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Sustainable intensification calls for agroecological and adaptive management of the agrifood system. Here, we focus on intercropping and how this agroecological practice can be used to increase the sustainability of crop production. Strip, mixed, and relay intercropping can be used to increase crop yields through resource partitioning and facilitation. In addition to achieving greater productivity, diversifying cropping systems through the use of strategic intercrops can increase yield stability, reduce pests, and improve soil health. Several intercropping systems are already implemented in industrialized agricultural landscapes, including mixed intercropping with perennial grasses and legumes as forage and relay intercropping with winter wheat and red clover. Because intercropping can provide numerous benefits, researchers should be clear about their objectives and use appropriate methods so as to not draw spurious conclusions when studying intercrops. In order to advance the practice, experiments that test the effects of intercropping should use standardized methodology, and researchers should report a set of common criteria to facilitate cross-study comparisons. Intercropping with two or more crops appears to be less common with annuals than perennials, which is likely due to differences in the mechanisms responsible for complementarity. One area where intercropping with annuals in industrialized agricultural landscapes has advanced is with cover crops, where private, public, and governmental organizations have harmonized efforts to increase the adoption of cover crop mixtures.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited | <urn:uuid:5d4a17b1-b946-457c-9cc7-9a2763725125> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/8/6/80 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.916008 | 327 | 3.703125 | 4 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- intransitive v. To direct the gaze briefly: glance at the menu; glanced in the rearview mirror.
- intransitive v. To move rapidly from one thing to another. Used of the eyes.
- intransitive v. To shine briefly; glint. See Synonyms at flash.
- intransitive v. To strike a surface at such an angle as to be deflected: A pebble glanced off the windshield. See Synonyms at brush1.
- intransitive v. To make a passing reference; touch briefly: a history course that only glanced at the Korean conflict.
- transitive v. To strike (a surface) at an angle; graze: The arrow glanced the target but didn't stick.
- transitive v. To cause to strike a surface at an angle: glanced a stone off the wall.
- n. A brief or cursory look: gave the paper a glance before breakfast.
- n. A quick flash of light; a gleam.
- n. An oblique movement following impact; a deflection: The car struck the barrier and went off at a glance.
- idiom at first glance On initial consideration: At first glance the plan seemed unworkable.
- n. Any of various minerals that have a brilliant luster: silver glance.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- v. To look briefly (at something).
- v. To graze a surface.
- v. To sparkle
- v. To hit lightly with the head, make a deft header.
- n. A brief or cursory look.
- n. A deflection.
- n. A stroke in which the ball is deflected to one side
- n. glance coal
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. A sudden flash of light or splendor.
- n. A quick cast of the eyes; a quick or a casual look; a swift survey; a glimpse.
- n. An incidental or passing thought or allusion.
- n. A name given to some sulphides, mostly dark-colored, which have a brilliant metallic luster, as the sulphide of copper, called copper glance.
- intransitive v. To shoot or emit a flash of light; to shine; to flash.
- intransitive v. To strike and fly off in an oblique direction; to dart aside. ”Your arrow hath glanced”.
- intransitive v. To look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye; to snatch a momentary or hasty view.
- intransitive v. To make an incidental or passing reflection; to allude; to hint; -- often with at.
- intransitive v. To move quickly, appearing and disappearing rapidly; to be visible only for an instant at a time; to move interruptedly; to twinkle.
- transitive v. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely; to cast for a moment.
- transitive v. To hint at; to touch lightly or briefly.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A sudden shoot of light or splendor; a transient gleam.
- n. A sudden look; a rapid or momentary view or directing of the eye; a sudden and brief turning of the attention toward something.
- n. A brief incidental notice; a passing reference: as, a rapid glance at the remote cause of an event.
- n. A sudden change of direction of the motion of a projectile or other moving body, due to contact with a deflecting surface; deflected motion.
- n. In mining and mineralogy, the English equivalent of the German glanz, a term used by German miners to designate various ores possessing that peculiar luster and color which indicate that they are metalliferous combinations.
- To shoot or dart a ray or rays of light or splendor; emit flashes or coruscations of light; flash.
- To appear and disappear rapidly, like a gleam of light; be visible for an instant.
- To look with a sudden rapid directing of the vision; snatch a momentary or hasty view.
- To make an incidental or passing reflection or allusion; hint; advert briefly.
- To be deflected and move off in an oblique direction; move obliquely.
- To cause to shoot or dart, as a ray of light; reflect, as a gleam.
- To direct rapidly and for a moment, as the eye or the attention.
- To suggest; hint.
- n. In railroading, an incline or shoot made of timber, erected on a mountainside and designed to cause snow which slides down the mountain to glance or turn aside from the track.
- n. In cricket, a stroke by which, instead of being hit, the ball is allowed to strike the bat and to be deflected from it, usually to the leg side; a glide.
- In metal-working, to polish very highly; burnish; planish.
- In cricket, to allow (the ball) to meet the bat and to be deflected from it, usually to the leg side.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a quick look
- v. hit at an angle
- v. throw a glance at; take a brief look at
If you walk into a comic shop then all you will probably see at a glance is the men-in-tights-power-fantasies.
Afrobabe at a glance is a casual smart person, the type you meet on braids and jeans and teeshirt or on corporate attire.
The full text of OECD at a glance is available here (no charge) available as a web book.
I have a good feeling that Dr. Carter will quickly bring calm to an overheated situation; restore an atmosphere of cooperation and common endeavor on the part of the District's administration, teachers and staff; and, by steadying the administration of the District, allow the Board of Ed the opportunity to focus its attention on the upcoming search for a new superintendent with the confidence that things will not fall apart if their glance is averted.
For now, he could focus on only one thought: he would never again glance at his watch without being reminded of the man who gave it to him.
It was something sudden, and it makes one shiver to think of a strong man with all the strength withered out of him by one glance from the soft eyes of a weak, blond, female creature like Flush of Gold.
Under the old eyes of a principal whose narrow glance is ample to subdue but not appall, the children spill around the skinned and limbless maple as if outside the temple of a declining god of simple rituals easily met.
Something I noticed about both designs that might not be immediately apparent on first glance is that the mechanisms appear to be designed to allow the chest to be closed and locked without access to the key.
One glance is all it takes, and I'm standing once more in the Luxembourg Gardens, somewhere in May.
A good writer can take a concept that, at first glance, is as old as the hills, and -- with a little ingenuity and a lot of imagination -- put an entirely new spin on it that makes it seem fresh. | <urn:uuid:dbddfbf1-7813-4f31-9f43-162b8990806e> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://wordnik.com/words/glance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827079.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00288-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89591 | 1,582 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Advisory Commission on the return of cultural property seized as a result of Nazi persecution, especially from Jewish possession (Beratende Kommission im Zusammenhang mit der Rückgabe NS-verfolgungsbedingt entzogener Kulturguts, insbesondere aus jüdischem Besitz), also known as the "Looted Art Commission" ("Raubkunstkommission")
The Commission commenced its work on 14 July 2003.
On 13 December 2016, the Commission adopted and published Rules of Procedure. This arose after much national and international prompting. Until then, it had operated without any, which meant there has been little clarity on the process and grounds for decision-making. In January 2017 an English language version of the Rules of Procedure has been published. Both documents state they date to 2 November 2016. The Rules have nine sections: the Commission's mandate, composition, how to lodge a request, the preliminary procedure, what to expect at a hearing, the criteria for decision-making and recommendations, costs, expert opinions, and a final section on the adoption of the Rules. To read them in English, click here. To read them in German, click here.
The German Advisory Commission is a joint initiative of the Federal Commissioner for Cultural and Media Affairs, the Länder and the National Association of Local Authorities. The body is chaired by former President of the Federal Constitutional Court Jutta Limbach and comprises two philosophers, a law professor, art historian and historian and elder statesmen, viz Dr. Richard von Weizsäcker, former President of the German Bundestag, Professor Dr. Rita Süssmuth, the former president of the Federal Constitutional Court, the lawyer Dr. Hans-Otto Brautigam, philosopher of law Professor Dr. Dietmar von der Pfordten, the historian Professor Dr. Reinhard Rürup, the art historian Professor Dr. Wolf Tegethoff (appointed January 2009) and philosopher Professor Dr. Ursula Wolf.
The Commission invites claims concerning cultural property looted during the Nazi period currently in the possession of public institutions in Germany, and it acts as a mediator between current possessors and former owners of cultural property. To this effect it hears cases and pronounces recommendations.
Claimants must take into consideration the principles outlined in the Joint Declaration by the Federal Government, the Länder (Federal States) and the National Associations of Local Authorities on the tracing and return of Nazi-confiscated art, especially Jewish property" of 18 December 1999. Submitting a claim to the Commission requires the consent of both parties involved and is made through the Coordination Office for Lost Cultural Property (Koordinierungsstelle für Kulturgutverluste) in Magdeburg.
Since it was founded, the Commission has heard twelve cases and made a recommendation in each.
The first case concerned the collection of Clara and Julius Freund and the recommendation was published on 12 January 2005 in the form of a press release. The recommendation is available in German here. A translation into English is available here.
The second case concerned the poster collection of Dr Hans Sachs. The recommendation was published on 25 January 2007 in the form of a press release and is available in German here. A translation into English is available here.
The third case concerned a painting from the collection of Laura Baumann. The recommendation was published on 12 June 2008 in the form of a press release and is available in German here. A translation into English is available here.
The fourth case concerned a painting, Bauernmädchen ohne Hut mit weißem Halstuch (1897) by W. Leibl, from the collection of Alexander Lewin. The recommendation was published on 27 January 2009 in the form of a press release and is available in German here. An English translation is available here.
The fifth case concerned two paintings by Karl Schmidt-Rotluff 'Gutshof in Dangast' (1910) and 'Selbstbildnis' (1920) from the collection of Robert Graetz. The recommendation to restitute was published on 18 November 2011 and is available in German here.
The sixth case concerned the Westheim heirs and the Clemens-Sells-Museum of Neuss. The recommendation was published on 28 March 2013 in the form or a single paragraph press release and is available in German here.
The seventh case concerned a Kokoschka painting In the Ludwig Museum Cologne which on 9 April 2013 the Commission ruled should be returned to the heirs of Alfred Flectheim. The heirs had claimed the painting on the grounds that the sale only took place because of persecution by the Nazis, Flechtheim having fled Germany in 1933 and his gallery in Dusseldorf having been taken over by Alexander Vömel. The Museum claimed that Flechtheim was in financial difficulties before the Nazis came to power. The Advisory Commission ruled that "it is to be assumed that Alfred Flechtheim was forced to sell the disputed painting because he was persecuted". To read the Commission's ruling, click here. To read the Museum's press statement in which they agree to accept the ruling, click here.
The eighth case concerned a claim for the Guelph Treasure (Welfenschatz) by the heirs of four art dealers against the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. On 20 March 2014 the Commission rejected the claim on the grounds that it was not a forced sale. To read the ruling, click here.
The ninth case concerned the claim for the painting Drei Grazien (Three Heirs) by Lovis Corinth by the heirs of Clara Levy of Berlin. On 14 August 2014 the Commission ruled that the painting should not be returned from the Bavarian State Painting Collections as it had not been lost due to Nazi persecution, but had probably reached New York legitimately in early 1940 to which Clara Levy's possessions had been shipped and was sold there by the dealer Curt Valentin who had no reason to tell "untruths" about the painting. To read the ruling, click here.
The tenth case concerns a von Menzel painting in the Dusseldorf Museum. On 3 February 2015 the Commission turned down the claim for the painting Pariser Wochentag by Adolf von Menzel on the grounds that its loss was not due to persecution of its Jewish owner George E Behrens, one of the owners of the bank Bankhaus L Behrens & Sons. While accepting that Behrens was subject to persecution and fled Germany as a result, the Commission rejected the claim that the painting was sold in 1935 as a result. Although there is no evidence that Behrens received the sale proceeds, the Commission took this as evidence that he probably did, asserting that in 1935 he could have had free access to his financial assets. To read the full ruling of the Commission, click here.
The eleventh case concerns a Juan Gris paintings claimed by the Flechtheim heirs. On 21 March 2016 the Commission issued a decision not to restitute a Juan Gris painting to the Flechtheim heirs. The Commission turned down the claim by the Flechtheim heirs for the Juan Gris painting 'Violinist and Inkwell' now in the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen in Düsseldorf which acquired it in 1964. The heirs had claimed that the sale of the painting in London in 1934 was due to Nazi persecution but the Commission rejected this. To read the decision, click here.
