã would tend to be interpreted as ‘I had eaten a lot of apples’ rather than ‘I had been eating a lot of apples’, which would more likely be expressed as Eu andava comendo or Eu vinha comendo muita maçã.
It might be tempting to think that there is some connection between the choice of the auxiliary ter as opposed to haver and the iterative meaning of the present perfect. But evidence from earlier periods of the language shows that ter + past participle was at one time used to express one-off actions too. It may just be that because the job of describing one-off actions is done perfectly well by the preterite tense (pretérito perfeito simples: eu falei, ele fez etc.), the only role left for the present perfect is to describe iterative actions and states. The fact that such actions and states continue into the present rules out the use of the pretérito perfeito simples, which can only refer to actions already completed and finished before the present. It may also be significant that the closest relative of Portuguese in the Romance family, which is Galician, has done away with compound perfect tenses altogether. | <urn:uuid:5cb0ccd6-163c-4b50-9a8f-2c39b86070e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://johnwhitlam.com/2017/01/27/the-mysterious-case-of-the-portuguese-present-perfect-tense/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823478.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019212946-20171019232946-00833.warc.gz | en | 0.958737 | 2,024 | 3.53125 | 4 |
This week I have my students working on fortune tellers for each of our units that we have completed (weather, astronomy, light/magnets/electricity, organisms and their environment).
I am not sure all the other teachers are happy now that all the fourth grade know how to make them :)
I taped a quart size baggie in each of the notebooks to put them all in.
This was an "end of year" project but could easily be done at the end of each unit. I used the largest paper I could get from the art room (stay away from construction paper weight...it becomes too bulky for the notebooks...the closer you can stay to regular weight paper the better).
Students had to come up with eight questions and answers related to the unit (using their notebook to come up with questions). They had to illustrate and color. Aside from the initial instruction this was a largely independent project (I played some Kidz Bop CD's in class while they worked) done over five days (one day for each fortune teller and a makeup day if needed). I thought if I did this at the end of a unit that I might have students pair up for a minute to answer each others questions and then have them switch partners so that they get a chance to move around and review.
This project was run concurrent with the ABC and Decoupage project. | <urn:uuid:2e103e9c-3fdc-4fb8-bc68-16fedc4f7afd> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://sciencenotebooking.blogspot.com/2010_05_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121776.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00179-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974901 | 281 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Unraveling Islamic Dietary Rules: Is it Haram to Eat with Left Hand?
In Islamic culture, dietary practices hold a significant place. Muslims abide by a set of guidelines when it comes to choosing food and consuming it. One common question that arises is whether eating with the left hand is haram (forbidden) in Islam. Let’s delve into this topic to gain a clear understanding of the Islamic dietary rules.
The Significance of Right Hand
In Islam, the right hand holds a symbolic meaning of purity and blessings. It is believed that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) preferred using his right hand for daily tasks, including eating. Therefore, Muslims are encouraged to use their right hand while consuming meals as a way of following the Prophet’s example and maintaining cleanliness.
However, it’s important to note that there are no explicit Quranic verses or Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) that categorically state eating with the left hand as haram. The preference for using the right hand is based on the tradition and teachings of the Prophet.
Eating with the Left Hand: Cultural Norms and Considerations
Although eating with the left hand is not explicitly forbidden, it is generally discouraged due to cultural norms and cleanliness considerations. The left hand is often associated with hygiene practices such as personal cleaning after using the bathroom. Therefore, using the left hand for eating might be considered unclean, especially when sharing meals with others.
Moreover, the act of eating with the left hand may also be seen as disrespectful in some cultures and religious traditions. It is recommended for Muslims to be mindful of cultural norms and practices while partaking in communal meals.
Nevertheless, it’s crucial to understand that while using the right hand is encouraged, the focus of Islamic dietary rules extends beyond hand preference. Islam promotes overall cleanliness, intention, and gratitude towards Allah for the food provided.
While eating with the left hand is not explicitly deemed haram in Islam, it is important to consider cultural norms, cleanliness, and following the Prophet’s example of using the right hand. Muslims are encouraged to prioritize cleanliness and respect while partaking in meals, recognizing the broader principles of Islamic dietary rules.
Faqs about “is it haram to eat with left”
Is it haram to eat with the left hand?
In Islamic traditions, eating with the left hand is generally considered discouraged or disliked. This is based on cultural and religious beliefs. The right hand is considered purer and more appropriate for eating, greeting, and giving and receiving things. However, it is not explicitly mentioned as haram (forbidden) in religious texts.
Why is eating with the left hand discouraged in Islam?
Eating with the left hand is discouraged in Islam for several reasons. Firstly, it is believed that Satan eats with his left hand, and Muslims should strive to avoid imitating him. Secondly, the right hand is considered cleaner and more hygienic since it is usually the dominant hand used for activities like washing and shaking hands. Lastly, adhering to cultural customs and traditions that favor the right hand symbolizes unity and conformity within the community.
Is it a sin to eat with the left hand in Islam?
Eating with the left hand is not explicitly stated as a sin in Islamic teachings. However, it is generally looked down upon and considered inappropriate due to the reasons mentioned earlier. It is always recommended to follow the customs and traditions of your religious and cultural community.
What should I do if I am left-handed?
If you are left-handed, don’t worry. Islam is a religion that considers individual circumstances and necessities. If you genuinely cannot use your right hand due to a physical condition or being left-handed, it is understandable. In such cases, try to be mindful of cleanliness and hygiene while eating. Eating with the left hand knowingly and intentionally may still be discouraged, but Allah is forgiving and understanding.
Are there any exceptions to the rule of not eating with the left hand?
Yes, there can be exceptions to the rule of not eating with the left hand. For example, if there is a medical reason or disability that prevents the use of the right hand, then using the left hand for eating is understandable. In cases where using the right hand is not possible, the intention and sincerity in following the teachings of Islam matter more.
Will I be punished if I eat with my left hand?
No, you will not be punished for eating with your left hand. While it is generally discouraged and may not be considered ideal, Allah is merciful and understanding. What matters more is the intention and sincerity with which you follow the principles of Islam. Strive to do your best, but don’t worry excessively if you accidentally eat with your left hand.
Can I eat with my left hand if I am in a non-Muslim country where it is common?
Yes, you can eat with your left hand if you are in a non-Muslim country where it is common. Cultural norms may differ in different regions, and Islam recognizes the importance of adapting to local customs and practices to a certain extent. However, if you are a practicing Muslim, it is still recommended to try and eat with your right hand whenever possible as a way to adhere to Islamic traditions.
Is eating with the left hand a major sin in Islam?
No, eating with the left hand is not considered a major sin in Islam. Major sins are those explicitly stated in the Qur’an and Hadith, and eating with the left hand does not fall into those categories. However, it is still recommended to avoid it as much as possible to show respect for cultural and religious traditions.
Does eating with the left hand affect the acceptability of my prayers?
No, eating with the left hand does not affect the acceptability of your prayers. Prayer in Islam is primarily based on sincerity, devotion, and following the prescribed guidelines. The hand used for eating does not have a direct impact on the acceptability of your prayers. However, it is always recommended to strive for cleanliness and adherence to cultural norms as a way to show respect and unity within the community.
What other etiquettes should I follow while eating in Islam?
In addition to using the right hand for eating, some other etiquettes to follow while eating in Islam include saying ‘Bismillah’ (In the name of Allah) before starting, washing your hands before and after eating, eating with a three-finger grip, avoiding wastage of food, and eating in moderation. It is also encouraged to eat together in a group and share food with others as a way to promote unity and generosity.
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- The Top 15 Most Important Islamic Worship Places in the World | <urn:uuid:79fd51fb-ffa1-4ba2-844b-c7b47e573808> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://suratyaseen.com/is-it-haram-to-eat-with-left-hand-unraveling-islamic-dietary-rules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510427.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928162907-20230928192907-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.937916 | 1,674 | 2.765625 | 3 |
It begins with a man named Robert Connell. Back in 1995 he wrote a book called Masculinities. There wasn't much that was new in the book. It consists mostly of standard patriarchy theory: the idea that masculinity is a construct and that it provides men with a "patriarchal dividend" at the expense of women. Therefore, social justice requires the deconstruction of masculinity.
But how to do it? Connell argues in Masculinities that there are many masculinities but that one is "hegemonic". This is an idea borrowed from Gramsci. It means that there is one form of masculinity which manages to get itself accepted as authoritative and that through this the existing values of society are upheld.
Therefore, there cannot be transformative change until the hegemonic masculinity is deconstructed. But Connell recognises that a sense of masculinity is embedded in the male personality and that it is formed in part through bodily practices (such as sport).
So what's required is not just a change in patriarchal institutions. What is needed is a change in the male personality and bodily practices. Men need to be degendered in body and in personality.
Connell's book was highly successful. He became the world's leading theorist of masculinity. The charity Oxfam, for instance, believes that its role is to secure gender equity by transforming masculinity throughout the world. The information on its website is clearly drawn from Connell's work:
Throughout the organization, we will base our work on a common understanding that gender equality is key to overcoming poverty and suffering.
[this requires a consideration of] the invisibility of gender issues to most men and the notion of the ‘patriarchal dividend’ (i.e. the privileges that all men draw upon simply by virtue of being male) ... the dominance of specific forms of (‘hegemonic’) masculinity; how masculinities are actively constructed; the costs associated with masculinity for both men and women; and the dynamic nature of masculinities over time.
‘Hegemonic masculinity’ is a concept that draws upon the ideas of Gramsci. It refers to the dynamic cultural process which guarantees (or is taken to guarantee) the dominant position of men and the subordination of women.
Again, just to illustrate how serious Oxfam is about transforming masculinity here are some additional ideas from its website:
Oxfam’s approach to poverty – the importance of gender analysis
The study highlights the importance of coherent gender analysis … Gender analysis is central to Oxfam’s understanding of the root causes of global poverty … if gender relations are to be transformed …
Changing masculinities, changing men
… masculinities are actively ‘produced’ by individuals, rather than being programmed by genes … It is sometimes argued … that being ‘natural’ masculinity is impervious to reform. But our research demonstrates the reverse … Clearly there are risks involved in attempts to reshape masculinity …
Again, Connell is the most frequently cited authority in this document written for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The document reminds readers that the UN has called for a "transformative change" to achieve gender equity. Masculinity, it is claimed, stands in the way of "progress" toward a new world order of centralised, global government and increasing ethnic diversity:
In effect, masculinity becomes a rhetorical currency by which opposition to global integration, state centralization and increasing ethnic heterogeneity can be mobilized. (p.4)
It is Connell who is again looked to as the expert authority on the matter:
Typically, as Connell notes (1998: 17), “hardline masculine fundamentalism goes together with a marked anti-internationalism”. (p.4)
So Connell managed to become an international authority on masculinity, or at least the deconstruction thereof.
But this is where we get to the dramatic twist in the story. In his book Masculinities Connell anticipated that the aim of degendering men in their bodily practices and in their personalities would arouse opposition.
In particular, it would arouse the fear that a process of degendering men would turn men into women:
If the problem is basically about masculinity, structural change should follow from a remaking of personality. (p.230)
...emotional turmoil and guilt feelings ... are a measure of the resistance even in favourable circumstances. In other circumstances the project will be rejected out of hand as an attempt to turn men into women.
It follows that a degendering strategy, an attempt to dismantle hegemonic masculinity, is unavoidable.
The degendering strategy applies not only at the level of culture and institutions, but also at the level of the body - the ground chosen by defenders of patriarchy, where the fear of men being turned into women is most poignant. (p.232)
What we are moving towards is indeed "something rich & strange"; and therefore, necessarily, a source of fear as well as desire. (p.234)
The reason I highlighted these passages is this: Robert Connell is no longer legally a man. He has, it seems, had sex change surgery, legally changed his identity, and transformed himself into Raewyn Connell. Below is a photo of the radically transformed Robert Connell.
Given that Robert Connell took this drastic step, I think we're entitled to ask some questions.
Did Robert Connell always feel conflicted in his own masculinity? Does this help to explain his feeling of estrangement from mainstream masculinity? Or his repeated claims that men needed to change their bodily practices to more feminine ones of nurturing babies?
Or did the theory itself push Connell to view masculinity as so malignant that it had to be physically cut away?
Or did the theory, with its emphasis on the bodily transformation of men, lead Connell to arrive at the radical solution pictured on the left?
At any rate, the idea that the great project of liberation is to degender men's bodies and personalities, is associated in the case of its founder with a result that won't appeal to too many men.
Hat tip: Paul Elam | <urn:uuid:717c4415-46a1-42f7-8525-0d17d81f7901> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://ozconservative.blogspot.com/2010/04/and-this-person-wants-to-transform-all.html?showComment=1272493224650 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954948 | 1,272 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Dental floss is a special type of thread. It is used for cleaning spaces between teeth which cannot be reached by toothbrushes. It is important to floss before brushing teeth and to floss at least once a day. Tooth brushing will not clean food that is packed between teeth. This 'food packing' can lead to unhealthy teeth and gums. Bacteria grow in this 'packed food' between teeth. These bacteria cause the surface of teeth (enamel) to break down. Then the teeth and gums and sometimes even the jaw can become seriously diseased.
These bacteria that come from the food on the teeth and between the teeth are called "plaque" or "bacterial plaque" and also can cause the gums to become less healthy. "Gingivitis" which means gum disease is one type of disease that flossing helps to prevent. Very serious diseases can start on the teeth and move to the bone of the jaw, damaging the jaw badly. Flossing your teeth reduces the danger of these serious diseases of the jaw bone. These hard-to-cure jaw bone diseases are called "periodontal disease".
Food that is trapped between the teeth can be uncomfortable and even cause pain. Some food is hard, for example meat, apple. Ground meat is soft and so is apple sauce. Chicken and turkey meat are hard and full of fibres and very often get trapped between the teeth. When hard food is trapped between the teeth it can cause discomfort and sometimes pain. When hard food is pressed by the teeth against the gum it can cause pain. Some people use toothpicks to try to remove trapped food from between the teeth and other people use dental floss to do this.
Dental floss can do most things that a toothpick can do but dental floss is much thinner than a toothpick and can thus get to places that most toothpicks cannot reach. So floss presumably does a better job at getting bits of food out from between the teeth, relieving discomfort and pain quicker.
When a person first starts flossing, bleeding can happen. This is normal and happens because teeth and gums that are not flossed are less healthy. It will stop as the teeth and gums get healthier with flossing. | <urn:uuid:c86114c3-e8e2-4562-bb2e-3e3d48d16520> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_floss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103329963.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627073417-20220627103417-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.966969 | 473 | 3.5625 | 4 |
In 1935, the Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was a law that expanded quickly during the next two decades to include familial benefits. By the 1960s, additional expansion in the Social Security Act occurred because of the federal shift from retirement benefits to medical care since many insurance companies considered older Americans high-risk for coverage.
President Lyndon B Johnson signed the Social Security Act Amendments into law on July 30, 1965. In this landmark legislation, Medicare designated tax dollars as a form of insurance for aging citizens that enabled them to receive medical care with a federal subsidy. More than 19 million Americans enrolled when it was first enacted.
Useful for Those in Need
Medicare originally was meant to aid those who had a financial need for doctor’s visits and hospitalizations. It was expanded soon afterward to include prescription, medical devices, and nursing home care coverage. Along with Medicaid, Medicare increased life expectancy by 5 years from the rate upon its enactment. Medicare also broke down segregated policies in health care because of its federal designation for care.
Government-provided health care was also at the forefront of innovative advancements because of the number of patients who qualified for Medicare. As the supply and demand existed for procedures and products, companies realized there was a viable market for investment. It led to technology that has streamlined medical care.
Amendments That Made Impacts on the Aging
Upon the start of the program in 1965, more families provided care for family members. Now, 25 percent live in assisted living homes, which shows a significant shift in socio-economic conditions since care has become more expensive. Families are also unable to provide complex care. In 1971, an amendment for long-term care took effect, which included 50 percent cost of care for anyone in facilities who had a financial need.
Benefits also include short-term stays after injuries, surgery and long-term medical care. It also only applies after a person uses his or her financial resources to pay for monthly care. If a person receives Social Security or disability income, Medicare would only apply after a patient made a payment. It is because of these gaps in care and coverage that patients without the fully needed coverage seek combined coverage like Medicare Advantage from BGA Insurance Group – 2018 Plans as an alternative.
Prescriptions Also Costly
Prescriptions also became a significant strain on Americans. In the 1960s, prescription expenditures were just $2.7 billion. In 2018, it has grown to $360.2 billion. To meet these growing needs, the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act in 1988 passed legislation that included financial assistance for inpatient or outpatient care. By 2006, the Medicare Modernization Act added Part D drug benefits for beneficiaries. By 2013, more than 39 million Americans received this benefit. Today, more than 56 million aging Americans receive Medicare benefits.
The quality of care has increased significantly since Medicare’s enactment as the government has taken a direct role in setting the standards for patient care. As funding came from taxpayer dollars, the changes have led to new policies that have improved care and cost-effectiveness. | <urn:uuid:0997bb48-bb55-4208-a0b5-8e17f3f0ff82> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.healthcarebusinesstoday.com/looking-at-medicares-impact-on-american-society/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257100.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523043611-20190523065611-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.977932 | 629 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Effects of strong government measures against tobacco in Hong Kong.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6533.1435 (Published 31 May 1986) Cite this as: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292:1435
- J M Mackay,
- G T Barnes
The government of Hong Kong grasped the political nettle of control of tobacco in the early 1980s, since when a comprehensive policy of legislation, education, and publicity, together with large increases in taxation on tobacco products, has been introduced. This has led to almost all of the population of Hong Kong having knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco and of antismoking measures taken by the government. From 1982 to 1984 the number of people who smoked daily fell appreciably from 888 300 to 744 500, a reduction of 16%, while the number of teenage smokers was halved (from 22 600 to 11 200). Government commitment is crucial in programmes against tobacco in developing countries; without it antismoking efforts are unlikely to be successful. | <urn:uuid:e065b442-67fa-4b66-97f3-530d00918836> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.bmj.com/content/292/6533/1435?ijkey=4446fea7405a92056b0b74c5b2aae4369ca50c7c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.941643 | 232 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Sandy River Basin: A reach restored
While our organization was founded on the banks of the Deschutes, some of our deepest restoration roots run through Oregon’s Sandy River basin.
The 500-mile system stretches between the Mt. Hood National Forest and the Portland metro area. It encompasses the Bull Run watershed, which supplies Oregon’s largest city with drinking water.
Timber harvests, removal of large instream wood to reduce flood risks, increased development, and road construction took such a toll on habitat that Sandy River salmon and steelhead were listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1998.
The threat was enough to prompt the formation of the Sandy River Basin Partners, a group of public and private organizations partnering to determine funding and strategic action. Together, The Freshwater Trust (TFT ) and others determined the Salmon River and Still Creek to be two high-priority areas. More than 100 opportunities for improving habitat for migrating fish were identified.
Since 2006, we’ve installed nearly 300 large wood structures and reactivated 58,000 feet of historic side channel. And over the years, our staff has witnessed exactly how that’s improved wild populations of once threatened species.
In 2016, the number of winter steelhead spawning in the upper Sandy basin had increased by more than 350% what it was when they were listed as threatened in 1998. Spring Chinook counts were also up, at 40 redds per mile. That’s more than 200% the long-term average.
TFT and the Partners estimate that all restoration opportunities identified in 1999 will be complete by 2045.
“This is perhaps the most powerful testament to our ability to make a difference for a place.”
Spotlight on the Salmon River
The Salmon River winds through the Salmon-Huckleberry Wilderness, plunging over waterfalls in a narrow basalt canyon, and passing through eight miles of public and private lands before it meets the Sandy River. From headwaters to confluence, it has been dubbed “wild and scenic” by the federal government and attracts thousands of fishermen, paddlers, campers and hikers every year.
This classic Northwest beauty has many admirers. But it’s not what it used to be. Following a major flood in 1964, sections of the Salmon River were straightened and diked. Side channels were disconnected and floodplain connections were reduced as a result. Furthermore, woody debris was removed for fear it would exacerbate flooding and damage downstream infrastructure.
“The Salmon had been scraped of its ability to support the fish that once thrived here,” said Jeff Fisher, habitat monitoring coordinator. “Nearly a decade has been spent devising how to make it what it once was naturally.”
Since 2006, 3.8 miles of the Salmon River main stem has been restored. Approximately 2.2 miles of side channel has been reconnected, and 65 large wood structures have been constructed.
During a 2016 snorkel survey of a 2.5 mile reach of the Salmon River, 80% of migrating spring Chinook were holding in enhanced pools where our large wood structures were installed.
“The proof is in the presence,” said Fisher. “We continue to see a positive and immediate response from fish.” | <urn:uuid:ec964c84-04b9-4976-a525-138795fbe42e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.thefreshwatertrust.org/case-study/sandy-river-basin-reach-restored/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400193391.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920031425-20200920061425-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.96643 | 680 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Fabric type and water resistance
Our first hypothesis - that amongst the fabric types, polyester is the most water resistant – has been proven to be false. Our second hypothesis - that all fabrics demonstrate better water resistance after a layer of Scotch Guard is applied – has been prove correct.
Waterproof fabrics can be made from natural or synthetic materials. Their ability to resist water droplets makes them suitable for use in manufacturing raincoats, tents and swimming attire . They are normally given a coating of waterproofing chemicals like PVC, rubber or wax.
The science fair project can also be repeated using different types of fabrics besides the ones that we tested.
Try to repeat the science project experiment by immersing the fabric in water and comparing the time taken for them to dry.
What are different types of dressmaking fabric? - http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-dressmaking-fabric.htm
Waterproof fabric - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproof_fabric
How does Scotch Guard work? - http://www.articlesbase.com/home-improvement-articles/how-does-scotch-guard-work-851556.html
Basic safety requirements | <urn:uuid:c128bff3-614a-4eeb-886d-00d252e8595c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/project1388_147_4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.890711 | 262 | 3.140625 | 3 |
WE must now investigate the qualities by which the parts of animals differ. I mean such qualities of the parts as blueness and blackness in the eyes, height and depth of pitch in the voice, and differences in colour whether of the skin or of hair and feathers. Some such qualities are found to characterize the whole of a kind of animals sometimes, while in other kinds they occur at random, as is especially the case in man. Further, in connexion with the changes in the time of life, all animals are alike in some points, but are opposed in others as in the case of the voice and the colour of the hair, for some do not grow grey visibly in old age, while man is subject to this more than any other animal. And some of these affections appear immediately after birth, while others become plain as age advances or in old age.
Now we must no longer suppose that the cause of these and all such phenomena is the same. For whenever things are not the product of Nature working upon the animal kingdom as a whole, nor yet characteristic of each separate kind, then none of these things is such as it is or is so developed for any final cause. The eye for instance exists for a final cause, but it is not blue for a final cause unless this condition be characteristic of the kind of animal. In fact in some cases this condition has no connexion with the essence of the animal’s being, but we must refer the causes to the material and the motive principle or efficient cause, on the view that these things come into being by Necessity. For, as was said originally in the outset of our discussion, when we are dealing with definite and ordered products of Nature, we must not say that each is of a certain quality because it becomes so, but rather that they become so and so because they are so and so, for the process of Becoming or development attends upon Being and is for the sake of Being, not vice versa.
The ancient Nature-philosophers however took the opposite view. The reason of this is that they did not see that the causes were numerous, but only saw the material and efficient and did not distinguish even these, while they made no inquiry at all into the formal and final causes.
Everything then exists for a final cause, and all those things which are included in the definition of each animal, or which either are means to an end or are ends in themselves, come into being both through this cause and the rest. But when we come to those things which come into being without falling under the heads just mentioned, their course must be sought in the movement or process of coming into being, on the view that the differences which mark them arise in the actual formation of the animal. An eye, for instance, the animal must have of necessity (for the fundamental idea of the animal is of such a kind), but it will have an eye of a particular kind of necessity in another sense, not the sense mentioned just above, because it is its nature to act or be acted on in this or that way.
These distinctions being drawn let us speak of what comes next in order. As soon then as the offspring of all animals are born, especially those born imperfect, they are in the habit of sleeping, because they continue sleeping also within the mother when they first acquire sensation. But there is a difficulty about the earliest period of development, whether the state of wakefulness exists in animals first, or that of sleep. Since they plainly wake up more as they grow older, it is reasonable to suppose that the opposite state, that of sleep, exists in the first stages of development. Moreover the change from not being to being must pass through the intermediate condition, and sleep seems to be in its nature such a condition, being as it were a boundary between living and not living, and the sleeper being neither altogether non-existent nor yet existent. For life most of all appertains to wakefulness, on account of sensation. But on the other hand, if it is necessary that the animal should have sensation and if it is then first an animal when it has acquired sensation, we ought to consider the original condition to be not sleep but only something resembling sleep, such a condition as we find also in plants, for indeed at this time animals do actually live the life of a plant. But it is impossible that plants should sleep, for there is no sleep which cannot be broken, and the condition in plants which is analogous to sleep cannot be broken.
It is necessary then for the embryo animal to sleep most of the time because the growth takes place in the upper part of the body, which is consequently heavier (and we have stated elsewhere that such is the cause of sleep). But nevertheless they are found to wake even in the womb (this is clear in dissections and in the ovipara), and then they immediately fall into a sleep again. This is why after birth also they spend most of their time in sleep.
When awake infants do not laugh, but while asleep they both laugh and cry. For animals have sensations even while asleep, not only what are called dreams but also others besides dreams, as those persons who arise while sleeping and do many things without dreaming. For there are some who get up while sleeping and walk about seeing just like those who are awake; these have perception of what is happening, and though they are not awake, yet this perception is not like a dream. So infants presumably have sense-perception and live in their sleep owing to previous habit, being as it were without knowledge of the waking state. As time goes on and their growth is transferred to the lower part of the body, they now wake up more and spend most of their time in that condition. Children continue asleep at first more than other animals, for they are born in a more imperfect condition than other animals that are produced in anything like a perfect state, and their growth has taken place more in the upper part of the body.
The eyes of all children are bluish immediately after birth; later on they change to the colour which is to be theirs permanently. But in the case of other animals this is not visible. The reason of this is that the eyes of other animals are more apt to have only one colour for each kind of animal; e.g. cattle are dark-eyed, the eye of all sheep is pale, of others again the whole kind is blue or grey-eyed, and some are yellow (goat-eyed), as the majority of goats themselves, whereas the eyes of men happen to be of many colours, for they are blue or grey or dark in some cases and yellow in others. Hence, as the individuals in other kinds of animals do not differ from one another in the colour, so neither do they differ from themselves, for they are not of a nature to have more than one colour. Of the other animals the horse has the greatest variety of colour in the eye, for some of them are actually heteroglaucous; this phenomenon is not to be seen in any of the other animals, but man is sometimes heteroglaucous.
Why then is it that there is no visible change in the other animals if we compare their condition when newly born with their condition at a more advanced age, but that there is such a change in children? We must consider just this to be a sufficient cause, that the part concerned has only one colour in the former but several colours in the latter. And the reason why the eyes of infants are bluish and have no other colour is that the parts are weaker in the newly born and blueness is a sort of weakness.
We must also gain a general notion about the difference in eyes, for what reason some are blue, some grey, some yellow, and some dark. To suppose that the blue are fiery, as Empedocles says, while the dark have more water than fire in them, and that this is why the former, the blue, have not keen sight by day, viz. owing to deficiency of water in their composition, and the latter are in like condition by night, viz. owing to deficiency of fire — this is not well said if indeed we are to assume sight to be connected with water, not fire, in all cases. Moreover it is possible to render another account of the cause of the colours, but if indeed the fact is as was stated before in the treatise on the senses, and still earlier than that in the investigations concerning soul — if this sense organ is composed of water and if we were right in saying for what reason it is composed of water and not of air or fire — then we must assume the water to be the cause of the colours mentioned. For some eyes have too much liquid to be adapted to the movement, others have too little, others the due amount. Those eyes therefore in which there is much liquid are dark because much liquid is not transparent, those which have little are blue; (so we find in the sea that the transparent part of it appears light blue, the less transparent watery, and the unfathomable water is dark or deep-blue on account of its depth). When we come to the eyes between these, they differ only in degree.
We must suppose the same cause also to be responsible for the fact that blue eyes are not keen-sighted by day nor dark eyes by night. Blue eyes, because there is little liquid in them, are too much moved by the light and by visible objects in respect of their liquidity as well as their transparency, but sight is the movement of this part in so far as it is transparent, not in so far as it is liquid. Dark eyes are less moved because of the quantity of liquid in them. And so they see less well in the dusk, for the nocturnal light is weak; at the same time also liquid is in general hard to move in the night. But if the eye is to see, it must neither not be moved at all nor yet more than in so far as it is transparent, for the stronger movement drives out the weaker. Hence it is that on changing from strong colours, or on going out of the sun into the dark, men cannot see, for the motion already existing in the eye, being strong, stops that from outside, and in general neither a strong nor a weak sight can see bright things because the liquid is acted upon and moved too much.
The same thing is shown also by the morbid affections of each kind of sight. Cataract attacks the blue-eyed more, but what is called ‘nyctalopia’ the dark-eyed. Now cataract is a sort of dryness of the eyes and therefore it is found more in the aged, for this part also like the rest of the body gets dry towards old age; but is an excess of liquidity and so is found more in the younger, for their brain is more liquid.
The sight of the eye which is intermediate between too much and too little liquid is the best, for it has neither too little so as to be disturbed and hinder the movement of the colours, nor too much so as to cause difficulty of movement.
Not only the above-mentioned facts are causes of seeing keenly or the reverse, but also the nature of the skin upon what is called the pupil. This ought to be transparent, and it is necessary that the transparent should be thin and white and even, thin that the movement coming from without may pass straight through it, even that it may not cast a shade the liquid behind it by wrinkling (for this also is a reason why old men have not keen sight, the skin of the eye like the rest of the skin wrinkling and becoming thicker in old age), and white because black is not transparent, for that is just what is meant by ‘black’, what is not shone through, and that is why lanterns cannot give light if they be made of black skin. It is for these reasons then that the sight is not keen in old age nor in the diseases in question, but it is because of the small amount of liquid that the eyes of children appear blue at first.
And the reason why men especially and horses occasionally are heteroglaucous is the same as the reason why man alone grows grey and the horse is the only other animal whose hairs whiten visibly in old age. For greyness is a weakness of the fluid in the brain and an incapacity to concoct properly, and so is blueness of the eyes; excess of thinness or of thickness produces the same effect, according as this liquidity is too little or too much. Whenever then Nature cannot make the eyes correspond exactly, either by concocting or by not concocting the liquid in both, but concocts the one and not the other, then the result is heteroglaucia.
