text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 1.08k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yellow Fever Vaccine Information for Healthcare Providers
Yellow fever vaccine is a live-attenuated virus vaccine that has been available since the 1930s. No vaccine efficacy studies have been performed with yellow fever vaccine. However, the number of yellow fever disease cases was substantially reduced following the introduction of the vaccine supporting it being protective in humans.
Yellow Fever Vaccine Recommendations
Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for people who are aged 9 months or older who are traveling to or living in areas at risk for yellow fever virus transmission in South America and Africa. Yellow fever vaccine may be required for entry into certain countries. Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations for specific countries are available on the CDC Travelers’ Health page.
Serious adverse events can occur following yellow fever vaccination. Therefore, persons should only be vaccinated if they are at risk of exposure to yellow fever virus or require proof of vaccination for country entry.
To minimize the risk of serious adverse events, healthcare providers should carefully observe the contraindications and consider the precautions about vaccination prior to vaccine administration (see below). A medical waiver can be given for persons with a precaution about or contraindication to vaccination. More information about medical waivers is available on the CDC Travelers’ Health website.
For more information about the use of yellow fever vaccine in travelers or laboratory workers, see the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP) recommendations.
This vaccine is administered only at designated vaccination centers. Locations of centers are available from local health departments or at the CDC Travelers’ Health Yellow Fever website. For healthcare professionals who want to learn more about yellow fever disease and vaccine, a continuing education module is available.
Booster doses of the vaccine
In February 2015, the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) approved a new recommendation that a single dose of yellow fever vaccine provides long-lasting protection and is adequate for most travelers. The updated recommendations also identify specific groups of travelers who should receive additional doses and others for whom additional doses may be considered including:
- Woman who were pregnant when first vaccinated
- Persons who received a hematopoietic stem cell transplant following their last dose of yellow fever vaccine
- Persons who are HIV-infected
- Travelers who received yellow fever vaccine at least 10 years previously and who will be in a higher-risk setting based on season, location, activities, and duration of their travel
- Laboratory workers who routinely handle wild-type yellow fever virus
The official ACIP recommendations were published on June 19, 2015 (see Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP) recommendations. All current ACIP yellow fever vaccine recommendations can be found on the ACIP website.
Although ACIP no longer recommends booster doses of yellow fever vaccine for most travelers, clinicians and travelers should review the entry requirements for destination countries because changes to the International Health Regulations (IHR) have not yet been fully implemented. In 2014, the World Health Organization adopted the recommendation to remove the 10-year booster dose requirement from the IHR as of June 2016. Once this change is instituted, a completed International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis will be valid for the lifetime of the vaccine. Some countries have already adopted this change, which is noted under the yellow fever vaccine requirements on each country’s destination page . However, it is uncertain when and if all countries with yellow fever vaccination requirements will adopt this change.
- Allergy to a vaccine component
- Aged younger than 6 months
- Symptomatic HIV infection or CD4+ T-lymphocytes <200/mm3 (<15% of total in children aged <6 years)
- Thymus disorder associated with abnormal immune function
- Primary immunodeficiencies
- Malignant neoplasms
- Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies
- Age 6 to 8 months
- Age 60 years or older
- Asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4+ T-lymphocytes 200 to 499/mm3 (15-24% of total in children younger than 6 years old)
Reactions to Yellow Fever Vaccine
Reactions to yellow fever vaccine are generally mild and include headaches, myalgias, and low-grade pyrexia. There have been reports of rare but serious events following yellow fever vaccination. These events include anaphylaxis, yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD), and yellow fever vaccine-associated neurologic disease (YEL-AND). CDC can provide laboratory testing support for suspected YEL-AVD and YEL-AND cases.
Healthcare providers are encouraged to report all adverse events that might be caused by vaccination to the CDC/FDA Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS)External by one of the following methods: | <urn:uuid:f4931547-4432-49a1-95d0-bded6b625f3d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/healthcareproviders/vaccine-info.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489343.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219041222-20190219063222-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.9165 | 983 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Concussions and Chiropractic
In the U.S., there are a minimum of 300,000 sports-related concussions per year. If your child is in contact sports, there’s a risk of the contact ending in a concussion. In fact, research suggests that the number of documented cases of concussions among children is on the rise.
How is Chiropractic Treatment a Valid form of Concussion care?
As Chiropractors, we are often the first health care provider to care for patients who are suffering from a head injury, such as those incurred in sports or car accidents. Because of this, we have worked hard to become very proficient in the assessment and diagnosis of concussions. In our office, we use a specific assessment tool called the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2) and the associated APP to evaluate, assess concussions in athletes with the end goal of safely returning the athlete back to the sport.
The assessment tool is used to evaluate symptoms and physical signs. Some classic symptoms are indicators that the neurological symptoms are present:
o Blurred vision
o Increased confusion
o Dilated pupils
o Weakness in on arm/leg
o Worsening headache
Because a concussion is a brain injury caused by a direct blow to the head, neck or face, there’s a good chance that the blow also causes a misalignment of the cervical spine. This misalignment is much like whiplash in its stress and pressure it laces on the cervical spine.
Guidelines for concussion include no alcohol, aspirin, anti-inflammatory medications, and sleep agents should be taken. Use Tylenol for pain if necessary. Do not drive until you can return to the sport. And as your chiropractor I will care for your cervical spine and head pressure. In addition, if you need to be referred out to another health professional, I will let you know.
The physiologic benefits of upper cervical Chiropractic care are easily observed on MRI as shown the image below:
The image on the left shown the congestion associated with the inflammation that is present in the head in post-concussion syndrome. The inflammation is obviously pooled in the front of the brain. After the Chiropractic treatments you can see the obvious and dramatic change in the amount of inflammation in the brain.This physiological change of clearing the brain of inflammation is the key to healing and return to full function. And Chiropractic adjustments are at the helm of this clearing process.
Dr. J Scott Threde DC
If you are suffering from any of the above symptoms. Click the new patient exam icon for an assessment. | <urn:uuid:eab3706c-60ed-4b44-8341-e2f2298fedad> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.walnutcreekchiro.com/concussion-care | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813187.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221004620-20180221024620-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.934139 | 549 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- 1 What is a verb give 5 examples?
- 2 What is a verb example?
- 3 What is a list poem examples?
- 4 What are examples of poems?
- 5 What is a main verb and give examples?
- 6 What is verb and its types PDF?
- 7 What is a verb and its examples?
- 8 Is a Verb a doing word?
- 9 Is work a noun or a verb?
- 10 What is a simple list poem?
- 11 Can a poem be a list?
- 12 What is definition poem?
- 13 What is poetry and its example?
- 14 What are the 5 types of poetry?
- 15 How do you write a simple poem?
What is a verb give 5 examples?
Examples of Action Verbs in Sentences
- Anthony is throwing the football.
- She accepted the job offer.
- He thought about his stupid mistake in the test.
- John visited his friend for a while and then went home.
- The dog ran across the yard.
- She left in a hurry.
- She yelled when she hit her toe.
- The cat sat by the window.
What is a verb example?
Verbs have traditionally been defined as words that show action or state of being. Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) will signify that a word is a verb. For example, the suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify, characterize, irrigate, and sweeten.
What is a list poem examples?
A “list poem” gets its name from the fact that most of the poem is made up of a long list of things. Two famous list poems are “Bleezer’s Ice Cream” by Jack Prelutsky and “Sick” by Shel Silverstein. You will even find some of my list poems on poetry4kids.com, such as “My Lunch” and “That Explains It!”
What are examples of poems?
Examples of Poem in Literature
- Example #1: While you Decline to Cry (By Ō no Yasumaro) Haiku Poem.
- Example #2: The Song of Hiawatha (By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) Epic Poem.
- Example #3: After the Sea-Ship (By Walt Whitman) Free Verse Poem.
- Example #4: La Belle Dame sans Merci (By John Keats) Ballad.
What is a main verb and give examples?
The main verb is also called the lexical verb or the principal verb. This term refers to the important verb in the sentence, the one that typically shows the action or state of being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone, or they can be used with a helping verb, also called an auxiliary verb.
What is verb and its types PDF?
Verbs are words that express action or state of being. There are three types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs. Action Verbs. Action verbs are words that express action (give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession (have, own, etc.). Action verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.
What is a verb and its examples?
A verb is a word or a combination of words that indicates action or a state of being or condition. A verb is the part of a sentence that tells us what the subject performs. Verbs are the hearts of English sentences. Examples: Jacob walks in the morning.
Is a Verb a doing word?
A verb is a word used to describe an action, state or occurrence. Verbs can be used to describe an action, that’s doing something.
Is work a noun or a verb?
work (verb) work (noun) work (adjective) worked up (adjective)
What is a simple list poem?
A list poem features an inventory of people, places, things, or ideas organized in a special way. Often the title says what the list is about. It does not necessarily need to include rhythm or rhyme, but each word should be carefully chosen and memorable.
Can a poem be a list?
A list poem can be a list or inventory of items, people, places, or ideas. It often involves repetition. It can include rhyme or not. The list poem is usually not a random list.
What is definition poem?
English Language Learners Definition of poem
: a piece of writing that usually has figurative language and that is written in separate lines that often have a repeated rhythm and sometimes rhyme. See the full definition for poem in the English Language Learners Dictionary. poem. noun.
What is poetry and its example?
Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often employs rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing the number and arrangement of syllables in each line). For example, Anglo-Saxon poets had their own rhyme schemes and meters, while Greek poets and Arabic poets had others.
What are the 5 types of poetry?
From sonnets and epics to haikus and villanelles, learn more about 15 of literature’s most enduring types of poems.
- Blank verse. Blank verse is poetry written with a precise meter—almost always iambic pentameter—that does not rhyme.
- Rhymed poetry.
- Free verse.
- Narrative poetry.
- Pastoral poetry.
How do you write a simple poem?
Here’s how to write a poem using our fundamentals of poetry:
- Understand the benefits of writing poetry.
- Decide which type of poetry to write.
- Have proper poem structure.
- Include sharp imagery.
- Focus on sound in poetry.
- Define the poem’s meaning.
- Have a goal.
- Avoid clichés in your poems. | <urn:uuid:0eded897-a701-4cee-b391-345c7ba5c229> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.myriam-chansons.net/all-about-poems/often-asked-verb-poem-examples.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585183.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017210244-20211018000244-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.931322 | 1,277 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A joint US and UK research team has linked certain gene groups that regulate the body’s immune system responses to risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Scientists extracted RNA sequencing transcripts from the blood samples of 188 U.S. Marines before and after a military deployment. They found that some PTSD genes also play a large role in the innate immune system and interferon signaling. The innate immune system is the body’s primary protection against infection, and interferon signaling is analogous to an alarm system that goes off whenever a cell notices a pathogen.
Interestingly, the researchers identified these gene groups both before and after Marines had served in a conflict zone. For principal investigator Dr. Dewleen G. Baker, the big question then became: what sets off the interferon signaling before the development of PTSD?
“The answer could be any number of factors,” she conjectures, “ranging from a simple explanation of increased anticipatory stress prior to deployment or more complex scenarios where individuals may have a higher viral load. It’s a question for future studies.”
According to most estimates, 6.8 percent of the U.S. population gets PTSD at some point in their lives. Traumatic events trigger the condition, including military combat, disasters, accidents, violent situations and sexual assaults. Researchers hope their findings could encourage the development of a genetic testing process for PTSD.
Do you or someone you have PTSD? See if you qualify for the Segal Institute’s clinical research study on PTSD today. | <urn:uuid:ed1c31a2-32d0-4b33-bc25-53e5118d61c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.segaltrials.com/mental-illness-research/ptsd/what-does-ptsd-have-to-do-with-the-immune-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.927508 | 340 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Time is one of the most important measurements in navigation. Knowing the correct time, using a compass and sextant are all anyone really needs to travel around the world and never get lost. Longitude cannot be determined without knowing the proper time. Sailors have known this for hundreds of years, and in the 1700’s England offered large rewards to anyone who could invent an accurate watch for Naval use.
When we find our location on a chart, it is important to note the time, because this will allow us to determine things like speed, travel time, distance, etc.
The most important equation in navigation is:Velocity X Time = Distance (V x T = D)
If we know any two parts of this equation, then others can be calculated. Time is the easiest of these to figure, because all we have to do is look at our watch.
Questions: Click on the question to see the answer | <urn:uuid:f43a8fc8-d681-4abe-a6c5-a84cbfcca042> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.oneillseaodyssey.org/navigation/time/?height=762&width=753 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104293758.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704015700-20220704045700-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.955335 | 189 | 3.921875 | 4 |
This video tutorial helps you to know the notes to playIf you want to learn Happy Birthday on the piano more faster and for free just go to our piano app connect your keyboard to your device and learn at your own pace the app listens to how you play and. Play your fourth finger on your left hand twice the G note.
Use one of these to make a duet with your beginner piano student or even have two students play together.
How to play happy birthday on piano two hands. Then you can try playing with both hands which will make the song sound happier and overall better. If its a G Major chord then it will be a G Dominant 7 because the 7th note is F not F. Very easy Happy Birthday To You piano tutorial for beginners.
Just make sure the 7th note is still in the key of C. The Happy Birthday piano sheet music arrangement I feature just above uses a simple. Then quickly play your third finger down afterwards A note.
Follow the letter notes and learn the melody first. Happy birthday is a classic tune and one of the easiest tunes to play. Make sure both your thumbs 1s are on the middle C.
Learn how to play Happy Birthday To You on piano and keyboard. G G A G C B G G A G D C G G G E C B A F F E C D C. You will learn how to play the right hand par.
Free easy shared-hands version of Happy Birthday with lettered notes. Piano Tutorial for beginners. Name the notes C D E F G and play them on the piano using the right hand and using the.
The keyboard notes for happy birthday are. Click here to print the Happy Birthday Piano Sheet. Left Hand Notes Happy Birthday To You Easy Piano Tutorial.
Happy Birthday To You piano tutorial. To respect the beats of each note you can use the following vidéo tutorial of the Happy Birthday song to play them correctly. How To Play Happy Birthday Very Easy Piano Music 1.
HttpbitlyMarijanPianoSheets More Piano Tutorial. This one is a must-learn and you should totally introduce it to your repertoire. The easiest way to do this is to start adding 7ths to the chords.
Happy birthday Piano notes for Beginners. Also check happy birthday. Happy Birthday K HAP-PY BIRTH-DAY TO BIRTH-DAY TO YOU HAP – NAME BIRTH-DAY TO YOU HAP – py BIRTH-DAY DEAR YOU.
Put your hands on top of the notes. Watch the video and play these notes with your left hand while playing the melody with the right F C C F F B F C F. If you see two versions of the song it means that one is arranged for the melody played with both hands for pure beginners and the other one is with the melody on the right hand and the accompaniment on the left hand.
Place hands over the notes with both thumbs 1s on middle C. G G A G C B G G A G D C G G G E C B A F F E C D C. So if the first chord is a C Major youll make it a C Maj 7.
Easy melody and left hand part as well as chords. Free piano sheet for happy birthday keyboard notes can be obtained from the below piano song download image. Place both your thumbs right and left on middle C without playing a sound.
Locate middle C on the keyboard. Just click on both of them. You will learn how to play Happy Birthday To You.
To prepare ask the child to play and name the notes C D E F G with the right hand 1 2 3 4 5 both up and. F C Happy birthday to you C F Happy birthday to you F B. Learn how to play the song HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU on piano Sheet Music. | <urn:uuid:a16e3cb5-445d-44eb-831d-b68be8bd9d0f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://thienlong.info/how-to-play-happy-birthday-on-piano-two-hands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363215.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205160950-20211205190950-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.884479 | 792 | 2.8125 | 3 |
DOH Urges Flu Shots For At-Risk Residents
As the flu season descends on several U.S. states, the Health Department is warning New Yorkers that influenza is a deadly disease and urging all New Yorkers to get a flu shot. The Health Department announced today that flu shots are now available, free of charge, at all of its clinics. Vaccine is in good supply this year, and no shortages have been reported. More information on where to get a flu shot is available by calling 311.
Influenza and pneumonia constitute the third-leading cause of death in New York City, following heart disease and cancer, killing nearly 3,000 New Yorkers every year. While influenza is not life-threatening for everyone, it poses severe risks to the infirm, the very young, and the elderly. That's why it is so critical that these people and all those around them get vaccinated. During the 2005-2006 influenza season, only 59 percent of New Yorkers over age 65 got flu shots. And only 33 percent of health care workers, who often work with the sick and elderly, got the shot.
"Get a flu shot and save a life," said Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, Health Commissioner for New York City. "It may be your mom, dad, or grandma that you protect, or it could be you. Now is the time to protect yourself and those who may be more vulnerable to the influenza. Call your doctor or call 311 today, for information on the Health Department's immunization clinics."
Who should get a flu shot?
Everyone who wants to reduce the risk of influenza should get a shot this year. It is especially important that the following groups get flu shots, because they are at especially high risk of complications and death:
* Adults age 50 and over - especially those over 65;
* People with chronic medical conditions;
* Health care workers;
* Children from age 6 months up to 5 years; and
* Pregnant women.
Influenza has already been reported this season in California, Florida, Minnesota, Indiana and several other states. This influenza season, more than 25 million Americans will get sick. Of these, more than 200,000 - many of them young children and the elderly - will be hospitalized for influenza-related complications. And approximately 36,000 will die of complications from influenza.
Free flu shots are available at Health Department clinics in each borough. No appointment is necessary. Any New Yorker can call 311 for clinic locations, or use the flu locator online at https://a816-health 12ssl.nyc.gov/dohroot/prjFlp/.
New York City's Health and Hospitals Corporation is also offering free and low-cost flu shots at public hospitals throughout the city.
For information, visit www.nyc. gov/html/hhc/html/services/flushots. shtml. | <urn:uuid:20435490-4085-4e35-b3fa-e31e33ef06eb> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.rockawave.com/news/2007-10-26/Community/015.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453791682.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041631-00039-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949078 | 599 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Below are some examples of how geographic information system (GIS) modeling is used in international resource analyses. The JPG images are samples of the maps available. Refer to the Geospatial Toolkits for further information.
Map of Republic of the Philippines Wind Speed at 100m
Map of Republic of the Philippines Wind Power Density at 80m
Map of Flat Plate Tilted at Latitude Resource of China
Map of Haiti Annual Average Wind Speed at 80m
Map of Dominican Republic Annual Average Wind Speed at 80m
For Geographic Information System (GIS) resource data, access the Data Resources page.
For interactive maps and tools for viewing maps and data, access the Data Visualization and Tools page.
If you have difficulty accessing these maps because of a disability, please contact the Geospatial Data Science Team. | <urn:uuid:b90e808e-6b45-4edd-8c2f-eca7753a7d55> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.nrel.gov/gis/international.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124297.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00106-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.775503 | 169 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A Danish study has determined that using HEPA air filters in the home can improve the blood vessel function of older people. Anne Harding of Reuters reports:
While the couples were all non-smokers, the improvement seen in the study was "in the same ballpark" as would be seen after a person quits smoking, Dr. Steffen Loft of the Institute of Public Health in Copenhagen, the study's lead author, told Reuters Health.Yeah, you try explaining to your grandparents how to work an air filter. Put it to you this way, my grandparents VCR has been flashing 12:00 for over ten years now!
There is a wealth of data on how breathing minute particles carried in the air, known as particulate matter, can worsen heart and lung disease and even increase mortality rates, Loft and his team note in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
To better understand how particulate matter in indoor air affects health, the researchers used a battery of tests to assess microvascular function and inflammation in 21 couples 60 to 75 years old after breathing nonfiltered air, and then after breathing filtered air for 48 hours. | <urn:uuid:d44010fe-60f8-4ebe-a4e6-0cf396c5adcc> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.diseaseproof.com/archives/toxins-healthy-air-healthy-blood-vessels.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121478981.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174438-00020-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941701 | 234 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Physics is involved in our everyday lives, whether we like it or not. One of the things that we do on a daily basis is drive- there's lots of physics in driving! Ever think about why the gas/break petals push back up after you step on them? That's because when you push on the breaks, the break petal pushes back onto you. To get more in depth, Newton's 3rd law applies to driving because when you drive, the action force is pushing against the road and the reaction of the road is pushing against the tires. Also when a car hits a person (let's hope this doesn't happen), the person hits the car. To sum this all up, when you put energy and force into an object, energy and force comes back to you. | <urn:uuid:a203f995-bc22-4192-8a5f-214ebb1a897a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://aplusphysics.com/community/index.php?/blogs/entry/1712-the-physics-of-driving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662584398.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525085552-20220525115552-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.962239 | 161 | 2.5625 | 3 |
As has been repeatedly stated, money is the main fuel of politics. Without it political parties cannot function, elections cannot take place, and democracy – at least as we know it – cannot exist. It is for this reason, but not the only one, that most political systems in the world guarantee (at least some) political parties access to state resources either to finance their electoral campaigns or to keep their political organizations running, or both.
However, as happens with any other fuel, money in general and party funding in particular can become extremely explosive. Indeed, because money and political power tend to be positively correlated, parties can be tempted to misuse those state resources and/or fall into illegal financing. For that reason, from the second half of the 1950s onwards, most world democracies started to introduce a set of regulations trying to control the way in which political parties were to be financed. As a result, and with very few exceptions (e.g. Switzerland, Ukraine, Bolivia, Venezuela, etc.), most democratic countries in both Europe and Latin America currently contain a piece of legislation – be it a specific Party Finance Law or various sections/dispositions in the Party Law, the Electoral Code or even the Constitution – regulating party finance one way or another.
The main idea is that by guaranteeing political parties access to public subsidies as well as by regulating and controlling both their income and expenditure: (1) party competition will become more balanced, (2) parties will free themselves from private interests, (3) party corruption will decrease (if not disappear), and (4) party legitimacy in the public eye will grow. However, is it really the case? In particular, have those political finance regulations contribute to the disapearance, or at least reduction, of illegal funding and other corrupted practices? And even more specifically, have perceptions of corruption of political parties declined with the introduction of public funding and (increasingly stricter) party funding regulations?
In principle, and following common agreement among scholars, national legislators and/or supra-national policy advisors, the level of corruption of political parties in a given country should be lower the more (intensively) their financial activities are regulated by the state (figure 1). The reasoning behind such statement is that the abuse of public office and/or resources by political parties (e.g. bribery, vote purchasing, etc.) will be more frequent in those countries where party income and/or expenditure is weakly (or not at all) regulated, parties are not financially accountable or remain unpunished despite flagrant legal violations. On the contrary, in those countries where party funding is tightly regulated, the financial activities of parties remain strictly controlled and substantive sanctions are provided in case such activities deviate from the path marked by the law, parties will have less incentives to abuse state resources or fall into illegal financing.
However, a first look at the linkage between political finance and party corruption reveals a totally different relationship (figure 2). Thus, while parties are perceived to be very corrupt in countries where their financial activities are highly regulated (e.g. Southern European democracies, most of Latin America, etc.), citizens of Scandinavia or more consociational democracies (e.g. The Netherlands, Switzerland, etc.), where party funding regulation is very limited or almost inexistent, tend to have a better perception of their political forces. All in all, this seems to suggest that rules on party funding may not only have not reached their intended goal in most cases, but also have even motivated the opposite behaviour in many occassions.
In an article making use of a new political finance dataset comparing 37 European and Latin American democracies the author and his colleagues at Leiden University found that, in clear contrast to what had been expected, political finance regulation has not helped to reduce the perceived level of corruption among political parties. In particular, and contrary to conventional wisdom, perceptions of party corruption continue to be high despite the introduction of (1) substantial restrictions to private funding, (2) a tighter system of financial control, and (3) a stricter sanctions framework. Moreover, and what is perhaps more interesting, the injection of generous amounts of public cash for political parties does not seem to have solved the problem of corruption. Thus, parties which are financially dependent on the State are not perceived to be less corrupt than those relying mostly on private sources (e.g. membership fees, donations, etc.). In this context, further research by the author in both Portugal and Poland found that originally private funded parties do not renounce to this type of funding despite being guaranteed an important share in the distribution of public taxes. In other words, and in the field of political finance, old (party) habits also die hard.
In sum, neither public funding nor party funding regulation has brought the panacea they had promised: namely, a reduction in the level of party corruption. In fact, and contrary to what both politicians and academics have told us, parties continue to eat the carrot offered by the state (i.e. subsidies), but the effects of an increasing application of the public stick are yet to be seen. This research should at least constitute a warning against those voices promising the earth – i.e. the end of party corruption – in exchange of more regulation or a substantial contribution from our taxes.
Fernando Casal Bértoa is a Nottingham Research Fellow in the School of Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham
Image credit: Wikipedia Commons | <urn:uuid:c14ce254-1576-4920-99d6-102278a2f271> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nottspolitics.org/2014/09/01/are-political-finance-regulations-helping-to-combat-party-corruption-in-europe-and-latin-america/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571959.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813142020-20220813172020-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.962366 | 1,106 | 2.984375 | 3 |
‘Learn to adapt your favourite home cooked foods making them suitable for your kidney diet.’
The good news is that, many standard cookbooks or celebrity chef recipes can be used safely through a little adaptation and some imagination to make them lower in potassium, sodium and phosphate.
To help you to identify any adaptation required, we recommend that you read each new recipe (or old favourites) with your kidney (renal) diet allowances clear in your head and your diet sheet of foods best avoided close to hand. Your Kidney (Renal) Dietitian can help you to adapt recipes or review those that you have self adapted.
Here are some suggestions to make your favourite recipes more kidney friendly
Tips to help you to become a kidney friendly baker:
- Use reduced amounts of salt or omit it all together from the recipe. Use herbs and spices (e.g. nutmeg, cinnamon) instead of salt to add flavour.
- Reduce the phosphate content of a recipe by using white flour or half white and half whole wheat flour instead of all whole wheat flour.
- Use yeast, bread soda / bicarbonate of soda as a raising agent instead of baking powder. Breads and cakes will then be lower in phosphate than those using baking powder. Bread soda / bicarbonate of soda require an acidic fluid like lemon juice or buttermilk to act as a raising agent. Be sure to include these in your daily allowances.
- Choose lower potassium fruits when baking tarts, muffins and fruit pies such as apple, pear, pineapple, cranberries and blueberries or drained tinned fruit (remember to include the fruit as part of your daily kidney diet fruit allowance).
- Choosing the unsalted varieties of butter for baking will make a recipe more kidney friendly by reducing the salt (sodium) content.
- Double cream plus water is a good alternative to single cream or milk. Making this simple change will lower the phosphate content of the recipe and help you with your daily dairy allowances (reduced phosphate kidney diet).
- Unfortified rice milk is lower in potassium and phosphate than cow’s milk and may be used to make puddings.
- Use egg whites as they are lower in phosphate than egg yolks and are useful for desserts e.g. meringues.
- Reduce potato intake to reduce dietary potassium intake. Use rice, pasta, noodles, couscous or breads instead of potatoes with main meals. This will lower the overall potassium content of the dish.
- Avoid prepared tomato sauces. Try a small amount of fresh tomato instead, or if making a pasta dish, use olive oil and garlic instead of a tomato based sauce to dress / flavour the pasta. This will lower the potassium content and make your pasta dish more Kidney friendly.
- To lower potassium content, vegetables can be par boiled before being added to recipes (e.g. carrots, broccoli or cauliflower in a curry). If you are following a strict low potassium kidney diet, fully boil your vegetables (link low potassium vegetable cooking instructions page) and add to the composite meal (e.g. kidney friendly stew, curry) for the last 10 – 15 minutes of cooking.
- For dishes that contain high potassium vegetables e.g. Mushrooms, substitute them for lower potassium vegetables e.g. Green (French) beans
- For stir-fry dishes avoid using higher potassium vegetables such as pak choi, bamboo shoots or mushrooms. Substitute them with Green (French) beans, Bean-sprouts or Cabbage. If you require a strict low potassium kidney diet, remember that stir fry vegetables retain a high percentage of potassium during cooking. Link with your Kidney (Renal) Dietitian and discuss your kidney diet allowances.
- To reduce salt (sodium) intake in your kidney diet, avoid using regular soy sauce, limit reduced salt (sodium) soy sauce to small amounts and limit the amount of other high salt (sodium) sauces such as fish, oyster, teriyaki or sweet and sour sauces. Try using vinegar, ginger or a little sesame oil as alternative flavourings to make a meal more kidney friendly.
- Double cream plus water is a good alternative to single cream or milk in savoury dishes. Making this simple change will lower the phosphate content of the recipe and help the recipe to fit into the daily allowances of a reduced phosphate kidney diet.
- If dishes contain cheese, use this sparingly or choosing a lower
phosphate cheese e.g. Brie, camembert, parmesan, feta, cottage or cream cheese.
- Make a fish dish more Kidney friendly by substituting shellfish or smoked fish in the recipe for white fish such as cod, whiting or plaice. This will reduce the salt (sodium)and phosphate content of the dish. | <urn:uuid:bc13d846-7189-4e44-ac8c-17ffb7375348> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.irishkidneydiet.ie/adapting-recipes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.885633 | 1,004 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Wednesday, September 03, 2014
The Sky This Week - Thursday September 4 to Thursday September 11
The Full Moon is Tuesday September 9. The Moon is at perigee (closest to the Earth) on the 8th.
Mercury climbs higher in the evening sky and is now readily visible low above the western horizon. It is now reasonably easy to see from half an hour after sunset to around and hour after sunset.
A line drawn from Mars through Spica to the horizon will intersect with Mercury, the brightest object low above the western horizon.
Mars is easily seen in the western evening sky, setting just before midnight. Mars was at opposition, when it is biggest and brightest, on the 9th of April, and is still readily distinguishable as the bright red/orange object above the western horizon in the early evening.
Mars is in the constellation of Libra. It begins the week forming a broad triangle with the double star Alpha Librae (also called Zubenelgenubi) and Saturn. Over the week it draws away from Saturn, forming a line with Antares, the bright red star in Scorpious.
Saturn is in the early western evening sky, and was at opposition on June 11th. Saturn is visible most of the evening. Saturn is high enough from twilight for decent telescopic observation for a few hours and sets aroun 11pm local time.
Saturn is in Libra near the head of the constellation of the Scorpion and forms a a triangle with Alpha Librae (Zubenelgenubi) and Mars. As the week progresses Saturn, Mars and Antares form a line.
Venus is lost in the glare of the Sun.
Jupiter rises higher in the morning twilight, and now is fairly easy to see low above the horizon at twilight. During the week Jupiter climbs higher and becomes easier to see as the brightest object above the north-eastern horizon.
Comet C/2013 V5 is brightening and may become visible to the unaided eye (just) later in the month. Now you need a small telescope to see it. Although it is magnitude 7 and should currently be visible in binoculars, its diffuse nature It is roughly between Procyon and Sirius.
Comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring is rising higher the the evening sky, being highest around midnight. It is currently located just above the Small Magellanic Cloud. While at magnitude 8.4 it should be visible in binoculars, it is likely that you will need a small telescope to see it until the brightening Moon leaves the evening sky.
There are lots of interesting things in the sky to view with a telescope. Especially with Mars and Saturn prominent in the early evening sky. If you don't have a telescope, now is a good time to visit one of your local astronomical societies open nights or the local planetariums.
Printable PDF maps of the Eastern sky at 10 pm AEST, Western sky at 10 pm AEST. For further details and more information on what's up in the sky, see Southern Skywatch.
Labels: weekly sky | <urn:uuid:5f9f9298-3915-4192-b42b-b217d5e5eb97> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2014/09/the-sky-this-week-thursday-september-4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.943947 | 643 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Students normally have trouble remembering solution to problems involving a zero numerator or a zero denominator. Most tend to remember that the solution is either zero or undefined but they tend to mix them up. The reason for this is students are relying on memory vs comprehension. Students deserve an explanation and sometimes a simple true or false question can help.
Let us take a look at the following two fractions
As educators, we know that zero divided by eight is equal to zero (0/8 = 0). Likewise, we know that eight divided by zero is undefined (8/0 = undefined), but why? Let me offer an informal explanation using Pizza and then I will comment on some other proposed explanations.
Take a look at these eight slices of pizza and ask yourself the following two questions.
Is it possible to eat zero of the eight slices of pizza?
Is it possible to eat eight of the zero slices of pizza?
These two questions, although not formal, should offer a strategy to students trying to understand why they cannot divide by zero but may divide into zero. Create a worksheet with different pictures of food (pizza, pie, etc) and ask these two questions for each problem. Soon your students will approach each problem dealing with a zero numerator or a zero denominator with this mindset.
8/0 is undefined because you can't separate 8 items into 0 piles.
0/8 = zero because separating zero items into 8 piles will still equal zero piles.
Although I think this is a clever way of thinking about fractions with a zero numerator or a zero denominator, I'm not sure it would stick well with students. Students may begin thinking that since it's not true that you can separate zero items into eight piles and that it's also not true that you can separate eight items into zero piles thus since both are untrue, both are undefined.
Others have sought to show the illogical nature of dividing by zero by setting up an equation and showing the properties of equalities
8/0 = x
Multiplying both sides by zero yields
8 = x (0)
Although I do think this is the best method for demonstrating how the properties of equality do not allow division by zero I'm not sure your students will remember to set up such an equation if testing. Thus, I think coupling this method with an explanation like that above would be the best fit. | <urn:uuid:30b7bf86-68f3-491c-b7a4-bfa28faa97cb> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://handsonmath.blogspot.com/2012/10/helping-students-understand-zero.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463660.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00199-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948457 | 487 | 4.3125 | 4 |
A varnish that has Amber as one component. Amber is insoluble in most resin solvents and must first be melted then mixed with oil to form an oil/amber varnish. Amber is a very hard resin; it softens at about 250C (482F) and melts between 290-300C (554-572F). Heating, however, changes the color of amber from a yellow to brown.
Synonyms and Related Terms
barniz de ámbar (Esp.); vernice d'ambra (It)
Resources and Citations
- Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
- Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
- Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975 | <urn:uuid:1baaece8-824c-4e83-99d8-cec9a7f89990> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Amber_varnish | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522309.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518183254-20220518213254-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.830021 | 205 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Discover how efficiency formulas empower individuals and businesses to measure performance and optimize operations. This article delves into the core concepts of efficiency, explores various efficiency formula examples, discusses their practical applications across diverse sectors, and answers frequently asked questions.
Efficiency formula: measuring performance
Efficiency formulas are indispensable tools for assessing how effectively resources are utilized to achieve desired outcomes. They provide quantifiable metrics that enable individuals and organizations to evaluate their processes, identify areas for improvement, and enhance overall productivity.
Efficiency measures the ratio of useful output to the total input required to achieve that output. It reflects how well resources, such as time, money, and energy, are converted into valuable results. High efficiency signifies optimal resource utilization, leading to cost savings and improved outcomes.
The efficiency formula
The efficiency formula is expressed as:
Efficiency (%) = (Useful Output / Total Input) × 100
This formula quantifies efficiency as a percentage, allowing easy comparison and interpretation of results.
Examples of efficiency formulas
Efficiency concepts apply across various domains, each with its unique formula:
- Manufacturing Efficiency: Efficiency (%) = (Actual Output / Maximum Possible Output) × 100
- Energy Efficiency: Efficiency (%) = (Useful Energy Output / Total Energy Input) × 100
- Financial Efficiency: Efficiency (%) = (Net Profit / Total Expenses) × 100
Efficiency formulas play a pivotal role in decision-making and process improvement across sectors. For instance:
- In manufacturing, efficiency measures help optimize production lines and minimize wastage.
- Energy efficiency formulas aid in evaluating energy consumption and promoting sustainable practices.
- Businesses use financial efficiency metrics to enhance profitability and streamline operations.
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
1. What is the purpose of efficiency formulas?
Efficiency formulas serve to quantitatively measure the effectiveness of resource utilization, allowing individuals and organizations to optimize processes and achieve better outcomes.
2. How is efficiency calculated?
Efficiency is calculated using the formula: Efficiency (%) = (Useful Output / Total Input) × 100. This provides a percentage value representing the efficiency of the process.
3. Can efficiency formulas be applied to different sectors?
Yes, efficiency concepts and formulas are versatile and can be applied to various sectors, including manufacturing, energy, finance, and more.
4. What are the benefits of using efficiency formulas?
Efficiency formulas facilitate data-driven decision-making, pinpoint areas for improvement, enhance resource allocation, and ultimately lead to cost savings and improved productivity.
5. What are the limitations of efficiency formulas?
Efficiency formulas may oversimplify complex processes, rely on accurate input and output measurements, and may not consider qualitative factors that influence outcomes.
6. Can efficiency formulas be used in combination with other metrics?
Absolutely, efficiency formulas can be complemented with other performance metrics to gain a holistic understanding of processes and outcomes.
7. Are there any scenarios where efficiency formulas may not be appropriate?
Efficiency formulas might not be suitable for scenarios involving highly qualitative outcomes or processes where intangible factors play a significant role.
- Efficiency formulas gauge resource utilization and output quality.
- The efficiency formula calculates efficiency as a percentage.
- Examples of efficiency formulas span the manufacturing, energy, and financial sectors.
- Efficiency formulas find applications in diverse sectors, aiding decision-making and optimization.
- Efficiency formulas can be applied across different sectors and in conjunction with other metrics.
- Consider limitations and suitability when applying efficiency formulas to specific scenarios. | <urn:uuid:6664d2ce-713e-4dbd-ad7c-febe593c48ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.supermoney.com/encyclopedia/efficiency-formula/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510603.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930050118-20230930080118-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.859152 | 728 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Kids Health Watch is brought to you by our friends and Magnolia Springs Pediatrics
Did you know that more than 1.2 million children under the age of six swallow or come into contact with a poisonous substance every year? And that’s only the known and reported cases!
As we have discussed before, a large portion of pediatrics is in the prevention of illnesses, and poison prevention can be an easy way to reduce harm to your child. Today, we will talk about what is poisonous, some basic strategies for storing medicines and other chemicals, and what to do if your child does ingest or gets exposed to a poison.
First, let’s talk about potential poisons and where they are most likely to be found. First are medications. Prescription medicines are very common in homes and can be among the most dangerous. A recent case involved an 18-month-old child that ingested several different types of her grandparent’s medications and had to be monitored in the hospital for several days.
When asked about the location of the medications, we found out they were “kept” on an end table by a recliner for easy access by grandma! But other non-prescription medications are potentially dangerous as well. Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen, vitamins, cold and cough medicines are all possibly dangerous when ingested by a child. But medicines aren’t the only danger. Paint, varnishes, cleaning supplies, and pesticides count, as do gasoline and other car care products. Other poisons include mothballs, weed killers, pest killers, and older medications such as oil of wintergreen and camphor-based oils, and fumes from chemicals, space heaters or stoves.
So what now? I put child safety locks on my cabinets; that’s good enough right? No! You know as well as I do that toddlers are pretty amazing, and how many times have you walked into your kitchen and found a “child-proofed” cabinet wide open? My best recommendation is to completely remove all of the above objects from reach. That means putting them in the garage, a high cabinet, or the closet’s top and not under the sink. Also, when it comes to medicines, try to avoid calling medicine “candy” in an effort to get your child to take it. This opens the door for increased ingestion. Also, be aware of where your child is being cared for. While grandparents and other caregivers are a wonderful asset to have, the risk of accidental ingestion is increased at these locations.
OK, my child just took a swig of bleach or a few baby aspirin lying on the counter. I am totally freaking out! What do I do? If your child is unconscious, not breathing, or possibly having a seizure, then call 911 immediately. Do not give ipecac or any other medicine to induce vomiting. If it is a spill on the skin or in the eyes, then remove any clothing or hats and rinse for fifteen minutes under tepid water. Do not apply any lotions or medicines to the skin or eyes. If it is an inhalation, then take your child outside into fresh air immediately and observe for respiratory distress. If your child is OK, then call 1-800-222-1222, which is the Poison Control Center (I would be writing this number down right now if you don’t already have it). They will ask you lots of questions about what your child took, so it is helpful to have the medication bottle in front of you. Sometimes, they will give advice over the phone, and sometimes they will advise going to the emergency department. Good luck and be vigilant!
Robert L. Rux, M.D. is a Board Certified Pediatrician at Magnolia Springs Pediatrics. Originally from Mobile, he attended medical school at The University of Alabama School of Medicine (UAB) and completed residency at The Children’s Hospital of Alabama (UAB). | <urn:uuid:d3f13c5b-b162-46ee-aa86-5c4a255c979a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://easternshoreparents.com/2023/03/poison-prevention-and-your-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.956542 | 816 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Oil sands phase-out may be Canada’s greatest contribution to the world
The occasion of writing this column prompted reflection on my engineering career, in particular three critical junctures. The first was in 1970, when my teacher pointed to Northern Alberta on a map at the front of our classroom, declaring that the oil embedded in the soil there would be Canada’s most important contribution to the world. Pretty heady stuff for an 11-year-old. The second was a decade later, when I was launching my career as a chemical engineer. My job working on the design of a an oil sands upgrader offered total coherence of purpose: intellectual challenge, economic opportunity and national pride.
It is not so easy to reconcile those goals today. Engineers’ expertise in extracting and refining bitumen must confront scientists’ conclusion that fossil fuels must remain in, or return to, the ground if we are to address global warming, a tension all-too apparent in our national policies. Canada has committed to reduce our emissions to 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020, yet continues to champion expansion of oil sands production. Emissions growth from the oil sands is the main reason that Canada is projected to fall 50 percent short of the reductions needed to meet our 2020 target.
It is similarly difficult to reconcile economic interests. There is no question that the oil industry has provided lucrative jobs for engineers and contributed to national prosperity more broadly. Yet those benefits will largely disappear if the international community follows the prescriptions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for deep emissions reductions. As demand for oil falls in response to regulation or carbon pricing, unconventional oil will be increasingly uncompetitive. Alternatively, if we do not reduce emissions, the economic benefits from fossil fuel extraction will be increasingly outweighed by the societal costs of global warming.
With respect to nationalism, while Canada trumpets its “ethical oil,” our repeated failure to meet a series of emissions reduction commitments since 1990 has significantly damaged our global reputation. Our global peacekeeping efforts provide little consolation to those in the developing world who, despite minimal personal emissions, suffer the greatest harm from global warming.
What’s an engineer to do? There is a natural tendency to screen out information that challenges one’s own goals or beliefs. In fact, a survey of engineers and geoscientists in Alberta found that just 36 percent accept that humans are the main cause of global warming. Although respondents were confident in their qualifications to evaluate climate science, it is striking how widely their views diverge from those of scientists who study climate for a living. A review of two decades of peerreviewed literature on climate change found that 97 percent of articles that took a position on causation attributed it to human activity.
Even if one accepts that our actions are contributing to climate change, it is often argued that the actions of an individual, a sector, or even a country won’t matter anyway. This assumes inaction by the rest of the world, most of which is doing more than Canada. How will our children and grandchildren reflect on that argument in the future, when they are paying the price for our inaction today?
An alternative to denial or fatalism is to redirect one’s expertise toward a new path: reducing one’s own carbon footprint, redirecting investments and even changing one’s career. Many of us are doing that in many ways, including using our specialized skills to design less carbonintensive processes and energy systems.
The third juncture in this engineer’s career involved a shift from process to policy research that seeks to identify political strategies for carbon pricing. If such strategies are successful, they will halt expansion and gradually phase out production from Canada’s oil sands. And that may well be Canada’s greatest contribution to the world. | <urn:uuid:9d20fe0a-4d2f-4af3-8435-9a9f9e55b2d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.cheminst.ca/magazine/columns/oil-sands-phase-out-may-be-canada%E2%80%99s-greatest-contribution-world | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218194601.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212954-00317-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948387 | 773 | 3 | 3 |
The German Democratic Republic had acceded to the Convention, as amended by the Protocol of 12 November 1947, with a reservation and a declaration, on 16 July 1974. For the text of the reservation and declaration, see United Nations, Treaty Series , vol. 943, p. 335. See also note 2 under “Germany” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.
The Protocol of 12 November 1947 amending the Convention having been signed definitively on 12 November 1947 by the Government of Czechoslovakia, the latter applied the Convention as amended as from that date. See also note 1 under “Czech Republic” and note 1 under “Slovakia” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume. | <urn:uuid:1699e861-f15b-49aa-801f-4fbc916a7363> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VII-4&chapter=7&lang=en&clang=_en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121644.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00155-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9491 | 166 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Remembrance of Summer
The deep green hues; the rustling leaves; flickering sunlight; people spending time together in the dying days of summer. This one is for our friends in the northern latitudes, upon whom winter is descending. In Germany, these cold, dark months induced misery in me. Looking back, I should rather have appreciated their impermanence than constantly dreaded their arrival; after all, it is the cold that teaches us to value warmth, and the death of winter that brings life to summer.
Usage of this item elsewhere
- An edited version of this item is uploaded to Wikimedia Commons.
License & Attribution
By Joaquim Baeta. The files associated with this video are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. You are free to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon them in any medium or format, even for commercial purposes, provided you give appropriate credit to Joaquim Baeta.
Example attribution: "Remembrance of Summer" by Joaquim Baeta, https://scenoptica.com/footage/remembrance-of-summer.html, CC BY. | <urn:uuid:0d2ccd76-bee3-4571-809e-e84809dbbe40> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://scenoptica.com/footage/remembrance-of-summer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.882649 | 237 | 2.8125 | 3 |
News & Events
How Important Are Trace Minerals? at Next Clarkson University Science Cafe April 21
[A photograph for media use is available at http://www.clarkson.edu/news/photos/stoian.jpg]
"How Important Are Trace Minerals?" will be discussed by Potsdam cardiologist Alexandru Stoian, M.D., at the next Science Cafe at Jack & Wezzie’s Coffee House in Potsdam Wednesday, April 21, at 7:30 p.m.
In describing his presentation, Stoian says, " You might have heard of the importance of trace minerals to our health and their role in such basic functions as normalizing the nervous system, stimulating growth, and maintenance and repair of tissues and bones. But what do trace minerals do specifically, how much do we need to consume for optimal health, and what is the proper way to guarantee their efficient absorption?"