The decision on the twelth case was issued on 29 April 2016 when the Commission recommended the restitution of the 'Bacchanale' painting by Lovis Corinth to the heirs of Arthur Salomon of Berlin. A businessman, he and his family were persecuted by the Nazis and their property sold at a forced sale at Lepke auction house in 1936. They fled to the Netherlands, but were deported following the Occupation. The children were murdered in Auschwitz and Arthur Salomon perished in Bergen-Belsen. Only his wife survived. The painting was acquired in 1957 by the Gelsenkirchen Museum which refused to restitute, claiming the family had been properly compensated. The Commission disagreed, saying that Arthur Salomon had not received a reasonable price for the painting in 1936 and his heirs had not received adequate compensation in 1962. To read the decision, click here.
Stating that the Commission lacks "fairness, transparency and justice" and does not meet "the internationally accepted standards and requirements of similar arbitration boards, run by the state", the five lawyers from Europe and the USA call for nine '"fundamental changes" to the operation of the Commission. The changes include appointing representatives of the victims to the Commission, the possibility of unilateral submission of claims, making decisions binding on public institutions, ensuring the Commission's independence by separating it from the Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste (which provides its secretariat), bilingual process in German and English and equitable bye-laws. For full details of the changes demanded, see the letter here.
The Flechtheim lawyers have issued a press release in response to the Limbach Commission's decision on their claim for a Juan Gris painting in the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen in Düsseldorf. They had withdrawn from the Commission's process at the end of February because of what they experienced as flaws in its operation and procedural irregularities, yet the Commission went ahead and issued its decision. The lawyers call for those responsible to resign and state that 'the German way of dealing with looted art is tarnished'. To read the release, click here.
The Die Linke party in the German Bundestag (Parliament) sent a request for information to the German federal culture minister Monika Grütters on September 20, 2016 regarding the changes being contemplated to the Beratende Kommission (Advisory Commission) on looted art, known as the Limbach Commission, The information request, available in full here, consists of 24 questions, among them the following:
5. For what reasons are representatives of German federal states and municipalities kept informed about the status of these issues, while the Cultural Committee of the Bundestag is not?
14. Does the federal government plan to propose new members of the Commission who have not been long-serving German public servants?
15. Does the federal government plan to allow the Commission to be called upon unilaterally, that is, by one side only to a claim?
19. Does the federal government plan to require the Commission to provide information to third parties as other public bodies do, as contrasted with its current refusal to do so, set out in the argument of the Commission in the law suit pending before the Magdeburg Administrative Court, file no.6 A 81/15 (regarding the request for information by the heir of Hans Sachs, http://www.lootedart.com/R83J74278431)?
20. Does the federal government plan to stipulate the grounds on which the Commission will make decisions (by law or otherwise), for example in the realm of the burden of proof? If not, why not? If yes, will the grounds set out in the Guidelines (Handreichung) of 2001/2007 (http://www.lootedart.com/MFEU4B95212) be applied?
Dr Michael Franz
Koordinierungsstelle für Kulturgutverluste
Tel: +49(0)391 567 391
Fax: +49(0) 391 567 3899
http://www.lostart.de/nn_64192/Webs/EN/Kommission/Index.html?__nnn=true, accessed 24 November 2008 and November 2012.
http://www.lostart.de/Webs/DE/Kommission/Empfehlungen.html accessed 4 February 2015 | <urn:uuid:45033fe6-e9e9-47bd-bc09-f5ea6231cd33> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.lootedart.com/MFEU4E88305_showwholedoctree;1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890795.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121155718-20180121175718-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.948473 | 2,483 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Love eating Bread? It Might Give You Cancer
“Let them eat cake” is the old-fashioned interpretation of the famous French phrase “Qu’ils mangent de la brioche”, supposedly spoken by the great queen Marie Antoinette upon learning that the French peasants had no breads.
However, since “Brioche” was considered in France as a luxury bread which is enriched with butter and eggs, the quoted phrase reflected the Queen’s disregard for the commoners, or rather to say a complete dearth of understanding that the absence of basic food staples in France was more due to absolute poverty that has engulfed the nation rather than lack of supply.
Although nothing similar has of late happened in Kolkata, but Kolkata Municipal Corporation has ordered testing and sampling of bread samples all across the city after a study by CSE (Centre for Science and Environment) reportedly found certain unsafe chemicals in breads, buns, pizza bases and many other similar bakery items in the city.
The press on the alarm button happened when CSE released a report which stated that Indian bread producers use potassium iodate and potassium bromide for treating flour while making breads.
While potassium iodate could cause thyroid related problem, potassium bromide falls under 2B carcinogen category which can cause cancer. Hence the use of Potassium bromide has already been banned in several countries like Canada, Australia, Sri Lanka, Britain and the European nations, among others.
Although considered carcinogenic, these additives not only help to hold the bread dough together and make the breads rise and fluffy, they are also used as a bleaching agent which aids in giving the bread its white look.
Nevertheless, under perfect baking conditions and when used in right amount both these additives may get completely used up, but if they are added excessively or the bread is not baked long enough at a high temperature, these chemicals can sneak their way as residues to be found in the final products.
Hence, for all bread and pizza lovers their gastronomic delicacies have now become a part cancer causing foods list.
But this not the end of the road, although Potassium bromate is preferred by commercial bakers for its wide availability than other food additives for low-margin, high volume perishable food like breads after the ban of these agents, several bakeries in the city are also thinking about using Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) or Glucose oxidase for manufacturing their breads.
Other food improvers which fall beyond the purview of food that causes cancer includes ammonium chloride, amylases and ammonium persulphate which are outside this cancer causing list.
Much like today, when CSE reports are causing panic and slump in sale of breads and bakery products in the city, we are reminded of a similar situation when Maggi Noodles were also banned last year, after the CSE regulators found unacceptable levels of lead in the most popular instant noodle. However, the ban was later reversed after a court order. | <urn:uuid:7e17c4c3-006a-4b57-93d5-60b3b50fff3c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://newsfeed.careclues.com/blog/love-eating-bread-might-give-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151197.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714181325-20200714211325-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.962803 | 634 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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Gel-purification is a standard procedure performed to recover desired DNA fragments from agarose gels after electrophoretic separation. After dissolving the gel fragment and running it through a specialized filter, this procedure yields DNA freed from impurities such as salts, free nucleotides and enzymes, suitable for downstream applications.
The basic principle behind DNA recovery from agarose gel involves a sequence of bind, wash, and elute steps. Once the gel is in solubilizing buffer, it is applied onto a “spin column,” which, upon centrifugation, allows DNA molecules to selectively bind to a silica-filter while the impurities flow through into a collection tube.
DNA is able to bind to silica thanks to a high salt concentration in the gel solubilization buffer. This buffer is believed to disrupt the hydration structure around the filter and create a cation salt bridge between the strong negative charges on the filter and negative charges on the DNA. Residual impurities are removed by washing with ethanol.
Water or low salt buffer is added to the column and will “elute,” or free, the DNA from it, presumably by disrupting the cation bridge. The DNA is now purified from the gel.
The first step in the gel purification procedure involves casting the agarose gel and performing electrophoresis of the DNA samples. Once the gel-run is complete, desired DNA fragments are visualized against UV light and fragments are selected after comparing against a molecular weight standard.
If the gel is unstained, the band location can be approximately determined based on a comparison to the DNA ladder. While cutting the gel with a razor blade, one must take care to recover as much DNA as possible with as little agarose as possible.
When handling ethidium bromide stained gels and working in front of UV light, gloves and protective eyewear should be used. After cutting the desired DNA from the gel, dispose of the gel and running buffer properly, in compliance with institutional safety protocols.
Once isolated, the piece of gel is placed in a microfuge tube and weighed on a balance. Using the approximation that 100 mg of gel occupies 100 l, a volume of solublilization buffer that is 4X the gel weight is added to the gel piece. After being placed in buffer, the gel piece is incubated at around 50 C to melt the agarose.
Once melted, the solubilized gel is added onto a spin column and the solution is centrifuged, which will cause all of the DNA and other particulates to stick to the filter.
Next, the bound DNA is washed by adding 70% ethanol to the filter, followed by centrifugation, which will remove residual impurities from the filter. Flow through is discarded, and this washing step is then generally repeated up to three times. The empty filter is spun again to remove residual ethanol, and the silica filter is allowed to dry at room temperature. Water or elution buffer is added to the filter, and with another round of centrifugation, purified DNA is collected in the bottom of the tube.
The method you’ve just seen applies to gel purification with silica spin column filters. Other methods exist that make use of the same basic principles of DNA binding to silica followed by washing and elution steps. For example, silica can be mixed with DNA in a suspension called “glassmilk,” which can be pelleted and washed, and later eluted. Also, suction can be used to pull DNA through silica filters and, later, elute it. Be sure to understand your lab’s gel purification procedures.
Now that you have learned how to recover DNA from agarose gels, let us examine a few downstream applications that use DNA obtained from gel-purification.
For example, gel-purification is an intermediate step in Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, a technique that aims to isolate the regulatory proteins that bundle genomic DNA, in order to identify which sequences are being regulated. The isolated fragments are gel-purified and sequenced, in order to be mapped onto the individual chromosome regions.
Subcloning - the process of moving a gene in one vector to another - can involve gel purification. For example, gene sequences from one vector can be digested from one construct, and assembled into chimeric sequences via PCR, after which they are gel purified and put into other constructs.
Perhaps the simplest application of gel-purification is its use after long-term storage at -80 ˚C of excised DNA bands following electrophoresis.
You have now learned how to extract DNA fragments from agarose gel, the variations of bind, wash, and elute procedures followed as per individual user-preference, and finally some of the possible downstream applications of this method. As always, thank you for watching.
Gel purification is used to recover DNA fragments after electrophoretic separation. DNA recovery from an agarose gel includes three basic steps: binding, washing and eluting from a silica column. DNA is believed to bind to silica in the presence of high salt via a salt bridge. Following binding, DNA is washed of impurities and eluted under low salt conditions disrupting this interaction.
This video goes through a step-by-step, generalized procedure for cutting out a band from the gel, gel solubilization, purification through binding to a silica column, and elution of purified DNA. In addition, the presentation discusses several tips for ensuring successful gel purification, including the importance of running an agarose gel with a marker or ladder that has DNA of known sizes.
JoVE Science Education Database. Basic Methods in Cellular and Molecular Biology. Gel Purification. JoVE, Cambridge, MA, (2017).
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois Chicago - UIC, 2Research Unit on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 3Genome Technology Core, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChiP) is a procedure used to isolate and purify genomic DNA fragments that are bound to protein. When combined with DNA sequencing, this method can answer questions about which genes are modified by specific protein. In this video, gel purification is used to isolate amplified DNA fragments that can be identified through sequencing.
1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 2Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 3Shared Resource-DNA/RNA Peptide, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
An RNA library and aptamer (peptides or olgionucleotides that bind to target molecules) pools are prepared by amplification followed by gel purification. Products of PCR are then separated on a gel, purified, cloned, and sequenced.
Gel purification is used to isolated PCR products that incorporate green fluorescence protein (GFP) and SLA1, an actin binding protein. The purified DNA is transformed into yeast and used to study the adaptor-clathrin interactions by a variety of different molecular biology techniques.
1The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, 2Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 3Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 4Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 5Fluidigm Corporation, Fluidigm Corporation, 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 7UCSF - Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco
This video-article uses gel purification to isolate RT-PCR products amplified from serum. The gel-purified products are precipitated and loaded on a microfluidic chip to determine the microRNA profile in samples.
Gel purification is used as part of a procedure to identify bacterioplankton through taxonomic analysis. In this video-article bacterioplantkton are labeled with a chemical that attaches to living tissue and then sorted cells with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from positively stained bacterioplankton is amplified by PCR, separated on an agarose gel, purified by gel purification, and analyzed by various molecular biology techniques. | <urn:uuid:ede05532-a2b6-4441-b840-38256c417156> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.jove.com/science-education/5063/gel-purification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608120.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525180025-20170525200025-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.917214 | 1,811 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Multiple Health Benefits Of Using A Steam Shower
In the mid-eighteenth century, a young man named James Watt sat by the fireplace, gazing earnestly at the teakettle on the stove.Watching the steam rise from the boiling kettle fascinated him. This experience led to the commencement of a lifelong fascination with steam.
It also led to his recognition as being the inventor of the first modern (and practical) steam engine. In the years since then, the progress in science has helped people become aware of the numerous benefits of steam.
Historically, people used steam as a natural aid to help healing and relaxation. They believed that steam could prevent, heal and provide relief from various ailments and illnesses. Initially, people visited commercial establishments like spas or those famous vast Roman houses to experience the benefits of steam. Nowadays, the advent of steam showers has enabled more people to benefit from the therapeutic effects – from the comfort of their own homes. This is also a pointer to the affordability of a steam shower cabin. The use of steam has several health benefits. Read on to gain an insight about the health benefits you could obtain by using a steam shower.