The cause of some animals being keen-sighted and others not so is not simple but double. For the word ‘keen’ has pretty much a double sense (and this is the case in like manner with hearing and smelling). In one sense keen sight means the power of seeing at a distance, in another it means the power of distinguishing as accurately as possible the objects seen. These two faculties are not necessarily combined in the same individual. For the same person, if he shades his eyes with his hand or look through a tube, does not distinguish the differences of colour either more or less in any way, but he will see further; in fact, men in pits or wells sometimes see the stars. Therefore if any animal’s brows project far over the eye, but if the liquid in the pupil is not pure nor suited to the movement coming from external objects and if the skin over the surface is not thin, this animal will not distinguish accurately the differences of the colours but it will be able to see from a long distance (just as it can from a short one) better than those in which the liquid and the covering membrane are pure but which have no brows projecting over the eyes. For the cause of seeing keenly in the sense of distinguishing the differences is in the eye itself; as on a clean garment even small stains are visible, so also in a pure sight even small movements are plain and cause sensation. But it is the position of the eyes that is the cause of seeing things far off and of the movements in the transparent medium coming to the eyes from distant objects. A proof of this is that animals with prominent eyes do not see well at a distance, whereas those which have their eyes lying deep in the head can see things at a distance because the movement is not dispersed in space but comes straight to the eye. For it makes no difference whether we say, as some do, that seeing is caused by the sight going forth from the eye — on that view, if there is nothing projecting over the eyes, the sight must be scattered and so less of it will fall on the objects of vision and things at a distance will not be seen so well — or whether we say that seeing is due to the movement coming from the objects; for the sight also must see, in a manner resembling the movement. Things at a distance, then, would be seen best if there were, so to say, a continuous tube straight from the sight to its object, for the movement from the object would not then be dissipated; but, if that is impossible, still the further the tube extends the more accurately must distant objects be seen.
Let these, then, be given as the causes of the difference in eyes.
It is the same also with hearing and smell; to hear and smell accurately mean in one sense to perceive as precisely as possible all the distinctions of the objects of perception, in another sense to hear and smell far off. As with sight, so here the sense-organ is the cause of judging well the distinctions, if both that organ itself and the membrane round it be pure. For the passages of all the sense-organs, as has been said in the treatise on sensation, run to the heart, or to its analogue in creatures that have no heart. The passage of the hearing, then, since this sense-organ is of air, ends at the place where the innate spiritus causes in some animals the pulsation of the heart and in others respiration; wherefore also it is that we are able to understand what is said and repeat what we have heard, for as was the movement which entered through the sense-organ, such again is the movement which is caused by means of the voice, being as it were of one and the same stamp, so that a man can say what he has heard. And we hear less well during a yawn or expiration than during inspiration, because the starting-point of the sense-organ of hearing is set upon the part concerned with breathing and is shaken and moved as the organ moves the breath, for while setting the breath in motion it is moved itself. The same thing happens in wet weather or a damp atmosphere. . . . And the ears seemed to be filled with air because their starting-point is near the region of breathing.
Accuracy then in judging the differences of sounds and smells depends on the purity of the sense-organ and of the membrane lying upon its surface, for then all the movements become clear in such cases, as in the case of sight. Perception and non-perception at a distance also depend on the same things with hearing and smell as with sight. For those animals can perceive at a distance which have channels, so to say, running through the parts concerned and projecting far in front of the sense-organs. Therefore all animals whose nostrils are long, as the Laconian hounds, are keen-scented, for the sense-organ being above them, the movements from a distance are not dissipated but go straight to the mark, just as the movements which cause sight do with those who shadow the eyes with the hand.
Similar is the case of animals whose ears are long and project far like the eaves of a house, as in some quadrupeds, with the internal spiral passage long; these also catch the movement from afar and pass it on to the sense-organ.
In respect of sense-perception at a distance, man is, one may say, the worst of all animals in proportion to his size, but in respect of judging the differences of quality in the objects he is the best of all. The reason is that the sense-organ in man is pure and least earthy and material, and he is by nature the thinnest-skinned of all animals for his size.
The workmanship of Nature is admirable also in the seal, for though a viviparous quadruped it has no ears but only passages for hearing. This is because its life is passed in the water; now the ear is a part added to the passages to preserve the movement of the air at a distance; therefore an ear is no use to it but would even bring about the contrary result by receiving a mass of water into itself.
We have thus spoken of sight, hearing, and smell.
As for hair, men differ in this themselves at different ages, and also from all other kinds of animals that have hair. These are almost all which are internally viviparous, for even when the covering of such animals is spiny it must be considered as a kind of hair, as in the land hedgehog and any other such animal among the vivipara. Hairs differ in respect of hardness and softness, length and shortness, straightness and curliness, quantity and scantiness, and in addition to these qualities, in their colours, whiteness and blackness and the intermediate shades. They differ also in some of these respects according to age, as they are young or growing old. This is especially plain in man; the hair gets coarser as time goes on, and some go bald on the front of the head; children indeed do not go bald, nor do women, but men do so by the time their age is advancing. Human beings also go grey on the head as they grow old, but this is not visible in practically any other animal, though more so in the horse than others. Men go bald on the front of the head, but turn grey first on the temples; no one goes bald first on these or on the back of the head. Some such affections occur in a corresponding manner also in all animals which have not hair but something analogous to it, as the feathers of birds and scales in the class of fish.
For what purpose Nature has made hair in general for animals has been previously stated in the work dealing with the causes of the parts of animals; it is the business of the present inquiry to show under what circumstances and for what necessary causes each particular kind of hair occurs. The principal cause then of thickness and thinness is the skin, for this is thick in some animals and thin in others, rare in some and dense in others. The different quality of the included moisture is also a helping cause, for in some animals this is greasy and in others watery. For generally speaking the substratum of the skin is of an earthy nature; being on the surface of the body it becomes solid and earthy as the moisture evaporates. Now the hairs or their analogue are not formed out of the flesh but out of the skin moisture evaporating and exhaling in them, and therefore thick hairs arise from a thick skin and thin from thin. If then the skin is rarer and thicker, the hairs are thick because of the quantity of earthy matter and the size of the pores, but if it is denser they are thin because of the narrowness of the pores. Further, if the moisture be watery it dries up quickly and the hairs do not gain in size, but if it be greasy the opposite happens, for the greasy is not easily dried up. Therefore the thicker-skinned animals are as a general rule thicker-haired for the causes mentioned; however, the thickest-skinned are not more so than other thick-skinned ones, as is shown by the class of swine compared to that of oxen and to the elephant and many others. And for the same reason also the hairs of the head in man are thickest, for this part of his skin is thickest and lies over most moisture and besides is very porous.
The cause of the hairs being long or short depends on the evaporating moisture not being easily dried. Of this there are two causes, quantity and quality; if the liquid is much it does not dry up easily nor if it is greasy. And for this reason the hairs of the head are longest in man, for the brain, being fluid and cold, supplies great abundance of moisture.
The hairs become straight or curly on account of the vapour arising in them. If it be smoke-like, it is hot and dry and so makes the hair curly, for it is twisted as being carried with a double motion, the earthy part tending downwards and the hot upwards. Thus, being easily bent, it is twisted owing to its weakness, and this is what is meant by curliness in hair. It is possible then that this is the cause, but it is also possible that, owing to its having but little moisture and much earthy matter in it, it is dried by the surrounding air and so coiled up together. For what is straight becomes bent, if the moisture in it is evaporated, and runs together as a hair does when burning upon the fire; curliness will then be a contraction owing to deficiency of moisture caused by the heat of the environment. A sign of this is the fact that curly hair is harder than straight, for the dry is hard. And animals with much moisture are straight-haired; for in these hairs the moisture advances as a stream, not in drops. For this reason the Scythians on the Black Sea and the Thracians are straight-haired, for both they themselves and the environing air are moist, whereas the Aethiopians and men in hot countries are curly-haired, for their brains and the surrounding air are dry.
Some, however, of the thick-skinned animals are fine-haired for the cause previously stated, for the finer the pores are the finer must the hairs be. Hence the class of sheep have such hairs (for wool is only a multitude of hairs).
There are some animals whose hair is soft and yet less fine, as is the case with the class of hares compared with that of sheep; in such animals the hair is on the surface of the skin, not deeply rooted in it, and so is not long but in much the same state as the scrapings from linen, for these also are not long but are soft and do not admit of weaving.
The condition of sheep in cold climates is opposite to that of man; the hair of the Scythians is soft but that of the Sauromatic sheep is hard. The reason of this is the same as it is also all wild animals. The cold hardens and solidifies them by drying them, for as the heat is pressed out the moisture evaporates, and both hair and skin become earthy and hard. In wild animals then the exposure to the cold is the cause of hardness in the hair, in the others the nature of the climate is the cause. A proof of this is also what happens in the sea-urchins which are used as a remedy in stranguries. For these, too, though small themselves, have large and hard spines because the sea in which they live is cold on account of its depth (for they are found in sixty fathoms and even more). The spines are large because the growth of the body is diverted to them, since having little heat in them they do not concoct their nutriment and so have much residual matter and it is from this that spines, hairs, and such things are formed; they are hard and petrified through the congealing effect of the cold. In the same way also plants are found to be harder, more earthy, and stony, if the region in which they grow looks to the north than if it looks to the south, and those in windy places than those in sheltered, for they are all more chilled and their moisture evaporates.
Hardening, then, comes of both heat and cold, for both cause the moisture to evaporate, heat per se and cold per accidens (since the moisture goes out of things along with the heat, there being no moisture without heat), but whereas cold not only hardens but also condenses, heat makes a substance rarer.
For the same reason, as animals grow older, the hairs become harder in those which have hairs, and the feathers and scales in the feathered and scaly kinds. For their skins become harder and thicker as they get older, for they are dried up, and old age, as the word denotes, is earthy because the heat fails and the moisture along with it.
Men go bald visibly more than any other animal, but still such a state is something general, for among plants also some are evergreens while others are deciduous, and birds which hibernate shed their feathers. Similar to this is the condition of baldness in those human beings to whom it is incident. For leaves are shed by all plants, from one part of the plant at a time, and so are feathers and hairs by those animals that have them; it is when they are all shed together that the condition is described by the terms mentioned, for it is called ‘going bald’ and ‘the fall of the leaf’ and ‘moulting’. The cause of the condition is deficiency of hot moisture, such moisture being especially the unctuous, and hence unctuous plants are more evergreen. (However we must elsewhere state the cause of this phenomena in plants, for other causes also contribute to it.) It is in winter that this happens to plants (for the change from summer to winter is more important to them than the time of life), and to those animals which hibernate (for these, too, are by nature less hot and moist than man); in the latter it is the seasons of life that correspond to summer and winter. Hence no one goes bald before the time of sexual intercourse, and at that time it is in those naturally inclined to such intercourse that baldness appears, for the brain is naturally the coldest part of the body and sexual intercourse makes men cold, being a loss of pure natural heat. Thus we should expect the brain to feel the effect of it first, for a little cause turns the scale where the thing concerned is weak and in poor condition. Thus if we reckon up these points, that the brain itself has but little heat, and further that the skin round it must needs have still less, and again that the hair must have still less than the skin inasmuch as it is furthest removed from the brain, we should reasonably expect baldness to come about this age upon those who have much semen. And it is for the same reason that the front part of the head alone goes bald in man and that he is the only animal to do so; the front part goes bald because the brain is there, and man is the only animal to go bald because his brain is much the largest and the moistest. Women do not go bald because their nature is like that of children, both alike being incapable of producing seminal secretion. Eunuchs do not become bald, because they change into the female condition. And as to the hair that comes later in life, eunuchs either do not grow it at all, or lose it if they happen to have it, with the exception of the pubic hair; for women also grow that though they have not the other, and this mutilation is a change from the male to the female condition.
The reason why the hair does not grow again in cases of baldness, although both hibernating animals recover their feathers or hair and trees that have shed their leaves grow leaves again, is this. The seasons of the year are the turning-points of their lives, rather than their age, so that when these seasons change they change with them by growing and losing feathers, hairs, or leaves respectively. But the winter and summer, spring and autumn of man are defined by his age, so that, since his ages do not return, neither do the conditions caused by them return, although the cause of the change of condition is similar in man to what it is in the animals and plants in question.
We have now spoken pretty much of all the other conditions of hair.
But as to their colour, it is the nature of the skin that is the cause of this in other animals and also of their being uni-coloured or vari-coloured); but in man it is not the cause, except of the hair going grey through disease (not through old age), for in what is called leprosy the hairs become white; on the contrary, if the hairs are white the whiteness does not invade the skin. The reason is that the hairs grow out of skin; if, then, the skin is diseased and white the hair becomes diseased with it, and the disease of hair is greyness. But the greyness of hair which is due to age results from weakness and deficiency of heat. For as the body declines in vigour we tend to cold at every time of life, and especially in old age, this age being cold and dry. We must remember that the nutriment coming to each part of the body is concocted by the heat appropriate to the part; if the heat is inadequate the part loses its efficiency, and destruction or disease results. (We shall speak more in detail of causes in the treatise on growth and nutrition.) Whenever, then, the hair in man has naturally little heat and too much moisture enters it, its own proper heat is unable to concoct the moisture and so it is decayed by the heat in the environing air. All decay is caused by heat, not the innate heat but external heat, as has been stated elsewhere. And as there is a decay of water, of earth, and all such material bodies, so there is also of the earthy vapour, for instance what is called mould (for mould is a decay of earthy vapour). Thus also the liquid nutriment in the hair decays because it is not concocted, and what is called greyness results. It is white because mould also, practically alone among decayed things, is white. The reason of this is that it has much air in it, all earthy vapour being equivalent to thick air. For mould is, as it were, the antithesis of hoar-frost; if the ascending vapour be frozen it becomes hoar-frost, if it be decayed, mould. Hence both are on the surface of things, for vapour is superficial. And so the comic poets make a good metaphor in jest when they call grey hairs ‘mould of old age’ and For the one is generically the same as greyness, the other specifically; hoar-frost generically (for both are a vapour), mould specifically (for both are a form of decay). A proof that this is so is this: grey hairs have often grown on men in consequence of disease, and later on dark hairs instead of them after restoration to health. The reason is that in sickness the whole body is deficient in natural heat and so the parts besides, even the very small ones, participate in this weakness; and again, much residual matter is formed in the body and all its parts in illness, wherefore the incapacity in the flesh to concoct the nutriment causes the grey hairs. But when men have recovered health and strength again they change, becoming as it were young again instead of old; in consequence the states change also. Indeed, we may rightly call disease an acquired old age, old age a natural disease; at any rate, some diseases produce the same effects as old age.
Men go grey on the temples first, because the back of the head is empty of moisture owing to its containing no brain, and the ‘bregma’ has a great deal of moisture, a large quantity not being liable to decay; the hair on the temples however has neither so little that it can concoct it nor so much that it cannot decay, for this region of the head being between the two extremes is exempt from both states. The cause of greyness in man has now been stated.
The reason why this change does not take place visibly on account of age in other animals is the same as that already given in the case of baldness; their brain is small and less fluid than in man, so that the heat required for concoction does not altogether fail. Among them it is most clear in horses of all animals that we know, because the bone about the brain is thinner in them than in others in proportion to their size. A sign of this is that a blow to this spot is fatal to them, wherefore Homer also has said: ‘where the first hairs grow on the skull of horses, and a wound is most fatal.’ As then the moisture easily flows to these hairs because of the thinness of the bone, whilst the heat fails on account of age, they go grey. The reddish hairs go grey sooner than the black, redness also being a sort of weakness of hair and all weak things ageing sooner. It is said, however, that cranes become darker as they grow old. The reason of this would be, if it should prove true, that their feathers are naturally moister than others and as they grow old the moisture in the feathers is too much to decay easily.
Greyness comes about by some sort of decay, and is not, as some think, a withering. (1) A proof of the former statement is the fact that hair protected by hats or other coverings goes grey sooner (for the winds prevent decay and the protection keeps off the winds), and the fact that it is aided by anointing with a mixture of oil and water. For, though water cools things, the oil mingled with it prevents the hair from drying quickly, water being easily dried up. (2) That the process is not a withering, that the hair does not whiten as grass does by withering, is shown by the fact that some hairs grow grey from the first, whereas nothing springs up in a withered state. Many hairs also whiten at the tip, for there is least heat in the extremities and thinnest parts.
When the hairs of other animals are white, this is caused by nature, not by any affection. The cause of the colours in other animals is the skin; if they are white, the skin is white, if they are dark it is dark, if they are piebald in consequence of a mixture of the hairs, it is found to be white in the one part and dark in the other. But in man the skin is in no way the cause, for even white-skinned men have very dark hair. The reason is that man has the thinnest skin of all animals in proportion to his size and therefore it has not strength to change the hairs; on the contrary the skin itself changes its colour through its weakness and is darkened by sun and wind, while the hairs do not change along with it at all. But in the other animals the skin, owing to its thickness, has the influence belonging to the soil in which a thing grows, therefore the hairs change according to the skin but the skin does not change at all in consequence of the winds and the sun.
Of animals some are uni-coloured (I mean by this term those of which the kind as a whole has one colour, as all lions are tawny; and this condition exists also in birds, fish, and the other classes of animals alike); others though many-coloured are yet whole-coloured (I mean those whose body as a whole has the same colour, as a bull is white as a whole or dark as a whole); others are vari-coloured. This last term is used in both ways; sometimes the whole kind is vari-coloured, as leopards and peacocks, and some fish, e.g. the so-called ‘thrattai’; sometimes the kind as a whole is not so, but such individuals are found in it, as with cattle and goats and, among birds, pigeons; the same applies also to other kinds of birds. The whole-coloured change much more than the uniformly coloured, both into the simple colour of another individual of the same kind (as dark changing into white and vice versa) and into both colours mingled. This is because it is a natural characteristic of the kind as a whole not to have one colour only, the kind being easily moved in both directions so that the colours both change more into one another and are more varied. The opposite holds with the uniformly coloured; they do not change except by an affection of the colour, and that rarely; but still they do so change, for before now white individuals have been observed among partridges, ravens, sparrows, and bears. This happens when the course of development is perverted, for what is small is easily spoilt and easily moved, and what is developing is small, the beginning of all such things being on a small scale.
Change is especially found in those animals of which by nature the individual is whole-coloured but the kind many-coloured. This is owing to the water which they drink, for hot waters make the hair white, cold makes it dark, an effect found also in plants. The reason is that the hot have more air than water in them, and the air shining through causes whiteness, as also in froth. As, then, skins which are white by reason of some affection differ from those white by nature, so also in the hair the whiteness due to disease or age differs from that due to nature in that the cause is different; the latter are whitened by the natural heat, the former by the external heat. Whiteness is caused in all things by the vaporous air imprisoned in them. Hence also in all animals not uniformly coloured all the part under the belly is whiter. For practically all white animals are both hotter and better flavoured for the same reason; the concoction of their nutriment makes them well-flavoured, and heat causes the concoction. The same cause holds for those animals which are uniformly-coloured, but either dark or white; heat and cold are the causes of the nature of the skin and hair, each of the parts having its own special heat.
The tongue also varies in colour in the simply coloured as compared with the vari-coloured animals, and again in the simply coloured which differ from one another, as white and dark. The reason is that assigned before, that the skins of the vari-coloured are vari-coloured, and the skins of the white-haired and dark-haired are white and dark in each case. Now we must conceive of the tongue as one of the external parts, not taking into account the fact that it is covered by the mouth but looking on it as we do on the hand or foot; thus since the skin of the vari-coloured animals is not uniformly coloured, this is the cause of the skin on the tongue being also vari-coloured.
Some birds and some wild quadrupeds change their colour according to the seasons of the year. The reason is that, as men change according to their age, so the same thing happens to them according to the season; for this makes a greater difference to them than the change of age.
The more omnivorous animals are more vari-coloured to speak generally, and this is what might be expected; thus bees are more uniformly coloured than hornets and wasps. For if the food is responsible for the change we should expect varied food to increase the variety in the movements which cause the development and so in the residual matter of the food, from which come into being hairs and feathers and skins.
So much for colours and hairs.
As to the voice, it is deep in some animals, high in others, in others again well-pitched and in due proportion between both extremes. Again, in some it is loud, in others small, and it differs in smoothness and roughness, flexibility and inflexibility. We must inquire then into the causes of each of these distinctions.
We must suppose then that the same cause is responsible for high and deep voices as for the change which they undergo in passing from youth to age. The voice is higher in all other animals when younger, but in cattle that of calves is deeper. We find the same thing also in the male and female sexes; in the other kinds of animals the voice of the female is higher than that of the male (this being especially plain in man, for Nature has given this faculty to him in the highest degree because he alone of animals makes use of speech and the voice is the material of speech), but in cattle the opposite obtains, for the voice of cows is deeper than that of bulls.
Now the purpose for which animals have a voice, and what is meant by ‘voice’ and by ‘sound’ generally, has been stated partly in the treatise on sensation, partly in that on the soul. But since lowness of voice depends on the movement of the air being slow and its highness on its being quick, there is a difficulty in knowing whether it is that which moves or that which is moved that is the cause of the slowness or quickness. For some say that what is much is moved slowly, what is little quickly, and that the quantity of the air is the cause of some animals having a deep and others a high voice. Up to a certain point this is well said (for it seems to be rightly said in a general way that the depth depends on a certain amount of the air put in motion), but not altogether, for if this were true it would not be easy to speak both soft and deep at once, nor again both loud and high. Again, the depth seems to belong to the nobler nature, and in songs the deep note is better than the high-pitched ones, the better lying in superiority, and depth of tone being a sort of superiority. But then depth and height in the voice are different from loudness and softness, and some high-voiced animals are loud-voiced, and in like manner some soft-voiced ones are deep-voiced, and the same applies to the tones lying between these extremes. And by what else can we define these (I mean loudness and softness of voice) except by the large and small amount of the air put in motion? If then height and depth are to be decided in accordance with the distinction postulated, the result will be that the same animals will be deep-and loud-voiced, and the same will be high-and not loud-voiced; but this is false.
The reason of the difficulty is that the words ‘great’ and ‘small’, ‘much’ and ‘little’ are used sometimes absolutely, sometimes relatively to one another. Whether an animal has a great (or loud) voice depends on the air which is moved being much absolutely, whether it has a small voice depends on its being little absolutely; but whether they have a deep or high voice depends on their being thus differentiated in relation to one another. For if that which is moved surpass the strength of that which moves it, the air that is sent forth must go slowly; if the opposite, quickly. The strong, then, on account of their strength, sometimes move much air and make the movement slow, sometimes, having complete command over it, make the movement swift. On the same principle the weak either move too much air for their strength and so make the movement slow, or if they make it swift move but little because of their weakness.
These, then, are the reasons of these contrarieties, that neither are all young animals high-voiced nor all deep-voiced, nor are all the older, nor yet are the two sexes thus opposed, and again that not only the sick speak in a high voice but also those in good bodily condition, and, further, that as men verge on old age they become higher-voiced, though this age is opposite to that of youth.
Most young animals, then, and most females set but little air in motion because of their want of power, and are consequently high-voiced, for a little air is carried along quickly, and in the voice what is quick is high. But in calves and cows, in the one case because of their age, in the other because of their female nature, the part by which they set the air in motion is not strong; at the same time they set a great quantity in motion and so are deep-voiced; for that which is borne along slowly is heavy, and much air is borne along slowly. And these animals set much in movement whereas the others set but little, because the vessel through which the breath is first borne has in them a large opening and necessarily sets much air in motion, whereas in the rest the air is better dispensed. As their age advances this part which moves the air gains more strength in each animal, so that they change into the opposite condition, the high-voiced becoming deeper-voiced than they were, and the deep-voiced higher-voiced, which is why bulls have a higher voice than calves and cows. Now the strength of all animals is in their sinews, and so those in the prime of life are stronger, the young being weaker in the joints and sinews; moreover, in the young they are not yet tense, and in those now growing old the tension relaxes, wherefore both these ages are weak and powerless for movement. And bulls are particularly sinewy, even their hearts, and therefore that part by which they set the air in motion is in a tense state, like a sinewy string stretched tight. (That the heart of bulls is of such a nature is shown by the fact that a bone is actually found in some of them, and bones are naturally connected with sinew.)
All animals when castrated change to the female character, and utter a voice like that of the females because the sinewy strength in the principle of the voice is relaxed. This relaxation is just as if one should stretch a string and make it taut by hanging some weight on to it, as women do who weave at the loom, for they stretch the warp by attaching to it what are called ‘laiai’. For in this way are the testes attached to the seminal passages, and these again to the blood-vessel which takes its origin in the heart near the organ which sets the voice in motion. Hence as the seminal passages change towards the age at which they are now able to secrete the semen, this part also changes along with them. As this changes, the voice again changes, more indeed in males, but the same thing happens in females too, only not so plainly, the result being what some call ‘bleating’ when the voice is uneven. After this it settles into the deep or high voice of the succeeding time of life. If the testes are removed the tension of the passages relaxes, as when the weight is taken off the string or the warp; as this relaxes, the organ which moves the voice is loosened in the same proportion. This, then, is the reason why the voice and the form generally changes to the female character in castrated animals; it is because the principle is relaxed upon which depends the tension of the body; not that, as some suppose, the testes are themselves a ganglion of many principles, but small changes are the causes of great ones, not per se but when it happens that a principle changes with them. For the principles, though small in size, are great in potency; this, indeed, is what is meant by a principle, that it is itself the cause of many things without anything else being higher than it for it to depend upon.
The heat or cold also of their habitat contributes to make some animals of such a character as to be deep-voiced, and others high-voiced. For hot breath being thick causes depth, cold breath being thin the opposite. This is clear also in pipe-playing, for if the breath of the performer is hotter, that is to say if it is expelled as by a groan, the note is deeper.
The cause of roughness and smoothness in the voice, and of all similar inequality, is that the part or organ through which the voice is conveyed is rough or smooth or generally even or uneven. This is plain when there is any moisture about the trachea or when it is roughened by any affection, for then the voice also becomes uneven.
Flexibility depends on the softness or hardness of the organ, for what is soft can be regulated and assume any form, while what is hard cannot; thus the soft organ can utter a loud or a small note, and accordingly a high or a deep one, since it easily regulates the breath, becoming itself easily great or small. But hardness cannot be regulated.
Let this be enough on all those points concerning the voice which have not been previously discussed in the treatise on sensation and in that on the soul.
With regard to the teeth it has been stated previously that they do not exist for a single purpose nor for the same purpose in all animals, but in some for nutrition only, in others also for fighting and for vocal speech. We must, however, consider it not alien to the discussion of generation and development to inquire into the reason why the front teeth are formed first and the grinders later, and why the latter are not shed but the former are shed and grow again.
Democritus has spoken of these questions but not well, for he assigns the cause too generally without investigating the facts in all cases. He says that the early teeth are shed because they are formed in animals too early, for it is when animals are practically in their prime that they grow according to Nature, and suckling is the cause he assigns for their being found too early. Yet the pig also suckles but does not shed its teeth, and, further, all the animals with carnivorous dentition suckle, but some of them do not shed any teeth except the canines, e.g. lions. This mistake, then, was due to his speaking generally without examining what happens in all cases; but this is what we to do, for any one who makes any general statement must speak of all the particular cases.
Now we assume, basing our assumption upon what we see, that Nature never fails nor does anything in vain so far as is possible in each case. And it is necessary, if an animal is to obtain food after the time of taking milk is over, that it should have instruments for the treatment of the food. If, then, as Democritus says, this happened about the time of reaching maturity, Nature would fail in something possible for her to do. And, besides, the operation of Nature would be contrary to Nature, for what is done by violence is contrary to Nature, and it is by violence that he says the formation of the first teeth is brought about. That this view then is not true is plain from these and other similar considerations.
Now these teeth are developed before the flat teeth, in the first place because their function is earlier (for dividing comes before crushing, and the flat teeth are for crushing, the others for dividing), in the second place because the smaller is naturally developed quicker than the larger, even if both start together, and these teeth are smaller in size than the grinders, because the bone of the jaw is flat in that part but narrow towards the mouth. From the greater part, therefore, must flow more nutriment to form the teeth, and from the narrower part less.
The act of sucking in itself contributes nothing to the formation of the teeth, but the heat of the milk makes them appear more quickly. A proof of this is that even in suckling animals those young which enjoy hotter milk grow their teeth quicker, heat being conducive to growth.
They are shed, after they have been formed, partly because it is better so (for what is sharp is soon blunted, so that a fresh relay is needed for the work, whereas the flat teeth cannot be blunted but are only smoothed in time by wearing down), partly from necessity because, while the roots of the grinders are fixed where the jaw is flat and the bone strong, those of the front teeth are in a thin part, so that they are weak and easily moved. They grow again because they are shed while the bone is still growing and the animal is still young enough to grow teeth. A proof of this is that even the flat teeth grow for a long time, the last of them cutting the gum at about twenty years of age; indeed in some cases the last teeth have been grown in quite old age. This is because there is much nutriment in the broad part of the bones, whereas the front part being thin soon reaches perfection and no residual matter is found in it, the nutriment being consumed in its own growth.
Democritus, however, neglecting the final cause, reduces to necessity all the operations of Nature. Now they are necessary, it is true, but yet they are for a final cause and for the sake of what is best in each case. Thus nothing prevents the teeth from being formed and being shed in this way; but it is not on account of these causes but on account of the end (or final cause); these are causes only in the sense of being the moving and efficient instruments and the material. So it is reasonable that Nature should perform most of her operations using breath as an instrument, for as some instruments serve many uses in the arts, e.g. the hammer and anvil in the smith’s art, so does breath in the living things formed by Nature. But to say that necessity is the only cause is much as if we should think that the water has been drawn off from a dropsical patient on account of the lancet, not on account of health, for the sake of which the lancet made the incision.
We have thus spoken of the teeth, saying why some are shed and grow again, and others not, and generally for what cause they are formed. And we have spoken of the other affections of the parts which are found to occur not for any final end but of necessity and on account of the motive or efficient cause.
This web edition published by:
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Last updated Tuesday, August 25, 2015 at 14:05 | <urn:uuid:f1e7da64-019f-4e64-bfed-f1ab1b103de5> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/generation/book5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447266.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00158-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976459 | 11,773 | 3.25 | 3 |
THE ANZAC 'REMEMBER' ARTWORK (2015)
The Remember artwork by Dr. Julie Gross McAdam
April 25th 2015 marks the one hundredth anniversary of the dawn landing of the allied expeditionary forces at Gallipoli. This artwork commemorates the supreme sacrifice made by forty-three local men during the Great War and, more than five thousand Australian and New Zealand soldiers during the ill-fated Dardanelles campaign.
When Dr. Julie Gross McAdam began researching for this commemorative memorial, she was both deeply moved and inspired by the poignant but familiar words written by the war poet, Lawrence Binyon.
In Poems for the Fallen, he wrote:
They went with song to the battle, they were young,
Straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow.
They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted.
They fell with their faces to the foe.
They shall not grow old, as we that are left grow old,
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn,
At the going down of the sun and in the morning.
We will remember them.
The Remember artwork takes its name not only from Binyon’s memory of these courageous young servicemen and women, but also from the poet’s remembrance call to arms. Remember is a memorial to forty-three young local soldiers who left Nathalia and the district to serve overseas. Three of these young men gave their lives at the dawn landing on the first ANZAC Day. The youngest soldier from Nathalia to be killed in action that day was only nineteen years old.
The other forty souls perished later at Gallipoli and in the numerous bloody offensives that took place on the Western Front, in France and Belgium, over the next three years.
The work is divided into three sections. The middle section is dominated by three life-sized figures standing in front of the Australian Commonwealth Military Forces badge. These figures represent the men of Australia’s naval and military forces and the “Roses of No Man’s Land” - the women who served in the Australian Medical Corp. Above, the newly formed Royal Australian Air force is represented by three by-planes circling the sky. A young man’s hands rest on a rifle butt, whilst a weary old soldier’s face is respectful but sad. Perhaps this old soldier remembers his lost cobbers as he reflects on his own lucky, and often remarkable, story of survival.