Join Stoian as he explains the workings and benefits of trace minerals, focusing on the specific cases of magnesium, zinc and selenium.
Science Cafes bring together engineers, scientists and townspeople in a relaxed, informal setting, such as coffeehouses and pubs. The speaker makes a short presentation about a topic in his or her field, and then opens up the floor to discussion.
Be sure to arrive early to get a good seat, or to place your food or drink order.
This is the last Science Cafe for the spring.
Find out more about Clarkson’s Science Cafe at http://www.clarkson.edu/sciencecafe.
E-mail Daniel ben-Avraham at ScienceCafe@clarkson.edu with any questions or suggestions for future Science Cafe topics.
Clarkson University launches leaders into the global economy. One in six alumni already leads as a CEO, VP or equivalent senior executive of a company. Located just outside the Adirondack Park in Potsdam, N.Y., Clarkson is a nationally recognized research university for undergraduates with select graduate programs in signature areas of academic excellence directed toward the world’s pressing issues. Through 50 rigorous programs of study in engineering, business, arts, sciences and health sciences, the entire learning-living community spans boundaries across disciplines, nations and cultures to build powers of observation, challenge the status quo, and connect discovery and engineering innovation with enterprise. | <urn:uuid:093be739-2ac4-4cc1-84ab-ce6f91b40ed2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.clarkson.edu/news/2010/news-release_2010-04-15-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00290-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929161 | 489 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Republic of Indonesia encompasses an area of almost 2 million sq. km. (736,000 sq. mi.), about three times the size of the U.S. state of Texas. Its capital city, Jakarta (on the island of Java), has an estimated population of about 8.8 million; other major cities are: Surabaya, Medan, and Bandung. The estimated population of Indonesia, as of July 2009, is 240.3 million. The major religions in Indonesia are: Muslim 86.1 %, Protestant 5.7%, Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, and other 1%.
During the 7th-14th centuries, the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya flourished on Sumatra. At its peak, the Srivijaya Empire reached as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. By the 14th century, the Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit had risen in eastern Java. Gadjah Mada, the empire's chief minister from 1331 to 1364, succeeded in gaining allegiance from most of what is now modern Indonesia and much of the Malay archipelago as well. Beginning in 1602, the Dutch slowly established themselves as rulers of present-day Indonesia, exploiting the weakness of the small kingdoms that had replaced that of Majapahit. The only exception was East Timor, which remained under Portugal's control until 1975. During 300 years of rule, the Dutch developed the Netherlands East Indies into one of the world's richest colonial possessions.
During the first decade of the 20th century, an Indonesian independence movement began and expanded rapidly. The Japanese occupied Indonesia for three years during World War II (1942-1945). On August 17, 1945, three days after the Japanese surrender to the Allies, a small group of Indonesians, led by Sukarno (also spelled Soekarno) and Mohammad Hatta, proclaimed independence and established the Republic of Indonesia. Shortly after hostilities with the Dutch ended in 1949, Indonesia adopted a new constitution, providing for a parliamentary system of government in which the executive was chosen by and accountable to parliament.
The president, elected for a five-year term, is the top government and political figure. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist guerilla movement in Papua.
Natural disasters have devastated many parts of Indonesia over the past few years. On December 26, 2004, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake took place in the Indian Ocean, and the resulting tsunami killed over 130,000 people in Aceh and left more than 500,000 homeless. On March 26, 2005, an 8.7 magnitude earthquake struck between Aceh and northern Sumatra, killing 905 people and displacing tens of thousands. After much media attention on the seismic activity on Mt. Merapi in April and May 2006, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake occurred 30 miles to the southwest. It killed more than 5,000 people and left an estimated 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region.
CIA World Factbook; U.S. State Department Background Notes, 8/2009; 3/2009
This map has also been used:
- Indonesia, January 2008 | <urn:uuid:6198e8f4-bd7b-41a0-a9e9-1f7b5f83895f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2009arch/20090903_indonesia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591596.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720115631-20180720135631-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.954802 | 672 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Almost every day, there is a new study which proves just how powerful the natural foods can be in terms of curing disease, improving your overall health and helping you stay fit and healthy for longer.
While wrinkly or aging skin might be your primary concern when it comes to aging, there are many other health complaints associated with age which can be prevented or improved by simply choosing to eat the right foods.
These amazing foods have anti-aging properties which you should know about:
There are few foods which you can eat to keep your mind sharp as you get older. Generally, apples contain few compounds which can protect your brain from neurodegenerative damage, which can lead to diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
Another food which is associated with improved brain health are avocados, these are high in monounsaturated fats which lower blood pressure, increase blood flow and prevent insulin resistance.
Avocados also reduce your risk of cognitive decline. Avocados also have anti-inflammatory properties which help combat Alzheimer’s.
As well as keeping your brain sharp, avocados are high in vitamin E
, vitamin B, and potassium, which are all vital if you want healthy, hydrated skin.
Watermelon is also called as an ultimate anti-aging fruit because it is extremely hydrating and contains important electrolytes, minerals, antioxidants, nd vitamins. All of these factors help keep your skin moisturized and reduce the formation of aging wrinkles.
Believe it or not !!Red wine is full of flavonoids which have been found to reduce your risk of age-related diseases and have amazing antioxidant properties. These flavonoids help your neurons keep and recall memories and improve your brain’s recovery from exposure to toxins and also aging.
By now you have probably heard of kale, it is the hottest new superfood which is full of omega-3
fatty acids, making it extremely good for your brain, as 60% of that essential organ is made up of fat. Healthy fats such as those found in kale will help you to prevent cognitive decline and improve your mental longevity, reversing cell shrinkage and cell death.
Blueberries are another superfood which has fantastic health benefits, including those all-important antioxidants and flavonoids that improve both short and long-term memory.
All know that, blackberries, strawberries and other berries have also been found to have beneficial effects on the brain. Berries protect brain cells from damage and reduce inflammation. They are also full of vitamins such as vitamin C, which helps the collagen in your skin stay elastic.
This is a tasty fruit which helps your skin to stay healthy by boosting your collagen production, keeping your skin firm and wrinkle-free. Pomegranate also contains few vitamins and minerals which improve your cellular health.
Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, which protects your skin from skin damage caused by free radicals. Lycopene which is present in tomato also keeps your skin firm, as it reduces the activity of the enzymes that break down collagen. lycopene protects your brain from free radicals which can cause inflammation and it can also lead to diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
It might not be your favorite food, but spinach is a great source of vitamin C, fiber, minerals – such as calcium and iron – and vitamin E, which reduces the appearance of wrinkles.
Tasty and commonly found on spice racks, cinnamon is also full of antioxidants
by giving it anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, Cinnamon protects your brain from free radicals, repairs damaged tissue and helps your body fight infections.
The Japanese have long used green tea to defend against skin aging. Green tea in extending life span. Green tea can also help with weight loss. It is rich in beneficial acids, which act as antioxidants.
This very rich and strong herb slows the aging process. Garlic has other healing properties, such as cold prevention, wart removal, and to treat athlete’s foot.
Garlic is a definite add-on to any diet. An easy and delicious recipe to try is Garlic Chicken. Also, adding garlic powder to water is a great way to add this herb to your diet to avoid aging skin.
All of these above foods should be included in your weekly shop if you want to reduce your likelihood of developing degenerative brain diseases and increase your longevity.
So there you have it! These amazing anti-aging foods should be included in your regular diet. Getting old does not need to be a forgone conclusion. You can prolong your youth and live a healthy, vibrant life. | <urn:uuid:6783944a-5019-4307-a67a-e8b582da03a2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.inlifehealthcare.com/anti-aging-foods-available-kitchen-can-help-keep-young/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100184.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130094531-20231130124531-00811.warc.gz | en | 0.961463 | 940 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Amazing Future Tales
A psivore invader resembles a dense gray, leathery lump of tissue and muscle roughly three or four feet in diameter. It undulates via flight through the vacuum of space as easily as it moves through an atmosphere. Its serrated beak is surrounded by a ring of fleshy growths that detect heat, electrical activity, and psychic energy. (Otherwise, a psivore invader is blind and deaf, and has no olfactory senses.)
Psivore invaders, as their name implies, feed on psychic energy, which they tear from psionic creatures by biting. This creature is particularly resistant to psychic effects.
Psivore invaders are completely immune to the hazards of outer space, such as the vacuum, cosmic radiation, et cetera. Extreme conditions, such as flying too close to a star, still prove disastrous to a psivore invader. A psivore invader can fly through outer space as if it were a drive-1 rated starship. | <urn:uuid:0c3c1f6b-c29b-4d84-8060-0cc63ca73cc7> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://swn-aft.obsidianportal.com/wikis/psivore-invader | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861718132.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164158-00144-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938864 | 205 | 2.84375 | 3 |
7 Surprising Facts About Dandelions
Unexpectedly nutritious and tasty, dandelions have plenty of benefits.
Ela Henry (public domain)
- Pharmacists in 19th-century England made tea from roasted dandelion roots. The drink is still trendy today, thanks to a coffeelike taste and color without caffeine.
- A cup of chopped raw dandelion greens provides 112 percent of the daily requirement for vitamin A (at only 25 calories).
- From blossom to root, 100 percent of this weed, which is also an herb, is edible for most people.
- Dandelion flowers reach heights of 6 to 24 inches, and roots go as deep as 10 to 15 feet.
- Dandelions are part of the daisy family, one of the biggest in botany with more than 1,620 genera of plant types.
- A single dandelion head consists of up to 300 ray flowers that look like tiny petals at first glance.
- Ray Bradbury’s 1957 novel Dandelion Wine gets its title from the wine the characters make and drink in summer. | <urn:uuid:3e10b00e-ad72-4edb-8c95-c5825462f498> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.birdsandblooms.com/gardening/7-surprising-facts-dandelions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407289.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530040743-20200530070743-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.93849 | 234 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Why Earn a Master's Degree or Graduate Certificate in Geodesign?
How do organisms sustain on an overcrowded planet? This is the type of question a geodesign major loves and strives to tackle. Geodesign combines landscape architecture, design, geography, and spatial science to help solve the world's transportation, conservation, and population issues. A master's degree or graduate certificate in geodesign gives students the tools to merge geography, science, and technology with design and nature so they may find improved, sustainable solutions to land-based problems. Examples include coastal planning, urbanization, roadway development, infrastructure and electric energy, and highway design.
What Skills Will I Learn While Studying for the Geodesign Master's Degree or Graduate Certificate?
While studying for a master's degree or graduate certificate in geodesign, students will be exposed to and prepared for important field-related competencies, including:
- Investigating real geodesign-related problems individually and colloboratively to find creative, conceivable solutions.
- Gaining fluency in geodesign-related technologies.
- Collecting and analyzing geographically referenced data to back a multitude of issues and projects.
- Understanding how to solve issues that will satisfy shareholders, policy and regulation, analysts, scientists, and engineers.
- Presenting research and findings in a clear, concise, and logical way, both verbally, as well as on paper.
- Learning the interconnectedness of urban planning, principles of design, and globalization with surrounding areas and building thriving, sustainable communities.
How are Geodesign Courses Taught?
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is an important component and often required as a prerequisite to geodesign courses. Studio courses are taken throughout the program to offer further GIS skills practice and to aid students in an oft-required project-based thesis or capstone project. In fact, many programs favor problem-based learning. Students are given a problem which they must solve independently or with a group. Little information is provided about the given issue or topic and the teacher acts merely as facilitator. This allows students to get real-world practice in solving issues relevant to geodesign.
How Long Does It Take to Earn a Master's Degree or Graduate Certificate in Geodesign?
A master's degree or graduate certificate program in geodesign differs in the length of time it will take to complete. Philadelphia University, for example, offers an accelerated master's degree program that can be completed in eighteen months. Generally, master's degree programs in geodesign require the completion of twenty-eight to thirty-six credits while most graduate certificate programs require the completion of twelve to sixteen credits.
How do Online Master's Degrees or Graduate Certificates in Geodesign Work?
A number of master's degree programs in geodesign are offered solely in an online format. This gives students the flexibility to complete the master's or certificate program at their own pace. Courses, themselves, function much like those taken in-person. Students participate in lectures and studio-based classes, as well as research and complete projects, either individually or as part of a team.
What if I Have Questions about the Online Geodesign Master's Degree Format and Process?
Questions about an online master's degree or graduate certificate in geodesign can most often be answered through research or through contacting a school of interest directly.
Some questions to consider:
- Is the school accredited?
- How do students and faculty collaborate and interact with each other?
- What are the faculty's credentials, experience, and area of expertise?
- Does the school offer financial aid?
- Is a thesis, project, field work, or research paper due as a graduation requirement?
- What is the time commitment involved for completing projects and field work?
- What type of academic and career counseling is available?
- What type of course materials are available?
What Will I Need to be Successful Studying Online?
Obtaining an online degree in any capacity requires a high level of self-discipline. Since many geodesign master's degree and graduate certificate programs advocate project-based learning, time management is crucial. Students must commit themselves to staying organized and maintaining a routine schedule, so they can successfully conduct, analyze, and synthesize research. Additionally, many projects require students work as part of a team. Therefore, dependability and accountability are other crucial elements toward a rewarding online academic experience.
Geodesign Online Master's Degree or Graduate Certificate Course Examples
Courses taught online at the graduate level toward a degree or certificate in Geodesign include:
- Geodesign History, Theory, and Principles
- Sustainable Design Methodologies
- Geodesign Studio
- Advanced GIS for Landscape Analysis
- Advance GIS for Urban Planning and Development
- Information Modeling
- Problem-Solving with GIS
- Spatial Data Acquisition
- Concepts for Spatial Thinking
- Spatial Analysis
- Cartography and Visualization
- Geospatial Technology for Project Management
- Remote Sensing for GIS
Tuition and Costs for an Online Master's Degree or Graduate Certificate in Geodesign
An online master's degree or graduate certificate in geodesign will range in cost of tuition from $10,235 to $52,164 per year. Other costs may include books, technology and lab fees, as well as one-time application and transcript fees.
What Kinds of Jobs Can I Do with a Geodesign Master's Degree or Graduate Certificate?
Those with a master's degree in geodesign can pursue the following careers:
- Cartographer/Photogrammetrist, $61,140
- Geographer, $76,860
- Geospatial Analyst, $57,565
- Geographic Information Systems Director, $95,048
- Surveyor, $61,140
- Geotechnical engineer, $65,311
- Community planner, $51,810
- Environmental engineer, $86,800
- Government consultant, $66,400
- Geophysical engineer, $65,311
- Environmental Project Manager, $69,608
What are the Benefits of Having a Master's Degree or Graduate Certificate in Geodesign?
There is a growing need for professionals knowledgeable in the many facets of geodesign. By obtaining a master's degree or graduate certificate in geodesign, students gain experience researching actual sustainability, infrastructure, and design issues plaguing local and global societies today. Students also work in studio settings and out in the field to become experts in design, spatial science, geography, business, ethics, policy, and sustainability. The level of expertise acquired at the graduate level in geodesign can empower students to influence positive change in top-level positions across environmental, political, and private sectors.
How Can I Get More Information on Geodesign?
More information on both a master's degree, as well as a graduate certificate, in Geodesign can be found at: | <urn:uuid:fa23c8a5-ec7b-4f7c-9e05-56b89ed1ad6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.environmentalscience.org/degree/geodesign | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540565544.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216121204-20191216145204-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.9272 | 1,445 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Aedes mosquito and human hands — are they related?
Martie L. Moore, RN, MAOM, CPHQ
Imagine you are on a train and the conversation around you is about the seven deadly summer diseases. You eavesdrop because you're a bit scared you might be exposed to one of them.
You hear the list: Valley Fever, West Nile virus, Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses, the plague (yes the plague), foodborne illnesses from unprepared or stored food, rabies, and lastly, leprosy.
You relax your breathing and go back to your reading. Then the conversation changes to Zika. Shouldn't it be on the list? You find yourself looking up again and becoming engaged with their conversation.
It isn't that you are fearful of Zika; it is the dichotomy that you are witnessing. There is more opportunity for illness, disease transmission and outbreaks sitting on a train or being in a healthcare setting, than the incidents of Zika … or leprosy, for that matter.
Zika, along with West Nile virus, is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Emerging information about Zika is indicating that it can be transmitted sexually and there is now one case of nonsexual transmission.
Zika does have ramifications. We know that many people infected with Zika virus may experience mild symptoms including fever and rash. But there are reported incidents of association to Guillain-Barre' syndrome which is worrisome.
Certainly the most alarming is concern about the virus causing birth defects. That is simply precedent-setting when it comes to disease transmission and impact upon humanity.
What we also know is that wearing clothing that covers exposed areas and insect repellent dramatically decrease the chances of being bitten by an infected mosquito.
The conversation is now elevated with fear and concern about individual safety and transmission of the virus … all because of the random actions of a flying insect and the Russian roulette scenario of being bit by an infected mosquito.
What if we saw our hands as mosquitos flying about touching and transmitting? Would we think differently about our actions and our behaviors?
Here's what we know so far: In the United States, there are currently more than 1,300 reported cases of Zika virus. Compare that to nearly 2 million healthcare-related infections each year, which researchers say lead to 99,000 deaths and an estimated $20 billion in healthcare costs.
I can't help but wonder: If we held that same sense of heightened awareness and concern about our hands as we do about the Aedes mosquito, how much of an impact could we all have on disease transmission?
What changes can we make today in our roles in healthcare to change our behaviors and those of our residents and community about something as simple — and highly effective — as hand washing?
Something to ponder.
Martie Moore, RN, MAOM, CPHQ is the chief nursing officer at Medline Industries Inc. and a corporate advisory council member for the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. | <urn:uuid:8a60fd0f-32d4-41e3-bb05-0cc9ef24d96a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.mcknights.com/guest-columns/the-aedes-mosquito-and-human-hands-are-they-related/article/511380/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189239.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00167-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959711 | 618 | 3.5 | 4 |
In that manner or degree; as, indicated (in any way), or as implied, or as supposed to be known.
In like manner or degree; in the same way; thus; for like reason; whith equal reason; -- used correlatively, following as, to denote comparison or resemblance; sometimes, also, following inasmuch as.
In such manner; to such degree; -- used correlatively with as or that following; as, he was so fortunate as to escape.
Very; in a high degree; that is, in such a degree as can not well be expressed; as, he is so good; he planned so wisely.
In the same manner; as has been stated or suggested; in this or that condition or state; under these circumstances; in this way; -- with reflex reference to something just asserted or implied; used also with the verb to be, as a predicate.
The case being such; therefore; on this account; for this reason; on these terms; -- used both as an adverb and a conjuction.
It is well; let it be as it is, or let it come to pass; -- used to express assent.
Well; the fact being as stated; -- used as an expletive; as, so the work is done, is it?
Is it thus? do you mean what you say? -- with an upward tone; as, do you say he refuses? So?
About the number, time, or quantity specified; thereabouts; more or less; as, I will spend a week or so in the country; I have read only a page or so.
Provided that; on condition that; in case that; if.
Be as you are; stand still; stop; that will do; right as you are; -- a word used esp. to cows; also used by sailors.
so in Afrikaans is dus, tog, so, gevolglik
so in Dutch is ergo, dus, ook weer, toch
so in Finnish is siis, siten
so in German is so, also
so in Italian is orbene, cosi, cosiffatto
so in Latin is ita, itaque, sic, tam, tam | <urn:uuid:b7dfbf6a-0a47-44e2-bf70-87b9a00d3582> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.brainyquote.com/words/so/so221204.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936470419.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074110-00006-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946285 | 477 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Offering sex education to school children as young as 12 is not bad after all. According to the findings of a study of a new programme on the provision of comprehensive sex education in schools, participating children were better prepared to deal with issues than those who had not participated.
The participants said they had better skills to delay sexual activity, to withstand peer pressure, and to support the use of condoms if they were unable to abstain from sex. Implemented by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with Centre for the Study of Adolescents (CSA) in 125 schools targeting children between 12 and 19, the programme has involved 13,000 students since its inception in 2006.
The programme is being implemented in Coast, Nyanza, Nairobi and parts of Central provinces. Four years into the programme, , an evaluation by the CSA and the ministry indicates that the students who received sex education through The World Starts With Me programme said they gained confidence to deal with sexual dilemmas and to secure a better future for themselves.
They were not shy about discussing issues of sexuality and were willing to postpone sexual activity until they had completed their studies. The programme content includes issues of puberty, adolescent experiences and how to deal with them, and sexual behaviour. Teenage pregnancy, HIV/Aids, and other sexually transmitted diseases are also part of the programme.
About 80 per cent of the young people who took part in the programme said they were willing to delay sex until marriage. Unlike those who did not participate in the study, they were aware that their current choices will shape their future.
Those interviewed said they did not have information on sexuality because no one was willing to inform them, and they were not confident about getting the information from their parents. Only three of 10 boys indicated willingness to discuss issues of sexuality with parents compared to five of 10 girls who said they would do so.
The students expressed distaste about condom use but said it was preferable to no protection at all if they found they could not abstain from sex. The 250 teachers who received training on how to discuss sexuality with students said they now have the courage to talk about the issues.
The findings were expected to generate debate, particularly because some religious groups are opposed to sex education in schools on the grounds it will corrupt the morals of young people. In the past decade, the government has been struggling how to deal with the issue.
The World Starts With Me programme was opportune. Last year, the ministry of Education circulated guidelines to schools, asking them to integrate life skills education into the curriculum, a term less emotive than sex education.
The new approach covers sexuality issues as well, but because there are few teachers trained to teach life skills while others are uncomfortable talking about sexuality, the government is working with NGOs to address the challenges. The findings of the Education ministry and CSA study are also emerging at time when there are concerns that Kenya might not realise Millennium Development Goal Three because of high dropout rates among girls due to teenage pregnancies.
While Goal Three seeks to “ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling,” many primary school girls are at great risk because they lack knowledge about sexuality, and how to defend themselves as well as access to contraceptives for those who cannot abstain.
Studies show that girls as young as 13 are getting pregnant when they are about to complete primary school and that girls as young as 12 who engage in sex have no knowledge about their own sexuality, do not use contraceptives, and that those who know the value of these contraceptives find it difficult to obtain them.
Other factors responsible for high teenage pregnancy rates in Kenya include the low socio-economic background of girls and their families; low maternal education; a family history of teenage pregnancies; the girls’ low sense of self-esteem; conflict situations or domestic violence; and poor or unsound housing.
Girls who drop out of school because of pregnancy suffer long-term disadvantages. They are unable to find employment, are under severe emotional and financial stress, and suffer from post-natal depression. All this can induce them to turn to sex as a means of survival, resulting in a vicious cycle of more children and poverty. And such girls are more vulnerable to being involved in violent relationships.
One school of thought holds that the way to reduce the high rates of teenage pregnancy is to offer comprehensive sex education, safe abortion and the possibility of returning to school to finish their educations. In countries like Australia where teenage pregnancy plummeted from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971 to 16 births per 1,000 women in 2005, Women’s Watch, a local organisation, credited increased availability of contraception and accesses to abortion, rather than a decrease in sexual activity, to the decline.
Another study on how to reduce the rate of school dropouts from teenage pregnancy in the journal Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine indicated providing reproductive health education and school-based prenatal care can help reduce the number of girls leaving school early. | <urn:uuid:bbc026b6-d214-43db-8d1d-f511495fa8b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/680110/-/uokclf/-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295103.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00037-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975623 | 1,031 | 2.515625 | 3 |
1. Every Body Is The Right Body
Body image can be defined by one’s negative or positive perception. The body shape, facial features and overall appearance influences one’s body image. In our society, the media holds a lot of power and control over women’s idea of a good body. The internalization of a fictitious body lowers women’s self-esteem, decreases their productivity and increases the chances of physiological problems, eating disorders and suicide. While white Americans continue to feel pressured by society’s beauty standards, minority groups are also affected by the media’s influence to have a thin figure. However, minority women have more difficulty trying to meet these expectations because all body shapes are different. “Minority Women, Media, and Body Image”, analyzes the effects of media on African-American, Hispanic-American and Asian-American women’s self-perception and body image. Even though African Americans have historically been judged for their physical appearance, they accepted their larger body type. However, recent studies outline how the influence of the media has led African Americans to think otherwise and have led African American’s to alter their body in hopes of attaining the ideal body image. Meanwhile, Hispanic women are exposed to more negative body images because they watch about four more hours of television, on a daily basis, than women in other ethnic groups. Therefore, Hispanic American women probably support the beauty industry because of their body dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the Asian community encourages women to attain realistic body images. Due to the fact that Asian American parents confront and communicate about the discrepancies, many Asian American women are not inclined to follow the media. However, different Asian studies contradict these findings and explain how Asian females are not satisfied with their facial features. All different kinds of women are trying to fit one specific body ideal and fail to highlight each other’s differences. By staying positive and focusing on yourself, women can hope to overcome these insecurities.
Martin, C.L. & Baugh, E.J. (2009). Minority Women, Media, and Body Image. University of Florida, IFAS Extension FCS2301.
2. Don’t Edit, You Might Regret It
3. Why Don’t I Look Like Her?
4. Why INSTA-ntly Compare?
According to the article, “Instagram and College Women's Body Image: Investigating the Roles of Appearance-Related Comparisons and Intrasexual Competition,” findings show that the rise of social networking sites, like Instagram, has allowed women to compare their appearances more with others. Social comparison theory is a theoretical framework that explains the negative effects of media exposure on body image. Basically, the theory suggests that it is natural for humans to compare themselves to others. This explains a biological process, in which the social comparison theory can be associated to female intrasexual competition. With that being said, in many civilizations women with feminine attributes had a higher chance of attracting a male and eventually mating. In this case, cosmetic surgeries or diets can be acknowledged as strategies that women use to find their mate. Women may compare themselves with other competitors throughout social networking sites, which can reinforce body image discrepancies. While upward social comparison focuses on individuals who compare themselves to someone superior, downward comparison can be defined when individuals compare themselves to someone inferior. That is, appearance-related comparisons are based on physical appearance. Once woman compare themselves to someone thinner, women may choose to engage in unhealthy behaviors. However, even though studies show that present-day women’s body sizes have increased over the last two decades, women still compare themselves to the unrealistic thin body ideal portrayed in the media. The relationship between body image concerns and appearance-related comparisons demonstrates the link to the desire for thinness and body dissatisfaction. Therefore, constantly comparing yourself to others, can lead to the development of serious eating disorders. Our society should focus on self-image, rather than spending our time analyzing others lives. It can get a lot easier, when we set time to reflect as an individual and member of the society. Comparing ourselves to others can only lead to negative effects. Why bring you or someone else, when you can just focus on staying healthy and positive?
Hendrickse, Joshua, Laura M. Arpan, Russell B. Clayton, and Jessica L. Ridgway. "Instagram and College Women's Body Image: Investigating the Roles of Appearance-related Comparisons and Intrasexual Competition." Computers in Human Behavior 74 (2017): 92. Web. 31 July 2017.
5. A Toxic Relationship With Food
As of today, our society is currently dealing with a national health disaster as the rates of obesity, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa continue to rise. The journal “Body Image, Media and Eating Disorders” explains that the reasons for this involve the interaction between the pressure to be thin, family eating habits, exercise patterns and excess of non-nutritious food. By examining the changing historical perspectives, the journal suggests different solutions for change. Throughout history, political climate and cultural influence have always shaped the public’s perception of the ideal female body type. During colonial times, women were expected to be physically strong to help with the land and household chores. In the 19th century, much focus was placed on tiny waists and female fragility with the invention of the corset. Conversely, at the beginning of the 20th century, the corset motivated the start of the feminist movement and a comfortable boyish-look became the trend. During World War II, women were encouraged to work because most men went overseas. Once the men came back, gender roles were enforced as women were highlighted for their fertility. Then, in the 1960s women were fighting for equality and recognizing sexual freedom. However, today’s culture revolves around what is on the media. Baywatch and Barbie’s physically impossible measurements inspires society to lose weight, which has led to disordered eating at a younger age. Eventually, diets and food restraints result in a repetitive pattern of self-deprivation, which can lead to bingeing and weight gain. While clinicians believe that the cause of eating disorders is dysfunctional family dynamics, beauty expectations, biological predisposition to mental disorders and social skills must be taken into consideration. Recent studies are proving that children with excessive media consumption are at risk of being obese, dealing with depression and a deteriorating self-image. With that being said, parents should feel responsible to encourage healthy lifestyles by having family dinners and providing the necessary nutrients. This can reinforce mental health and solidify the overall relationship and communication between parents and their children. Meanwhile, healthcare providers and the government should take preventive measures, rather than reactive ones. By forgetting about financial advantage and focusing on the future of our generations, media and advertising companies can achieve a positive outlook for females in our society.
Derenne, Jennifer L., and Eugene V. Beresin. "Body Image, Media, and Eating Disorders." Academic Psychiatry 30.3 (2006): 257-61. Web. 27 July 2017. | <urn:uuid:1f024341-94cd-47ba-a657-164303c6ec21> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.buzzfeed.com/claudiap4f1030a7e/the-medias-effect-on-womens-body-image-33p5u?utm_term=.hkQK3dY5k | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490107.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219122312-20190219144312-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.950918 | 1,464 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond (the third?) of Burgundy.
He is a dignified and somewhat enigmatical figure. A vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held Leon as the most direct representative of the Visigoth kings, who were themselves the representatives of the Roman empire. But though given in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of Castile and Alfonso of Aragon the Battler, the title had been little more than a flourish of rhetoric.
Alfonso VII was crowned emperor in 1155 after the death of the Battler. The weakness of Aragon enabled him to make his superiority effective. He appears to have striven for the formation of a national unity, which Spain had never possessed since the fall of the Visigoth kingdom. The elements he had to deal with could not be welded together.
Alfonso was at once a patron of the church, and a protector if not a favourer of the Muslims, who formed a large part of his subjects. His reign ended in an unsuccessful campaign against the rising power of the Almohades. Though he was not actually defeated, his death in the pass of Muradel in the Sierra Morena, while on his way back to Toledo, occurred in circumstances which showed that no man could be what he claimed to be---"king of the men of the two religions." His personal character does not stand out with the emphasis of those of Alfonso VI. or the Battler. Yet he was a great king, the type and to some extent the victim of the confusions of his age--Christian in creed and ambition, but more than half oriental in his household. | <urn:uuid:a04c8ce4-4525-4e0a-9c30-85586d9314fc> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Alfonso_VII_of_Castile.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769867.110/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00160-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982496 | 389 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Under climate change, weather variability and extreme events will become more common, increasing the likelihood of multiple harvest failures. These events can have severe impacts on global food security. Two important socio-economic mechanisms within the food system that can reduce the impacts of such shocks are food storage and market access. This project aims to first characterize the scale and frequency of past harvest failures, including their impact on food availability and prices, through a statistical analysis of historical harvest and price data.
Furthermore, an agro-economic global food system model, the MAgPIE model, will be applied and further developed in order to include storage dynamics. This will provide an assessment of storage and trade as buffers between expected and actual crop yields, especially under possible future harvest failures. The MAgPIE model will also be further extended to map spatially explicit food demand globally at the 0.5-degree (approx. 55km) resolution, for which crop production under climate impacts is already part of the model. This will allow for a representation of local markets, and thus an investigation of the resilience of local to international supply chains.
In combination, these studies shed light on the cross-scale interactions between food storage, trade, and local to global market access. A good balance between these aspects should improve the resilience of the food system and thus food security outcomes under future climate change. | <urn:uuid:19ec000e-21b5-4072-8dd4-7433a0cbe75d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.iri-thesys.org/research/research-projects/resilience-to-multiple-harvest-failure-the-role-of-storage-trade-and-local-markets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499713.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129112153-20230129142153-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.925935 | 275 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Home-School Connections: ideas to enhance student learning at home, September 2018
September 5, 2018—Each month, school newsletters include a one-page insert called Home-School Connections. It describes ways in which families can enhance student learning at home in the areas of literacy; numeracy; healthy, caring schools and improving student learning.
This month’s Home-School Connections (Pdf) features:
- Developing Mathematics: A Parent’s Guide to The Fundamentals of Math (Pdf) states that as students progress through elementary school, they will develop their ability to think mathematically, learn about different concepts and relationships and learn how to apply their knowledge.
- Number Talks are 10 minute daily classroom conversation around intentionally designed strings of problems that are solved mentally. Learn more about the fundamental math skills from Grade 1-8 (Pdf) and ideas about how you can support your child at home.
- Links for Learning: Mathify is a free online service that connects grade 7-10 students with Ontario certified math teachers.
- Every child in HPEDSB has access to the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) where he or she can access a variety of online tools to support learning.
- Important Upcoming Date: Orange Shirt Day: Every Child Matters is recognized on Monday, October 1, 2018.
- Orange Shirt Day is an outcome of the St. Joseph Mission Residential School commemoration event where residential school survivor Phyllis Webstad shared the story of how her brand new shiny orange shirt was taken away the day she arrived at the Mission school.
For more information, please contact:
Kerry Donnell, Communications Officer, 613-966-1170 or 1 800 267-4350, extension 2354, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:5f9810f8-bde6-457d-bfd4-fa7dfc76a0cd> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.hpedsb.on.ca/2018/home-school-connections-ideas-to-enhance-student-learning-at-home-september-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202510.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321092320-20190321114320-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.917134 | 375 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Audubon North Carolina (ANC) is leading the way for bird conservation in North Carolina. Our long-standing commitment to coastal sanctuaries, cooperative research, education and advocacy has been integrated into a single, major project known as the Important Bird Area (IBA) Program.
With the help of local chapters, government agencies, concerned individuals and additional conservation groups, ANC has identified areas across the state that support significant populations of priority bird species. To date, more than 90 regions across the state have met stringent criteria to qualify as an Important Bird Area.
What Makes an IBA?
The IBA project seeks to identify unique regions that support a significant population of a single bird species, or host a wide variety of many priority birds. To further our knowledge of the conservation needs in each region, ANC biologists work hard to track bird populations for the IBAs through inventory and monitoring projects. With close to 100 sites and more than 4,300,000 acres of habitat, the job is enormous.
You can help!
If you like to hike, bird watch or participate in citizen science projects like Christmas Bird Counts or Breeding Bird Surveys, you can help us monitor the birds in our state's IBAs.
But identifying and counting individual birds aren't the only ways to participate. You can support the IBA program by helping Audubon staff monitor how changes in the landscape affect bird populations. For example, many of our IBAs are comprised of public and private lands. To further the study and conservation of these IBAs, you can help us track if development or timbering is occurring in your area, how much of that change is occurring, and if there are conservation opportunities for ANC to pursue by working with landowners or policy makers and land managers.
If you want to make a contribution to the bird conservation efforts in North Carolina, please join us in this effort to monitor our state's Important Bird Areas. Whatever your skill level, you can contribute necessary information to make our bird conservation activities more focused and more successful!
How to help
To better understand how you can help IBAs in North Carolina, review the checklist to get started, and to learn how you can prepare, complete and submit your information.
- Pick an Important Bird Area you'd like to support.
- Contact Curtis Smalling at email@example.com or 828-265-0198 to discuss how you can help. You may be able to assist our team by setting up routes within an IBA, building a list of larger property owners or managers within the IBA, monitoring changes within the IBA or providing staff with presence/absence lists.
- Familiarize yourself with Audubon North Carolina's data forms and methods.
- Conduct your counts (if applicable) within the specified dates and with the specified methods.
- Make a copy of the data sheets for your records.
- Enter your data online with the appropriate program.
- Mail hard copies of your information to Curtis Smalling at 667 George Moretz Lane, Boone, NC 28607 or email your information to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Practically any activity regarding birds in an IBA can become part of the Adopt an IBA program!
How you can help, right now
Sign Up For Our eNewsletter
Keep up-to-date on all that happens with Audubon North Carolina's research, events and volunteer opportunities. | <urn:uuid:3cbfced6-1230-4103-8a79-3d008aa73cc7> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://nc.audubon.org/conservation/adopt-important-bird-area | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592846.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217015850-20171217041850-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.901529 | 707 | 2.75 | 3 |
How Strange is a Stranger?
A Survey of Opportunities for Inuit-European Contact
in the Davis Strait before 1576
By Kirsten Seaver
he surviving accounts from Frobisher's three voyages suggest that the Baffin Island Inuit had previous experience with Europeans. Modern archaeological investigations on both sides of the Davis Strait point the same way, as do various non-Frobisher written sources. This paper examines the five centuries preceding the arrival of Frobisher's ships and draws on archaeological research conducted from the Greenland perspective as well as on recent studies of the Arctic marine mammals hunted by early European intruders on Dorset and Thule territory. Norse, English, and Iberian voyagers are considered, with particular attention being paid to the Greenland Norse as the most pervasive European presence in that part of the world until about A.D. 1500. The conclusion is that Europeans were no strangers to the Baffin Islanders of 1576, who had cause to be wary of such intruders. | <urn:uuid:0ec51bb3-9bdd-4899-b0c6-07e66099aecc> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/frobisher/frboo17e.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645281115.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031441-00117-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94267 | 206 | 2.953125 | 3 |
For biochemist JoAnne Stubbe, “radical” is a word with many associations.
In the late 1960s, Stubbe was a graduate student at the University of California at Berkeley, where student demonstrators picketed against the Vietnam War. She recalls that at the time, radicals were seen as protestors who were “highly reactive, that one had difficulty controlling and that wreaked havoc on everything they interacted with.”
But from Stubbe’s perspective, the “radicals” were merely reacting to their immediate environment — namely, the lines of policemen sent to quell the protests, “guns raised, masks on.”
“Little did I think that these experiences back in those days would foreshadow the fact that I have spent 30 years of my life working on radicals in biology,” said Stubbe, who delivered MIT’s Killian Faculty Achievement Award Lecture on Tuesday.
- Video: Watch the Killian Lecture
Stubbe, the Novartis Professor of Chemistry and Biology, has devoted most of her career to elucidating the mechanisms behind small molecules known as free radicals. While most molecules need at least two electrons to remain stable, free radicals carry only one — an unstable configuration that makes them highly reactive and difficult to control. These molecules travel throughout the body, and can react with anything they encounter. If they interact with a cell’s DNA, free radicals can cause genetic damage that, over time, can contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer.
Given their instability and the damage they can wreak, Stubbe says free radicals have commonly been “vilified.” However, just as with student protestors in the 1960s, Stubbe says the effect of free radicals is largely a consequence of their environment.
Stubbe’s research has focused on mapping the chemical environment in which “good radicals” form, concentrating on a group of enzymes called ribonucleotide reductases (RNR). These enzymes convert nucleotides — the precursors of RNA — into deoxynucleotides — the building blocks of DNA — and are essential to all organisms in replicating and repairing DNA.
Scientists have found that RNR converts nucleotides through a complex oxidation process spanning a physical distance of 35 angstroms; most chemical reactions take place within just a few angstroms.
“The question is, how do you do oxidation over this long a distance?” Stubbe said.
Using a variety of tools, Stubbe has traced RNR’s long chemical pathway, finding that in order for the enzymes to work, they require a chain of free-radical reactions. These radicals trade electrons down the chain — in a process Stubbe likens to “hopping” — until the original nucleotide is converted to a deoxynucleotide.
“Nature has figured out how to harness the reactivity of these radicals to do extremely difficult chemical transformations with exquisite specificity,” Stubbe said.
Now researchers are harnessing Stubbe’s discoveries to design therapies for cancer and other diseases that involve uncontrolled DNA replication. Stubbe is currently investigating the mechanisms behind drugs such as gemcitabine, a chemotherapeutic used to treat pancreatic cancer and other carcinomas. Gemcitabine acts to inhibit RNR activity, which in turn stops DNA replication and triggers tumor-cell death. Stubbe’s research group is also exploring ways to reduce the activity of free radicals involved in RNR — a potential mechanism for RNR inhibition.
“These are really reactive radicals that can be controlled,” Stubbe said. “Your life is in their hands.”
Stubbe is the recipient of the National Academy Prize in Chemistry, the National Medal of Science, the Franklin Institute Award in Chemistry and the Welch Award in Chemistry. In recognition of her research and teaching, last May the MIT faculty awarded Stubbe the Killian Faculty Achievement Award, established in 1971 as a tribute to James R. Killian, Jr., MIT’s 10th president.
Mary Fuller, a professor of literature and associate chair of the MIT faculty, presented Stubbe with the award and read from the award citation:
“When she began her work, it was believed that a radical mechanism was impossible because of the radical’s chemical reactivity. Now, due to Professor Stubbe’s work uncovering the intricate processes by which cells safely use free radicals, this is textbook material.” | <urn:uuid:01e46a58-f032-4d73-80aa-9bb38ad9f2fe> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://news.mit.edu/2012/killian-lecture-0308 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815560.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224112708-20180224132708-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.962821 | 941 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Mighty Ape can deliver this product within 1-2 business days
(usually overnight) to urban centres across Australia, and some remote areas.
using standard courier delivery
Washington State is about to enter a new phase of the "math wars." Since the late 1980s, the debate over how best to teach mathematics to schoolchildren has raged worldwide among educators, politicians, and parents. The stakes are high. To operate effectively in a global, twenty-first-century economy and polity, the United states must provide an education in mathematics that is both excellent and equitable.
In this volume, four scholars at the Washington School Research Center (WSRC) at Seattle Pacific University present original research drawn from statistical studies of state educational data and from thousands of classroom observations carried out by The BERC Group. They assess the current state of math education and review its history and development. The authors also provide a dispassionate review of the extensive international, national, and state literature.
The in-depth observational research in Winning the Math Wars confirms that the real issue is neither the approach to teaching--traditional or reform--nor the type of curriculum. If America's goal of educational equity and excellence is to be achieved, then math teachers everywhere must be fully supported in developing the specific skills that are ideal for educating all students. The authors discussion focus on four principles for improving math teaching and learning: fidelity to reform efforts by all involved; an emphasis on instruction and instructional tools; the critical nature of mathematical knowledge; and the need for transformational change.
Winning the Math Wars is an important book for policy makers, school leaders, practitioners of mathematics education, parents, and anyone who wants to make sense of the "math wars."
Martin Abbott , Ph.D., is director of the WSRC and professor of sociology at Seattle Pacific University. He specializes in evaluation research and statistical analysis of large data sets. Duane Baker , Ed.D., is president of The BERC Group and an expert in assessment, classroom observation, and teaching reforms. Karen Smith , Ed.D., is winner of a presidential award in mathematics education and an experienced elementary math teacher, school administrator, and consultant to public schools. Thomas Trzyna , Ph.D., is a specialist in international education and a co-author of Toward a Global Ph.D. | <urn:uuid:641bb9bb-39f6-49f5-ba86-cb4ea322b2f6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.mightyape.com.au/product/winning-the-math-wars-paperback/3900017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864999.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522225116-20180523005116-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.933421 | 474 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Edmund learns from Curan, a courtier, that there is likely to be war between Albany and Cornwall, and that Regan and Cornwall are to arrive at Gloucester's house that evening.
This power to name is expressed in his offer of Cordelia to the Duke of Burgundy: He then awards to Regan her share as soon as she has spoken. Through this, the Fool blatantly states that Lear had been foolish enough to give his crown away to his daughters and be bought over by their empty compliments to build his egotism, and still he is still in denial.
His loyal servant Kent, who defends her, is also banished. The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between and So here are the facts, folks. Lear's costume, for example, would have changed in the course of the play as his status diminished: The second plot line of the play consists of Gloucester and his sons, Edmund and Edgar.
Therefore the theme of injustice is evident within this scene through the way in which Regan and Goneril have suddenly turned their back on Lear despite the fact they had proclaimed their love for him days before and left him to the storm where he could have easily fallen sick in his old age.
The date originates from words in Edgar's speeches which may derive from Samuel Harsnett 's Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures Winter's not gone yet, if the wild geese fly that way: Lear driven to madness by his daughters was in the words of one spectator, Arthur Murphy "the finest tragic distress ever seen on any stage" and, in contrast, the devotion shown to Lear by Cordelia a mix of Shakespeare's, Tate's and Garrick's contributions to the part moved the audience to tears.
Lear discovers that now that Goneril has power, she no longer respects him. Like the other Medieval characters such as Edgar, Kent is selfless and considered a morally righteous person, but he loses his power while the cunning Renaissance characters rise.
Consequently, this demonstrated irony, insight and complexity to the play, therefore highlighting the significance of the Fool and Lear.
There are two strongly contrasting views of human nature in the play: If you do stir abroad, go armed. Lear discovers much about himself here, as well as what it means to be human.
Kent later follows to protect him. This shows that Lear had lost touch with reality or an ordinary sense of understanding of nature. He disinherits Edgar and proclaims him an outlaw.
Among the people of England there was confusion and worry that Elizabeth would die without naming an heir, resulting in a struggle for power and chaos in the kingdom. Love and be silent" 1: Edmund sends Lear and Cordelia off with secret-joint orders from him representing Regan and her forces and Goneril representing the forces of her estranged husband, Albany for the execution of Cordelia.
The play begins with a framing device, often referred. Moved by her flattery Lear proceeds to grant to Goneril her share as soon as she has finished her declaration, before Regan and Cordelia have a chance to speak.
Q1 contains lines not in F1; F1 contains around lines not in Q1. Soon after Albany sends men to countermand Edmund's orders, Lear enters bearing Cordelia's corpse in his arms, having survived by killing the executioner.
As he is doing so, a servant is overcome with rage by what he is witnessing and attacks Cornwall, mortally wounding him. The wise man or the fool" comes into play.
The fact that Edmund ends his prayer telling the gods to stand up for him shows his faith in his own power.
It is right for man to feel, as Edmund does, that society exists for man, not man for society. The older society, that of the medieval vision, with its doting king, falls into error, and is threatened by the new Machiavellianism ; it is regenerated and saved by a vision of a new order, embodied in the king's rejected daughter.
Why does this seem to have such a profound effect upon his sense of identity? For a brief time, Lear blindly placed his trust in Goneril and Regan, who deceptively returned his kindness with cruelty.King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare.