Steam As A Detoxification Agent
Some decades back, lifestyles and diets used to be healthy and beneficial to the body. Earlier generations did not rely on the indiscriminate use of chemicals, pesticides, fertilisers and other kinds of toxins like heavy metals and exhaust fumes. However, the increase in pollution levels and the use of chemicals has complicated matters. A concentrated presence of these in the body could lead to severe illnesses.
Depending on your lifestyle and diet, your body accumulates a number of chemicals and toxins. Nature’s way of getting rid of these from the body comes about via perspiration. Steam showers provide an effective means to induce sweating in the body. In doing so, they help in deep cleansing your skin and ridding the body of the accumulated toxins. There are two kinds of toxins present in the body. These are:-
– Endogenous Toxins: These comprise of biological wastes within the body (including fatty deposits and tissue fluid).
– Exogenous Toxins: These comprise of the pollutants and chemicals present in the environment.
Perspiring in a steam shower cabin is more beneficial than perspiring during exercise, according to several studies. While exercising, the exertion and strain on the body also affects the kidney and liver. However, when you sit in a steam shower cabin or your own steam room that uses a DIY steam room kit, you do not put any unnecessary strain on your vital organs.
Steam As An Immunity Booster
A steam shower raises the body temperature, in almost the same manner as a fever does. When the body detects a virus its natural reaction is to induce a fever and a state of high temperature. This is because viruses cannot survive at high body temperatures. When the body detects this increase in temperature a chain reaction starts within the body’s natural defense mechanism to fight against these phantom virus microorganisms.
The higher body temperature leads to an increase in white blood cell and antibody production. The white blood cells defend the body from attacks by infectious diseases and other illnesses caused by other microorganisms like bacteria and viruses, this practice not only fights any illness or virus already present within the body but it also actively trains the body to be better practiced in fighting future illness. Other benefits of steam showers include:
– Decreasing the effects of endotoxins (i.e. toxins released by bacteria)
– Enhancing the activity of interferon (i.e. a protein made by the body for fighting disease-causing microorganisms)
– Increasing the production of enzymes
– Burning a higher number of calories
– Cleansing of the skin’s pores
Results of a Research Studying the Effects of Steam Bath on People Suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a disease that causes spinal bones to fuse with each other. It also results in inflammations. Estimates suggest that one in every thousand people in the UK suffer from ankylosing spondylitis. Further to this it is estimated 1 in 2 people over 65 have some degree of arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. It causes inflammation in the joints of the body. It also results in serious damage to the tissues in the body. Estimates suggest that about 1 percent of people in the UK suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, more women suffer from this disease as compared to men.
In the research, the sauna brought the patients’ bodies to a state of complete hypothermia. Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis firstly reported to enjoyed the experience. They mentioned that they felt lesser pain and experienced enhanced levels of movement for a duration after treatment. During the research other effects experienced by the patients during the treatment included:
– Diminished traces of any inflammation
– Loss of weight (between 100 – 400 grams)
– Reduction in blood pressure
While using a sauna, the body reacts to the heat by producing hormones, such as nor adrenaline, adrenaline, cortisol and so forth which all function as an anti-inflammatory (or in simplified terms, they ease the swelling of the joints caused by the illness thus putting the symptoms in regression). This regression of the pain causes the body to experience lower amounts of stress which then leads to the body producing a hormone called endorphins, which is known as the hormone “of joy” and the body’s natural painkiller.
Statistically speaking, over 90% of the people who suffer arthritis after a sauna treatment stated that they had elevated mobility due to loosening of the joints (due to the anti-inflammatory properties of the treatment) and also experienced an ease in the pain which their illness causes. It is also notable to say that due to the sweating caused by the sauna, people who practice going to the sauna and take medication to cope with their illness experience a cleansing process in which with their sweat – exert the toxic compounds of the medication they take, thus having less adverse effects of it.
Steam As a Skin Reviving And Moisturising Agent
Spending time a steam shower cabin or your own custom steam room can give plenty of respite to your skin. People have used steam showers to improve the tone, moisture and clarity of the skin. Typically, saunas use steam generators to produce water vapours. In our steam shower units, the fitted 3kW steam generator fills the steam shower cabin with vapors. The user sets the temperature for the cabin based on their personal requirements. Steam helps in opening the pores in your body, thereby releasing the toxins.
The heat of the steam shower increases your metabolism and your pulse rate. It stimulates your cardiovascular system and increases the number of heartbeats per minute. It also expands your blood vessels. This improves the flow of blood throughout your body. It also helps the skin receive essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals and oxygen. This leads to an improvement in your skin tone and clarity, vouched for by your radiant and youthful skin.
Steam makes the skin brighter and more radiant. However, it has another utility in terms of beauty treatment too. Increasingly, women are using the steam for hair treatment and styling. This device makes their hair frizz and humidity proof. Additionally, it does this quicker than the conventional blow dry and iron.
Steam As A Rejuvenating Agent
As mentioned earlier, a steam shower increases the heat, which results in improved blood circulation throughout the body. The improved flow of blood helps relax the muscles. It also alleviates the tension in the body after a long day at the workplace.
Several physicians recommend using a steam shower to their patients to obtain relief from stiff joints and arthritis. In fact, research has shown that the use of heat therapy with complete body hypothermia can decrease the pain, stiffness and fatigue experienced by people afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Some spas and health clubs diffuse aromatherapy oils along with steam. These oils can be very helpful in relaxing the mind. Moreover, research has shown that elderly people can enjoy better quality sleep if they take regular steam baths. In some cases, steam baths have helped cure sleep-related ailments like insomnia.
Steam As A Breath Enhancing Agent
People have used steam to provide relief to people suffering from a number of ailments like asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis and other allergies of the lung. Steam helps in unclogging the airways in the lungs. This results in providing relief from inflammations or congestion in the lungs, thereby enabling people to breathe more easily.
This is why doctors recommend people with respiratory ailments to take regular steam baths. The hot and moist air of the steam shower cabin helps these people to breathe comfortably.
Supplement the Benefits of a Steam Shower with a Healthier Lifestyle
Merely taking a steaming shower is not sufficient when it comes to keeping your mind and body healthy. But the steam produced by the 3kW steam generator can cleanse your pores. However, it cannot function simply all by itself so therefore, use the following measures also, to help lead a healthier life.
– Thinking positive and being optimistic
– Taking adequate rest
– Regular exercise
– Staying outdoors in the sun for some time each day
– Eating healthy food that is fresh and unprocessed
– Avoiding alcohol and smoking
Steam Shower Cabins or Steam Room Kits for Homes
The increased benefits of steam showers has led to many people purchasing a steam shower cabin or building their own with DIY steam room kit. The popularity of these steam room kits has exceeded the popularity enjoyed earlier by wet rooms.
The former are inexpensive and comprise of a simple upgrade to an existing bathroom or shower and replace with a freestanding steam shower cabin. In contrast, the latter is similar to the ones used at expensive spas and health clubs. Their increased cost comes with the benefits of:
– Having higher quality parts that provide greater durability
– Being easy to maintain or repair if something breaks down
– Having dimensions that fit perfectly in your bathrooms
– Having a sleeker and more elegant and luxurious appearance
– Generating and withstanding steam at much higher temperatures giving you greater benefits each time you indulge yourself
In the low-cost home size range, steam shower cabins and steam room kits for one and two persons are easily available. These are ideal if you have a small family or if you have a limited budget. When you need a high-quality steam shower cabin or DIY steam room kit in the UK, Clearwells is the place to shop. You can order your unit online. Alternatively, call us for more information. | <urn:uuid:0514a311-7ef4-4836-ab69-707016e7d292> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://poshh.co.uk/living/multiple-health-benefits-of-using-a-steam-shower/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255837.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520081942-20190520103942-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.946114 | 2,221 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Pregnancy Nutrition Concerns
The terms organic and natural are sometimes placed on food packaging. In some areas, these terms have specific definitions. For example, the US Food and Drug Administration has set standard definitions for what is in a product that bears these names.
Foods are allowed to be called USDA Organic when at least 95% of the ingredients are free from chemical fertilizers or pesticides, genetic engineering, sludge, antibiotics or irradiation in their production. A product can still be labeled “made with organic ingredients” if only 70% of the ingredients meet these standards. Organic livestock must be allowed to graze outdoors, feed organic food, and must not be exposed to large amounts of antibiotics or growth hormones.
For a food to be labeled as natural, it must be free from food colors, artificial flavors and any other synthetic substances.
Families commonly believe organic foods are more nutritious, and therefore healthier choices. Currently, the research literature does not have strong evidence that organic foods are more nutritious, or improve pregnancy outcomes. This means some studies show differences, while others do not. Generally, the studies are not well-powered (not enough people) or not well designed (not able to deal with the confounding factors) which makes it difficult for the research community to come to a consensus.
What is a confounding factor? It is something else that has an affect on the nutrient quality of a food that may or may not be related to the organic growth. For example, the nutrient quality of produce depends on the geographic location where it grows, the local soil and climate conditions, the maturity at the time of harvest, and the way it is stored. Most studies of nutrients are not able to account for all these differences. Another problem is comparing results of studies performed in different countries with different regulations and product processing. What is considered "organic" may vary.
Comparing families that purchase organic to those who do not (such as a study which looks at the differences between organic and conventional diets in pregnancy) will likely bring up differences in lifestyle in addition to the difference in diet. Consuming organic foods is associated with consuming a better diet overall. For example, in one study, pregnant women who consumed organic foods had a diet with a higher density of fiber and most nutrients, and a lower density of sodium.
In one study, consuming organic foods during pregnancy did not reduce rates of eczema, wheezing or other atopic (allergic) outcomes in the children. In another study, there was no association between consuming organic foods and the overall rate of hypospadias, a common defect.
These studies agree with a very controlled long-term feeding study of rats completed by researchers at a Danish university. The researchers controlled all aspects of the food for the rats for two years ensuring the only difference was in farming method. They controlled for geographic location of the field, timing of harvest and timing of storage. They found there were small differences in individual nutrients in the feed products, which agrees with many of the studies on difference. Yet these differences were smaller than the other issues known to affect nutrition of food such as harvest year, field location and time of harvest. They also found there were no differences in the overall health of the animals fed organic rather than conventionally grown foods.
There are similar difficulties in comparing organic to conventional dairy products. The composition of the dairy product depends on the genetic variety and breed of the animal and is strongly related to the feed - which changes in both organic and conventional farming throughout the year. For example, one study comparing dairy products found organically produced did have higher levels of protein, omega-3 fatty acids and the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio. But the biggest influence on the omega acid content was season, not the type of feed. Both feeding regimens produced milk with a higher 3/6 ratio in the summer than in the winter.
While hormones given to livestock are often blamed for early puberty, research has not been able to support a connection. Studies of bovine dairy show that human milk actually has higher levels of estrogen, and organically raised cattle produce milk with higher levels of estrogen and progesterone than their conventional counterparts. Despite this, the sex steroids given to cattle to increase lean mass are not species specific. Studies to determine safety were performed in the 70's and 80's and were based on the residual levels in the meat. It is possible the newer technology of today will find differences, but as with plant foods, a difference does not necessarily mean a difference in overall health for the consumer. More research needs to be completed.
Two ways organic foods have the most evidence to be more healthful are not necessarily related to the nutrient content. First, there is very good evidence eating organic foods reduces exposure to pesticides. In children, the main exposure to pesticides is through food. The second is that organically produced foods help stop the spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the food chain.
Families have different reasons for choosing to eat organic or not. A main concern about organic food is that it is more expensive to purchase. Other families feel that since the food cannot be guaranteed to be completely free of chemicals it is not worth the extra money. Some scientists feel it is unfair to recommend families absorb the higher cost of organic foods when there is a lack of quality human studies on the health differences of eating organic.
Families that choose to buy organic may do so because they prefer the flavor or to avoid as many chemicals as possible. Other families choose organic because they feel it is a more responsible way to farm and maintains a healthier environment. Some scientist feel it is unfair to encourage families to consume chemicals when it has not been proved that they provide the same health benefits as naturally grown foods.
If you want to move to organic foods, but do not have the food budget to buy all organic, start with thin skinned fruits and vegetables, or those whose skins you might eat. This is likely to have the biggest impact on reducing your exposure to pesticides.
Christensen, J.S., Asklund, C., Skakkebaek, N.E., Jorgensen, N., Andersen, H.R., Jorgensen, T.M., Olsen, L.H., Hoyer, A.P., Moesgaard, J., Thorup, J., and Jensen, T.K. (2013). Association between organic dietary choice during pregnancy and hypospadias in offspring: A study of mothers of 306 boys operated on for hypospadias. Journal of Urology, 189(3):1077-1082.