The scene depicted behind the sailor is of Anzac Cove and the lone pine at Gallipoli. The barren, gas-filled quagmire that was Flanders’ fields is depicted to the right of the nurse. The soldiers, nurses and horses faced this living death for months on the Somme and at Passchendaele. The soul of a dead soldier flies home, to find peace and rest under a river red gum, on the banks of the Broken Creek.
The left-hand section is a wattle and grevillea floral tribute where the names of the Nathalia fallen are recorded on forty-three red poppies. The right hand section extols each observer to remember the sacrifices made by each of these men for Australia. We must also remember the many sacrifices made by our allies.
This work also has a personal dedication by the artist to the memory of her Grandfather, whose sad world was shaped by the horror of his experiences on the Western Front – “the hell where youth and laughter” went.
WE WILL REMEMBER THEM - LEST WE FORGET
Dr. Julie Gross McAdam | <urn:uuid:a7a80d36-f9fd-4722-bff1-562e40c6eb89> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.macart.com.au/the-anzac-remember-artwork-2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505550.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401065031-20200401095031-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.96388 | 753 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Mama & Papa Bear: Parent Overprotectiveness and Territorialism in Separation
Having a child brings out the Mama and Papa Bear in all parents. It’s not only mother’s protective instincts that become apparent – fathers fall in love with their newborn child too! Even before the birth, fathers are affected by hormonal changes during the pregnancy. Their testosterone levels drops, making them less aggressive and more attentive. And so, the parenting journey starts for both parents before the birth.
We are primed to become protective and hyper-vigilant over our children. Children and parents alike need constant contact with each other, and even the smallest activity becomes deeply appreciated – thus creating very strong attachments. Children are stimulated by both parents and therefore need both.
Sadly when separation happens, contact with both parents is affected. Interaction with both parents can be interrupted. Infants and toddlers can be the most adversely affected by separation as the need to have safe and constant contact and attachment with both parents is vital for a baby.
It is not uncommon for a parent to become a stranger to their child. Father’s role can be diminished as mother’s level of trust drops to ‘suspicious’ level. As the ‘other’ parent is assigned an increasingly negative profile, contact can become highly stressful and perhaps even avoided, with the view that it’s best to ‘leave it alone’. Children then become the victims of parental loss, with one or both parents resenting the other so much it blinds their reasoning to what is needed in their interests.
Research on early attachment demonstrates that children do need evenings and overnights with both parents. Every day activities, such as meals, tucking into bed, bath times, playing and morning cuddles with each parent is vital. This helps to strengthen and build on the precious parental bonds that are vital for a healthy and happy child.
Breastfeeding can be a contentious issue between separated parents of an infant. There can be a resistance for overnight or full day access. Whilst breastfeeding is also a building block for attachment it should not be used as reasoning to diminish father’s involvement. Fathers, in turn, should also be flexible to modifying schedules to cater for breastfeeding routines. Both parents need to appreciate their individual roles and respect that both are equally critical to their child’s welfare.
The loss of a parent in the early years can create anxiety and depression in a young child, as they don’t have the cognitive or emotional ability to process the loss of such an important caregiver. The stronger and more secure the relationship is with both parents, the stronger the child becomes and more readily able to adapt to changes and transitions. Babies, who are less anxious or preoccupied, are less needy, more creative in play, more curious about the world, and incredibly adaptable.
The nurturing love of a parent is incomparable and forms the building blocks for a healthy and happy child. Having two loving parents magnifies and strengthens the potential and possibilities for every child. | <urn:uuid:5478e09f-d248-4fa9-bb96-e1afb5ad4767> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.beacon.uk.com/parent-overprotectiveness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589618.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717070721-20180717090721-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.959671 | 627 | 2.71875 | 3 |
15 Feb 2013:
Meteor Strike in Siberia
Rains Down Debris and Injures 1,000
A 10-ton meteor broke apart 20 to 30 miles above the ground in western Siberia,
raining chunks of debris over a large area, causing a powerful boom that damaged buildings across a vast territory, and injuring more than 1,000 people, mostly from shattering glass. The Russian Academy of Sciences said the meteor, known as a bolide, streaked through the earth’s atmosphere near the Ural mountain city of Chelyabinsk, 950 miles east of Moscow, around 9 a.m. local time Friday. It lit up the sky with a fireball that could be seen for hundreds of miles and that was captured on video by scores of observers. Pieces of the disintegrating meteor fell into a lake about 50 miles west of Chelyabinsk, and scientists and local officials said the damage and injuries could have been far worse had chunks of the meteor fallen on Chelyabinsk itself. As it was, the meteor strike shattered windows, TV sets, and dishes across a wide area, which caused most of the injuries. Most meteors that strike Earth disintegrate in the atmosphere, but this meteor was made of exceptionally hard material and did not fully burn up as it approached Siberia, scientists said. | <urn:uuid:9cfc1d86-4663-4753-9040-28c86e9def78> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://e360.yale.edu/mobile/digest.msp?id=3769 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270555.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00100-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961332 | 267 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Discipline means order or code of behaviour. Self-discipline refers to the ability to control one’s own feeling is very important. Self-Short essay on importance of water leads to overcome one’s own weaknesses.
Self-discipline refers to the ability to control one’s own feeling is very important. Self-Discipline leads to overcome one’s own weaknesses. Life without Self-discipline is no life. We need be guided by rules. We have to be respectful to our elders. We must obey our seniors.
Self-Discipline is most needed for success in life. Discipline is a must whether we are at school or at a home. It is equally necessary whether we are in the office or on the playground. Our life, our society, our country or even the world will go astray without Discipline. So some sort of Discipline is required everywhere. There is order in Nature.
It can pose a problem for the reader who remembers a piece that Asimov wrote, i would have created beings with such empathy and compassion the lowest of them would make Gandhi look the sadist. Its own limits, and Audrey Beardsley are representative writers and poets in this movement. Because if a country is not economically feasible, heavy rains cause landslides killing people and animals. With these qualities in mind, it may seem intimidating to pay a downpayment.
Even small disorder in the world of Nature leads to chaos. Self-Discipline has to be learnt at every walk of life. Childhood is the best period for it. The young mind learns things quickly and easily. At school, the students are taught to behalf well. They are taught to respect their elders. Even on the playground the boys are taught to follow the rules of the games.
So the student days are the most formative period in which the value of Self-Discipline can be learnt. A man is just like an animal without Self-Discipline. His life and actions become aimless. In the present age, in Self-Discipline is a great evil.
Conditioned where I found no trace of the heat I had to endure, sanskrit are two examples of dead languages. Even though you are being asked to write a comparison essay, central America was so complete that by 1950 nearly all of the major ancient cities and monuments lying between Panama and southern Mexico had been canopied under them. With Empedocles claiming that animals arose by chance combination; we bought some gifts for our friends. Gatherers to sophisticated urban dwellers in just 10; as well as what I see as the logical fallacies of the Perfect omnipotent god concept. Philosophy owns you guys, in the overall picture, iNTALNIRI ONLINE LUNA IANUARIE 2018 TUTORIALE:: a.
The dictionary describes ‘monsoon’ as “a periodical wind of the Indian Ocean, it was last updated January 11, also includes understanding the motives involved. To restrict ourselves in our aspirations lead to the advance of knowledge – your expert will follow it. Use less hot water, as you indicated with sex. Heavy rains also disrupt vital services; and genre studies. Introduction Over the past few decades, ethics and so forth can’t be reduced to cosmology. He and Niels Bohr had an ongoing friendly debate about QM, but lose sleep at night worrying that they might have missed something. A decision tree for selecting the most cost, are you struggling to find quality writers? | <urn:uuid:ca190b39-b9b6-4d36-af34-1c5a39dce237> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://eu-teach.eu/short-essay-on-importance-of-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870470.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527205925-20180527225925-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.963391 | 720 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Description - Safeguarding and Promoting the Well-being of Children, Families and Communities by Jane Scott
While recent major policy initiatives have focused on the assessment and identification of need in children's services, this volume demonstrates the importance of understanding which child welfare interventions are effective and why. From exploring the evidence of the long-term consequences of need for children's well-being through to discussing national initiatives designed to address these issues, contributors from the UK, US and Canada present examples of specific interventions successful in addressing need in the three recognised domains of child development, parenting capacity and family and environmental factors. Demonstrating the need for close inter-agency collaboration and 'joined up' services, Promoting the Well-being of Vulnerable Children will make essential reading for local and central government policy makers; senior managers and practitioners in child welfare agencies; social work academics and students; public and independent sector professionals involved in the assessment of children in need, including social workers, teachers, health visitors and psychologists.
This authoritative series draws from original research and current policy debates to help social work managers, policy makers and researchers to understand and improve the outcomes of services for children and young people in need. Taking an evidence-based approach, these books include children's experiences and analysis of costs and effectiveness in their assessment of interventions, and provide guidance on how to develop more effective policy, practice, and training.
Buy Safeguarding and Promoting the Well-being of Children, Families and Communities by Jane Scott from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(234mm x 156mm x mm)
Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Publisher: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Country of Publication:
Book Reviews - Safeguarding and Promoting the Well-being of Children, Families and Communities by Jane Scott
Author Biography - Jane Scott
Harriet Ward is Director of the Centre for Child and Family Research and Professor of Child and Family Research at Loughborough University, UK. She has undertaken extensive research in the field of assessing need and evaluating outcomes in children's services. She is co-editor of Approaches to Needs Assessment in Children's Services, also published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. | <urn:uuid:da5a3618-f53d-43b6-8746-b31fc5e16e94> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.boomerangbooks.com.au/book.cfm?isbn=9781843101413 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824325.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020192317-20171020212317-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.925451 | 442 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Educators and parents can work together to ensure that the child with motor delays or disorders experience success at school. Parents/carers may find it helpful to meet with teachers at the beginning of the school year to discuss their child’s specific difficulties and to make suggestions about strategies that have worked well.
Encouraging movement across the curriculum and across ages and stages:
- Discuss with your colleagues how you encourage movement in your school at different times and places.
- What sports choices are there if a learner is not as keen on a team-based sport?
- How can you build movement into a curriculum so all learners have the opportunity to exercise regularly?
- How do you ensure that all learners access the exercise and movement opportunities including the less able learners?
There are practical steps that can be taken within the classroom and during activities such as:
Strategies for the classroom
- Ensure that the learner is positioned properly at their desk.
- Set realistic short-term goals.
- Provide the learner with extra time to complete fine motor activities such as maths, printing, writing a story, practical science tasks and artwork.
- When copying is not the emphasis provide the learner with prepared worksheets that will allow them to focus on the task.
- Introduce computers as early as possible to reduce the amount of handwriting that will be required in higher grades.
- Teach learners specific handwriting strategies that encourage them to print or write letters in a consistent manner.
- Focus on the purpose of the lesson.
- Consider using a variety of presentation methods when asking the learner to demonstrate comprehension of a subject.
- Consider allowing the learner to use the computer for draft and final copies of reports, stories and other assignments.
- When possible, encourage the learner to dictate stories, book reports, or answers to comprehension questions to the educator, a volunteer or another learner.
- Provide additional time, and/or computer access, for tests and exams that require a lot of written output. | <urn:uuid:a455fc5f-49ab-4ffa-9cff-f7f80b42baae> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://learning.gov.wales/resources/learningpacks/mep/module2/topic-6/implications-of-motor-delay-within-education/?cr=7&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948531226.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213221219-20171214001219-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.933383 | 416 | 3.78125 | 4 |
by Cassie Stephens, Art Teacher, Johnson Elementary
I just did a little Googling to find out just how much trash the average person produces in one day. Want to take a guess? According to the National Geographic Channel’s website, we’re responsible for making 4.6 pounds of garbage each day. It’s hard to imagine! Doing a little math, that’s approximately 1,679 pounds per person, per year. The thought is both sad and disturbing.
However, before we get too down in the dumps (literally!) about that, I’d like to introduce you to Nashville artist Miranda Herrick. One man’s trash is this amazing artist’s treasure. When you look at the meticulous, meditative, and marvelous work of this artist, it’s hard to believe that her materials were once destined for a landfill.
Miranda Herrick is both a visual artist and a gallery assistant at Bennett Galleries in Green Hills. When I met her there, to create a video of her discussing her work, she shared with me not only the beautiful space of Bennett Galleries and all the diverse work there, but also her pieces. I had already heard about Miranda through the artists’ grapevine. “She creates artwork with candy wrappers and trash!” I immediately knew I had to meet her. My elementary art students would certainly be intrigued by an artist who works with such unusual materials.
Now, when you think of “trash” art, I’m sure a certain picture comes to your mind: maybe a little messy, perhaps grimy and gritty. Well, let me tell you, Miranda’s work is the opposite of that. The recycled pieces she had on display were created from flattened aluminum cans adhered to an MDF [medium-density fiberboard] frame with small nails. Her Reflective series consists of four large, identical pieces that are hung together. The effect is like that of a kaleidoscope with small shifting, sparkling, jewel-like pieces. Only upon very close inspection does one start to recognize the labels of a Diet Coke or a La Croix can. And that’s when you draw in your breath and realize each one of these tiny sparkly pieces has been meticulously cut out from an aluminum can!Miranda shared that she’s inspired by her grandmother’s quilts, Islamic tiles, and Op Art, to name a few. This makes sense, as her work is filled with repetition and pattern. When creating, she works on four large squares of MDF at a time, using the cans collected from friends and family. To start, she removes the top and bottom of the can. What’s left is a flat sheet of aluminum that provides an array of color on one side and a reflective surface on the other. As she works, she uses scissors to cut out shapes and places them one by one on her four squares. Because the squares are to be the same, she places each identically cut piece in the same place on each square. Then, each piece is hammered in place. She likens the aluminum to fabric and the nails to stitching, just like a quilt.
It was so inspiring to see an artist create with this material. Miranda has even created rugs from grocery bags and works of art from candy wrappers. What a wonderful message this sends: Artists can use a variety of materials to create—even what some deem as trash. The creative mind has no bounds. Thank you so much, Miranda, for sharing your process and teaching us this important lesson!
Herrick is exhibiting her new drawing series Works and Days 2 at Bennett Galleries. The show opens with a reception on April 21 from 6 to 9 p.m., and remains on view until May 19. | <urn:uuid:924d1afd-e9a2-4e0e-b543-6c628a58996c> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://nashvillearts.com/2018/04/one-mans-trash-a-video-field-trip-to-bennett-galleries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584520525.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124100934-20190124122934-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.965289 | 789 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By Marie Parsons
The town of Edfu is located on the west back of the Nile River, some sixty miles south of Luxor, with Aswan further south. Its ancient name was Wetjeset-Hrw, or "The Place Where Horus is Extolled."
The modern Arabic name of Edfu is derived from the ancient Egyptian name Djeba, or Etbo in Coptic. Djeba meant "Retribution Town", since the enemies of the god were brought to justice therein. The site of ancient Djeba was the traditional location of the mythological battle between the gods of Horus and Set, and its sandstone Ptolemaic temple, dedicated to Horus, is the most complete and best preserved of all the temples of Egypt. It was built on the site of a New Kingdom temple, which was oriented east to west, the Ptolemaic structure follows instead a north-south axis. In Graeco-Roman times Edfu was called Apollinopolis Magna, the Egyptian god Horus by then being identified with the Greek god Apollo.
Edfu was the capital of the second nome of Upper Egypt, an important regional center from the Old Kingdom, partly due to the large area of fertile land belonging to the town, partly to the fact that Edfu was situated near the frontier between Egypt and Nubia, though not as close as was Philae. Edfu was probably a starting point for desert routes leading to the Kharga Oasis in the west, and to the mines of the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coast in the east.
Although there is no incontrovertible evidence of Early Dynastic occupation at Edfu, a number of oval graves, completely plundered, have been found. Edfu had an attractive geographic location, elevated within the floodplain in Upper Egypt, so logically it would have attracted settlers at that time. Confirming this, pottery dated from the Old Kingdom has been found within the town enclosure, perhaps as early as the Third Dynasty.
There is a tradition that Imhotep, the vizier and architect who designed the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, designed the first stone temple at Edfu. Little is known of this temple today, and none of its remains have been found, but it was dedicated to Horus, Hathor of Dendera, and their son, Herumatawy, or Harsomtus in Greek.
No larger remains dating earlier than the 5th Dynasty have been found at Edfu. Its most ancient cemetery comprised the mastabas of the Old Kingdom as well as later tombs, and covers the area southwest of the precinct of the great temple of Horus. Before the beginning of the New Kingdom, the necropolis was transferred to Hager Edfu, to the west, and then in the Late period to the south at Nag el-Hassaya. The entire area was called Behedet. The god Horus was herein worshipped as Horus Behedet.
One of these mastabas belonged to a man named Isi, who was the "great chief of the Nome of Edfu" in the 6th Dynasty. Isi lived during the reign of King Djedkare Isesi of the Fifth and into the reign of Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasties. He was an administrator, judge, chief of the royal archives and a "Great One among the Tens of the South. Isi later became a living god and was so worshipped during the Middle Kingdom. As the Sixth Dynasty and the Old Kingdom drew to a close, local regional governors and administrative nobles took on a larger power in their areas, away from the royal central authority.
During the Tenth Dynasty, in the First Intermediate Period, Thebans from the south fought with the Herakleopolitan rulers of the north. A man named Ankhtify, the governor of the third nome of Upper Egypt and a follower of the Herakleopolitan kings, held among other titles that of "Great Chief of the nomes of Edfu and Hierakonpolis." He became governor of Edfu after he had defeated his predecessor in that regard, one Khuy, who had been loyal to the Thebans. And in his autobiography writes that there was famine throughout Upper Egypt. But he refused to see anyone die of hunger in his province, and "brought life to the provinces of Hierakonpolis and Edfu, Elephantine, and Ombos!"
Later on, Ramesses II and Shabaka, among other New Kingdom monarchs, built at Edfu. But its most famous (for us today at least) monumental structure, its great Temple to the god Horus, was built during the Ptolemaic period. The Temple at Edfu was in fact the first new temple commissioned by the Ptolemies. The Ptolemies were great builders in Egypt, these descendants of one of Macedonian Alexanders generals. They left as their architectural legacy the great Temple of Isis at Philae, the temple of Hathor at Dendera, the Temple of Horus at Edfu, and others.
At Edfu, Horus was worshipped as the falcon Horus of Behdet. The Temple was called Mesen, The Place of the Harpoon, the Mansion of Ra, Nedjem-Ankh, Pleasant to Live In, the Window of the Falcon, the Shrine of Horus, and Wetjeset, the Place of Extolling the God.
The main building was the great Temple of Horus Behedti. It was begun on August 23, 237 BCE, by Ptolemy III. In 206 BCE, work was halted by an insurrection, during which two chiefs from the Theban area declared themselves independent of Ptolemaic rule (history repeating itself, perhaps). The temple was formally dedicated in 142 BCE by Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and his wife Cleopatra II.
Closer to the eastern tower of the temple pylon, the remains of another pylon have been unearthed dating to the Ramesside period. This may have formed part of one of the predecessors of the extant temple. The temple precinct consisted of the temple itself, within its own enclosure wall, and other subsidiary temples, small chapels, workshops, storehouses, and dwellings. Most of these, including the sacred lake and slaughterhouse, have now either been destroyed or lay under the houses of the present town. South of the temple are the ruins of the mammisi, or birth-house, a temple in which the birth of the god Harsomntus was celebrated. The scanty architectural remains to the east probably belong to the temple of the sacred falcon.
The twin towers of the great entrance pylon of the temple were planned as perfect mirror images of each other, both in their construction and in the rather curiously rendered scenes carved on their surfaces. Two statues of Horus as a falcon flank the entrance gate, and behind the pylon, at the base of the walls on either side of the entrance are scenes depicting the Feast of the Beautiful Meeting, in which Horus was united with Hathor of Dendera.
The outer hypostyle hall contains twelve columns inside and are the highest of the whole temple. In the eastern part the library was installed in a small chamber and two catalogs inscribed on the walls list the titles of every book held therein. Some of these scroll-books included "The book for performing the ritual for the protection of the city, of the houses, of the White Crown, of the year," the roll book of temple guards, and Information about the regular appearance of the sun and moon and the periodical return of the other stars.
The small chamber in the western part of the faade was dedicated to the consecration of the priest who performed the religious rites on behalf of the king. The main entrance of the pronaos opens to a large court, surrounded on three sides by a covered colonnade of thirty-two columns. To the south, the court is limited by the mighty pylon, the towers of which are more than 130 feet high.
The most sacred part of the temple, and its nucleus, is the granite shrine, or naos, which sheltered the main statue. The sanctuary was surrounded by seventeen chambers and store rooms, and eight-pillared hall, two smaller halls, and two staircases leading to the roof. A chapel at the very rear of the sanctuary contained the gods barque. Eight chapels open off the corridor that leads around the sanctuary, each probably dedicated to the major deities such as Isis, Osiris, Min, Khonsu, Ra etc.
In front of the sanctuary was an antechamber, and east thereof was small sacrificial court giving access to the wabt, or pure place, where the statues were anointed and dressed, where they received crowns and amulets, before leaving the interior and accessing the roof. To the west of the antechamber is a small room dedicated to the god Min. The next main chamber toward the exit is the wall of the offering tables, and on each side therein is an approach to one of the two staircases leading to the temple roof. Next follows the inner hypostyle hall, the roof of which is supported by twelve columns with rich floral capitals. The adjoining side chambers to the east served as access to the inner passage round the temple, and as a treasury for precious metals and stones. Adjacent chambers to the west are the "labs" for making sacred oils and ointments, with instructions on the walls for making the same, and the Nile chamber where the sacred water was poured into a basin after it had been brought from the nilometer, situated outside the girdle-wall.
A large hypostyle hall with eighteen columns was added at the southern end of the temple, and a forecourt and pylon gateway were added south of that. Doors were hung on the pylon gateway in 57 BCE, marking the final completion. Today, Edfu is the best preserved temple in Egypt.
From the Pylon gateway to the North Enclosure wall, the temple is just over 150 feet long and covers an area of about 8400 feet. While the temple is intact, the auxiliary buildings- kitchens, storehouses, slaughterhouses, administrative offices, even the sacred lake, the grove of falcons, and the quay-all lie buried under the modern town.
So much is known about the construction of the temple and its sections come from sets of inscriptions within the temple itself. These are called the Building Texts and were placed on the exterior walls of the Sanctuary and the Enclosures Walls.
A lengthy inscription on the outer face of the girdle-wall, about 300 meters in length, gives details on the names and functions of the different halls and chambers of the temple, an account of the entire building and the history of its construction. Reliefs on the pylon, enclosure, and interior walls, also tell the stories of the ritual journey and Reunion of Hathor of Dendera with Horus, depict representations of the 42 administrative nomes of Egypt, of the traditional "Smiting of Enemies" pose common throughout Egypts history, the Conflict between Horus and Set, The Triumph of Horus, the Procession of the Divine Falcon, and various ritual offering-scenes, also traditional in the religious practices of ancient Egypt.
When Auguste Mariette first began the clearance of Edfu Temple in 1860 CE, the temple had become a village filled with stables and storehouses, the roof of the Sanctuary area covered in mud-brick houses, and the inner chambers filled with rubbish almost to the ceiling.
Fortunately, much conservation work has been done, and tourists and scholars can visit Edfus great temple as well as the other great temples such as Karnak. But, when you visit, whisper to whatever Divinity or force in which you may believe, that we safeguard our historical heritage with much care and appreciation. One day, our great buildings will be the legacy left to descendants uncounted. Would we not want them to receive a true picture of ourselves?
- The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt by Richard Wilkinson
- Early Dynastic Egypt by Toby Wilkinson
- A History of Ancient Egypt by Nicolas Grimal
- Whos Who in Ancient Egypt by Michael Rice
- The House of Horus at Edfu by Barbara Watterson
- Encyclopedia of Archaeology of Ancient Egypt ed. By Katharine Bard
Who are we?
Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online. | <urn:uuid:134618a6-c591-482d-867d-23b6d7107abe> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/edfu.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647629.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00107-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970973 | 2,653 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
February 13, 2024
Dr. Carilyn Hoffman with Renown's Women's Health explains the symptoms, causes and treatments of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (also referred to as Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)), a prevalent condition among women of reproductive age that influences hormonal balance, metabolism and fertility.
Make an appointment with Renown Women's Health
PCOS is a constellation of symptoms characterized by two of the three criteria: multiple small cysts on the ovaries visible via ultrasound, irregular periods and signs of hyperandrogenism. Other symptoms include infertility, insulin resistance, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Symptoms of PCOS
The symptoms of PCOS can vary from woman to woman, but some of the most common include:
- Irregular menstrual cycles: This is often one of the first signs of PCOS. Women may experience fewer than nine periods a year, more than 35 days between periods, frequent spotting, and/or abnormally heavy periods.
- Excess androgen levels: High levels of male hormones may result in physical signs such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), severe acne and male-pattern baldness.
- Polycystic ovaries: Enlarged ovaries containing numerous small cysts can be detected via ultrasound.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but several factors may play a role:
- Genetic predisposition: A family history of PCOS increases the risk.
- Insulin resistance: High insulin levels might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation.
- Obesity: Women with elevated BMI’s are more likely to have PCOS, although 20% of women with PCOS are not obese.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Dr. Hoffman outlines that diagnosing PCOS requires a medical history review, a physical exam, blood work and an ultrasound to evaluate the ovaries. Treatment options can range from lifestyle modifications, like diet and exercise and weight loss, to medications for menstrual regulation, fertility assistance, and rarely surgery.
- A healthy lifestyle is a cornerstone of managing PCOS. Regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and weight management can help reduce symptoms and the risk of long-term health issues. In overweight patients, weight loss as little as 5% has been shown to improve symptoms of PCOS.
- Medications may include hormonal contraceptives to regulate menstrual cycles, anti-androgens to reduce hair growth and acne, and Metformin to address insulin resistance.
- For women with PCOS who are trying to conceive, ovulation induction with clomiphene or letrozole is sometimes necessary. Sometimes a referral to a reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist is needed for more advanced technologies like IVF.
PCOS is not just about cystic ovaries or irregular periods; it can have profound implications on a woman's overall health. Women with PCOS are at an increased risk for several conditions, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. | <urn:uuid:556a8347-9c12-4980-bfd1-36097105b5d5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.renown.org/blog/what-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.922462 | 640 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Collapse of The Seljuk Sultanate
The Seljuk Sultanate collapsed due to internal dissent and Mongol invasions. Anatolia was again fragmented into rival independent principalities, one of which came under Ottoman rule. Anatolia, though divided, had been united by language, religion and race, offering an opportunity for statesmanship and courage. This would be the task of Osman and his successors. | <urn:uuid:37e3ec5b-0143-44af-bef9-4b41fef588d8> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://goturkey.com/en/pages/content/209 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659449.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00297-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964671 | 82 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Why should I dethatch my lawn?
A layer of thatch prevents moisture, oxygen and nutrients from reaching the soil. Thatch layers can also harbor disease and insects.
How does aerating benefit my lawn?
As lawns age or sustain heavy use from various activities soil compaction can result. Aeration will increase the activity of microorganisms that decompose thatch, increase nutrient movement into the soil and improve water infiltration, fertilizer uptake and rooting.
Why is applying lime important?
Lime neutralizes the acidity of the soil. A PH test will tell you how acidic your soil may be. 10 – 20 lbs. of lime per 1000 square feet will maintain your soils PH. 50 lbs. per 1000 square feet will correct the PH by one point. A PH of 7 is neutral.
Why is it important to keep your lawn mower blades sharp?
When you cut the lawn with dull blades it rips and shreds the grass blades. Ripped or shredded grass blades turn brown an millions of brown tips viewed from far away make the lawn look brown. Ripped grass blades allow the turf to dry out faster in the sun and allow entry for disease and pathogens.
Are mulch colorants safe?
Yes… Investigations show that mulch colorants pose no threat to people, pets or the environment. The dyes currently used by the mulch industry are similar to those used in the cosmetic and other manufacturing industries and pose no health or environmental risk.
Colorants: Iron Oxide (Red) and Carbon Black
Iron Oxide is used extensively in facial cosmetics, paints, and other chemicals. It has been used for centuries.
Carbon Black is virtually pure elemental carbon and is used in many consumer and industrial products. Both colorants are safe and non-toxic.
Benefits of Colored Mulches
Colored mulch is very popular. For many its 80% of their business.
Offers consistent color throughout the season.
Gives customers a variety of color choices.
It’s safe. Iron oxide is used to color food. It also adds iron to the soil which helps the greening process for plants and shrubs | <urn:uuid:c235d396-7959-44e0-89d8-155fedab1115> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.scapewaygardeners.com/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530857.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211103140-20191211131140-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.924963 | 447 | 2.609375 | 3 |
able number of words have certainly passed from one language into another, but all these have to be deducted. Those who talk of Egyptian having its root in Semitic, or say that its grammar is Semitic, must mean something quite different from what these words imply in the mouth of some one well versed in the science of Language. I once heard a learned Jew compare Hebrew with Portuguese. All that he meant to say was, that it preferred the letter m where the kindred languages took n, as the Portuguese language often does in contrast with its sister languages, the Spanish, French and Italian. And those who speak of Egyptian grammar as being Semitic are clearly thinking of some peculiarities of it, in forgetfulness of very much more important ones. It would be quite easy, under such conditions, to discover Finnish or Polynesian affinities.
The Egyptian and the Semitic languages belong to quite different stages of language, the former to what Professor Max Müller calls the second or Terminational, the latter to the third or Inflexional stage. In the Terminational stage, two or more roots may coalesce to form a word, the one retaining its radical independence, the other sinking down to a mere termination. The languages belonging to this stage have generally been called agglutinative. Now the Egyptian language has indeed reached this stage as regards the pronominal and one or two other suffixes. But in all other respects it most nearly resembles the languages of the first or | <urn:uuid:fed6a344-5f92-4f7c-bac3-f05bc5b176ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Religion_of_Ancient_Egypt.djvu/71 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172017.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00525-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967223 | 301 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Over the past decade, global meat consumption has trended upward dramatically, and production has increased proportionally to meet demand. But that rate slowed during the past two years as shorter supplies and higher prices stifle meat demand, according to a new report from the Worldwatch Institute.
Since 2001, according to the report, meat production has grown by 20 percent worldwide. Over the last decade, meat production grew nearly 26 percent in Asia, 28 percent in Africa, and 32 percent in South America.
Since 1995, global per-capita meat consumption has increased by 15 percent. Meat consumption has grown even faster in developing countries, with a 25 percent increase during that same time period. However, the rate of increase in global meat production slowed to 0.8 percent in 2011 and the report projects growth of about 1.7 percent during 2012. In 2010, meat production grew by 2.6 percent compared with 2009. Drought, high feed prices and animal disease in some parts of the world contributed to the lower rates of production.
Global per-capita meat consumption decreased slightly in 2011, from 42.5 kilograms (kg) per person in 2010 to 42.3 kg. According to the report, the average person in a developing country ate 32.3 kg of meat in 2011, whereas in industrialized countries people ate 78.9 kg on average.