It depicts the gradual descent into madness of the title character, after he disposes of his kingdom giving bequests to two of his three daughters based on their flattery of him, bringing tragic consequences for all.
Derived from the legend. A summary of Themes in William Shakespeare's King Lear. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of King Lear and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. King Lear is a tragedy by the big Billy himself, William Shakespeare.
The play's action centers on an aging king who decides to divvy up his kingdom between his three daughters (Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia) in order to avoid any conflict after his death.
STORM SCENE IN “KING LEAR”: The storm scene constitutes the mechanical centre in “King Lear” as in “Julius Caesar” it will be recognized as the dramatic back ground to the tempest of human emotion.
The Gods are just” – Discuss – King Lear The malignant ferocity and human cruelty found in ‘King Lear’ has lead some contemporary critics such as Stephen Greenblatt to deem Shakespeare “a decisively secular dramatist”.
King Lear is based on a Celtic legend, but Shakespeare's play is the example and version that most people know of this tale.
Lear in his dotage decides to divide his kingdom amongst his three dfaduke.coms: 6.Download | <urn:uuid:63453050-3495-4e5a-9075-1433ba7373a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://cyrigyp.dfaduke.com/an-analysis-of-the-human-cruelty-in-king-lear-by-william-shakespeare-61497kl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987823061.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022182744-20191022210244-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.977504 | 1,221 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The price for campus activism, the rising up against oppression and demanding that the pervasive practices of racial discrimination end may very well be costly; however, in the end, confronting the debilitating crime itself — racism and racial dominance — is every bit worth it as history has proven. Student unrest and campus activism historically have been responsible in many ways for bringing about justifiable and positive changes in academe itself, fighting for equal education, rights and justice for all regardless of race, color and creed. This is the very foundation of “America, the land of the free, the home of the brave.” It is what so many others from foreign lands come here for and what we in America continue to uphold as our birthright — “liberty and justice for all.” This is our doctrine, our philosophy, the American way of life, indeed, the raison d’être for existence.
A lot of attention is on diversity today, but we must know that true diversity comes in both thought and color/culture, and establishing Africana studies as a discipline was essential in securing the educational component. But just how did Black/Africana studies come into being in the first place, as it was clearly not served on a silver platter for the ultimate benefit of all? To be sure, it was non-existent. How did these areas become viable fields of study at universities across the country? There was a time when even historically and predominantly Black colleges and universities did not offer this area of expertise, as they were modeling their curriculum after White standards.
A classic example of student unrest during the searing 1960s was when students at Cornell University, for example, shut down the campus and closed its main building with a campuswide sit-in demonstration until their demands for the inclusion of Black studies were met. Without that, the premier Africana Studies and Research Center at Cornell University would not have come into existence, nor would it be successfully thriving today as a model for authentic intellectual Africana research. Were it not for bringing Black studies into the curriculum, we would probably be still thinking that Egypt is not in Africa; that Africa is a country, rather than a continent; that Africa is the poorest rather the richest continent in the world, endowed with natural resources — diamonds, gold, oil, etc. Moreover, we would not know that Africa is the cradle of civilization where the first and major university in the world, The University of Timbuktu, is situated. Of course, then move from the wonders of Africa and its people to the people of the African diaspora, such as African-Americans, Caribbeans, Afro-Brazilians of South America, African Canadians, African Europeans, etc., and their many contributions to the world.
Thank God that we student-activists of the 1960s, in the midst of the civil rights and the Black Power movements, stood up proudly in demanding our rights to educational inclusion, while supporting our professors and mentors whose primary mission was to educate and protect the lives and goals of their students. That said, Maxwell Little, one of the founding members of Concerned Student 1950, which spearheaded the demonstration at the University of Missouri, later expressed remorse for playing a seminal role. I surmise that there is the possibility of the blaming the victim syndrome, an age-old tactic, culminating in being physically and mentally broken down by a system that continues to oppress via denial and misinterpretations.
The victim is now led to believe that he was better off before he and his colleagues rose up against racial oppression, and now, in shame and embarrassment, regrets having cost both himself and his family and friends, as well as the perpetrators of continued systemic racism, any shame and inconvenience due to his commitment and positive affirmative actions. I can only regret that the Black faculty and staff did not take their 2002 initiative of confronting long-existing racial discrimination at Missouri to a point of completion, as these students are now attempting to do. Perhaps they would not be suffering from the same root problem of the Black faculty and staff then, whose suffering has not ceased, due to tremendous disrespect and lack of retention at the university, indeed, affected by racist dominance.
On a final note, it saddens me that still some do not see that some personal losses and sacrifices are needed for a people to move forward, which does not suggest that we forget the past wrongs, but rather learn from them as we properly and completely correct them. That has been the rich legacy of Black life in particular, beginning with the experiences on the slave ship; insurrections with Nat Turner; the Civil War; the civil rights movement, with Emmett Till as the “sacrificial lamb”; Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.; the Black Power Movement, up to today’s Black Lives Matter movement, with Emmett Till continuums. We still call for ending senseless racist atrocities so that we, all people, can at last elevate ourselves to the level of true human beings who love and respect all humankind.
Clenora Hudson-Weems is an English professor at the University of Missouri. | <urn:uuid:5fdbdce5-11f7-491e-b269-af11bae6f88f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://diverseeducation.com/article/82675/?utm_campaign=Diverse%20Newsletter%203SpecialSend032216&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua&elqTrackId=d391a8130d42493f8b247f3772401acf&elq=6caa15f8a4d1486cb478e15fb5fb39df&elqaid=1396&elqat=1&elqCampaignId=987 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891654.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707044954-20200707074954-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.969455 | 1,044 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Class Explores Legal Aspects of Business Entities
In 2011, I created a Law and the Entrepreneur course at Bradley University. It was the first course on its campus created for its new Turner School of Entrepreneurship. This course is exclusively for undergraduates, particularly juniors and seniors. It is designed for students across the campus interested in entrepreneurship, although it is housed in the Foster College of Business. The class focuses on the stages of a business -- from leaving your employer with your business idea to selling the business. Many guest speakers (both lawyers and entrepreneurs) inform the students of these stages and legal issues that entrepreneurs may encounter along the way.
On the first day of my Law and Entrepreneurship course, the undergraduate students self-select small groups and brainstorm a problem that needs to be solved by a small business. They then discuss the creation of this small business within this small group. Throughout the entire semester, students apply legal concepts to this fictitious small business that their group has created.
Each exercise is worth 5 points. Students typically engage in 12 exercises throughout the semester, utilizing this fictitious small business. Throughout the semester the students will use this fictitious business to examine issues of taxation, contracts, founders agreements, additional investors, government involvement and the sale of their business, just to name a few of the exercises.
Among the first exercises (of many) that the students engage in is the choice of entity selection, which I describe below.
When starting a new venture, choosing the right form of entity is important for entrepreneurs. Selection of the most appropriate business entity for a particular venture is an important and complex decision. Factors such as funding, taxation, management and control, liability, and ownership of the entity will vary depending on the form of business entity. The types of entity can be identified as follows:
- Sole proprietorship—This begins when a single entrepreneur starts a business. This “doing business as” entity is very easy to create and might only need a d/b/a form filed in the state where the business is operated. State and local licensing, permits, taxes and other compliance with regulations are required. This is not a separate legal entity, thus the sole proprietor is personally responsible for any liability of the business and must report the income of the business on the individual’s tax returns.
- Partnership—This is technically formed anytime that two individuals or entities operate a business together. State statutes provide legal guidance over general and limited partnership, but a partnership agreement is recommended if deviation from the state partnership statute is desired. A partnership can own property, sue and be sued, and acquire debt. A partnership is a flow-through entity; the taxes go on the tax returns of the partners. Creditors of the partnership must first look for payment from the partnership, but if the assets are not there, individual partners can be held personally liable. A limited partnership must have at least one general partner and the limited partners cannot participate in the day-to-day activities of the partnership because they are really just investors who can personally lose only their investment in the partnership.
- Limited Liability Company—This entity has the same liability protections and tax benefits as an S Corporation, but which enjoys greater flexibility in terms of taxation and ownership. Owners are called members and should enter into a member agreement regarding the rights and responsibilities, rather than relying on the state statutes for limited liability companies. It is usually not formed by a business financed via venture capital funds, due to tax restrictions on the fund’s tax-exempt partners; however, the LLC is an attractive entity for corporate investors and wealthy individuals.
- S Corporation—An entrepreneur must make a federal tax election to be an S corporation. Once the election is made, this entity provides the liability protection of a corporation but without its various levels of taxation. Taxation flows through to the owners. There are drawbacks to the S corporation. It is limited to 100 shareholders, all of whom must be individuals–—and some specific organizations–—and cannot be foreign; and, it can only issue one class of stock.
- C Corporation-- Corporations provide the entrepreneur with personal liability protection and some tax benefits to the business. A corporation is a separate legal entity by law, and separate from its owners. A corporation incurs its own liabilities, including tax, contract, and product or service risks. As long as the corporation is properly managed as distinct from its shareholders, personal assets are not at risk. Ownership is easily transferred if a shareholder decides to exit the business. Corporations, however, face many formalities that are required by state statutes, including: establishment of a board of directors; an annual meeting; state filings; and an article of incorporation. Corporations incur and must pay their own taxes. When shareholders receive dividends, those dividends are taxable to the shareholder.
- Other business entities—There are additional legal entities for businesses, such as the low-profit limited liability company (known as a L3C), series limited liability company, limited liability partnership, limited liability limited partnership, joint venture, professional corporation, close corporation, non-profit corporation and B corporations.
Students complete two small group exercises on two different days. In the first exercise, students are asked to think about both a sole proprietorship and a partnership as possible entity forms for their small business. Students within each group discuss the following items:
- List 5 things your entity should do or consider if you want to create a partnership?
- Discuss why your entity cannot be a sole proprietorship.
- If your business could be a sole proprietorship, what is the biggest reason why you would not select this entity?
- What are 10 items that should be included in a partnership agreement?
- An S corporation and a C corporation are creatures of what federal law?
Upon completion of their small group discussions, we then discuss these questions as an entire class.
The second exercise focuses on the limited liability company as the entity selection for the small groups and their business. Students focus on starting a small business in Illinois as a limited liability company. Students explore the Illinois Secretary of State’s Cyber Drive website, which houses the necessary information. Once a student becomes familiar with a state’s website for the its legal entities and forms, they should easily be able to navigate a similar website in any state. Students look at forms and informational guides in an attempt to learn what is necessary to file in order to create a limited liability company. Students must answer the following questions and present the results to the class:
- List all required documents to create your business in Illinois.
- List applicable fees and state the reason for the fees.
- Calculate the total fees in Illinois to file this entity.
- Select two states and compute the total fees required to create a limited liability company.
Again, the entire class discusses the findings of each group. Students explore series limited liability companies, foreign and domestic businesses, and the cost of creating a business in different states (which are very different).
As a result of these exercises, students gain a better knowledge on the decisions that must be made when selecting an entity for their start-up business. Selection of the most appropriate entity will lead to less personal liability for the entrepreneurs, better tax advantages, and the retention of management and control of the business decision making choices of their business.
- M. Marcum & E. S. Blair, Entrepreneurial decisions and legal issues in early venture stages: Advice that shouldn’t be ignored, Business Horizons (2011) 54, 143-152.
Additional Search Terms: entrepreneurship courses, teaching ideas, teaching resources, classroom ideas, entrepreneurship classes, business schools, business school classes, entrepreneurship students, professors | <urn:uuid:1b6b895d-fe0f-423f-9845-7c415f02ec40> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://eiexchange.com/content/333-class-explores-legal-aspects-of-business-entitie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057329.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922041825-20210922071825-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.955455 | 1,577 | 2.75 | 3 |
Hello! Here is another article that continues the themes and texts we are exploring in The FrankenPod.
This is an extra something-something to go with our exploration of Oscar Wilde and The Picture of Dorian Gray. It could be easy to dismiss Wilde’s contribution to the gothic literary canon as being somewhat of a one-hit-wonder situation. But there is this little story that as a Shakespeare conspiracy enthusiast (as a spectator, not necessarily as a subscriber to those theories) has a very dear place in my heart. There are a few features of The Portrait of Mr W.H. that will be familiar to readers of the exploits of Mr Gray.
Not many people consider it gothic, and that is fair, I can definitely see that argument. However, The Portrait of Mr W.H. features death, a potential curse, mystery and obsession; certainly traits we would ascribe to the gothic.
So what does this Victorian story have to do with Shakespeare?
There are two people believed to be explicitly addressed in Shakespeare’s Sonnets; “The Fair Youth” and “The Dark Lady”. There are many theories as to the identities of these two, and it is “The Fair Youth” who is the preoccupation of the characters and potentially the author of The Portrait of Mr W.H. The sonnets are dedicated to a Mr W.H. who many theorists believe is “The Fair Youth” of the sonnets
It is widely believed that Shakespeare was either in some kind of romantic relationship with ‘The Fair Youth”, or at the very least infatuated with him. So if you could discover the identity of Mr W.H. it follows that you would have discovered the identity of the elusive writer’s love interest. There are two main theories as to who he might be William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, or Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. However, there are literary theorists who have posited more humble origins for Shakespeare’s muse. A young poor man would not necessarily have had the means to create lasting documentation, such as a grand portrait or written proof of his existence, and therein lies the issue, you can’t possibly prove that this ignoble young man who might have been the object of the great bard’s affections exists, but you have no way to categorically prove he didn’t. It seems this meant a great deal to Wilde, or at the very least Lord Alfred Douglas, the latter of whom explicitly stated that he believed the theory that is posited by Wilde in this story. The theory put forward by Wilde in the text, or rather put forward by Cyril Graham, was that Mr W.H. was, in fact, Willie Hughes, a player in Shakespeare’s company. Willie Hughes is thought to have played the young female parts in Shakespeare’s theatre company, or so the theory states.
But did Willie Hughes ever even exist?
The actor’s existence and the nature of belief are at the heart of The Portrait of Mr W.H.
Erskine relays the story, very close to his heart about a young man who he was particularly fond of, a young man who is described in similar terms to Dorian Gray. Wilde does love to include very handsome young men in his books, and these young men occasionally descend into madness and despair. Wilde constructs his young men in crisis in much the same way as the spectacle of the damsel in distress is constructed. They are something to behold, Dorian Gray when we first meet him is serving as an artist’s model and the enchanting Cyril Graham is an aspiring actor. They are men being subject to the male gaze in a way that is similar to the righteous Mathilda and virginal Isabella in The Castle of Otranto or Lucy Westenra of Dracula with her multiple suitors and just about every young woman in Lewis’s The Monk.
However, less like the examples from The Monk and Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto and more like Stoker’s Lucy Westenra, Dorian’s story takes a sinister turn when a destructive supernatural desire seizes him. Cyril Graham is a little different, he fashions himself as a Christ-like literary figure much like Walpole’s Mathilda.
When we are exploring the similarities between these two stories penned by Oscar Wilde there is also the use of a portrait as representative of a dangerous idea; for Dorian, it is eternal youth and beauty, for Cyril, it is the identity of Mr W.H. Suicide comes up a fair bit, as does the idea of the muse. As Dorian was Basil’s muse, so was Willie Hughes Shakespeare’s muse.
Let’s get into the story… It’s not a long tale and I would recommend reading it in its entirety. It is part of Lord Savile’s Crime and Other Stories. | <urn:uuid:dc2d8bfa-b9e8-457e-9d19-6193cfc2746c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://thefrankenpod.wordpress.com/tag/william-shakespeare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021230549-20211022020549-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.969425 | 1,058 | 2.75 | 3 |
NEGenWeb Project - Nuckolls County
Who's Who in Nebraska, 1940
F. A. Scherzinger
HE history of Nuckolls County may begin with the "great trail" period, of the Overland Route from St. Joseph, Mo., to California. This trail entered Nebraska in the south of Jefferson County, passed through the northern part of Nuckolls County, entered Elk Precinct on the east line and left the county through Liberty Precinct on the north.
Settlements, were attempted in this territory as early as 1858, but since it was almost on the extreme border of the frontier, the leaders in the van of western immigration were not allowed by the Indians to see civilization established. The security and the privileges enjoyed by those who came later were purchased with the blood of these leaders. Much credit goes to those who arrived in 1870; glory is due those who came before.
The Mormons on their western journey to Salt Lake passed through Nuckolls County along the course of the Little Blue river. This was the first "road" in the county and in 1858 was adopted and used by the government in transporting supplies to military posts along the frontier.
The historical Pony Express was started over this route in 1859. The same year the Overland Stage Line began and stations were established along the route through Nuckolls County. The most noted of these was Oak Grove.
Much of the credit and glory of opening Nuckolls County territory to civilization belongs to B. S. Comstock, who came here in 1858. He purchased Oak Grove in 1861, and with his family of four boys and three girls established the home where he remained until 1867. During the strenuous years of pioneer life spent in attempts at farming and ranching, they rightfully gained the title of "heroes." This ranch was destroyed in the great massacre of 1864. It was rebuilt the next year, but during the raids of 1867 all the white settlers were driven from Nuckolls County save John Larrimer, who refused to leave. Despite warning of the danger and hazard involved in remaining at the mercy of the Indians, Larrimer was determined to stay, having faith he would escape their fury. But in less than two weeks he fell victim to the tomahawk and scalping knife.
A subsequent attempt at settlement was made in 1869 by Henry and Philip Michaels at Oak Grove. During the next year soldiers were stationed near the east line of Nuckolls County and the Indians became less bold and began moving westward. Settlers became more numerous and the building of a prosperous community to supplant the haunts of the savages was earnestly taken up.
Nuckolls County suffered from Indian raids and depredations more than any other county in southern Nebraska with the possible exception of Thayer County, and its early history is rich in the lore of Indian warfare. Most noted of these was the great raid of Aug. 7, 1864, which extended from Gage County westward to Denver, Colo. Oak Grove -- the home of B. S. Comstock----was the only place in Nuckolls County which withstood that terrible onslaught. Comstock and his family were the only survivors.
In that shrewdly planned and skillfully executed raid forty braves were assigned to Oak Grove. At the time planned for attack, Mr. Comstock was away, but five or six men were with the family, at the stockade. The Indians reached the ranch at noon, having left their horses some distance away. They were admitted and given a dinner and a liberal helping of tobacco, when without warning they drew their bows and opened war on the white occupants of the ranch. Fortunately, one of the men there -- W. R. Kelly from Beatrice -- carried a revolver. But the Indian charge came so suddenly that he could not use it, and fell victim to the first volley of arrows. One of the Comstock boys grabbed the revolver and shot the nearest redskin, who had hoped to get the weapon. At the report of the revolver the Indians rushed for the door, but three failed to get out alive, as young Comstock proved to be a skillful marksman. However, two other white men lost their lives and one man and a boy were wounded in the attack.
Some five miles east of Oak Grove a boy eighteen years of age, named Ulig, was met by two Indians. While one shook hands with him the other struck him down with a spear and he was scalped while his life slowly ebbed away.
Four miles up the river from Oak Grove at a point known as "The Narrows," the William Eubanks family of ten had settled a few months before that terrible Aug. 7, 1864. They were wholly ignorant of Indian warfare and how to cope with it. When they were attacked in the little log home, they rushed for the timber, where only two reached a place of concealment -- Mrs. Eubanks, the young wife of one of Eubanks' sons, and Miss Laura Roper, sixteen, who was visiting the Eubanks. Nine were killed, scalped, and stripped of their clothing.
Cries from the babe held in the arms of Mrs. Eubanks, however, led to their discovery and ultimate capture. The restlessness of the babe seemed to enrage its captors and an Indian crushed the infant's skull with his tomahawk, as the mother was holding it in her arms. The two women were held in captivity and underwent the hardships of living with these savages for two months. It was reported Miss Roper had been ransomed for $1,000, and turned loose near Denver, but in a letter dated Nov. 10, 1926, she says, "I was not ransomed; just set free at Fort Lyons Oct. 12, 1864."
On Jan. 13, 1929, Mrs. Laura Roper Vance visited the scene of her capture sixty-five years before. She was a guest in the home of Mrs. George D. Follmer, near The Narrows, and a goodly number of people of Nuckolls, Clay and Webster Counties were invited to spend the day with the heroine of the great 1864 massacre. The party went to The Narrows -- the scene of the attack -- and after studying the surroundings she definitely located the spot where the capture was made. An iron post was driven into the ground by Grover Scroggin and Ralph Harritt to mark this historic spot, until a more permanent marker may be provided.
In contrast to the bloody history of Nuckolls County during the establishment of civilization, it soon grew into a peaceful community once permanent settlement was effected.
So consistently law abiding have been its people that there has never been a legal execution in the county. However, there probably would have been on one occasion had the court been allowed to exercise its jurisdiction.
On July 14, 1887, the people of Nelson were astounded to learn that the body of Henry Sallen, a well known and highly respected farmer who lived on Liberty creek, had been found on the road northwest of town. He died from a bullet wound in the left side of the head. That morning Sallen had sold five head of hogs for $52.50. On leaving town for home, he graciously granted the request of a stranger to "ride to the country" with him, but after Sallen's body was found, the passenger could not be located. Citizens at once began a search and it was soon agreed John Conrad (or Coon), known as "Jim the Cook," formerly with the Burlington construction gang, was the guilty man. He was traced to his home and taken into custody. A coroner's jury found him guilty and the trial was set for hearing on July 19.
So strong became the circumstantial evidence against Conrad that for two days and nights there was a growing spirit of revenge. Shortly after midnight, on the third night, about one hundred fully-armed hooded men quietly assembled in the park and went to the jail. In less than ten minutes they reached the prisoner. Without further explanation or ceremony, a rope with the regulation loop at one end, was adjusted about his neck. He was then hurried to the Rock Island bridge across Elk creek some seven blocks away. There the rope was quickly fastened to the rail, and the prisoner was forced to leap to his death. The incoming train next morning cut the rope which suspended Conrad's body in midair, letting it drop to the stream below. The train crew pulled the victim out onto the side of the bank, and then went on their way. Burial was made the same day in the "Potters Field" of the local cemetery.
In the early summer of 1890 the quietness of the cemetery was disturbed when in the dead of night someone went to "Potters Field," exhumed Conrad's body and decapitated it. Coincident with this happening a phrenologist named J. K. M. Looker had come to Nelson. A few months later this phrenologist, when lecturing in an eastern Nebraska town, displayed a skull which he described as being that of "a murderer -- a man of low intellect and brutal instinct." Some of the persons acquainted with the case believed this was the skull of "Jim the Cook."
Nuckolls County is situated in the south tier of counties, the sixth west of the Missouri river, and the eighth east of the Colorado State line. It is about 1,350 miles from San Francisco -- and from New York it is some 1,250 miles. Thus it is nearly, in the center of the United States, east and west. It is also near the geographical center of the famous South Platte country.
According to government survey it embraces Townships 1 to 4 inclusive, north of the base line in Range 5 to 8 inclusive west of the Sixth Principal Meridian. The area of the county is twenty-four square miles. A government survey of the lands was made in 1858-59, and about the same time the territorial legislature mapped it out as a county. It was named in honor of a man then engaged in the mercantile business in Nebraska City.
Numerous streams of clear water, skirted by timber land, course in and through the county. The largest of these are the Republican river in the southern part of the county, and the Little Blue which crosses the northeastern part. Between them lie broad rich prairie lands broken by slight undulations or rolling surface, forming together with the smaller streams a perfect drainage system, making it particularly well adapted to both farming and stock raising.
In 1870 the territory which now comprises Nuckolls County had a population of only eight. The 1930 census listed 12,609 inhabitants.
To men of vision this new country seemed destined to become a valuable portion of the "Great American Bread Basket." Acting upon this presumption Lord Scully, a wealthy Irish landlord who had visited America in 1851, decided to invest in Nuckolls County ground. His holdings, totaling
40,684 acres, were purchased in 1870 at $1.25 an acre. This estate has been held intact to this day and is now owned by a son, Fred Scully, of Lincoln, Ill. W. W. Hawley and P. A. Peterson are the resident supervisors. Two hundred twenty-five tenants lease these lands on a cash rental basis which includes the taxes. Leases are signed annually and improvements are the property of the tenants.
Early in 1871 a petition was sent to acting Gov. William H. James asking the organization of Nuckolls County. An order was granted for an election, which was held June 27, under an elm tree at Oak Grove in Elk precinct. Thirty-three votes were cast at this election, and the following county officers were chosen: Jonas Hannum, A. Naylor and Adam Simonton, commissioners; Elbridge Downing, clerk; E. A. Davis, probate judge; R. J. Harman, sheriff; Willis Henby, treasurer; Charles Goodman, superintendent of schools; F. Naylor, coroner; D. W. Montgomery, surveyor.
The first informal meeting of elected officers was held in the home of Elbridge Downing Aug. 15, 1871. The first session of the county board was held Sept. 5, 1871, with Simonton, Hannum and Clerk Downing present. Their first official act was to subdivide the county into three precincts. From time to time as population grew other new precincts were formed, and those already existing were changed in size until the county now has sixteen civil precincts.
The location of the Nuckolls County seat was established by a vote of the citizens in October, 1872, on the lands then owned by Horatio Nelson Wheeler of Peoria, Ill., whose middle name was adopted as the name of the town. Two other localities -- Elkton and Vernon -- both of them in Elk Precinct, entered the race for the county seat, but the vote resulted in favor of the place soon to become Nelson, because of its central location. In the winter of 1872-73 the townsite was surveyed and the plat filed with the county clerk, D. W. Montgomery, April 1, 1873. In the summer of 1873 a court house suitable for the needs of the county at that time, two or three residences, a hotel, and one business room were erected.
For two years after the organization of the county, official business was transacted in the home of D. W. Montgomery, the first frame house built in the county. The lumber for this structure was hauled from Marysville, Kas.
Upon completion of the new courthouse (now the Nelson Public Library), the legal business of the county was carried on in it for about fifteen years. But the expansion of the county's business made it necessary to provide more adequate quarters. In January, 1888, the county commissioners agreed to use a portion of the new brick block erected on North Main Street, across from the old courthouse. It was here that the business of Nuckolls County was carried on until the present courthouse, a stone structure 54x107 feet with an 80 foot tower, was completed in 1890.
No sooner had the transfer of records been made in 1888 than criticism was heard and objections offered "against paying rent for rooms in which to do the public business." Agitation spread in favor of removing the county seat to Superior and feeling became so intense the county commissioners called a special election for July 30, 1889, to vote on the question of issuing $35,000 in bonds to erect a courthouse. The contest was a lively one, almost resulting in several fights. There were 1,136 votes cast for the bond issue and 1,003 against. It is noteworthy that in Beaver Precinct (Superior) there were 514 votes in the negative and 20 for the bond issue. In Nelson, out of 342 votes cast, only one opposed the bonds.
Superior, the metropolis of Nuckolls County, was platted by Will W. Watson, April 10, 1875, for William Lowden, owner of the land. Its location in the beautiful Republican valley predestined Superior to become a desired place for residence arid business pursuits.
Due to lack of transportation, the growth of Superior was quite slow for a number of years, the 1877 population being reported at about 150. Up to the time of the completion of the Burlington & Missouri River railroad up the valley in 1881, products of this locality had to be hauled to Edgar, in Clay County. In response to a petition filed Aug. 4, 1879, by J. D. Bums and others the county commissioners ordered the town to be incorporated. H. O. T. Brodestone, M. L. Fogel, V. H. Kendall, A. McCorkle and E. M. Snodgrass were named trustees to preside over the village business.
Enterprising citizens soon began planning to acquire railroad service and in 1881 the Burlington & Missouri River road was built. In addition, the Nebraska & Colorado branch of the Burlington system was built from Superior through Nelson over to Edgar in 1886. Added to these were the Missouri Pacific in 1888 running to the northwest through the county; the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley in 1889 northeast through the county; and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe in 1889 coming from the south and terminating in Superior. With these splendid transportation facilities, Superior began to make steady growth and now has a population of 3,044.
Since its first settlement, Nuckolls County has had two score newspapers to record the progress made. Of these, seven are still in existence. They are: The Express, established in 1900, and the Journal, founded in 1881, both at Superior; the Nuckolls County Herald (1877) and the Gazette (1884), at Nelson; the Locomotive (1887) Lawrence; the News (1910), Ruskin; the Herald (1881), Hardy. Those now known only to history are: The Elktonian, the Southwest Chronicle, the Inter-
Ocean, the Time Table, the Republican, Superior Enterprise, Superior Guide, Superior Times, Alliance Herald, the Nelson Sun, the Oak Leaf, Superior Daily Headlight, the Oak News, the Nelsonian, Superior Circle, Lawrence Lancet, and Elk Creek Echo. The Superior Journal and the Superior Express were both issued daily and weekly for several years.
In August, 1931, a noteworthy fossil deposit was found in Nuckolls County. Blanch Woodhead and Mildred Branstitre unearthed a large fossilized animal on the Ross Brooks farm near Angus, and reported their discovery to A. M. Brooking, curator of the Hastings museum. The animal measured approximately fourteen feet high and because of its size was given to the Denver museum, where it was fully restored. Discovery of an arrow point beneath the beast's shoulder blade seems to indicate there were human beings in this region at the time this prehistoric animal lived.
BAIRD, PERCY S: Bank President; b Morning Sun, Ia July 26, 1876; s of Samuel C Baird-Siddy J Wilson; ed Pawnee City Acad; m Nelle Minor July 29, 1903 Nelson; s Minor P; d Faun; 1892-1902 tchr Nuckolls Co, HS prin Bostwick, HS prin Hardy, HS prin Lawrence; 1904 Nuckolls Co dep clk: 1905-16 cash Farmers State Bank, Ruskin, an org, 1905-26 dir; 1916 an org Farmers State Bank at Superior, 1916-39 cash, Jan-June 1939 VP, June 1939- pres; dir Comml Bank of Nelson; C of C; AF&AM 121; RAM 37; KT 27; Presby Ch; Dem; off Farmers State Bank Bldg; res 1208 Commercial, Superior.
BOYD, JOSEPH W: Attorney; b Yuma Co, Colo Nov 3, 1894; s of Robert J Boyd-Barbara E Schwerer; ed Trenton HS; PSTC, editor-in-chief of Peruvian 1915; lettered in football, basketball & baseball; mbr debate team; U of N, LLB cum laude 1923; Delta Theta Phi; Order of Coif; m Gladys Chaney July 10, 1916 Riverton Ia; s Don Allison; d Janet Jo; 1912-13 tchr, Hitchcock Co; 1915-16 HS athletic coach & math instr, David City; 1913-20 farmer, Hitchcock Co; 1923 adm to Neb bar; 1923-24 prac law, Norfolk; 1924- prac law, Superior; past city atty, 6 years; Nuckolls Co dep judge; Nuckolls Co Bar Assn; VP 7th Judicial Dist Bar Assn; Neb St Bar Assn; Kiwanis, past lt-gov Neb-Ia dist; C of C; Superior Country Club; Superior Rod & Gun Club; Superior Fishing Club; AF&AM 121, past master; RAM, capt; R&SM; KT, past comm; Meth Ch; Rep; hobbies, fishing, hunting, golf; off Security National Bank Bldg; res 653 Kansas, Superior.
BRUBAKER, HARVEY A: Attorney; b Villisca, Ia Dec 24, 1877; s of David R Brubaker-Eliza J Woodburn; ed Ia; Furnas Co; Franklin Acad; U of N, LLB 1907; Order of Coif; m Ruth Peck Dec 20, 1906 Franklin; s David Gordon, Cecil S; d Elna M (Mrs Charles B Barrett), Dale, Beth, Sheila A (Mrs Horace W Shreck); 1896-98 tchr, Furnas Co; 1901-02 tchr, Franklin Co; 1902-03 supt of schs, Upland; 1907-08 prac law, Wilber; 1908-12 prac law, Superior; 1912- prac law, Nelson; 1911- 17, 1919-27, 1931- Nuckolls Co atty; past city atty, Superior; city atty, Nelson 20 years; past mbr bd of edn; during World War mbr draft bd, Nuckolls Co; Nuckolls Co, 7th Judicial Dist, Neb St & Amer Bar Assns; AF&AM 77; Presby Ch; Rep, past chmn Co Central Com; res Nelson.
COLE, THOMAS W: Attorney; b Washington Co, Wis Feb 11, 1859; s of Gregory Cole-Katherine Cole; ed West Bend Wis; Chicago Ill HS, grad work; m Angeline Warren Mar 11, 1883 West Bend Wis Wee Feb 1, 1930); d Vivian J; 1880-83 studied law in offs of Barney & Kulchenmeister, West Bend Wis; 1883 adm to Wis bar; 1883-88 prac law, Colby Wis; 1888- prac law, Nelson; 1888 adm to prac before Neb dist court, & 1897 before Neb supreme court; atty for CB&Q RR 30 years; atty for Scully Estates 11 years; atty for Comml State Bank of Nelson & Scroggin & Co Bank, Oak; pres Nuckolls Co Bar Assn; mbr Neb St & Amer Bar Assns; past pres C of C; AF&AM 77; RAM, R&SM, KT, Superior; Presby Ch, session mbr, elder; Rep; res Nelson.
CRILLY, HOWARD M: Publisher; b Riverton, Neb Sept 6, 1894; s of Hugh Crilly-Mary Caroline Merriott; ed Campbell HS; U of N; Bushnell Guild; m Lenore N Hazel Oct 21, 1921 Beatrice; s Donn H; d Janis L; 1919-20 owner & publisher Campbell Citizen; 1920-21 printer, Neb State Journal, Lincoln; 1921-22 opr & printer, Beatrice Express; 1922-23 owner & publisher Bird City Eagle, Bird City Kas; 1923-25 owner & publisher McCook Evening News; 1925-36 owner & publisher Wilber Republican; 1936- owner & publisher The Superior Express; during World War in hdqrs detachment 24th machine gun batt, 8th div; Amer Leg; NPA; Kiwanis; C of C; Superior Golf Club; Superior Rod & Gun Club; AF&AM 64; Rep; off 148 East 3rd; res 848 Washington, Superior.
DAY, FRED I: Lumber Dealer; b Superior, Neb Feb 10, 1888; s of George L Day-Isabelle Barber; ed Superior HS; U of N; Alpha Theta Chi; m Katherine Hole Dec 3, 1914 Fairbury; s George F; d Elizabeth; 1906-10 secy Day & Frees Lbr Co, Superior; 1910-17 ptr of father & B M Frees in Day & Frees Lbr Cc; 1917-39 ptr of father in Day & Frees, 1920- mgr, 1939- owner & opr since fathers death; past mbr bd of edn; Neb Lbr Mchts Assn; past pres Kiwanis; C of C; Superior Country Club; AF&AM 121; RAM; R&SM; KT; Tehama Shrine; Presby Ch, elder commr to natl gen assembly, Columbus O 1925; Rep; hobby, golf; father (dec July 1939) came to Superior 1879, estab Day & Frees Lbr Co; active in bldg sch system; mayor several terms, & an org of B & L Assn; del to natl Rep conv, Philadelphia, 1900; mbr Neb sen 1903; off 200 E 2nd; res 210 E 6th, Superior.
DENNY, G G: Auctioneer; b Ottumwa, Ia, Oct 11, 1881; s of Robert S Denny-Emma Rominger; ed Guide Rock HS; Hastings Coll; Carry M Jones Auctioneers Sch, Davenport Ia; m Georgia Gertrude Adamson Mar 14, 1905 Cowles; s Robert G, Wilbur R; d Orma L (Mrs Harvey B Jones), Doris P; 1884 with parents came to Guide Rock; 1901-1907 farmer in Webster Co, also auctioneer; 1907- auctioneer, livestock dir, has conducted 5000 pub sales since 1905; past Dodge car dlr 10 years; lic Neb real est dlr; 1915-16 mayor of Superior; Neb St Auctioneer's Assn; C of C; Meth Ch, trustee; Rep; res Superior.
DODDS, GRANT R: Ice Cream Manufacturer; b Butler Co, Penn July 17, 1874; s of Andrew Preston Dodds-Maggie English; ed Page Co Ia; m Viola Thorn Sept 17, 1897 Concordia Kas (dec 1902); d Twila Grace (Mrs R W Wilcox); m Elizabeth English Aug 9, 1905 Newcastle Penn; d Ella Mae; 1896-99 farmer, Concordia Kas; 1899-1901 oprd candy kitchen, Superior; 1901-04 clk in retail store, Superior; 1904-37 in poultry & produce bus, Superior; 1909- ice cream mfr The G R Dodds Co, Inc 1920, 1920- pres; owner farm ints in Neb & Wyo; past pres bd of edn; 3 years state secy Assn of Neb Sch Bds & Execs; ch mbr Kiwanis; C of C; AF&AM 121; United Presby Ch, elder, SS supt; Rep; off 144 West 4th; res 1127 Kansas Ave, Superior.
FLOREA, WILLIAM EARL: Osteopath; b Kirksville, Mo July 24, 1907; s of William Franklin Florea-Nellie Mae Griffin; ed Kirksville Mo HS; Kirksville Mo State Tchrs Coll; Kirksville Coll of Osteopathy & Surgery, Kirksville Mo, DO 1930, also grad work, Denver Polyclinic; Iota Tau Sigma; m Mildred Nebbergall Nov 3, 1929 Linn Mo; d Sara Elizabeth, Mary Susan; interne Laughlin & Kirksville Coll of Osteopathy & Surgery Hosps, Kirksville Mo; 1930- osteopath, Superior; 1936 estab clinic with facilities for complete diagnosis & emergency hosp treatment; Neb Osteopathic Assn, chmn professional & pub welfare com; Amer Osteopathic Assn; Kiwanis; C of C; Superior Country Club; Meth Ch; Rep; hobbies, golf, mechanics; off 436 Commercial; res 745 Kansas, Superior.
FURRY, THOMAS ROSS: President Serum Co; b New Enterprise, Penn Mar 6, 1876; s of Leonard E Furry-Carrie Ruth Border; ed Franklin HS; m Mary Frances Peery May 31, 1904 Franklin; s Thomas Earnest (dec); d Margaret Frances (Mrs F B Knoup), Carrie Ruth (Mrs Vernon Johnson), Mary Elizabeth; 1892-99 messenger & teleg opr McCook div CB&Q RR;
1899-1903 brakeman for CB&Q RR, Alliance & Sheridan Wyo; 1903-04 brakeman for Santa Fe RR, San Bernardino Cal; 1904-16 in livestock & grain bus, Franklin; 1916- in Blue Cross Serum Co of Superior, Inc 1928, 1928- pres & gen mgr; Assoc Industries of Neb; Associated Serum Cos of Amer; C of C; Rep; res Superior.
GARRISON, WAYNE ELLIS: Attorney; b Okarche, Okla Sept 20, 1910; s of Charles L Garrison-Susan M Gilbert; ed Superior HS; Cumberland U, Lebanon Tenn, LLB 1932; 1932-34 emp in law offs, Superior; 1934 adm. to Neb bar; 1934- prac law, Superior; 1938- city atty; 1938- Nuckolls Co dep atty; Nuckolls Co Bar Assn; 7th Judicial Dist Bar Assn, mbr bd of govs; Neb St & Amer Bar Assns; Kiwanis, past secy; C of C; Superior Country Club; AF&AM 121; Meth Ch; Rep, chmn Nuckolls Co Central Com; res Superior.
GILLILAN, CHARLES L: Banker; b Hardy, Neb Feb 1, 1899; s of William E Gillilan-Orba Hurst; ed Hardy HS; U of N, BSc 1921; mbr basketball team; 1918-19 asst, 1919-20 bus mgr Agriculture; Delta Tau Delta, pres 1920-21; Alpha Zeta; m Harriet I Palmer June 18, 1924 Lincoln; s James P, Roderic W; d Shirley B; 1922- with the Farmers State Bank of Hardy, 1922-23 bkkpr, 1923-29 asst cash, 1924- dir, 1929- cash & managing ofcr; treas city coun; dir Republican River Pub Power & Irrigation Dist; 1928-38 2nd lt in 515th coast arty res, anti-aircraft div; during World War In USN; Amer Leg, past co comm; mbr exec coun Southern Neb Regional Clearing House Assn; Superior Golf Club; hobby, gardening; res Hardy.
GINGRICH, WILLIAM F: Railroad Agent; b Dauphin Co, Penn Jan 1, 1870; s of Peter B Gingrich-Elizabeth E Forney; ed Callaway Co, Mo; Teleg Oprs Sch, Oberlin O; m Mollie E Randolph June 17, 1896 Rulo; s Randolph F, William F Jr; d Evelyn M (Mrs O E Earl); 1891- with CB&Q RR, 1891-92 night teleg opr at Humboldt, 1892 opr at Rulo, 1892-93 agt & opr at Highland Station Kas, 1893- 1900 agt at Rulo, 1900-06 cash at Beatrice, 1906-08 chief clk to div freight agt, Beatrice; 1908 station agt, Superior; past mbr bd of edn; C of C; MWA; AF&AM 121, past master; Meth Ch, past trustee, past pres Meth Mens orgn; Rep; off CB&Q Depot; res 948 Kansas Ave, Superior.
GOODRICH, BLANCHE: County Superintendent of Schools; b Nelson, Neb Feb 18, 1896; d of H E Goodrich-Leola Monger; ed Nelson HS; KSTC 1914-16; Colo U 1917-18; U of N, BA 1924, Delta Kappa Gamma, past state pres; 1916-17 tchr Bridgeport HS; 1918-19 tchr, Nelson; 1920-23 supt of schs, Bladen; 1925-30 head of language dept & debate coach, Hastings HS; 1931- Nuckolls Co supt of schs; NSTA; Neb St Assn of Cc Supts; life mbr NEA; U of N Alumni Assn, life mbr; Womans Club; Amer Leg aux; OES; PEO, past pres; Meth Ch; hobby, Girl Scout work; res Nelson.
GOODRICH, HENRY E: Real Estate Agent; b Scioto Co, O July 4, 1859; s of Richard Goodrich-Jane Bonser; ed Sciotoville O; m Leola Monger Feb 5, 1895 Goodhope Ill (dec); s Donald H; d Helen (Mrs Paul E Hutchinson), Blanche; m Ida Mae Bosserman Aug 30, 1908 Lincoln; 1876-85 plasterer & bricklayer, southern Ohio; 1886-1919 in groc bus, Nelson; 1885- real est agt in Neb, now ret from active bus; 1919-21 representative in Neb legislature, 1925-27 chmn claims and deficiencies com, mbr finance, roads & bridges corns; 1888- pres Nuckolls Co B & L Assn; chmn village bd 1888-89; vice-chmn city coun; past pres bd of edn; AF&AM 77, past master, mbr 50 years; ch mbr OES, mbr 50 years; Rep, several years mbr Neb St Central Com; hobbies, trees, flowers; res Nelson.
GRAHAM, JOHN A: Manager of Seed Co; b Portland, Ore May 16, 1892; s of Gilbert H Graham-Margaret Duff; ed Osborne Kas HS; m Estelle Gerard Jan 10, 1914 Osborne Kas; d Marian (Mrs William Aldrich); 1908-14 with Thomas Elevator, Osborne Kas; 1914-16 ptr in Thomas Grain Co, Irving Kas; 1916-17 with Thomas Brothers Grain Co, Grainville Idaho; 1917-19 opr of Almena Hotel, Almena Kas; 1919- with Bowman Seed Co of Concordia Kas, 1919-26 salesman & buyer at Concordia Kas, 1926- mgr at Superior; 1938- mayor of Superior; Western Seedsmens Assn; C of C; AF&AM, Osborne Kas; KT, Phillipsburg Kas; Rep; hobby, gardening; off 1st & National; res 326 Kansas, Superior.
HANNA, HARRY C: Real Estate & Insurance Agent; b Cedar Co, Ia Oct 27, 1881; s of Joseph B Hanna-Sarah A Kessler; ed Superior HS; LBC; m Arabelle J Peart June 3, 1914 Superior; 1888 with parents came to Nuckolls Co; 1902-03 bkkpr for George Scoular Grain Co, Superior; 1903-04 in grain bus; 1904-12 asst cash Superior Natl Bank, cash 1912-14; 1914-15 asst cash State Bank of Superior; 1915- in real est & ins bus; city treas 12 years; C of C; Superior Country Club; Presby Ch, trustee; Rep; hobbies, golf, baseball; off 337 Commercial; res 739 Central, Superior.
HANTHORN, WALTER A: Farmer; b Galesburg, Ill Sept 18, 1873; s of James Hanthorn-Sarah E Teel; ed Superior HS 1893; U of N 1898-1900; m Anna O Ellison Feb 20, 1907 Nuckolls Co; s James E, Herbert G, George W, Lindell L, Allyn E (dec June 24, 1929), Walter W (dec Nov 27, 1918); d Eunice E (Mrs Harold Hafford), Gladys Orpha (dec Jan 5, 1908); 1879 with parents came to Nuckolls Co; 1894- farmer on home place, Nuckolls Co; 1894-95 & 1897-98 tchr, Smyrna; 1895-96 tchr, Superior; 1896-97 & 1901-03 & 1919-30 tchr, Cadams; 1900-01 tchr, Nora; 1904-05, 1913- 14 sch tchr, Nuckolls Co; 1935-36 mbr Neb legislature 50th & special 51st sessions; past dir sch bd; twp assessor; 1900 census-taker, Nora & Highland pcts; during World War, mbr coun of defense; Meth Ch, trustee 4 years, lay del to Neb annual conf; Rep; hobby, coin collecting; res RFD 2, Superior.
HARTZLER, NOAH D: Wholesale Grocer; b Lagrange Co, Ind Apr 7, 1870; s of Benjamin Hartzler-Nancy Nofsinger; ed Lagrange Co Ind & Cass Co Mo; Baker U, Baldwin Kas; m Pearl G Skillman Jan 19, 1905 Pleasant Hill Mo; 1893-94 tchr, Cass Co Mo; 1894-96 oprd store, Lanton Mo; 1896-21 opr gen mdse stores in Harrisonville, Pleasant Hill, East Lynn & Peculiar Mo & Cass Co Mo; 1921- org & pres Superior Whol Groc Cc; past mbr city coun; Missouri Valley Whol Groc Assn; C, of C; AF&AM 121; Meth Ch, trustee; Rep; off 2nd & Central; res 1121 Kansas, Superior.