Forman, J. And Silverstein, J. (2012). Organic Foods: Health and Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages. Pediatrics, 130:e1406.
Huber, M., Bakker, M.H., Dijk, W., Prins, H.A.B., and Wiegant, F.A.C. (2012). The challenge of evaluating health effects of organic food; operationalisation of a dynamic concept of health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(14): 2766-2773.
Jensen, M.M., Jorgensen, H., Halekoh, U., Olesen, J.E., and Lauridsen, C. (2012). Can Agricultural Cultivation Methods Influence the Healthfulness of Crops for Foods? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(25):6383-6390.
Palupi, E., Jayanegara, A., Ploeger, A., and Kahl, J. (2012). Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(14):2774-2781.
Smith-Spangler, C., Brandeau, M.L., Hunter, G.E., Bavinger, C., Pearson, M., Eschbach, P.J., Sundaram, V., Liu, H., Schirmer, P., Stave, C., Olkin, I., and Bravata, D.M. (2012). Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives? A systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157:348-366.
Torjusen, H., Lieblein, G., Naes, T., Haugen, M., Meltzer, H.M., and Brantsaeter, A.L. (2012). Food patterns and dietary quality associated with organic food consumption during pregnancy; data from a large cohort of pregnant women in Norway. BMC Public Health, 12:612. | <urn:uuid:90c25f49-5b7d-4925-be6a-f62857eb9ba4> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://birthingnaturally.net/nutrition/pregnancy_nutrition_questions/organic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769642.136/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00046-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940117 | 1,774 | 3.671875 | 4 |
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So you’re going to teach Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance," a classic essay that has been a mainstay in English classes for generations. Whether it’s the first or hundredth time you escort students through the text, we've provided some teaching tips to help ensure that the experience is rewarding for everyone,...
Identifying Theme Through Aphorism and Parataxis: This lesson plan focuses on Emerson's use of aphorism and parataxis to develop themes in “Self-Reliance.” Students will identify and interpret examples of aphorism and parataxis in the text to determine the ideas they express. Students also will identify similarities among the ideas. By...
This worksheet gives students an opportunity to practice identifying and analyzing allusions. Allusions broaden the scope of a text and imbue passages with deeper meaning by subtly drawing on unexplained references to literature, history, science, geography, philosophy, mythology, or other aspects of a culture. Allusions are thus a powerful tool...
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- So, she gleaned in the field until evening, and beat out what she had gleaned, and it was about an Ephraim of
- Then she took it up and went into the city, and her mother-in-law saw what she had gleaned. So, she brought out and gave to her what she had kept back after she had been satisfied.
- And her mother-in-law said to her, “Where have you gleaned today? And where did you work? Blessed be the one who took notice of you.” So, she told her mother-in-law with whom she had worked, and said, “The man’s name with whom I worked today is ”
- Then Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, “Blessed be he of the LORD, who has not forsaken His kindness to the living and the dead!” And Naomi said to her, “This man is a relation of ours, one of our close relatives.”
- Ruth the Moabitess said, “He also said to me, ‘You shall stay close by my young men until they have finished all my harvest.’”
- And Naomi said to Ruth her daughter-in-law, “It is good, my daughter, that you go out with his young women, and that people do not meet you in any other ”
- So, she stayed close by the young women of Boaz, to glean until the end of barley harvest and wheat harvest; and she dwelt with her mother-in-law.
All day long, Ruth labored with a happy and hopeful heart. How will Naomi relate to her experiences? We last saw Naomi sharing her bitterness with the women of Bethlehem and blaming God for her sorrow and poverty.
In Ruth 2:19-20 we hear a new word from Naomi’s lips: “blessed!” We have moved from bitterness to blessedness. What brought about this change in attitude on the part of Naomi? This change came because she had some new hope in her life and the one who gave that hope was Boaz.
Wiersbe writes about this change: “Naomi had hope because of who Boaz was—a near kinsman who was wealthy and influential. As we shall see, a near kinsman could rescue relatives from poverty and give them a new beginning (Lev. 25:25-34). But she also had hope because of what Boaz did: He showed kindness to Ruth and took a personal interest in her situation.”
When Ruth shared what Boaz had said, Naomi’s hope grew even stronger because the words of Boaz revealed his love for Ruth and his desire to make her happy.”
We who believe in Jesus should rejoice in hope. 2 Peter 1:4 reads: “by which he has granted to us his precious and very great promises, so that through them you may become partakers of the divine nature, having escaped from the corruption that is in the world because of sinful desire.”
As the hope of these two widows in Bethlehem was centered in a in Bethlehem person (Boaz), our hope is centered in the Son of God. Through faith in Christ, we have been born into a “living hope” (I Pet. 1:3), and because it is a “living hope, it grows stronger each day and produces fruit because it is rooted in Christ.
We now have Naomi explaining to Ruth the law of “the kinsman-redeemer” (Lev. 25:47-55).
Chuck Missler, in his study notes on Ruth writes about the kinsman-redeemer and the law of Redemption:
“Israel belongs to God. When Joshua entered the land, it was granted to the 12 tribes. That land was to stay in that tribe. You could “sell” your land, which was really more of what we would consider a “lease” (you sold the rights to use the land for a while). In the year of Jubilee, the land would return to the original owners.
When you sold your land, the title deed would also include the rules for title redemption. The law required a procedure so that if your next of kin would show up there was some procedure where he could purchase back the unused years (called “redeeming the land”).
Jeremiah was instructed to buy land right before going into captivity (Jeremiah 25). After captivity, Jeremiah’s descendants will come back and claim the land. The title deed would be a scroll, on the back of which would detail the procedure for redemption.
This whole concept becomes important when you encounter the seven- sealed book, “written within and on the backside and sealed with seven seals” (Rev 5).
Naomi cautioned Ruth to obey the command of Boaz. Ruth was motivated by joyfully anticipating the day of redemption. (See Rom. 8:23 and Eph. 4:30.)
“And now abide faith, hope, love” (I Cor.13:13 NKJV), and they still abide with us in Christ. | <urn:uuid:05e4d142-ea60-4c7c-9883-106f2fc807da> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://larryslines.com/articles-by-larry-miles/we-must-live-in-hope-ruth-217-23.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107883636.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024135444-20201024165444-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.983759 | 1,092 | 2.625 | 3 |
Children are known to be inquisitive. Whenever they see new things, they want to explore them, and that is how a curious mind works. Here the role of parents comes into the picture, as it becomes their responsibility to introduce their little ones to new things. There is so much to learn for children beginning with the colors, words, textures, pictures, numbers, characters, illustrations, and a book composite of all of them. So at an early age of your child, you should try to inculcate the habit of reading. Because language is one of the most potent tools humans possess, and if we are looking for an effective means to master this tool, reading can be a fulfilling asset. If the habit of reading is inculcated at an early age, it helps enhance imagination and brain development. To build the habit of reading, It’s never too early. It’s a gift for a lifetime.
Everybody knows that reading has many benefits and they all are well acknowledged. Consistent reading elevates your child’s vocabulary treasure, improves writing skills, and is also known to boost memory. Cultivating the habit of reading is one of the precious gifts that a parent can give to their child. However, it is not the same for everyone as reading comes naturally for some children, while it may be a tricky code to crack for others.
It is essential to cultivate a reading habit in children while they are at a young age. Children may begin to dread books for their academic undertones, and reading may seem like an arduous task. Even after the covid era, online classes for children ensure a safe and suitable reading environment and maintain the required learning standards.
In the Indian education system, the pressure of academics is immense and overwhelming for kids. They run away from the idea when you ask them to read non-academic books. In school, there is overexposure to books that bores them, and they look for something innovative and exciting when they come home. When you introduce them to phonics classes early, it has a lasting impression. It mentally prepares them for school and also helps them adapt to the reading-focused learning environment in future classrooms. At the same time keeps them returning to their love for books that were first introduced to them and not getting limited to academic books! So let’s explore some benefits of inculcating reading habits in your children-
Attention span has been drastically reduced these days, and children find it challenging to retain their attention on one thing for a more extended period of time due to overstimulation from using devices. Reading solves this issue quickly as it improves the attention span of kids, which is very important. It is proved that reading improves your focus abilities and elevates concentration capabilities. Focusing on scientific reason, reading books stimulates the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain that affects attention and concentration.
Only a curious mind attempts to learn. Stories can be considered an effective way to dive deep into the unknown parts of the world. The more variety of topics you offer to your children, the more possibilities for children to learn and explore. Providing books on famous artists, butterflies, and buildings across the world or the universe may inspire children to develop new interests and hobbies. In this way, you create opportunities for your children to learn about different cultures and people. The child learns new things from books, which automatically triggers their curiosity, and they start asking more and more questions in the quest for knowledge.
Reading at an early age helps children learn new words and ways to express themselves, improves their grammar, and teaches new concepts. After becoming more aware of the terms, reading becomes the most crucial step in increasing your knowledge of words because it’s how your child will find most of the words they should be learning. They can read Whatever interests them or whatever makes them want to read.
Reading allows children to understand various emotions. Consistent reading allows your child to learn how to associate their feelings with words and find a way to express themselves better, this helps in their emotional and social development. Stories have various characters, perspectives, and values, allowing children to be more empathetic and making them encounter different emotions. Besides encouraging curiosity, which is crucial to learning the cause-and-effect concept in stories, it helps them to develop their analytical skills.
You can easily take your child on a virtual tour across different cultures, then books can be a suitable way. A good book can impart joy beyond explanation along with knowledge. Reading can enrich a child’s mind with an ocean of knowledge and will have a life-long impact. You can make your child aware of various cultures, stories, morals, and values through reading. It is a lifetime reserve of knowledge that will assist your child in being a better and more knowledgeable person.
A child who reads early finds it easier to adapt at school. Attending school is directly proportional to making notes on the board, and textbooks, and doing the homework given by the teacher, all involving reading. So if you inculcate the habit of reading early in your child, it would be smooth for them to get used to school culture. You can begin with online classes for preschoolers, this will assist them in adapting to the idea of attending school.
Reading a book encourages the use of imagination. While reading about buildings, situations, characters, costumes, and dialogues, creates a visual impression and leads to imagination. Your child can start working on other life skills with the imagination that sparks further creativity. Even in online phonics classes, your child can get used to the habit of reading leads to a creative mind as it strengthens the capability of visualizing, which enables your little one to imagine out of the box as they will have more stories, characters, and words to express themselves uniquely.
Reading time can be a beautiful ritual if you want to create a solid emotional bond between you and your child. It allows parents and children to connect and unwind. Parents find it relaxing to be in the space of fantasy and wonder, and children love to hear stories from parents to feel the warmth of love. Reading stories to your children helps them to learn and express themselves as stories trigger conversations and questions. There will be a positive association in a child’s mind.
Children’s brains need stimulation to learn and grow. This technological advance era has introduced tons of gadgets and games, and children have become addicted to screen time which hampers their brain development. Nowadays, children tend to stay home and avoid interacting with their peers. As they spend hours on screen, they become mentally and physically unhealthy. On the other hand, books inspire children to learn, develop, and explore the world around them.
Cognitive development means how children explore, think and figure things out things with the course of time. It is the overall development of skills, knowledge, problem solving and dispositions that help children think about and understand the world around them. Brain development is part of cognitive development. Reading assists children in receiving background knowledge and in acquiring a deep understanding of their world.
The initial years of a child are one of the crucial and sensitive periods, here, parents are the natural shape givers of a child’s behaviour patterns. Young children can be avid readers if guided correctly and develop a lifelong love for reading, eventually leading to better academic performance.
Reading does not just make your child aware of new words but also plays a vital role in sharpening oratory skills. Reading teaches you new words and perspectives. It sharpens sentence structure and strengthens language proficiency. Your child can enjoy a better command of the language by reading. It also assists an individual in being a good speaker.
Phonics classes can be the real deal breaker in the early reading stage of your child, and if you are looking for the best online phonics classes, then iSchooling is a reliable source. We offer affordable, high-quality early education with a flexible, comprehensive, engaging learning environment based on proven pedagogical methodologies. We are working towards facilitating inclusive education to your child in the comfort of your home and under your supervision. | <urn:uuid:ee6efa2b-d3da-40a4-bf4d-8eb7240370bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ischooling.in/reasons-why-the-reading-habit-is-important-for-your-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506479.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923030601-20230923060601-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.956336 | 1,661 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Jews began to be moved to ghettos after Reinhard Heydrich gave the ghetto order (Altman The Holocaust Ghettos 11). On October 8, 1939, the first ghetto was established. The ghetto was named Piotrkow and was in Poland. This was the first time during the Holocaust that Jews were sent to ghettos (Altman The Holocaust Ghettos 17). In the ghettos, living conditions were very harsh.