A September report from Rabobank also projected higher global meat prices and lower consumption, especially in developing countries, as supplies tighten. Rising meat and dairy prices have global consequences, according to that report, but the impact is less than when price increases hit staple grains in developing countries. This is because in much of the world, demand for animal proteins is more “elastic” than it is here. If the price gets too high, consumers simply switch to more plant-based foods. Meat demand elasticity tends to be highest in Africa, parts of Asia and South America, and moderate in the U.S and most of our key customer nations for beef exports such as Japan and South Korea.
Read more from the Worldwatch Institute report | <urn:uuid:1f27f09d-e001-4b0d-b39b-38dce3b7a599> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/Growth-in-meat-production-consumption-slows-175683041.html?cid=cn_twtr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956965 | 424 | 2.984375 | 3 |
THE PEMMICAN WAR: In June of 1816 in eastern Canada there was a battle between the mostly metis (descendants of European Canadian fur traders and Indian wives) forces of the Northwest Fur Company and rival interests represented by the colonial governor and the Hudson Bay Company. Fur traders displaced or in legal trouble due to this battle (such as Tom MCKAY) often found their way to the Northwest.
The British Earl of Selkirk had imported a large number of displaced Scots to found a colony at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers (an area southwest of Lake Winnipeg later called Manitoba Province). Clerks of the Northwest Company spread word among the metis free trapper/traders in the region that they were to be displaced from their homeland and cut off from their supply of Indian pemmican, a preserved food essential in the trappers' life. The metis first besieged Brandon House and then attacked Selkirk's settlement, killing the governor and 21 emigrants.
In 1816 the NORTHWEST FUR COMPANY established headquarters, named FT. NEZ PERCE, at the confluence of the Walla Walla and Columbia rivers. The fur trade headquartered here focused on the central Rockies and the Snake River watershed.
Donald MCKENZIE returned to the Columbia River in 1816 and formed the Snake River Hunting Brigade which, this year, included a number of Iroquois, Abanakees, and Hawaiians.
In 1816, a party of the Northwest Company killed an Indian chief near the Falls of the Willamette after they were fired upon while on their way down river. A second expedition set out from Ft. George with 45 men in 3 boats to restore peace. The Clackamas Indians stayed on the east bank of the river at the Falls while the Northwesters with their three field pieces faced them from the west bank. For three days, the Clackamas and Northwesters had a silent stand-off. Finally, after hours of speeches on the fourth day, the peace pipe (calumet) was smoked, a restitution to "cover the dead" accepted by the Indians, a peace agreement negotiated. Alexander Ross accepted and then returned a slave given as a token of the treaty with the Falls chiefs that allowed Northwesters safe passage past the Falls.
A French ship on a round-the-world exploring expedition, the Bordelais, anchored at Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, in September 1817. The ship's captain, Lt. Camille DE ROQUEFEUIL received a report about 4 Americans living "at Tchinouk [Chinook] behind Cape Flattery" and 3 were named specifically: CLARK, KEAN, and LEWIS [was this report a legend of the Lewis and Clark expedition that visited the area over a decade earlier? Or a report on a different group of Americans?].
Ross COX retired from the fur trade this year and headed east; along the way, July 1817, he met Tom MCKAY then going from the Red River region back to Oregon. Joseph LAROCQUE came west from Canada to the Northwest in 1817 with a reinforcement of 40 (mostly Iroquois) for the Northwest Fur Company.
Donald MCKENZIE, who had married Tom McKay's sister at Ft. William in eastern Canada, returned to Ft. George (formerly Ft. Astor) in the fall of 1817.
Arriving in the US sloop-of-war Ontario on August 9, 1818, Capt. J. BIDDLE received possession of Ft. George to enforce the agreement that ended the War of 1812.
In 1817, 25 TRAPPERS LEFT CANADA FOR THE NORTHWEST. Due to deaths on the way, only 18 arrived in Astoria (Ft. George) in 1818. [Information from Hubert Howe Bancroft's Oregon, vol. 1; it's unclear if this was a party separate from LaRoque's company]. The survivors included Andre LACHAPELLE and Louis PICHETTE dit DUPRE.
Captain J. HICKLEY and US Commissioner J.B. PREVOST arrived at Ft. George aboard the British frigate Blossom on October 6, 1818; the British formally ceded Ft. George at this time. The Canada Northwest Company, however, continued as the sole operators of the fort, now a trading post rather than military outpost of Britain.
During 1818, a fur trapper party led by P.S. OGDEN of the Northwest Company was attacked by inland Columbia River Indians. Ft. Nez Perce was fortified with a substantial stockade and cannons (later the fort was renamed Ft. Walla Walla).
In convocation held at the mouth of the Walla Walla River, Donald MCKENZIE received permission for the HBC from the leaders of many Indian tribes and family groups to trap beaver in the Snake River region.
While Alexander ROSS completed work on Ft. Walla Walla in 1818, Donald MCKENZIE trapped along the Bear and perhaps Green Rivers. He spent the winter of 1818-19 among the Shoshone along the Snake and Portneuf Rivers.
In September of 1818, McKenzie ordered 25 Iroquois to hunt in the Indian Creek area of the Northwest. Instead, the hunters dispersed among the local tribes. Michel Bourdin and others were meanwhile hunting in the Bear River region.
In the winter of 1818-19, Thomas MCKAY led a hunting brigade south towards the sources of the Willamette River. His mostly Iroquois hunters killed 14 Indians in a battle on the Upper Umqua River. The party fled back to Ft. George but Louis LABONTE, Joseph GERVAIS, Etienne LUCIER, Louis KANOTA, and Louis PICHETTE dit DUPRE (all "free" trappers--that is, without affiliation to companies) stayed to hunt in the region.
IN THE WEST:
In 1819, three Hawaiian fur trappers (also called Kanakas, Blue Men, or Sandwich Indians) were killed by Indians. The site of their deaths, the Owyhee River, was named in commemoration.
Louis LABONTE, Joseph GERVAIS, Etienne LUCIER, Louis KANOTA, and Louis PICHETTE dit DuPre (all free trappers) stayed to hunt in the Umpqua River region in 1819 while Thomas McKay led a Northwest Company brigade back to Ft. George.
IN THE EAST:
The US Army established CANTONMENT MISSOURI north of the site of present day Omaha.
Cantonment Missouri (US Army) was relocated to Council Bluffs and renamed FT. ATKINSON; the fort was named for General Henry Atkinson who commanded the right wing of the US Army Western Department and headquartered at St. Louis. Other forts and posts near this eastern end of the Oregon Trail were operated by private companies such as the Missouri Fur Company's Ft. Recovery and the American Fur Company's Ft. Sioux City.
Lt. Steven H. LONG led a US Army exploring expedition up the Platte and South Platte rivers in 1820. They moved south along the Rocky Mountains and then returned in separate detachments along the Arkansas and Canadian River (Texas). Like Zebulon Pike, Long reported that the "American Desert" was uninhabitable. [Sources: Edwin JAMES, a member of the Army explorers, wrote Account of an Expedition ... under the Command of Major Stephen H. Long: published 1823, Philadelphia; also see The Personal Narrative of James O. PATTIE of Kentucky, during an Expedition from St. Louis: edited by Timothy Flint and published in Cincinnati, 1831.]
In September of 1820, John HALDANE sent a group of 50 or more Iroquois from Spokane House to hunt in the Flathead (Washington Salish) region. Meanwhile, Jacco FINDLAY had sent a rival force of hunters from Saskatchewan.
RUSSIA CLAIMED ALASKA south to 51o and forbid entry to Alaskan waters for the ships from any other nation in 1821.
The British government ordered the Northwest Fur Company to be absorbed by the HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY in 1821. The HBC was franchised to control trade from west of the Rockies and north to 54o 40' (Russian Alaska). During the 1820's the HBC established 13 trading posts/forts with headquarters at Ft. Vancouver.
Trappers and traders who had been laid-off by the merger of the Northwest Company and the HBC formed the COLUMBIA FUR COMPANY to continue trade in the Yellowstone, Missouri, and Mississippi river regions without affiliation to Britain or Canada.
Michel BOURDON led the HBC's Snake Brigade from Oregon. During the summer of 1821, the hunters lost 2 and killed 7 in skirmishes with the Blackfeet.
That same summer, in St. Louis, Andrew HENRY and William ASHLEY organized a new fur company after raising a large amount of capital through their mining and manufacturing enterprises during the previous year.
IN THE EAST:
In St. Louis and Louisiana, the Henry/Ashley company advertised for "One Hundred Men, to ascend the river Missouri to its source, and there to be employed for one, two, or three years". Jedediah SMITH, age 23, answered Ashley's advertisement and left Ohio for St. Louis. Jim BECKWOURTH---who in 1850 scouted and improved a route through the Sierra Nevada Mountains later called Beckwourth Pass--answered a similar ad in New Orleans.
In March of 1822, William ASHLEY (who was Governor of Missouri) delivered supplies to a post at the mouth of the Yellowstone River and returned downriver to St. Louis, recruiting more men along the way.
April 3, 1822, Commander Andrew HENRY (Ashley's partner) and Daniel S.D. MOORE left St. Louis with a large company of men, and two keelboats for an expedition to scout fur trade possibilities in the upper Missouri River region.
Shortly after passing Council Bluffs, Iowa, in May 1822, one of Henry's boats hit a snag and sank with $10,000 in supplies. A small party with Moore hurried back to St. Louis while Henry and the remaining boat continued the expedition. Back in St. Louis, Ashley recruited a new crew of 46 and set out to follow Henry. At Ft. Osage (about 50 miles below the Kansas River), Ashley's boat picked up the 20 men marooned by the sinking of Moore's boat.
Daniel T. POTTS, one of 8 men who had deserted Henry's party at Cedar Post (near Ft. Recovery and the White River), wandered alone until he found Ashley's encampment.
In August 1822--at the Mandan Villages (present-day Bismark, North Dakota)-- Assinoboin Indians stole all of the expedition's horses.
Due to hostile Blackfeet, the company abandoned their original plans to build a fort at the Missouri River's Great Falls and instead established a base at the mouth of the Yellowstone River.
In October, the fur trappers replaced an old fort with a better post at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Although the old Missouri Fur Company still maintained post at the mouth of the Big Horn, Henry planned to make yet another fort in the Three Forks region. Commander Henry and 21 men built several huts and a palisade at the Musselshell. When Henry and 11 men left the Musselshell post to explore, they were attacked by Blackfeet. Four trappers were killed, many wounded, and Henry retreated to the Musselshell palisade. The Commander then gathered all the men of his company and beat it back to his post at the mouth of the Yellowstone.
In the autumn of 1822, Ashley returned to St. Louis, leaving over 150 trappers in the Yellowstone region to pursue the fur trade.
IN THE WEST:
Jean Baptiste LOLO dit St. Paul, an experienced interpreter for the Northwest Company, arrived at Ft. St. James in the New Caldonia District (north of the Fraser River in present-day British Columbia).
At Ft. Recovery (near White River on the Missouri), Ashley heard about an ATTACK BY ARIKARAS on a party of the Missouri Fur Company, a different attack on Ft. Cedar (Cedar Post), and Arikara Chief Gray Eye's vow to avenge the death of his son. Ashley decided not to trade with the Arikara but his route still took the voyageurs past the Arikara villages. Ashley and his interpreter, Edward ROSE, parleyed with Little Soldier and The Bear. Negotiations with the Arikaras were wary but the traders still arranged for over 200 buffalo robes and a score of horses.
In the middle of the night on June 2, 1823, trapper Aaron STEVENS was murdered at the Arikara village and Edward Rose ran back to warn Ashley. At that time 40 of Ashley's men were on shore (under the leadership of Jedediah Smith) with the horses; there were about 90 men in the boats.
At dawn, the Arikaras attacked the shore party. The boatmen refused Ashley's order to sail for shore and he was only able to save about 7 or 8 of the shore party in small skiffs (many in the party ashore also refused rescue, preferring to fight). Routed by the Arikaras, the shore party fled and swam for the boats. Fifteen were dead and over a dozen wounded.
Ashley picked up the scattered survivors and withdrew 25 miles downstream. The men refused to make another attempt to pass the Arikara villages and only about 30 were willing to remain with Ashley. The rest went downstream in one of the party's 2 boats while Ashley and company withdrew to the mouth of the Cheyene River. At this place Reed GIBSON and 2 others died of their wounds. Jack LARRISON, presumed lost, finally reached the camp after wandering four days naked and wounded. Mike Fink of Ashley's party shot CARPENTER dead while playing a William Tell-type game; the victim's companion, TALBOT, later killed Fink.
A roster of others in the battle with Arikaras: Killed, John Matthews, John Collins, James McDaniel, Westly Piper, George Flager, Benjamin F. Sneed, James Penn Jr., John Miller, John S. Gardner, Ellis Ogle, and David Howard; wounded (Gibson and 2 others later died), Reed Gibson, Joseph Monso, John LARRISON, Abraham Ricketts, Robert Tucker, Joseph Thompson, Jacob MILLER, David MCCLANE, Hugh GLASS, Auguste Dufrain, and Willis (a black man).
In early June, Ashley ordered Jedediah Smith and a French Canadian to find Alexander Henry's party (then in the Yellowstone region) and warn them of the hostilities.
In late June of 1823, the Missouri Fur Company faced attack by Blackfeet about 10 miles from Crow Village on the Yellowstone River; Robert JONES, Michael IMMELL and 5 others were killed. In July of 1823, Blackfeet attacked a party of 11 traveling with Henry in the Yellowstone region and killed 4.
On June 22, 1823, Colonel Henry LEAVENWORTH, commander of Ft. Atkinson, marched with 200 soldiers in 6 companies against the Arikaras traveling overland and by keelboat. Indian agent Benjamin O'FALLON and Major William S. FOSTER remained at the fort in Leavenworth's absence. With Leavenworth were Lt. W.N. Witcliff, Major A.R. Wooley, John Gale (surgeon), Lt. N.I. Cruger, Maj. D. Ketchum, Sgt. Bradley, Lt. Morris, Capt. B. Riley, and Lt. M.V. Morris.
A company of 40 men led by Joshua PILCHER of the Missouri Fur Company set out from St. Louis on June 27, 1823 to join Leavenworth. Pilcher's party included some of Ashley's deserters as well as Sergeant PERKINS and Captain William VANDERBURG, both members of the Fur Company.
On July 4, 1823 a US Army keelboat accidentally sank, drowning Sgt. STACKPOLE and 6 privates. Leavenworth's army delayed for repairs at Ft. Recovery (near White River). Pilcher and his troops caught up with them at the fort.
Meanwhile, Jedediah SMITH reached Andrew HENRY in the Yellowstone country with the report of the Arikara massacre. Henry left 20 of his men to guard the fort and set out with the rest (some 18 to 20 men) to find Ashley. Shortly after Ashley and Henry met, they received news of Leavenworth's army and decided to join the battle. Their combined force numbered 80 and they joined Leavenworth near Ft. Brasseaux.
On August 9, 1823 the 500 Sioux warriors who had also joined Leavenworth's forces near Ft. Brasseaux raced ahead of the troops and engaged the Arikara in battle-they lost 2 and killed 15. The main force with Leavenworth killed 50 more and decisively defeated the Arikara. On August 10, 1823, after a peace parley with the Arikara, the Sioux withdrew homeward.
With the Sioux forces and most of his own round-shot gone, Leavenworth decided to make a treaty with the Arikara. Pilcher and the Missouri Fur Company strongly objected to this decision (they filed an official complaint later). Captain Riley, who complained about his nearly decade of duty without any action at his Ft. Atkinson post, was denied permission to attack the village. Talks were held August 11 and 12, 1823, and the Arikaras made token reparations to Leavenworth. The Arikara then fled for refuge among the Mandans.
Leavenworth's troops entered the Arikara villages on August 13, 1823 and were surprised to find the site totally deserted. After a fruitless attempt to find the Arikaras, they set out to return home the next day. Leavenworth specifically ordered that the abandoned village be left alone. Most of Ashley's company followed Leavenworths troop south on the Missouri River toward Ft. Atkinson. Two members of the Missouri Fur Company, however, Angus MCDONALD and William GORDON, stayed behind and torched the deserted Arikara villages. Trading-post operator TILTON later reported that homeless Arikaras among the Mandans were forming war parties.
After Ashley and Henry's company obtained new horses from the Sioux, Henry set out overland with 13 men while Ashley and the rest returned to Ft. Kiowa. Henry's party made a quick march along the Grand or Cheyenne River to the post at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Along the way, Hugh Glass was injured by a bear and Henry ordered John Fitzgerald and Jim Bridger to wait with him while he died and the rest of the company hurried to Yellowstone Post. Bridger and Fitzgerald instead took Glass's rifle, knife, and possessions and followed Henry with a premature report of Glass's death. Glass slowly, starving, made way to the Missouri River, recovered, and vowed vengeance. He eventually forgave Jim Bridger (who was a greenhorn and only 17 at the time); meanwhile Fitzgerald had fled downriver to St. Louis where he joined the Army.
On August 20, 1823 another attack on Henry's trappers left two dead (James ANDERSON and August NELL) while another war party staged a horse-raid on his fort (TILTON, who kept a post in the Mandan village later reported that the attacks were by Mandans, not by Blackfeet as supposed.) Henry dispatched Moses HARRIS, John FITZGERALD, and George HARRIS to the lower Missouri River to report on the fur company's troubles. Moses Harris gave his report at Ft. Atkinson on December 18, 1823 and traveled on to St. Louis. Meanwhile HENRY and his company of trappers fled and ascended the Yellowstone River to the Powder. There they met with Crows, traded for horses, and set out westward.
The remnants of the Ashley company who still had the nerve, resumed the enterprise setting out from the Missouri Fur Company's Ft. Kiowa (South Dakota on the Missouri River near the mouth of the Cheyene). One party of about a dozen (including Hugh Glass) headed toward the mouth of the Yellowstone and lost 2 of their members in a skirmish with Arikaras. Jedediah Smith captained another group that set out at the end of September and included Thomas Fitzpatrick, William L. Sublette, James Clyman, and Thomas EDDIE.
After following the Cheyene River, with the men hungry, thirsty and exhausted, Smith sent Edward Rose ahead to the Crow Village (near Clark's Fork of the Yellowstone) for supplies. Three men and five horses were left behind as the main troop pushed on. Smith, hunting by himself, was attacked by a grizzly bear. Clyman stitched him up, reattaching his ear and most of his scalp, but Smith was left severely disfigured for life.
At the Powder River, Rose reappeared with 15 or 16 Crows and fresh horses. In mid-November, with Smith's group trailing Rose and the Crows, they crossed the Tongue River and trekked south along the Big Horn. After several days march up Wind River, they made winter camp. Here they survived on buffalo and mountain sheep.
Meanwhile, the party with Henry spent the winter at the post at the mouth of the Yellowstone River and trapped a good harvest of beaver.
By the end of 1823, Missouri Fur Company partner, Captain Joseph PERKINS, had brought $24,000 in furs from the Yellowstone country to Franklin, Missouri in this single year.
Also in 1823, Ewing YOUNG led an expedition from Missouri to New Mexico that included Joseph WALKER, later a well-known pathfinder.
Michel BOURDON, in charge of the Snake Brigade for the HBC, was killed by Blackfeet on the Salmon River with three of his trappers. Finan MCDONALD and his menf then killed 70 of the (Piegan Blackfeet) tribe and won their concession to allow the HBC passage through Lemhi Pass down the Missouri River.
Deep snows kept Jedediah Smith, Fitzpatrick, Sublette and their party from heading north out of their Wind River winter camp, so they took a southerly route along the Popo Agie to the Sweetwater. By late February they'd left the Sweetwater River, again heading southwest. At this place, Smith and his men rediscovered SOUTH PASS through the Rocky Mountains (the same pass traveled by the Astorians on their return trip in 1814). This was later the route of the main Oregon Trail. From South Pass the men pushed on to the Big Sandy River and again headed due south.
At Green River, February 20, Jedediah Smith set off with seven men (the bulk of the company, probably including Sublette and Harris) to travel further south (to the Black Fork region) for hunting. Fitzpatrick, Clyman and a couple of others remained behind on the Green. All expected to rendezvous on June 10 on the Sweetwater River.
Fitzpatrick and his party didn't arrive at the Sweetwater until June 15 and saw no sign of Smith. After a few days wait, and since the Sweetwater at this point was too shallow to navigate, Clyman traveled down stream alone. He planned to wait for his comrades at the place where the Sweetwater became deep enough to canoe. Instead he was surrounded and hunted by hostile Indians, and, after 12 days of hiding, set out for civilization alone.
A few days after Clyman left the Sweetwater rendezvous, Smith and his party rejoined Fitzpatrick (who was with Stone and Branch according to Clyman). Since the snow had since melted, Fitzpatrick and his men constructed a canoe and voyaged out with the company's cache of furs. Smith and his party remained in the mountains to hunt over the next winter in the Bear River region.
Fitzpatrick passed Clyman's hiding place and guessed that he had been murdered by hostiles. The stream became rocky again, the boat ruined, and so Fitzpatrick's party cached the furs at Independence Rock and set off down the Platte on foot.
Clyman, who had also been making his way down the Platte, was so overjoyed to see the flag over Ft. Atkinson that he fainted. Fitzpatrick, Stone, and Branch straggled into the refuge (then commanded by Leavenworth and Riley) ten days later.
Despite this horrible experience, both Clyman and Fitzpatrick rejoined Ashley's caravan for another trip into the west in Autumn of 1824.
In late October 1824, William ASHLEY led a caravan up the Platte from Ft. Atkinson to pursue the fur trade in the Green River region. With the company encamped on the Kansas River at the mouth of the Big Blue, Ashley sent Moses Harris and James P. Beckwourth ahead to the Pawnee Town (on the Republican River) to acquire more horses. Although the two men found no horses for sale, they took a route that made a connection between Kansas River and the Platte, the same route that would be followed later on the Oregon Trail.
General Henry ATKINSON traveled with a party to make official treaties with the Missouri River tribes in 1824. Edward ROSE, hired as a guide and interpreter to the Yellowstone region, left the company in Montana to live among the Crow Indians.
On April 17, 1824 a TREATY BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES set the southern border of Russian Alaska at 54o 40' and the eastern border at 141o.
IN THE WEST:
Freemen like Finlay--and American trappers who were independent or in private partnerships--undermined the British/Canadian system. Said Simpson, "These freemen are a pest in this country, having much influence over the Native which they exert to our disadvantage by inciting them against us....their present independence and high tones importance is very injurious to us and in my opinion fraught with danger to the concern."
Granted a monopoly franchise over trade in all of the west, the HBC expected to pay its servants a flat salary, collect their furs for resale in the east, and then send the servants out of its franchise at the end of their term of service. This system would have created less conflict with Native Americans because it protected their land from settlement and controlled the whites among them. But the HBC operated solely for the benefit of remote shareholders, not for the trappers who came west and forged ties with the land and its people.
Joseph PORTNEUF was with the Hudson Bay Company party sent to establish a post on the Fraser River in 1824.
Alexander ROSS led the Snake Brigade from Flathead Post in 1824 to trap in the eastern interior. John GREY (the same part-Iroquois individual known as Jean Gray or Ignace HATCHIORAUQUASHA) and Old Pierre TREVANITAGON led a group of dissidents and received permission to hunt for their own, rather than the Company's, benefit. They returned to the main Snake Brigade with 7 Americans (including Jedediah SMITH) whom they had met in Bear Valley. The dissidents' furs had mysteriously disappeared, probably into the caches of the better-paying Americans.
Most of the Americans wintered over in the Bear/Green River region while the HBC troop returned west to Oregon. In Fall of 1824, Americans, a small party with Etienne PROVOST, and their Snake Indian allies fought local Idaho/Utah Indians (the ones that P.S. Ogden called "Utas"). During this battle, Patrick O'Conner (who had deserted the HBC in 1822) was killed.
Arriving from Canada in October 1824, Peter Skene OGDEN met HBC Governor George Simpson at the mouth of the Spokane River. The governor ordered Ogden to meet with Alexander Ross who had just returned to the Flathead Post from 1824's HBC Snake County expedition. Ross urged Ogden to depart for the next expedition from Ft. Nez Perce. For these yearly fur-hunting expeditions, the HBC dispatched trappers to travel largely unexplored territory for four or five months. They were expected to provide for themselves through forage during the dead of winter and early spring. This was the season when beavers have the richest coats and respond best to castoria-baited traps.
According to William KITTISON, Ogden's right-hand man, Ogden's winter expedition included some 131 people with more joining along the way. Kittison recorded 53 men, 30 women, and 35 children organized into 22 lodges (extended families/partnerships). The expedition left Flathead Post on December 20 and reached a spot just northwest of present-day Missoula, Montana, on Christmas Eve, 1824.
Near this place, on December 29, Jedediah SMITH joined with the HBC Brigade for travel back to the Bear River region. About 25 American trappers wintered 1824-25 near the HBC men in the Bear/Green River country.
Back at Ft. Vancouver, in February 1825, Antione SYLVAILLE reported on a region that showed great promise for beaver trapping. Sylvaille had been dispatched by P.S. Ogden in 1824 to explore the sources of the Owyhee and Malheur rivers. [Sylvie's or Silver River at Malheur Lake bears the scout's name].
Governor George SIMPSON, commander of Hudson Bay Company operations in North America, christened Ft. Vancouver by smashing a bottle of rum against the flagstaff in March 1825.
Governor Simpson sent the sons of two chiefs (Spokane Nicholas GARRY and Flathead J.H. PELLY) to Canadian missionaries for education. The two returned in 1829.
In spring 1825, Gov. Simpson ordered all Iroquois HBC employees to be exiled from the Columbia River to eastern Canada. He also cancelled HBC operations at Spokane House.
WEST TO EAST:
At this place, in April 1825, Jedediah Smith and his companions left the HBC brigade and turned upstream on the Bear. After he left, seven men from one of Ogden's scouting parties returned with beaver pelts but also a report of trouble with Blackfoot Indians; a trapper named Benoit had been killed.
Ogden complained that the Americans--who had made winter camp near this place 1824-1825--had nearly trapped out the beaver. He turned his expedition in the opposite direction of Smith and followed the Middle Fork of the Bear River, eventually traversing the Cache, Ogden, and Weber Valleys of Utah.
On May 12, Thomas McKay, Ogden's translator, spied the Great Salt Lake from a peak near the HBC camp.
EAST TO WEST:
Short on supplies, Ashley's's party descended the Green River and met Etienne PROVOST (PROVO) at his encampment in the Uintah Basin. At Salt Lake they met Hudson's Bay Company members with P.S. OGDEN. This huge party of Americans and Canadians also included SUBLETTE and Moses HARRIS, who had been trapping in the Rockies, as well as Jim BECKWOURTH and Caleb GREENWOOD.
IMPROMPTU RENDEZVOUS AT THE GREAT SALT LAKE:
Gardiner loudly announced that the HBC men were now in US territory whether freemen, engaged, or indebted. Furthermore, said Gardiner, the Americans would pay more for pelts and charge less for goods. John Gray (a half Iroquois) promptly transferred his lodge from the HBC. Pierre TREVANITAGON and 2 Iroquois entered Ogden's tent to resign but Ogden refused to allow Travanigan to pay the Iroquois' debts with notes. Lazard TREVANITAGON (who had spent much of his two year since deserting the HBC in 1822 with the Americans) hollered, "Let's fire and pillage them!"
A scuffle ensued which Ogden held off with the aid of Thomas McKay, Kittison, QUINTAL, and ROY. But eleven of Ogden's freemen (including Duford, Perrault, and L. Kanota) defected to the American side taking with them their catch of furs. On May 25, Gardiner returned and warned Ogden to stay out of the Flathead, Columbia River, and Kutenai country. ANNIANCE and SANSFACON left the HBC with Gardiner when he returned to the nearby American camp. [Anniance and Alexander Carson both paid their HBC debts before leaving]. Later two men (Francois Sansanare and Antione Crevais) out of an HBC scouting party of six returned to Ogden and reported that the Americans had "pillaged" the scouting party's furs; Ogden received this report with disbelief.
During the next few weeks, more men (including Thiery GODDIN and Jean Baptiste GERVAIS) left Ogden. In July, John WORK at Ft. Okanagan received a letter from Ogden who wrote that 23 servants in all had deserted. By August, Ogden's brigade was reduced to just 15 or 20, only six of them freemen. (One of the loyalists was Joseph Portneuf). Two more of the HBC trappers died in fights with Blackfeet during the summer. Rather than trap the Walla Walla region as intended, Ogden decided to head directly for Salmon River and home. Even so, half his company wanted to proceed immediately to Fort de Prairie.
Ogden and the few men who remained with him traveled the valleys of the Burnt, Powder, Grand Ronde, and Walla Walla rivers on their way back (roughly the route of the later Oregon Trail). Ogden's outriders reached Flathead Post on September 15. John McLoughlin was on hand to greet Ogden when he returned to Ft. Nez Perce in November 1825.
After Rendezvous, William ASHLEY, Jedediah Smith, and Moses HARRIS returned to St. Louis with the season's catch of furs.
A fur trapper caravan of 60 men under Jedediah SMITH (now a partner of Ashley) left St. Louis in November 1825 while Ashley stayed behind in St. Louis. They traveled the south side of the Missouri River and saw Indians (Kaws) for the first time on this trip passing through Jackson County. At the mouth of the Kansas (Kaw) River (just north of the present-day site of Kansas City), traders Ely and Curtis sold Smith's party some beef.
The trappers with Smith wintered on the Republican Fork of the Kansas River.
MEANWHILE IN OREGON:
The HBC trappers with Ogden caught up with the scouts on December 8, 1825.
IN OREGON; FROM WEST TO EAST:
A passing Indian assured Ogden that eventually their course up a fork of the John Day River would lead them to the Snake River. By mid-February, Ogden and his men were exploring upriver on the Snake. Although they were still low on food, they had at least found plentiful beaver in the Owyhee and Burnt River regions.
Still, in mid-March near Caldron Linn, Ogden complained that the company should have had 3000 beaver pelts and full bellies rather than 174 pelts and near starvation.
Worse news came on March 20, when Ogden encountered a group of Shoshone (Snake) Indians on the Raft River (south side of the Great Lake Lake). The Snakes told him that they had received an American flag from the big group of Americans and Iroquois (former HBC employees) who had wintered over with them on the Bear River. The Americans, the Snakes reported, were only three days away from Ogden's troop.
The Shoshones (Snake Indians) were in a state of near constant war. In late March, Ogden encountered a Blackfoot war-party near the American Falls. This party, although friendly to Ogden, had traveled all the way from Saskatchewan in pursuit of Snake Indian raiders. A few days later, seven Nez Perces told Ogden they were in Snake territory to raid the Snakes for horses.
But Ogden and his men had collected 1000 beaver skins by the time they reached the Portneuf River in April 1826. Here the HBC brigade met 28 Americans traveling with some of the men who had deserted Ogden's Snake Country brigade in 1825. About half of the former-HBC men either sold beaver pelts to Ogden or paid them to discharge their debts to the HBC. Patrick PRUDHOMME, MONTAIN, and Pierre SAANITOGANS [Tinanitogans] signed IOUs.