HAWLEY, WILLIAM W: Manager of Estates; b Rock Co, Wis Jan 27, 1864; s of Richard A Hawley-Elizabeth Jane Warner; ed Nemaha Co, Brownville; Sutton; m Elizabeth C Foresman Aug 24, 1887 Lincoln; 1867 came to Nemaha Co; 1884-86 student at CB&Q RR station, Syracuse; 1886-88 station agt for CB&Q RR, Blue Springs, 1888-89 station agent, Elk Creek, 1889-95 station agt, Liberty, 1895-98 station agt, Nelson; 1898-1917 asst to agt & mgr of Scully Estates, Nuckolls Co, 1917- agt & mgr; co owns 40,684 A of land; 1918- dir Commercial Bank, Nelson, 1939- VP; past mayor of Nelson; C of C; AF&AM 77; KT; Tehama Shrine; Presby Ch; Rep, chmn Nuckolls Co, Central Com; hobby, photography; res Nelson.
HILL, HUGH B: Manager Oil Co; b Beloit, Kas May 31, 1909; s of John O Hill-Anna M Boyd; ed Hardy & Hastings HS; U of N 1927-28; Notre Dame U 1931; Delta Tau Delta; m Frances Stubbs Aug 16, 1932 Hastings; s Robert Dean; 1927-31 station attendant & mgr Hill Oil Co; 1932-35 opr service station & 2 tank wagons, Washington Kas; 1935-36 estab & oprd Hill Oil Co, with 4 stations & bulk plant, Pueblo Colo; 1936-37 mgr Hill Oil Co, Washington Kas, & Pueblo Colo, lived at Washington Kas; estab Branch C Service Station & bulk plant, Colorado Springs Colo; 1937- mgr Hill Oil Co, Superior; C of C; Superior Country Club; Indep; hobby, sports; res Superior.
HULL, CHAUNCEY O: Merchant; b Nuckolls Co, Neb Aug 13, 1883; s of Martin A Hull-Nellie D Winfough; ed Ruskin HS; m Maude Reed Hayden Sept 15, 1916 Ruskin; 1900-03 station, agt, helper & relief man CRI&P RR, Nelson & other locations, 1903-09 station agt Ruskin, 1909-12 cash Fairbury, 1912-14 station agt Deshler; 1914- in gen merc bus, Ruskin; 1923- clk of Spring Creek Cemetery Assn; 1917- mbr Ruskin village coun; 1923village elk; 1916-28 clk of bd of edn; Fedn of Neb Retailers; AF&AM 304, past master; York Rite, secy since 1928; Tehama Shrine; Community Ch, clk since 1920; Rep; res Ruskin.
IMLER, CHARLES R: Abstractor; b Pavia, Penn Nov 4, 1873; s of Eli W Imler-Elizabeth Ickes; ed Nelson HS; U of N; Alpha Theta Chi; m Helen Hill Oct 28, 1903 Beaver Crossing (dec); s John Gordon, Charles Robert; 1881 with parents came to Nelson; 1894-95 tchr, Nuckolls Co; 1895-96 tchr, Nelson; 1898-99 tchr, Stella HS; 1899-1900 HS prin Oak; 1900-08 emp in abstract, real est & ins off of George Lyon Jr; 1908-12 Nuckolls Co treas; 1913-29 ptr in firm of Lyon, Imler & Lyon, abstracts, real est, ins & farm loans; 1929- ptr in firm Lyon, Imler & Myers; 1929- in abstracting bus; 1919-38 secy-treas Nuckolls Co Natl Farm Loan Assn; mbr city
Second part (Ingram-Zulauf)
Who's Who in Nebraska (introduction & directory, list of abbreviations)
Visit Nuckolls County website
© 2000, 2001 for the NEGenWeb Project by Ted & Carole Miller | <urn:uuid:7aba83fc-2c84-4c35-9ded-8dd279e63a28> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/topic/resources/OLLibrary/who1940/co/nuckolls.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207925274.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113205-00196-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921202 | 8,657 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Date of Degree Completion
Master of Science (MS)
Second Committee Member
Lori K. Sheeran
Third Committee Member
Zoos have missions to provide high-quality care for their animals and an enjoyable and educational experience for visitors. Looking at the animal-visitor interface can allow zoos to evaluate their success in these efforts and to build upon what they have already accomplished. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between visitors and gorillas in a zoo environment. The effect of gorilla proximity to visitor viewing areas on visitor attentiveness was examined in indoor and outdoor gorilla exhibits. Visitor experience surveys were collected from visitors exiting the outdoor exhibit. Stepwise multiple regressions revealed group and individual gorilla proximity effects on visitor attentiveness. Analyses revealed that visitor attentiveness increased as gorillas got closer to the viewing area. A family group of seven gorillas and one individual gorilla, a silverback in the same family group, consistently changed positions in response to increases in crowd size, positioning themselves farther away from the viewing area. Visitors answered more positively to survey items concerning their perception of the zoo’s gorillas when they also reported witnessing more active gorilla behaviors and showed increased concern about gorilla conservation efforts when they spoke to an employee or volunteer about gorillas. Zoos can use this information to design enclosures that promote more active behaviors in their gorillas and limit visitor effects from crowd size. Zoos can also provide volunteers or employees who can discuss gorillas and conservation issues. Combined, these measures may help zoos succeed in their missions by allowing visitors to have more enriching experiences while limiting any negative effects on the gorillas.
Bergman, Alan, "Gorilla-Visitor Interface at a Zoo Exhibit: Positioning Effects of Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and Zoo Visitors" (2019). All Master's Theses. 1252.
Available for download on Saturday, July 13, 2024 | <urn:uuid:d4c34e72-e8f9-42a5-94d5-1a20eff3d9ae> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1252/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057421.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923104706-20210923134706-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.915914 | 395 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Peru's ‘Wall of Shame’ Divides the Ultra Rich From Extreme Poor
By Staff Writers, teleSUR
Monday, Aug 15, 2016
The 10 kilometer-long wall separates luxury houses with large gardens and pools from makeshift homes without clean water services or electricity.
Unlike other infamous barriers, the "wall of shame" does not divide nations or separate the colonized from colonizers, like the one between Israel and Palestine. It separates rich and poor people of the same country. The wall started being built in 1985 and now separates one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the country, Casuarinas, from one of the poorest, Pamplona Alta. It was built at the request of those on the wealthy side, who say they need protection from crime committed by the poor. Pamplona Alta suffers extreme poverty, lacking most basic services.
Life in the Poor Neighborhoods
Mariana Natividad grew up in Pamplona Alta. Her parents took to the hills adjacent to the central districts of Lima, like millions of people who came to the capital in search of opportunities. That was over 30 years ago, when there was no wall between the poor and Casuarinas.
|Residents on the poor side have to travel an hour to bypass the wall. | Photo: Rael Mora / teleSUR|
Mariana describes how it was back then, explaining: “I got to know the other side since I was a child. I was one of the girls that would play on the fine sands of the other side. I liked going there because it was quiet. You would go there and sit at the top and feel the breezes from the ocean. You would see a beautiful panoramic view. It was relaxing.”
Indeed, from the Casuarinas side of the wall you can see all of the central neighborhoods of Lima—the wealthiest ones, most of the middle class parts, the financial district and expensive areas along the beach. You can also see the Pacific Ocean extending as far as the eye can see. But the 10-foot high and over 6-miles long "wall of shame" blocks the view now for those on the Pamplona side. It even has barbed wire on top to prevent people from climbing it.
“Now you can’t even go to the top and the only thing you can do is look at this side, to the cemetery where there are dead people that remind you that one day it will be your turn,” Mariana complains.
Facing a cemetery is far from the only problem in Pamplona Alta. The residents also lack clean water services, sewage, electricity, paved roads and public lighting.
|View of Lima from the wealthy side of the "Wall of Shame" | Photo: Rael Mora / teleSUR|
Maria Lara is another resident of Pamplona Alta. She explains that because of the lack of well-built structures, in the winter residents have to cover their houses with big plastic sheets to help prevent the cold and humid weather from penetrating inside. Maria also described a common occurrence in the area. Because they use candles to see at night and “because fathers and mothers work long hours and they leave their children alone at home at night,” Maria explained, there are often fires. "One of my children suffered an accident," she said. "He dropped a candle and his little hand caught on fire.”
One of the common complaints about the daily life of people of Pamplona is getting water. Private companies bring drinking water on trucks as far as the road goes and then people have to carry it further up the hill to their homes. The companies sell the water at a higher price than what public services charge.
Life on the Wealthy Side
Casuarinas is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in all of Peru, with houses that cost more than US$5 million. From the top of the hill where the Wall of Shame sits, one can see scores of green areas and pools. All public roads are paved, well lighted and clean. Most houses have electric fences, security cameras and private security personnel, with security posts all along the wall.
Even though the roads that go through Casuarinas are public, there are checkpoints at the entrances to keep non-residents out. Besides guests of the rich, some of those who allowed in are workers who perform all types of services for the residents of Casuarinas, such as gardeners, cooks, cleaners, nannies and guards. Many of those who work in Casuarinas are from Pamplona Alta, but they cannot cut across the hills to come to work because of the wall. They must go down the hill on the Pamplona side and take a road that goes around it. The trip takes close to an hour on public transportation.
Mariana does not like to imagine working on the Casuarinas side. "What can possibly happen when you go to their homes? If they marginalize you from here at a distance, how could it be when you are close? They probably dislike coming into contact with you by mistake," she said.
How the Wall of Shame Was Built
According to an article published by La República newspaper, the first part of the Wall of Shame was built in 1985 by Jesuits who own a prestigious primary and secondary school, The Immaculate, attended by the children of Peru's elite. The Jesuits were worried about the alleged threat to their students posed by people from Pamplona. Other residents of Casuarinas were worried about a drop in the price of their real estate due to the proximity to Pamplona. In the early 1990s, people from different settlements of Pamplona Alta protested against the construction of the wall and their leaders such as Luis Pacheco and Juan Almeida, were arrested or tried under accusations of acts of violence to stop the construction.
The last part of the Wall of Shame was built in 2013 and it separates eight settlements from Casuarinas, including the one where Mariana lives. She recalls that, at the time, “100 police officers came to support the construction. Unfortunately, when they come like that we cannot do anything ... Unfortunately, we who are on the bottom cannot fight against those on top.”
Inequality in Peru
When asked about the inequality between the physically divided neighborhoods, Mariana says, "They are the same people like us, the only difference is that they are more developed. They have all that money to spend on building that ‘Wall of Shame’ instead of spending it on good things, like places such as this that really need it.” She ends her answer by saying, “dreaming doesn’t cost anything but when you wake up, you see this reality and I live here. What can I do?”
Peru is one of the most unequal countries on the planet, with 25 percent of its citizens suffering from monetary poverty and 37 percent suffering from what's called multidimensional poverty, according to CEPAL.
Multidimensional poverty is precisely what one sees in Pamplona Alta with the lack of access to good health care, education and water services. Furthermore, 43 percent of Peruvian children under 3 years of age suffer from anemia due to poverty. At the same time, the wealth of the top 515 richest Peruvian accounts for 3 percent of the national GDP and represents 10 times what the state invests in education every year.
The poorest members of society would have to work for 326 years just to make as much as one month of income of those in the top groups. While Peru experienced a high rate of growth in the last 20 years due to high prices of minerals, the gains were far from equally distributed. Between 2013 and 2014, the GDP of Peru grew 2.35 percent, but the wealth of the rich increased by 9.6 percent.
That wealth could go toward eliminating poverty. Instead, the wealthy are addressing the "threat" of the poor by building walls to keep them out.
If you appreciated this article, please consider making a donation to Axis of Logic.
We do not use commercial advertising or corporate funding. We depend solely upon you,
the reader, to continue providing quality news and opinion on world affairs.Donate here | <urn:uuid:8c803696-bc4d-4ef1-903a-2403eef9fa87> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/Article_74940.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969101 | 1,733 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Postpartum depression is depression that affects new mothers. Depression is more serious than feeling sad or down for a short period; people with depression feel sad, empty, or anxious for extended periods. Symptoms may be mild or severe and can interfere with daily activities, responsibilities, and personal relationships. Fortunately, however, treatment for depression—including postpartum depression—is often effective.
Postpartum Depression In Depth
The symptoms of depression and postpartum depression are similar. The main difference is that postpartum depression affects women who have recently given birth. And because postpartum depression may affect a new mother’s ability to care for her baby, effective treatment is important for the health of both mother and child.
Postpartum depression is common. According the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, it affects approximately 13 percent of new mothers.
If you experience postpartum depression, it’s important to remember that this doesn’t mean that you’re a bad person or a bad mother. Rather, postpartum depression is simply a complication of giving birth, and like other complications, it can be managed with treatment.
Causes of Postpartum Depression
There are several factors that can contribute to the development of postpartum depression. Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and childbirth are thought to trigger depression in new mothers. Specifically, levels of female hormones estrogen and progesterone increase greatly during pregnancy and then quickly return to normal with 24 hours of childbirth. It is thought that this dramatic shift in hormone levels may contribute to depression in new mothers.
Another possible biological trigger for postpartum depression is a change in thyroid hormone levels, which can fall after giving birth. Low levels of thyroid hormone are associated with symptoms of depression. Your doctor can measure thyroid hormone levels with a blood test.
Other changes and events surrounding the birth or your baby may contribute to postpartum depression. These include:
- Feeling tired after delivery and feeling tired due to lack of sleep or interrupted sleep
- Feeling overwhelmed by your new responsibilities
- Worries about your ability to be a good mother
- Stress from changes at home and at work
- Feeling less attractive
- Having no time to yourself
- Having high expectations to be a perfect mom
Some women may have a higher risk of developing postpartum depression. The following factors may increase risk:
- A personal history of depression or another mental illness
- A family history of depression or another mental illness
- A lack of support from family and friends
- Anxiety or negative feelings about the pregnancy (such as with an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy)
- Problems with previous pregnancy or birth
- Marriage or money problems
- Stressful life events
- Young age
- Substance abuse
- Depression during pregnancy
If you have any of the risk factors described above, with your doctor’s help, you can take measures to prevent postpartum depression. If you have a history of depression, discuss it with your doctor as soon as you know you are pregnant. Your doctor can monitor you for early signs of depression as well as recommend support groups or counseling. As well, you may be screened for postpartum depression after your baby is born. Sometimes, women with a history of depression are prescribed antidepressant medication during pregnancy.
The Baby Blues
In addition to postpartum depression, new mothers may also experience a milder period of sadness call the “baby blues”. Characterized by mood swings, sad or anxious feelings, crying spells, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping, the baby blues will usually go away within days or a week and don’t require treatment.
Postpartum psychosis is a rare but severe mental disorder affecting new mothers. One to four out of every 1,000 births may be affected, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Symptoms include seeing things that aren’t there, feeling confused, having rapid mood swings, and trying to hurt yourself or your baby. Postpartum psychosis usually begins within two weeks following childbirth. Women with mental health problems, including bipolar or schizoaffective disorders, have a greater risk of postpartum psychosis. Postpartum psychosis requires immediate treatment.
If you have thoughts of harming yourself or your baby, call 9-1-1 immediately.
Pregnancy and childbirth are of course major life changes—both emotionally and physically. It can be normal to feel down or sad after your baby is born. When the following symptoms of depression following childbirth are severe and last for more than two weeks, however, you should call your doctor.
HIIT Training: Where to Start With High-Intensity Interval Training
If you’re into training and exercise then it’s likely you have heard about HIIT or high-intensity interval training. HIIT is a great way to get into shape, as well as challenge yourself in both strength and cardio-based exercises.
- Feeling restless or moody
- Feeling sad, hopeless, or overwhelmed
- Crying a lot
- Having no energy or motivation
- Eating too little or too much
- Sleeping too little or too much
- Having trouble focusing or making decisions
- Having memory problems
- Feeling worthless and guilty
- Losing interest or pleasure in activities you once enjoyed
- Withdrawing from friends and family
- Having headaches, aches, and pains or stomach problems that don’t go away
Symptoms unique to postpartum depression include:
- Thoughts of hurting the baby
- Not having interest in the baby
If you experience any of the following symptoms after your baby is born and the symptoms don’t go away after two weeks, you should call your doctor to discuss postpartum depression:
- You feel sad or anxious and have major mood swings for more than two weeks.
- Your symptoms of depression become increasingly severe.
- You experience symptoms of depression at any time, even months after your baby is born.
- You’re having trouble performing tasks at work and at home.
- You’re not able to care for yourself or your baby.
- You have thoughts of harming yourself or your baby.
Be prepared to discuss with your doctor the symptoms described above, as well and your personal medical history, a personal or family history of mental health problems, and stressful events or circumstances that may be contributing to your sadness or anxiety.
Treatment for postpartum depression may include two main parts: counseling and medication.
You may first discuss your concerns about postpartum depression with your regular doctor (your primary care doctor or OBGYN, for example), but he or she may refer you to a mental health specialist for further treatment or counseling (also called talk therapy). Mental health specialists include therapists, psychologists, and social workers. With these specialists, you’ll discuss postpartum depression and learn ways to change how it affects you.
Medication for postpartum depression includes antidepressant medicines as well as hormone therapy (estrogen replacement), which may help counteract the drop in estrogen at the time of childbirth. Both types of medication are prescribed by your doctor. Talk with your doctor about the benefits and risks of antidepressants and hormone therapy, especially if you are breastfeeding.
In addition to medical treatment of postpartum depression, you can take measures that will help you feel better. These include:
- Get as much rest as possible. Sleep when the baby is sleeping.
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle by staying physically active, eating nutritious foods, and avoiding alcohol.
- Set realistic goals: don’t try to do much or be perfect.
- Ask your partner, family, and friends for help.
- Visit with friends, spend time with your partner, or do something enjoyable on your own.
- Discuss your feelings with your partner, family, and friends, as well as with other mothers who have had similar experiences.
- Join a support group. Your doctor may be able to help you find one.
- Don’t make any major life changes during pregnancy or immediately after giving birth. If a big change can’t be avoided, find support to help you make the transition.
Why Treatment Is Important
Postpartum depression can affect your own health as well as your ability to care for your baby—this makes early and effective treatment critical. Problems among children of mothers affected by postpartum depression may include delays in language development, problems with mother-child bonding, behavior problems, and increased crying. If postpartum depression is not treated, it can last up to a year or longer and may become a chronic depressive disorder.
Depression During and After Pregnancy. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site. Avalable at: womenshealth.gov/faq/depression-pregnancy.cfm. Accessed August 2010.
Postpartum Depression. The Mayo Clinic Web site. Available here.
Accessed August 2010. | <urn:uuid:ddc3ff21-cbe6-4cc8-be66-1026041c4aa0> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://awomanshealth.com/health-conditions/postpartum-depression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304947.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126101419-20220126131419-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.934236 | 1,889 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Open Access
Continuity of care: important, but only the first step
© Corrigan; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
- Received: 21 March 2012
- Accepted: 23 March 2012
- Published: 23 May 2012
Continuity of care is critical to achieving the best outcomes, especially for patients with chronic conditions. Israel’s strong commitment to primary care as a central organizing concept of the health system, accompanied by investments in health information technology and training primary care physicians, has contributed to its impressive levels of continuity of care. Taking the next steps toward a comprehensive system of patient- and population-centered care for proactive management of patients with chronic conditions has much potential to further enhance outcomes and reduce costs.
- Quality primary care
- Care coordination
- Continuity of care
Continuity of care and care coordination is a critical issue in virtually all health care systems. Worldwide, chronic disease accounts for an estimated 63% of deaths . The toll of managing chronic illness will only increase as populations continue to age. Further, the rapid pace of scientific discovery and technological innovation, accompanied by specialization and greater intensity of health care services, has increased the numbers of clinicians and settings involved in the care process and the complexity of navigating the health care system.
In the United States, the Secretary of Health and Human Services promulgated a National Quality Strategy in 2011 to focus and align improvement efforts around six priorities, one of which is promoting effective communication and care coordination . Inadequate care coordination – incomplete communication or collaboration across people, functions, and sites – contributes to poor quality, unsafe care, and waste . For example, nearly one in five elderly patients is readmitted to the hospital within 30 days, and three-quarters of those readmissions are potentially preventable, costing the U.S. upwards of $12 billion annually [4, 5]. Each year, more than 700,000 patients are treated for adverse drug events in U.S. hospital emergency departments and failure to manage and reconcile medications prescribed by multiple physicians is a major contributing factor .
The study by Dreiher et al. addresses this important and timely topic and defines continuity of care as “consistent, ‘seamless’ treatment over time involving various healthcare providers and settings”. Continuity of care is operationalized using a variety of indices that measure the propensity to receive services from the same physician. The study found continuity of care in Clalit Health Services to be relatively high compared with levels found in the United States and England. A significant association was found between continuity of care and a decrease in the number and cost of emergency department visits and an increase in the number and cost of medical consultation visits.
A growing body of evidence supports the importance of having a strong primary care base for patients to achieve the best outcomes and to contain costs. Friedberg et al. have identified three dimensions of primary care:
Specialty of Provider. Training providers as generalists including physicians (e.g., pediatricians, general internists) and non-physicians (primary care nurse practitioners).
Functions. Ensuring that certain essential functions are performed by the primary care provider, such as serving as a point of first contact for new health problems and assuming responsibility for coordination of care across providers and settings and over time.
Orientation of Systems. Building a care environment that supports primary care; for example maintaining an appropriate balance between primary care physicians and specialists; reducing patient barriers to accessing primary care through insurance coverage, low deductibles, and convenience; and investing in health information technology to facilitate communication and access to patient information by all members of the care team.
There is strong evidence supporting interventions to improve providers’ ability to perform essential functions and reorienting health systems to encourage primary care; increasing numbers of primary care providers alone is less likely to achieve the best results.
Clalit Health Services’ accomplishments in achieving relatively high rates of continuity of care are likely attributable to a strong system orientation towards primary care and an adequate supply of trained primary care providers. System characteristics that reinforce primary care include delivery of most care through a network of primary care clinics, designation of a regular physician chosen by the patient, and zero copayments for primary care visits. Israel has placed emphasis on training adequate numbers of primary care providers as evidenced by the fact that the majority of patient visits are to primary care physicians, as opposed to specialists.
An important next step for Clalit Health Services will be to ascertain whether primary care providers are performing essential primary care functions and whether patients are achieving the best outcomes at lowest cost. In addition to utilization measures, the Dreiher study measured the association between continuity of care and use of a limited number of preventive services, and found small and mixed results. Additional analyses based on a more robust set of performance measures, many of which are available in Israel’s National Quality Measurement Program, will be needed to assess the level of quality of care and patient outcomes .
The “chronic care model” developed by Wagner et al. and adopted worldwide, provides an integrated framework to guide practice redesign . The aim of the model is to improve patient outcomes by changing ambulatory care for patients with chronic illnesses from acute and reactive to proactive, planned, and population based. The model includes six components :
Self-management supports for patients and family caregivers.
Decision-support to promote clinician and patient shared decision-making informed by the best evidence and patient preferences.
Delivery system design including planned visits with follow-up, team-based care delivery, and care management programs for high risk patients.
Health information systems including registry data to support proactive outreach to at-risk patients and planned visits (via e-mail and office), and performance measurement with real-time feedback.
Health care organizations with a culture, mechanisms, and incentives aligned with patient-centered care and continuous improvement.
Community resources, established through partnerships between medical and community-based organizations, to support patients and family caregivers in reducing health risks and implementing care plans.
A growing body of evidence substantiates the importance of each of these functions to achieving the best patient outcomes at the lowest cost.
Implementing all of the functions of the chronic care model is challenging, but Israel has already established a solid foundation and demonstrated important accomplishments. A strong commitment has been made to primary care as a central organizing concept of the health system, and important investments have been made in health information technology and training primary care physicians. Taking the next steps toward a comprehensive system of patient- and population-centered care for proactive management of chronic illnesses has great potential to enhance patient outcomes and reduce costs.
Janet M. Corrigan, PhD, MBA, is president and CEO of the National Quality Forum (NQF), a not-for-profit standard-setting organization that endorses performance measures, and provides guidance to both the public and private sectors on use of measures in payment and public reporting programs. Dr. Corrigan received her doctorate in health services research and master of industrial engineering degrees from the University of Michigan, and master’s degrees in business administration and community health from the University of Rochester.
- World Health Organization: Chronic diseases.http://www.who.int/topics/chronic_diseases/en/.
- Department of Health and Human Services: National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care. March 2011, , Washington DC,http://www.healthcare.gov/law/resources/reports/quality03212011a.html.Google Scholar
- Ovretveit J: Does clinical coordination improve quality and save money?. June 2011, The Health Foundation, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Medicare Payment Advisory Commission: MedPAC Report to Congress. 2007, MedPAC, Washington DC,http://www.medpac.gov/documents/jun07_EntireReport.pdf.Google Scholar
- Miller M: Payments to Promote Delivery System Integration. The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes. 2010, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Budnitz DS, Pollack DA, Weidenbach KN, Mendelsohn AB, Schroeder TJ, Annest JL: National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA. 2006, 296 (15): 1858-1866. 10.1001/jama.296.15.1858.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dreiher J, Comaneshter D, Rosenbluth Y, Battat E, Bitterman H, Cohen AD: The association between continuity of care in the community and health outcomes: a population-based study. IJHPR. 2011, 1 (X).Google Scholar
- Freidberg MW, Hussey PS, Schneider EC: Primary care: A critical review of the evidence on quality and costs of health care. Health Aff. 2010, 29 (5): 766-772. 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0025.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Rosen B: What the United States could learn from Israel about improving the quality of health care. Health Aff. 2011, 30 (4): 1-9.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Coleman K: Evidence on the chronic care model in the new millennium. Health Aff. 2009, 28 (1): 75-85. 10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.75.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Coleman K: Evidence on the chronic care model in the new millennium. Health Aff. 2009, 28 (1): 75-85. 10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.75. Online data supplement, Appendix A. http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/28/1/75/DC1View ArticleGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:424fb43f-924b-4196-ad79-5afb603bc719> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2045-4015-1-22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660258.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118172438-20190118194438-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.92665 | 2,084 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Kate Lunau is in Boston covering the 2013 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), where some of the world’s finest brains and celebrities of science meet to mix, mingle, and share their latest and greatest ideas. On Feb. 14-18, she’ll give you a sneak peak into the current research—everything from dinosaurs to neutrinos, from stem cells to extreme weather, and all sorts of sorts of stuff in between. Follow her on Twitter: @katelunau, #AAASmtg
The International Space Station isn’t just home to astronauts like Canadian Chris Hadfield, who’ll assume command in a few weeks’ time. It’s also an orbiting laboratory: hundreds of experiments are done there, looking into everything from human health to colloids. The ISS holds a $2-billion particle physics detector, called the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, which is searching for signs of exotic stuff that makes up our universe, like dark matter. Big news might be coming soon. At the AAAS Meeting, Nobel laureate and AMS principal investigator Dr. Samuel Ting promised that the first results from the AMS detector should be published in two or three weeks’ time. “It will not be a minor paper,” he told a crowded room of reporters.
Dark matter is a mysterious substance believed to make up about 25 per cent of our universe (dark energy, something even weirder, accounts for more than 70 per cent—a scant 4 per cent of our universe is made up of the matter we know and understand). Scientists have been on the hunt for dark matter for decades, at places like the Large Hadron Collider, but so far have come up empty-handed. At his talk in Boston today, Ting explained why searching aboard the ISS is ideal. “The Cosmos is the ultimate lab,” he said. In space, “cosmic rays can be observed at energies higher than any accelerator.”
Since its installation in 2011, the AMS has recorded about 25 billion cosmic ray signals, including close to 8 million electrons and positrons (their antimatter counterparts). The ratio of electrons to positrons is a crucial piece of information, and this is what Ting’s upcoming paper is about: when dark matter particles annihilate in space, they might leave extra positrons behind. It’s impossible to say what Ting’s paper will show, and despite being hounded by reporters, he remained coy. But he did note that this is just the beginning: the data collected so far represents only 8 per cent of what the AMS should deliver, as it’s scheduled to run through to 2028, along with the ISS.
Ting noted that the history of physics discovery is one of surprise. The AMS is searching for dark matter, antimatter and strangelets; but in the final slide of Ting’s presentation, to illustrate what it would find, there was only a question mark.
Just moments ago, astronaut Chris Hadfield had this to add to the conversation: | <urn:uuid:1c6ba4ff-f67f-45ff-9c99-c7aa0c0e3778> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.macleans.ca/society/science/big-news-on-dark-matter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936535306.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074215-00071-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931168 | 647 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Definition of second banana
: a comedian who plays a supporting role to a top banana; broadly : a person in a subservient position
First Known Use of second banana
SECOND BANANA Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of second banana for English Language Learners
: a someone who is not as important or powerful as another person
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up second banana? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:55bbc031-8474-451f-9df4-0a4e0059c825> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/second+banana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607848.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524152539-20170524172539-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.904144 | 105 | 2.671875 | 3 |
ECU Archaeology Students Dig Down 250 Years
By Jeannine Manning Hutson
BATH—Dr. Charles Ewen takes a small digging trowel and points to the somewhat differently shaded layers of soil. As he gets to the bottom of the 4-foot-6-inch excavation, he points to the brick remains of a 1740s-era cellar.
This is what Ewen and his students have been working on five weeks this summer – excavating another site in Bath, which has served as a historical classroom for Ewen for five years.
“Bath hasn’t changed since it was founded,” said Ewen, professor of anthropology and director of the ECU Archaeology Laboratories. “The 1717 map of Bath shows 71 lots. The question is which lots had actual houses here.”
To answer that question, for the past several years Ewen has taken his undergraduate and graduate students to Bath to perform “shovel tests” – every 20 feet, you dig a hole until you get down to sterile subsoil to see what you can find.
“We’ve done about two-thirds of Bath at this point,” Ewen said of the shovel tests and their mapping.
A European settlement near the Pamlico River in the 1690s laid the way for the founding of Bath in 1705, North Carolina’s first town. The first settlers were French Protestants from Virginia. By 1707, the town had a grist mill and the colony’s first shipyard; the next year, Bath consisted of 12 houses and about 50 people, according to the North Carolina Historic Sites website.
For five weeks this spring and early summer, Ewen’s group of 10 students worked on the site of a 1740s communal store house that is on an adjacent lot to the Bonner House. That house, built in 1830, still stands on the site of John Lawson’s house, built around 1705.
Ewen believes the storehouse was used until 1750 or 1760, and artifacts dating to the mid-18th century support his theory. “It was unusual to have a full brick cellar at that time; this is something special,” he said.
Lawson was one of the early residents of Bath. He was a naturalist, explorer and surveyor general for the Lords Proprietors and author of the first history of Carolina in 1709. He was killed in 1711 by Tuscarora Indians while exploring the Neuse River.
“In 2005, we started a town-wide survey,” he said. “A lot of development is on the way around Bath, but isn’t here yet in the town.”
Last year, Ewen received a seed grant from ECU’s Research and Graduate School to support graduate students working on the project for a year.
The graduate student assigned by Ewen to lead the dig under his supervision is second-year student N.J. Mullens. Originally from the West Virginia mountains, she was not happy when the mercury began to rise during their final days at the site, but she loves the thrill of not knowing what an archaeological dig, such as the one in Bath, will produce.
After several years as an elementary school teacher, Mullens decided she wanted a career change. She investigated her options and archaeology sounded perfect, she said.
“You get to be outside and get your hands dirty, but there is still academic work involved,” she said. “Plus it’s exciting. I love it when we find a lot of pieces (of broken ceramics) and they fit together.”
Fellow graduate student Paulette McFadden also came into archaeology as a second career. After 20 years of working behind a human resources desk in corporate America, she traded her business attire for jeans and T-shirt.
As a student just beginning her first year of the graduate program, McFadden had been mainly working in the lab cleaning artifacts with water and a toothbrush. She said getting to work at the dig site was exciting for her.
“Normally I get the artifacts in bags and don’t get to see the context in which they were found,” she said, while taking a break from plotting a map of the excavation site. As Mullens called out coordinates from the grid of string and the color variance of clay using the Munsell soil color chart, McFadden drew her map.
Ewen said the hands-on experience of working at a site is a must.
|Second-year graduate student N.J. Mullens, left, discusses the plotting of an excavation site in Bath with fellow graduate student Paulette McFadden.
“With these field schools, the students get experience. The graduate students get the experience of supervising a project. And it’s hard not to love archaeology when it’s cool and there are no mosquitoes biting,” Ewen said as the morning temperature climbed toward 90 degrees after weeks of cool, dry weather.
As their project time was ending, Ewen and his students made plans to line the dig site with thick black plastic and then re-fill the soil until they come back next summer to continue their work.
“A lot of times when they were done with cellars, they used them as trash dumps,” he said. “I wouldn’t be surprised if we didn’t find more ceramics here next time.”
Found at the site during this dig were pieces of broken Staffordshire slipware, which Ewen described as an early 18th century type of utilitarian ware. The remains of the dish were found in the bottom of the excavation site covered with cow ribs. Found about two feet away were broken remains of a lead-glazed rust-colored earthenware utilitarian dish. Many pieces are the size of an adult’s hand or larger.
“We found about 100 bags of artifacts that will be washed at the lab,” Ewen said. “We also found remains of liquor bottles and wine bottle fragments.
“All were most likely from supplies brought into Bath from England. It was just cheaper for them to bring it over. There were no local potteries in this area in the early 19th century. Eastern North Carolina was so sparsely settled, not enough market for a pottery.”
Bath was North Carolina’s first port and exported pine, pitch to be used in boat making and turpentine to England.
In addition to the artifacts that Ewen and his students will clean, analyze and eventually return to Bath for their historical displays, ECU is creating audio and video podcasts explaining the archaeological dig process and the historical context of the materials found. Recently Donna Kain from the ECU Department of English was back in Bath to film Ewen and the students working. She and her colleague, Tom Shields, have been doing that during the five-week field school.
Ewen said that he envisions people being able to download the podcasts to listen as they walk along the streets of Bath. As they pass the Bonner House, they will hear who Joseph Bonner was and about the summer house he built in 1830 that still stands.
Kain said, “This is a wonderful opportunity to use the web to show these digs and for people to see how archaeology is done. It’s exciting to see.
“These are people’s back yards -- history in your own town.” | <urn:uuid:0720f497-1979-44cc-84aa-9e606ad34134> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.ecu.edu/cs-admin/news/poe/2007/807/bathdig.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00535-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978427 | 1,585 | 3 | 3 |
ABC's Four Corners program 'Big Fish', investigating the salmon farming industry in Tasmania, left consumers feeling rattled this week.
Environmental and sustainability issues aside, what got many people talking on social media were claims of farmed fish being fed a synthetic pigment in order to achieve the pink colour we expect from salmon flesh.
For many, this information was an unwelcome revelation.
Why's salmon pink?
Wild salmon gets its distinctive pink flesh from a substance called astaxanthin, a pigment found in shrimp-like krill and other crustaceans that the salmon eats.
The Four Corners program revealed that farmed fish are often fed a synthetic version of astaxanthin, without which they would be grey or off-white in colour.
On its website, Tassal – the salmon fishery at the centre of the Four Corners report – writes that astaxanthin is not just a pigment. It plays a role in the fish's immune system, and is "added to the diets of farmed salmon to ensure our salmon are healthy and have all the nutrients they require and also that the flesh has the rich colour that our consumers seek."
It assures readers that "Whilst astaxanthin is synthesised it must be stressed that this is a pure version of what is eaten by wild salmon, this is why we refer to it as nature-identical. The vast majority of farmed salmon around the world are fed diets with nature-identical astaxanthin."
But it's clear from the buzz around the issue that consumers aren't happy about being kept in the dark about what's going into their food.
We asked members of our Facebook community if they were aware that supermarket salmon might be artificially coloured, and here are just a few of the comments we received: | <urn:uuid:f3f7909b-2f56-4a3b-a7d3-6b8b479ffee4> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.choice.com.au/food-and-drink/meat-fish-and-eggs/fish/articles/astaxanthin-in-salmon-021116 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389472.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309061538-20210309091538-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.965497 | 368 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The metamorphosis existentialism essay
Many existential philosophers have intimated that literature is especially well a full-length novel, and is most famous for his novella the metamorphosis,. Free essay: franz kafka's the metamorphosis is a masterfully written novella about gregor samsa, a man who devotes his life to his family and.
“bookend” the essay by leaving the reader with something to think about the metamorphosis displays franz kafka's existential search for meaning through.
Select and discuss some of the existentialist themes expounded in the works of either one or both of this essay will attempt to explore some of those themes. Characters analysis questions quizzes flashcards best of the web write essay teaching lit glossary table of contents shmoop premium. Free essay: franz kafka's the metamorphosis is a masterfully written short story about gregor samsa, a man who devotes his life to his family and work, for.
Existentialism in franz kafka's metamorphosis essay examples - existentialism in franz kafka's metamorphosis in franz kafka's short story, metamorphosis, the .
A young franz kafka, author of the metamorphosis, the trial and other works it's a starkly existential position that is also a quintessentially own life, jonathan franzen notes in his essay on autobiographical fiction.
The underlying theme of the metamorphosis is an existential one that says that this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. An argument of existentialism in 'the metamorphosis' by franz kafka essay custom student mr teacher eng 1001-04 9 november 2016.
This page contains handouts and assignments related to our metamorphosis unit 1 meet franz kafka biographical essay 2 the existential primer. The metamorphosis - an existential analysis the metamorphosis makes use of several different ideals of existentialism to portray the metamorphosis essay. The metamorphosis and other stories critical essays kafka and existentialism kafka's relationship with existentialism is much more complex, mainly.
Similarities between his 1986 film, the fly, and kafka's the metamorphosis the fates, no search for meaning even on the most basic existential plane this essay appears as the introduction to susan bernofsky's new. This essay compares no exit and metamorphosis by applying sartre's philosophy of existentialism to determine how far their themes are similar. Free essay: existentialism in the metamorphosis and the hunger artist existentialism is a philosophy dealing with man's aloneness in the universe either.Download the metamorphosis existentialism essay | <urn:uuid:d1aa9374-d3c7-4e1f-bad1-119bede0df89> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://ekcourseworkrtzg.cleaningservicesny.us/the-metamorphosis-existentialism-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510754.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016134654-20181016160154-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.904184 | 585 | 2.625 | 3 |
Bathing a patient in bed
Bed bath; Sponge bath
Why a Patient Might Need Bed Baths
Some patients cannot safely leave their beds to bathe. For these people, daily bed baths can help keep their skin healthy, control odor, and increase comfort. If moving the patient causes pain, plan to give the patient a bed bath after the person has received pain medicine and it has taken affect.
A bed bath is a good time to inspect a patient's skin for redness and sores. Pay special attention to skin folds and bony areas when checking.
Supplies for a Bed Bath
- Large bowl of warm water
- Soap (regular or non-rinse soap)
- Two washcloths or sponges
- Dry towel
- Shaving supplies, if you are planning to shave the patient
- Comb or other hair care products
If you wash the patient's hair, use either a dry shampoo that combs out or a basin that is designed for washing hair in bed. This kind of basin has a tube in the bottom that allows you to keep the bed dry before you later drain the water.
How to Give a Bed Bath
- Bring all the supplies you will need to the patient's bedside. Raise the bed to a comfortable height to prevent straining your back.
- Explain to patients that you are about to give them a bed bath.
- Make sure you uncover only the area of the body you are washing. This will keep the person from getting too cold. It also provides privacy.
- While patients are lying on their backs, begin by washing their heads and move toward their feet. Then, roll your patients to one side and wash their backs.
- To wash a patient's skin, first wet the skin, then gently apply a small amount of soap. Check with the patient to make sure you are not rubbing too hard.
- Make sure you rinse all the soap off, then pat the area dry. Apply lotion before covering the area up.
- Bring fresh, warm water to the patient's bedside with a clean washcloth to wash private areas. First wash the genitals, then move toward the buttocks, always washing from front to back.
Timby BK. Assisting with basic needs. In: Fundamentals of nursing skills and concepts. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health: Lippincott Williams & Wilkens. 2013: unit 5.
Reviewed By: Dennis Ogiela, MD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:f7288e44-9d26-49e9-a105-c085bfda9c62> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://westernbaptist.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=60&gid=000427 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275437.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00180-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922475 | 576 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Situated at over 5,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan Mountains, Roopkund Lake is home to the scattered skeletal remains of several hundred individuals of unknown origin. We report genome-wide ancient DNA for 38 skeletons from Roopkund Lake, and find that they cluster into three distinct groups. A group of 23 individuals have ancestry that falls within the range of variation of present-day South Asians. A further 14 have ancestry typical of the eastern Mediterranean. We also identify one individual with Southeast Asian-related ancestry. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these remains were not deposited simultaneously. Instead, all of the individuals with South Asian-related ancestry date to ~800 CE (but with evidence of being deposited in more than one event), while all other individuals date to ~1800 CE. These differences are also reflected in stable isotope measurements, which reveal a distinct dietary profile for the two main groups.
Nestled deep in the Himalayan mountains at 5029 m above sea level, Roopkund Lake is a small body of water (~40 m in diameter) that is colloquially referred to as Skeleton Lake due to the remains of several hundred ancient humans scattered around its shores (Fig. 1)1. Little is known about the origin of these skeletons, as they have never been subjected to systematic anthropological or archaeological scrutiny, in part due to the disturbed nature of the site, which is frequently affected by rockslides2, and which is often visited by local pilgrims and hikers who have manipulated the skeletons and removed many of the artifacts3. There have been multiple proposals to explain the origins of these skeletons. Local folklore describes a pilgrimage to the nearby shrine of the mountain goddess, Nanda Devi, undertaken by a king and queen and their many attendants, who—due to their inappropriate, celebratory behavior—were struck down by the wrath of Nanda Devi4. It has also been suggested that these are the remains of an army or group of merchants who were caught in a storm. Finally, it has been suggested that they were the victims of an epidemic5.
To shed light on the origin of the skeletons of Roopkund, we analyzed their remains using a series of bioarcheological analyses, including ancient DNA, stable isotope dietary reconstruction, radiocarbon dating, and osteological analysis. We find that the Roopkund skeletons belong to three genetically distinct groups that were deposited during multiple events, separated in time by approximately 1000 years. These findings refute previous suggestions that the skeletons of Roopkund Lake were deposited in a single catastrophic event.
Bioarcheological analysis of the Roopkund skeletons
We obtained genome-wide data from 38 individuals by extracting DNA from powder drilled from long bones, producing next-generation sequencing libraries, and enriching them for approximately 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from across the genome6,7,8,9, obtaining an average coverage of 0.51 × at targeted positions (Table 1, Supplementary Data 1). We also obtained PCR-based mitochondrial haplogroup determinations for 71 individuals (35 of these were ones for whom we also obtained genome-wide data that confirmed the PCR-based determinations) (Table 2, Supplementary Note 1). We generated stable isotope measurements (δ13C and δ15N) from 45 individuals, including 37 for whom we obtained genome-wide genetic data, and we obtained direct radiocarbon dates for 37 individuals for whom we also had both genetic and isotope data (Table 1).
In this study, we also present an osteological assessment of health and stature performed on a different set of bones from Roopkund; this report was drafted well before genetic results from Roopkund were available but was never formally published (an edited version of the original report is presented here as Supplementary Note 2). The analysis suggests that the Roopkund individuals were broadly healthy, but also identifies three individuals with unhealed compression fractures; the report hypothesizes that these injuries could have transpired during a violent hailstorm of the type that sometimes occurs in the vicinity of Roopkund Lake, while also recognizing that other scenarios are plausible. The report also identifies the presence of both very robust and tall individuals (outside the range of almost all South Asians), and more gracile individuals, and hypothesizes based on this the presence of at least two distinct groups of individuals, consistent with our genetic findings (Supplementary Note 2).
Our analysis of the genome-wide data from 38 Roopkund individuals shows that they include both genetic males (n = 23) and females (n = 15)—consistent with the physical anthropology evidence for the presence of both males and females (Supplementary Note 2). The relatively similar proportions of males and females is difficult to reconcile with the suggestion that these individuals might have been part of a military expedition. We detected no relative pairs (3rd degree or closer) among the sequenced individuals10, providing evidence against the idea that the Roopkund skeletons might represent the remains of groups of families. We also found no evidence that the individuals were infected with bacterial pathogens, providing no support for the suggestion that these individuals died in an epidemic, although we caution that failure to find evidence for pathogen DNA in long bone powder may simply reflect the fact that it was present at too low a concentration to detect (Supplementary Note 3)11.
Roopkund skeletons form three genetically distinct groups
We explored the genetic diversity of the 38 Roopkund individuals using a previously established Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that is effective at visualizing genetic variation of diverse present-day people from South Asia (a term we use to refer to the territories of the present day countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Bhutan) relative to West Eurasian-related groups (a term we use to refer to the cluster of ancestry types common in Europe, the Near East, and Iran) and East Asian-related groups (a term we apply to the cluster of ancestry types common in East Asia including China, Japan, Southeast Asia, and western Indonesia)12. We find that the Roopkund individuals cluster into three distinct groups, which we will henceforth refer to as Roopkund_A, Roopkund_B, and Roopkund_C (Fig. 2a). Individuals in Roopkund_A (n = 23) fall along a genetic gradient that includes most present-day South Asians. However, they do not fall in a tight cluster along this gradient, suggesting that they do not comprise a single endogamous group, and instead derive from a diversity of groups. Individuals belonging to the Roopkund_B cluster (n = 14) do not fall along this gradient, and instead fall near present-day West Eurasians, suggesting that Roopkund_B individuals possess West Eurasian-related ancestry. A single individual, Roopkund_C, falls far from all other Roopkund individuals in the PCA, between the Onge (Andaman Islands) and Han Chinese, suggesting East Asian-related ancestry.