The biggest ghetto to be built during the war was the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland. Warsaw was taken on September 29, 1939, and quickly a few months later on October 12, 1940, the Warsaw Ghetto was officially opened to house Jews and minorities (Warsaw). Many Jews were moved to the ghettos in late 1939 and all throughout 1940 (Allen 37). Many were forced into the ghettos by force by S.S. soldiers. Many were kicked out of their houses and were not permitted to take any of their belongings.
The victims of the Holocaust comprised of many different factions of people, including the Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, trade unionists, and political opponents of the Nazis. (Vail 112). The Holocaust was a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually to be deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors. The Jews were forced into ghettos, which were described as quarantine facilities (Altman 19). One of the phony reasons they gave the public for sending the Jews to the ghettos was so that they wouldn’t have political or economic power (Altman 16).
Hitler liked this group so much that any other other group must die in order to make more room for the master race (Introduction). The Holocaust is a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually being deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors. The Ghettos were used to isolate Jews from society and make them feel like than out cast (Altman 14). Other reasons for moving the Jews to Ghettos are to control the population and to
The Holocaust was the methodical deportation, dehumanization, and extermination of eleven million people during World WarⅡ (MacKay 6). As a result, two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe was extinguished (MacKay 7). With them, the rich culture and immense potential they held was lost to a senseless mass murder (MacKay 4). The unimaginable brutality of the Holocaust will never be forgotten, and neither will the millions of people who left their friends, family, and neighbors, never to be seen again (Antisemitism). The Holocaust is a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually being deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors.
The Holocaust The Holocaust was a mass murdering of millions of people. Most of the people killed were of the Jewish population. The number of people killed was so high they had to make a new word for it, genocide (Rice 11). The leader of this genocide was Adolf Hitler. Hitler is a German dictator (Fremon 7).
Samuel Nunez 8th Grade English Honors Block 2 Mrs. Guidry 30 January 2018 The Holocaust The Holocaust was the mass murdering of Jews, politicians, prisoners of war, and social minorities by Adolf Hitler’s idea called the “Final Solution”, which was the idea of the Jew’s extinction (The Holocaust). The Holocaust mainly took place in Middle Europe, because the majority of Concentration and Death camps were in Poland and Germany (Blohm 6).The people that were involved in the Holocaust were mainly Jews and the Nazis, but there were others who played roles such as the minority races, the disabled, and the Allied Forces (The Holocaust).The Holocaust is a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually being deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors. The Jews at first were forced into the Ghettos, because of orders are given out by a high ranking SS officer named Reinhard Heydrich (Allen 37). Another reason why the Jews were moved to the Ghettos, was because the Nazis wanted to separate the Jews from the rest of the German population (Ghettos). Lastly, having all the Jews in one area allowed the Nazis to be able to transport the Jews to death and concentration camps much easier (Allen 37).
The Holocaust is a horrifying subject that started in the early 1940’s and mid-WWII. The Holocaust was formed by Adolf Hitler (Allen 5). He directed a team of people called Nazis to build the concentration camps (Allen 5). The Nazis killed many people during the Holocaust including Jewish men, women, and children. It all started with one camp called Auschwitz where many people died including author and holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel’s family.
Could you imagine being one of the many victims that were beaten, starved, and tortured to death in a concentration camp? The Holocaust was a genocide that took place in Germany, lasting 4 years. The leader was Adolf Hitler, who believed there was a ‘Jewish Problem’. This genocide took place from 1941-1945, in concentration camps surrounding Poland. The Nazi Party was founded in 1919 and shortly after, Hitler became the leader in 1921.
The Holocaust Concentration Camps: Auschwitz The Holocaust was a horrid experience. The Holocaust came about because Adolf Hitler was upset over the loss of World War I. Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s loss in World War I, and he wanted to take over Germany, with that came him thinking he had to get rid of all the Jewish people. So after the loss of World War I, he tried and succeeded with the extermination of most of the Jews. Hitler first sent the Jews to concentration camps, which about 20,000 concentration camps were built by Nazi Germany. The main camps were the ones of Auschwitz. | <urn:uuid:93c0191f-c2c4-4dff-9cef-4931a1630203> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Causes-Of-The-Holocaust-PK5J5B7EACFR | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361776.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228205741-20210228235741-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.985478 | 1,282 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Imminence is The quality or condition of being about to occur.1 In Scripture, the coming of Jesus Christ is portrayed as an imminent event.2 This means that Jesus can come at any moment: there is no event which must transpire before He comes. Imminency makes it impossible to know when He might come so the believer must remain constantly on the lookout in case the Lord were to return and find him unprepared (Mtt. Mat. 24:43; Luke Luke 12:37-39; 1Th. 1Th. 4:15-17; Rev. Rev. 3:3+). Many passages which teach the imminency of events utilize phrases such as soon, quickly, and is near. These events are described from the perspective of God Who declares the end from the beginning (Isa. Isa. 46:10). From His perspective, these events are certain but their timing is unspecified. They are imminent:
Just as quickly is used in Revelation to teach imminence, so also is near or at hand (enguʿs) used to mean imminency and thus its usage does not support a first-century fulfillment. Philip E. Hughes rightly says, The time is near, that is to say, the time of fulfillment is imminent. This interval between the comings of Christ is the time of the last days, and the last of these last days is always impending. . . . It is better to see enguʿs as a term that teaches the imminency of a period of time that could begin to happen without the warning of signs.3
1 American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993).
2 Mtt. Mat. 24:42-48; Mark Mark 13:33-37; Luke Luke 12:35-40; Rom. Rom. 13:12; 1Cor. 1Cor. 7:29; Php. Php. 3:20-21; Php. 4:5; 1Th. 1Th. 1:10; Tit. Tit. 2:13; Heb. Heb. 9:28; Jas. Jas. 5:8; 1Pe. 1Pe. 4:7; 1Jn. 1Jn. 2:18; Jude Jude 1:21; Rev. Rev. 3:11+; Rev. Rev. 22:7+, Rev. 22:10+, Rev. 22:20+.
3 Thomas Ice, Preterist Time Texts, in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 106. | <urn:uuid:27bfbdf4-b184-4325-a28a-2c24d8b48d1e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/revelation/related-topics/imminency.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462141.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00211-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942805 | 555 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The term paranoia is confusing since different psychiatric traditions have used it to describe different constructs. Originally, paranoia (Greek for “beside the mind”) was simply a general term for madness. In the 19th century, Kraepelin and others used paranoia to designate a specific type of psychiatric illness, characterized by a delusional process that results in a clinical syndrome with delusion that would eventually engulf a person’s whole experience and actions. Such systematized and entrenched delusions (i.e., everything gets fitted into the paranoid frame of mind) are notoriously difficult to challenge and change. The person’s personality outside the delusions remained intact, in contrast to schizophrenia with its negative symptoms and formal thought disorder.
Paranoia as used in descriptive psychopathology is not restricted to persecutory delusions but refers to any delusion that results from the postulated delusional process. Understanding the moderators and predisposing factors that lead to the development of (usually) understandable delusions was a major effort of 19th and 20th century psychopathology and continues to be of great interest (e.g., how do social cognitions form; the role of trauma in delusion formation; the cognitive perspective of delusion formation).
Called paranoia in DSM-III, this term for the clinical syndrome was eventually dropped and replaced by Delusional Disorder in DSM-IV. Notably, paranoia is also no longer used to describe symptoms of schizophrenia or to indicate a subtype of schizophrenia. In the older psychiatric literature, the paranoid subtype of schizophrenia was recognized as a type with predominance of paranoia – in the broad sense of delusions (and not limited to persecutory delusions although those are very common). Paranoid Personality Disorder still contains the term paranoid, indicating a style of thinking and interpreting the world through a lens of distrust and suspiciousness. Themes of exploitation, fear of harm and deceit are typical. Paranoid patients look for hidden meaning in utterances, misinterpret innocent mistakes as intentional, and take everything personally; grudges are held tenaciously, particularly if loyalty is questioned and betrayal suspected. As a personality disorder, paranoid indicates a habitual style of thinking and not the presence of delusions.
Kendler KS. The clinical features of paranoia in the 20th century and their representation in diagnostic criteria from DSM-III through DSM-5. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2017;43(2):332-343. | <urn:uuid:cdd2ed43-8161-4bec-86ac-eaab3f841c07> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://smiadviser.org/knowledge_post/what-is-paranoia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474671.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227053544-20240227083544-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.927827 | 478 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The World of Fungi
BY JULIE YOUMANS
PHOTO CREDITS: JULIE YOUMANS
an unseen life cycle
Most fungi life takes place underground or under layers of bark or wood until it produces its fruiting body, what we see, a mushroom, mold, rust, or fungus. Pushing through the earth and sometimes heavy man made barriers – things such as asphalt – fungi push upward to disperse the spores which will germinate into the threadlike structures that produce the next generation. The fruiting body lasts a short time then collapses and decays. Fungi appear in a wide array of colors including white, beige, lavender, orange, olive green, and yellow.
2 tall tales
Greek myth tells us that mushrooms are formed when lightening strikes the earth. Medieval lore describes fairies creating fairy rings used for their spritely activities. Mycologists explain that the underground network of filaments that grow and interlace form a mat. When two filaments meet and moisture and nutritional conditions are right they produce the fruiting body that pushes up through the surface of the earth or bark.
3 models for sustenance
Some fungi digest dead material and activate a natural composting process; others digest living tissue of trees and plants; a third group, takes on a symbiotic role, assisting plants absorb water and minerals as the plant mutually provides nutrition for the fungus.
the safe and the sorry
Fungi have given us penicillin discovered in rotting canteloupe, the blue veins in cheeses, and yeasts for making beer. On the other hand, toxins in false morels are identical to a fuel propellant used in the US space program; in amanitas, only a few spoonfuls are required to cause death.
See the full photo album (10 photos). | <urn:uuid:a8ea900d-9c08-4fa0-b2a7-3c6c705bbd28> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://greenbeltmissouri.org/2014/05/01/colorful-kingdom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318032649-20180318052649-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.885293 | 377 | 3.5 | 4 |
Most normal 3D prints are not watertight. There are a few reasons for this, but primarily it is little gaps between layers that is the culprit. [Mikey77] was determined to come up with a process for creating watertight objects and he shared his results.
The trick is to make the printer over extrude slightly. This causes the plastic from adjacent layers to merge together. He also makes sure there are several layers around the perimeters.
Of course, over extruding may not be good for your part’s dimensions. There are other techniques we’ve seen that work, too, like acetone smoothing ABS or using an epoxy coating to seal the print. Those are probably not going to keep your dimensions, either.
[Mikey77] talks a lot about food safety. Just remember, there’s more to food safety than just being watertight. We covered a lot of considerations about food safety and 3D printing. However, even if you just want to hold water for flowers or print an airway for a pick and place system, these techniques could be very handy even if not food safe. | <urn:uuid:20cb2666-0073-4c04-9fc8-f49882daf82b> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://viralclic.com/3d-printing-watertight-containers-hackaday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039748315.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121112832-20181121134832-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.973307 | 234 | 2.75 | 3 |
Progress in treating the disease has led to this unprecedented drop among youngsters aged 24 and under, with around 1,300 deaths each year in the mid-1970s dropping to around 550 deaths today.
“In the next 5-10 years Cancer Research UK hopes to double the amount it spends on these cancers.” – Harpal Kumar, CEO
The steepest decline was in leukaemia, where the average number of deaths dropped by 39 per cent in the past 10 years, falling from around 180 deaths each year to around 110.
Despite this, cancer remains the biggest killer of children and young people in the UK, with around 550 young lives lost to the disease every year, many from brain tumours.
Professor Pam Kearns (link is external), director of the Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit in Birmingham (link is external), said: “These figures are testament to the real progress we’re making in treating children and young people with cancer. Cancer Research UK has been instrumental in this progress. But hundreds of young people are dying from cancer each year in the UK, which means there’s still much more we need to do.”
Despite improvements in survival, cancer has a huge impact on youngsters. Children can face months of painful treatment, as well as the upset of being away from home and friends and unfortunately some face living with long-term side-effects from their treatment, such as infertility, and disability, which have an impact throughout their adult lives.
Professor Kearns added: “Every day, I see the extreme bravery of children and young people going through difficult treatments. Whilst many go on to live full lives, they may have to deal with the side-effects of treatment for years to come. So it is vital that we continue to increase funding for research into kinder and better treatments that will offer new hope to children and their families.”
The new figures are announced as the charity launches Cancer Research UK Kids & Teens – an ongoing campaign to fund more research to find better, kinder treatments and cures to beat cancer in younger people sooner.