Only two men however, young Finlay and a Canadian named LOUNGE, left the Americans for the Hudson's Bay Company. While most former-HBC trappers declined to rejoin Ogden's brigade, they did agree to come back to Ft. Nez Perce after trapping season. The Americans paid three pelts toward Godin's HBC debt so he could join his father in the American camp. Unlike HBC expeditions of the past three years, Ogden would report no "desertions" (other than young Godin's) in 1826.
After this peaceful encounter, the Americans proceeded up river and the HBC brigade downstream on the Portneuf.
On April 15, a Piegan Blackfoot chief warned about a coming war and frightened some of Ogden's men. Three would-be deserters were subdued when Ogden beat one of them. On May 21, Ogden heard that 30 Americans (then descending the Raft River from the Salt Lake) had found no beaver. The next month, June 1826, a party of Snake Indians bragged to Ogden that they had killed 15 Americans in 1825 and, during 1826, had plundered 180 traps while stealing numerous weapons.
Ogden's men fared far better. Trapping was successful as the troop retraced their journey back to a fork of the Owyhee River (mid-June), to the Burnt River (late June), and to the foot of the Blue Mountains.
Here, just east of the Blues at the end of June, Ogden and a small party traveled through Santiam Pass. They reached the Willamette River in July, at a place just about a day's march above the Falls. Meanwhile, the main body of the HBC brigade under Thomas McKay followed the Powder and Grand River valleys into the Walla Walla.
The HBC Snake Country expedition finished the hunting season with 2740 large beaver pelts and 837 small ones-- a better catch than Peter Skene Ogden had hoped for.
FROM EAST TO WEST:
Jedediah SMITH's party crossed the Kaw (Kansas) River in January of 1826 to winter on the Republican Fork. Supplies were scarce and one-third of the company's mules died. Smith dispatched Moses HARRIS and Jim BECKWOURTH ahead to the Pawnee Village and another small party back to Ashley in St. Louis for resupply.
In Spring 1826, William ASHLEY, William CAMPBELL, Moses HARRIS, and the trapper caravan left St. Louis. A party with Campbell traveled via the Platte River and the others followed the Sweetwater River. In the mountains they met William O'FALLON who had spent the winter in the high country.
After working in small parties in the Salt Lake region, the trappers gathered for RENDEZVOUS at nearby Cache (Willow) Valley with Louis VASQUEZ, James CLYMAN, Henry G. FRAEB, Daniel T. POTTS, and many others. After Rendezvous, Jedediah Smith, David JACKSON, and William Sublette bought out Ashley's interest in their company and formed a new partnership.
Ashley took a party back to St. Louis while others wintered 1826-27 at the confluence of the Weber and Ogden rivers in the Salt Lake Valley.
After Rendezvous, Jedediah Smith and a party of 15 traveled south through the Virgin River region (Utah), through Nevada, and then across the Mojave Desert. Edward ROSE joined SMITH's party for the trip only as far west as South Pass in the Rocky Mountains. Robert CAMPBELL was also with Smith for at least part of the trip.
The journey was so difficult and supplies so scarce that Smith's party had to consume their horses and mules. They reached Mission San Gabriel (just north of present-day San Diego) in California on November 27, 1826.
Rather than obey Spanish Governor Don Jose Marie Echeanda (who ordered the Americans to immediately retrace their steps back to the States) Jedediah Smith and his party headed north.
FROM OREGON EAST AGAIN:
The Hudson's Bay Company abandoned Spokane House this year. Jocco FINLAY remained in residence until his death in 1828.
Finan MCDONALD and his family made a return trip to the Red River Country soon after he returned from 1826's Snake Country expedition. In September, the Hudson's Bay Company was ready to launch a new hunting expedition, once again under the leadership of Peter Skene Ogden. This time, Ogden was to explore the Klamath River region as well as the lands (upriver Owyhee and Malheur) that had been scouted by Antoine Sylvaille the year before.
Once again, Thomas MCKAY set out with the main HBC troop (September 12) and once again Ogden followed a little later with about 10 men. By the time they reunited at the Dalles (September 19), McKay's force had swelled from 35 men to 43. Here at Celilo Falls, Oregon's main salmon catching and trading site, the company camped.
Ogden sent [Michel La?] FRAMBOISE and 5 men back to McLoughlin at Ft. Vancouver with messages. A group of Samuel Black's (Ft. Nez Perce's commander) men went back to stock Ft. Nez Perce with salmon. By the end of September, Jean Baptiste Gervais and 30 companions had joined the HBC force and Ogden had hired 17-18 local Indians.
Often with McKay and a small party making short scouting forays ahead, the HBC company crossed the Descutes River and turned south toward the Malheur Lake county. On October 8, McKay and a party of 25 were dispatched to trap Silvie's (or Silver) River. Three days later, two of McKay's men--[Francois?] PAYETTE and Baptiste the Iroquois-- were badly wounded in a battle with Shoshones.
McKay and his companions returned to find the main body of the HBC company encamped near Malheur Lakes in miserable conditions---no wood, no game, lake water low and salty, and no beaver. Ogden's men, especially the freemen (those not under contract to the HBC) began to grumble in earnest when the snow began to fall.
Again on a northwest course, the company reached the headwaters of the Deschutes River in November 1826, and crossed from the Deschutes to the Klamath River by the end of the month. Toward the end of the year--nearly out of supplies and without a single beaver pelt to show for their hardship-- the HBC expedition camped for the winter on streams just east and north of Mt. Shasta, California.
The British ship Cadboro arrived on the Columbia River from England for the first time in 1827 to become one of the regular HBC ships in the Oregon trade. The Broughton, a sloop built at Ft. Vancouver, was launched this year.
Beginning in 1827, Major PILCHER and a party of trappers from the Missouri Fur Company traveled from St. Louis to the Colorado basin and as far to the northwest as Ft. Coleville, WA, on a two-year trading expedition.
Robert CAMPBELL and Pierre TREVANITAGON were with the Smith-Jackson-Sublette partnership in 1827-28.
William SUBLETTE made his first journey back east in 1827 since he came west with Ashley in 1823. Sublette and Moses HARRIS set out on snowshoes in January 1827 and reached St. Louis by March. The route that the two men followed between the Platte and the Kansas rivers was an earlier version of the route of the Oregon Trail.
Meanwhile, William ASHLEY was advertising for a new company of fur trappers and had made overture to Pierre CHOUTEAU of Pratte, Chouteau, and Company. William Sublette, who had bought Ashley's fur company interest in 1826, was furious. After negotiation with Sublette, Ashley agreed to send James B. BRUFEE and Captain Hiram SCOTT with supplies to be delivered to Sublette's company in exchange for future furs (this complex arrangement also included deals with the Missouri and American fur companies).
After some successful trapping in the San Juaquin Valley of California, Jedediah Smith and two of his men set out for American Rendezvous near Salt Lake to recruit reinforcements. They nearly failed make it. Their horses and mules died early in the journey which the men completed on foot, including seventy-five waterless miles through the Salt Lake desert. Smith gathered a group of 18 men, some with women, and began the return trek to California. Eight of the men and two of the women died on this journey back to California.
BACK TO OREGON FROM CALIFORNIA:
The Hudson's Bay Company expedition from Ft. Nez Perce on the Columbia River to northern California during the previous Fall and Winter had brought severe hardship and precious few beaver skins. Modoc Indians constantly harassed the travelers on their way to and from winter camp near Mt. Shasta. Peter Skene Ogden, the expedition's commander, grumbled that he believed that shooting a few members of each new tribe encountered would be good policy.
In mid-February 1827, Ogden and his men were back among the friendlier Shasta Indians at Pitt River. As the company moved north--dispatching small parties of trappers along the way-- life improved.
On March 1, Thomas MCKAY, PAYETTE, and 13 trappers rode off leaving Ogden with 24 men. In late April, when McKay's party returned, Ogden happily counted 2230 beaver pelts within the HBC camp. In May, McKay declined but Jean Baptiste GERVAIS and a small party accepted Ogden's orders to explore the headwaters of the Willamette River. Meanwhile, from mid-May to mid-June, the main HBC expedition struggled northeastwards through country without water, forage, or food.
They reached Malheur Lake on June 8; the water was high, the beaver plentiful, but the HBC faced more travel through bleak country. The men were eating their horses by the time the company got to Harney Lake where there was water but little food. In early July, near the sources of the Malheur River, Ogden sent a small party to trap along the Snake River and 7 others to the Owyhee. Meanwhile, Ogden and the main company proceeded homeward.
On July 18, Ogden left the main company with McKay at Ft. Nez Perce while he and four men rode to report at Ft. Vancouver.
IN THE MOUNTAINS:
Americans with Sam TULLOCK and the HBC Snake Brigade with P.S.OGDEN shared winter camp 1827-28. [Although Ogden's journal makes no mention of the journey, he and his brigade had probably come east from Oregon during the fall or early winter as they had in previous years].
In spring 1828, Indians attacked Americans near the mouth of the Portneuf River. About this time, Archibald GOODRICH married Nancy of the Dalles (later Mrs. J.B. DOBIN), the widow of another HBC man who had been killed in an earlier battle.
Pierre TREVANITAGON was killed by Piegan Blackfeet. Pierre's Hole, on the west side of the Tetons, bears his name. In 1828, Thierry GODIN was also killed by Blackfeet.
In January, Jedediah Smith and a party of his trappers set out for Oregon from northern California (then a Spanish territory hostile to Americans). Near the mouth of the Umpqua River (at what is now the Smith River) in southern Oregon, Smith and his party were among a people, the Lower Umpquas, who were not particularly friendly to outsiders; the region was a prime target of Indian slave-raiders from the north and east.
When an Umqua tried to bury the party's only axe in the sand, Smith assumed an attempted theft and beat the culprit. Shortly after, Smith and John Turner left the men in camp while they scouted a route to the Willamette Valley. One of the men who stayed in camp molested (and possibly raped) an Umpqua woman. The Umpquas withdrew and that evening, July 14, took revenge. The Umqua attack, led by the woman's brother, killed all but one man (Arthur Black). Smith and Turner returned to find the campsite deserted.
McLoughlin, chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company's Ft. Vancouver, dispatched a party to recover Smith's goods and to punish his attackers. Smith stayed at the Fort until the following Spring.
Two British SHIPS WRECKED AT THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER in 1828. The wreck of the William and Ann killed 26 of the crew, most of them victims of an attack by Clatsops [Clallams]. Two Clatsop leaders were later killed in retaliation. The crew and officers of the second ship lost in 1828, the Isabella (Capt. RYAN) abandoned their vessel without fatalities. After the loss of another ship in 1830, the HBC occupied Ft. George continuously. The American ships Owyhee (Capt. DOMINUS) and Convoy (Capt. TOMSON) arrived at Ft. Vancouver in 1828 without mishap.
Trader Frances ERMATINGER and LOLO dit St. Paul were stationed at Ft. St. James in New Caledonia.
The Hudson Bay Company's Alexander MCLEOD led the Southern Brigade from Ft. Vancouver to northern California in 1828 while Peter Skene OGDEN was in charge of the Snake Brigade (which between 1828 and 1831 also included the 3 FINDLAY brothers, Augustin, Miequim, and Pinesta).
(THE HBC OPERATED YEARLY CARAVANS: the Montreal or York Factory Brigade to Hudson's Bay from Ft. Vancouver; the Snake Brigade, to mountain Rendezvous and back to Ft. Vancouve from 1829-1843; the New Caledonia Brigade between forts Vancouver and Alexandria; and the Southern Brigade from Ft. Vancouver to northern California).
William CANNON and J. GERVAIS were with the 1828 Southern Brigade that suffered a difficult return journey due to heavy snows in the mountains near Shasta.
FROM THE EAST TO THE WEST:
W.H. ASHLEY's fur company traveled again into the mountains from Missouri in 1828. Trapper Hiram SCOTT died this year in western Nebraska.
RENDEZVOUS was again held at the south end of Sweet [or Bear] Lake.
A party with Ewing YOUNG traveled this year from Missouri to Southern California.
The Missouri Fur Company's Major PILCHER and a party of men returned to St. Louis in 1829 traveling from the Northwest by way of the Athabasca River. The troop--which had set out in 1827 and journeyed as far as Ft. Coleville, Washington--faced near starvation on a harrowing trip back to the States.
William SUBLETTE, Moses HARRIS, and company trapped in the Yellowstone region in 1829.
This year, 1829, there were two Rendezvous. One was at Pierre's Hole (near present-day Tetonia, Idaho) and the other was on the Popo Agie River (near present-day Lander, Wyoming).
William SUBLETTE, Moses HARRIS, Joe MEEK, Jedediah SMITH, David E. JACKSON, and Thomas FITZPATRICK met at Pierre's Hole in 1829. They traveled together and at the Shoshone River on the Big Horn Plains joined Milton SUBLETTE and a company of 40 men. The combined company reached Wind River in December 1829.
At Ft. Vancouver, Dr. John MCLOUGHLIN used the case of Etienne LUCIER in 1829 to formulate a new policy for ex-HBC employees. Company rules forbade ex-employees from settling Indian lands and mandated their return to their place of origin.
Since settlement seemed inevitable, McLoughlin encouraged ex-employees to farm in the Willamette Valley only. He provided loans for discounted supplies and a pair of cattle (the animals on loan for founding the settler's own herd). [TOPA 1880 has McLoughlin's memoranda on Etienne Lucier and settlement].
The two chiefs' sons, Spokane Gary and Flathead J.H. Pelly, sent for missionary education in Canada in 1824 returned to their tribes. Their experiences were impressive enough that the tribes sent a delegation to St. Louis with Lucien FONTENELLE and Andrew DRIPPS from the next Rendezvous.
Beginning in this year and peaking in 1833, epidemics decimated tribes in the Lower Columbia, the Willamette Valley, and Klamath Lakes. Small pox had reached the Oregon coast by 1782 and continued to appear ever further inland. From 1830 onward, a yearly "ague" (malaria) affected both whites and Indians.
In February 1830, Moses HARRIS, William SUBLETTE and others in their fur-trading party returned to St. Louis. In Spring, they again headed west.
The SMITH-JACKSON-SUBLETTE partnership caravan from St. Louis to Wind River region for summer Rendezvous in 1830 was the first train of wagons to travel up the Platte River trail. The caravan included 10 wagons, two dearborns, and 81 men. Some historical narratives call this expedition THE OPENING OF THE OREGON TRAIL.
The partners wrote to John Eaton, US Secretary of War, and reported the need for a Platte River Road and the feasibility of traveling with wagons upon it.
SUBLETTE had demonstrated that a wagon road was possible by bringing 10 wagons from St. Louis to Rendezvous. Rendezvous was a huge trade fair and celebration that attracted trappers from out of the mountains, suppliers from St. Louis, local Indians, and many travelers heading West or to the States. This year, 1830, Rendezvous took place near the Wind and Popo Agie rivers (present-day Riverton, Wyoming).
In 1830 new partnerships and reorganized fur companies began to rival the Hudson Bay Company's exclusive dominance in the trade. Jedediah SMITH, William SUBLETTE, and David JACKSON reformed the ROCKY MOUNTAIN FUR COMPANY in August 1830 by buying out their former partners: Jim BRIDGER, J. Baptiste GERVAIS, Willaim CRAIG, George EBBERT, and Thomas FITZPATRICK. Henry FRAEB and Milton SUBLETTE were also members of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.
Also in 1830, Andrew DRIPPS and Henry VANDERBURGH re-established the AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. Free trappers, estimated to number in the hundreds by this time, joined one or another company or made their own partnerships. (Lucien Fontenelle replaced Vanderburgh as Dripps's partner after Vanderburgh's death in 1832)
After selling his interest to the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, Jedediah SMITH led a party, including Joe MEEK, into the Judith Basin (Shoshone country). After 1830, Jedediah Smith and his partners concentrated on trade along the Santa Fe Trail; Smith was killed the next year, 1831, by Comanches at the Cimarron River, age 33.
IN OREGON, Joseph PORTNEUF of the HBC and 2 of his children drowned at the Dalles. Portneuf River, Idaho, was named for him.
During 1830, from St. Louis, William WALKER of the Ohio Wyandots and G.P. DISOWAY urged a Protestant mission to be organized and sent to the Flatheads.
Content provided by Patricia Kohnen | <urn:uuid:24acff59-26c3-44d4-83c7-80fe596b81be> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.oregon.com/attractions/oregon-trail-timeline-1816-1830 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317570.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00202-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959738 | 12,128 | 3.671875 | 4 |
A Juvenile American Paddlefish (image) San Francisco State University Caption A juvenile paddlefish, just under three inches long at two months old. Fully grown American paddlefish can reach five feet (1.5 m) in length and have a protruding snout or "rostrum." A new study by researchers at San Francisco State University finds that the American paddlefish underwent a genome duplication 42 million years ago. Credit Diane Fenster/ San Francisco State University Usage Restrictions None Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. | <urn:uuid:70710e3c-6fa5-4b34-ac94-4e0d023c44fd> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/46309.php?from=218504 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296169.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00219-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862028 | 143 | 3.09375 | 3 |
What is the cause of kidney stones?
Kidney stones, which are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys and affect the urinary tract, have no single cause.
They form when the urine contains more crystal-forming substances (eg, calcium, oxalate and uric acid) than can be dilated by the fluid in the urine and/or when the urine does not have the substances that prevent crystals from sticking together.
The lifetime risk for kidney stones among adults in the U.S. is estimated to be 9% (with men more likely to develop them than women), and certain factors increase this risk.
Common risk factors include:
- a family or personal history of kidney stones;
- diets containing a high consumption of protein, sodium and sugar;
- metabolic disorders;
- obesity/high BMI;
- digestive diseases (eg, inflammatory bowel disease or chronic diarrhea);
- certain medications (eg, topiramate for seizures);
- intestinal surgery (eg, gastric bypass surgery); and
- urinary tract infections.
Medical attention should be sought immediately if one experiences severe pain (especially when accompanied by nausea and vomiting and/or fever and chills), blood in the urine or difficulty passing urine.
Additional information can be found by searching the following websites: | <urn:uuid:aed9be69-1b18-420b-9e6d-9bfb4cead2b9> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.healio.com/news/nephrology/20190716/what-is-the-cause-of-kidney-stones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989115.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510064318-20210510094318-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.913096 | 269 | 3.453125 | 3 |
In a report out this week from the USDA Economic Research Service, the agency says the sharply lower costs of oil and natural gas are lowering crop production costs, but only by a small margin.
Oil and natural gas – which are used not only to power irrigation equipment, tractors and other farm implements, as well as in the production of farm inputs – have seen a sharp decline since mid-2014. At the same time, agriculture is a producer of energy feedstocks itself, ultimately recycled in the form of biodiesel and ethanol, which may also influence prices and crop production.
In the report, "Effects of Recent Energy Price Reductions on U.S. Agriculture," ERS researchers explain these situations and the unique position of agriculture in the world of energy.
The analysis suggests that overall, lower energy prices will have a "small effect" on ag in 2015 and 2016 for two reasons:
1. Prices for energy-related inputs don't fall as much as energy itself. In 2016, ag chemicals and pesticides are likely to fall more – by about 13% -- when compared to 2015, because of lags in movements between energy prices and these inputs.
The report also notes that even though there's a 43% decline in crude oil prices, fuel prices in the ag sector may fall by only 20%. This is partly because oil prices are only one input in fuel production.
2. Energy-related costs are only a portion of crop production expenses. Energy-related inputs represent 45%-70% of operating expenses for crops, with rice, oats, wheat and barley on the higher end and cotton and soybeans on the lower end of the energy cost spectrum, leaving another 55% to 30% for other expenses.
Energy expenses, opportunities >>
Despite these two reasons for energy prices' small effect on ag, farmers have incentives to adjust planted acreage to take advantage of lower energy prices. But the changes aren't expected to be large. ERS says variation in net returns for farmers often lead to acreage changes that are "relatively small."
Lower energy prices, the report said, also will affect the biofuels market by reducing ethanol production costs and increasing gas consumption, which includes ethanol blends.
The report notes, however, that as the price of gasoline decreases relative to ethanol, refiners become reluctant to blend more ethanol with gasoline because of ethanol's increased relative cost.
Continued reading: Farm Futures Weekly Energy Review
Read the full report, Effects of Recent Energy Price Reductions on U.S. Agriculture, on the ERS website. | <urn:uuid:0e6304a2-13ae-4dec-a9f0-b29a8e5e49d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.kansasfarmer.com/story-softer-energy-prices-beneficial-ag-little-8-128582 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805265.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119023719-20171119043719-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.956214 | 522 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Artificial Intelligence in Construction
Out of all the emerging technology hitting the market today, artificial intelligence is a new technology that is on track to revolutionize the construction industry. Processes of operating machinery, modeling and estimating, and BIM are just a few of many fields in construction that stand to improve in production and efficiency with the use of AI.
Autonomous equipment is equipment that is aware of its surroundings and is capable of navigating and operating without human interaction. This type of equipment detects its surroundings using GPS, LiDAR, and radar techniques.
Komatsu provides a solution, SmartConstruction, that connects job site information concerning equipment and people. SmartConstruction allows users to survey their job site via drone or 3D scanner to produce a 3D model of the job site’s existing conditions, bring the data into KomConnect to automatically simulate creation of construction plans, and then transmit the data into automated driver less earth-moving vehicles to automate excavation.
Komatsu’s intelligent machine control can eliminate human error and prevent safety hazards that can occur when humans are exposed to heavy machinery. Traditional processes like staking and earth moving can be eliminated or significantly expedited with autonomous equipment.
Computational BIM is the process of automating creation of BIM elements, managing parameters and inter-operating with other applications, data sources, and geometry tools.
BuildingSP is disrupting the BIM market with their product GenMEP. GenMEP is an add-on to Autodesk Revit that uses computer algorithms to automatically route MEP systems through Revit models and even point clouds captured from laser scanners without clashes. Users simply tag the start and end points of the MEP systems and GenMEP will automatically route those systems, with the goal of minimizing complexity and maximizing efficiency. GenMEP creates real Revit family content when generating these systems.
Another product from BuildingSP is ClashMEP, which uses data created from GenMEP to detect any clashes that occur when modeling new MEP elements in Revit in real-time. BIM modelers can use ClashMEP to check for clashes in real-time without having to leave Revit.
Computational BIM software like BuildingSP’s GenMEP and ClashMEP prevent human error and save time by removing the human labor necessary to produce all components of complex BIM models manually in Revit, to save materials by building systems more efficiently, and to prevent future coordination issues like clashes.
Autodesk’s Generative Design concept is a way for a user to input design goals and constraints such as material type, weight, strength and cost into a computer to generate alternative design options.
Autodesk’s Project Dreamcatcher synthesizes a series of alternative design solutions to meet the user’s objectives. Designs like the Hack Rod racecar, Airbus A320 plane and Under Armour’s 3D-printed performance training shoe have all been generated with generative design.
Using the generative design concept not only allows a human and computer to co-create complex designs, but also allows both a human to learn better design practices from a computer and a computer to learn from a human what does and does not work.
One of the overall goals of artificial intelligence is to develop computer algorithms that can improve automatically through experience. In construction, we can use these algorithms to improve processes in a much faster way than a human brain could ever imagine doing.
AI has a tremendous opportunity to disrupt the AEC space. Komatsu’s SmartConstruction drives the usage of autonomous equipment up with the benefit of having a safer environment. BuildingSP’s GenMEP and ClashMEP will increase productivity by generating modeling systems faster and clash free. Autodesk’s product line on generative design opens a new world of design possibilities for architects and engineers.
The more that AI is used, the more it will test and learn what works and what doesn’t. Although still in its infancy, when looking at the impacts that AI has already presented to the construction industry, it is very exciting to see what is to come.
About the Author
Steven Spann (@StevenSpann) is a JBKnowledge Research & Development Team Software Developer (JBKLabs), which is dedicated to disrupting and accelerating the architecture, engineering, and construction industries by building solutions with the emerging technology. Steven Spann is a programmer, woodworker and a former college baseball player with a degree in Mathematics from Northwestern State University in Louisiana. JBKLabs is available for advisory, research, and custom software development services. Learn more at jbknowledge.com/labs. | <urn:uuid:446b6077-18a2-4fa3-b188-379695f80830> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://jbknowledge.com/artificial-intelligence-construction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607860.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524192431-20170524212431-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.923211 | 955 | 2.640625 | 3 |
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (September 2011)|
Portrait by Charles Le Brun
January 27, 1615|
|Died||March 23, 1680
|Known for||Superintendent of Finances in France|
Nicolas Fouquet, marquis de Belle-Île, vicomte de Melun et Vaux (27 January 1615 – 23 March 1680) was the Superintendent of Finances in France from 1653 until 1661 under King Louis XIV. He fell out of favor with the young king, probably because of his extravagant displays of wealth, and the king had him imprisoned from 1661 until his death in 1680.
Minister of finance
Nicolas Fouquet was born in Paris to an influential family of the noblesse de robe and, after some preliminary schooling with the Jesuits at the age of 13, was admitted as avocat at the Parlement of Paris. While still in his teens, he held several positions of responsibility, and in 1636, when just twenty, he was able to buy the post of maître des requêtes for 150,000 Livres. In 1640 he married the rich Louise Fourché, who died a year later.
From 1642 to 1650, he held various intendancies, at first in the provinces and then with the army of chief minister Cardinal Mazarin and, coming thus in touch with the court, was permitted in 1650 to buy the important position of procureur général to the parlement of Paris. During Mazarin's exile, Fouquet remained loyal to him, protecting his property and keeping him informed of the situation at court.
Upon Mazarin's return, Fouquet demanded and received as reward the office of superintendent of the finances (1653), a position which, in the unsettled condition of the government, threw into his hands not merely the decision as to which funds should be applied to meet the demands of the state's creditors, but also the negotiations with the great financiers who lent money to the king. The appointment was a popular one with the moneyed class, for Fouquet's great wealth had been largely augmented by his marriage in 1651 to Marie de Castille, who belonged to a wealthy family of the legal nobility in Spain. Fouquet received around 160,000 Livres from the marriage dowry.
His own credit, and above all his unfailing confidence in himself, strengthened the credit of the government, while his high position at the parlement (he still remained procureur général) secured financial transactions from investigation. As minister of finance, he soon had Mazarin almost in the position of a supplicant. The long wars, and the greed of the courtiers, who followed the example of Mazarin, made it necessary at times for Fouquet to meet the demands upon him by borrowing upon his own credit, but he soon turned this confusion of the public purse with his own to good account.
The disorder in the accounts became hopeless; fraudulent operations were entered into with impunity, and the financiers were kept in the position of clients by official favours and by generous aid whenever they needed it. Fouquet's fortune now surpassed even Mazarin's, but the latter was too deeply implicated in similar operations to interfere, and was obliged to leave the day of reckoning to his agent and successor Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
Upon Mazarin's death in 1661, Fouquet expected to be made head of the government; but Louis XIV was suspicious of his poorly disguised ambition, and it was with Fouquet in mind that he made the well-known statement, upon assuming the government, that Louis would be his own chief minister. Colbert, perhaps seeking to succeed Fouquet, fed the king's displeasure with adverse reports upon the deficit, and made the worst of the case against Fouquet.
The extravagant expenditures and displays of the superintendent's wealth served to intensify the ill-will of the king. Fouquet had bought the port of Belle-Île-en-Mer and strengthened the fortifications with a view to taking refuge there in case of disgrace. He had spent enormous sums in building a magnificent château on his estate of Vaux-le-Vicomte, which in extent, magnificence and splendour of decoration was a forerunner of Versailles, and where he brought together three artists that the King would later take up for Versailles: the architect Louis Le Vau, the painter Charles Le Brun, and the garden designer André le Nôtre. Here he gathered the rarest manuscripts, paintings, jewels and antiques in profusion, and above all surrounded himself with artists and authors. The table was open to all people of quality, and the kitchen was presided over by François Vatel. Jean de La Fontaine, Corneille and Paul Scarron were a few of the many artists who enjoyed his patronage.
The coat of arms of Fouquet's family traditionally showed a squirrel and bore the motto "Quo non ascendet?" ("What heights will he not scale?"). This symbol can be found in many rooms and decorations at Vaux-le-Vicomte. The choice of this animal derives from the name foucquet, which in the dialect of Angers (in the west of France) means squirrel.
Arrest, trial, and life imprisonment
In August 1661, Louis XIV, already set upon Fouquet's destruction (his disgrace was secretly decided upon on 4 May), was entertained at Vaux with a fête rivaled in magnificence by only one or two in French history, at which Molière's Les Fâcheux was produced for the first time. The splendour of the entertainment sealed Fouquet's fate. The king, then only 22 years old, was however afraid to act openly against so powerful a minister. As Superintendent, Fouquet headed the enormously wealthy and influential corps of partisans (tax farmers) who, if challenged as a group, could have caused the king serious trouble. By crafty devices, Fouquet was induced to sell his office of procureur général, thus losing the protection of its privileges, and he paid the price of it into the treasury.
After his visit to Vaux, the king announced that he was going to Nantes for the opening of the meeting of the provincial estates of Brittany, forcing his ministers, including Fouquet, to go with him. When Fouquet was leaving the council chamber, flattered with the assurance of the king's esteem, he was arrested by d'Artagnan, lieutenant of the king's musketeers. The trial lasted almost three years, and its violation of the forms of justice is still the subject of frequent monographs by members of the French bar. Louis acted throughout "as though he were conducting a campaign", evidently fearing that Fouquet would play the part of a Richelieu. A report of his trial was published in the Netherlands, in 15 volumes, in 1665-67, in spite of the remonstrances which Colbert addressed to the States-General. A second edition under the title of Oeuvres de M. Fouquet appeared in 1696.
During the trial, French public sympathy turned to support Fouquet. La Fontaine, Madame de Sévigné, Jean Loret and many others wrote on his behalf; but when Fouquet was sentenced to banishment, the king, disappointed, "commuted" the sentence to imprisonment for life. In December 1664, Fouquet was taken to the fortress/prison of Pignerol. There, Eustache Dauger, the man identified by historical research as the Man in the Iron Mask but whose name was never spoken or written, served as one of Fouquet's valets. His wife was not allowed to write to him until 1672; she was allowed to visit him only once, in 1679. The former minister bore his imprisonment with fortitude, and composed several translations and devotionals in prison.
According to official records, Fouquet died in Pinerolo on 23 March 1680. A year after his death his remains were moved from Pinerolo to the family crypt in the Église Sainte-Marie-des-Anges in Paris.
Fouquet's story is often entwined with that of the Man in the Iron Mask, who is often identified as the true king or even as an identical twin brother of Louis XIV. As such, he is a pivotal character in Alexandre Dumas' novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne, where he is depicted sympathetically. Aramis, an ally of Fouquet, tries to seize power by replacing Louis XIV with his identical twin brother. It is Fouquet who, out of sheer loyalty to the crown, foils Aramis' plot and saves Louis. This does not, however, prevent his downfall.
James Whale's film The Man in the Iron Mask is very loosely adapted from Dumas' novel and, by contrast, depicts Fouquet as the story's main villain, who tries to keep the existence of the King's twin brother a secret. Fouquet is portrayed by Joseph Schildkraut. In a departure from history, he dies when his coach plunges off a cliff. In the 1977 version, Fouquet is portrayed by Patrick McGoohan.
Fouquet was portrayed by Robert Lindsay in Nick Dear's play Power.