To further understand the West Eurasian-related affinity in the Roopkund_B cluster, we projected all the Roopkund individuals onto a second PCA designed to distinguish between sub-components of West Eurasian-related ancestry13,14 (Fig. 2b). Individuals assigned to the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_C groups cluster towards the top right of the PCA plot, close to present-day groups with Iranian ancestry, consistent with where populations with South Asian or East Asian ancestry cluster when projected onto such a plot13. Individuals belonging to the Roopkund_B group cluster toward the center of the plot, close to present-day people from mainland Greece and Crete15. We observe consistent patterns using the automated clustering software ADMIXTURE16 (Fig. 2c) and in pairwise FST statistics (Fig. 2d, e, Supplementary Data 2). The visual evidence from the PCA suggests that two individuals from the Roopkund_B group might represent genetic outliers (Fig. 2b). However, symmetry f4-statistics show that the two apparent outliers (one of which has relatively low coverage) are statistically indistinguishable in ancestry from individuals of the main Roopkund_B cluster relative to diverse comparison populations (Supplementary Data 3), and so we lump all the Roopkund_B individuals together in what follows.
Skeletons at Roopkund Lake were deposited in multiple events
The discovery of multiple, genetically distinct groups among the skeletons of Roopkund Lake raises the question of whether these individuals died simultaneously or during separate events. We used Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the remains. We successfully generated radiocarbon dates from all but one of the individuals for which we have genetic data, using the same stocks of bone powder that we used for genetic analysis to ensure that the dates correspond directly to the genetic groupings. We find that the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_B groups are separated in time by ~1000 years, with the calibrated dates for individuals assigned to the Roopkund_A group ranging from the 7th–10th centuries CE, and the calibrated dates for individuals assigned to the Roopkund_B group ranging from the 17th–20th centuries CE (Table 1; Fig. 3a; Supplementary Data 4). The single individual assigned to Roopkund_C also dates to this later period. These results demonstrate that the skeletons of Roopkund Lake perished in at least two separate events. For Roopkund_A, we detect non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (for example individual I6943 dates to 675–769 CE, while individual I6941 dates to 894–985 CE), suggesting that even these individuals may not have died simultaneously (Fig. 3a). In contrast, the calibrated dates obtained for 13 Roopkund_B individuals and the single Roopkund_C individual all have mutually overlapping 95% confidence intervals.
Differences in diet correlate with genetic groupings
We carried out carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of femur bone collagen for 45 individuals. Femur bone collagen is determined by diet in the last 10–20 years of life17, and therefore is not necessarily correlated with the genetic ancestry of a population, which reflects processes occurring over generations. Nevertheless, we find evidence of dietary heterogeneity across the genetic ancestry groupings, providing additional support for the presence of multiple distinct groups at Roopkund Lake. We first observed that the Roopkund individuals are characterized by a range of δ13C values indicating diets reliant on both C3 and C4 plant sources, as well as δ15N values indicating varying degrees of consumption of protein derived from terrestrial animals (Fig. 3b and Supplementary Note 4). The δ13C values are non-randomly associated with the genetic groupings for the 37 individuals for whom we had both measurements. We find that all the Roopkund_B individuals (with typically eastern Mediterranean ancestry), as well as the Roopkund_C individual, have δ13C values between −19.7‰ and −18.2‰ reflecting consumption of terrestrial C3 plants, such as wheat, barley, and rice (and/or animals foddered on such plants). In contrast, the Roopkund_A individuals (with typically South Asian ancestry) have much more varied δ13C values (−18.9‰ to −10.1‰), with some implying C3 plant reliance and others reflecting either a mixed C3 and C4 derived diet, or alternatively consumption of C3 plants along with animals foddered with millet, a C4 plant (a practice that has been documented ethnographically in South Asia17). The difference in the δ13C distribution between the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_B groupings is highly significant (p = 0.00022 from a two-sided Mann-Whitney test).
Genetic affinities of the Roopkund subgroups
We used qpWave18,19 to test whether Roopkund_B is consistent with forming a genetic clade with any present-day population (that is, whether it is possible to model the two populations as descending entirely from the same ancestral population with no mixture with other groups since their split). We selected 26 present-day populations for comparison, with particular emphasis on West Eurasian-related groups (we analyzed the West Eurasian-related groups Basque, Crete, Cypriot, Egyptian, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian_North, Italian_South, Norwegian, Spanish, Syrian, Ukranian, and the non-West-Eurasian-related groups Brahmin_Tiwari, Chukchi, Han, Karitiana, Mala, Mbuti, Onge, and Papuan). We find that Roopkund_B is consistent with forming a genetic clade only with individuals from present-day Crete. These results by no means imply that the Roopkund_B individuals originated in the island of Crete itself, although they suggest that their recent ancestors or they themselves came from a nearby region (Supplementary Note 5; Supplementary Data 5).
We performed a similar analysis on individuals belonging to the Roopkund_A group and find that they cannot be modeled as deriving from a homogeneous group (Supplementary Note 6). Instead, Roopkund_A individuals vary significantly in their relationship to a diverse set of present-day South Asians, consistent with the heterogeneity evident in PCA (Fig. 2a). We were unable to model the Roopkund_C individual as a genetic clade with any present-day populations, but we were able to model its ancestry as ~82% Malay-related and ~18% Vietnamese-related using qpAdm7, showing that this individual is consistent with being of Southeast Asian origin. We tested if any of the Roopkund groups show specific genetic affinity to present-day groups from the Himalayan region, including four neighboring villages in the northern Ladakh region for which we report new genome-wide sequence data, but we find no such evidence (Supplementary Note 7). Within the Roopkund_A group which has ancestry that falls within the variation of present-day South Asians, we observe a weakly significant difference in the proportion of West Eurasian-related ancestry in males and females (p = 0.015 by a permutation test across individuals; Supplementary Note 8), with systematically lower proportions of West Eurasian-related ancestry in males than females. This suggests that the males and females were drawn from significantly different mixtures of groups within South Asia.
The genetically, temporally, and isotopically heterogeneous composition of the groups at Roopkund Lake was unanticipated from the context in which the skeletons were found. Radiocarbon dating reveals at least two key phases of deposition of human remains separated by around one thousand years and with significant heterogeneity in the dates for the earlier individuals indicating that they could not all have died in a single catastrophic event.
Combining multiple lines of evidence, we suggest a possible explanation for the origin of at least some of the Roopkund_A individuals. Roopkund Lake is not situated on any major trade route, but it is on a present-day pilgrimage route—the Nanda Devi Raj Jat pilgrimage which today occurs every 12 years (Fig. 1a). As part of the event, pilgrims gather for worship and celebration along the route. Reliable descriptions of the pilgrimage ritual do not appear until the late-19th century, but inscriptions in nearby temples dating to between the 8th and 10th centuries suggest potential earlier origins20. We view the hypothesis of a mass death during a pilgrimage event as a plausible explanation for at least some of the individuals in the Roopkund_A cluster.
The Roopkund_B cluster is more puzzling. It is tempting to hypothesize that the Roopkund_B individuals descend from Indo-Greek populations established after the time of Alexander the Great, who may have contributed ancestry to some present-day groups like the Kalash21. However, this is unlikely, as such a group would be expected to have admixture with groups with more typical South Asian ancestry (as the Kalash do), or would be expected to be inbred and to have relatively low genetic diversity. However, the Roopkund_B individuals have evidence for neither pattern (Supplementary Note 9). Combining different lines of evidence, the data suggest instead that what we have sampled is a group of unrelated men and women who were born in the eastern Mediterranean during the period of Ottoman political control. As suggested by their consumption of a predominantly terrestrial, rather than marine-based diet, they may have lived in an inland location, eventually traveling to and dying in the Himalayas. Whether they were participating in a pilgrimage, or were drawn to Roopkund Lake for other reasons, is a mystery. It would be surprising for a Hindu pilgrimage to be practiced by a large group of travelers from the eastern Mediterranean where Hindu practices have not been common; Hindu practice in this time might be more plausible for a southeast Asian individual with an ancestry type like that seen in the Roopkund_C individual. Given that the Roopkund_B and Roopkund_C individuals died only in the last few centuries, an important direction for future investigation will be to carry out archival research to determine if there were reports of large foreign traveling parties dying in the region over the last few hundred years.
Taken together, these results have produced meaningful insights about an enigmatic ancient site. More generally, this study highlights the power of biomolecular analyses to obtain rich information about the human story behind archaeological deposits that are so highly disturbed that traditional archaeological methods are not as informative.
The genetic analysis of Himalayan populations (described in Supplementary Note 7) was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, India.
Ancient DNA laboratory Work
A total of 76 skeletal samples (72 long bones and four teeth) were sampled at the Anthropological Survey of India, Kolkata. Skeletal sampling was performed for all samples in dedicated ancient DNA facilities at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad, India. A subset of samples that underwent preliminary ancient DNA screening at CCMB, including three samples that did not yield sufficient data to assign mitochondrial DNA haplogroups during preliminary screening (see Supplementary Note 1), were further processed at Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA, consistent with recommendations in the ancient DNA literature for repeating analyses in two independent laboratories to increase confidence in results22.
At CCMB, samples were prepared for processing by wiping with a bleach solution, followed by deionized water. The samples were then subjected to UV irradiation for 30 min on each side to minimize surface DNA contamination. Bone powder was then produced using a sterile dentistry drill.
We successfully generated genome-wide DNA for 38 individuals (Supplementary Data 1). For each sample, approximately 75 mg of bone powder originally prepared at CCMB was further processed in dedicated ancient DNA clean rooms at Harvard Medical School using standard protocols, including DNA extraction optimized for ancient DNA recovery23, modified by replacing the Zymo extender/MinElute column assemblage with a preassembled spin column device24, followed by library preparation with partial UDG treatment25. The quality of authentic ancient DNA preservation in each sample was assessed by carrying out a preliminary screening of all libraries via targeted DNA enrichment, designed to capture mitochondrial DNA in addition to 50 nuclear targets26. We sequenced the enriched libraries on an Illumina NextSeq500 instrument for 2 × 76 cycles with an additional 2 × 7 cycles for identification of indices. Based on this preliminary assessment, libraries that were deemed promising underwent a further enrichment using a reagent that targeted ~1.2 million SNPs6,7,8,9, and then were sequenced using an Illumina NextSeq500 instrument.
We used SeqPrep to trim adapters and molecular barcodes, and then merged paired-end reads that overlapped by a minimum of 15 base pairs (with up to one mismatch allowed) and aligned to the mitochondrial rsrs genome27 (for the mitochondrial screening analysis) or hg19 (for whole-genome analysis) using samse in bwa (v0.6.1)28. We identified duplicate sequences based on having the same start position, end position, orientation, and library-specific barcode, and only retained the copy with the highest quality sequence. We restricted to sequences with a minimum mapping quality (MAPQ ≥ 10) and minimum base quality (≥20) after excluding two bases from each end of the sequence. We obtained pseudo-haploid SNP calls by using a single randomly chosen sequence at SNPs covered by at least one sequence.
We subjected the resulting data to three tests of ancient DNA authenticity: (1) we analyzed the mitochondrial genome data to determine the rate of matching to the consensus sequence using contamMix, and excluded from analysis samples that exhibited a match rate less than 97%8. (2) We removed samples that exhibited a rate of C-to-T substitutions less than 3%: the minimum recommended threshold for authentic ancient DNA that has been subjected to partial UDG treatment25. (3) We used ANGSD29 to determine the degree of heterogeneity on the X-chromosome in males (who should only have one X chromosome) and excluded from analysis individuals with contamination rates greater than 1.5%.
We determined the mitochondrial haplogroup of each individual in two ways. For individuals with whole mitochondrial genome data, we determined the mitochondrial haplogroups using haplogrep230. We also determined mitochondrial haplogroups from mitochondrial DNA genotyping using multiplex PCR (see Supplementary Note 1).
We determined the genetic sex of the individuals by computing the ratio of the number of sequences that align to the X chromosome versus the Y chromosome. We searched for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree relative pairs in the dataset by analyzing patterns of allele sharing between pairs of individuals (we found none)10.
To identify Y-chromosome haplogroups in genetically male individuals, we used a modified version of the procedure reported in Poznik, et al.31, which performs a breadth-first search of the Y-chromosome tree. We made Y chromosome haplogroup calls using the ISOGG tree from 04.01.2016 [http://isogg.org], and recorded the derived and ancestral allele calls for each informative position on the tree. We counted the number of mismatches in the observed derived alleles on each branch of the tree and used this information to assign a score to each haplogroup, accounting for damage by down-weighting derived mutations that are the result of transitions to 1/3 of that of transversions. We assigned the closest matching Y-chromosome reference haplogroup to each male based on this score (Supplementary Data 6). We caution that males with fewer than 100,000 SNPs have too little data to confidently assign a haplogroup.
Population genetic analyses
We report data for 38 samples that passed contamination and quality control tests, with an average coverage of 0.51 × [range: 0.026–1.547] and 350088 SNPS covered at least once [range 30592–728448]. We processed the data in conjunction with published DNA obtained from ancient6,9,13,14,15,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61 and present-day groups from throughout the world62,63,64,65,66,67,68, including ~175 modern groups from the Indian subcontinent12. The resulting merged dataset included 1521 ancient and 7985 present-day individuals at 591,304 SNPs.
We used smartpca69 to perform principal component analysis (PCA) using default parameters, with the settings lsqproject:YES and numoutlier:0. We projected the Roopkund individuals onto two PCA plots designed either to reveal a cline of West Eurasian-related ancestry in South Asian populations18, or to reveal the genetic substructure in present-day West Eurasians13. The first PCA (Fig. 2a) included 1453 present-day populations12 in addition to the Roopkund individuals, while the second PCA (Fig. 2b) included 986 present-day populations13, in addition to the Roopkund individuals and two individuals from present-day Crete (population label Crete.DG). The PCA plots show that the samples cluster into three distinct groups, which we label Roopkund_A, Roopkund_B and Roopkund_C, and treat separately for subsequent analyses.
We used smartpca69 to compute FST between the two major Roopkund groups (Roopkund_A and Roopkund_B) and all other groups composed of at least 2 individuals in the dataset, using default parameters, with the settings inbreed:YES and fstonly:YES.
We performed clustering using ADMIXTURE16. We carried out this analysis on all samples used for the PCA analyses, although we display only selected populations for the sake of clarity. Prior to analysis, SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with one another were pruned in PLINK using the parameters–indep-pairwise 200 25 0.4. We performed an ADMIXTURE analysis on the remaining 344,363 SNPs in the pruned dataset for values of k between 2 and 10, and carried out 20 replicates at each value of k. We retained the highest likelihood replicate at each k and displayed results for k (k = 4), which we chose because we observed that it is most visually helpful for discriminating the ancestry of the groups of interest.
We used qpWave18,19, with default parameters and allsnps:YES, to determine if any of the Roopkund populations was consistent with being a clade with any present-day populations. We included a base set of nine populations in each test, chosen to represent diverse ancestry from throughout the world. We include an additional 5–15 populations of either South Asian, West Eurasian, or Southeast/East Asian ancestry in tests involving Roopkund_A, Roopkund_B and Roopkund_C respectively, chosen to provide additional resolution for each group based on their position in the previous PCA. Based on the observed genetic heterogeneity in the Roopkund_A population, we modeled each individual separately (Supplementary Note 6). For each test, the Left population set included the Roopkund population or individual of interest in addition to one of the selected present-day analysis populations, while the remaining populations were included in the Right population set. In the case of individuals belonging to the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_C groups, we also used qpAdm7, with default parameters and allsnps: YES, to determine whether these populations could be considered to be the product of a two-way admixture between any of the selected present-day populations (Supplementary Note 6). In this case, the Left population set included the Roopkund individual of interest in addition to all possible combinations of two of the selected present-day analysis populations, while the remaining populations were included in the Right population set.
AMS radiocarbon dating
We subjected bone powder from 37 samples to radiocarbon dating. We dated the remaining bone powder (360–750 mg) from the same samples that were processed for ancient DNA. We were unable to generate a radiocarbon date for individual I3401, as there was not enough remaining bone powder for analysis.
At the Pennsylvania State University AMS radiocarbon dating facility, bone collagen for 14C and stable isotope analyses was extracted and purified using a modified Longin method with ultrafiltration70. Samples (200–400 mg) were demineralized for 24–36 h in 0.5 N HCl at 5 °C followed by a brief (<1 h) alkali bath in 0.1 N NaOH at room temperature to remove humates. The residue was rinsed to neutrality in multiple changes of Nanopure H2O, and then gelatinized for 12 h at 60 °C in 0.01 N HCl. The resulting gelatin was lyophilized and weighed to determine percent yield as a first evaluation of the degree of bone collagen preservation. Rehydrated gelatin solution was pipetted into pre-cleaned Centriprep71 ultrafilters (retaining >30 kDa molecular weight gelatin) and centrifuged 3 times for 20 min, diluted with Nanopure H2O and centrifuged 3 more times for 20 min to desalt the solution.
In some instances, collagen samples were too poorly preserved and were pre-treated at Penn State using a modified XAD process72 (Supplementary Data 4 shows that there were no systematic differences in the dates obtained based on the XAD and modified Longin pretreatment extraction methods.) Samples were demineralized in 0.5 N HCl for 2–3 days at 5 °C. The demineralized collagen pseudomorph was gelatinized at 60 °C in 1–2 mL 0.01 N HCl for 8–10 h. The gelatin was then lyophilized and percent gelatinization and yield determined by weight. The sample gelatin was then hydrolyzed in 2 mL 6 N HCl for 24 h at 110 °C. Supelco ENVI-Chrom® SPE (Solid Phase Extraction; Sigma-Aldrich) columns were prepped with 2 washes of methanol (2 mL) and rinsed with 10 mL DI H2O. Supelco ENVIChrom® SPE (Solid Phase Extraction; Sigma-Aldrich) columns with 0.45 µm Millex Durapore filters attached were equilibrated with 50 mL 6 N HCl and the washings discarded. 2 mL collagen hydrolyzate as HCl was pipetted onto the SPE column and driven with an additional 10 mL 6 N HCl dropwise with the syringe into a 20 mm culture tube. The hydrolyzate was finally dried into a viscous syrup by passing UHP N2 gas over the sample heated at 50 °C for ~12 h.
For all bone samples that were subject to radiocarbon dating, carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stable isotope ratios of the ultrafiltered gelatin or XAD amino acid hydrolyzate were measured at the Yale Analytical and Stable Isotope Center with a Costech elemental analyzer (ECS 4010) and Thermo DeltaPlus analyzer. Sample quality was evaluated by percentage crude gelatin yield, %C, %N, and C/N ratios before AMS 14C dating. C/N ratios for all samples fell between 2.9 and 3.6, indicating good collagen preservation73. Samples (~2.1 mg) were then combusted for 3 h at 900 °C in vacuum-sealed quartz tubes with CuO and Ag wires. Sample CO2 was reduced to graphite at 550 °C using H2 and a Fe catalyst, with reaction water drawn off with Mg(ClO4)274.
Graphite samples were pressed into targets in Al boats and loaded on a target wheel with OX-1 (oxalic acid) standards, known-age bone secondaries, and a 14C-free Pleistocene whale blank. 14C measurements were performed at UCIAMS on a modified National Electronics Corporation compact spectrometer with a 0.5 MV accelerator (NEC 1.5SDH-1). The 14C ages were corrected for mass-dependent fractionation with δ13C values75 and compared with samples of Pleistocene whale bone (backgrounds, 48,000 14C BP), late Holocene bison bone (~1850 14C BP), late 1800s CE cow bone and OX-2 oxalic acid standards for calibration. All calibrated 14C ages were computed using OxCal version 4.376 using the IntCal13 northern hemisphere curve77.
Stable isotope measurements
The isotopic measurement procedure at Yale University for the 37 samples for which we performed direct radiocarbon dating are described in the previous section.
We also obtained isotopic measurements for long bone samples from 19 individuals (including data from 11 of the same individuals that were also analyzed at Yale) at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Bone samples of 1 g were subsequently cleaned using an air abrasive system with 5 μm aluminum oxide powder and then crushed into chunks. Collagen was extracted following standard procedures78. Approximately 1 g of pre-cleaned bone was demineralized in 10 mL aliquots of 0.5 M HCl at 4 °C, with changes of acid until CO2 stopped evolving. The residue was then rinsed three times in deionized water before being gelatinized in pH 3 HCl at 80 °C for 48 h. The resulting solution was filtered, with the supernatant then freeze-dried over a period of 24 h.
Purified collagen samples (1 mg) were analyzed at the Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, in duplicate by EA-IRMS on a ThermoFisher Elemental Analyzer coupled to a ThermoFisher Delta V Advantage Mass Spectrometer via a ConFloIV system. Accuracy was determined by measurements of international standard reference materials within each analytical run. These were USGS 40,40 δ13Craw = −26.4 ± 0.1, δ13Ctrue = −26.4 ± 0.0, δ15Nraw = −4.4 ± 0.1, δ15Ntrue = −4.5 ± 0.2; IAEA N2, δ15Nraw = 20.2 ± 0.1, δ15Ntrue = 20.3 ± 0.2; IAEA C6 δ13Craw = -10.9 ± 0.1, δ13Ctrue = −10.8 ± 0.0. An in-house fish gelatin sample was also used as a standard in each run. Reported δ13C values were measured against Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), while δ15N values are measured against ambient air.
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
Bengtsson, L. Ice covered lakes in Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs. 357–360 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012).
Pham, B. T., Pradhan, B., Bui, D. T., Prakash, I. & Dholakia, M. A comparative study of different machine learning methods for landslide susceptibility assessment: a case study of Uttarakhand area (India). Environ. Model Softw. 84, 240–250 (2016).
Gupta, S. Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya: Strategy for sustainable development in Domestic tourism in India. 199–218 (Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1998).
Budhwar, K. Where gods dwell: central Himalayan folktales and legends. 19–27 (Penguin Books India, 2010).
“Skeleton Lake”. Riddles of the Dead. Television. (National Geographic, Hoggard Films, 2004).
Fu, Q. et al. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524, 216–219 (2015).
Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015).
Fu, Q. et al. DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 2223–2227 (2013).
Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–512 (2015).
Kuhn, J. M. M., Jakobsson, M. & Günther, T. Estimating genetic kin relationships in prehistoric populations. PLoS ONE 13, e0195491 (2018).
Herbig, A. et al. MALT: Fast alignment and analysis of metagenomic DNA sequence data applied to the Tyrolean Iceman. Preprint at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050559v050551 (2016).
Nakatsuka, N. et al. The promise of discovering population-specific disease-associated genes in South Asia. Nat. Genet. 49, 1403–1407 (2017).
Lazaridis, I. et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419–424 (2016).
Broushaki, F. et al. Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent. Science 353, 499–503 (2016).
Lazaridis, I. et al. Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Nature 548, 214–218 (2017).
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J. & Lange, K. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome Res. 19, 1655–1664 (2009).
Hedges, R. E., Clement, J. G., Thomas, C. D. L. & O’Connell, T. C. Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid‐shaft: Modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 133, 808–816 (2007).
Moorjani, P. et al. Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 422–438 (2013).
Reich, D. et al. Reconstructing native American population history. Nature 488, 370–374 (2012).
Sax, W. From Procession to Heritage: The Royal Procession of the Goddess Shri Nanda in Prozessionen, Wallfahrten, Aufmärsche: Bewegung zwischen Religion und Politik in Europa und Asien seit dem Mittelalter 4, 277–287 (Böhlau Verlag, Köln, 2008).
Hellenthal, G. et al. A genetic atlas of human admixture history. Science 343, 747–751 (2014).
Cooper, A. & Poinar, H. N. Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all. Science 289, 1139–1139 (2000).
Dabney, J. et al. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15758–15763 (2013).
Korlević, P. et al. Reducing microbial and human contamination in DNA extractions from ancient bones and teeth. Biotechniques 59, 87–93 (2015).
Rohland, N., Harney, E., Mallick, S., Nordenfelt, S. & Reich, D. Partial uracil–DNA–glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient. Dna. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 370, 20130624 (2015).
Maricic, T., Whitten, M. & Pääbo, S. Multiplexed DNA sequence capture of mitochondrial genomes using PCR products. PLoS ONE 5, e14004 (2010).
Behar, D. M. et al. A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 90, 675–684 (2012).
Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows–Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25, 1754–1760 (2009).
Korneliussen, T. S., Albrechtsen, A. & Nielsen, R. ANGSD: analysis of next generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinforma. 15, 356 (2014).
Weissensteiner, H. et al. HaploGrep 2: mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the era of high-throughput sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W58–W63 (2016).
Poznik, G. D. et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nat. Genet. 48, 593 (2016).
Allentoft, M. E. et al. Population genomics of bronze age Eurasia. Nature 522, 167–172 (2015).
de Barros Damgaard, P. et al. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 557, 369 (2018).
de Barros Damgaard, P. et al. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 360, eaar7711 (2018).
Fu, Q. et al. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445–449 (2014).
Fu, Q. et al. The genetic history of ice age Europe. Nature 534, 200 (2016).
Haber, M. et al. Continuity and admixture in the last five millennia of Levantine history from ancient Canaanite and present-day Lebanese genome sequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 101, 274–282 (2017).
Jeong, C. et al. Long-term genetic stability and a high-altitude East Asian origin for the peoples of the high valleys of the Himalayan arc. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 113, 7485–7490 (2016).
Jones, E. R. et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat. Commun. 6, 8912 (2015).
Jones, E. R. et al. The Neolithic transition in the Baltic was not driven by admixture with early European farmers. Curr. Biol. 27, 576–582 (2017).
Lazaridis, I. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014).
Lipson, M. et al. Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers. Nature 551, 368 (2017).
Llorente, M. G. et al. Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa. Science 350, 820–822 (2015).
Malaspinas, A.-S. et al. Two ancient human genomes reveal Polynesian ancestry among the indigenous Botocudos of Brazil. Curr. Biol. 24, R1035–R1037 (2014).
Martiniano, R. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat. Commun. 7, 10326 (2016).
Mathieson, I. et al. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature 555, 197 (2018).
Meyer, M. et al. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 338, 222–226 (2012).
Mittnik, A. et al. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nat. Commun. 9, 442 (2018).
Olalde, I. et al. Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European. Nature 507, 225 (2014).
Olalde, I. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190 (2018).
Prüfer, K. et al. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505, 43 (2014).
Raghavan, M. et al. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505, 87 (2014).
Raghavan, M. et al. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science 349, aab3884 (2015).
Rasmussen, S. et al. Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago. Cell 163, 571–582 (2015).
Schiffels, S. et al. Iron age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history. Nat. Commun. 7, 10408 (2016).
Schuenemann, V. J. et al. Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods. Nat. Commun. 8, 15694 (2017).
Skoglund, P. et al. Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature 525, 104 (2015).
Skoglund, P. et al. Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific. Nature 538, 510 (2016).
Skoglund, P. et al. Reconstructing prehistoric African population structure. Cell 171, 59–71. e21 (2017).
Veeramah, K. R. et al. Population genomic analysis of elongated skulls reveals extensive female-biased immigration in Early Medieval Bavaria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 3494–3499 (2018).
Harney, É. et al. Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation. Nat. Commun. 9, 3336 (2018).
1000 Genomes Project Consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526, 68 (2015).
Mallick, S. et al. The Simons genome diversity project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations. Nature 538, 201 (2016).
Mondal, M. et al. Genomic analysis of Andamanese provides insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation. Nat. Genet. 48, 1066–1070 (2016).
Patterson, N. et al. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics 192, 1065–1093 (2012).
Pickrell, J. K. et al. The genetic prehistory of southern Africa. Nat. Commun. 3, 1143 (2012).
Qin, P. & Stoneking, M. Denisovan ancestry in East Eurasian and native American populations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 2665–2674 (2015).
Vyas, D. N., Al‐Meeri, A. & Mulligan, C. J. Testing support for the northern and southern dispersal routes out of Africa: an analysis of Levantine and southern Arabian populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 164, 736–749 (2017).
Patterson, N., Price, A. L. & Reich, D. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2, e190 (2006).
Kennett, D. J. et al. Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty. Nat. Commun. 8, 14115 (2017).
McClure, S. B., Puchol, O. G. & Culleton, B. J. AMS dating of human bone from Cova de la Pastora: new evidence of ritual continuity in the prehistory of eastern Spain. Radiocarbon 52, 25–32 (2010).
Lohse, J. C., Culleton, B. J., Black, S. L. & Kennett, D. J. A precise chronology of middle to late Holocene Bison exploitation in the Far Southern Great Plains. J. Tex. Archeol. Hist. 1, 94–126 (2014).
Van Klinken, G. J. Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. J. Archaeol. Sci. 26, 687–695 (1999).
Santos, G. M., Southon, J. R., Druffel-Rodriguez, K. C., Griffin, S. & Mazon, M. Magnesium perchlorate as an alternative water trap in AMS graphite sample preparation: a report on sample preparation at KCCAMS at the University of California, Irvine. Radiocarbon 46, 165–173 (2004).
Stuiver, M. & Polach, H. A. Discussion reporting of 14 C data. Radiocarbon 19, 355–363 (1977).
Ramsey, C. B. & Lee, S. Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal. Radiocarbon 55, 720–730 (2013).
Reimer, P. J. et al. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887 (2013).
Richards, M. P. & Hedges, R. E. Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the types of marine foods used by Late Mesolithic humans at sites along the Atlantic coast of Europe. J. Archaeol. Sci. 26, 717–722 (1999).
We acknowledge the people living and dead whose samples we analyzed in this study. We thank Professor Subhash Walimbe of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute in Pune India (retired) who prepared the physical anthropology report on the Roopkund skeletons that was used as the basis of a National Geographic documentary; we reprint it in edited form in Supplementary Note 2, updated in light of the genetic findings. We are grateful to Dr. Lalji Singh (deceased) for his longstanding support for this project, to the Lucknow University anthropology department and the Anthroplogical Survey of India for permission to analyze their skeletal collection, and to Iosif Lazaridis, Michael McCormick, Arie Shaus, John Wakeley for critical comments. E.H. was supported by a graduate student fellowship from the Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM). A.N., P.R., and N.B. are funded by the Max Planck Society. D.J.K. and B.J.C. were supported by NSF BCS-1460367. K.T. was supported by grant NCP (MLP0117) from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. D.R. was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation HOMINID grant BCS-1032255, the U.S. National Institutes of Health grant GM100233, by an Allen Discovery Center grant, by grant 61220 from the John Templeton Foundation, and is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Peer review information: Nature Communications thanks Carles Lalueza-Fox and other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Harney, É., Nayak, A., Patterson, N. et al. Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India. Nat Commun 10, 3670 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11357-9
BMC Medical Genomics (2021)
Origin of ethnic groups, linguistic families, and civilizations in China viewed from the Y chromosome
Molecular Genetics and Genomics (2021)
Middle Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability and its impact on cultural changes in the Indian subcontinent
Quaternary Science Reviews (2021)
Nature Reviews Genetics (2020) | <urn:uuid:45fa9e6b-ec8d-4b14-bd95-73a0d64caccf> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11357-9?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=3_nsn6445_deeplink_PID100052172&utm_content=deeplink&error=cookies_not_supported&code=d91626c6-95dd-45f8-8bcf-cf118d37d8db | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487662882.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620114611-20210620144611-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.89986 | 11,072 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The community room was packed, the mood a mix of curiosity, and urgent anticipation. Not a normal Tuesday night at the Antigonish People’s Place Public library.
Close to 100 people had come to take part in a town-hall style meeting which is currently being repeated in 150 communities across Canada.
“There are people in those communities who are doing the exact same thing we’re doing,” said Chad Brazier who helped organize the event in Antigonish on May 21. “People who see the writing on the wall as presented to us by global scientists and which we can see with our own eyes.”
Halifax, Mahone Bay, Charlottetown, Edmundston, Moncton and Saint John are the Atlantic Canadian municipalities which have already declared states of climate emergency.
There are over 300 municipalities across Canada that have done the same thing in order to highlight the need to reduce carbon emissions.
However, these declarations do not lead to specific actions. That’s where The Pact for a Green New Deal comes in.
On May 5, 2019, over 67 separate organizations across the country came together to endorse The Pact for the Green New Deal, a non-partisan coalition calling for a 50 percent reduction to Canada’s fossil fuel emissions within the next 10 years.
What exactly the American – inspired Green New Deal is, and how it would look in Canada is what people had come to learn and decide.
“It’s a vision that acknowledges where we’re at today. That we are in crisis.” said David Elliot, another organizer for the gathering. “It lays out a vision, a groundwork to where we could be at the end of a set period of time.”
That time being between now and 2030, when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report states that the average surface temperature on earth will likely reach 1.5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels. This could severely effect sea-level rise, bio diversity, human health, and our long-term survivability.
In order to avoid that outcome, the IPCC calls for “rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society,” and that’s also what The Pact for a Green New Deal demands.
Once this was explained to those gathered in the community room, everyone in attendance was given the chance to contribute ideas on how Canada can meet those demands.
There were six tables spread throughout the library where people were asked to write down what a Green New Deal in Canada should include, and also what should be left out. According to the organizers the information will be collated, packaged, and then sent to The Pact for a Green New Deal national body which will then deliver the information to policy makers in Ottawa.
“When your voice is heard you feel like something might actually change,” said Nancy Turniawan who lives in the community of Lakevale in Antigonish county. “People have enough to say and are that interested than an hour is not enough.”
“It can’t come from the top down,” said Elliot. “No one knows better than what needs to be done then the people in this room, the people in the community, the grassroots. That’s what we’re here to do today.” | <urn:uuid:8d3e8896-058a-43bf-9acd-12de6b50d4cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.thecasket.ca/news/local/antigonish-peoples-place-hosts-one-of-150-town-hall-meetings-hapening-across-the-country-to-discuss-a-green-new-deal-for-canada-315042/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987773711.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021120639-20191021144139-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.960663 | 698 | 2.75 | 3 |
Sunday, 8 April 2018
Hon Sui Sen Memorial Auditorium, Singapore
Block-chain technology creates a secure transaction ledger database that records and stores every transaction that occurs in a network of decentralized computers, essentially eliminating the need for “trusted” third parties such as payment processors.
The technology could offer new and innovative ways of storing, providing and tracking healthcare and insurance information. If the technology is successfully developed, the entire financial services and securities systems could be transformed. Currently, there are three types of block-chain networks, which are public block-chains, private block-chains and consortium block-chains. In terms of the application, not only are there many block-chain use-cases for government, but it is possible that positive government action could help the block-chain revolution along.
The lecture explicitly introduces block-chain with focus on the next ten years of block-chain, explaining from technology to philosophy. | <urn:uuid:ae6c18cb-845e-41e3-bcb4-d5450454da87> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://bschool.nus.edu.sg/cbc/events/block-chain-the-game-changer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743110.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116173611-20181116195611-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.909731 | 189 | 2.921875 | 3 |
I know that this picture is insensitive, tasteless and not an excellent piece of photography, but I am ok with it.
Notable for being:
- a genre starter.
- the first bestseller in what would become America.
- the first book on my list authored by a woman!
In 1667 the English settlement of Lancaster, Massachusetts was attacked by Native American tribes including the Narragansett and Wampanoag. Mary Rowlandson was captured and held for eleven weeks until a group of women in Boston heard about her plight and raised money to buy her back. In 1682 Rowlandson published an account of her captivity, which was widely popular in its time.
This book is brutal. She describes the initial raid of Lancaster in vivid, frank and plain detail, so you really get a sense of how horrifying it would be to witness the slaughter of nearly everyone in your town. On page one Rowlandson sees a man get shot, beg for his life, get knocked on the head, stripped naked and disemboweled. She is forced out of her burning house into the line of fire. A bullet goes through her side and into the child she is holding. Brutal. Rowlandson and her three children are taken by the “bloody heathen” as she calls them.
For eleven weeks of incredible physical and emotional strain, Rowlandson was held by her captors while they fled from the colonial militia. Although she was traveling many miles a day, she was barely fed. Her injured daughter had no chance to recover in such difficult conditions and soon passed away. Her captors tormented her by refusing to give her information about her other two children or by claiming they had died. If one person took pity on her and gave her a scrap of food, horse liver for example, another would take it from her after she had cooked it. She eventually learned that she could sew garments and trade them for food, which helped prevent her from starving.
Amazingly, what kept Rowlandson from complete despair was her religious faith. She had a Bible and continually looked to it for guidance. Which is pretty boring for the reader, but I have to admire the strength of her faith and conviction. As I was reading Narrative of Captivity I was amazed over and over again that under her circumstances she was grateful to God. I would have been enormously angry with him. I would have started building a Tower of Babel so I could punch him in the face. The point of the Tower of Babel was to build it so high they could walk right into heaven and chat with God, right? I might be using the wrong parable here.
Anyway, as the daughter/granddaughter of naturalists, to me the most interesting part of Narrative of Captivity was the description of what they ate. Which leads us to:
“As we went along they killed a deer, with a young one in her, they gave me a piece of the fawn, and it was so young and tender that one might eat the bones as well as the flesh, and yet I thought it was very good.”
You might like this book if you are interested in:
- early Colonial history.
- early interactions between Colonists and Native Americans.
- the natural history of North America before we ruined it.
- non-fiction survival stories.
You might not like this book if:
- you are a sensitive soul who doesn’t do well with violence.
Final thoughts: Reading this made me wonder what kind of psycho would move their family to the New World. Not worth it, too risky. As a kid, Laura Ingalls Wilder’s father, Charles Ingalls, was my hero and model of manhood. Now I see that he was a crazy person who moved his family into Indian Territory, because he couldn’t bear to hear the sound of another man’s gun. They could have all been killed! It completely blows my mind to think of the incredible hazards that settlers exposed themselves to while stealing this country from earlier inhabitants. | <urn:uuid:fd2b1312-36d3-49f6-8417-7c4008d03e8a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://sydneyreadseverything.com/2012/07/30/narrative-of-the-captivity-and-restoration-of-mary-rowlandson-by-mary-rowlandson-2/?replytocom=51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739177.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814040920-20200814070920-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.988708 | 842 | 2.609375 | 3 |
At this virtual platform, we provide 9th class preparation material and provide students all the helping material like notes, books, e-books, pdf files, data, information, samples and guidelines to practice online. We have included notes of all subjects of all boards for students of 9th class. This helping material is taken from different articles, books and handouts etc.
This e-learning and assessment material for students prepare them for their exams. It is designed in such a way that helps them to develop exam skills. These comprehensive resources are suitable for home study or for use in class as well. The helping material etc. contains a range of practical exercises and model papers or past papers along with the answer keys for students to prepare them for their upcoming exams. Now, all that a student needs to do is practice because practice makes a man perfect. A student should know that exams are not a herculean task. One should just need practise, practise and practise.
In the end, we believe that you would appreciate the material that we have uploaded to our latest blog. It includes a range of guides for students, helping them to comprehend the most difficult topic in a very simple language etc. | <urn:uuid:08ba3baf-1884-4eb3-993b-e45f359d0eb7> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.careerkarwan.com/notes/9th-class-notes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594886.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723032237-20180723052237-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.962526 | 241 | 2.625 | 3 |
We present an approach that links time-varying (daily time-step) terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem models at regional scales and apply this model into the future using scenarios of climate and land cover to project changes in ecosystem services. First, we describe an indicator framework that succinctly represents a comprehensive suite of environmental conditions relevant to important ecosystem services. Second, we describe the linkage and validation of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem models to simulate aquatic indicators through the 21st century. We integrated the Photosynthetic Evapotranspiration-Carbon and Nitrogen (PnET-CN) forest ecosystem model (Ollinger et al. 2002, 2008, Aber et al. 2005) and the Framework for the Aquatic Modeling of the Earth System (FrAMES) aquatic ecosystem model (Wollheim et al. 2008a, b, Wisser et al. 2010, Stewart et al. 2011, 2013, Mineau et al. 2015; Zuidema, Wollheim, Mineau, et al., unpublished manuscript). These models integrate the dynamics of terrestrial and aquatic processes and linkages at daily time-steps, making them ideal for studying aquatic ecosystem responses in forest-dominated watersheds. In coordination with a separate effort described elsewhere in this special issue (Mavrommati et al. 2017) to assess the value of ecosystem services provided by the Upper Merrimack River watershed (UMRW) of New Hampshire, we contrast two extremes of projected futures in climate and land-cover change. The outcome suggests that climate change influences most indicators of environmental condition in the UMRW more than changes in land cover, although land cover has important interactive capacity to dampen or exacerbate the effects of the changing supply of ecosystem services in the future.
In its simpler form, this experiment is particularly suited to elementary schools.
1 - Put some beans in a little jar containing some moist cotton wool. Keep the jar closedto maintain the humidity. Every day pull out the cotton and observe the state of the seedsand measure the length of their roots.
2 - Students in junior high schools or high schools can try to evaluate the influence ofparameters such as temperature, light and nutrients on the speed of germination of theseeds. If seeds are placed in gelatin, it is possible to observe the germination withoutextracting them from the jar.
3 - You can also collect seeds of different plants and determine their vitality (percentof seeds which germinate) as a function of time to harvest.
Exploring Seed Germination
Germinating Seeds on Gelatin
The Great Seed Mystery For Kids
The Wonderful World of Seeds
Internet keywords: germination seeds student.
PSI: Grade 8 Science - Photosynthesis Experiment
Another problem of the experiment is the amount of
carbon dioxide in the water, to make the experiment a fair test all
plants must have equal amounts of carbon dioxide and enough for the
whole experiment, a way to do this would be to take equal amounts of
potassium hydrogen carbonate and put it with the elodea.
BENZOIC ACID AND SODIUM BENZOATE - INCHEM
It focuses on the conversion of light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis. It then goes on to show how the chemical energy in plant sugars can be fermented to produce ethanol. Finally, the reasons for using ethanol as a fuel are discussed.In the initial activity, students use paper chromatography to separate plant pigments from leaves. In this module’s second activity the students consider what the source of mass for plants is as they grow. They form hypotheses then design and perform experiments to test their hypotheses. Next the students design an experiment to determine which of three different sugars produces the most fermentation products. | <urn:uuid:23f1e449-49da-408b-9aed-cfad48e3a860> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://reedforiowa.com/photosynthesis-experiment-evaluation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512750.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020121719-20181020143219-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.881927 | 769 | 2.65625 | 3 |
It’s no surprise that children’s toys can be unreasonably expensive. Instead of spending money, why not encourage their already-impressive imaginations, while creating safe and fun toys out of everyday items? There are endless possibilities when it comes to kids and play, so take this opportunity to save a few dollars while you’re at it!
Toddler, 2-5 years: Stick with edible options like O-shaped cereal or fun-shaped pasta. Teach your child by way of example how to stack each item. See the surprised smile on their face as the short stack can gently come tumbling down.
Preschool/Elementary, 5-8 years: Move up to stringing beads onto pony lacing—a rubberlike string that’s easy to secure.
Grade school, 8-12 years: Offer your child more sophisticated glass/pastic beads; they can use a safe embellishing glue to adhere the beads to poster paper for some lovely bedroom or living room art.
Toddler, 2-5 years: Blow bubbles yourself and have your little ones race to pop them. Worried about tripping? Make it a “crawl on all fours” game. Older siblings can keep score on a poster. Make team names and have fun with it!
Preschool/Elementary, 5-8 years: Add a few drops of food coloring to one cup of the bubble solution in a short pan. Using a straw with the end held about an inch above the surface of the solution, have your child blow gently until you have a bowlful of bubbles. Place a piece of paper gently over the bubbles. As they pop, they’ll leave their print on the paper. Be sure to make this an outside game, as that food coloring can stain easily.
Grade school, 8-12 years: While the younger ones go bubble crazy, older sibs can get the fun on camera as the bubbles float around and pop. Then they can use the images in a collage to represent the fun day of bubbles you’ve all enjoyed.
Toddler, 2-5 years: Dampen a sponge with child-safe paint and place it on a paper plate. Give your child textured objects, such as blocks or pinecones, to press into the sponge and then stamp on paper. Want to go even further? Designate a single wall in a playroom or bedroom and get giant foam stamps that your children can use to decorate it!
Preschool/Elementary, 5-8 years: Have your child use a rubber stamp to imprint each letter of the alphabet on a set of flat, even stones or blank building blocks. Now they can practice spelling with the fun, new items that they’ve created themselves.
Grade school, 8-12 years: Older siblings can use alphabet stamps to make personalized note cards, book covers, school binders or stationary!
Toddler, 2-5 years: Use an eyedropper to drip color onto coffee filters. Watch the colors blossom into cool shapes as the paint travels across the filter. Next, try a box or damp paper plate!
Preschool/Elementary, 5-8 years: Have your child dip flowers or leaves into child-safe paint. Flip paper over and press it into the clean sheet, making an imprint. You may want to tape stencils down and let your child take it from there.
Grade school, 8-12 years: Have your child make a layered work of art. Begin with a sketch, then tell him/her to fill in the spaces with colored pencils or crayons. Finish it off with diluted paint/watercolors. Showcase your child’s masterpiece by hanging it up in the playroom or bedroom.
It is completely possible to repurpose everyday items as toys, not only for young children, but children of any age. Just like your child uses their imagination, use yours to think of creative ways to transform daily objects into unique and fun activities for all the kids involved. Here at Celebree, we use all sorts of fun activities as an outlet for your child to remain safe, creative and forever-learning. Happy playing! | <urn:uuid:0ca552c2-e48d-4f3a-ac67-c348036f46b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.celebree.com/blog/everyday-items-turned-to-toys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324210143-20190324232143-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.934758 | 871 | 2.8125 | 3 |
It’s an ongoing debate. Can MOOCs help level the educational playing field? Will they be accessible to students of all backgrounds, or are there limits to their effectiveness with some types of students?