Fiona Barnett from Wimbledon, whose son Rufus was diagnosed with leukaemia aged six and attended a reception hosted by Samantha Cameron at 10 Downing Street this week to launch the campaign, said: “When they told me it was leukaemia my first question was ‘is he going to die?’ Treatment started immediately and over the course of that first year Rufus had to endure seemingly nonstop lumbar punctures, injections and general anaesthetics, not to mention infections, horrible medicines and hideous side-effects. It felt like it would never end, but one year after diagnosis we were so relieved to hear that Rufus was responding well, which indicated that he had a very good chance of complete recovery.
“We would like to thank all the doctors and nurses who continue to care for Rufus for the duration of his treatment, and for that wonderful moment when we were given genuine hope for him beating this horrible disease. It is also impossible to ignore the decades of research that have given us the chance of a happy ending, and that have ensured that the treatment Rufus receives has the potential to be so successful, for that we will be forever grateful.”
Around 1,600 children and a further 2,200 teenagers and young adults are diagnosed with cancer every year in the UK. Overall ten-year survival for cancer in children aged 14 and under has almost tripled since the 1960s, with around three quarters of children with cancer now cured. But survival is significantly lower in teenagers and young adults than in children, for several cancer types.
Harpal Kumar, Cancer Research UK’s chief executive, said: “Cancer causes more deaths among children and young people than any other disease in the UK, so it’s hugely encouraging to see that death toll now falling steadily. But as the largest funder of research into children’s cancers in the UK, we will keep going until no young lives are lost to cancer.
“Money raised by ‘Cancer Research UK Kids & Teens’ will be restricted to research into cancers affecting children, teenagers and young adults, enabling us to better understand these cancers and find better and kinder treatments and cures. In the next 5-10 years Cancer Research UK hopes to double the amount it spends on these cancers.”
For media enquiries contact the Cancer Research UK press office on 020 3469 8300 or, out of hours, on 07050 264 059.
Notes to Editor
These mortality data were compiled by the Statistical Information Team at Cancer Research UK using data from the Office for National Statistics and the regional cancer registries in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland using the latest data for 2012. For more information please contact the press office. | <urn:uuid:c47af6ed-9c73-4011-901a-9b21ef08765e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.healthcanal.com/cancers/59423-cancer-deaths-in-youngsters-drop-by-nearly-60-per-cent-in-40-years.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105108.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818194744-20170818214744-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.965573 | 1,002 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The effects of alcohol on the brain are vast and damaging when large amounts of alcoholic beverages are consumed. Located at the base of the brain, alcohol can have a severe effect on the cerebellum, which controls a large portion of a person’s gross motor function. It can also alter the function of the hippocampus, which resides in the center of the brain and stores memories. The normal functions of the frontal lobe, responsible for planning and judgment among other functions, can also be disturbed. While these effects of alcohol on the brain can be temporary when it is consumed in moderation, this substance can permanently alter and damage the size and function of these parts if the consumption of alcohol is abused in the long run.
Alcohol travels to the brain through the blood stream relatively quickly. Once inside, the effects of alcohol on the brain become apparent. When enough is consumed, the substance begins to slow down the function of the cerebellum, which is responsible for translating thoughts, which are developed in the cerebrum into movements. This can result in difficulty walking and handling objects, as well as impairing the ability to operate a vehicle.
The hippocampus is another area of the brain largely affected by alcohol. This portion of the brain stores short- and long-term memories, as well as a person’s ability to move around his or her environment, known as spatial navigation. When alcohol enters this portion of the brain, a person may lose a sense of time, temporarily forget information known to him or her before drinking, or have no knowledge of drinking once the alcohol leaves his or her system. The effects on spatial navigation tend to make a person who is drinking clumsy, and may cause him or her to run into objects, trip, and swerve while walking. When driving, the effects of alcohol on the brain can make objects appear farther or closer than they actually are due to the damage to the hippocampus.
The frontal lobe is a large portion of the brain comprised of several different parts, and is primarily responsible for recognizing the consequences of one’s actions. As alcohol begins to disrupt the frontal lobe, a person is often more prone toward what many would consider bad judgment. Once the frontal lobe is compromised, many people temporarily or permanently, depending on alcohol use, lose the ability to decipher between right and wrong, as well as the ability to understand how what they are doing will affect them or others either at the time or in the future.
While the effects of alcohol on the brain in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and temporal lobe can occur with even moderate consumption, chronic abuse of alcohol can actually shrink these portions of the brain. It can also change the manner in which these parts, and others, function. This often results in permanent issues with movement and memory, including uncontrollable tremors and a complete lack of short-term memory. | <urn:uuid:9daea672-42be-4b2f-bb2b-d76f8cc5ed3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.wisegeek.net/what-are-the-effects-of-alcohol-on-the-brain.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103922377.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701064920-20220701094920-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.963309 | 577 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The University of Berkeley has launched the Cannabis Research Center which will the explore the environmental and social impacts of cannabis legalization. Cannabis has a long history as an agricultural crop, but its acceptance as a legitimate crop has been a long circuitous.
The Cannabis Research Center will look at how cannabis production impacts the environment and society under its current state of regulation and seek to discover how this may evolve as regulation does. California became the first state to legalize medical cannabis in 1996.
Many states followed and in 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to legalize cannabis for recreational use. Many other states have followed that, and recreational cannabis use is now legal in California. Co-director of the cannabis Research Center, Van Butsic, says that a year after the legalization of recreational marijuana use, the industry is still adapting to increased regulation.
Small industry could teach big lessons
Van Butsic says The Center will try to understand the impacts of the law on local growers and the broader cannabis industry. While agricultural cannabis production makes up only a tiny part of California's total agricultural industry, the heavy regulation surrounding it makes it valuable to study.
Cannabis farmers in California need to be permitted by the state water board, by local government, and by the state government to grow cannabis legally.
Within all three there are additional environmental regulations that need to be met that results in a higher order of environmental performance than most other agricultural crops.
Agriculture in the US has been very difficult to regulate in the past. But the strict regulation of cannabis is a good case study to see if the production can be profitable and meet the strict super-high environmental performance measures.
Producers work hard to meet regulations
If it proves that they can, then there will be valuable lessons learned that could be passed onto the rest of the agriculture industry that might improve the environmental performance of food production.
One of the first projects of the Cannabis Research Center is creating a map that shows where all the producers in California situate after the latest regulatory changes.
Researchers are looking at its impacts on local water budgets, environmental health and crop numbers. Despite most cannabis producers being small scale, they can have significant impacts on local water environments because they are extracting water from streams and creeks which can impact salmon and other fish populations.
Another focus area for the Center will be examining the social impacts of new regulations on farmers and their communities. As cannabis production increases, there may be a trend towards industrialization of the industry that could have a profound effect on long-time small farmers. | <urn:uuid:175ddd12-0b5c-447f-a667-f417b4ca0ae2> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://interestingengineering.com/uc-berkeley-just-dedicates-a-research-center-to-cannabis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578555187.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422135420-20190422161420-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.948694 | 514 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In children, a cold can easily lead to an ear infection because their Eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal than those of adults. As many as 75% of children develop an ear infection before the age of 3.
Ear infections are often accompanied by a cold or teething. Most ear infections are resolved within 7 to 14 days, but in some cases they can recur or become chronic.
Liquid remaining in the middle ear after an infection can lead to recurring ear infections and even a loss of hearing.
How to prevent complications
A.Vogel’s Echinaforce Junior is the perfect remedy for all kinds of infections. Like other A.Vogel products derived from Echinacea purpurea, Echinaforce Junior is an immune system stimulant that has been proven to help fight off both viral and bacterial infections.
It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal properties. Research clearly shows that Echinacea purpurea helps rid children of cold and flu symptoms faster and reduces the risk of recurrence. Taken preventively, it also increases the time between infections.
Exciting Ground Breaking Echinaforce Junior Research!
While Echinacea has been known and used for centuries to prevent colds and flu, a recent study presented in May 2018 at the University Hospital in Zurich, has proven Echinaforce® Junior tablets, which contain an extract from fresh Echinacea purpurea, can successfully prevent respiratory tract infections and related complications (such as sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia).
This new research shows that Echinaforce® Junior reduces symptoms, duration and complication risk by 64% and cuts the need for antibiotics by 73%!
Earlier research in 2012, on the same type of Echinacea, proved that it was safe to take up to four months and that if taken preventively, it can strengthen your little ones’ immune systems and help avert colds or flu by over 50%.
What else can be done?
Teach your children to wash their hands thoroughly and try to convince them to do so on a regular basis!!!!
It’s important to drink plenty of water, rather than juice. Make sure your kids get sufficient rest when tired and that they eat only when hungry. It also helps to avoid mucus-forming foods such as dairy products, oats, white flour and bananas. Reduce their intake of refined sugar as it can suppress their immune system, making it less effective.
To help relieve severe ear pain, a few drops of Aromaforce peppermint essential oil can be applied behind the ears.
For a persistent cough, the best remedy is A.Vogel’s Santasapina Soothing Cough Syrup. Made from the juice of fresh Spruce buds, it soothes the throat, reduces spasms and inflammation and dilutes secretions, making it easier to discharge mucus.
It contains natural sugars that act as an expectorant and help dilute secretions for up to 2 hours. These sugars have the added advantage of making the product more pleasant tasting for children.
Bächler A, Feldhaus S, Lang G, Klein P, Suter A, Schoop R. Dose-dependency of Echinacea in the treatment of acute common colds in children 4 – 12 years. Sociéte Suisse de Pédiatrie (SSP, Poster), 24th May, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Ogal M, Klein P, Schoop R. Echinacea for the Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Children 4 - 12 years: A Randomized, Blind and Controlled Study. Sociéte Suisse de Pédiatrie (SSP, Poster), 24th May, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Safety and Efficacy Profile of Echinaforce® for long-term prevention of colds and flu Jawad M1), Klein P2), Eccles R1) Common Cold Centre and Healthcare, Cardiff University, United Kingdom | <urn:uuid:f78436a2-4963-4af7-88fa-e3cabac2e5d1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.avogel.ca/blog/get-childrens-immune-system-ready/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510019.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016051435-20181016072935-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.927972 | 836 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Edvard Munch was one of the great painter artists. Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter and print maker whose intensely evocative treatment of psychological themes built upon some of the main tenets of late 19th-century Symbolism and greatly influenced German Expressionism in the early 20th century.
Edvard Munch was born on 12 December 1863 in Norway and dead on 23 January 1944 in Oslo Norway in 80 aged. He was known for his paintings and graphic artist.
In 1879, he was joined technical college to study engineering, but he didn’t continue. In the following year Edvard Munch determined to become a painter. Then all of his neighbors and relatives reacted bitterly and send anonymous letters.
In 1881 Munch joined Royal School of Art and Design of Kristiania one of his relative school, Jacob Munch. The Scream, Maddona and The Sick Child was his famous works.
One of his famous work ‘The Scream’. The Scream exists in four versions two Pastels (1893 and 1895) and two Paintings (1893 and 1910). The 1895 pastel sold at auction on 2 May 2012 for US$119,922,500.
The 1893 version (shown here) was stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo in 1994 and recovered. In 2004 from The Munch Museum in Oslo, the painting 1910 was stolen but recovered in 2006 with limited damage.
From 15 November 2017 The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York is hosting an exhibition dedicated to Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, who famously painted The Scream. | <urn:uuid:8420d5a9-e5f6-4882-8b4b-4fc85833104c> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://events.artculturefestival.in/2017/11/norwegian-painter-edvard-munch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891886.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123091931-20180123111931-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.982544 | 321 | 3.375 | 3 |
About this item
The World Bank, 1993 conferred on Singapore the status of ‘tiger economy’ because of its two miraculous characteristics: high growth and reduced income inequality. Expansion of educational provision is one of the major policies the Government of Singapore followed since 1975 particularly to enrich the human capital endowment of the country which has been crucial to the success of Singapore. This book made a coherent study of these extremely important issues to examine the trend and pattern of income inequality in Singapore
The book delves further into the trend and pattern of income inequality in Singapore and their implications for the future. It attempts to analyse the links between social welfare and inequality in the light of rapid economic growth phase and adduced important policy implications. The concepts and methodologies used in this book as well as the novelty of analyses and policy implications make this a coherent and in-depth study of extremely important issues with most up-to-date observations.
In the last three decades no such book on Singapore has been written and this book fills the gap in existing literature. It is a must-read for anyone who is interested to learn more about the tiger economy of Singapore. | <urn:uuid:ff896ecd-3b11-41e5-986d-d9fe4a64d583> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.target.com/p/income-inequality-in-singapore-paperback-pundarik-mukhopadhaya/-/A-52198666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219692.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822065454-20180822085454-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.95109 | 232 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Prevent Injury! Use Proper Body Mechanics for Lifting and Transferring
52% of caregivers are injured as a result of lifting or transferring. Learning the proper body mechanics for lifting and transferring loved ones who need assistance will help to prevent injury, avoid fatigue and make the best use of strength.