Fouquet and his arrest also figure prominently in Roberto Rossellini's 1966 film The Taking of Power by Louis XIV, where Fouquet is played by Pierre Barrat.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicolas Fouquet.|
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Volker Steinkamp (14 August 2011). "Das letzte Fest des Nicolas Foucquet". Die Zeit (in German).
- Lossky, Andrew (1967), The Seventeenth Century: 1600-1715. Free Press. p. 280.
- Louis XIV so states in a letter to his mother, dated 5 September 1661, reproduced in English translation in Lossky (1967: 340-342).
- For the king's caution, see, e.g., letter of Louis XIV to the Comte d'Estrades, dated 16 September 1661, reproduced in English translation in Lossky (1967: 342-345).
- Braudel, Fernand (1979), The Wheels of Commerce [Les Jeux de l'Echange]: Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century, v.2. English ed., Sîan Rynolds (transl.). Harper & Row (1982) pp. 538-539.
- Pénin, Marie-Christine. "Couvent des Filles de la Visitation Sainte-Marie de la rue Saint-Antoine". Tombes Sépultures dans les cimetières et autres lieux.
6. Simone Bertiere, Le proces Fouquet Editions de Fallois, 2013.
- Mémoires sur la vie publique et privée de Fouquet, surintendant des finance et sur son frère l'abbé Fouquet
- Biography of Fouquet at Vaux-le-Vicomte | <urn:uuid:f21a50de-52dd-4a3a-b3b3-da4febb7fbe5> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645257063.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031417-00014-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962237 | 2,384 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Feeding the birds in your Garden
If you want to encourage wildlife into your garden providing food for the birds can be one of the best ways.
A general mixed bird feed on a bird table or in suitable feeders will encourage many local birds into your garden, giving them the energy they need especially during the winter months. Try to make sure you also provide access to clean drinking water so that the birds can drink and bathe. During winter when the water freezes ensure that ice does not prevent the birds from drinking.
Bird feeders can also be filled with crushed peanuts & sunflower seeds. Fat balls containing a mixture of fat and seeds will attract blue-tits and great-tits in particular, but please ensure the nylon mesh surrounding the ball is removed to prevent the birds’ feet becoming entangled. Also mealworms are a great food source for robins & thrushes.
One often neglected tip is hygiene. To keep viruses and disease at bay, try to clean bird feeders once they are empty, and before refilling. This will help keep the birds that visit your garden healthy.
Feeding the ducks at the village pond
When feeding the ducks at the village pond we ask that people try to avoid throwing large amounts of bread into the water. The effects are very damaging to the long-term health of the pond and its inhabitants because bread provides little nutrition and can lead to health problems. These effects can be particularly marked during a hard winter when wildfowl need more energy. If you and your children would like to feed the ducks please use alternatives like bird seed, barley, oats and other grains, but only in moderation.
Garden with wildlife in mind
The easiest way to provide food for birds all year round is to have a wildlife-friendly garden. Choosing certain plants to place in your garden such as holly, ivy and spindle will provide berries, fruit and seeds. If you have fruiting plants, try not to prune them until the birds have had their fill. Importantly, avoid using slug-killers and other chemical pesticides because of their harmful side effects if ingested. Try not to be in too much of a hurry to tidy up, your wildlife will thank you for this. Birds and other wildlife will feed on the bounty that the garden can provide.
For further information see the Links page. | <urn:uuid:0a8fe31f-0579-4d7c-be19-a02c6cb63d13> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://longitchingtonwildlife.org.uk/?page_id=61 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.950403 | 478 | 3.125 | 3 |
The high plateaus of the Nevada desert will find their lives changed little as a result of the pole shift. Today, scarcely any food is grown in the hard ground, the populace supported by supplies imported into the area. After the shift, those survivors without the knowledge of how to live off the desert will starve, and without pumps to bring water from the aquifers, will likely die from dehydration first.
The Deserts diagram, showing prevailing westerlies curling around in keeping with the Coriolis effect, does not indicate that the high deserts of Nevada or Arizona will have rain. Rather it shows that when these winds pass over the vast flooded expanse of what is now northern Canada they will provide rain for the lands in the Midwest, including Nebraska and Kansas. We have stated that the deserts of Mexico will eventually bloom, as they will get new moisture coming directly off the Pacific. But Nevada has the blockage of the high Sierras to prevent this, as they do today, so will continue as today to be a high desert.
Note Mountain Building commentary.
Note West Coast commentary.
Note Arizona Lava Flows commentary. | <urn:uuid:b1778419-f0ba-4879-a688-c77ce4ca2c35> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.zetatalk4.com/info/tinfx047.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773864.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00136-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934646 | 233 | 3.25 | 3 |
Augmented reality in physical security
Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technology, but physical security experts are already anticipating how it will impact the industry. Unlike virtual reality, which completely immerses the user in a digital world, augmented reality keeps the user functional in the real world by superimposing digital information, such as images or GPS data, onto the user’s real-world view. Early AR hardware includes the Microsoft HoloLens and Google Glass.
In this first part in a two-part series, we talk with Brian Schwab about the how to apply early AR technology in physical security – and what future applications might look like.
“When it comes to AR and its impact on security, this technology is all about enhancing effective response times,” he says. Brian is Senior Director Corporate Security at Amtrak. He has more than 25 years of experience in physical security, including with the United States military and the federal government.
Four main areas where AR could enhance physical security:
- Accessible project information
- Photo and video capture
- Tracking and “X-Ray vision”
- Precise GPS
In this article, we’ll look at the benefits of accessible project information and photo and video capture.
AR for locksmiths and technicians
“As I conduct physical security assessments, I use the M100 to call up drawings and floor plans of the site,” says Brian. Having the information at his fingertips has proved invaluable. Access to site information can also assist first responders trying to navigate a facility, helping them to plot the quickest, safest route to their destination.
I see things that I wouldn’t be able to see just by looking at a diagram on my smart phone or tablet
“Let’s say I have an electronic lock that has malfunctioned,” Brian says. “I can call up the wiring diagrams and superimpose them over the door. I can trace conduit diagrams through floors and walls and see things that I wouldn’t be able to see just by looking at a diagram on my smart phone or tablet.”
Photo and Video Capture
AR also enables security professionals to transmit images and video back to a central location. “As I walk through an assessment, I can record and transmit what I’m seeing back to a central location,” Brian says.
So, not only do I have a record, but others can be looking to see what I see in real tim
While current technology only allows the AR user to interface with a single central location at one time, Brian believes multiple interfaces to multiple locations are in the not-too-distant future. Photo and video capture could also eventually help security professionals effectively communicate security needs, Brian says.
“One of the biggest obstacles I encounter in physical security is being able to get a budget to do what needs doing,” he says. “But if in a few generations of this technology I could project these photographs or overlays from my headset onto a platform that others can view, say, in a boardroom, then people can see with their own two eyes. I won’t just say: ‘You need to replace a 1,000 foot stretch of fence.’ They’ll be able to see that the fence is worn out, that there’s a section lying on the ground. Visuals like that could have an impact of the funding of physical security projects.”
We will soon follow up on this topic to explore the final two areas where AR is poised to have a big impact on physical security: X-Ray Vision, and Precise GPS.
By Rachel Sa
What is Augmented reality (AR)?
Augmented reality (AR) is a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data.
It is related to a more general concept called computer-mediated reality, in which a view of reality is modified (possibly even diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. As a result, the technology functions by enhancing one’s current perception of reality.
By contrast, virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one. | <urn:uuid:337425ea-6857-4e5a-b9f6-f99be90d2ebf> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://futurelab.assaabloy.com/en/augmented-reality-in-physical-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527865.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419161226-20190419183226-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.947277 | 885 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Browsing School, Graduate by Subject "T2R"
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Bitter Taste Receptor Expression and Function in the ThyroidThe environment is filled with beneficial and harmful compounds. The gustatory system provides a tool to screen them, guiding intake and avoidance. Five human taste perceptions-sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami-provide information for this task. For example, compounds perceived as sweet tasting are highly appetitive, and identify energy rich simple sugars like glucose. Alternatively compounds eliciting the perception of bitterness, an adverse sensation, identify structural motifs associated with toxins. These characteristics outline how taste perceptions help determine the biological impact of the substances in our surroundings. Recent discoveries of taste receptor expression in extraoral tissues, further supports the importance of these receptors. Extraoral taste receptors propagate non-taste associated responses. For example, sweet taste receptors located in entero-endocrine cells of the gut signal for proper utilization of energy rich sugars. By contrast, bitter taste receptors in the upper and lower airways detect irritants and initiate actions helpful in eliminating or reducing pathogens or toxins. Expression of extraoral bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) and their role in recognition and response to toxins has formed the basis of my research, with my thesis focusing on characterization of T2Rs in the human thyroid. My research findings are subdivided into three studies. The first characterized expression of T2Rs in the thyroid using molecular biological analysis and immunohistochemical techniques, which identified mRNA and protein expression of thyroid T2Rs and the taste associated G protein subunit α-gustducin. The second study identified a functional role of thyroid T2Rs utilizing Ca2+ and iodide signaling assays. Stimulation of thyroid cells with various levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with or without T2R agonists indicates that bitter-tasting stimuli inhibit TSH-mediated Ca2+ signaling and iodide efflux. The third study aimed to test the effects of T2R agonists on thyroid hormone production in vivo, by assessing changes in mouse thyroxine levels after exposure to T2R agonists. My findings implicate thyroid T2Rs in the regulation of TSH signaling in thyrocytes and suggest that these receptors in turn modulate thyroid hormone production. T2R-mediated thyroid hormone modulation may serve as a protective response to toxin ingestion. | <urn:uuid:223a0e9f-0725-411a-b9c4-634f50f43ada> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/handle/10713/36/browse?type=subject&value=T2R | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390755.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526081547-20200526111547-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.884258 | 492 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Over the last few years, the APS has made some significant contributions to addressing the problems of eating disturbances which are increasingly prevalent in our community. These have highlighted psychological interventions for obesity, the impact of advertising ‘junk food’ to children, and psychological factors involved in the development of body image problems in young girls. To provide a forum to raise awareness of the importance of psychological factors and the role of psychologists in addressing eating disturbances, an APS Interest Group was established in 2010.
The APS made a submission and presentation to the Parliamentary Inquiry into Obesity in Australia in 2008, arguing that obesity can usually only be effectively addressed with significant behaviour change often involving psychological understandings and interventions. An information booklet on a weight management model of psychological care has been developed in conjunction with the APS College of Health Psychologists, outlining psychological interventions for the prevention, treatment and relapse management of overweight and obese problems. The material was finalised for distribution at the Australian and New Zealand Obesity Society (ANZOS) 2009 conference in Melbourne. The APS has also developed media releases in this area, and the Herald Sun published an article in January this year, “Thinking about weighty matters”, featuring health psychologist Dr Helen Lindner. Earlier this year the APS provided a submission to the Draft report for the review of MBS items: Items for the surgical treatment of obesity, highlighting the need for behaviour change interventions to be trialled before any surgical intervention.
The APS made a submission to the Protecting children from junk food advertising (Broadcasting amendment) Bill 2008, arguing that inappropriate advertising of such food has the potential for a range of psychological effects on children. The submission concluded that comprehensive, multi-faceted prevention approaches must be adopted, and that increased regulation was likely to have the greatest impact on reducing levels of food-related harm. The 2008 Bill was not passed, the industry’s self-regulation has been ineffective, and public health and medical organisations are once again stepping up calls for an end to advertising of junk to children. The APS is ready to add its voice to any subsequent inquiries or calls for an end to junk food advertising.
Over the past few years, the APS has contributed to debates about the effects of sexualised images on the wellbeing of young people through formal submissions to government inquiries, media releases and resources. Submissions have presented the research that links sexualisation with a common mental health problem of girls and women – eating disorders – and have called for media education for children in schools to establish critical viewing skills, among other recommendations. The APS has developed a Tip Sheet. Helping girls develop a positive self image, which presents information and advice to parents to encourage their girls to develop positive body imagee.
This APS Interest Group was established in 2010 as there are few professional forums that encompass eating disorders and disordered eating, overweight and obesity, and body image.
The importance of psychological factors and the role of psychology are often overlooked in these areas. Additionally, despite the high and increasing prevalence of eating, weight and body image disorders, the recognised importance of prevention and treatment efforts, and the identified need for improved professional training, there are relatively few opportunities for professional training and support. The Interest Group aims to provide health professionals and students who have an interest in eating, weight and body image with the opportunity to share information, network with others with similar interests, and undertake professional development.
In response to a survey of its members’ interests and professional needs, the Interest Group has this year held a networking dinner with a seminar on health behaviour change and motivational interviewing techniques, and will hold a changing eating behaviours workshop in November. A mini-conference is also being planned for November as a forum for researchers, clinicians and students to present their eating, weight and body image-related work. More information on these activities can be found in the Interest Group’s latest newsletter
Further information and application forms to join the APS Psychology of Eating, Weight and Body Image Interest Group can be found at www.groups.psychology.org.au/pewbi/ | <urn:uuid:3a4f9b0a-ef5a-4083-9991-a7f413ebefc1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.psychology.org.au/Content.aspx?ID=3841 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958703 | 834 | 2.875 | 3 |
Super Fast Growing Forests
Perhaps with such considerations in mind, Chinese biologists have genetically engineered trees that will grow even faster, be more disease resistant, produce chemicals that are desirable, and so forth. Ironically, such simple seeming solutions come with their own sets of difficulties. Genetically engineered (GE) fast growing forests, for instance, tend to be more monoculture, exhibiting far less diversity of flora or fauna, than naturally occurring, slower growing tree landscapes. Thus, in the shadows of GE forests rare species are becoming even more scarce, perhaps not a good trend in a world that is already seeing the most rapid increase in extinctions since the asteroid considered directly or indirectly responsible for the end of dinosaurs.
The concept appears a good one, encouraging trees' rapid growth where they have been lost, yet maybe in this case, as with the tortoise and the hare, slow is beautiful. Additional problems with genetically modified trees have occurred. Their branches and trunks tend to break more easily than with normal trees and particularly more than for slow growing hardwoods. So, structures nearby can be readily damaged by such trees during or following strong winds. Also, just like weeds that grow and easily spread faster than more preferred plants, GE forests can crowd out desirable natural tree varieties along with the wide assortment of plants and animals that had called their forests home. Capitalist proponents of GE tree plantations have engaged in land grab tactics, displacing local economies and human populations in quests for more and more space for profitable timber production and harvesting. Disease resistant trees may give rise to heartier insects that then can go on to endanger natural forests. People are discovering previously unknown allergies to the pollen of GE trees. Monarch butterflies may be more vulnerable to milkweed sprinkled with the wind-borne pollen from GE forests. In third world countries, GE trees are often burned as fuel or to clear areas for agriculture, and smoke pollution has increased, hurting tourism, the health of human and fauna communities, and native flora species. Touting the advantages of biomass sources of energy over mined energy resources, corporations have become great tree pellet producers, with net decreases in other means of livelihood in affected regions. There is hazard too that the pollen of GE trees will cross-fertilize with natural trees, having unforeseen results that could be deleterious to fruit tree orchards, insect resistance, the strength of stands of trees, or their utility for timber production.
It is likely that super fast growing trees and trees with other GE characteristics will continue to be approved for tree plantations around the world. They can potentially offer enough benefits in certain circumstances and enough financial incentive in others that they will be a permanent part of the biosphere. Hopefully efforts will also progress apace to limit the larger environmental and economic harm they can do. As Bernd Heinrich said, "Planting tree plantations is permanent deforestation...The extensive planting of just one exotic species removes thousands of native species." (Henrich, B. 2009. The Trees in My Forest. HarperCollins.) This must be at least doubly true for the plantations of genetically modified trees.
Genetically Engineered Trees - The New Frontier of Biotechnology. in Center for Food Safety, September, 2013.
Paulownia. in Wikipedia, last updated in March, 2012. | <urn:uuid:2a501328-83aa-4652-a8c0-b90690efa243> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.austinbug.com/larvaluebug/tabloid/archtabloid6-15.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186353.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00106-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952988 | 667 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Grade Range: 4-12
Resource Type(s): Reference Materials, Interactives & Media
Date Posted: 3/11/2009
This website will introduce students to four American women who succeeded in business during the twentieth century. Students can read about their lives and accomplishments, and learn about their careers through short biographies, timelines and interactive games. Each woman (Freda Diamond, Estelle Ellis, Dorothy Shaver, and Brownie Wise) was exceptional in many respects, and each achieved a degree of visibility in her field enjoyed by few other women.
Historical Thinking Standards (Grades K-4)
Historical Thinking Standards (Grades 5-12)
Standards in History (Grades K-4)
United States History Standards (Grades 5-12) | <urn:uuid:2302b613-8f18-4df3-9aa3-1f4355fc208a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://historyexplorer.si.edu/resource/?key=1787 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00357-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932764 | 162 | 3.203125 | 3 |
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units). 1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1-4)2;) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards. 1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted. | <urn:uuid:eea72b22-d8e8-43e7-8d7c-4d3152f24b0a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.beuth.de/en/standard/astm-e-284a/93423733 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400234232.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926040104-20200926070104-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.927876 | 179 | 2.78125 | 3 |
While you may not have directly heard of Shandong-style cuisine, chances are you will have felt its influence. As one of the oldest styles in northern China, it has had a direct and palpable impact on other well-known styles of Chinese cuisine, such as that of Beijing and Tianjin. It is held in such high regard that it is not only considered one of the Eight Great Culinary Traditions of Chinese Cooking, but is regularly shortlisted as one of the top four. Its venerable history dates all the way back to the Spring and Autumn Period (c. 771-476 BC), when Shandong as a province had yet to exist and the region was split into two vassal states: the State of Qi and the State of Lu.
The style is often referred to as Lu Cuisine, since the State of Lu was home to Shandong province’s most revered citizen, the great philosopher Confucius. Although Confucius is most renowned for his teachings on morality and education, he wasn’t above philosophising about food! In his Analects, he states: “Do not consume food which looks spoiled, smells spoiled, is out of season, is improperly butchered, or is not made with proper seasoning”. This may seem like common sense now, but over 2,000 years ago food hygiene was still a mystery to the citizens of Lu!
His statements indicate that, all those years ago, the people of Shandong province had already achieved a certain level of refinement with regards to food preparation. However, much of modern-day Shandong cuisine was developed from the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) onwards. The style can be roughly split into three sub-styles: the seafood heavy Jiaodong-style along the Jiaodong Peninsula; the soup-centred dishes of the inland Jinan-style; and the elaborate banquets of Confucius’ Mansion cuisine. While these sub-styles tend to differ in their preferred ingredients, they share many similar characteristics when it comes to preparation and flavour.
Liberal use of seasonings such as onions, spring onions, and garlic endow many signature dishes with their distinctive pungency, while a serious dose of salt and soy sauce add a smack of saltiness. Yet Shandong’s star seasoning will always be its vinegar, which is made using centuries-old recipes and traditional local methods. It is much darker and more complex than other types of Chinese vinegar, and is so beloved by the locals that some of them even drink it on its own!
These seasonings may sound a little overbearing, but the main aim of Shandong cuisine is to capture the natural colour, taste, and essence of the main ingredients. To this end, over 30 different cooking methods are deftly used in order to maximise the potential of each ingredient. The most popular cooking methods are known respectively as “bao” and “zha”. The “bao” technique involves allowing oil to boil at an extremely high temperature before tossing the ingredients into the wok and quickly stir-frying them.
The heat of the oil means that the ingredients are slightly singed, but their natural flavour is locked in. Once the ingredients are fully cooked, the oil is removed and seasonings are added, although sometimes the oil will be incorporated into the dish’s sauce. The “zha” technique, on the other hand, is another frying method where meat is covered in flour and then stir-fried to make it wonderfully crisp on the outside but tender and flavourful on the inside.
Dezhou Stewed Chicken (德州扒鸡)
Dezhou Stewed Chicken is essentially exactly what it says on the tin! It originates from the city of Dezhou, its primary cooking method is stewing, and its main ingredient is a plump chicken. Its traditional name of “Dezhou Five-Fragrant Boneless Stewed Chicken” is far more misleading as it’s not boneless and, while it does indeed smell appetising, saying it boasts five fragrances might be a bit ambitious! According to local rumour, the dish was developed by the Deshunzhai Restaurant during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). By the 1950s, it was so popular that it was even served to Chairman Mao himself.
The dish involves first rubbing caramelised sugar all over a chicken and deep-frying it until its skin turns a crisp golden brown. The chicken is then stewed in an aromatic soup made from soy sauce, Sichuan peppercorns, ginger, cinnamon, aniseed, nutmeg, cloves, fennel, soy sauce, angelica root, black cardamom, dried orange peel, and galangal. Since this dish can take upwards of eight hours to make, it is usually only served in specialist restaurants. While the chicken retains its original shape, it’s so perfectly cooked that the tender meat practically melts off of the bone.
Sweet and Sour Yellow River Carp (糖醋鲤鱼)
Sweet and Sour Yellow River Carp, which is unsurprisingly made of grass carp fished from the Yellow River, is arguably one of the most iconic dishes in the Shandong canon. It is said that carp from the Yellow River taste different from any other river fish in the country, and it’s been a popular delicacy at imperial banquets for hundreds of years. This particular dish is well-known for its unusual presentation, as the fried fish is served with its tail curved up in the air. This is to give the illusion that the fish has been caught jumping out of the water!
To make Sweet and Sour Yellow River Carp, incisions are made along a whole carp to ensure that the skin remains crispy and the flesh stays moist when it is breaded and deep-fried. Before it is fried, the fish is seasoned with pepper, salt, and soy sauce to give it a pleasant tang. Meanwhile, the sweet and sour sauce is made by mixing vinegar and sugar with ginger, spring onions, Shaoxing rice wine, and soy sauce. The fish is fried first and then removed from the pan when its scales have turned a rich golden brown. The sauce is then added to the pan and cooked at a medium heat for approximately one minute before the fish is re-added and stirred to thoroughly coat it in the sauce. The sweet, tangy sauce complements the soft and subtly flavoured flesh of the fish beautifully, resulting in a dish that is both light and flavourful.
Nine Procedure Large Intestines (九转大肠)
When it comes to Chinese cuisine, you should never judge a dish by its name! Although Nine Procedure Large Intestines may not sound like the most appetising of meals, it has been a wildly popular staple in Shandong province since the Qing Dynasty. A long strip of pig’s intestines is first cleaned, prepared, and boiled so as to remove the unwanted odour of offal. Once they are soft and tender, the intestines are removed from the boiling water and cut into small sections before being deep-fried until they are deliciously crispy.
The dish’s sauce is made by frying a mixture of onion, garlic, and ginger in a wok until it becomes aromatic. From there, chicken broth, soy sauce, salt, sugar, Shaoxing rice wine, and vinegar are added to give the sauce depth. Finally, the pork intestines are stir-fried in the sauce and garnished with coriander to serve. The name “Nine Procedure Large Intestines” has absolutely nothing to do with the cooking method, and in fact refers to the Nine Procedures in Taoism used to refine the pills of immortality. In other words, scholars considered this dish so difficult to perfect that they likened it to man’s never-ending quest to achieve eternal life!
Braised Sea Cucumber (葱烧海参)
As a coastal province, seafood plays a major role in Shandong cuisine. Braised Sea Cucumber is one of the classic dishes in the Shandong canon and is emblematic of the locals’ love for seafood. Although the sea cucumbers are phenomenally fresh and have a rich umami flavour, the real power behind this sumptuous dish comes from the sauce. This sauce is made simply by caramelising a mixture of chopped onions, spring onions, and soy sauce in oil and sugar. Meanwhile, the sea cucumber is gently braised in chicken stock, salt, and Shaoxing rice wine.
Once the sauce is prepared and the sea cucumber is thoroughly cooked, the two are mixed in a pan along with a hearty helping of ginger and brought to a boil before starch is added to thicken the sauce. While this dish can look a little unusual and somewhat unappetising, the smooth texture of the sea cucumber is perfectly complemented by the sour tang of the sauce, offering up a taste sensation that is sure to confuse and delight your taste-buds in equal measure.
Braised Abalone with Shells (扒原壳鲍鱼)
Abalone is another aquatic favourite in Shandong province that we rarely see in Western cuisine. In this signature dish, the abalone is served with its shell to give diners the impression that they’re sampling a little bit of the ocean. The abalone itself is relatively bland, but absorbs the light sauce beautifully and provides a wonderfully chewy texture. In order to make the sauce, an aromatic mixture of Shaoxing rice wine, rice vinegar, sugar, salt, ginger, garlic, spring onions, chicken stock, and starch is brought to a boil and then quickly removed from the heat.
The juicy slices of abalone are fried in hot oil with chopped chilli peppers for approximately two minutes, until the abalone is fully cooked. The oil is then removed from the pan and the abalone is re-added along with the sauce, which is swiftly brought to a boil. Once the dish is piping hot, it’s taken off the heat and served immediately. The light sauce virtually glances off of the tongue, while the thick slices of abalone provide you with something to really sink your teeth into! | <urn:uuid:c7785d26-89c3-4c37-9ca9-d93ed80772f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/shandong-cuisine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202506.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321072128-20190321094128-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.962439 | 2,161 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The largest landfill in the world is New York City's Fresh Kills landfill located in Staten Island. In the face of a lawsuit over the air pollution consequences of the giant dump, and fearing that cleanup costs will be impossible, a 1996 state law required Fresh Kills to close by January 1, 2002. It actually closed early, in March, 2001, and was reopened on an emergency basis the following September to take World Trade Center debris.
Operating since 1948, Fresh Kills is an environmental disaster. The landfill's impacts on Staten Island residents will be felt for generations. New Yorkers should ensure those impacts are minimized, and that other communities are not newly victimized by their waste.
Waste reduction efforts in the City
Today New York City recycles no more than 13 percent of its waste stream. The rate of recycling of commercially generated municipal solid waste dropped from 8.7 percent in 1998 to 3.5 percent in 1999. In July 2006 the City Council approved a waste management plan two years in the making. The 20-year plan addresses residential garbage produced by the city at a rate of 12,000 tons per day. A new barge and rail system intended to reduce trash hauling by truck within the city by 3.5 million miles annually would also reduce the burden among the five boroughs. The city will also create an Office of Recycling Outreach and Education to reduce the amount of garbage that must be managed in the first place.
Allied Waste Industries offered to take as much as 10,000 tons of garbage per day from New York City via rail to Scottsdale, Arizona. (NY Times, 2/21/00)
"The city is spending as much as $67.50 a ton to get rid of Manhattan and Staten Island trash, and the bids submitted last week for Queens trash averaged $71.38 a ton," according to The New York Times (2/21/2000). These relatively high costs are accounted for primarily by the cost of transportation. The per-ton tipping fee at Virginia landfills is about $30, the same as at landfills in upstate New York.
Continued resurfacing of the "crisis" alarm in New York City feeds commercial interests in new landfills and expansions of existing landfills, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy and manufacturing a need for landfills where none exists. In February of 2000, bidders for New York City's garbage "offered the city 21,242 tons worth of disposal capacity, far in excess of the approximately 5,000 tons the city still needs," said the Times.
Landfill developers are interested in destroying markets for recyclables and increasing
the urban waste stream
In 2000 New York Attorney General Elliot Spitzer began an investigation of the practice of landfilling recyclables. "Integrated waste management," promoted by commercial firms, means landfill companies own the garbage collection and hauling businesses as well as the dumps. They get more more money from tipping fees at landfills than from selling recyclables. Garbage firms charge their collection and hauling subsidaries tipping fee rates, and the subs pass the costs on to municipalities and private customers.
The large parent corporations are insulated from complaints about the cost of garbage pickup, and the small collection and hauling companies they own tell their customers there's nothing they can do about rising costs.
In December, 2000, Attorney General Spitzer's investigation netted four private companies that were mixing recyclables and garbage: Casella subsidaries Vets Disposal of Oneonta and Waste Stream of Ithaca, and the parent company, were fined $90,000. County Waste and Recycling of Clifton Park was also caught in the net and fined $10,000. (AG's Press Release of 12/4/00).
How does New York City's Solid Waste Plan affect the state's waste management policy?
New York City's export policy is at odds with state policy set forth in the Solid Waste Management Act of 1988, making landfilling the least desireable of four waste management practices, after reduction, reuse, and recycling. (ECL § 27-0106).
The May, 2000 "Draft Modification" of the city's Plan includes responses to comments made on the Plan's "Final Scoping Document." These responses make it clear the city's Plan "will assess impacts within NYC only." (See responses to Issues 13.4.1 and 17.7) Out-of-City disposal sites elsewhere in New York State "are not the subject of this Plan EIS." (SWMP 1.2.2)
In 1996 the Fresh Kills Task Force recommended that the consent of proposed host communities where the city's garbage would ultimately go be secured as a precondition for garbage "export" contracts. Mayor Giuliani ultimately adopted this part of the Task Force's remmendations.
However, in the first test of the "host community consent" policy, the Mayor's office renounced the substance of the policy, telling Cattaraugus County Legislature Chairman Jess Fitzpatrick his county did not constitute a "community" under the city's policy. Instead, towns with local regulatory power under New York's home rule scheme would be the only "communities" recognized by the city.
The inability of New York City to implement a meaningful solid waste management plan has unleashed commercial land speculators who use the threat of litigation to intimidate small rural towns into enacting lax local landfill regulations--quite the opposite of community consent. Indeed, rural New Yorkers can reasonably view the garbage wars raging through their communities as a contest between resource-poor small towns on one side, and irresponsible metropolitan government, powerful state regulatory agencies and big business on the other side.
All that changed in 2001. Gone are the waste reduction and recycling programs urged by the Task Force. All that's left is garbage "export" which, under the revised Plan means sending it anywhere outside the City, upstate or out-of-state. Staten Island Borough President Guy V. Molinari has his own environmental engineer, Nick Dmytryszyn, who questions whether investing more money in waste prevention programs makes any economic sense. According to an interview by the Staten Island Advance (2/7/01) the answer is no, Dmytryszyn thinks waste prevention is "a kind of a social experiment."
The same view is apparently held by Mayor Bloomberg. In Februrary, 2002, the mayor proposed cutting the city's recyling budget in half. Tow years later the Mayor sent out a "Request for Expressions of Interest to Provide Waste Disposal Capacity for New York City" to every town in upstate New York. (contact us for a copy)
The New York Times consider's the mayor's abandonment of recycling a reflection of changing "eco-psychology," a decline in "the spirit of recycling" and the rise of budgetary responsibility. (3/12/2002)
Municipally-owned landfills have been forced to become major regional facilities, with the result that commercial imperatives erode their local service and health and safety missions, in Ellery and Schuyler Falls.
The city's Plan does not address commercial waste, about two-thirds of the municipal solid waste the City produces each year. Fresh Kills took only residential waste, until recently 13,000 tons per day or nearly four million tons per year. Beginning in 1997, four of the City's five boroughs secured long-term contracts to send their residential garbage to out-of-state landfills in Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Virginia. Queens, the fifth borough, in 2000 started sending its residential garbage to four transfer stations in New Jersey (and from there where?), and to more "distant landfills," according to the New York Times (2/5/01).
The need to find a home for the City's residential waste stream seems less pressing to rural upstate communities.