A study just published on a recent MITx introductory physics MOOC weighs in on this question. The Chronicle of Higher Education’s Wired Campus blog reports:
The MOOC Where Everybody Learned
by Steve Kolowich – September 16, 2014
Some MOOC skeptics believe that the only students fit to learn in massive open online courses are those who are already well educated. Without coaching and the support system of a traditional program, the thinking goes, ill-prepared students will not learn a thing.
Not so, according to researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The researchers analyzed data from a physics course that MIT offered on the edX platform in the summer of 2013. They found that students who had spent significant time on the course showed evidence of learning no matter what their educational background.
“There was no evidence that cohorts with low initial ability learned less than the other cohorts,” wrote the researchers in a paper published this month by The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning.
Not only that, but the MOOC students learned at a similar rate as did MIT students who had taken the on-campus version of a similar course. That finding surprised the researchers because the on-campus MIT students studied together in small groups for four hours every week and had regular access to their professors and other campus resources. Read more >
The MOOC in this study, 8.MReVx Mechanics Review, is currently running again. And a new version specifically for high school students, 8.MechCx AP® Physics C: Mechanics is open for registration and begins on January 15, 2015. | <urn:uuid:14e235e1-3cf5-4dcc-9d1a-6bf58c828460> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://mitopencourseware.wordpress.com/2014/09/17/the-mooc-where-everybody-learned-chronicle-of-higher-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426169.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726142211-20170726162211-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.96304 | 372 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Q- Which of the follwing are true? Choose 4 1 if a.equals(b) returns true;it imlpies a==b 2 if a.equals(b) returns true then b.equals(a) is also true 3 if a.equals(b) returns true it implies a.getClass()==b.getClass() 4 if a.equals(b) returns true & if b.equals(c) returns true then it implies a.equals(c) is also true 5 a.equals(null) returns false for any non=null refernce va;ue a 6 if a.equals(b) returns true it implies a.hashCode()==b.hashCode()
Ans is 2,4,5 & 6.
I understand why 2,4,5,6 are correct but i dont understand why 3rd is wrong.Because equals method returns false if object compared is of different type than the object on which it is called.So in that sense if a.equals(b) returns true then both a & b should be of the same class & getClass() method returns runtime name of the class. Somebody please tell me where i am going wrong???
As you may have guessed this is a bad question... it looks like the question is testing you on the requirements of the equals() methods, not what is actually happening. While it is true that most (if not all) implementations return false if the objects are of different types, this is actually not required.
Here is the excerpt from the JavaDoc...
The equals method implements an equivalence relation on non-null object references:
- It is reflexive: for any non-null reference value x, x.equals(x) should return true. - It is symmetric: for any non-null reference values x and y, x.equals(y) should return true if and only if y.equals(x) returns true. - It is transitive: for any non-null reference values x, y, and z, if x.equals(y) returns true and y.equals(z) returns true, then x.equals(z) should return true. - It is consistent: for any non-null reference values x and y, multiple invocations of x.equals(y) consistently return true or consistently return false, provided no information used in equals comparisons on the objects is modified. - For any non-null reference value x, x.equals(null) should return false.
Henry [ November 26, 2006: Message edited by: Henry Wong ]
hi Henry thanks for the reply I am still confused with this. I tried this example where i used references of two differnt classes
String s="sads"; Object ob=s; System.out.println(ob.equals(s)); >>>>> this will print true System.out.println(ob.getClass()==s.getClass());>>>>>this will print true
I guess this is because getClass() method compares classes of runtime objects.
i still dont understand how can two objects be equal() but still their getClass() will return false. If possibe can you explain me this with some example where equals() method will reurn true but getClass() will return false. | <urn:uuid:3946270f-70c4-4c1b-abec-08df72f75711> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.coderanch.com/t/260533/java-programmer-SCJP/certification/getClass-method | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823333.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00154-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.673154 | 701 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Instrumentum laboris describes the scope of the upcoming Synod on Youth, the Faith, and Vocational Discernment with these words: “just as our Lord Jesus Christ walked alongside the disciples of Emmaus, the Church is also urged to accompany all young people, without exception, towards the joy of love” (no. 1). The theme of accompaniment weaves through the document like a melody on which all other harmonies are based. In fact, accompaniment is explained as a non-negotiable within youth ministry. “The accompaniment of younger generations is not an optional element in the task of educating and evangelizing young people, but an ecclesial duty and a right of every young person” (no. 85).
This concept is not new in the life of the Church. In 1976, the United States’ Bishops published A Vision of Youth Ministry, which proposed the story of Emmaus as the guiding image for how ministry to youth should be carried out: through the process of listening and accompaniment. These two principles go hand in hand.
Intentional listening is an essential part of accompaniment, and one that we in the Church must strive to increase in our work with young people. Though Jesus knew the answers to the questions the two disciples were asking, he engaged them in a dialogue about what had just occurred in Jerusalem and listened as they shared their stories. Only when they were finished did he open up the Scriptures to give them a fuller understanding. | <urn:uuid:90afb473-f0c0-4208-9516-022a4bfa0fce> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://review.catechetics.com/youth-young-adult-ministry-listening-and-accompaniment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991685.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512070028-20210512100028-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.967608 | 307 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Comptroller(redirected from comptrollership)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial.
An officer who conducts the fiscal affairs of a state or Municipal Corporation.
A comptroller, which is often synonymous with auditor, generally has specific duties including the supervision of revenue, the examination and certification of accounts, and the inspection, examination, or control of the accounts of other public officials.
A state comptroller's major function is the final auditing and settling of all claims arising against the state.
The chief financial officer of any private organization, such as a university or a corporation, is also called a comptroller.
Within the federal government, the office of the comptroller of the currency exists as part of the national banking system. The function of this office is to promulgate and execute rules and regulations that govern the national banks. The approval of the comptroller of currency is essential to the organization of new national banks, as well as the transformation of state-chartered banks into national banks and the consolidation and merger of banks.
The comptroller general of the United States is the leading official of the General Accounting Office whose primary duty is to audit various governmental agencies. | <urn:uuid:02c1f515-5c9d-4b3e-9792-81860077e154> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/comptrollership | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.947447 | 248 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 16 October 2014
Universal health coverage in Latin America, 3
Prof Luiz Odorico Monteiro de Andrade PhD a, Prof Alberto Pellegrini Filho PhD c, Prof Orielle Solar PhD d, Félix Rígoli MD e, Prof Lígia Malagon de Salazar PhD f, Prof Pastor Castell-Florit Serrate PhD g, Kelen Gomes Ribeiro MSc b, Theadora Swift Koller MSc h, Fernanda Natasha Bravo Cruz MSc i, Prof Rifat Atun FRCP
Many intrinsically related determinants of health and disease exist, including social and economic status, education, employment, housing, and physical and environmental exposures. These factors interact to cumulatively affect health and disease burden of individuals and populations, and to establish health inequities and disparities across and within countries. Biomedical models of health care decrease adverse consequences of disease, but are not enough to effectively improve individual and population health and advance health equity. Social determinants of health are especially important in Latin American countries, which are characterised by adverse colonial legacies, tremendous social injustice, huge socioeconomic disparities, and wide health inequities. Poverty and inequality worsened substantially in the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s in these countries. Many Latin American countries have introduced public policies that integrate health, social, and economic actions, and have sought to develop health systems that incorporate multisectoral interventions when introducing universal health coverage to improve health and its upstream determinants. We present case studies from four Latin American countries to show the design and implementation of health programmes underpinned by intersectoral action and social participation that have reached national scale to effectively address social determinants of health, improve health outcomes, and reduce health inequities. Investment in managerial and political capacity, strong political and managerial commitment, and state programmes, not just time-limited government actions, have been crucial in underpinning the success of these policies..
For further information please/Para informaciones adicionales: click here. | <urn:uuid:21a3c717-d340-4d28-95b7-44b9269078b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://equity.bvsalud.org/2014/10/21/social-determinants-of-health-universal-health-coverage-and-sustainable-development-case-studies-from-latin-american-countries/?recaptcha-opt-in=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304287.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123141754-20220123171754-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.898264 | 459 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Assonance is a sound device used in poetry in which the vowel sounds of words that are in close proximity to each other are repeated. Assonance often results in contributing to the musicality of the lines. An example in Andrew Lang's poem "The Ballade of Worldly Wealth" occurs in line 4: "While the tides shall ebb and flow." In this line, you will see that the words "while" and "tide" have the same "i" sound. The words don't exactly rhyme, but a particular vowel sound occurs in both words. Another example is in line 6, "Like the Good, and Truth like lies." The last two words--"like" and "lies" repeat the same vowel sound--the long "i" sound. Assonance is also present in line 7 in the words "alone" and "bestow." Here the long "o" sound is repeated. You can find other examples of assonance in lines 10, 14, and 18. Remember, though, when you are trying to spot assonance in the poem that you are looking at the vowel sounds and not the spellings. Words such as "win" and "wine" do not have assonance, while words such as "why" and "wine" do. | <urn:uuid:0e75787c-2e32-4107-bfbf-60eec63001cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-examples-assonance-andrew-langs-poem-ballade-266524 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427766.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170729112938-20170729132938-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.959571 | 268 | 3.9375 | 4 |
People think that green papaya is simply an unripe papaya, but that isn’t the case, and this unique fruit has a number of impressive nutrients and potential health benefits.
What is Green Papaya?
Green papaya is the lesser-known of the two main papaya varieties. Common papaya is picked when its flesh is orange-red and is primarily grown in Hawaii, although it is also cultivated in Thailand and certain parts of Japan. Green papaya, however, is also known as Mexican papaya, where it originated. This pear or avocado shaped fruit has a bright green exterior, yellow-green flesh, and a central pocket filled with seeds. The consistency and texture of this papaya is closer to a mango, and it lacks the sweetness that makes regular papaya so popular.
The flesh and seeds of this fruit are consumed, and the seeds have a slight peppery flavor; they can be used as a spice if the seeds are dried and ground up. This fruit grows on a tree that reaches a height of about 12 feet and bears the scientific name Carica papaya. Due to the flavor difference between green papaya and Hawaiian papaya, the former is commonly used more as a vegetable than a fruit.
Serving Size : Nutrient Value Water [g] 88.06 Energy 43 Energy [kJ] 179 Protein [g] 0.47 Total lipid (fat) [g] 0.26 Ash [g] 0.39 Carbohydrate, by difference [g] 10.82 Fiber, total dietary [g] 1.7 Sugars, total including NLEA [g] 7.82 Glucose (dextrose) [g] 4.09 Fructose [g] 3.73 Calcium, Ca [mg] 20 Iron, Fe [mg] 0.25 Magnesium, Mg [mg] 21 Phosphorus, P [mg] 10 Potassium, K [mg] 182 Sodium, Na [mg] 8 Zinc, Zn [mg] 0.08 Copper, Cu [mg] 0.05 Manganese, Mn [mg] 0.04 Selenium, Se [µg] 0.6 Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid [mg] 60.9 Thiamin [mg] 0.02 Riboflavin [mg] 0.03 Niacin [mg] 0.36 Pantothenic acid [mg] 0.19 Vitamin B-6 [mg] 0.04 Folate, total [µg] 37 Folate, food [µg] 37 Folate, DFE [µg] 37 Choline, total [mg] 6.1 Vitamin A, RAE [µg] 47 Carotene, beta [µg] 274 Carotene, alpha [µg] 2 Cryptoxanthin, beta [µg] 589 Vitamin A, IU [IU] 950 Lycopene [µg] 1828 Lutein + zeaxanthin [µg] 89 Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) [mg] 0.3 Tocopherol, beta [mg] 0.02 Tocopherol, gamma [mg] 0.09 Tocopherol, delta [mg] 0.01 Tocotrienol, beta [mg] 0.07 Tocotrienol, gamma [mg] 0.01 Vitamin K (phylloquinone) [µg] 2.6 Fatty acids, total saturated [g] 0.08 12:0 [g] 0 14:0 [g] 0.01 16:0 [g] 0.06 18:0 [g] 0 Fatty acids, total monounsaturated [g] 0.07 16:1 [g] 0.04 18:1 [g] 0.03 Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated [g] 0.06 18:2 [g] 0.01 18:3 [g] 0.05 Tryptophan [g] 0.01 Threonine [g] 0.01 Isoleucine [g] 0.01 Leucine [g] 0.02 Lysine [g] 0.03 Methionine [g] 0 Phenylalanine [g] 0.01 Tyrosine [g] 0.01 Valine [g] 0.01 Arginine [g] 0.01 Histidine [g] 0.01 Alanine [g] 0.01 Aspartic acid [g] 0.05 Glutamic acid [g] 0.03 Glycine [g] 0.02 Proline [g] 0.01 Serine [g] 0.02 Sources include : USDA
Green Papaya Nutrition
Green papaya has an excellent nutrient profile, including high levels of vitamin C, E, A, and folate, as well as magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron, and other . There are negligible levels of fat and in these fruits, and there are less than 40 calories in a 100-gram serving. They also contain and , as well as a significant amount of lycopene and various amino acids the body needs.
Green Papaya Benefits
Aids in Digestion
The fiber content in green papayas is impressive, to say the least, which can help optimize digestion, increase feelings of fullness, improve nutrient uptake, and balance the pH balance of the stomach.
Treats Heart Diseases
Potassium levels in green papaya are quite high, meaning that this fruit can help control atherosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes, and coronary heart diseases.. Potassium is a , relieving pressure on the system and lowering your risk of
Boosts Immune System
A single serving of this fruit has more than 70% of your daily requirement for vitamin C, which stimulates the production of white blood cells. These cells are the body’s first line of defense against infections and foreign pathogens.
Relieves Menstrual Pain
Anecdotal evidence and research studies have shown that green papaya’s active ingredients and dense nutrient profile can help to relieve inflammation and affect hormone levels to minimize menstrual pain.
There is a significant amount of folate in green papaya, a B vitamin that is essential for preventing neural tube defects in babies.
How to Eat Green Papaya?
- The best way to include green papaya in your diet is in salads, used in a similar way as crunchy cucumbers or green peppers.
- As an addition to savory dishes, it can add a subtle sweet flavor and a refreshing bite.
- These fruits are often blended in fruit smoothies, added to fruit salads, or used to make various desserts. | <urn:uuid:75233add-e9b6-4ee9-b421-b43b7ef0707e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.organicfacts.net/green-papaya.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046157039.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805193327-20210805223327-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.883411 | 1,401 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Flexible resource allocation is a built-in vCMP feature that allows vCMP host administrators to optimize the use of available system resources. Flexible resource allocation gives you the ability to configure the vCMP host to allocate a different amount of CPU and memory to each guest, based on the needs of the specific BIG-IP modules provisioned within a guest. When you create each guest, you specify the number of cores that you want the host to allocate to the guest. Configuring these settings determines the total amount of CPU and memory that the host allocates to the guest. With flexible allocation, you can customize CPU and memory allocation in granular ways that meet the specific resource needs of each individual guest.
Before you create vCMP guests and allocate system resources to them, you need to determine the specific CPU and memory needs of each guest. You can then decide how many cores to allocate to a guest, factoring in the resource capacity of your hardware platform.
To determine the CPU and memory resource needs, you must know:
When you create a vCMP guest, you must decide on the amount of dedicated CPU and memory that you want the vCMP host to allocate to the guest. This table shows, per appliance platform, the maximum number of guests that you can create on the system, the amount of memory that each core contains, and the minimum and maximum numbers of cores that the host can allocate to a guest.
|Appliance platform||Maximum number of guests||Per core memory allocation||Minimum cores per guest||Maximum cores per guest|
|BIG-IP 5200v||4||4 GB||2||4|
|BIG-IP 7200v||4||4 GB||2||4|
|BIG-IP 10200v||6||7 GB||2||6|
Appliance models vary in terms of how many cores the model provides and how much memory each core contains. Also variable is the maximum number of guests that each model supports.
Before you can determine the number of cores to allocate to a guest, you should understand:
By understanding these metrics, you ensure that the total amount of resource you allocate to guests is aligned with the amount of resource that your appliance model supports.
For specific information on the resources that each appliance model provides, see the vCMP guest memory/CPU core allocation matrix on the AskF5 Knowledge Base at http://support.f5.com.
As host administrator you need to decide the number of cores that you want to assign a vCMP guest. A core is a user-defined portion of CPU and memory that the vCMP host allocates to a guest.
This illustration shows an example of core allocation for three guests.
On platforms with hard drives, the vCMP host always allocates cores for a guest in increments of two cores. In the case of platforms with solid-state drives, however, the host can allocate a single core to a guest, but only for a guest that requires a maximum of one core; for guests that require more than one core, the host does not allocate an odd number of cores (such as three, five, or seven cores).
The illustration shows a possible guest configuration on an appliance with a solid-state drive, where one of the guests has a single core only allocated to it.
Because the amount of CPU and memory in a single-core guest is limited, F5 Networks highly recommends that you provision only the BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager (LTM) module within a single-core guest, and no other modules.
On systems that include SSL and compression hardware processors, the vCMP feature shares these hardware resources among all guests on the system, in a round robin fashion.
When sharing SSL hardware, if all guests are using similar-sized keys, then each guest receives an equal share of the SSL resource. Also, if any guests are not using SSL keys, then other guests can take advantage of the extra SSL resource.
As a vCMP host administrator, you can control when the system allocates or de-allocates system resources to a guest. You can do this at any time, by setting a guest to one of three states: Configured, Provisioned, or Deployed. These states affect resource allocation in these ways: | <urn:uuid:2c9fca75-fc73-4ebc-87dd-53e4537ad391> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://support.f5.com/content/kb/en-us/products/big-ip_ltm/manuals/product/vcmp-administration-appliances-11-6-0/3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864848.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623000334-20180623020334-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.893657 | 890 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Weird white dwarf pulsar baffles boffins as its pulsating pattern changes over decades
AR Scorpii was the first white dwarf pulsar to be found
Scientists trying to crack the mystery behind the fastest-pulsating white dwarf have found that its brightness levels change over a timescale of decades.
AR Scorpii is a distant, peculiar binary star system located 380 light years away. It’s made of a collapsed white dwarf star circling its larger red dwarf companion.
It was first discovered by a group of amateur astronomers, who spotted a strange object flashing quickly. AR Sco was believed to be a single variable star, but further observations revealed it was a completely new type of system often described as a white-dwarf pulsar.
Every two minutes, the magnetized star emits a stream of particles and radiation that appears like flash beams of light, directed onto its neighboring red dwarf. It completes an orbit about every 3.5 hours, and is roughly the size of Earth but has a mass 300,000 times higher. It is estimated that if you scoop a teaspoon of AR Sco’s matter, it would weigh 15 tons.
Scientists are at a loss trying to explain how the strange star musters up the energy to pulse so frequently, and how it interacts with its companion star.
A group of researchers has attempted to study the binary system by analyzing data gathered by the Kepler Space Telescope’s K2 mission and a sky survey covering the star over a decade from 2005 to 2016. Their results have been published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Peter Garnavich, co-author of the paper and a physics professor at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, said: “One model of this system predicts long-term variations in the way the two stars interact. It was not known what the time scale of these changes might be – whether 20 to 200 years. By looking at the K2 and archival data, we were able to show that in addition to hourly changes in the system, there are variations occurring over decades.”
The light curve of the white dwarf shows a spike every two minutes, and a puzzling variation in brightness over the orbital period.
Colin Littlefield, co-author of the paper and a researcher also at the University of Notre Dame, said they found that “12 years ago, AR Scorpii’s peak brightness came a bit later in its orbit than it does now.
“This does not solve the mystery, but it is another piece to the puzzle that is AR Scorpii.” ®
Sponsored: What next after Netezza? | <urn:uuid:b44a466e-283d-4a0d-8c99-1d0399d9d347> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/09/13/white_dwarf_pulsars_pulsating_pattern_mystifies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540484477.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206023204-20191206051204-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.960249 | 545 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Scientists have linked a new protein to Alzheimer's disease, different from the amyloid and tau that make up the sticky brain plaques and tangles long known to be its hallmarks.
The discovery could give a new target for developing drugs and other treatments for Alzheimer's, the most common form of dementia. It also might help explain why many people have plaques and tangles in their brain yet show no symptoms of the disease. Autopsies on 342 brains revealed that people who had the new protein were 10 times more likely to have been mentally impaired when they died than those without it.
The study was discussed Wednesday at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, where researchers also described a new type of brain imaging that can show tau tangles in living people for the first time. | <urn:uuid:f73730c5-1a79-4040-9a92-9080260164d3> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.tampabay.com/news/health/research/new-brain-protein-tied-to-alzheimers-disease/2188778 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447549371.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185909-00060-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972267 | 164 | 3.03125 | 3 |
What is replication?
Pressed discs are created using a glass master, and then the CD is stamped or replicated, injection molding the information on the discs.
This format is able to be read by more readers so is more compatible for listening. They last longer than burned discs but minimum runs start at 250 units.
What is burning?
Burning is the act of burning the information to blank, CD-Rs or DVD-Rs, with a laser to the disc in a CD-R writer or burner. Not as recognized by readers as pressed discs and don’t last as long before skips and glitches appear. But runs start at 100 units. | <urn:uuid:1cc1458b-b659-4055-8b1d-91d8c2b50ff8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://dmadiscs.com/products/questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.947218 | 136 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The TOK Exhibition requires picking 3 objects of your liking, explaining them as they are in their real-world context, and then relating them to an abstract knowledge prompt. Which prompt is the best?
You must select 1 knowledge prompt out of the full list of prompts, and you will be building your TOK exhibition based on the prompt you pick. All 3 objects you choose to exhibit will have to be linked to this IA prompt.
If you are unsure about picking objects for your TOK exhibition, take a quick look at the article below:
The TOK Exhibition prompts, also called IA (internal assessment) prompts, are a set of 35 knowledge questions that are very broad in their nature. You must ideally use the IA prompt exactly as it is given - you must try to not alter it any way.
IA Prompts for the TOK Exhibition
Here is the full list of the Exhibition prompts for you to showcase how TOK manifests in the world around us. You can select any one of the following:
- What counts as knowledge?
- Are some types of knowledge more useful than others?
- What features of knowledge have an impact on its reliability?
- On what grounds might we doubt a claim?
- What counts as good evidence for a claim?
- How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know?
- What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge?
- To what extent is certainty attainable?
- Are some types of knowledge less open to interpretation than others?
- What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge?
- Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?
- Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge?
- How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?
- Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers?
- What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge?
- Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds?
- Why do we seek knowledge?
- Are some things unknowable?
- What counts as a good justification for a claim?
- What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge?
- What is the relationship between knowledge and culture?
- What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge?
- How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge?
- How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected?
- How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion?
- Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers?
- Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it?
- To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge?
- Who owns knowledge?
- What role does imagination play in producing knowledge about the world?
- How can we judge when evidence is adequate?
- What makes a good explanation?
- How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development?
- In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge?
- In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge?
Once you pick an IA prompt that seems interesting to you, you can begin brainstorming to pick your 3 objects, and a theme. While picking objects, make sure you pick objects that are of personal interest to you - meaning you have caught yourself thinking about it, or perhaps you had a conversation about it either as part of your coursework, or outside the classroom.
Other than picking 3 objects, IB recommends that you choose a core theme or optional theme, and base your exhibition on one of these themes.
Core Themes for TOK
Core themes are the compulsory elements of TOK, and one of the first things that you might have learned in your TOK classes. They are compulsory elements because the core themes are present in the optional themes too! However, you can choose to do your TOK Exhibition on just one of the following core themes:
Methods and Tools, and
Optional Themes for TOK
Optional themes are slightly more narrowed down, and allows you to take an in-depth look into the 4 core themes. All the optional themes must be connected to the 4 core themes, and thus to "Knowledge and the Knower". Thus if you are picking an optional theme, make sure you can link it to the core themes in some manner.
While the core themes focus on your perception of knowledge, the optional themes will broaden the focus of your answers to five factors that have a huge impact on the world today:
Knowledge and Technology
Knowledge and Language
Knowledge and Politics
Knowledge and Religion, and
Knowledge and Indigenous Societies
While your focus should remain on the optional theme you choose, you must also make connections to the one of the 4 core themes - because that is the best method by which you can link your object to the prompt you choose.
3 other essential things you should know:
Word Count: You need to type a commentary on each object you pick - since the word count is 950 words, try to write 300 - 315 words per object.
Justification is key: Justify each object and relate it's importance for your TOK Exhibition. This includes explanations and reasons why you have chosen each object.
Link each object: Your objects must somehow relate to the core theme or optional theme that you have chosen, and must have a clear link to your IA prompt.
The IB TOK Assessments are very rigorous in their grading rubrics. Although TOK will increase your critical thinking skills, it can still be intimidating!
In fact, most students can have trouble understanding exactly what is expected from them. This is where experienced tutors can step in and help you understand the criteria you need to cover, so that you can approach TOK or your other subjects with confidence.
These IB TOK tutors will guide you and nudge your understanding in the right direction, and help you develop your critical skills as well as your chances at scoring highly for your assessments. Request for a lesson by clicking here, and tackle IB TOK with logic and understanding! Good luck for your assessments. | <urn:uuid:d4fae17b-3276-40ec-a2ec-c75e181464b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.vidyalai.com/blog/the-tok-exhibition-prompts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00722.warc.gz | en | 0.943052 | 1,309 | 2.875 | 3 |
Stop air and moisture infiltration at the rim joist (ban joist), the space between your home and basement walls, of your home. Stopping air infiltration is the best defense against energy loss. Your home lets in cold air during the winter and warm air in the summer, resulting in higher energy bills.
Stuffing fiberglass insulation between floor joists is a common method of insulating the rim joist in many homes. Fiberglass insulation has gaps and voids when installed, allowing air to infiltrate. Because fiberglass insulation doesn’t fit snugly, it is air permeable. Rim joists (Ban Joist) expand and contract with the change of seasons allowing air to enter and exit at will. Rim Joist spray insulation is a closed cell application which fills in the whole space without any gaps or voids. Unlike fiberglass insulation, which is only a thermal barrier, the spray foam insulation creates both an air and vapor barrier at the rim-joist. Creating an air barrier at the rim joist becomes vitally important because moist air can create condensation. Moist air can filter through fiberglass creating condensation at the rim-joist, which can eventually lead to mold and mildew problems.
Spray insulation sticks to the rim joist eliminating the condensing surface. Improper insulation at the rim joist can result in high energy bills, air quality issues, and moisture damage. The spray insulation is highly adhesive, so it sticks and stays in place as it expands to fill gaps. Once cured, the spray insulation provides an effective air seal as well as insulation. Because the spray insulation doesn’t allow air to move through it (which diminishes R-value) it always performs at its full rated R-value.
Waters Basement Services, Inc. offers a solution for stopping air infiltration with Rim Joist Spray Insulation.
Vertical and Horizontal cracks are common in both newly constructed and older homes.
Vertical Wall Cracks
Vertical wall cracks are commonly found around windows, service pipes, corners, and in long spans of open foundation walls. While vertical wall cracks do not often lead to structural issues, they commonly leak water. If not repaired, over time more water enters and the crack can become larger. Water and moisture cause mold and mildew to grow on organic materials. Materials like drywall, boxes, cloth and most other common building materials have some organic composition and are vulnerable to mold, mildew, dust mites, and rot. Additionally, be wary of absorbent basement wall materials that can absorb moisture as they can also hold water.
Waters Basement Services, Inc. provides a guaranteed solution to leaking wall cracks with an innovative Polyurethane wall crack repair. We seal the crack with a special flexible sealant on the surface of the crack from top to bottom. This bead of sealant will slow and, in many cases, stop the flow of water through the crack. Waters Basement Services, Inc. then sticks the strip of wicking drain strip material to the sealant, and tucks it into the drainage created at the floor. An overcoat of special sealant is applied over the wicking strip, overlapping onto the concrete wall at least 2” on each side. The wicking strip is covered completely, creating a sealed patch from the top of the crack to the bottom. The wicking strip is a bond breaker between the top coat of sealant and the wall. It serves to wick away any water that gets past the first bead of sealant down into the drainage below. The Polyurethane Wall Crack Repair System will not crack, leak and can flex.
Horizontal wall cracks can be the most serious of cracks. Typically, foundations are stressed when pressure (hydrostatic, expansive soil or lateral earth movement) is exerted on the outside of the foundation, causing wall(s) to crack and separate beyond their tensile capacity. This means that a bowing effect has begun, usually due to hydrostatic pressure against the wall. Bowing wall(s) occur most often due to the force of hydrostatic (water) pressure. Hydrostatic pressure occurs by (negative pitch) soil slopes toward your home causing water to press against the basement walls, causing the weight against the walls to exceed their capacity. Walls can also bow and fail when expansive clays or frost cause expansion of the soils to fatigue and damage the wall. During the winter months the ground freezes, and the expanding water in the soil will press the soil against basement walls. In the spring and summer months, soil will lose water and shrink. This freezing and thawing causes inward and outward movement on basement walls. If you can fit a dime into the horizontal crack in the wall, get a professional opinion from Waters Basement Services, Inc. If not stopped, or properly reinforced, foundations could eventually collapse.
When The Reinforcer is applied to the foundation, it counteracts further outside pressure on the wall, taking the tension force to tensile load that the concrete or mortar joint cannot. For every increase in pressure, The Reinforcer supplies an equal and opposite resistant force making the wall stronger, helping to eliminate shifting, expanding, cracking or bowing. The Reinforcer is a patented state-of-the-art system developed by professional engineers. A combination of space-age polymers and carbon fibers have been processed into a material that is virtually impossible to stretch. Less than 1/16” thick, it is a perfect material to use on basement foundation walls to resist outside pressure.
Having mold in a basement can cause a lot of different health problems from asthma to respiratory problems. Mold is also a very common allergy and can cause severe reactions. Eliminating basement moisture prevents mold from growing, and in order to solve a mold problem it’s important to find the source.
At Waters Basement Services, our first step in a basement assessment is to determine the source of the water or moisture that caused the mold growth to begin. Porous building materials are the largest holders of microbial contamination and typically the repository for water intrusion. If products have any organic materials, then this environment will become a reasonable environment for mold, mildew, dust mites, and rot.
Materials like paint, drywall, boxes, cloth and most other common building materials have some organic composition and are vulnerable to these types of damage. Many people think they can just paint over moldy surfaces. Paint applied over moldy surfaces is likely to peel. Additionally, be wary of absorbent basement wall materials like insulation that can absorb moisture and hold water. The key to solving a mold problem is stopping the source of water or moisture.
We spray Anabec, a mold inhibitor, to remove the food source that causes mold. Waters Basement Services uses Anabec – the right solution to mold removal, cleaning, and prevention. Anabec cleaning solution is formulated to provide a surfactant that removes the organic debris from the materials being treated. Anabec removes the food source and is designed to treat both porous and non-porous surfaces. Anabec recovers and protects building materials. Waters Basement Services sprays Anabec on effective areas to remove the food source and protect building materials.
The key to solving mold issues is complete removal and then prevention of future moisture problems. Give us a call today if you’re having mold issues in your basement and we’ll come take care of it! E-mail us now or call us at (585) 765-3369.
The future owner of Waters Basement Services? Our grandson Austin kept asking Bob (Papa) to take him to work in basements. Papa took him this past week. Check out 5-year-old Austin jack-hammering. He defiantly is going to be a waterproofer.. | <urn:uuid:01ba6524-ea6a-4f49-86be-fadeed708e95> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://watersbasementservices.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802778085.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075258-00034-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930156 | 1,601 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Hearing the word «lake» we often represented a small pond. However, the largest lake on the planet look completely different than we imagine them to be.
At last, the tenth largest is lake Nyasa. It is situated simultaneously in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and in Africa. It is an area of 30.8 km2. The depth of 706 m. the lake is home To 230 species of fish. There are hippos, crocodiles.
In ninth place is the lake in Canada called Big Bear lake. Its height above sea level is m. An area of about 30,000 km, and depth is 137m. The only settlements on the lake are Delaine and Echo Bay.
In eighth place among the great lakes is the deepest lake of the planet — the Baikal. It is located in Eastern Siberia and is of tectonic origin. Width of Baikal lake from 25 — 80 km Depth m. More than half a year the lake is constrained by ice and ships can move only from June to September.
Seventh place at the Central lakes of Africa – Tanganyika. It was first discovered in 1858 by the English traveler R. Burton and his colleague J. The ACNP. The length of the lake is 650 km and in width it reaches 40 — 80 km Coastal landscapes are basically huge rocks. The lake is about 170 endemic species.
The Aral sea in sixth place among the largest lakes of the planet. Continue reading
Today preparation for a new release in the series of programmes ” On the tracks of Pugacheva », looked into the shop ” Underwater world ” ( 55°11′13.7″N 61°26′15.6″E) in Chelyabinsk.
We continue to search for the treasure Pugachev. After Yemelyan met with Decolongon, he hurriedly went out of Troitsk and went to the side of Chebarkul. According to legend, Pugachev hid the treasure at the foot, or maybe on the Pugachev mountain (54°54′41.1″N-60°20′08.6″E). Its other name is Malkowska mountain, it is located 500 metres from the highway M5-Ural. All this area is, of course, studied both locals and scientists and all kinds of grinders. According to another legend “Ordered Pugachev Gryaznova hastily removed from the mill, lead troops in Chrysostom, and good to bury in a safe place, lest it might fall into the hands of evildoers”. Buried in lake Inyshko (55°11′12.4″N-60°04′56.3″E). If anyone is interested in this legend, we will announce in the future programme. Lake Inyshko not large, forest, rich forest debris, silt. In search of treasure, were drowned here more than a dozen divers.
On the recommendation of friends, we go in the ” Underwater Continue reading
Home “Articles” Weekly Spassk “news” Unique Khanka lake is contaminated with chemicals and pesticides — the monitoring data
Agrochemicals and pesticides poison unique lake Khanka, located on the border of China and Primorsky Krai. The body is not able to cope with incoming economic-household and superficial sewage. This was reported at the seventh international ecological forum «Nature without borders», which continues its work in Vladivostok.
According to the Primorsky centre for monitoring environmental pollution, the water in the lake belongs to the class of «dirty» and contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus. The main source of pollution of lakes were rice fields on both Russian and Chinese parts of the basin.
— Experts cite a lot of facts in the fields of Chinese pesticide production, which then fall into the lake. We offer not coordinate the invitation of foreign workers for companies that have breaches and inspectors organizations to more tightly control the quality of water discharged from the plantations, — Continue reading | <urn:uuid:ca69ac0d-cbc2-479c-820e-7e43e3ce5399> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://angelwingsfoundation.info/list/according | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806715.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123012207-20171123032207-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.938142 | 844 | 2.984375 | 3 |
One of the views held by the proponents of punctuated evolution is the concept of narrow populations. This postulates that new species form in communities consisting of very small numbers of animals or plants. According to this claim, populations containing large numbers of animals exhibit no evolutionary development, but remain in a state of stasis. However, small groups that separate from this population and become isolated (generally because of geographical conditions), will reproduce solely among themselves. Macro-mutations then occur in these groups and rapid speciation takes place.
Proponents of punctuated equilibrium insist on the concept of narrow populations simply because they cannot account for the lack of any evidence in the fossil records. That is why they imagine that evolutionary changes took place very rapidly and in narrow populations, for which reason no fossil traces have been left behind.
In recent years, however, scientific experiments and observations have revealed that narrow populations are a disadvantage rather than an advantage. Rather than developing and giving rise to new species, narrow populations actually cause severe genetic impairments, since individuals must constantly reproduce within a restricted gene pool. As result, normally heterozygotic individuals become increasingly homozygotic. Impaired or defective genes, normally recessive become dominant, and the population suffers increasing genetic diseases.67
In order to investigate this, one study on chickens was conducted over 35 years. Chickens kept in a narrow population were seen to become genetically weakened. Egg production fell from 100% to 80%, and reproduction levels from 93% to 74%.
However, this genetic regression was halted through conscious human intervention. When chickens were brought in from other regions and the augmented chicken population reassumed normal trends.68
This and similar findings show that the claim of punctuated evolution-that narrow populations are the source of evolutionary development-has no scientific validity. (See The Punctuated Evolution Model.) | <urn:uuid:496bc092-387a-48ef-963c-fd3b299964ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.harunyahya.com/en/works/16486/Narrow_Population | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00309-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956817 | 372 | 3.84375 | 4 |
In the febrile religious and political climate of late sixteenth-century England, when the grip of the Reformation was as yet fragile and insecure, and underground papism still perceived to be rife, Lancashire was felt by the Protestant authorities to be a sinister corner of superstition, lawlessness and popery. And it was around Pendle Hill, a sombre ridge that looms over the intersecting pastures, meadows and moorland of the Ribble Valley, that their suspicions took infamous shape. The arraignment of the Lancashire witches in the assizes of Lancaster during 1612 is England's most notorious witch-trial. The women who lived in the vicinity of Pendle, who were accused, convicted and hanged alongside the so-called 'Salmesbury Witches', were more than just wicked sorcerers whose malign incantations caused others harm. They were reputed to be part of a dense network of devilry and mischief that revealed itself as much in hidden celebration of the Mass as in malevolent magic. They had to be eliminated to set an example to others.
In this remarkable and authoritative treatment, published to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the case of the Lancashire witches, Philip C Almond evokes all the fear, drama and paranoia of those volatile times: the bleak story of the storm over Pendle.
Philip C. Almond is Professor Emeritus of Religion at the University of Queensland, and is internationally respected for his work on religion and the history of ideas, especially during the English Enlightenment. His nine previous books include The Witches of Warboys and England's First Demonologist (both I.B.Tauris), The British Discovery of Buddhism, Heaven and Hell in Enlightenment England, and Adam and Eve in Seventeenth-Century Thought. | <urn:uuid:a5e036be-52d3-4dd8-b710-512323f13241> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/the-lancashire-witches-a-chronicle-of-sorcery-and-death-on-pendle-hill/9781780760629 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462700.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00215-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96139 | 370 | 2.921875 | 3 |
|Manners of articulation|
In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive, is an oral occlusive, a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue blade ([t], [d]) or body ([k], [ɡ]), lips ([p], [b]), or glottis ([ʔ]). Stops contrast with nasals, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in /m/ and /n/, and with fricatives, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract.
The terms stop, occlusive, and plosive are often used interchangeably. Linguists who distinguish them may not agree on the distinction being made. The terms refer to different features of the consonant. "Stop" refers to the airflow that is stopped. "Occlusive" refers to the articulation, which occludes (blocks) the vocal tract. "Plosive" refers to the release burst (plosion) of the consonant.
Either "occlusive" or "stop" may be used as a general term covering the other together with nasals. That is, 'occlusive' may be defined as oral occlusives (stops/plosives) plus nasal occlusives (nasals such as [m], [n]), or 'stop' may be defined as oral stops (plosives) plus nasal stops (nasals). Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) prefer to restrict 'stop' to oral occlusives. They say,
- what we call simply nasals are called nasal stops by some linguists. We avoid this phrase, preferring to reserve the term 'stop' for sounds in which there is a complete interruption of airflow.
If a term such as 'plosive' is used for oral obstruents, and nasals are not called nasal stops, then a stop may mean the glottal stop; 'plosive' may even mean non-glottal stop. In other cases, however, it may be the word 'plosive' that is restricted to the glottal stop. Note that, generally speaking, stops do not have plosion (a release burst). In English, for example, there are stops with no audible release, such as the /p/ in apt. However, pulmonic stops do have plosion in other environments.
In Ancient Greek, the term for stop was ἄφωνον (áphōnon), which means "unpronounceable", "voiceless", or "silent", because stops could not be pronounced without a vowel. This term was calqued into Latin as mūta, and from there borrowed into English as mute. Mute was sometimes used instead for voiceless consonants, whether stops or fricatives, a usage that was later replaced with surd, from Latin surdus "deaf" or "silent", a term still occasionally seen in the literature. For more information on the Ancient Greek terms, see Ancient Greek phonology § Terms for consonant letters.
All languages in the world have stops, and most have at least the voiceless stops [p], [t], and [k]. However, there are exceptions: Colloquial Samoan lacks the coronal [t], and several North American languages, such as the northern Iroquoian and southern Iroquoian languages (i.e., Cherokee), lack the labial [p]. In fact, the labial is the least stable of the voiceless stops in the languages of the world, as the unconditioned sound change [p] → [f] (→ [h] → Ø) is quite common in unrelated languages, having occurred in the history of Classical Japanese, Classical Arabic, and Proto-Celtic, for instance. Formal Samoan has only one word with velar [k]; colloquial Samoan conflates /t/ and /k/ to /k/. Ni‘ihau Hawaiian has [t] for /k/ to a greater extent than Standard Hawaiian, but neither distinguish a /k/ from a /t/. It may be more accurate to say that Hawaiian and colloquial Samoan do not distinguish velar and coronal stops than to say they lack one or the other.
See Common occlusives for the distribution of both stops and nasals.
In the articulation of the stop, three phases can be distinguished:
- Catch: The airway closes so that no air can escape (hence the name stop).
- Hold or occlusion: The airway stays closed, causing a slight pressure difference to build up (hence the name occlusive).
- Release or burst: The closure is opened. The released airflow produces a sudden impulse causing an audible sound, or burst (hence the name plosive).
Nasal occlusives are somewhat similar. In the catch and hold, airflow continues through the nose; in the release, there is no burst, and final nasals are typically unreleased across most languages.
Voiced stops are pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords, voiceless stops without. Stops are commonly voiceless, and many languages, such as Mandarin Chinese and Hawaiian, have only voiceless stops. Others, such as most Australian languages, are indeterminate: stops may vary between voiced and voiceless without distinction.
In aspirated stops, the vocal cords (vocal folds) are abducted at the time of release. In a prevocalic aspirated stop (a stop followed by a vowel or sonorant), the time when the vocal cords begin to vibrate will be delayed until the vocal folds come together enough for voicing to begin, and will usually start with breathy voicing. The duration between the release of the stop and the voice onset is called the voice onset time (VOT) or the aspiration interval. Highly aspirated stops have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic [h]) before the onset of the vowel. In tenuis stops, the vocal cords come together for voicing immediately following the release, and there is little or no aspiration (a voice onset time close to zero). In English, there may be a brief segment of breathy voice that identifies the stop as voiceless and not voiced. In voiced stops, the vocal folds are set for voice before the release, and often vibrate during the entire hold, and in English, the voicing after release is not breathy. A stop is called "fully voiced" if it is voiced during the entire occlusion. In English, however, initial voiced stops like /#b/ or /#d/ may have no voicing during the period of occlusion, or the voicing may start shortly before the release and continue after release, though word-final stops tend to be fully voiced: In most dialects of English, the final g in the bag is likely to be fully voiced, whereas the initial b will only be voiced during part of its occlusion. Initial voiceless stops, like the p in pie, are aspirated, with a palpable puff of air upon release, whereas a stop after an s, as in spy, is tenuis (unaspirated). When spoken near a candle flame, the flame will flicker more after the words par, tar, and car are articulated, compared with spar, star, and scar. In the common pronunciation of papa, the initial p is aspirated whereas the medial p is not.
In a geminate or long consonant, the occlusion lasts longer than in simple consonants. In languages where stops are only distinguished by length (e.g., Arabic, Ilwana, Icelandic), the long stops may be held up to three times as long as the short stops. Italian is well known for its geminate stops, as the double t in the name Vittoria takes just as long to say as the ct does in English Victoria. Japanese also prominently features geminate consonants, such as in the minimal pair 来た kita 'came' and 切った kitta 'cut'.
Note that there are many languages where the features voice, aspiration, and length reinforce each other, and in such cases it may be hard to determine which of these features predominates. In such cases, the terms fortis is sometimes used for aspiration or gemination, whereas lenis is used for single, tenuous, or voiced stops. Be aware, however, that the terms fortis and lenis are poorly defined, and their meanings vary from source to source.
Simple nasals are differentiated from stops only by a lowered velum that allows the air to escape through the nose during the occlusion. Nasals are acoustically sonorants, as they have a non-turbulent airflow and are nearly always voiced, but they are articulatorily obstruents, as there is complete blockage of the oral cavity. The term occlusive may be used as a cover term for both nasals and stops.
A prenasalized stop starts out with a lowered velum that raises during the occlusion. The closest examples in English are consonant clusters such as the [nd] in candy, but many languages have prenasalized stops that function phonologically as single consonants. Swahili is well known for having words beginning with prenasalized stops, as in ndege 'bird', and in many languages of the South Pacific, such as Fijian, these are even spelled with single letters: b [mb], d [nd].
A postnasalized stop begins with a raised velum that lowers during the occlusion. This causes an audible nasal release, as in English sudden. This could also be compared to the /dn/ cluster found in Russian and other Slavic languages, which can be seen in the name of the Dnieper River.
Note that the terms prenasalization and postnasalization are normally used only in languages where these sounds are phonemic: that is, not analyzed into sequences of stop plus nasal.
Stops may be made with more than one airstream mechanism. The normal mechanism is pulmonic egressive, that is, with air flowing outward from the lungs. All languages have pulmonic stops. Some languages have stops made with other mechanisms as well: ejective stops (glottalic egressive), implosive stops (glottalic ingressive), or click consonants (lingual ingressive).
A fortis stop (in the narrow sense) is produced with more muscular tension than a lenis stop (in the narrow sense). However, this is difficult to measure, and there is usually debate over the actual mechanism of alleged fortis or lenis consonants.
There are a series of stops in the Korean language, sometimes written with the IPA symbol for ejectives, which are produced using "stiff voice", meaning there is increased contraction of the glottis than for normal production of voiceless stops. The indirect evidence for stiff voice is in the following vowels, which have a higher fundamental frequency than those following other stops. The higher frequency is explained as a result of the glottis being tense. Other such phonation types include breathy voice, or murmur; slack voice; and creaky voice.