NOTE: Never try to lift a frail person who has fallen onto the floor by yourself. Make the person as comfortable as possible and get help!
To get a printable Body Mechanics for Caregivers Handout, click here.
General Tips for Lifts and Transfers
- Never lift more than you can comfortably handle.
- Let the person do as much as he or she is capable of during the lift or transfer. If the person cannot assist with the transfer at all, you may require special training and/or adaptive equipment for lifts or transfers.
- Work at the person’s level and speed and check for pain.
- Avoid sudden jerking motions.
- Never pull on the person’s arms or shoulders.
- Have the person wear shoes with good treads or sturdy slippers.
- Create a base of support by standing with your feet shoulder width apart with one foot a half-step in front of the other.
- Let your legs do the lifting, not your back.
- Avoid letting the person put her arms around your neck or grab you. If the person is fearful, have her clasp her hands close to her chest during the lift or transfer.
- Breathe deeply and keep shoulders relaxed.
Assistance from Lying Down to Sitting Up
- Tell the person what you are going to do.
- Bend the person’s knees.
- Roll her onto her side so that she is facing you.
- Reach one arm under her shoulder blades.
- Place the other arm behind her knees.
- Position your feet shoulder width apart for stability.
- Get close to the bed and the person.
- Keep your back in a neutral position.
- Count aloud “1-2-3” and shift your weight to your back leg.
- Shift the person’s legs over the edge of the bed while pulling her shoulders to a sitting position.
- Remain in front of her until she is in a stable position.
Transfers from a Bed to a Wheelchair
- If the bed is low, put one foot on a footstool. This relieves pressure on your lower back.
- Place the wheelchair as close to the bed as possible and check the wheelchair position. Are the brakes locked, and armrests and footrests swung out of the way?
- Tell the person what you are going to do and let him look to where he is being transferred. Before starting a move, count “1-2-3”.
- If the person is able, place his hands on the bed so he can assist in the movement.
- For better support, get close to the person you are lifting.
- Bend at the knees and not the waist, keeping your back and neck in a straight line with weight balanced on both feet. Tighten your stomach and back muscles to maintain a correct support position.
- Use your arms to support the person and let your legs do the lifting.
- Pivot by turning on one foot rather than twisting your body.
- A transfer belt around the person’s waist can be used for stability and support as you complete the transfer.
- Tell the person to hold the wheelchair armrests for support (if able).
To lift or not to lift?
Knowing when to call for help is as important as knowing how to help. Back or shoulder injuries resulting from improper lifting or transferring put the caregivers and their loved ones at risk.
Prevent family caregiver injuries through proper body mechanics for lifting patients. CareWorks Health Services can provide information on when to lift, how to correctly lift or transfer in different scenarios, and how to use assistive devices. Contact CareWorks Health Services today at (949) 859-4700 or (714) 421-4005 or fill out the contact form on our contact page to learn more about our home care services.
Click here to download a printable PDF version of this page.
Sources: Centre for Enabled Living, Amputee Coalition, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services Caregiver Handbook | <urn:uuid:af2c4431-9ff9-4b25-b186-cd1e7cfe3ff6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.careworkshealthservices.com/resources/prevent-injury-use-proper-body-mechanics-lifting-transferring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.917897 | 912 | 2.75 | 3 |
We have already learned something of Rehoboam, the son and successor of Solomon, in connection with the division of the Kingdom. A true son of his father, he walked at first in paths of righteousness until, surrounded by a numerous harem, his heart was turned away from following the Lord. During his reign, and that of his successor, there was hostility between Judah and Israel, Judah pressing an ineffectual attempt to coerce the revolting tribes of the North.
(People to remember from 1 Kings)
Key Facts: Son of Solomon, first southern king of divided Israel (1 Kings 11:43-12:24)
Mother: Naamah (1 Kings 14:21)
Wives: 18, including Mahalath and Maacah (2 Chron. 11:18-21)
Children: Abijam, Jeush, Shemariah, Zaham, Attai, Ziza, and Shelomith are named among 28 sons and 60 daughters (2 Chron. 11:19-21)
Death: Recorded in 1 Kings 14:31
Total Bible References: 50
- Rehoboam (first king).
- He began in 930 b.c. and reigned seventeen years.
- His cruel and tactless answer to the demands of some of Israel’s leaders help trigger the tragic civil war (1 Ki. 12:1-16).
- He is unknowingly helped by Jeroboam who has driven the faithful Levite priests from the north to Jerusalem. These godly men were responsible in the main for Judah’s continuation a century after Assyria had captured the northern kingdom (2 Chron. 11:16, 17).
- Rehoboam’s failure doubtless began by his polygamous actions, which involved eighteen wives and sixty concubines; they bore him twenty-eight sons and sixty daughters. Another factor in his downfall was his favorite wife, whose name was Maachah. This woman, the daughter of Absalom, apparently exercised an evil influence upon both Rehoboam and Abijam, their son, who succeeded his father. Finally, her wicked power was curbed by her own grandson, King Asa, who deposed her for idol-worshiping (2 Chron. 11:18-23; 12:1, 14; 2 Ki. 15:13). As his power grew, so his evil increased. Judah built shrines and obelisks and idols on every high hill and under every green tree. In addition to all this, there was homosexuality throughout the land. This vile and perverted sexual crime had possibly been introduced to the inhabitants of Palestine by Canaan, grandson of Noah. (See Gen. 9:20-25.)
Now the people of Israel had allowed this sickness of the soul to degrade them also. In the New Testament the Apostle Paul lashes out against sodomy perhaps more severely than against any other single sin. (Read Rom. 1:18-32.)
- During the fifth year of Rehoboam’s reign, Judah is invaded by King Shishak of Egypt with a powerful force. Because of Rehoboam’s wickedness, Jerusalem is now invaded by a foreign power for the first time in nearly 100 years. Shishak conquers the fortified cities of Judah and comes to Jerusalem. Shemaiah, the prophet, then leads Rehoboam and the frightened people in a revival. God thus spares Jerusalem, but allows the city to pay tribute to Shishak, that they might realize it is far better to serve their Heavenly King than an earthly one. Shishak plunders the Temple treasury, including the golden shields placed there by Solomon. Rehoboam then replaces them with bronze shields, symbolizing the rapidly deteriorating spiritual condition of Judah. Already the trace of Ichabod could be seen gathering over the southern kingdom (2 Chron. 12:2-12; 1 Sam. 4:21).
- After a reign of seventeen years, Rehoboam dies and is succeeded by his son, Abijam (1 Ki. 14:31).
- Abijam soon finds cause to do battle with his father’s old enemy, Jeroboam. They meet in the field, but Abijam has only 400,000 troops, as opposed to Jeroboam’s 800,000 Israeli soldiers. Just prior to the fighting, Abijam gives a long lecture to Jeroboam and his soldiers concerning the folly of rebelling against the house of David, and the wickedness of their golden calf worship. He contrasts all this to the true Temple worship still carried on in Jerusalem. Upon completing his message, however, Abijam discovers that Jeroboam has secretly outflanked him and they are surrounded. He immediately cries out to God for mercy and the priests blow their trumpets. God then turns the tide of battle their way and Jeroboam is dealt a severe defeat which costs him 500,000 men (2 Chron. 13:1-17).
- In spite of his heaven-sent victory on the battlefield, Abijam degenerates into a wicked king (1 Ki. 15:3, 4). After a reign of three years, Abijam dies and is succeeded by his son Asa (1 Ki. 15:8).
It's just not fair! Both my father and grandfather lived to reach 70, and ruled over all 12 tribes—for 40 years each. But look at me, only 58, apparently at the end of my life after ruling over just two tribes. It's mostly the fault of those political idiots who advised me at Shechem. Had it not been for their stupid counsel, things no doubt would have turned out differently. If only my father had killed Jeroboam when he had the chance. Without his leadership the 10-tribe revolt probably would not have happened. (1 Kings 11:40; 1 Kings 12:1-20; 1 Kings 14:21)
But most of all, I blame Jehovah God. It was his prophet who encouraged Jeroboam. And he allowed the king of Egypt to embarrass me by attacking Jerusalem and carrying off many of our greatest treasures. (1 Kings 11:29-40; 1 Kings 14:25-28)
Well, for better or for worse, I've done things my way. Admittedly, at the very beginning I forsook the God of Solomon and David. It is painfully obvious now that in the final days of life he has forsaken me! (2 Chron. 12:1, 13-16)
Spiritual Lessons from Rehoboam
- "A hothead starts fights; a cool-tempered person tries to stop them" (Proverbs 15:18). Scripture's most tragic example of this is seen in Rehoboam's senseless answer to Israel's northern leaders, which triggered the civil war (1 Kings 12:1-16).
- When seeking advice, we should value the voice of experience (1 Kings 12:1-16).
"But when Rehoboam was firmly established and strong, he abandoned the law of the Lord, and all Israel followed him in this sin" (2 Chron. 12:1). | <urn:uuid:8813f076-de3a-4cf5-b348-fd3adbdcf927> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://biblehistoryoutlines.blogspot.com | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661326.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00023-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960779 | 1,495 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”
“There’s really only two options for when we die: cremation and burial,” said Katrina Spade, a human composting advocate and CEO of Recompose, the company hoping to become the go-to firm for human composting in Washington if it becomes legal.
Neither of those options “felt particularly meaningful to me and I think if that’s the case, it’s true for others as well,” Spade said.
Spade compared human composting to processes already in effect to recycle animal remains.
“They’ve already done lots of research about the safe and effective ways to recycle animals back to the land on farms,” she said.
“We proved recomposition was indeed safe and effective for humans as well,” Spade said, referring to a study conducted at Washington State University using the corpses of six human donors.
According to Spade, human composting involves covering the dead body with natural materials, such as straw or wood chips, which leads to accelerated decomposition over the course of three to seven weeks.
Families would have first dibs on the resulting “soil,” Spade said, and if they don’t want it, “we’ll partner with local conservation groups around the Puget Sound region so that that soil will be used to nourish the land here in the state.”
Follow Thomas D. Williams on Twitter Follow @tdwilliamsrome | <urn:uuid:cf864518-3a66-4c1e-873c-1dc99f004ddf> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.breitbart.com/environment/2019/02/10/washington-state-bill-proposes-composting-human-corpses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000231.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626073946-20190626095946-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.941626 | 393 | 2.9375 | 3 |
: In Season: Spinach
By Michael T. Murray, ND
Spinach originated as a wild plant in Persia and East Asia and has been cultivated in China for over 2,000 years. Catherine de Medici brought spinach from her home in Florence Italy to France after marrying the king, giving birth to the name "a la Florentine," a term used to refer to any meal prepared on a bed of spinach.
- One cup of spinach contains only 41 calories.
- Spinach is a great source of vitamin K, carotenes, vitamin C and folic acid.
- It also contains manganese, magnesium, iron and vitamins B2, B6, E, and B1.
- Spinach contains two times the amount of iron than that found in other greens.
- It is one of the most alkaline-producing foods, helping to regulate the body's pH.
- Spinach contains a high amount of lutein, which promotes healthy eyesight and prevents macular degeneration.
- Because it possesses carotenes and chlorophyll, spinach is excellent at warding off cancer.
- Spinach also contains flavonoids that function as antioxidants.
- Studies have shown spinach extracts slow down cancer cells in the stomach.
Traditionally spinach is used in place of, or intermixed with lettuce in a salad. However, spinach is also excellent when sauteed and used as a side dish. Not usually a fan of spinach? Try blending it with fruits into a healthy smoothie and you’ll hardly know its there but still gain all of its nutritional benefits!
Dr. Michael T. Murray is one of the world's leading authorities on natural medicine and the author of more than 30 bestselling books, including The Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine.
He is a graduate and former faculty member, and serves on the Board of Regents, of Bastyr University in Seattle, Washington.
© 2016 doctormurray.com | <urn:uuid:d41a279d-b9c3-487b-8f4d-3cdd03819d31> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.naturalfoodsmkt.com/promog/ConditionCenter.asp?ConditionID=16&ArticleID=2974&StoreID=MD56J1SB7KML9J7ND3HARDGRRW8K1FN0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925024239-20180925044639-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.917372 | 408 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Issue details NFPA’s effort to strengthen codes and standards
September 8, 2011 – The September/October 2011 issue of NFPA Journal®, the official magazine of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), features a special 10th anniversary report of 9/11 detailing how the tragedy led to improvements in city infrastructure and NFPA codes relating to first responder safety, high-rise building safety, and emergency preparedness.