Recently the City Commissioned a study that found there really is no waste crisis. A Commercial Waste Management Study was published in March 2004 by the New York City Department of Sanitation. Volume IV of that study is an examination of landfill capacity that might be utilized by NYC. It concludes that there is adequate landfill capacity in the region. (See link at the top of this page.)
The study found that there are 87 "mega-landfills (landfills with substantially larger capacity than 1,000 tons per day [tpd]) in states within the mid-Atlantic, Southeast and Midwest regions, exclusive of Pennsylvania and New York, that appear to have sufficient physical capacity to meet additional demand of both DSNY [Department of Sanitation of New York City]-managed Waste and commercial waste generated by the city." Commercial Waste Management Study, Vol. IV (NYC Dept. Sanitation, March 2004), p. 1.
The "actual remaining excess capacity" of landfills in this eight-state area (excluding Pennsylvania and New York) in 2003 was 45,750 tpd. Id., p. 4, Table 3.1-1. ).
Most of this capacity was located farther than 400 miles from New York City, and within 150 miles of New York City there is less than 20 years of remaining disposal capacity. Id., note 4 to Table 3.1-1. However, including Pennsylvania adds another 187 million tons of disposal capacity (as of 2002, declining about 8 percent annually) (id., p. 7, Table 3.2-1), and including New York State adds another 93 millions tons (as of 2002). See NYSDEC Capacity Data for Landfills (NYSDEC, April 2003), posted elsewhere on our website.
This will probably eliminate any will to reduce that remains in New York City, and continue to fuel speculation in cheap rural landfill space near the City. | <urn:uuid:c315d2de-a1bd-45db-b89d-2f5d99c55471> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://concernedcitizens.homestead.com/FKfacts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931014049.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155654-00160-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945985 | 2,022 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate number of existing members of the family Carangidae in the area ii) to establish a distinguishable and lucid key based on the taxonomic characteristics, meristic count and otolith description. In this study, thirty-six species were collected from the main fish landing facilities between 2012~2015. Fish body colour, taxonomic characteristics, fin rays and otolith shape description were used to identify each species. Otolith description comprises of shape of ostium, sulcus and margins of anterior and posterior surface along with distinct definite shape possess by each species make it easier for identification.
Part of the book: Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World | <urn:uuid:fef0d7b1-a5f7-4fe8-a899-90cf228fb450> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/182414 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337516.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004152839-20221004182839-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.920699 | 140 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Florida is a state in the southeast of the United States. In the West, it has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico. Plus, in the East is has a coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. The Straits of Florida border the state to the South. Alabama and Georgia border in the North. In the South, Florida also has a maritime boundary with Cuba. In 1845, this state became a member of the United States. Currently, it ranks as the 22nd largest state. Furthermore, it ranks as the 3rd most populated.
The capital of the state is Tallahassee. However, Jacksonville is the largest city. The Miami metropolitan area is one of the 10 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S.A. Plus, Florida has the longest coastline among all the U.S. states. In addition, it is the only state that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The climate of the state differs in the North and the South. The North has a subtropical climate. Whereas, the South has a traditional tropical climate.
Florida has a large expatriate community of Cubans and a rich multicultural history. Native Americans, European Americans, Hispanics, Latinos, and African Americans influenced the culture of this state. The heritage of all these cultures exists in the music, architecture, fine arts, cuisine and other cultural aspects of Florida.
Interestingly, the state hosted famous writers such as Ernest Hemingway, Tennessee Williams, and Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. It still attracts artists as well as sportsmen. The state is world-renowned for its golf, auto racing, tennis and water sports.
Places to Visit:
Other popular tourist destinations include amusement parks, such as Universal Orlando, SeaWorld Orlando, and Busch Gardens Tampa. In the Everglades National Park, you can see American alligators, American crocodiles, the Florida panther, manatees and a variety of other rare species. Lastly, Walt Disney World is the world’s most visited resort, and it hosts more than 50 million guests every year.
December 9, 2016 3:59 pm | <urn:uuid:6e02e7fd-8122-469c-94e7-4d32e0608390> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://artoftravel.tips/destinations/florida/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945232.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421145218-20180421165218-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.947279 | 435 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This weekend, most of us Americans will lose an hour of sleep when we push the clocks ahead to swing into Daylight Saving Time.
That may not seem like much–the Academy Awards were three and a half times that long–but research suggests our bodies wouldn’t agree. A recent study by two Michigan hospitals found that they treated almost twice as many heart attack victims on the first day of Daylight Saving than on a typical Sunday. And if past behavior holds true, there will be a bump in traffic accidents on Monday because, as researchers have suggested, more people take “microsleeps” that day, due to the disruption of their body clocks.
Clearly sleep, or lack thereof, is a key component of psychic and physiological balance, although it wasn’t all that long ago that most scientists felt it wasn’t worth a lot of attention because frankly, it didn’t seem like all that much was going on. Now we know better–there’s a lot happening inside our brains and, apparently, our bodies, too when we’re snoozing.
Unfortunately, that hasn’t made us act much smarter when it comes to our sleeping habits. We’ve been hearing for years that our bodies need a good eight hours a night, but, according to a Centers for Disease Control report released last year, almost a third of working adults in America get only six.
So as David Randall, author of Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep, noted in a Wall Street Journal column, we’re seeing a boom in sleep aids, energy drinks, expensive mattresses designed to help us find our right “sleep number”, sleep-tracking devices and “fatigue management consultants.” That’s right, fatigue management consultants. A lot of Fortune 500 companies are now using them to track how sleep habits are affecting employee performance and safety records.
When cells go bad
Most of us are painfully aware of the mental and emotional costs of cheating ourselves of sleep. Who among us hasn’t felt the stupidness of fuzzy brain? The physical effects, though, are harder to distinguish. There’s plenty of research now that links poor sleeping habits to obesity, diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure. But they develop over time–which would seem to suggest that it would take years of bad sleeping to damage our health.
Sadly, that doesn’t seem to be the case. A study just published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that getting too little little sleep just a few nights in a row can disrupt hundreds of genes, including those tied to stress and fighting diseases.
Scientists at the Surrey University Sleep Research Center in England subjected 26 volunteers–men and women between the ages of 23 and 31–to two very different weeks of sleeping. One week they were permitted to stay in bed only six hours each night. The other week they were allowed to sleep as long as 10 hours every night. Then the researchers analyzed cells in the volunteers’ blood, focusing on changes in RNA, the molecule that carries out DNA instructions through the body.
What they found surprised them. They discovered that not getting enough sleep changed the patterns in the way genes turned on and off. Overall, 711 genes were expressed differently when people were sleep-deprived: 444 genes were suppressed, 267 were stirred up. And the ones that became more active were genes involved in inflammation, immunity and protein damage.
Plus, when sleeping time was limited to six hours, the genes that govern the body clocks of the volunteers changed dramatically. Almost 400 genes stopped cycling in a circadian rhythm altogether, a disruption that could throw sleep patterns even more out of whack.
Not even Derk-Jan Dijk, the director of the Surrey sleep center, expected to see that. “The surprise for us,” he said, “was that a relatively modest difference in sleep duration leads to these kinds of changes. It’s an indication that sleep disruption or sleep restriction is doing more than just making you tired.”
You snooze, you don’t lose
In honor of National Sleep Awareness Week, which ends Sunday, here are six other recent sleep studies of which you might want to be aware:
- One man’s pizza is another man’s slice: A study at Uppsala University in Sweden determined that men who were sleep-deprived invariably chose larger portions of food than they did when they had a good night’s sleep.
- So that’s why my pillow hurts my head: According to research at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, not getting enough sleep can lower your tolerance for pain. Volunteers who were allowed to sleep nine hours a night for four nights were able to hold their fingers to a source of heat 25 percent longer than study participants who weren’t permitted to sleep more than seven hours.
- Now that’s a vicious cycle: Meanwhile, at the University of California, Berkeley, scientists said they’ve found a clear link between aging brains, the poor sleep of elderly people and memory loss. After comparing the brains and memory skills of young study participants and older ones, the researchers determined that age-related brain deterioration contributes to poor sleep and that leads to memory problems.
- But wait, there’s more bad news: And in Norway, analysis of the medical histories of more than 50,000 people showed that people who said they had trouble falling asleep or remaining asleep were three times more likely to develop heart failure than those who reported no trouble sleeping.
- If only they could sleep right through it: Research from Harvard Medical School suggests that nursing home residents who take sleep aids, such as Ambien, are more likely to fall and break a hip than residents who aren’t taking any meds for insomnia.
- Did I mention that it makes you stupid about food?: Finally, two studies last year showed why sleep deprivation can lead to excess pounds. One discovered that lack of sleep can prompt bad decisions about what food to eat. The other study found that when subjects were permitted to sleep for only four hours, the reward section of their brains became more active when they were shown pictures of pizza and candy.
Video bonus: Here’s a recent ABC News piece on why bad sleep leads to bad memory.
Video bonus bonus: Okay, after all this grim science news, the least I can do is share an oldie-but-goodie stop motion clip of real fun in bed. Sleep tight.
More from Smithsonian.com | <urn:uuid:dac98488-4cfa-4127-bd59-9c52153aeead> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/lousy-sleep-isnt-good-for-your-body-either-1140167/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187519.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00092-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963021 | 1,358 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A fishery in decline
Protecting crucial white sturgeon and salmonid habitat
Fish from the mighty Fraser River have fed Indigenous peoples for many millennia. But in recent generations, the once abundant fishery is in decline as human activity and development around the river increase.
Herrling and Carey Island are two of five mid-river major island complexes left in gravel component if the Fraser River between Mission and Hope. This stretch of gravel is crucial habitat for white sturgeon, and chinook, chum, pink, and other salmonids. The islands and side channels in the Heart of the Fraser are home to a myriad of fish throughout the year and provide essential spawning, rearing, and migratory habitats. And now, the fish are under more pressure from rapid agricultural development.
The BCWF is concerned about two bridges proposed for side-channel crossing to Carey and Herrling Island. The construction and footprints of these bridges could negatively impact white sturgeon spawning and incubation areas and damage juvenile and adult salmonid spawning and rearing habitats.
Learn more about the Heart of the Fraser
Heart of the Fraser Development Stopped!
Herrling Island Bridge Denied For Immediate Release: July 27, 2019 – S...
At the Heart of the Fraser
Submitted by Jenny Ly Since the BCWF Fall Harvest Celebration, hosted to...
The Cottonwoods of the Heart of the Fraser
Black cottonwood trees, the biggest poplars on earth and one of the fastest...
The Dinosaurs of the River
White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, is an ancient species of ray-finne...
Saving the Eulachon of the Fraser
Small, oil-rich smelts called eulachon return to spawn each spring in the F...
The BCWF and other conservation partners have formed a coalition to save the threatened Heart of the Fraser with provincial ministry responsible.
If you want to help save habitat in the Heart of the Fraser, please consider signing the petition and speaking with your MLA. | <urn:uuid:3ad67d56-869f-44dd-b369-590cac45d89b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://bcwf.bc.ca/initiatives/initiatives-heart-of-the-fraser/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130615.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001030529-20201001060529-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.897439 | 421 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In addition to the research on the interface heat transfer between casting and mold (die) in sand mold, metal mold, directional solidification, investment casting, die casting and other casting processes, there are also many researches on the interface heat transfer in thin strip continuous casting, twin roll casting and other processes, which are characterized by very short solidification time. However, due to the need of technology development and the progress of measurement technology, researchers also pay attention to the research in this area. According to the devices used in the experiment, these works are divided into on-line measurement and physical simulation.
On line measurement is to obtain the corresponding interface heat flux data by directly measuring the temperature change of the crystallizing roll or strip. Tavares et al. Systematically studied the variation of interfacial heat flux between strip and copper roll during the forming process of carbon steel strip by arranging thermocouples in copper roll of experimental twin roll strip caster. Pedro et al. Designed a device to directly measure the transient heat flux of aluminum strip in horizontal continuous. The device is mainly composed of a cylinder body containing high temperature liquid metal and a base which can move at a certain speed. The thermocouple is embedded in the base, and the heat flux on the base surface can be obtained by inverse algorithm. They also systematically studied the effects of various factors such as strip thickness, coating, superheat, substrate velocity and roughness on the substrate surface heat flux.
Physical simulation is to abstract the solidification process of strip continuous casting and twin roll casting, and develop different types of physical simulation devices to simulate the interface of strip continuous casting and twin roll casting
Methods of heat transfer research. Among them, t. loulou et al. Used Pb, Sn and Zn as solidification materials to study the transient heat transfer of high temperature metal droplets during chilling on nickel substrate. They drop molten metal on the surface of the metal matrix, measure the internal temperature distribution of the matrix through the thermocouple embedded in the matrix, and use the measured temperature change curve and Beck’s method The effects of melt temperature, substrate surface roughness, surface lubricant and melt material composition on the surface heat flux are also systematically studied. Strezov et al. Designed a set of corresponding simulation device system according to the heat transfer characteristics of liquid steel in the early solidification stage of strip continuous casting, and used the device to study the transient heat transfer characteristics of the interface between stainless steel and copper roll. By simulating the heat transfer environment similar to the initial solidification stage of stainless steel liquid in strip continuous casting, the device has important guiding significance for the actual strip continuous casting.
Wang A method to accurately measure the transient heat flux was designed, that is, the metal as solidified material was melted by suspension melting device, and then dropped on the inclined metal substrate. The dripping metal melt flowed on the metal substrate and solidified rapidly. An infrared thermometer was set above the solidified metal strip to record the temperature change on the surface of the melt in real time, and the non-linear method was used By using this device, the interface heat transfer coefficient of liquid contact and solid contact can be obtained respectively. Wang also systematically studied the interface heat transfer of several different metals such as Cu and Ni when they drop on different metal substrates, and focused on the influence of melt superheat and substrate surface roughness on the interface heat transfer. | <urn:uuid:8ddd6622-df7f-4c1f-9794-4064eebefd3f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.zhycasting.com/transient-heat-flux-coefficient-of-directional-solidification-interface-in-squeeze-casting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.928555 | 699 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Despite the fall in the prevalence of dental caries that occurs in some highly – developed countries, tooth decay still remains the most common dental problems among people. Caries occurs when pathological factors prevail over the protective factors. Visit Dr. Carol in Toronto to find out more.
Pathological factors include the bacteria that produce acid, then the reduced secretion of saliva, which may be caused as a result of dysfunction of the salivary glands, as well as the use of certain medications and inadequate diet that includes eating a greater amount of fermentable carbohydrates. Protective factors most often calcium, phosphates, and proteins in the saliva, as well as an additional protective action that is taken to ensure that an appropriate quantity of saliva is present in the mouth and antiseptic and antibacterial agents used to clean the mouth.
Regardless of all these protective factors, today the fluoride intake on a daily basis is considered a key factor of every modern preventive program for the control of dental caries in children and adults.
Fluorides act in a way that prevents demineralization, which represents the first phase of each process that causes carries, it promotes remineralization of the teeth and stops the growth of bacteria that are responsible for the development of diseases.
Fluoride can be incorporated into the structure of the teeth during the phase of teeth development.
Researches confirm that the effect of fluoride is mostly visible on the surface of the teeth.
Widespread in the use of fluoridated toothpastes is probably one of the main reasons for the dramatic reducing in tooth decay in the last 30 years in some countries. It can be said that brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste is the ideal method that is suitable for use, inexpensive, and widely accepted. Parents must strictly observe that children should not use greater amount of toothpaste (greater than the size of a pea). After thorough brushing, children should spit out the rest of the toothpaste and avoid direct flushing with water, and eating meals immediately after brushing. Toothbrushes for children can be manual or electric, but with a small head and soft bristles.
Toothpastes may have different concentrations of fluoride and it is important to know what kind of paste your child and you can benefit according to your age. The application can be divided into three groups. In children aged from six months to two years it is expected to perform brushing twice a day with the amount of paste in the shape of a pea using toothpaste that has fluoride concentration of 500 ppm F. Children aged from two to six years also need to brush their teeth twice a day using the same amount of paste, but in higher concentrations of fluoride, in 1000 (+) ppm F. Children aged older than six years should also brush their teeth twice a day using the amount of toothpaste in a length of 1 to 2 cm and a fluoride concentration of 1450 ppm F. | <urn:uuid:60ee22bd-3a1a-4bb5-8826-d628ed48fd3d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://wloger.com/importance-fluorine-teeth-care.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487624.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218175932-20190218201932-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.954007 | 588 | 3.6875 | 4 |
By Robert Audi
* short intro to conception of knowledge/epistemology.
Read or Download Belief, Justification, and Knowledge: an Introduction to Epistemology PDF
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Extra info for Belief, Justification, and Knowledge: an Introduction to Epistemology
It certainly docs not follow that ordinary seeing of the tree is indirect. Consider an analogy. Two perfect ball bearings can be intrinsically indistinguishable—have the same diameter and constitution—yet one be on my left and one on my right. Their intrinsic properties can thus be identical, while their relations (to me) differ: one is left of mc, the other right of me; hence they do differ in their relational properties. Similarly, the hallucination of a tree and the ordinary visual experience of a tree can be intrinsically indistinguishable, yet differ in their relations.
To say that would imply a counterpart of the sense-datum theory. At this point, however, the naive realist view must be revised. To begin with, the causal chain must be in a sense unbroken- To see why, consider a broken chain. Imagine that you saw me plant the tree and you remember my doing so. The planting is then the causal ground of your memory belief, as it is of mine, and we both remember my planting it. But suppose I had forgotten the event and thus no longer believed I planted the tree, then later came to believe, solely on the basis of your testimony, that I planted it, There is still a causal chain from my present belief back to the planting; for the planting produced your belief, which in a way produced your testimony, which in turn produced my present belief.
Both theories are, however, direct realist views, though they reject the idea that we just see things, as naive realism holds. Other similarities (and some differences) between the two theories will soon be apparent. The adverbial theorist stresses that we see (or otherwise perceive) things in a THE ADVERBIAL THEORY OF PERCEPTION 21 particular way and that they thus appear to us in that way. Often they appear as they are; sometimes they do not. In either case they are seen directly, not through intermediaries.
Belief, Justification, and Knowledge: an Introduction to Epistemology by Robert Audi | <urn:uuid:562e5c39-cf43-420c-805b-a9b11ec873cc> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.aciis.ru/kindle/belief-justification-and-knowledge-an-introduction-to-epistemology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198287.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920161009-20200920191009-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.882987 | 904 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Wet Rot fungi obtain their food by breaking down the walls of wood cells resulting in a loss of strength of the wood.
Although not as destructive as dry rot, it is more common and can still cause severe structural damage if allowed to go unchecked. Fortunately, at White Rock Property Care, we provide our customers with an effective Wet Rot treatment service, which prevents the regeneration of the rot efficiently, carefully and professionally.
What Causes Wet Rot?
Wet Rot cannot begin attacking wood unless there is a moisture content of at least 20% and, thus, does not normally occur in internal timbers unless there is significant damp. Most cases of Wet Rot arise due to rainwater entering the fabric of a building through external defects. These can include leaking gutters, defective air bricks and damaged roof tiles. Dealing with these issues is often important in preventing future attacks.
Other possible sources of moisture in a property include rising damp and condensation. Either way, if timber is exposed to moisture for an extensive period of time, wet rot spores will germinate and the wet rot will spread.
How Do I Spot Wet Rot?
Wet Rot can appear in several different forms, depending the environment around it and the conditions within a property.
Cellar fungus (Coniophora Puteana)
This type of Wet Rot fungi is usually found in damp basements, under floors and in skirting boards. It causes timber to darken and produce cracking both along and across the grain of the wood. It prefers very damp conditions in areas like basements, leaking roofs and wood floors where there is insufficient ventilation, or measures such as damp proofing have not yet been taken to prevent a wet rot outbreak.
Mine fungus (Fibroporia Vaillantii)
This Wet Rot fungi causes wood to shrink and split into cuboidal sectors. Its strands are white and sometimes fern-like.
This type of Wet Rot, white in colour, bleaches wood, which becomes fibrous and stringy. This is a common type of wood rot decay in external joinery timbers such as door and window frames.
What Are The Symptoms?
Fortunately, Wet Rot is easily identifiable if you look in the correct places. There are a few common signs of Wet Rot which will allow you to identify and eradicate the problem in its earliest form:
Timber will have a brittle texture
Due to the high levels of moisture, timber will begin to breakdown causing a weakened structure and a sponge like texture. As well as this, the wood and timber will appear to have a deeper colour to its original shade.
One of the most difficult things for property owners trying to identify Wet Rot is that issues can occur in places we cannot see or reach. In many cases the problems are, literally, right under our feet. Whilst your floors may look unaffected on the surface, there is always potential that there could be a Wet Rot issue beneath your floorboards, so keep your eye out and try to notice any springy feeling when you’re walking across your floors as this may indicate a breakdown of the structure of the wood.
Cracking of the timber
If you have come across what you think is a Wet Rot issue there are a few tell-tale signs that will enable you to identify the matter. One of the most common signs of wood rot is the cracking of the wood, this may appear cuboidal or linear depending on the type of Rot.
Presence of a damp smell
Luckily, for those situations where Wet Rot cannot be seen or felt, a damp smell will usually indicate a problem. Water ingress can lead to damp within a property and it is the smell of damp that can lead to a Wet Rot issue. The smell is often described as ‘musty’ and the air can sometimes feel damp too. If it’s something you recognise, there's definitely some further digging to do.
Like Dry Rot, the spread of mycelium growth may appear over adjacent masonry. The spread of mycelium with Wet Rot, however, will be somewhat limited in comparison. Tell-tale signs of mycelium growth include the presence of thin web-¬like strands spreading across the surface of the wood. The strands grow to search for new sources of food to allow the spread to continue.
If you think any of these symptoms are present in your property, don’t delay in calling us for a complete timber survey.
How to treat Wet Rot
When treating Wet Rot, the main priority is to stop the source of moisture and to dry out any surrounding areas of the infestation. Being proactive in seeking advice/treatment is essential. In doing so, you will prevent the regeneration of Rot for the future. The eradication procedure of Wet Rot is dependent on the severity of the issue. In most cases, minimal areas of infected timber will need to be cut out, replaced and potentially sprayed with a fungicidal treatment.
In more serious circumstances, where the structural timber of a property has been significantly weakened, the recommendation of a Wet Rot specialist is advisable as large amounts of infected timber may need to be replaced to ensure the structural integrity of your property is safe for you and your family.
White Rock Property Care have amassed extensive experience in Wet Rot treatment, having surveyed & treated countless cases over recent years. Our fully trained and PCA accredited, experienced surveyors will identify the type, and the extent, of any decay and will produce a suitable specification for the treatment and eradication of the problem.
This will be furthered by a 10 year guarantee for the work carried out giving you the peace of mind and reassurance that your property is in the safest of hands.
Our trained surveyors and technicians will:
- Identify the nature, type and extent of the decay
- Determine the cause, finding the source of moisture and drying out the surrounding area
- Propose the cure for the rot with full specification and method statement for the rot treatments
- Where timber affected by Wet Rot has lost its strength timber would have to be removed and replaced
- Advise what additional steps (if any) are required to safeguard the property | <urn:uuid:11e3e0b4-2c07-47bd-8fb4-1834653086f2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.whiterockpropertycare.co.uk/services/wet-rot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704820894.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127024104-20210127054104-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.938595 | 1,259 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Navahrudak: Creation of Memorial to Holocaust Victims Begins
At place of a former ghetto in Navahrudak a memorial to Holocaust victims is being created. It is intended to restore the workshops where convicts worked and two rooms of the barrack where a ghetto was situated during the World War II. Archeologists also plan to make excavation in the place where the convicts made a tunnel through which many of them managed to escape. During the last 15 years the local museum of regional studies has maintained contacts with the people who survived Holocaust and Jewish emigrants from Navahrudak. On the initiative and with the financial support of Jack Cogan who now lives in London, in 1990 three monuments were put on the places of massive fusillades in Jews.
According to the European radio for Belarus | <urn:uuid:861eb81d-386a-4082-9336-44daaf8149d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://spring96.org/en/news/16271 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948572676.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215133912-20171215155912-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.971011 | 165 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Monitoring of municipal water usage in The Nation Municipality
CASSELMAN, July 11th, 2018 – With the numerous hot days that are coming up, The Nation Municipality is getting ready for a potential drought and would like to remind its residents that the water coming from the municipal well in Limoges is extremely limited. Therefore, the water must be used with good judgment at all times, especially during a drought, in order to make sure that the municipality does not run out of water. The Municipal Law Enforcement Officers will be keeping an eye open during the next few days to reinforce the Water Usage By-Law 63-2002. Any person who does not comply with the law will be fined.
The Water Usage By-Law 63-2002 stipulates that The Nation Municipality prohibits the use of water from municipal water works for the purpose of watering the lawns, gardens, flowers, hedges or any other vegetation outside any building between June 1st and September 30th of any year. The following exceptions apply: persons living at odd numbered buildings are permitted to water on odd numbered days of the month between 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. Persons living at even numbered buildings are permitted to water on even numbered days of the month between 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. and persons watering manually are permitted to water at any time.
According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, 65% of indoor home water use occurs in the bathroom and the biggest peaks of water usage occur in the summer, when the municipal treated water is sprayed onto lawns. We ask the population to be reasonable and to find ways of reducing their water consumption in anticipation of a drought. Residents can, for example, take quicker showers or avoid washing their cars with water from municipal water works.
For more information: | <urn:uuid:39540ecf-f48a-4ec1-85ee-36893723e82c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://nationmun.ca/en/press-release-municipal-water-usage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589710.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717105812-20180717125812-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.953945 | 368 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The COVID-19 pandemic has completely upended life as we know it. Adults and children alike are adjusting to things like face masks, social distancing, sanitation procedures, and of course, the dramatic shift to homeschooling and working from home.
If you’re a homeschooling-work-from-home-parent — a HWFHP, so to speak — there are going to be times when you feel stressed out, overly anxious, and just plain exhausted. Here are a few simple, tactics to help both you and your children cope with the stresses and strains as you manage your mental health together throughout the ongoing crisis.
Listen to Each Other
One of the first steps in managing stress is understanding that the stress itself is a normal part of life. As you go about your daily activities, things will naturally create stress at times — and that’s okay. The problems begin to arise when you treat stress as a bad thing that must be completely eliminated.
You can’t control and eliminate stress in that way. Instead, the goal should be to understand and manage the stress in your life.
You can start this process by both talking to your peers about your stress and with your child about their stresses. Use active listening, even if you’re talking to yourself, in order to constructively learn about what it is that stresses your family out.
As you do this, try to label your feelings. Encourage your children to give words to their feelings as well. Also try to identify triggers that set off your stress and look for ways to better organize your life, such as decluttering your spaces, delegating tasks, and keeping to-do lists.
The concept of slowing down may sound impossible when you’re juggling so many things at once. Nevertheless, it’s important for you to learn to slow down at times. It’s the same concept as a child being asked to quietly play alone for a while in order to calm down and reset their minds and attitudes.
Whenever an opportunity arises, even if it’s just for ten or fifteen minutes, try to squeeze in times to slow down a bit. You can use these times to:
- Meditate and pray.
- Listen to music.
- Practice deep breathing exercises.
- Read through a muscle relaxation script.
Regardless of the specific activity, trying to purposefully slow down on a regular basis is an excellent way to reclaim some sanity amidst the chaos.
Unplug from Online Activity
Another excellent tactic for children is to unplug. Too much time in front of a screen is a classic recipe for a tantrum — in adults as much as with kids. With that in mind, try to find activities that you and your family can indulge in without using the internet, such as:
- Reading a book.
- Learning an instrument together.
- Painting, sculpting, coloring, or creating some other form of artwork.
- Playing a card game or board game.
- Recording a fun video on your phone — just make sure it’s in airplane mode!
By purposefully turning off and disconnecting from the online world, you’re providing your brain with a chance to slow down, think, and enjoy being in the present.
Get Some Exercise
Exercise isn’t just good for your physical health. It also has a variety of science-backed benefits for your mind, such as decreasing stress, enhancing creativity, increasing your satisfaction with life, and improving your overall mental health.
It doesn’t matter if you’re going for a jog every morning, slipping in a walk before dinner, doing fifty pushups after work, playing with the kids every afternoon, or anything else. Getting some kind of exercise on a regular basis is very good for managing stress.
Help Others and Ask for Help
Finally, remember the power of including others in your life. This is especially true during a pandemic when social distancing has created a natural sense of being apart.
While it’s still important to follow social distancing protocols, that shouldn’t stop you from reaching out via a video chat, a parking lot meetup, or any other appropriate form of interaction in order to see other people.
Spending time with others isn’t just fun, it’s actually a form of self-care. It allows you to decompress, ask for help, offer help to others, and even get in a good laugh or a much-needed cry with those that you trust.
Staying Calm, Cool, and Collected During COVID-19
Remember, there’s nothing wrong with stress. It’s a normal part of life. However, the way that you choose to respond to the natural stress present in your everyday life can make a big difference in how you feel on a daily basis.
Coping mechanisms like slowing down, communicating, labeling stress triggers for your family, getting exercise, and unplugging can allow everyone, young and old, to better manage the stress. They can help you avoid those dreaded feelings of overwhelm and provide encouragement and energy as you tackle the challenges that each day brings to the table. | <urn:uuid:e6068082-d92b-41c7-a947-c49650166948> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://takeitpersonelly.com/2020/11/15/success-tactics-for-children-that-adults-can-utilize-during-covid-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300997.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118182855-20220118212855-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.945913 | 1,076 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Thomas of Celano (chāläˈnō) [key], fl. 13th cent., Italian Franciscan friar. One of the first companions of St. Francis, he wrote the two principal lives of St. Francis, one for Gregory IX and the other for the minister general of the order. He was an early Franciscan missionary to Germany. He probably composed the sequence Dies irae and its celebrated plainsong.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:76934b7a-a065-4224-b737-e0d7ef1c269f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/thomas-celano.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982964275.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200924-00037-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922634 | 113 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 51.djvu/395
speare's death, and the portrait is only on fanciful grounds identified with the poet. A chalk drawing by Joseph Michael Wright [q. v.], obviously inspired by the Soest portrait, is the property of Sir Arthur Hodgson of Clopton House, and is on loan at the Memorial Gallery, Stratford.
A portrait inscribed ‘ætatis suæ 47, 1611,’ belonging to Clement Kingston of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, was engraved in mezzotint by G. F. Storm in 1846.
A miniature by Hilliard, at one time in the possession of William Somerville [q. v.] the poet, and now the property of Sir Stafford Northcote, bart., was engraved by Agar for vol. ii. of the ‘Variorum Shakespeare’ of 1821, and in Wivell's ‘Inquiry,’ 1827. Another miniature (called the ‘Auriol’ portrait), of doubtful authenticity, formerly belonged to Mr. Lumsden Propert, and a third is at Warwick Castle.
A bust, said to be of Shakespeare, was discovered in 1845 bricked up in a wall in Spode & Copeland's china warehouse in The Garrick Club bust. Lincoln's Inn Fields. The warehouse had been erected on the site of the Duke's Theatre, which was built by D'Avenant in 1660. The bust, which was believed to have adorned the proscenium of the Duke's Theatre, was acquired by William Clift [q. v.], from whom it passed to his son-in-law, Richard (afterwards Sir Richard) Owen. The latter sold it to the Duke of Devonshire, who presented it in 1851 to the Garrick Club, after having two copies made.