The following stops have been given dedicated symbols in the IPA.
|⟨p⟩||voiceless bilabial stop||⟨b⟩||voiced bilabial stop|
|⟨t⟩||voiceless alveolar stop||⟨d⟩||voiced alveolar stop|
|⟨ʈ⟩||voiceless retroflex stop||⟨ɖ⟩||voiced retroflex stop|
|⟨c⟩||voiceless palatal stop||⟨ɟ⟩||voiced palatal stop|
|⟨k⟩||voiceless velar stop||⟨ɡ⟩||voiced velar stop|
|⟨q⟩||voiceless uvular stop||⟨ɢ⟩||voiced uvular stop|
|[p t k]||voiceless,
aspirated word-initially, tenuis in clusters after s
|[b d ɡ]||unaspirated,
partially voiced word-initially, fully voiced intervocalically
|[ʔ]||glottal stop, not as a phoneme in most dialects|
|⟨ t⟩||voiceless||⟨ d⟩||voiced|
⟨d⟩ with voicelessness diacritic
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 77–78. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ἄφωνος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- "mute". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- surdus. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- "surd". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- König, W. (ed) dtv Atlas zur deutschen Sprache dtv 1994
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ian Maddieson, Patterns of Sounds, Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-26536-3
- Rothenberg M. "The Breath-Stream Dynamics of Simple-Released Plosive Production". Vol. 6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Bibliotheca Phonetica, Karger, Basel, 1968 | <urn:uuid:1a58fcee-922a-433d-813c-8286b90c3604> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.infogalactic.com/info/Plosive_consonant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103669266.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630062154-20220630092154-00764.warc.gz | en | 0.899285 | 3,570 | 3.890625 | 4 |
table of contents
If you have any medical questions or concerns, please talk to your healthcare provider. The articles on Health Guide are underpinned by peer-reviewed research and information drawn from medical societies and governmental agencies. However, they are not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
If you’ve been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, you might be feeling confused or uncertain about what you should be doing to manage your condition. But there is some good news. By making some simple lifestyle changes, like adopting a diabetes diet, you can take control of your blood glucose levels— possibly even to the point where you no longer need medications.
Getting your blood sugar under control can help you avoid diabetes’ more serious effects, including cardiovascular disease, erectile dysfunction, issues with vision, and even circulation problems that can lead to amputation.
What is diabetes?
People with diabetes, especially poorly controlled diabetes, are at higher risk for developing serious medical conditions like heart disease, strokes, circulation problems, poor vision, kidney problems, and more. For these reasons, it is important to get your diabetes under control—your healthcare provider can help with that.
Diabetes is typically diagnosed by checking your fasting blood sugar levels, which are checked after eight hours of no food or drink. If these levels are consistently above 126 mg/dL, you may have diabetes.
Another test checks your hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. HbA1c is a protein that forms when your red blood cells come into contact with sugars in the blood—the more sugar floating around, the higher your HbA1c. If it measures greater than 6.5%, you may be diagnosed with diabetes (Sapra, 2021).
Types of diabetes
There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2.
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas loses the cells that make insulin, usually from an autoimmune process. Insulin is a necessary hormone your body uses to break down glucose (sugar) from food for energy, allowing your blood sugar levels to stay within a healthy range.
Because they can’t make their own insulin, people with type 1 diabetes must manage their condition with insulin injections before eating. This type of diabetes usually starts in childhood or young adulthood, though it can start in adulthood in some cases (Sapra, 2021).
The OMAD diet: benefits and risks
Type 2 diabetes is much more common and is the form most people talk about when they say “diabetes.” In this form, the pancreas produces insulin—at least initially—but the cells have become resistant. Insulin resistance is usually a gradual process that occurs over many years.
Insulin resistance often happens in response to diet and lifestyle choices and is strongly associated with excess body fat and a sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes management for people with type 2 diabetes often involves prescribed medications to help keep blood sugars in check. If your diabetes remains uncontrolled with pills, you may need insulin injections (Sapra, 2021).
There is a third type of diabetes called gestational diabetes, which only occurs in pregnant women. It affects approximately 2–10% of pregnancies in the U.S., and people with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing diabetes later in life. For most people, gestational diabetes management involves eating a balanced diet, exercising, and checking blood glucose levels frequently (Quintanilla, 2021).
What is prediabetes?
Prediabetes is the body’s equivalent of a flashing red light at a railroad crossing—something you want to dodge is coming down the track. Prediabetes is when your blood sugar level is elevated but not quite high enough to be type 2 diabetes.
Over 90% of people with prediabetes don’t usually have any of the signs or symptoms of diabetes—most don’t realize they are even living with this condition. More than 1 in 3 adults in the U.S. have prediabetes. Up to 70% of those people will progress to having diabetes. Pay attention to this warning sign, and you may be able to reverse the condition by better managing your glucose levels with lifestyle modifications (Alvarez, 2021).
How to stop yo-yo dieting
There is no way to cure diabetes. However, it may be possible to control your diabetes well enough with lifestyle modifications that you no longer need to use medications to manage your diabetes. This is often referred to as pushing your diabetes into remission.
One of the best ways to encourage diabetes remission is to incorporate lifestyle changes into your routine, like improving your diet and keeping your weight in a healthy range. Obesity is one of the highest risk factors for type 2 diabetes—but you have the power to change it. Even losing just 7% of your total body weight may be enough to prevent the transition from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. For someone who weighs 250 pounds, that means losing just 17.5 pounds—an achievable feat for most, without any extreme dieting or weight loss measures (Dagogo-Jack, 2020).
What is a diabetes diet?
People adopt a “diabetes diet” when they want to lower their blood sugars through dietary changes. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), there is no single diabetes diet. Rather, several eating patterns encourage you to decrease carbohydrates (or carbs), simple sugars, and overall fat in your diet. Controlling your portion sizes and lowering your caloric intake also helps. This diabetic meal plan also encourages eating high-fiber foods, which can help you eat less, stay fuller longer, and lose weight (Evert, 2019).
Foods to eat on a diabetes diet
- Fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables like spinach, carrots, and tomatoes.
- Fill one-quarter of your plate with high-fiber foods like brown rice, whole wheat bread, legumes, and quinoa.
- Fill one-quarter of your plate with lean meats or proteins like chicken breast, tuna, lean beef, seafood, and tofu.
- Eat healthy fats like olive oil and avocado.
Foods to avoid on a diabetes diet
If you have high blood sugar, you should avoid foods that raise your blood glucose further, also known as foods with a high glycemic index. This includes foods like (Evert, 2019):
- Simple sugars like candy, sweets, desserts, etc.
- Sugary drinks like soft drinks, juices, etc.
- Refined carbohydrates like white bread, white rice, pasta, etc.
- Foods with added sugars or saturated fats like butter, hot dogs, sausage
Benefits of a diabetes diet
A balanced diet that encourages nutritious foods high in fiber and low in sugar and refined carbohydrates can help you lower your blood sugar levels. Lowering your blood sugar levels has health benefits like decreasing your risk of heart disease, strokes, kidney problems, and other medical issues.
As a bonus, some people following a diabetic eating pattern end up eating fewer calories and actually lose weight, which can help improve your overall health. Lastly, some studies suggest that following this eating pattern may help lower cholesterol levels, improve blood pressure, and decrease your risk of heart disease (Evert, 2019).
Intermittent fasting and working out safely
Risks of a diabetes diet
The main risk of following a diabetic diet is staying with the program. One of the best ways to incorporate these recommendations into your routine is to cook your meals at home. Restaurants, even the “healthy” ones, often add extra oil, salt, butter, etc., to make their food taste better and keep you coming back for more. But all those extra calories add up.
Some people find it more convenient to eat out or buy processed foods. While they can make life easier, they are not the most nutritious options and can make sticking to this eating style more challenging. Meal planning is one trick that some people use to make healthy food choices and diabetes eating plans easier to follow.
Is a diabetes diet recommended?
The overall eating pattern of a diabetes diet encourages healthy eating like whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins, and unsaturated fats. This eating pattern may help people trying to lose weight or improve their health, especially when combined with daily exercise.
As mentioned previously, there is no specific “diabetes diet,” but rather, lifestyle changes that encourage you to make healthy eating choices. Talk to your healthcare provider, dietitian, or diabetes educator for additional meal plan tips.
Tips to remember for a successful diabetes diet
- Stay away from sugary beverages; drink water, coffee, or tea instead.
- Eat more fruits and vegetables, especially non-starchy vegetables like spinach, kale, etc.
- Check food labels for hidden sugars in packaged foods.
- Get more fiber, like whole grains, to help you stay fuller longer.
- Avoid saturated fats like butter and opt for healthy fats like avocado, olive oil, etc.
- Add exercise to your daily routine.
- Alvarez S, Coffey R, Algotar AM. (2021). Prediabetes. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459332/
- American Diabetes Association (ADA). (n.d.). Recipes & nutrition. Retrieved on Aug 2, 2021 from https://www.diabetes.org/healthy-living/recipes-nutrition
- Dagogo-Jack, S., Brewer, A. A., Owei, I., French, L., Umekwe, N., Rosenthal, R., et al. (2020). Pathobiology and reversibility of prediabetes in a biracial cohort (prop-abc) study: design of lifestyle intervention. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 8(1), e000899. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000899. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32527719
- Evert, A. B., Dennison, M., Gardner, C. D., Garvey, W. T., Lau, K., MacLeod, J., et al. (2019). Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: A consensus report. Diabetes Care, 42(5), 731–754. doi: 10.2337/dci19-0014. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31000505/
- Quintanilla Rodriguez BS, Mahdy H. (2021). Gestational diabetes. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545196/
- Sapra A, Bhandari P. (2021). Diabetes mellitus. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551501/ | <urn:uuid:c17d5d6c-19a2-415a-9014-83d4ce1f1a9c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://ro.co/health-guide/diabetes-and-pre-diabetes-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130232232-20211201022232-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.896099 | 2,295 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Colour Your Hair for Mental Health Week
Raise awareness this Mental Health Week by colouring your hair and starting a conversation about mental health, depression, anxiety, bipolar, schizophrenia.
Did you know:
- 1 in 7 young Australians experience a mental health condition.
- 1 in 14 young Australians aged 4-17 experiences an anxiety disorder in 2015.
- Approximately 1 in 35 Australians aged 4-17 experience a depressive disorder.
NeuRA wants to raise awareness to the important mental health research being done in Australia across areas of Bipolar, Schizophrenia, Depression, and Anxiety. NeuRA is running a series of FREE seminars on new areas of research with leading researchers in both Sydney and Melbourne (NeuraTalks). However, we would like to reach out to the youth of Australia in a colourful and meaningful way to talk about mental health issues- much like the ice bucket challenge. The brain is an amazing, colourful, and vital part of our bodies, it needs to be celebrated, and mental health discussions, need to be turned from a dark topic into a positive, colourful, conversation.
Colour Your Hair for Mental Health Week, raise awareness, share your coloured hair, and encourage others to do the same.
Don’t forget to tag @neuraustralia, #colouryourhair, #colouryourhairforMHW.
See how to get involved and Colour Your Hair for Mental Health Week. | <urn:uuid:a5d673f8-763d-491a-bc44-8144af001e42> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.neura.edu.au/event/colour-hair-mental-health-week/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.925194 | 295 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Cities are crucial for the fight against climate change
Best practices and solutions for development of climate-smart cities across Europe were presented today at the event „Citizens Build Smart Cities“ in Belgrade, organized by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) ), in partnership with Adria Media Group.
The event was opened by Minister of Environmental Protection Goran Trivan, Head of the Sector for Cooperation of the Delegation of the European Union to Serbia Yngve Engstrom and UNDP Resident Representative to Serbia Francine Pickup.
Ms. Pickup emphasized that cities have a key role to play to the fight climate change, which is why at the recent UN Climate Change Summit in New York, leaders of states, private sector and civil society have launched numerous initiatives to transform cities into energy-efficient, inclusive and sustainable places to live. At the Summit, the youth took the keynote and sent a message saying that we are responsible for taking action immediately.
„More than half of the world’s population lives in cities and two-thirds will live in cities by 2050. Cities also produce more than 70 per cent of the world’s greenhouse gases emissions and use 80 per cent of the world’s energy. They are the places where the effects of the climate emergency are already severely felt, particularly amongst the most vulnerable population“, explained Pickup.
She recalled a joint initiative of the Ministry of the Environmental Protection and the UNDP, which with the support of the Global Environment Facility, supports innovative solutions to reduce the emissions of GHG in Serbia:
„UNDP works with the national and local governments to translate global and national climate goals into concrete actions. The Ministry and UNDP awarded the five most advanced solutions which implementation will cut around 500.000 tons of CO2 for Serbia, which equals planting trees on a territory of 145 football fields. These five innovative technological solutions and business models will also increase the use of renewables, improve resource and energy efficiency, tackle urban food waste and build smart city infrastructure“, said Pickup.
Serbia’s Minister of Environmental protection Goran Trivan spoke about activities taken by Serbia to reduce GHG emissions and create climate-resilient urban communities.
„The Ministry is working to establish an institutional, legislative and strategic framework to fight climate change. This implies the adoption of the Draft Law on Climate Change, which will serve as a basis for encouraging many activities. Also, a Draft Climate Change Strategy with an Action Plan has been prepared, which will determine the direction of low-carbon development and the path to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through specific mitigation measures. It is already evident that our ambitions to reduce GHG emissions under the Paris Climate Agreement will increase two to three times compared to 2015. In addition, as part of the revision of the Nationally Determined Contributions, Serbia will elaborate the aspect of adapting key economic sectors to the expected climate change, primarily in agriculture, water management, forests but also natural resources and public health protection“, explained Minister Trivan.
He reminded that, according to the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 60.8 per cent of the population lives in cities in Serbia. However, this percentage will increase, as well as effects on the quality of life. Communities are expanding, but green spaces are decreasing. The number of vehicles on the streets, the amount of municipal waste and wastewaters and air pollution will increase as well as the consumption of energy for heating and cooling. All of this has the effect of increasing greenhouse gas emissions and intensifying the impact of climate change.
„The population of cities is demographically younger than in the other settlements, which makes it a driving force that we must count on to develop in the future. Younger generations are using modern technology from a very young age. And their innovative usage has proven to be crucial for greater engagement in developing climate-resilient cities“, concluded Trivan.
By the end of the year, a new European Green Deal will be presented. The goal is to increase EU 2030 GHG emission reduction target towards 55 % up from the 40% currently agreed, announced Head of the Sector for Cooperation of the Delegation of the European Union to Serbia Yngve Engstrom.
„The measures we will take within this Deal will be aimed at protecting biodiversity, reducing pollution and GHG emissions, strengthening the circular economy and tax measures consistent with these measures. The EU donated € 400 million so far for environmental protection in Serbia. We support the alignment of legislation with the EU, as well as development of a new Climate Law and Climate Strategy, which should be adopted by the end of the year“, said Engstrom.
Experts from Italy, Bulgaria, Finland, Northern Macedonia and via live streaming from London, Maribor, Milan, Helsinki, Madrid have presented the concrete measures to fight climate change and to develop sustainable cities. Throughout the Panels, more than 100 participants had the opportunity to hear experts’ experiences on innovative approaches, technical solutions, new technologies, open data, circular economy and development strategies that will contribute to the creation of climate-smart and sustainable cities and municipalities. Representatives of public and private companies presented the realized infrastructure solutions for the development of smart cities
Within this event, workshops were held on the topic of open data and an alternative way of financing projects, while the Fair of Ideas, Technologies and Business was held at Manjež Park.
The event was organized as part of a five-year “Climate Smart Urban Development Challenge” project, which contributes to making local communities and cities in Serbia more resilient to climate change through the development of projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through partnerships between the public, private and civil sectors. The Ministry of Environmental Protection implements the project with the support of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the financial support of the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The project partners are the Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Serbia, the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden, the Government of Switzerland, Innovation Fund and the Standing Conference of Cities and Municipalities. | <urn:uuid:634e4615-5327-4ffa-99a1-a0d9c354c616> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://inovacije.klimatskepromene.rs/en/cities-are-crucial-for-the-fight-against-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991269.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516105746-20210516135746-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.93802 | 1,269 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Children can derive great benefits from the practice of meditation and the experience of mindfulness or the ‘here and now’. As they discover the pleasant calm that the technique can provide and see how much it helps them with their studies, children will take to it enthusiastically and incorporate it into their everyday lives. The practice of meditation re-affirms character in the best sense of the word, calming the mind and making thoughts serene and clear. It can also be very beneficial for the body.
Mindfulness is a technique that is increasingly being included in educational programs because of the important benefits it provides to children and adolescents.
Practice mindfulness with your children and you’ll see the advantages the technique has to offer for yourself.
Materialo Ediçoes (Portugal) | <urn:uuid:03794eb0-d2cb-453d-aaef-ec039ef25d6b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.planetadelibros.com/foreign-rights/book/mindfulness-para-ninos/190417 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814249.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222180516-20180222200516-00765.warc.gz | en | 0.955425 | 159 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Conserving Threatened Medicinal Plant Species
Millions of people worldwide depend upon medicinal plants for their healthcare needs. However, environmental damage is increasing the threat of plant extinction and jeopardising access to natural resources.
BGCI is working to link plant conservation with improvements in human well-being through a project for threatened medicinal species to help ensure on-going access to vital plant resources.
You can support our project and help make a difference to community health and plant conservation. Please contact us directly to find out more about this and other projects which use plant diversity to improve livelihoods and well-being. | <urn:uuid:8d93f9be-1c04-4501-bd03-5569c39dcac1> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://bgci.org/plant-conservation/1624/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155814.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919004724-20180919024724-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.927617 | 122 | 2.71875 | 3 |
By Erin Bigley and Eric Glass
A contaminated water crisis in Flint, Michigan, is a painful reminder of why America's aging water infrastructure needs an update. Green bonds may provide a cost-effective way for governments to act and an opportunity for environmentally conscious investors.
Green bonds are gaining attention for their ability to channel capital to sustainable infrastructure projects. And they appeal to investors who want to make a positive social or environmental impact while also generating a financial return.
Though still a small part of the global bond market, green bonds are growing quickly. A record $42 billion were issued last year, and 2016 issuance has already surpassed that, according to the Climate Bonds Initiative, a nonprofit group that promotes environmentally sound investments and sets green bond certification standards.
States, Cities, Local Governments Get Involved
About 8% of green issuance over the past 10 years comes from US state, city and local governments and public utilities, according to Moody's Investors Service. But given today's public resource constraints and infrastructure needs, we expect green issuance to increase.
In 2013, the American Society of Civil Engineers gave the US a cumulative grade of D+ on infrastructure and estimated it would take investment of $3.6 trillion by 2020 to bring it up to snuff. The country's water infrastructure is particularly overburdened, as illustrated by the incidents of lead seepage into the drinking water in Flint and at Chicago and Newark schools.
Recently, water utility authorities in Massachusetts, San Francisco, Washington, DC and elsewhere have tapped the bond market to upgrade storm water and wastewater management and to bring facilities into compliance with the US Clean Water and Safe Drinking Water acts.
Some of the most innovative municipalities are combining water supply and hydroelectric power. In Portland, Oregon, the city power utility is benefiting from new technology that places small turbines inside gravity-fed drinking water pipes. The resulting hydroelectricity produces enough energy to power 150 homes without any environmental impact. The turbines also monitor the quality of the drinking water.
Lucid Energy, the company that developed the technology, plans to share the profits with the city, and is in talks with other cities about similar projects. Some may be partly financed with green bonds.
More Bang for Your Buck
In our view, all this adds up to an opportunity for investors who want their investments to make an impact. The opportunity is particularly appealing in the muni market.
That's because in most cases, green municipal and conventional bonds from the same issuer are pricing at similar levels today. This means investors who buy a green municipal bond get the usual tax advantages along with the built-in protections that come with sustainable investment without having to pay a premium for it. It's like getting risk mitigation for free.
This situation may not persist. As the market grows, issuers who invest in green projects and go through the trouble and expense to be certified by a third party as green may expect to see their cost of capital reduced through lower borrowing costs. If that doesn't happen, the incentive to pay for green certification may disappear.
Making Sure It's Really Green
That third-party certification is important. Because the green bond market is a new one, it's up to the bond issuer to provide assurance that the project funded is truly green. Most issuers do this by asking a third party to verify that funds are going toward sustainable development - but not all. Investors should do their own research before they buy to be sure of what they're getting.
Some governments and water authorities may be investing in green projects but not providing enough specific information to confirm their environmental bona fides. An analysis by the Climate Bonds Initiative identified $30 billion in outstanding "climate-aligned" green US municipal bonds this year. But only 32% had submitted to third-party review and been officially labeled green.
That may be starting to change. Earlier this year, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission's $240 million wastewater revenue bond was the first green bond certified under the Water Climate Bonds Standard, a set of criteria developed by the Climate Bonds Initiative. Others may soon follow.
We hope more municipal issuers seek green certification in the future. But that doesn't mean investors can't get involved now. Plenty of state and local governments are already committing to innovative green projects. These are the type of issuers likely to offer strong investments. Investors who can identify the most forward-looking issuers now are likely to benefit in the long run.
The views expressed herein do not constitute research, investment advice or trade recommendations and do not necessarily represent the views of all AB portfolio-management teams. | <urn:uuid:cdc4b9e4-41d3-41b6-8056-c3b521ae48e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://seekingalpha.com/article/4007441-antidote-flint-tapping-bond-market-solve-water-issues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543434.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00481-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949092 | 930 | 2.8125 | 3 |
By John Salak –
There has been a lot of information and discussion about potential Covid-19 vaccines of late and with good reason. But vaccines related to respiratory infections aren’t new. In fact, about 170 million flu shots were distributed in the U.S. last year. The bigger question is not the number of shots given but whether these vaccines are effective in battling back seasonal flus, especially in the face of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic? Well, it depends on your definition of effective.
A deeper dive into the numbers reveals that only 45.3 percent of U.S. adults got a shot last year, although the percentage rose to 62.3 percent for children 6 months of 17 years old. Certainly, increasing the percentage of children and adults getting a shot would likely decrease the overall number of people getting the flu, becoming seriously ill or winding up in a hospital with a severe respiratory condition.
But flu shots aren’t an all-protective measure against seasonal flus. In fact, it is estimated that these vaccines are usually about 40 to 45 percent effective. Yet even at this rate, they still prevent a lot of flus, reduce related hospitalizations and save lives. The Center for Disease Control (CDC), for example, reports that during the 2018-2019 flu season, vaccinations prevented 4.4 million influenza illnesses, precluded 2.3 million medical visits and almost 60,000 hospitalizations, and saved 3,500 lives.
The positive impact on children may be even greater, according to research from the University of Michigan. It reports that fully vaccinating children reduces the risk of their influenza-association hospitalizations by 54 percent.
Since seasonal flu viruses claim tens of thousands of lives every year, getting a vaccination, even with its limited effect, obviously make sense. Unfortunately, beside their limited effectiveness, flu vaccinations have another drawback: they don’t have a long shelf life once they are administrated.
A recent study out of Emory University reports that while vaccines do increase the number of virus-fighting antibodies in the body, most of these gains are lost within a year.
This, of course, means everyone starts from ground zero when it comes to flu vaccinations each year. That’s bad enough. But this coming flu season is likely to be anything but normal thanks to the Covid-19 pandemic, which many predict will resurge as the 2020-2021 flu season takes hold.
The potential double whammy of having a resurgent pandemic coupled with the onset of seasonal flus has the potential to wreak havoc on already stretched medical resources, hit those previously untouched by Covid-19 and hammer those who may have been weakened by an earlier bout with the coronavirus.
“Even in non-pandemic years, the flu and other causes of pneumonia represent the eighth-leading cause of death in the United States, and respiratory viruses are the most commonly identified pathogens among hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia,” reported
Dr. Benjamin Singer, a Northwestern University Medicine pulmonologist.
Singer went on to note that it is essential that preventative measures to battle seasonal flus be enhanced immediately because more than 20 percent of Covid-19 positive patients to date were co-infected with another respiratory pathogen, including the flu. Co-infections are particularly dangerous for at-risk groups, which means are rise in seasonal flu infections this year could lead to debilitating illnesses and a rise in deaths.
Social distancing practices that worked against Covid-19 will also be effective at thwarting the spread of flus, he said. So will an increase in the number of people of all ages getting flu shots. Continued deployment of rapid diagnostics for Covid-19 and other pathogens is another key for preventing another disaster.
It is especially important that school-aged children receive flu shots not only for their protection but to hinder community-wide infections and hospitalizations, according to recent study out of the University of California, Berkley.
The study noted that school age children usually are responsible for the greatest proportion of influenza transmissions in their communities. Researchers therefore believed that increasing their vaccination rates would reduce overall infection rates among children, their parents and other individuals in their communities. The multi-year study found they were correct. Increasing vaccinations in school children reduced infection rates and hospitalizations throughout their communities, while increasing average school attendance levels.
Ultimately, in a normal year, getting a flu shot is a harmless gamble that could pay off. This year, it is more akin to anteing up if you just want keep playing. | <urn:uuid:4f46ea07-d954-4719-b691-2f7fc7ed8ec5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wellwellusa.com/you-gotta-shoot-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.963232 | 947 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Tuesday, 7 August 2018
The Old Ground Hotel
played a key role in
modern Irish tourism
The Old Ground Hotel, probably the best-known hotel in Ennis Co Clare, sits on the corner of O’Connell Street and Station Road, across from the Cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
The name is curious and always leads to questions from visitors. According to records, the original house at the Old Ground Hotel was first built in the 18th century as a private house by Barry Upton and John Dwyer.
Upton and Dwyer leased the house to Charles Mahon for ‘Three Lives.’ When Charles Mahon died in 1822, his son, Charles Mahon jnr, took over the lease. In 1863, Charles Mahon handed the property over to his nephew, John Mahon, who then lived in London. John Mahon left London and travelled back to Ireland. Riding on horseback from Limerick to Ennis, he arrived at the house to be greeted by an old retainer with the words ‘You are welcome to the Old Ground.’
Mahon then sold it to a John Petty in 1875. Dr William Hynes was living in the house by 1886. Jane McNamara acquired it around 1895, and she turned the house into an hotel.
The death of FW McNamara, owner of the Old Ground, is reported in the Limerick Chronicle in April 1915.
The Easter Rising passed off in 1916 without much note in Clare and was even condemned as being misguided by church leaders. But a year later, in 1917, the Old Ground played an interesting role in events at the beginning of the War of Independence.
Major Willie Redmond, MP for East Clare and son of John Redmond, was killed in action on the Western Front on 7 June 1917. He was leading the Royal Irish Brigade to victory at the Battle of Messines Ridge at Ypres, during World War I. A by-election was called to fill the vacant seat, and it was hotly contested by Eamon de Valera, the Sinn Fein candidate, and Patrick Lynch of the Irish Party.
At a meeting in the Clare Hotel, Sinn Fein discussed possible candidates and the majority presnt initially voted in favour of Peadar Clancy from Cranny, who had taken part in the Easter Rising and whose sentence of death had been commuted to 10 years penal servitude.
However, a convention was called in the Old Ground Hotel on 14 July 1917. Over 200 delegates present focused on the emerging candidate, Eamon de Valera, who had recently been released from prison. Peadar Clancy and three other candidates withdrew, leaving the way clear for de Valera.
The McNamaras still owned the Old Ground in 1920. They had been staunch nationalists and staunch Parnellites and later became supporters of Sinn Fein, which used the Old Ground as campaign headquarters from 1917 and as a meeting place for the IRA.
Much of the hotel’s contents were burned by the ‘Black and Tans’ during martial law in Ennis in June 1921. By then, Jane McNamara was 85, blind and in very poor health, see below.
After that, the place had a chequered history, the bank acquired it and in 1927 it was bought from by James O’Regan for about £2,000. He had been on a family holiday in Italy that year wanted to acquire the neighbouring garage to establish a Fiat agency. At the time the hotel was closed, but the only way to secure possession of the garage was to buy the Old Ground Hotel as well.
In December 1936, the pilot Charles Lindbergh stayed at the Old Ground Hotel while he was in Co Clare searching for locations to open a transatlantic gateway
Ten years later, with the advent of scheduled transatlantic flights into Shannon Airport, an extension was built onto the manor house in 1946. The lounge beside the old reception area, known as the Blue Lounge, was a communal room for Trans Atlantic Airlines. The cocktail bar was where the reception area is now and was used by Pan Am. Meals were served throughout the night.
The local historian Bill Bluett (1909-1993) made a short film, An Tostal, in the late 1940s, with footage of the very first American coach tour arriving at the Old Ground Hotel.
The O’Regan family sold the hotel to Kingston Windsor Hotels in 1967 and it was later acquired by Strand Hotels in 1970. It again changed ownership in 1977, when it was incorporated into the Forte Group. It was bought by Allen Flynn in 1995 and is now part of the Flynn Hotel Group.
Part of the Old Ground Hotel facing onto O’Connell Street is a five-bay, two-storey former town hall, built around 1850, and is now in use as the hotel banqueting hall.
The O’Regan family owned a large house in Bindon Street, and swapped it with the town commissioners in 1963 for the Town Hall. The upper floor of the Town Hall is now the Banquet Suite.
The part of the hotel that is now the now Town Hall Bistro once incorporated a jail. The former town gaol was built around 1700, probably incorporating fabric of an earlier building. It now has a vaulted ceiling and forms part of the hotel complex.
The jail was refurbished in the 1770s to provide separate cells and day rooms for male and female prisoners, and was used later to hold prisoners in transit, waiting to be deported to Australia and Tasmania.
It is not known when the jail ceased being used like this, but in the mid-19th century it was rented by the Grand Jury, the Victorian equivalent of the county council, at a rent of one shilling.
Ennis was the first town to adopt the 1855 Public Library (Ireland) Act, and the former jail was used as a library and as a court house and as a library once again. But when the library closed and moved to new premises, the Town Commissioners sold the building to the O’Regan family business.
The fireplace in the Lemenagh Hall, formerly the jail, was built for Lemenagh Castle, and Conor O’Brien in 1553. It was given to the Old Ground by Gerard McDonagh of Dromoland Castle in 1902, on the understanding that if Lemenagh Castle is ever restored the fireplace is to be returned.
The Lemenagh Hall is contained in what appears to be an authentic mediaeval Tower House. Most of the original stone from the tower is now blocked up by modern alterations, but some remaining large limestone blocks are still visible and form the wall on the main stairs to the function room. | <urn:uuid:f1705969-0982-45a8-8b1c-58f410031a18> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.patrickcomerford.com/2018/08/the-old-ground-hotel-played-key-role-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038862159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418224306-20210419014306-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.979541 | 1,389 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Solving puzzles has many benefits for children. There are hundreds of different varieties of puzzles one can come across. Every puzzle teaches and improves different skills in kids. Puzzle teaches kids about the concept of whole and introduces them to bigger, better picture.
One way to help children to cope up with lockdown and pandemic is to divert them to different kind of activities. Activities that make children to engross and keep mind occupied will help them to discover and grow hidden skills.
Advantage of solving puzzles in kids:
- Increases physical coordination: Improves hand to eye coordination
- Problem solving, memory skills and judgement skills will improve
- When siblings and friends participate with your kids to solve puzzles it helps them to build good attitude towards teamwork. It improves their communication skills too.
- When a child achieves the goal, it brings sense of accomplishment and they will look forward for more challenge. It builds self-esteem.
- Puzzles helps to build child’s memory. Practicing and playing puzzles improves concentration and improves memory.
- Fine motor skills – some puzzles require hand movement. Using hands to fix the puzzle pieces improves hand muscle strength as well as develop fine motor skills.
- Teaches patience- Dealing with puzzles teaches them to be patient and they will know solving problem will give good feeling.
While at home during the pandemic, give varieties of puzzles to your child. Help them to solve it. This might also move their attention from bright screen. Take advantage of this time to bond with your child and understand the hidden skills in your child.
Below we are sharing few simple puzzles to age group 5-12. Let your child start with simplest puzzle. Give direction and guide them initially. You will be surprised to see the how well child will handle the puzzle.
- Crossword puzzles introduce them to new words, teaches them spelling, increases their vocabulary and focus.
- Shape puzzles brings interest in math and will help them to in recognizing, differentiating shapes like triangle, square, circle, rectangle etc.
- Map puzzles or science puzzles – improves vocabulary and subject knowledge
- Maize puzzles or road puzzles increases their attention span and problem-solving skills.
- Find the difference images makes them curious and spotting objects around them.
- Connecting dots and coloring makes them think and allows for creative freedom
Images: Google curtesy
Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on: July 16, 2021 | <urn:uuid:e166c465-c239-4f16-ae58-f3f9c3556674> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthylife.werindia.com/kids-corner/solving-puzzles-helps-children-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.938083 | 498 | 3.5 | 4 |
I am working to find an implementation strategy(in C for some application) for an embedded system with 24KB RAM.
I am trying to understand how the execution of code written in C is dependent on the size of RAM.
I understand that the whole source code will not reside in RAM.
Only part of data which the processor needs immediately will be loaded into RAM.
Which parts of the code actually reside in RAM?
or How much RAM is needed for a source code to execute?
In what way can I keep the contraint of 24KB RAM in mind, while I write my program in C?
Can you please tell how I should think about this?
I am actually confused.
Hope someone can make my mind clear about this. | <urn:uuid:8c5778be-0c23-499b-b354-22e37e30f0ce> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://cboard.cprogramming.com/c-programming/66618-programming-ram.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122086301.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175446-00051-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938481 | 155 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Modernism in Scandinavia: Art Architecture and Design (Bloomsbury Academic, 2017) is a new study of Nordic modernism, its complex reality and its effects on our understanding of the Modern Movement. The author, Dr. Charlotte Ashby (b. 1979), provides a rich analysis of the art, architecture and design history of the Nordic region, and of modernism as a concept and mode of practice. The book spans over eight decades between 1890 and 1970 and ranges across Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland.
The contents of Modernism in Scandinavia: Art, Architecture and Design have been arranged chronologically and built around a set of case studies which Dr. Ashby analyses against the backdrop of societal progress and regional cultural history. The case studies – such as Helene Schjerfbeck’s The Seamstress (1905), Puu-Käpylä by Martti Välikangas (1925), or the Culture House and the Bank of Sweden by Peter Celsing (1966–76) – have been selected to give a sense of the wider cultural forces shaping the period. Ashby’s analysis also discusses the surrounding infrastructure of influential cultural institutions, the professionalization of art and design practice, and the markets within which works were produced. The book aims to give a coherent picture of change over time and a sense of the key ideas relating to modernity, history, and identity that shaped the development of Modernism in the Scandinavian region.
Dr. Ashby was awarded her PhD in 2007 from the University of St Andrews, Scotland. She lectures in the history of design at Birkbeck, University of London and Oxford, and her research focuses on modernity, nationalism and the transnational in 19th- and 20th-century European art and design. Read our interview with Dr Ashby on our blog. | <urn:uuid:8a80d23e-143a-4ee2-b433-384b415999c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.bookm-ark.fi/product/modernism-in-scandinavia-art-architecture-and-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.937932 | 382 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Disclaimer: there are lots of untranslateable puns in the Russian version of the statement, so there is one more reason for you to learn Russian :)
Rick and Morty like to go to the ridge High Cry for crying loudly — there is an extraordinary echo. Recently they discovered an interesting acoustic characteristic of this ridge: if Rick and Morty begin crying simultaneously from different mountains, their cry would be heard between these mountains up to the height equal the bitwise OR of mountains they've climbed and all the mountains between them.
Bitwise OR is a binary operation which is determined the following way. Consider representation of numbers x and y in binary numeric system (probably with leading zeroes) x = xk... x1x0 and y = yk... y1y0. Then z = x | y is defined following way: z = zk... z1z0, where zi = 1, if xi = 1 or yi = 1, and zi = 0 otherwise. In the other words, digit of bitwise OR of two numbers equals zero if and only if digits at corresponding positions is both numbers equals zero. For example bitwise OR of numbers 10 = 10102 and 9 = 10012 equals 11 = 10112. In programming languages C/C++/Java/Python this operation is defined as «|», and in Pascal as «or».
Help Rick and Morty calculate the number of ways they can select two mountains in such a way that if they start crying from these mountains their cry will be heard above these mountains and all mountains between them. More formally you should find number of pairs l and r (1 ≤ l < r ≤ n) such that bitwise OR of heights of all mountains between l and r (inclusive) is larger than the height of any mountain at this interval.
The first line contains integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 200 000), the number of mountains in the ridge.
Second line contains n integers ai (0 ≤ ai ≤ 109), the heights of mountains in order they are located in the ridge.
Print the only integer, the number of ways to choose two different mountains.
3 2 1 6 5
3 3 3 3
In the first test case all the ways are pairs of mountains with the numbers (numbering from one):
In the second test case there are no such pairs because for any pair of mountains the height of cry from them is 3, and this height is equal to the height of any mountain. | <urn:uuid:8bc4ed44-0ea0-4082-8d02-2b844e6b5984> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/875/D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203123.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324002035-20190324024035-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.926466 | 513 | 3 | 3 |
Play & Book Excerpts
Autism in Heels
© 2018 Jennifer Cook O'Toole
The Chick-List Check-List
- We tend not to act out as often as we act in. We focus the majority of our anger and frustration at ourselves. If we get in trouble, it’s much more likely for sounding like a “know-it-all” or for trouble regulating our moods.
- We can have a very difficult time navigating the complexities and nuances of female friendships, which, in comparison to male friendships, rely more acutely on storytelling (though our nonlinear thinking and easy distractibility tend to stall conversations instead of furthering them) and emotional and conversational reciprocity (though we can’t shift perspectives, unwittingly tend to dominate “air time,” and neglect to ask open-ended questions).
- Oversharing or sharing with the wrong people in the wrong circumstances is a common downfall.
- We are frequent victims of bullying and abuse, though we may not understand it as such, and tend to feel overwhelming compassion or sympathy for those who hurt us.
- Girls on the spectrum are often word/linguistically-based thinkers with a keen interest in word and phrase origins, foreign language, and regional accents - which we have an uncanny ability to imitate.
- We frequently have a strong connection to poetry and song lyrics and can detect incredibly subtle patterns within both.
- It is not uncommon to see us collecting and rescuing animals.
- Spectrum girls are more likely to gather and memorize as much information as we can on social rules, social psychology, and sexual expectations. It’s our way of compensating for what others pick up naturally.
- We tend to be socially naive, blind to others’ motives, and have a tough time clearly distinguishing between levels of a social hierarchy.
- It’s not always making friends that’s difficult. Often, it’s our tendency to be unaware of strain in the relationship and/or the sustained attention required to maintain relationships that are our downfall.
- Our friendships can be broken down into eras where close ties end abruptly, though the cause of the “break-ups” may elude us.
- We find it difficult to understand manipulation, disloyalty, vindictive or cruel behavior, and social retaliation (because we cannot see strategy or perspective).
- Throughout our lives, we often gravitate towards people who are older and/or younger than us, rather than direct peers. The relationships we prefer have clear roles and rules and less need to spontaneously negotiate dialogue, compromise, and group dynamics. In a situation where we are older, we understand that are in the teacher/leader/big sister role, so it’s alright to be more didactic. That we’re actually expected o take the wheel, so to speak. On the other hand, if we’re the younger, we can settle into an apprentice role—watching, learning, and following along.
- Girls on the spectrum may feel more intensely connected to fictional or historical characters than to real people.
- Biographies (books, documentaries, films) are a favorite way to study people and from their strategies, choices, accomplishments, and relationships, develop a larger personal emotional vocabulary and learn “how to be.”
- Hyperlexia - very early, very fast, self-taught, highly-skilled reading – is common among spectrum girls.
- Girls on the spectrum are often particularly sensitive to artistic, pattern-based mathematical realities, extending their concrete knowledge adeptly into musical cadence and visual art.
- Many girls find it very tough to clearly distinguish between levels of social hierarchy.
- We tend to be socially naive, blind to others’ motives, have trouble distinguishing acquaintances from close friends, or define what constitutes an actual friendship (we haven’t had enough experience).
- For many girls, “show-womanship” skills far exceed comfort with spontaneous or one-on-one social interaction. Intuitive use of this sidestep around social anxiety can lead to excellence in teaching, narrative presentation, litigation, and performance.
- Girls often hyper-focus on one, all-encompassing “best-friendship” (and later, romantic relationship) which evolves into an all-or-nothing self-concept. Girls desperately want friendship and easily direct an inordinate amount of energy and emotion toward someone perceived as ‘theirs.’
- Perfectionism is the all-hallowed deity (and nemesis) of the majority of spectrum girls.
- Challenges with impulsivity, problem solving, emotional balance, and compulsions make us vulnerable to substance use/abuse (alcohol/marijuana) as well as process addictions (eating disorders, self-harm, skin picking, acting out sexually, shopping, gambling), despite our awareness of the negative impact on our lives.
- Eating disorders, like binge eating, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia are indicators of perfectionist tendencies, a need for artificial control, extreme rigidity, and adherence to routine. They are exponentially more present among girls and women, and should be considered serious “red flags.”
- Females are more likely than males to try to manage anxiety, depression, trauma, and low-self esteem through self-harming behaviors, such as cutting and skin picking.
- Women and girls are more apt to find less detectable ways to limit or avoid eye contact. We may look at the space between a speaker’s eyes in order to reassure them of our attention, while simultaneously reducing our sensory input by avoiding a direct gaze, and thus be able to listen to what’s being said. If we really focus on looking at someone in a personal conversation, we may lose our train of thought almost immediately. So, when listening, we may make brief eye contact, accompany it with a nod or smile, then look off into the middle distance as if considering what we’re hearing. Personally, if I am speaking, I may angle my head so that I can cast my gaze slowly but sharply down and to the left, then ahead again, then slowly upwards to the right—very practiced theatrical techniques that are both attractive and communicate “I am thinking about what you’re saying or, extemporaneously, about what I’m saying.” In either case, because it’s done with a certain amount of “art,” until or unless it’s pointed out, most people don’t notice anything unusual about my eye contact.
- Unlike our male counterparts, it’s the level of intensity and almost professorial knowledge about our special interest, rather than the interests themselves, that set us apart from neurotypical peers.
- People on the spectrum are much more likely to experience synesthesia. Girls are three times more likely to be synesthetes.
- Scripting from favorite TV shows, books, plays, and movies is one of the ways we mask social anxiety best. We copy the dialogue perfectly, though often miss the innuendos beneath.
- Frequent passions (a.k.a. special interests) include genealogy and timelines, Disney, mythologies, folklore, cosplay, history and historical fiction, time travel, literature and literary figures, language, animals, anime, fashion, music, and theater.
- Special interests provide two primary functions: they give our brains a pleasurable topic on which to ruminate and perseverate, and they act as a social buffer, transportation to a distant time, place, species, or social scenario where interpersonal rules, hierarchies, and customs can be “studied and mastered.”
- Lining up our collections - of books, figurines, dolls, collectables - is one of the ways we “play” at all ages. The enjoyment comes more from setting precise “tableaux” - miniatures, fairy gardens, replicas, even Barbie wedding - rather than engaging in spontaneous, interactive activities.
- Gender identity varies with great obviousness amongst spectrum females. More commonly expected is some level of androgyny in clothing preference and a fluid sexual self-concept. But just as many of us greatly enjoy a rich, distinctly “womanly” sensuality, and/or strongly identify with a more classic-Hollywood female aesthetic. And most of us fall in the thousands of spaces in-between. As always, there are as many ways to embrace and embody “female” as there are people living the experience.
Follow Jennifer on:
Jennifer Cook is an award-winning author of seven bestselling books which have been translated into six languages. Her Asperkids series and her book Sisterhood of the Spectrum (Jessica Kingsley Publishers) comprise the bestselling, autism-related book collection in the world. Her memoir, Autism in Heels, is a Wall Street Journal bestseller and was chosen a "Best Book" title winner by Publishers Weekly. The recent audiobook debut of Autism in Heels (Dreamscape Media, LLC) was a number one release for Audible and Amazon, marking an important milestone as the first narration of an autism memoir by an autistic person.
In 2011, at the age of thirty-five, Jennifer Cook (then O’Toole) was diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome (autism) just after her three young children had been similarly identified. For the first time in her life, things made sense.
She is a sought-after keynote speaker at large events, including the Autism Society of America’s National Conference, the USAAA World Conference, North American Montessori Teachers’ Association, The National Inclusion Project, the UK’s National Autistic Society, Ireland’s SHINE, and Denmark’s Sikon. She has spoken frequently at mega conferences alongside her colleagues (and close friends) Dr. Temple Grandin and Dr. Tony Attwood.
Jennifer has advised the President's Council on Disabilities and the President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition at the White House in 2015 and had a voice in the creation of Julia, the first autistic character on Sesame Street. She sits on the Autism Society of America’s Panel of People on the Spectrum, and she is a columnist/expert panelist for Amy Poehler’s Smart Girls at the Party. Jennifer is also a contributor to the online Spectrum Women Magazine.
She sits on the Autism Society of America’s Panel of People on the Spectrum, and she is a columnist/expert panelist for Amy Poehler’s Smart Girls at the Party. Jennifer is also a contributor to the online Spectrum Women Magazine.
From her own struggles and self-discovery, Jennifer’s celebrated insights have touched hearts, lightened spirits, and broadened minds around the world. | <urn:uuid:dafb45fa-9d33-4c04-a05d-c5cdc13db3d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.sanctuary-magazine.com/autism-in-heels.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738905.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812141756-20200812171756-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.934153 | 2,269 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
République de Côte d'Ivoire (French)
Motto: ‘Union – Discipline – Travail’ (French)
’Unity – Discipline – Work’
(English: "Song of Abidjan")
|Ethnic groups |
|Government||Unitary presidential republic under a parliamentary system|
|Daniel Kablan Duncan|
|Amadou Gon Coulibaly|
|Legislature||Parliament of Ivory Coast|
• from France
|7 August 1960|
|322,463 km2 (124,504 sq mi) (68th)|
• Water (%)
• 2018 estimate
• 2015 census
|63.9/km2 (165.5/sq mi) (139th)|
|GDP (PPP)||2018 estimate|
• Per capita
|GDP (nominal)||2018 estimate|
• Per capita
|HDI (2017)|| 0.492|
low · 170th
|Currency||West African CFA franc (XOF)|
|Time zone||UTC+0 (GMT)|
|ISO 3166 code||CI|
Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire,[a] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located on the south coast of West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south.