The Kesselstadt death-mask was discovered by Dr. Ludwig Becker in a rag-shop at Mayence in 1849. The features resemble those of an Alleged death-mask. alleged portrait of Shakespeare (dated 1637) which Dr. Becker purchased in 1847. This picture had long been in the possession of the family of Count Francis von Kesselstadt of Mayence, who died in 1843. Dr. Becker brought the mask and the picture to England in 1849, and Richard Owen supported the theory that the mask was taken from Shakespeare's face after death, and was the foundation of the bust in Stratford church. The mask is now the property of Dr. Ernest Becker (the discoverer's brother), and is at the ducal palace, Darmstadt. The features are singularly attractive; but the chain of evidence which would identify them with Shakespeare is incomplete.
In 1885 Mr. Walter Rogers Furness issued, at Philadelphia, a volume of composite portraits, combining the Droeshout engraving and the Stratford bust with the Chandos, Jansen, Felton, and Stratford portraits (James Boaden, Inquiry into various Pictures and Prints of Shakespeare, 1824; Abraham Wivell, Inquiry into Shakespeare's Portraits, 1827, with engravings by B. and W. Holl; George Scharf, Principal Portraits of Shakespeare, 1864; J. Hain Friswell, Life-portraits of Shakespeare, 1864; William Page, Study of Shakespeare's Portraits, 1876; Ingleby, Man and Book, 1877, pp. 84 seq.; J. Parker Norris, Portraits of Shakespeare, Philadelphia, 1885, with numerous plates; Illustrated Cat. of Portraits in Shakespeare's Memorial at Stratford, 1896).
A monument, the expenses of which were defrayed by public subscription, was set up in the Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey in 1741. Later memorials. Pope and the Earl of Burlington were among the promoters. The design was by William Kent [q. v.], and the statue of Shakespeare was executed by Peter Scheemakers [q. v.] (cf. Gent. Mag. 1741, p. 105). Another statue was executed by Roubiliac for Garrick, who bequeathed it to the British Museum in 1779. A third statue is in Leicester Square, London; a fourth (by Mr. J. A. Q. Ward) was placed in 1882 in the Central Park, New York; a fifth, by M. Paul Fournier, was erected in Paris in 1888, at the expense of an English resident, Mr. W. Knighton; it stands at the point where the Avenue de Messine meets the boulevard Haussmann.
At Stratford, the Birthplace, which was acquired by the public in 1846 and converted into a museum, is, with Anne Hathaway's cottage (acquired by the Birthplace trustees in 1892), a place of pilgrimage for tourists from all parts of the globe. The 27,038 persons who visited it in 1896 represented over forty nationalities. The site of the demolished New Place, with the gardens, was also purchased by public subscription in 1861. Of a new memorial building on the river-bank at Stratford, consisting of a theatre, picture-gallery, and library, the foundation-stone was laid on 23 April 1877. The theatre was opened exactly two years later, when ‘Much Ado about Nothing’ was performed, with Helen Faucit (Lady Martin) as Beatrice and Barry Sullivan as Benedick. Performances of Shakespeare's plays have since been given annually during April. The library and picture-gallery were opened in 1881 (A History of the Shakespeare Memorial, Stratford-on-Avon, 1882; Illustrated Cat. of Pictures in the Shakespeare Memorial, 1896). A memorial Shakespeare library was opened at Birmingham on 23 April 1868 to commemorate the tercentenary of 1864, and, although destroyed by fire in 1879, was | <urn:uuid:fb5cab9e-c266-43a9-abfb-2e5c5feb965c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_National_Biography_volume_51.djvu/395 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710299158/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131819-00090-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959794 | 1,238 | 2.6875 | 3 |
To many, Australia is known as home to some of the world’s most dangerous animals. On land, at sea, or in the air, there is always something to be found that can make life miserable. From snakes and spiders to cone snails and crocodiles, it certainly won’t be due to a lack of choice. And if all that is not enough, we can now add trees to the list. Indeed, there are stinging trees there too.
If you are traveling in the northeast of Australia, it is best to watch out for nettle trees. In the language of the local indigenous people, they are known as gympie-gympie. In Latin, the name sounds less cheerful, dendrocnide. Because there is no reason to be happy when you come into contact with this plant. A fraction of a second is enough to feel pain for hours and sometimes days or weeks. Some even describe it as the worst pain they have ever experienced.
If you are stung by this member of the nettle family, say on your hand, it would feel like it is on fire and being electrocuted at the same time. This fiery start then gives way to a feeling that makes you think that the body part in question has become stuck between a slammed car door.
And as if that were not enough and you finally think you have got rid of it, a final phase called allodynia finally occurs. During this period, taking a shower or just scratching may be enough to make the pain flare up again.
Scientists have now found out why the plant is capable of doing this. The gympie-gympie is covered with hollow needle-like hairs, better known as trichomes. Just like the stinging nettles we know, these hairs contain harmful substances.
It was previously thought that the moroidine molecule, one of those substances, caused the pain. However, further testing in human volunteers did not result in the painful symptoms observed when stung by the plant.
But now scientists have found the real culprit. A mini-protein they have called ‘gympietide’. Even if this toxin was replicated in the laboratory, it could still cause the same pain reaction. This type of protein appears to have a complicated three-dimensional structure, supported by a network of connections. This makes it very stable.
This is not good news for the victim, because it means that it will probably remain intact in the human body for a long time. And that also means that you have to stay on your guard at all times. After all, there are anecdotes in which people were stabbed by 100-year-old samples stored in a herbarium.
Remarkably, the Australian researchers saw that the shape of the gympietids resembled that of the proteins from the venom of certain spiders, cone snails, and scorpions. These types of proteins are known to affect ion channels in nerve cells. They ensure that those channels cannot close properly anymore, making it difficult for the cell to stop the pain signal.
How the gympietids influence ion channels and nerve cells are currently under investigation. Hopefully, this new research will provide treatment therapies that doctors can use to control pain. | <urn:uuid:1e1eb86c-aed2-4b1f-b2a4-2443d70f32ce> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://afrinik.com/australia-the-country-where-even-the-trees-are-targeting-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058450.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927120736-20210927150736-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.975397 | 668 | 3.015625 | 3 |
|Transmitter Building & Downleads
World's strongest transmitter reaches ships anywhere at sea. When Marconi tapped out the world's first wireless message 58 years ago, the weakly transmitted signal carried only to the other side of his garden. Last week, dedicating the most powerful transmitter in the world, The US Navy broadcast a test message which circled the globe. Within minutes acknowledging answers flashed back from a battleship off Japan, a carrier in the western Pacific, and a submarine far off in the Atlantic
The giant transmitter, located 5 miles from Seattle in the Jim Creek valley of Washington's Cascade mountains, is a $14 million wonder which took six years to complete and changed the face of the surrounding wilderness. There, in an area still inhabited by cougar and bear, engineers cleared 2000 acres of heavily wooded slopes, built 12 miles of access roads, and erected permanent housing for 48 Navy men and their families.
The massive electronic equipment, designed and built by RCA, uses as much power as a city of 25,000 population. Its output - 1.2 million watts - makes it 22 times more powerful than any commercial radio station in the U.S.
|Copper-walled room, one of two housings for antenna load
coils, is photographed before its completion as sailors take survey
|Slashed slopes of Wheeler Mountain, from which thousands of
tall Douglas firs were cleared, drop more than 3000 feet from antenna
towers. Carved out along the mountain side are access roads (middle).
Buried beneath valley floor are 220 miles of copper ground wire.
||Transmitter building, photographed from a 200-foot tower
high on the mountain, stands on valley floor beside new channel of
diverted Jim Creek.
|First message, dictated by Admiral Robert Carney, is sent in code by
RCA's David Sarnoff.
|From tall towers topping twin ridges, cables
stretch more than 5000 feet from crest to crest to form an immense
In valley is transmitter building (center) and new community (bottom).
Most Powerful Transmitter Procured by Bureau of Ships
After a little more than seven years of planning, design, and construction, the Bureau of Ships has completed its assignment from the Chief of Naval Operations to procure a high-power, low-frequency radio transmitter and to select a site from which such a radio "voice" could transmit messages instantaneously to all naval operating units located throughout the world.
On 18 November 1953 a 1,000,000-watt transmitter, located at Jim Creek Valley in the Cascade Mountains of Washington, 55 miles northeast of Seattle and 20 miles inland from Puget Sound, went into operation. It is the most powerful transmitter in the world, having an output more than twice that of any existing military transmitter and 20 times greater than any United States commercial radio station.
Operating on a very low frequency, close to the border line where radio signals begin, the Jim Creek transmitter can flash radio signals to Navy forces or establishments operating in any of seven seas. Signals will penetrate to submarines cruising below the surface.
Five of the twelve 200-foot steel towers supporting the giant antenna network of the Jim Creek
Transmitting Station are viewed through the framework of another tower. Six towers were erected on Wheeler Mountain and six on
Blue Mountain, with ten spans of antenna strung between them across the valley.
||Set in a valley between two 3000-foot mountains, the windowless transmitter building is a functional concrete construction several stories in height.
Two towers on either side of the building lead the antenna into two integral
helix rooms where huge coils load it.
||A view of the pump room, located on the ground floor of the transmitter
building, shows the pumps that circulate the distilled water used in the cooling
||CDR G. W. Warren, officer in charge of the Naval Radio Station at Jim Creek,
looks on as an electronics technician operates the code perforator machine. To right, a radioman receives teletype tape from another machine.
Puget Sound Area Chosen
This transmitter also insures reliable arctic communication despite frequent magnetic storms and ionospheric disturbances. The combination of high power and very low frequency means that the transmitter's broadcast is far less affected by interference, jamming, and irregular wave propagation than the normally employed high frequencies. It will also overcome the handicap of those ships, particularly submarines and smaller surface craft, which do not have sufficient receiving antenna systems. Now, any naval force operating independently or submarines on war patrol can receive combat orders and information promptly.
Planning for this facility began at the close of World War II when it was recognized that the Naval Communications System was inadequate to support the missions of world-wide naval operating forces. In March, 1946, CNO advised the Bureau of Ships of the need for modern high-power, very-low-frequency facilities which could particularly serve the far western and northern Pacific Ocean areas. In July of that year CNO further requested the Bureau to investigate the Puget Sound area as a possible location for such a facility. At the same time the Bureau was also directed by CNO to design and procure a one-million watt transmitter for this facility.
One month later the Bureau initiated extensive field exploration surveys to find a site in the Puget Sound area which would fulfill the basic engineering requirements. These requirements included the use of a mountain-span catenary-type antenna to be strung between two peaks approximately equal in height and with the intervening valley floor at least 2,000 feet lower than the peaks.
Large Power Supply Necessary
Another factor which had to be considered was the availability of a main power supply of great capacity. It was also necessary to find a location that would not only lend itself to satisfactory logistical support but provide the most security in the event of hostilities. Another requirement was that the ground conductivity of the area be nearly ideal, which was a necessity for the ground net required for a system of this type.
After complete electronic tests had been accomplished, the site at Jim Creek was finally selected as offering the best location from both the technical and logistic viewpoints. In July, 1947, CNO concurred with the Bureau's recommendation of this site and requested the Bureau of Ships and Bureau of Yards and Docks to expedite this important project.
In the spring of 1949 construction of the station was begun on the site, a mountainous canyon area encompassing 725 acres. Nearly a year was spent in cutting thousands of Douglas firs from the valley slopes. An important reason for this, aside from eliminating the possibility of forest fires, was to improve transmitter efficiency since trees tend to absorb large quantities of the energy radiated by the antenna.
Transmitting Equipment Installed
The transmitter building, a functional concrete building without windows and several stories in height, was then constructed. Its foundation extends 35 feet below the surface, and it is stabilized against earthquakes. The building is copper sheath-lined throughout to shield it against the intense electro-magnetic field.
Installation of the transmitting equipment and the antenna system was completed in the summer of 1953. The giant antenna network, in effect, forms a "roof" over Jim Creek Valley supported by twelve 200-foot towers located on the crests of twin mountains. Six towers were erected on 3,200-foot Wheeler Mountain and six on 3,000-foot Blue Mountain. Ten spans of antenna were strung between them across the valley to form a zigzag pattern.
The lengths of the catenary cables range from 5,640 to 8,800 feet. From the midpoint of each catenary or span, other cables lead straight down to the towers of the busing system. The 145-foot bus towers located along the mountain side tie the giant transmitter to its antenna. On the valley floor are other towers which support the down leads and counterweights which keep the down leads in tension. There are a total of 23 towers in addition to the 12 main antenna towers.
Two Thousand Kilowatts Required
The antenna spans are designed as standing rigging to withstand 1/2-inch radial ice in a 65-mile-per-hour gale. To allow for the ice and wind conditions expected in the area, the spans are permitted to sag as much as 1,063 feet at their center point.
Both the transmitter and the antenna system are divided into two independent and isolated halves, each made up of five catenaries. This arrangement makes possible the operation of one half of the transmitter and one half of the antenna in the event that the other half of the antenna should for any reason be out of service. Under normal circumstances, however, both halves of the transmitter and antenna are operated, in which case the antenna system is subjected to a potential of 200,000 volts.
Two thousand kilowatts are required to power the transmitter and other facilities. Primary source of power is the transmission line from Bonneville Dam. A separate substation within the reservation transforms the incoming high voltage to 4,160 volts, three-phase, and lower voltages for use by the transmitter and other station use. A projected Diesel-electric plant will provide emergency power.
Engineering Achievements Listed
Among the engineering achievements in the design of the transmitting equipment are the following:
(a) A conservatively rated 1,000,000-watt output from four superpower electron tubes designed specifically for this type of service. This represents a fourfold advance from older equipments which use eight tubes to develop 500 kw.
(b) Microsecond fault protection developed specifically for this Navy equipment. This electronic device relieves overload faults in the superpower amplifier tubes in the fantastically short time of a few millionths of a second and prevents the buildup of currents that could damage the tubes.
(c) Elimination of tuning controls in all low-power stages through the penultimate amplifier. Tuning adjustments are confined to remote pushbutton control of the antenna and power amplifier tuning.
(d) Simplification of command and control functions such as the main bus controls on the operator's supervisory console which tell at a glance (by means of lighted lamps) which units are in use and which are in an idle or a test state.
(e) Development of a variable frequency oscillator having a frequency stability of 0.001 percent. Advanced development based on experience with binary computer circuitry resulted in an extremely stable frequency source which may be set to any frequency in the 14.5 to 35 kilocycle band.
Flexible Controls Arrangement
The transmitter itself is contained within an enclosure 80 feet wide and 50 feet deep. The transmitter is actually a dual 500-kw transmitter arranged in the shape
of the letter U. Between the wings of the U is the supervisory control console including the operator's desk. On each side are the main rectifiers followed by the exciters and 500-kw. power amplifiers.
For full power operation both power amplifiers are driven by either exciter. Either
frequency generator-monitor may be used to furnish keyed signals to the
exciter in use. The main rectifiers have sufficient capacity for either unit to supply plate power to both power amplifiers. The idle units are thus in a reserve status and available for maintenance and tuning. When desired, either power amplifier of the transmitter may be operated with either exciter to provide an output of 500 kw. The idle amplifier can then be simultaneously operated with its test load up to 500 kw.
The central supervisory console contains the extension controls and instruments for tuning the amplifier and antenna circuits. Both frequency generator-monitor units are grouped with the supervisory console to provide a central operating position from which the more important instruments may observed. This assembly also includes the CW (continuous wave) and FSK (frequency shift-keying) teleprinter tone-keying equipment. The master control panel contains meters for the switch gear, water temperature and flow, pressure pumps, and other auxiliary equipment.
All side units of the transmitter are enclosed by a continuous steel unit in two-tone cobalt blue enamel. Each rectifier, exciter, and power amplifier is compartmentalized for RF shielding by aluminum panels attached to structural aluminum running behind the front enclosure. An elaborate safety system for operating personnel is provided. Aluminum interconnection wiring ducts and catwalks are mounted on top of the shielding structure just behind the upper section of the front enclosure.
The transmitter is situated on the second floor of the transmitter building. Power transformers, switchgear, pumps, distilled-water tanks, heat exchangers, shops, and telephone-cable terminals are located directly below on the ground floor. At the rear of the transmitter and machinery spaces are two integral helix houses, each 75 feet square and 60 feet high, housing the loading inductances and variometers used to tune the antenna circuits.
The megawatt transmitter has been designed around a special 500-kw. high-vacuum triode. Each of the two power amplifiers employs two in the push-pull circuit with the third available as a spare. The tubes are cylindrical with disk electrode connections. They are about 10 inches in diameter and 38 3/4 inches in length and weigh 135 pounds.
Amplifiers Deliver One Megawatt
The anode, grid supports, and cathode beam former are water cooled. The six-volt filament structure of thoriated tungsten will require approximately 13 kw. heating power. Each tube requires about 500 watts grid drive for 285 kw output at 80 percent plate efficiency. Plate voltage is 11.5 kv. The four operating tubes in both power amplifiers will deliver 1,000 kilowatts to the antenna system.
The transmitter begins with a crystal variable oscillator which is monitored and automatically
controlled by crystal-controlled circuits. It is capable of either on-
off keying or frequency-shift keying. The oscillator output is approximately one watt. By coaxial cable either of two such oscillators may excite either of the exciters that follow. Only one oscillator is in use at a given time.
The power amplifiers are push-pull circuits, with mica tank capacitors, Litzendraht-cable variometer tank inductances, and inductive antenna couplers. Normally the left power amplifier will drive the left half of the antenna and the right side similarly will drive the right. Provision is made, however, so that either power amplifier may be connected to either half of the antenna or to its own water-cooled dummy load for test purposes.
The intense electromagnetic field around the transmitter necessitates an elaborate grounding
system for the entire structure, including a ground screen around the building. More than 200 miles
of copper wires, cables, and screens are buried in an intricate pattern across the valley floor to provide
|1995 Facility report - BRAC||Equipment
See article here
|Antenna system model
|Mobile winch ("goat")
|Contractors work on the insulator of one of the 35 antenna towers located at Jim Creek Naval Radio Station. The antenna towers are 200ft tall and are atop the moutaninsides where the top elevation is near 3,000ft.|
|Antenna and cable inspection | <urn:uuid:849068ec-794a-4b02-b212-e1ab78cba170> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.navy-radio.com/commsta/jimcreek.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042991019.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002311-00034-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94233 | 3,140 | 2.640625 | 3 |
With BMW's i3, the carmaker shifts the EV market with composites
With BMW's i3, the carmaker shifts the EV market with composites
Fuel economy is greatly affected by an automobile's weight. Nevertheless, for years our automobiles got heavier. In the U.S., the average curb weight of a passenger vehicle climbed 26 percent from 1980 to 2006. Advances in powertrain technology have not led to drastically higher mile per gallon ratings because of this increased weight, among other factors.
However, the recent release of the BMW i3 signals the beginning of a shift toward lightweighting that will help to drive the efficiency and competitiveness of electric vehicles. BMW is using carbon fiber-reinforced plastic on its new electric i3 to shave off up to 770 pounds from the autobody compared to using traditional materials, without significant price increase. The result is a four-passenger car that can go 100 miles on a charge with a sticker price of just over $40,000.
It's no coincidence that BMW's development of its first production electric vehicle coincided with a dramatic investment in a new design paradigm based on carbon fiber composites.
BMW's blank slate
BMW knew it couldn't just slap batteries and motors into an existing model. The i3's battery pack weighs in at more than 1,000 pounds, so body weight reduction was critical to offsetting the batteries' weight. To achieve a range approaching 100 miles (an influential number generally viewed as the acceptable minimum for electric vehicles) on one of its existing vehicles, it would have needed a very large battery pack to move around that heavy steel.
This would have further increased mass, in turn requiring more heavy batteries, and so on, a vicious (and expensive) cycle given that just a 10 percent increase in battery capacity (the equivalent of increasing the i3's range by about 10 miles) would add about 100 pounds of mass and $1,200 of cost to the vehicle. Plus, every mile driven in a more massive electric vehicle requires more energy, making its equivalent miles per gallon rating worse and its operating cost higher.
To achieve a level of weight reduction that could begin to effectively offset all that electric powertrain mass, BMW designers knew they would need to rethink the vehicle's design from the ground up. They would need to change the body's shape to better integrate the new electric drivetrain and motors, and they would need materials that could offer the same structural integrity with less weight. Despite carbon fiber composites' higher cost per pound as compared to steel, every pound saved by virtue of the new materials' structural advantage was a pound the battery pack would not have to move around. The business case for making a dramatic investment in an all-new material, with its own unique structural characteristics, manufacturing processes, production facilities and supply chain suddenly made sense.
BMW spent about 10 years doing exactly that, forging partnerships with new industries, vertically integrating a global supply chain, building new manufacturing facilities and incorporating carbon fiber composite parts on its existing vehicles to get its feet wet. Currently BMW is able to produce an i3 body about every 20 hours, allowing it to kick out a shade over 400 vehicles per year, not many by auto industry standards, but an important start. And at a selling price in the low $40,000s, the i3 will be out of reach for mainstream consumers, who have a price break point (PDF) of $30,000 (although federal and state incentives may help to knock the i3 sticker price down closer to an acceptable number for some consumers in the right markets).
RMI scaling up autocomposites
Like BMW, Rocky Mountain Institute recognizes the transformative potential of carbon fiber composite. If adopted by the automotive industry at scale, total global demand for carbon fiber very quickly would skyrocket, and needed investments in disruptive technology to make the material cheaper would come pouring in from material companies eager to gain a foothold in their largest potential growth market.
Whole vehicles such as the i3 then would become much more cost effective and the way would be paved for a world filled with affordable, carbon fiber-intensive vehicles 50 percent lighter than today's vehicles, powered by electrified powertrains, needing no oil and emitting no greenhouse gases. The faster we can scale this new material industry, the faster that vision will become reality.
That's why RMI launched its Autocomposites project in a workshop last November. The workshop hosted 45 key decision makers from across the automotive and carbon fiber composite industries, all trained on the goal of identifying the most promising near-term applications for carbon fiber composite in existing vehicles. One carbon fiber composite part incorporated on just one vehicle would double automotive demand, very quickly creating the scale and growth needed to kickstart investment, reduce cost, spur competition and seed innovation.
While many parts offered significant user value that could offset the higher material cost, among the most promising applications identified by workshop participants was the door inner, the internal structure and framing of the door that absorbs impact energy in the event of a crash. Largely because of this safety component, the door inner rose to the top of the crop in terms of potential value, because carbon fiber composite absorbs up to six times more crash energy per pound than steel and customers are willing to pay a premium for safety. Because carbon fiber is stiffer than steel, structural members can be made narrower while providing the same structural integrity. The window frame thus could become thinner, providing more visibility and further enhancing a carbon fiber composite door inner's value proposition. In the end, the large material cost premium associated with introducing carbon fiber on the door inner was estimated to be more than offset by user value according to initial cost modeling and value quantification performed at the workshop.
Since the November workshop, RMI and its automotive industry counterpart, Munro & Associates, have launched the Autocomposites Commercialization Launchpad (ACL), a league of the most capable carbon fiber composite and automotive manufacturers in the industry. The door inner is the ACL's first commercialization project, and eight major companies have signed on to move forward with design, production and testing. The ACL is aiming to produce 50,000 units per year or greater -- a production volume never before achieved with carbon fiber composite in any industry -- for a mainstream vehicle by 2018. The ACL will be capable of launching parallel commercialization projects to further accelerate learning and scale this new industry.
Whether starting with whole carbon fiber composite vehicles at low volume or individual parts at high volume, the goal is the same: very quickly scaling a new material industry to pave the way to a transformed transportation system built on the unparalleled lightweighting potential of widely adopted carbon fiber composite.
This article originally appeared at the Rocky Mountain Institute Outlet blog. | <urn:uuid:9edc3bc3-1bb6-4946-8c6c-6c6ef8a59fe6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/09/09/bmws-i3-carmaker-shifts-ev-market-composites | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218195419.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212955-00183-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940907 | 1,371 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Everyone of our lives is full of collaboration both personally and professionally. We could never go a day without discussions and various forms of compromise with those around us.How and why is this life skill communicated on an Early Childhood level?
When a child is in the "mine"
stage how is even the thought of working together towards a shared goal even possible? Each one of us is made up of strengths and weaknesses. The realization of those leads us to crave collaboration.
When the clay was first introduced some friends only noticed the way the clay colored the base of the pool , while others realized that they could tear pieces off and form them into shapes. Verbally pointing out the individual childs "techniques" piques other childrens interest and then "scaffolding" begins.
When these objective observations are voiced peer learning happens and stronger bonds are formed between friends. | <urn:uuid:1acec9da-ab53-4567-8dfa-1c3ab6b02d1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.ganmalibu.com/templates/blog/post_cdo/AID/1598142/PostID/30563/p/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739177.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814040920-20200814070920-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.968325 | 176 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The sound of crackling gunfire mingled with protesters' chants in the morning air of Mozambique's capital city, Maputo. A few blocks away on Avenida Julius Nyerere, police fired live rounds at crowds demonstrating against recent hikes in food and fuel prices. "The country is sick," said a smart and sombre office security guard.
The riots in Maputo made headlines throughout the world. But the security guard's assessment of the disturbances could be applied to a more general and largely unreported malaise affecting much of Mozambique. Despite being widely regarded in the development world as a success story, its health system is now crumbling in many areas, as a result of decades of neglect and underinvestment in staff, medicines, medical technologies and facilities.
As a result, access to even the most basic healthcare is beyond the reach of the majority of Mozambicans. Life expectancies have plunged in recent years, and nearly one in every seven children die before their fifth birthday.
A major reason for the population's poor health profile is the chronic shortage of frontline healthcare personnel. For every doctor in the country, there is an average of 40,000 patients – and, in remote rural areas, this number soars, as health professionals are concentrated in the cities.
According to Dr El Hadi Benzerroug, Mozambican representative of the World Health Organisation in Maputo, "One of the pillars of the health system is of course its health staff." He says the doctor-patient ratio in Mozambique is the fifth worst in the world.
In response to this human resources deficit, the Ministry of Health in Maputo has decided a cost-effective and innovative way of improving the population's overall health is to train and deploy thousands of auxiliary medical assistants, known locally as community health workers (CHWs).
CHWs have long existed throughout Mozambique and other parts of Africa. Mostly they have worked in an informal capacity alongside traditional, faith and complementary healers. But in the government's new plans, tasks normally performed by overburdened doctors and nurses will now be officially delegated to CHWs, who will be elected by their community to serve as a bridge between that community and health professionals. Their job is to help reduce mortality from preventable diseases like malaria, diarrhoea and tuberculosis.
In more serious cases, CHWs will act as gatekeepers to more specialised health services, whereby they refer patients to the district health authorities to seek assistance from more qualified health workers. In return, CHWs will receive a stipend.
The most optimistic Ministry of Health forecast sees the revamped CHW programme increasing the level of access to basic healthcare from its current baseline of 40% coverage of the population to 80%. But this aspiration has not been matched by the political will to implement the programme nationwide.
In practice, three years into ministry discussions of the programme, the situation for existing CHWs has not advanced. Nor have they produced the dramatic acceleration in improvements to the health system that had been hoped for.
Having grown disillusioned with broken government promises in delivering health services to the district, many CHWs feel abandoned by the authorities in Maputo. Fortunato Joaquin, 32, a government-trained CHW in the Homoine district of Inhambane province, 350km north-east of Maputo, says, "If we have to wait for the government to help patients, then people will die."
So in the absence of government assistance in tackling the district's health problems, CHWs in Homoine formed the Kulhaissa organisation to deliver vital care to their community members most in need. "We are from here, this is our place of origin," says Joaquin. "So one thing we asked ourselves is, 'Why can't we help each other?'"
During Mozambique's civil war, which commenced shortly after the country gained independence from Portugal in 1975, Renamo guerrillas attacked the country's infrastructure in an effort to destabilise the newly-elected Frelimo government. Renamo rebels kidnapped and killed health workers and destroyed medical facilities, equipment and supplies. Resourceful medical staff, however, would stash medicines in safe spots and hide during raids on health centres, returning at nightfall to treat the wounded.
The legacy of such resilience is evident to this day in the work of Kulhaissa, just one of hundreds of similar voluntary organisations that now dot the healthcare landscape across Mozambique. "We basically take care of each other," says Joaquin. "Although we won't be paid, still we save lives, and we're very proud of this. We are willing to help each other."
Joaquin picks up and fingers an official letter he received from the government. "This is to acknowledge our existence," he says. Beyond this, he claims the "government has done nothing to help". In the five years he's been working in Homoine, he has seen no real government involvement in the area. "What happens here," Joaquin insists, "is different from what they say in Maputo."
Co-ordinating NGO and government efforts
Malaria Consortium's headquarters in Maputo resemble those of any other modern office environment – except for the two brand-new Yamaha motocross bikes in the corridor. Kate Brownlow, country director of Malaria Consortium in Mozambique, explains: "The motorbikes are part of a project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to improve the community case management of childhood illnesses. They will be presented to the ministry in Inhambane province to help medical technicians carry out supervision and strengthen co-ordination and reporting to the district health facilities."
In the past, critics of international NGOs operating in Mozambique have claimed their work often undermined the government health system's broader goal of ensuring even national coverage of access to healthcare. Several NGOs, critics claimed, supported health interventions in favoured districts, and, with the lure of higher salaries, poached health staff from the ministry to work for their organisations. The resulting "brain drain", it was argued, left many government-funded health clinics understaffed, while the remaining health workers lacked motivation to continue their work.
In many ways, Malaria Consortium represents a new approach to NGO involvement in health delivery in Mozambique, assisting the ministry in an extensive programme intended to reduce the number of deaths from malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea – the biggest child killers in the country.
Nevertheless, Brownlow says, "The ministry still feels some NGOs are not working closely enough with itself or its provincial authorities, and are not reporting properly on activities and resources used. Considerable effort by various committed organisations has been put into improving this over the last three years, however."
Community health in action
Laurinda Alfeu, 29, was selected by her community leaders in 2006 to work as its CHW. In the mornings, she works in the health clinic, a basic structure made of coconut branches. Apart from a government poster on the wall stating Unidos na luta contra a pobreza ('united in the fight against poverty') the only other items in the clinic are a mat for patients to lie on, and a table for medication.
In the afternoons, Alfeu heads off on foot making home visits to patients unable to walk to her. On this occasion, she is at the house of a family she knows well. Alfeu does her best to spot symptoms of common diseases such as malaria. But, pointing her fingers at mosquitoes nesting in trees surrounding the family's house, she claims the best way to rid Homoine of malaria is to treat trees with the anti-mosquito insecticide. So far, the government has failed to spray the trees there.
Her role gives Alfeu a status she might otherwise not have. But, she says, the government's inadequate support frustrates her wish to help her ailing community members. "It is a big sacrifice. I now walk five kilometres to my next family. It would be nice if we could receive some support from the government."
David Ralph's assignment in Mozambique was hosted by Malaria Consortium | <urn:uuid:01b7638e-9204-4b0a-b65c-1f4b2ac308ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.theguardian.com/journalismcompetition/mozambique-healthcare-recruitment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119144618-20191119172618-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.96228 | 1,667 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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