Before its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa. It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. Relatively stable by regional standards, Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbors while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West, especially France. Ivory Coast experienced a coup d'état in 1999 and two religiously-grounded civil wars, first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010–2011. In 2000, the country adopted a new constitution.
Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president. Through the production of coffee and cocoa, the country was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, though it went through an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil. It was not until around 2014 that the gross domestic product again reached the level of its peak in the 1970s. In the 21st century, the Ivorian economy has been largely market-based, and it still relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production being predominant.
The official language of the republic is French, with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has large populations of Muslims, Christians (primarily Roman Catholics), and various indigenous religions.
Originally, Portuguese and French merchant-explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, very roughly, into four "coasts" reflecting local economies. The coast that the French named the Côte d'Ivoire and the Portuguese named the Costa Do Marfim—both, literally, mean "Coast of Ivory"—lay between what was known as the Guiné de Cabo Verde, so-called "Upper Guinea" at Cap-Vert, and Lower Guinea. There was also a Pepper Coast, also known as the "Grain Coast", a "Gold Coast", and a "Slave Coast". Like those, the name "Ivory Coast" reflected the major trade that occurred on that particular stretch of the coast: the export of ivory.
Other names included the Côte de Dents,[b] literally "Coast of Teeth", again reflecting the trade in ivory; the Côte de Quaqua, after the people whom the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternatively Kwa Kwa); the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there; and the Côte du Vent,[c] the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions. One can find the name Cote de(s) Dents regularly used in older works. It was used in Duckett's Dictionnaire (Duckett 1853) and by Nicolas Villault de Bellefond, for example, although Antoine François Prévost used Côte d'Ivoire. In the 19th century, usage switched to Côte d'Ivoire.
The coastline of the modern state is not quite coterminous with what the 15th- and 16th-century merchants knew as the "Teeth" or "Ivory" coast, which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which is thus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast (with a minute portion of Liberia). It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960. The name had long since been translated literally into other languages,[d] which the post-independence government considered increasingly troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. Therefore, in April 1986, the government declared that Côte d'Ivoire (or, more fully, République de Côte d'Ivoire) would be its formal name for the purposes of diplomatic protocol, and since then officially refuses to recognize or accept any translation from French to another language in its international dealings.
The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country's humid climate. However, newly found weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnants of cooking and fishing) have been interpreted as a possible indication of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC), or at the minimum, the Neolithic period.
The earliest known inhabitants of Ivory Coast have left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenous inhabitants, who migrated south into the area before the 16th century. Such groups included the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).
The first recorded history appears[when?] in the chronicles[where?] of North African (Berber) traders, who, from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods. The southern terminals of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rain forest. The more important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into major commercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed.
By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighbouring states. The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education. Islam had been introduced in the western Sudan by Muslim Berber traders from North Africa; it spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers. From the 11th century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.
The Ghana Empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries. At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuktu. After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the early part of the 14th century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Ivory Coast was limited to the north-west corner around Odienné.
Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the 14th and 16th centuries. Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led to factional warfare. This discord spurred most of the migrations southward toward the forest belt. The dense rain forest covering the southern half of the country, created barriers to the large-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north. Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages; their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders. Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.
Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast during the pre-European early modern period. The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Joola in the early 18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Although Kong became a prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. In 1895 the city of Kong would be sacked and conquered by Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire.
The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 17th century by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana. From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent arrivals from the market city of Begho. Bondoukou developed into a major center of commerce and Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa. In the mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.
The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, developed a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers. It finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom. The current king of Sanwi is Amon N'Douffou V (since 2005).
Compared to neighboring Ghana, Ivory Coast, though practicing slavery and slave raiding, suffered little from the slave trade as such. European slave and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast. The earliest recorded European voyage to West Africa was made by the Portuguese in 1482. The first West African French settlement, Saint Louis, was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal, while at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Goree Island, off Dakar. A French mission was established in 1637 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana). The Europeans suppressed the local practice of slavery at this time and forbade the trade to their merchants.
Assinie's survival was precarious, however; the French were not firmly established in Ivory Coast until the mid-19th century. In 1843–4, French admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand Bassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region. Pacification was not accomplished until 1915.
Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the Senegal and the Niger. Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century, but moved slowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African chiefs that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centres.
The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another at Grand Bassam, which became the colony's first capital. The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the posts, and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local chiefs for the use of the land. The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French, because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.
France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. The French built naval bases to keep out non-French traders and began a systematic pacification of the interior to stop raids on their settlements. They accomplished this only after a long war in the 1890s against Mandinka tribesmen, mostly from the Gambia. However, raids by the Baoulé and other eastern tribes continued until 1917.
The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace-Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The trading post at Grand Bassam in Ivory Coast was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.
In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior. In 1887, Lieutenant Louis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast's interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast. Also in 1887, Verdier's agent, Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast.
By the end of the 1880s, France had established control over the coastal regions of Ivory Coast, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area. That same year, France named Treich-Laplène titular governor of the territory. In 1893, Ivory Coast became a French colony, and Captain Binger was appointed governor. Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons.
France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa, and palm oil crops were soon planted along the coast. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the French and British were largely bureaucrats. As a result, French citizens owned one-third of the cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations and adopted the local forced-labor system.
Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts. Some of the native population and former slave-owning class resisted French settlers. Among those offering greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was conquering his neighbors, re-establishing slavery and founding the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. Samori Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted some support throughout the region from chiefs who sought to play the two sides off against each other. The French responded to Samori Ture's expansion and conquest with military pressure. French campaigns against Samori Ture, which were met with greater resistance than usual in tribal warfare, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898 and his empire dissolved.
France's imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony's public works program provoked unexpected protests. Many Ivoirians saw the tax as a violation of the protectorate treaties because they felt that France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse. Many, especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission. In 1905, the French officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa. From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was part of the Federation of French West Africa. It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic. In World War I, France organized regiments from Ivory Coast to fight in France, and colony resources were rationed from 1917–1919. Some 150,000 men from Ivory Coast died in World War I. Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French "subjects", but without rights to representation in Africa or France.
French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association. Based on the assumed superiority of French culture, in practice the assimilation policy meant the extension of French language, institutions, laws, and customs to the colonies. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized. Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests, such as the recent abolition of the slave trade.
An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between French and Africans. After 1930, a small number of Westernized Ivoirians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship. Most Ivoirians, however, were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association. As subjects of France, natives outside the above-mentioned civilized elite had no political rights. They were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility. They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.
In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1942, when British troops invaded without much resistance. Winston Churchill gave power back to members of General Charles de Gaulle's provisional government. By 1943, the Allies had returned French West Africa to the French. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II, led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects", the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were abolished. Between the years 1944–1946 many national conferences and constituent assemblies took place between France's Vichy regime and provisional governments in Ivory Coast. Governmental reforms were established by late 1946, which granted French citizenship to all African "subjects" under the colonial control of the French.
Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in policy-making. While British colonial administrations adopted divide-and-rule policies elsewhere, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite, the French were interested in ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from anti-French sentiment. Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivoirians believed that they would achieve equality with their French peers through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France. After the assimilation doctrine was implemented through the postwar reforms, though, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivoirians. Some of them thought that discrimination and political inequality would end only with independence; others thought the problem of the division between the tribal culture and modernity would continue.
Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the son of a Baoulé chief, became Ivory Coast's father of independence. In 1944, he formed the country's first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself. Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, the union members united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and within a year was elected to the French Parliament in Paris. A year later, the French abolished forced labour. Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the French government, expressing a belief that the Ivory Coast would benefit from the relationship, which it did for many years. France appointed him as a minister, the first African to become a minister in a European government.
A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed the remaining voting inequities. In 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the French Community, which had replaced the French Union.
At independence (1960), the country was easily French West Africa's most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production, which was further boosted by a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output, behind Brazil and Colombia. By 1979, the country was the world's leading producer of cocoa. It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the "Ivoirian miracle". In other African nations, the people drove out the Europeans following independence, but in Ivory Coast, they poured in. The French community grew from only 30,000 prior to independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers, and advisors. For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%—the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries.
Houphouët-Boigny's one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Laurent Gbagbo, who would become the president of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee the country in the 1980s, after he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny by founding the Front Populaire Ivoirien. Houphouët-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population, who continued to elect him. He was criticized for his emphasis on developing large-scale projects.
Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new political capital were wasted; others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace, education, and religion in the heart of the country. In the early 1980s, the world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivoirian economy. Due to the overcutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices, the country's external debt increased three-fold. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession.
In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. The unrest forced the government to support multiparty democracy. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble, and died in 1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his successor.
In October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook improved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt.
Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasized the concept of Ivoirité to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara, who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for future presidential election. As people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivoirian population, this policy excluded many people from Ivoirian nationality, and the relationship between various ethnic groups became strained, which resulted in two civil wars in the following decades.
Similarly, Bedié excluded many potential opponents from the army. In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéï in power. Bedié fled into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime and corruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.
A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was not peaceful. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Alassane Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court, due to his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The existing and later reformed constitution [under Guéï] did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from the country's north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.
In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the President was in Italy, an armed uprising occurred. Troops who were to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime, the government forces had secured Abidjan. They had lost control of the north of the country, and rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouaké.
The rebels threatened to move on Abidjan again, and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop their advance. The French said they were protecting their own citizens from danger, but their deployment also helped government forces. That the French were helping either side was not established as a fact; but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side. Whether French actions improved or worsened the situation in the long term is disputed. What exactly happened that night is also disputed. The government claimed that former president Robert Guéï led a coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street; counter-claims stated that he and 15 others had been murdered at his home, and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Alassane Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had been burned down. President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by the thousands, attacking residents.
An early ceasefire with the rebels, which had the backing of much of the northern populace, proved short-lived, and fighting over the prime cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west.
In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a "government of national unity". Curfews were lifted, and French troops patrolled the western border of the country. The unity government was unstable, and central problems remained, with neither side achieving its goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed at an opposition rally, and subsequent mob violence led to the evacuation of foreign nationals. A later report concluded the killings were planned. Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a "Zone of Confidence", relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.
Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed because the rebels refused to disarm, Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these airstrikes in Bouaké, on 6 November 2004, French soldiers were hit, and nine were killed; the Ivorian government said it was a mistake, but the French claimed it was deliberate. They responded by destroying most Ivoirian military aircraft (two Su-25 planes and five helicopters), and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan.
Gbagbo's original term as president expired on 30 October 2005, but due to the lack of disarmament, an election was deemed impossible, so his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year, according to a plan worked out by the African Union and endorsed by the United Nations Security Council. With the late-October deadline approaching in 2006, the election was regarded as very unlikely to be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo. The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; however, the resolution provided for strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.
A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.
According to UNICEF, at the end of the civil war, water and sanitation infrastructure had been greatly damaged. Communities across the country required repairs to their water supply.
President since 2010
|Daniel Kablan Duncan|
Prime Minister from 2012 to 2017
The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary results announced independently by the president of the Electoral Commission from the headquarters of Ouattara due to concern about fraud in that commission.[clarification needed] They showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former prime minister Alassane Ouattara.
The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers (unlike African Union observers). The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consisted of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote – instead of Ouattara winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission. After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara—who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations—organized an alternative inauguration. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country.
The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former President of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Alassane Ouattara as winner of the elections, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States, which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies while the African Union also suspended the country's membership.
In 2010, a colonel of the Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,000 9 mm handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo. Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia.
The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. In the city of Duékoué, hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Bloléquin, dozens were killed. UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo. Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011. The country was severely damaged by the war, and it was observed that Ouattara had inherited a formidable challenge to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians. Gbagbo was taken to the International Criminal Court in The Hague in January 2016. He was declared acquitted by the court but given a conditional release in January 2019. Belgium has been designated as a host country.
Ivory Coast is a country of western sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south. The country lies between latitudes 4° and 11°N, and longitudes 2° and 9°W. Around 64.8% of the land is agricultural land; arable land amounted to 9.1%, permanent pasture 41.5%, and permanent crops 14.2%. Water pollution is amongst one of the biggest issues that the country is currently facing.
Since 2011, Ivory Coast has been administratively organised into 12 districts plus two district-level autonomous cities. The districts are divided into 31 regions; the regions are divided into 108 departments; and the departments are divided into 510 sub-prefectures. In some instances, multiple villages are organised into communes. The autonomous districts are not divided into regions, but they do contain departments, sub-prefectures, and communes.
Since 2011, governors for the 12 non-autonomous districts have not been appointed, and as a result these districts have not yet begun to function as governmental entities.
The following is the list of districts, district capitals and each district's regions:
|Map no.||District||District capital||Regions||Region seat||Population|
(District Autonome d'Abidjan)
(District du Bas-Sassandra)
(District du Comoé)
(District du Denguélé)
(District du Gôh-Djiboua)
(District des Lacs)
(District des Lagunes)
(District des Montagnes)
(District du Sassandra-Marahoué)
(District des Savanes)
|11||Vallée du Bandama
(District de la Vallée du Bandama)
(District du Woroba)
(District Autonome du Yamoussoukro)
(District du Zanzan)
The government is divided into three branches: the executive power, the legislative power, and the judicial power. In the legislative branch, Guillaume Soro directs the 2016 National Assembly and its 225 members, elected for five-year terms.
Since 1983, Ivory Coast's capital has been Yamoussoukro, while Abidjan was the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan. The Ivorian population has suffered because of the ongoing civil war. International human-rights organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides and the re-emergence of child slavery in cocoa production.
Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the north controlled by the New Forces. A new presidential election was expected to be held in October 2005, and the rival parties agreed in March 2007 to proceed with this, but it continued to be postponed until November 2010 due to delays in its preparation.
Elections were finally held in 2010. The first round of elections was held peacefully, and widely hailed as free and fair. Runoffs were held 28 November 2010, after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November. Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara. On 2 December, the Electoral Commission declared that Ouattara had won the election by a margin of 54% to 46%. In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced that country's borders had been sealed. An Ivorian military spokesman said, "The air, land, and sea border of the country are closed to all movement of people and goods."
In Africa, Ivorian diplomacy favors step-by-step economic and political cooperation. In 1959, Ivory Coast formed the Council of the Entente with Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger and Togo; in 1965, the African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM); in 1972, the Economic Community of West Africa (CEAO). The latter organisation changed to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. A founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963 and then of the African Union in 2000, Ivory Coast defends respect for state sovereignty and peaceful cooperation between African countries.
Worldwide, Ivorian diplomacy is committed to fair economic and trade relations, including the fair trade of agricultural products and the promotion of peaceful relations with all countries. Ivory Coast thus maintains diplomatic relations with international organizations and countries all around the world. In particular, it has signed United Nations treaties such as the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1967 Protocol, and the 1969 Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. Ivory Coast is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States, and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
Ivory Coast has partnered with nations of the Sub-Saharan region to strengthen water and sanitation infrastructure. This has been done mainly with the help of organizations such as UNICEF and Nestle.
In 2015, the United Nations engineered the Sustainable Development Goals (replacing the Millennium Development Goals). They focus on health, education, poverty, hunger, climate change, water sanitation, and hygiene. A major focus was clean water and salinisation. Experts working on this field have designed the WASH concept. WASH focuses on safe drinkable water, hygiene, and proper sanitation. The group has had a major impact on the sub-Saharan region of Africa, particularly the Ivory Coast. By 2030, they plan to have universal and equal access to safe and affordable drinking water.
As of 2012[update], major equipment items reported by the Ivory Coast Army included 10 T-55 tanks (marked as potentially unserviceable), five AMX-13 light tanks, 34 reconnaissance vehicles, 10 BMP-½ armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 41 wheeled APCs, and 36+ artillery pieces.
Ivory Coast has, for the region, a relatively high income per capita (US$1,662 in 2017) and plays a key role in transit trade for neighboring, landlocked countries. The country is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40% of the monetary union's total GDP. The country is the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans, and the fourth-largest exporter of goods, in general, in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola).
In 2009, cocoa-bean farmers earned $2.53 billion for cocoa exports and were projected to produce 630,000 metric tons in 2013. According to the Hershey Company, the price of cocoa beans is expected to rise dramatically in upcoming years. The Ivory Coast also has 100,000 rubber farmers who earned a total of $105 million in 2012.
Close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of agricultural exports, and encouragement of foreign investment have been factors in the economic growth of Ivory Coast. In recent years, Ivory Coast has been subject to greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primary agricultural crops: coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for the grower, those exporting into foreign markets, and the labor force, inasmuch as instances of indentured labor have been reported in the country's cocoa and coffee production in every edition of the U.S. Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor since 2009.
The Ivory Coast's economy has grown faster than that of most other African countries since independence. One possible reason for this might be taxes on export agriculture. Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Kenya were exceptions as their rulers were themselves large cash-crop producers, and the newly independent countries desisted from imposing penal rates of taxation on export agriculture, with the result that their economies were doing well.
A major study of the issue in 2016, published in Fortune Magazine in the U.S., concluded that approximately 2.1 million children in [several countries of] West Africa "still do the dangerous and physically taxing work of harvesting cocoa". The report was doubtful as to whether the situation can be improved significantly:
"According to the 2015 edition of the Cocoa Barometer, a biennial report examining the economics of cocoa that’s published by a consortium of nonprofits, the average farmer in Ghana in the 2013–14 growing season made just 84¢ per day, and farmers in Ivory Coast a mere 50¢. That puts them well below the World Bank’s new $1.90 per day standard for extreme poverty, even if you factor in the 13% rise in the price of cocoa last year.
And in that context the challenge of eradicating child labor feels immense, and the chocolate companies’ newfound commitment to expanding the investments in cocoa communities not quite sufficient. ... 'Best-case scenario, we’re only doing 10% of what’s needed.' Getting that other 90% won’t be easy. 'It’s such a colossal issue,' says Sona Ebai, who grew up farming cocoa in Cameroon and is the former secretary general of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries. 'I think child labor cannot be just the responsibility of industry to solve. I think it’s the proverbial all-hands-on-deck: government, civil society, the private sector.'He pauses, taking in his own thought for a moment. 'And there, you really need leadership.'"
Ivory Coast's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants. Until 1998 the country's population increased to 15,366,672, 20,617,068 in 2009, and 23,919,000 in July 2014.
French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca in the country. An estimated 70 languages are spoken in Ivory Coast. One of the most common is Dyula, which acts as a trade language, as well as a language commonly spoken by the Muslim population.
Around 7.5 million people of Ivory Coast made up the work force in 2009. The work force took a hit, especially in the private sector, during the early 2000s due to the numerous economic crises since 1999. Furthermore, these crises caused companies to close and move locations, especially in Ivory Coast's tourism industry, transit and banking companies. Job markets decreasing posed as a huge issue in Ivory Coast society as unemployment rates grew. Unemployment rates raised to 9.4% in 2012.
Solutions proposed to decrease unemployment included diversifying jobs in small trade. This division of work encouraged farmers and the agricultural sector. Self-employment policy, established by the Ivorian government, allowed for very strong growth in the field with an increase of 142% in seven years from 1995. Despite efforts like this to decrease unemployment, it still remains as a social problem.
Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast include Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Krous (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), and others (2.8%, including 30,000 Lebanese and 45,000 French; 2004). About 77% of the population is considered Ivorian.
Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the most successful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4 million) consists of workers from neighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso, and Guinea.
About 4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Many are French, Lebanese, Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, as well as Protestant missionaries from the United States and Canada. In November 2004, around 10,000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro-government youth militias. Aside from French nationals, native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country's colonial period are present.
Largest cities or towns in Ivory Coast
According to the 2014 Census in Ivory Coast
|2||Bouaké||Vallée du Bandama||536,719|
The Ivory Coast is a religiously diverse country, in which adherents of Islam (mostly Sunni) represented 42.9% of the total population in 2014, while followers of Christianity (mostly Catholic and Evangelical) represented 33.9% of the population. In addition 19.1% of Ivorians claimed to be irreligious, and 3.6% reported following traditional African religions. In 2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of the population, while an estimated 25% of the population practised traditional (animist) religions.
Judaism is not a major religion in the Ivory Coast, but Jews can still be found scattered throughout the country. The Jewish people had a larger presence in the late 20th century before a mass Jewish immigration in which Jews from the Ivory Coast and all over the world left their native countries for Israel. Despite this, the Jewish population is beginning to re-emerge in the Ivory Coast.
Life expectancy at birth was 41 for males in 2004; for females it was 47. Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 live births. Twelve physicians are available per 100,000 people. About a quarter of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. About 36% of women have undergone female genital mutilation. According to 2010 estimates, Ivory Coast has the 27th-highest maternal mortality rate in the world. The HIV/AIDS rate was 19th-highest in the world, estimated in 2012 at 3.20% among adults aged 15–49 years.
A large part of the adult population, in particular women, is illiterate. Many children between 6 and 10 years are not enrolled in school. The majority of students in secondary education are male. At the end of secondary education, students can sit the baccalauréat examination.
The country has a number of universities, such as the Université de Cocody in Abidjan and the Université de Bouaké in Bouaké. In 2012, there were 57,541 students enrolled at post-secondary diploma level, 23,008 students studying for a bachelor's or master's degree and 269 PhD students. Enrolment in tertiary education suffered during the political crisis, dropping from 9.03% to 4.46% of the 18-to-25-year cohort between 2009 and 2012.
According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ivory Coast devotes about 0.13% of GDP to GERD. Apart from low investment, other challenges include inadequate scientific equipment, the fragmentation of research organizations and a failure to exploit and protect research results.
The share of the National Development Plan for 2012–2015 that is devoted to scientific research remains modest. Within the section on greater wealth creation and social equity (63.8% of the total budget for the Plan), just 1.2% is allocated to scientific research. Twenty-four national research programmes group public and private research and training institutions around a common research theme. These programmes correspond to eight priority sectors for 2012–2015, namely: health, raw materials, agriculture, culture, environment, governance, mining and energy; and technology.
Each of the ethnic groups in Ivory Coast has its own music genres, most showing strong vocal polyphony. Talking drums are also common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest.
Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo, zouglou, and Coupé-Décalé. A few Ivorian artists who have known international success are Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, and Christina Goh, of Ivorian descent.
The country has been the host for several major African sporting events, with the most recent being the 2013 African Basketball Championship. In the past, the country hosted the 1984 Africa Cup of Nations, in which its football team finished fifth, and the 1985 African Basketball Championship, where its basketball team won the gold medal.
The most popular sport in Ivory Coast is association football. The national football team has played in the World Cup three times, in Germany 2006, in South Africa 2010, and Brazil in 2014. The woman's football team played in the 2015 Women's World Cup in Canada. Ivory Coast notable footballers are Didier Drogba, Yaya Touré and Kolo Touré, Eric Bailly, Gervinho, and Wilfried Zaha. Rugby union is also popular, and the national rugby union team qualified to play at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa in 1995. Ivory Coast also won two Africa Cups one 1992 and the other 2015.
The traditional cuisine of Ivory Coast is very similar to that of neighboring countries in West Africa in its reliance on grains and tubers. Cassava and plantains are significant parts of Ivorian cuisine. A type of corn paste called aitiu is used to prepare corn balls, and peanuts are widely used in many dishes. Attiéké is a popular side dish in Ivory Coast made with grated cassava, a vegetable-based couscous. A common street food is alloco, ripe banana fried in palm oil, spiced with steamed onions and chili and eaten alone, with grilled fish or boiled eggs. Chicken is commonly consumed and has a unique flavor due to its lean, low-fat mass in this region. Seafood includes tuna, sardines, shrimp, and bonito, which is similar to tuna. Mafé is a common dish consisting of meat in a peanut sauce.
Slow-simmered stews with various ingredients are another common food staple in Ivory Coast. Kedjenou is a dish consisting of chicken and vegetables slow-cooked in a sealed pot with little or no added liquid, which concentrates the flavors of the chicken and vegetables and tenderizes the chicken. It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slow fire, or cooked in an oven. Bangui is a local palm wine.
Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a maquis, which is unique to the region. A maquis normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with attiéké or kedjenou.
For a decade and a half, the big chocolate makers have promised to end child labor in their industry—and have spent tens of millions of dollars in the effort. But as of the latest estimate, 2.1 million West African children still do the dangerous and physically taxing work of harvesting cocoa. What will it take to fix the problem?Missing or empty
|Scholia has a country profile for Ivory Coast.| | <urn:uuid:71646564-7458-433b-81ab-46780bc26660> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://readtiger.com/wkp/en/Ivory_Coast | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317130.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822130553-20190822152553-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.957639 | 10,869 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Seattle has a long-standing commitment to its urban trees. Because of the many environmental, social and economic benefits these trees provide, they are essential to enhancing the community’s quality of life, especially as Seattle grows. The collective impact is significant: Seattle’s urban forest removes 725 metric tons of pollution from the environment and sequesters carbon at a level valued at $11.7 million annually.
One of the ways we learn more about Seattle’s trees is by measuring canopy cover. Canopy cover is the layer of branches, stems and leaves of trees that cover the ground when viewed from above. Canopy cover assessments tell us the extent of Seattle’s trees and where they are located; critical information for urban forestry work planning, management and addressing disparities.
Seattle’s goal is to achieve a 30 percent canopy cover by 2037. Last year, the City commissioned a canopy cover assessment to determine how close we are to reaching that goal. The analysis showed that Seattle has 28 percent canopy cover. The study used LiDAR (light detection and ranging), and it represents the most accurate accounting of Seattle’s canopy to date.
This study provides the foundation for understanding the quantity, distribution and configuration of tree canopy in Seattle. The true value of this study will be realized when the results are used to guide urban forestry policy and management efforts, such as establishing localized canopy goals and targeted planting and conservation efforts to maximize limited results.
The City’s urban forestry team, composed of staff from the Seattle Department of Transportation, Seattle City Light, Seattle Department of Construction and Inspections, Office of Sustainability and Environment, Seattle Parks and Recreation and Seattle Public Utilities developed the study’s research questions and will be in charge of incorporating the study’s results into current policy and management efforts.
For more information, or to download a copy of the final report, visit Seattle’s Canopy Cover webpage. | <urn:uuid:36f21019-6b4f-4c52-8678-898a86f47462> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://dnrtreelink.wordpress.com/2017/08/10/from-the-field-update-on-seattles-tree-canopy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812880.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220050606-20180220070606-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.922228 | 398 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Cancer and Earthly Emanations
by Albert Zock
In August of 1945, the first atom bombs fell on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
In the years and decades after this inferno it was noted that under the survivors, besides other maladies, distinct increase in cancer. Scientist concluded this was the result of Nutron emanation. This brought a new question to researchers about local influences in the development of cancer. The question was: Where do we find more such Nutron emanations, besides the ones created by man himself?
Unfortunately, up to this day there are no dependable ways of measuring this kind of emanation, although it is known that the Nutron has a magnetic property, which a professional radiesthesist can easily find.
The Medical Institute at the University of Bonn in West Germany let the radiesthesist Baron von Rollshausen examines 50 rooms in which patients died of cancer. The rooms had been empty, bare of furniture. Von Rollshausen not only found the accurate place where the beds once stood, but in 48 of the 50 cases in question, determined even the organs which had been affected. In his days, the Nutron emanation had not yet been discovered.
Meanwhile French researchers found that charged electroscopes over disturbed zones lose their charges, because of the ionizing emanation from the earth within seven to eleven seconds where as on neutral grounds it takes up to one-thousand seconds.
No matter how clean the Military claim the Nutron bomb is, it is well known that all ionizing radiation can cause cancer.
The University of Marburg, Germany, scientifically examined three villages with a geophysical meter (Geoscope). Their finding was that cancer resulted exclusively over geological disturbances such as faults, whether water was present or not.
Two thousand years B.C., the Chinese before building a home searched the location with divining rods for geological disturbances and adjusted the buildings with a compass to the earth's magnetic field.
Before setting up a military camp or building a city, the Romans killed a local animal and examined its liver. If it was hardened it was assumed that vegetation and water in that region were not suited for human usage and moved on to another location.
In 1911 two European physicians, Dr. Northnagel and von Hohenfels, did not allow their patients to sleep in the same location as they had before a cancer operation, knowing that the place where one becomes cancerous is the worst place for convalescence.
It has been proven over and over again that locations which are cancer causing happen to be over strong thermo-nutronic emanation from the ground. Even the British Atlas of Mortality (Nelson & Son, London 1962-1970) contains statistical proof that the place where one lives or works has much to do with terminal cancer, but, of course, no scientific explanation is given. Anyone who avoids sleeping or working for long periods over such zones will avoid cancer. This is not an assumption but a scientifically-proven fact which is ignored although not disproved.
A pioneer in this field, Gustav von Pohl, used the 1929 cancer-death reports kept by the Statistic Office for a decade to determine the exact bands across the country where cancer occurred. Death certificates and location reports showed that not one mortality occurred even within the width of a bed outside of the established band. Further more, later reports showed that new deaths again occurred exclusively over the same sleep and work locations.
Dr. Hager, a health officer in Europe, investigated 5,348 cancer fatalities and found that cancer is locally restricted. If a disease is restricted to a lace or narrow band, it should not be surprising if it re-occurs generation after generation in the same family since the same bed location is used for sleeping, because of tradition or room layout. When successive generations die of cancer is it any surprise that people should assume the disease to be inherited, to lie in the family?
The Russian-American Engineer, Georges Lakhovsky, who invented the multiwave oscillator, came to the same conclusion. In his book, The Secret of Life, he explains how geological conditions in the earth affect and change beneficial radiations into detrimental ones: "Sand, sandstone, gravel and such are dielectric in nature and absorb external radiation to a great depth, reflecting none back to the surface , but clay, marl, alluvial deposits and mineral ores are resistant to penetration and give to secondary radiations which modify the field of external radiations. People living on such soil show the highest incidence of cancer."
The only British study is that of Dr. Alfred Hariland which is condensed in a book he published in 1892, The Geographical Distribution of Disease in Great Britain, where he points out that there is a low mortality from cancer over limestone locations in all of England and Wales, but, on the other hand, clay and flood areas are associated with high cancer mortality.
A contemporary British dowser and writer, Bruce Copen, Ph.D., D.D. Litt. not only walks in the same footsteps but at the same time shows a way out, as he explained in his book Radiesthesia for Home and Garden. Those who live over a sandy soil appear to enjoy a better night's sleep then those who sleep over granite or clay: the loss of sleep is due to cosmic radiation bouncing from the under layers of strata and being amplified by the springs of such a thing as a bed: the whole bed becomes a radio wave collector which can be remedied by suitable neutralizing the bed against these rays." Copen recommends laying a wire along the mattress and connecting it to the ground, or making an oscillator with a flexible, isolated wire fastened around the mattress, the ends overlapping about one foot on each side with one inch space in between and making sure that the positive end of the wire is on top as shown in Fig. 1. The positive and negative ends of the wire can be found by using a pendulum or substitute.
But when a whole room, house or working place is affected, neutralizing by grounding can be complicated or even impossible. In such case, the Nornen Coil comes in handy. This is a simple gadget every one can make. It consists of two conical coils, both wound in a clockwise direction only and glued together at the narrower end. Isolated 20-gauge wire will do. About 40 feet of hookup wire for each coil, the cone can be from plastic or styrofoam. The upper, positive pole connects to an antenna, the lower negative coil ground to a water pipe or the like. In many cases, metallic roof gutters can be used as antenna, but watch that the down pipe has no connection with the ground. If it has, replace the last foot or so with a plastic pipe. A coil with a diameter of two inches at the narrow end, give inches on the larger end and a height of 6 inches having 54 windings achieved complete neutralization of an area 280 feet in diameter. It is advised not to sleep to work close to the coil, keep a good distance. It has been found that iron pipes anchored in concrete blocks within a garden neutralized a circle about ten feet in diameter.
The aforementioned methods neutralize negative emanation in the environment, Lakhovsky's multi-wave oscillator was designed to cancel detrimental effects on humans, animals and plants. According to Lakhovsky, reflected and, therefore inharmonious vibrations, induce their unhealthy frequencies on living cells through the law of resonance. A cell out of its natural frequency will change its function and grow differently, which is know as cancer.
Lakhovsky's oscillator sends out waves in multiple frequencies, giving each cell an opportunity, with help from the law of resonance, to restore its harmonics. This theory has been clinically proven many times over by physicians in France, New York and elsewhere.
. The Nornen coil is easy to construct, as cone size, coil-windings and wire are not critical as long as both wire and cones are equal, and the same amount of windings of 50 or more with armature-wire or other isolated wire 25-32 gauge is okay. Hobby and notion stores sell styrofoam cones in any shape and size, about 8 inches long is fine. Cut point off and glue together after winding, and connect wires on pointed ends also.
THE BALANCING CIRCUITS of L.E. Eeman Compiled from the BSRF files
Around 1920 Englishman L.E. Eeman pioneered a system of healingbased on the bio-energy fields of the human body. He discovered thatconnecting body extremities with insulated copper wires had manybeneficial therapeutic effects. Eeman published his experimentalfindings in 1947 under the title COOPERATIVE HEALING. Since then, agrowing number of physicians and lay health practitioners have used hisdiscoveries with amazing results.
Briefly, Eeman reported these basic reactions.
First, the body asa whole seems to act like a large but very weak (subtle) magnet withpolar activity confined to the hands, feet, and spine. "This bodybehavior which suggests bi-polarity is automatic in both sexes, inhealth and disease, and it manifests in the absence of artificialenergy and not only independently of suggestion but even against it."
Secondly, in right-handed persons, the head, right hand and right footusually exhibit the same polar effect (in 99% of humans - there havebeen rare exceptions). Eeman called these the Positive Poles. Withthis established, the sacrum, left hand and left foot became theNegative Poles.
Thirdly, "..any arrangement which connects polaropposites is referred to as a relaxation circuit and any arrangementwhich connects polar similars as a tension circuit. The relaxationcircuit automatically promotes relaxation of the voluntary muscles andstimulates functional activity. It fosters sleep and recovery fromdisease. It also increases capacity for work and health in general."
The etheric energy of the body, termed the X force by Eeman, flowsaround "blockages" when in circuit. Eeman's researches went beyond theuse of the relaxation circuit by one person alone. He went on to showthat two or more persons connected together by relaxation circuits hada strong tendency to normalize each others' weaknesses, automatically. | <urn:uuid:bfb2082f-3c82-4171-b55a-b886a64776f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://altsciencediscussion.blogspot.com/2008/01/nornen-coil.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589573.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717051134-20180717071134-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.950139 | 2,145 | 3.203125 | 3 |
As each student comes into the room, I have him/her draw a popsicle stick from my "kids-in-a-can" cup that has a stick with each students name on it. If they draw their own name or someone already teamed, I just keep that stick out and have them draw again. I remind them that if they can't agree on an answer, they may opt to each write and sign their own response, but that my expectation is that they will find collaboration the best way to work!
I distribute the Probability Unit Assessment and tell my students that they have the rest of this period to complete it. (MP1, MP2, MP4, MP6) While they are working I walk around offering encouragement and assistance as needed. Some teams will struggle with writing things out and for them I make the suggestion that they talk to each other quietly first and just jot down notes about what's being said, then rewrite those notes into complete sentences. I tell them when there are only five minutes left in class so they can finish up if they're not already done.
I know that team testing is not the easiest to administer or assess because as teachers we most often measure progress of individual students or classes. I've found that by the time this assessment is given I already have a pretty good idea about individual strengths and weaknesses. This is more about helping my students build their collaborative skills, something they will definitely need in the real world, as discussed in my video. If I have team lessons but assess individually it sends the message that when crunch time comes it's really not about working together and that's not what I want my students to learn. | <urn:uuid:dad3f067-5777-4b91-9673-11c2d6331e87> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/551231/show-time?from=cc_lesson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.981434 | 339 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Using pre-Columbia Andean South American as a case study, Elizabeth Arkush and Charles Stanish of UCLA further the archaeological debate on the significance of warfare in societal development by re-examining current interpretations of the evidence of ritualized and defensive conflict in the ancient Andes.
Through their research, Arkush and Stanish propose that the incorrect interpretation of defensive architecture, ceremonial activity, and ritualized conflict has led previous scholars to discard warfare as an explanation or recast it as non-serious "ritual battle." In an article that appears in the February 2005 issue of Current Anthropology, Arkush and Stanish argue that this misinterpretation has lead to an overly peaceful vision of the Andean past.
Counterexamples from societies documented in ethnography and history demonstrate that defensive walls may have features that seem counterintuitive to the modern scholar, that sites may be both ceremonial and defensive, and that ritualized warfare may devastate populations and cause political change. Further, while a special form of ritual battle has existed for centuries in the Andes, it is often used inappropriately as an analogy for pre-Columbian conflict.
Arkush and Stanish contend that warfare in the Andes was more prevalent and destructive than is currently thought. A better understanding of the archaeological signatures of warfare, grounded in known examples, should clarify the course of war and peace in the Andes and other world regions.
The above story is based on materials provided by University Of Chicago Press Journals. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:1af17c66-7727-40c0-9790-5579555afc60> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/01/050123210551.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537376.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00112-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946786 | 317 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Hands On Pumpkin Life Cycle Activities and Crafts make the learning come alive!
Are you learning about all things Pumpkins in October? We are! After using our new Pumpkin Life Cycle Printable Activity Pack I went on a search for all of the most engaging Pumpkin Life Cycle Activities that I could find.
The month of October is perfect for learning and exploring the Plant Life Cycle using Pumpkins! We always make a special trip to the pumpkin patch every year to choose our pumpkins for carving so why not make this a time for educational fun as well.
Hands on learning is when children learn by doing versus simply listening to a teacher. Studies show that children are more motivated, understand concepts and perform nearly 20% better than peers not involved in Hands On learning approaches.
These Pumpkin Life Cycle activities are a great way to incorporate some hands-on fun into your learning at home or in the classroom and Perfectly accompany our Pumpkin Life Cycle Printable activity pack.
Pumpkin Life Cycle Activities
I like to start with a Pumpkin Investigation for the children to explore the pumpkin and learn the names of the parts of a pumpkin.
I really like this idea for a parts of a pumpkin craft to show the inside of a what a pumpkin looks like
Pumpkin Life Cycle Books
Reading story books is another great way to learn all about the parts of a pumpkin.
We also enjoy singing songs about Pumpkins to add to our learning.
Pumpkin Sensory Play
Sensory play is another great way to explore a pumpkin! A simple sensory experience is just digging into the inside of a pumpkin to pull out the pulp and seeds.
For a mess-free pumpkin sensory activity – and one that works well for the little ones – you can make a pumpkin sensory squish bag for the children to explore the parts of a pumpkin.
If you have older children they might also enjoy some awesome Pumpkin STEM and Science! | <urn:uuid:fe8b9a2b-4fc6-44bb-9cb3-ec1ffb1773a9> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://wunder-mom.com/pumpkin-life-cycle-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363465.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208083545-20211208113545-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.928173 | 393 | 3.015625 | 3 |
October 26, 2012
Speaking the Silences: Women and Race in Kansas History
Join the K-State Book Network for conversation about women and race in Kansas history from 7-8 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 30, in Hale Library Hemisphere Room.
The event, "Speaking the Silences: Women and Race in Kansas History," is inspired by Rebecca Skloot’s book, "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks," the 2012 K-State Book Network selection. In her book, Skloot gives voice to an otherwise silent history about Henrietta Lacks.
Faculty participants include Sue Zschoche, associate professor of history, and M.J. Morgan, adjunct professor of history and history lab director for the Chapman Center for Rural Studies. Student participants include Katy Goerl, former Chapman Center intern and current graduate student in history.
Together, they will share faculty and student research on such topics as medical care and practices of the pre-1950 Manhattan-Junction City area African-American populations and women teachers in Kansas one-room schoolhouses. Discussion will follow the brief presentations.
“Our theme is why it is so important to speak the silences, to tell the stories — the role of both investigative journalists and historians,” Morgan said.
The event is free and open to the public. | <urn:uuid:c2568ef1-8372-4355-b2f1-3493fff8f72d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.k-state.edu/today/announcement.php?id=5625&category=events&referredBy=K-State%20Today%20Archive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981969.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00186-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931681 | 276 | 2.515625 | 3 |
As the tallest animals to cross this planet’s surface, giraffes are surprisingly vulnerable to predators. Adult giraffes' size intimidates many potential predators, so younger giraffes are more vulnerable. The giraffe’s most powerful protective asset is a powerful kick it gives with its front feet, with a force strong enough to kill a lion. Nature gave the giraffe several nonviolent characteristics that help it survive.
Height and Vision
The giraffe’s height is important to its survival. Besides making a giraffe appear to predators too big to tackle, the animal's height, combined with its extremely acute long-range vision, enables it to detect predators from great distances. They have long legs as well as necks, and the unique way they run -- both legs on each side leave the ground at the same time -- gives giraffes an impressively long stride, allowing them to cover long distances quickly and without expending much energy.
Head, Nose and Tongue
Giraffes typically have one or two horns on the tops of their heads. These don’t grow very big and aren’t sharp, but they do protect their heads in the occasional headbutting that occur among males. They have the ability to completely close their nostrils to keep sand and dust out during African dust storms. Their long tongues are not only long enough to reach the leaves they need but are also very tough, allowing them to eat thorns as well. They use their tongues to remove parasites from their faces, too.
Giraffes can go days at a time without drinking water. This matters to the giraffe's survival in a way other than hydration: Because giraffes must position their bodies in positions of vulnerability when they drink, they don’t do it often. If they sense any bit of danger, they’ll wait. Giraffes get water from the moisture contained in the leaves they eat and by consuming several gallons at a time when they do drink.
Other Protecting Features
When you’re as tall as a giraffe, you tend to stick out. But the giraffe's unique blotchy coloring camouflages the herbivore while it eats leaves off trees. Females travel together, along with young giraffes, which are especially vulnerable. Meanwhile, several species of birds provide a form of protection to giraffes by perching on them and picking at parasites that could potentially weaken and sicken giraffe hosts.
- giraffes image by Robert Ulph from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:e5dacdb6-8bf9-4e86-a808-1e4883eb98dc> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://animals.pawnation.com/giraffes-protect-themselves-1272.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246638571.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045718-00070-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946943 | 525 | 3.84375 | 4 |
This bulletin about the inheritance of red coat colour in Speckle Park has been prepared for two reasons.
Breeders need to understand how the red coat colour is inherited so as to make the best breeding choices for the sake of their financial success and the greatest satisfaction of their customers. A case in point is the making and selling of embryos. Customers are not happy when the embryos they bought for domestic use or for export with the accompanying expense of purchase, shipping and implantation produce red ET calves of any pattern. All the more so since this could have been easily avoided as described below.
The Inheritance of the Red Colour
With Speckle Park it is best and easiest to think of the “colour pattern” of any animal has consisting of two parts, namely, a colour and a pattern. The patterns (speckled, leopard, pointed white and solid) are inherited independently of the colour (black and red). The colours and the patterns are inherited independently of each other from different genes. The colours are the product of one set of genes and the patterns are the product of another set of genes. Hence black coloured Speckle Park can occur with any of the four patterns and red coloured Speckle Park also occur as red speckled, red leopard, red pointed white and solid red. White is not considered a colour but part of the pattern.
The inheritance of the black colour and the red colour in Speckle Park is the same as in any other breed of cattle that has some black and some red individuals. Here is the explanation. | <urn:uuid:04234a14-14cd-4aca-95d4-9e5343dc2b09> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://canadianspecklepark.ca/members/bulletins/inheritance-of-red-coat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129257.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711224142-20200712014142-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.955011 | 321 | 3.1875 | 3 |
1. A failure to see your own limitations. 2. Developing a false or an unrealistic concept of you. To deceive you by making unrealistic self-concept and thinking about development of good traits that doesn
What is SELF-DECEPTION?
Written by Pam MS, NCSP | Fact checked by Psychology Dictionary staff
SELF-DECEPTION: "Joe used self-deception in believing he could do anything he wanted."
About the Psychology Dictionary
Psychology Dictionary is the most comprehensive source of psychology definitions online with over 20K definitions written by our global team of psychiatrist & psychology professionals. ...more | <urn:uuid:7d683874-ec35-40e6-95ac-fcac143bfa47> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://psychologydictionary.org/self-deception/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663202.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00062-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901985 | 126 | 2.5625 | 3 |
An ancient town, first heard of in the account of the homeward journey of Jacob from Padan-aram. (Genesis 35:17) The name is derived from the fact of Jacob's having there put up "booths" (succoth) for his cattle as well as a house for himself. From the itinerary of Jacob's return it seems that Succoth lay between Peniel, near the ford of the torrent Jabbok and Shechem. Comp. (Genesis 32:30) and Genesis33:18 In accordance with this is the mention of Succoth in the narrative of Gideon's pursuit of Zebah and Zalluunna. (Judges 5:5-17) It would appear from this passage that it lay east of the Jordan, which is corroborated by the fact that it was allotted to the tribe of Gad, and you can find more about that here on st-takla.org on other commentaries and dictionary entries. (Joshua 13:27) Succoth is named once again after this--in (1 Kings 7:46; 2 Chronicles 4:17)--as marking the spot at which the brass founderies were placed for casting the metal work of the temple. (Dr. Merrill identifies it with a site called Tell Darala, one mile north of the Jabbok: ED.)
* See other occurrences of the same term: Succoth.
Like & share St-Takla.org
© Saint Takla Haymanout Website: Coptic Orthodox Church - Alexandria, Egypt / URL: http://St-Takla.org / Contact us at | <urn:uuid:c633d79e-f97f-4a7e-9747-86f29d372b07> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://st-takla.org/bible/dictionary/en/s/succoth-succoth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280319.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00537-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94281 | 340 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.