"9/11 will always be considered one of the worst days in American history, and it will also certainly be one of the most important days in the history of NFPA because of the further safeguards to the built environment, and support for emergency responders that followed the attacks," says NFPA President James Shannon. "NFPA has been a very important part of the country’s effort to do everything we can to prepare, in case anything like 9/11 ever happens again."
The attacks on 9/11 made life safety organizations, including NFPA, realize the lengths terrorists would go to harm the U.S. and its residents. NFPA took an all-hazards approach to emergency response, outlining procedures and protections against such large-scale threats as chemical and biological warfare.
This all-hazards approach led to many provisions and even the creation of new codes and standards that deal with first responder safety, high-rise building safety, and emergency preparedness. NFPA 1981, Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services, for example, now requires all SCBA gear to adhere to certifications that provide respiratory protection against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear attacks.
9/11 brought new emphasis to NFPA’s work as emergency preparedness became a matter of national interest. NFPA 1600®, Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs, was recognized as a voluntary national preparedness standard by the 9/11 Commission.
Along with the issue, readers can view video interviews featuring President James Shannon, Senior Fire Investigator Robert Duval and Public Fire Protection Division Manager Ken Willette. James Shannon describes how NFPA’s focused sharpened after 9/11, Robert Duval tells his first-hand account assessing damage at ground zero, and Ken Willette discusses the experience of the fire service following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center.
About the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
NFPA is a worldwide leader in fire, electrical, building, and life safety. The mission of the international nonprofit organization founded in 1896 is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education.
Subscribe to NFPA RSS News feeds
Contact: Lorraine Carli, Public Affairs Office: +1 617 984-7275 | <urn:uuid:7f0ca9d0-41be-47c5-a5dc-6fbf70ae5a2a> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.nfpa.org/press-room/news-releases/2011/nfpa-journal-highlights-post-9-11-fire-and-life-safety-improvements | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153323.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00167-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925912 | 586 | 2.625 | 3 |
The feeling of freedom you get while driving is one you never grow tired of. That feeling keeps people behind the wheel, even when the effects of aging make it more difficult for them to drive safely.
As you age, your ability to react lessens. Taking medications for conditions, such as high blood pressure or cardiac problems, can add to your inability to react quickly. You may experience a feeling of being lost or confused when you find yourself in an unfamiliar environment. Sometimes you may also be overwhelmed by all of the traffic signals, road signs, pedestrians and vehicles that you have to keep track of at intersections. Distances become harder to judge, and you have difficulty in determining whether you have enough room to turn or change lanes. Likewise, knowing when to merge with traffic from the on-ramp of a highway may become difficult to judge. These are all the result of the natural aging process, but you need to take extra precautions to be sure they don’t interfere with your ability to handle your vehicle.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has developed the following guidelines to help older Americans drive more safely:
- Plan your route. Drive where you are familiar with the road conditions and traffic patterns.
- Drive during the day and avoid rush hours. Find alternative routes with less traffic.
- Keep a safe distance between you and the car ahead. Find a marker ahead of you, such as a tree, sign or lamppost. When the car ahead of you passes this marker, count “1001, 1002, 1003, 1004.” Try to leave enough space so that you reach 1004 before your car gets to the marker.
- When approaching intersections, remind yourself to look to roadsides, as well as directly ahead.
- Try to make left turns at intersections where green arrow signals provide protected turns. Sometimes you can completely avoid left turns by making a right turn at the next intersection. Two more right turns should put you on the street you need.
- Scan far down the road continuously so that you can anticipate future problems and plan your actions. A passenger can serve as a “second pair of eyes.” Be careful not to get distracted in conversation.
Many seniors are still very capable of driving, which is why a decision about a person’s ability to drive should never be based solely on age. However, changes in reflexes can put at an older driver at increased risk. If you recognize and accept these changes, you can adjust your driving habits to allow many more years of safe driving. | <urn:uuid:f5772916-ffc2-4c0a-9d18-f9632a143981> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://stevehom.com/2013/09/09/tips-for-older-drivers-as-your-reaction-time-slows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255837.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520081942-20190520103942-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.959183 | 520 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Washington (PRWEB) October 11, 2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is already having a major positive impact on society and many sectors of the economy, according to a new report from the Center for Data Innovation, an affiliate of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. Yet the benefits are vastly underappreciated by policymakers and the public. To highlight the overwhelmingly positive impact of AI, the Center, a think tank that focuses on data policy, catalogued 70 real-world examples of how the technology is already generating social and economic benefits around the globe.
“Artificial intelligence is increasingly being put to use in virtually every sector of the economy, from farming to education,” said Daniel Castro, the Center’s director and the report’s co-author. "Unfortunately, most people are still more likely to associate AI with Hollywood movies like The Terminator than with how it is currently being used to help authorities crack down on human trafficking, streamline drug discovery, improve supply chains, and a great deal more. This needs to change if the United States wants to stay on the cutting edge of AI. How can policymakers support AI if they do not even know what it is, or worse, believe it is threat?"
The new report illustrates 70 examples of AI innovations producing benefits in 14 areas: the environment, agriculture, energy, public safety, transportation, health care (including the areas of prevention and screening, and treatment and monitoring), accessibility, consumer convenience, disaster prevention and response, social good, industrial operations, business operations, and education.
The examples include how AI is stopping deforestation before it starts, forecasting crop yields from space, teaching a data center to make itself more efficient, autonomously disposing of car bombs, automating a microscope to diagnose malaria, making it easier to get around in a wheelchair, giving students feedback in real time, and making customer support multilingual.
“This list only scratches the surface of the many ways AI is generating substantial social and economic value, and transforming everyday life for the better,” said Castro. “It is important for policymakers to not just reject the doom and gloom vision of AI that could slow progress, but also to actively spur further AI innovation by encouraging adoption and deployment. Given the immense benefits that AI is already offering society—and its huge potential to do even more—it would be a serious mistake to take the foot off of the accelerator.”
Learn more on October 19 at “Data Innovation Day 2016: Algorithms, Automation, and Public Policy.” | <urn:uuid:d51b368c-64ff-4932-a3f0-94f50509019d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/10/prweb13755073.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123276.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00609-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941068 | 522 | 3.25 | 3 |
Location: Horticultural Crops ResearchTitle: Plant-parasitic nematodes of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (Pacific Northwest) Author
|Dandurand, Louise-marie - University Of Idaho|
|Gleason, Cynthia - Washington State University|
|Hagerty, Christina - Oregon State University|
|Ingham, Russell - Oregon State University|
Submitted to: Book Chapter
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/12/2018
Publication Date: 12/15/2018
Citation: Zasada, I.A., Dandurand, L., Gleason, C., Hagerty, C., Ingham, R. 2018. Plant-parasitic nematodes of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (Pacific Northwest). In: Subbotin, S.A., Chitambar, J.J., editors. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America, Vol. 1 – Canada, Mexico and Western USA. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 211-240.
Interpretive Summary: Plant-parasitic nematodes, microscopic roundworms, are reported to cause up to $10 billion in crop loss annually in the United States. In the Pacific Northwest of the U.S., there are several types of plant-parasitic nematodes that reduce the yield and productivity of crops such as potato, apple, mint, and wheat. The most important plant-parasitic nematodes in the Pacific Northwest are described in this book chapter, and sustainable methods that may be used to reduce the impact of nematodes on crop productivity are discussed.
Technical Abstract: Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States, including the states Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, is diverse. Combined, over 17 million ha of land are farmed within this region of the U.S. The plant-parasitic nematodes found in this region are also diverse, with 18 economically-important genera reported. Important nematological issues in the PNW include: Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Globodera pallida on potato, Pratylenchus penetrans, P. neglectus, and P. thornei on a diversity of crops, Heterodera avenae and H. flilipjevi on wheat, and Paratichodorus allius on onion and potato. Each of these species uniquely impacts crop productivity and quality and also domestic and international trade in the PNW. While many of the high value crop production systems in the PNW rely upon fumigant and nonfumigant nematicides to manage these nematode, sustainable methods including genetic resistance, crop rotation, amendments, and cover crops are also included as part of sustainable plant-parasitic nematode management plans. | <urn:uuid:6ddbba22-32af-4200-91c7-65800e836fcb> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=343885 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999779.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624231501-20190625013501-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.85048 | 603 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Housetraining dogs is really quite simple. The hard part is ensuring that clients understand dogs' needs. Clients also need
to understand how a dog's developmental stage may affect its behavior. This helps clients to have realistic expectations.
Without this type of tutoring, dogs are at risk for being abused by clients who are teaching them not to eliminate in the
It's worth remembering that we used to call this housebreaking, but the dog was the one usually broken. In trying to communicate what they view as the wrong place for their dogs to eliminate,
clients may hit their dogs for the first time. A similar scenario occurs in people who are anxious to toilet train children.
In both cases, the first smack or shake facilitates the second, so it's important that we prevent that initial smack or shake.
Get your clients in line: Housetraining is simple if you start clients off on the right foot. (Nicole Hill/Getty Images)
It's easiest to approach the housetraining issue by age. So deal with puppies separately from adult dogs. Because the housetraining
strategy recommended for puppies is based on ontogeny, this is a good opportunity to discuss other early developmental responses
that can become problems for dogs.
Whether the clients are impatient, not knowledgeable or truly problematic in the manner in which they treat dogs (and likely
people), we need to remember that a lack of housetraining kills dogs. Clients have low thresholds for constant cleaning and
the damage their dogs do to rugs and floors, so anything we can do to provide them with realistic expectations can only increase
the probability that the dogs will remain, happily and humanely, in the household.
Sensitive periods for social exposure
Puppies become adept at interacting with other dogs between the ages 4 and 8 or more weeks and with people between the ages
of 5 and 10 or more weeks. They're especially able to learn to explore complex new surroundings between 5 and 16 weeks, and
if they're not exposed to such stimuli by about 10 weeks, they can become neophobic (fearful of the unfamiliar).
Because of these sensitive periods—periods in which puppies learn quickly about new social and physical experiences—the recommended
time for bringing a new puppy home starts at about 8.5 weeks. Before this, dogs are really honing their dog-dog skills and
need the stimulation and solace of their parents and littermates. Dogs with a good social background have more tools for understanding
increasingly complex worlds.
If a breeder is willing to expose a dog to new environments and housetrain the puppy, it can stay with the breeders through
12 weeks of age without detrimental effects. The real advantages of having the dog stay with the breeder has to do with social
experiences with other dogs.
As long as the puppy is engaged in an active vaccination and preventive healthcare program, there are other ways for this
interaction to be achieved, including puppy play parties, play dates, puppy day care and puppy kindergarten. If there's an
adult dog in the home already, the pup will learn best and fastest from that dog, so anyone who already has a dog and is bringing
home a puppy needs to make sure their adult dogs are well-behaved before adding a puppy.
Dogs that miss these sensitive periods for interaction and development do not necessarily develop problems associated with
lack of experience, but may be more at risk for developing such problems. Dogs may not get adequate exposure because they
are kept in isolation at the breeder's or because they're sent to their new home too early.
The more we learn about effects of the early learning environment, the more justification we have for trying to minimize risk
for puppies in terms of the social and environmental exposure. Doing everything right does not guarantee you a perfect dog,
but not doing what we know you should puts your dog at risk for behavioral problems. | <urn:uuid:e35efb45-4e46-4202-b7ce-6c5ac696b980> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/Veterinary+news/Canine-housetraining-Humane-strategies/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/732401 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011020120/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091700-00022-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956542 | 813 | 2.546875 | 3 |
One of the main causes of aerodynamic drag for sedan vehicles is the separation of flow near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay flow separation, bump-shaped vortex generators are tested for application to the roof end of a sedan. Commonly used on aircraft to prevent flow separation, vortex generators themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by preventing flow separation at downstream. The overall effect of vortex generators can be calculated by totaling the positive and negative effects. Since this effect depends on the shape and size of vortex generators, those on the vehicle roof are optimized. This paper presents the optimization result, the effect of vortex generators in the flow field and the mechanism by which these effects take place.
Comments: 10 Pages.
[v1] 2012-08-19 08:59:24
Unique-IP document downloads: 4058 times
Add your own feedback and questions here:
You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful. | <urn:uuid:10ebaec1-7d80-4d01-b593-efea483a89ce> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://vixra.org/abs/1208.0177 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166222.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00133-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889677 | 223 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Population in Urban Area, now
Population in City Area, 2019-09-05
Seoul Urban Area Population Graph
Seoul Population Review
The massive metropolis of Seoul is a mixture of traditional South Korean culture and modern pop culture. A fascination mishmash of ancient Buddhist temples and futuristic plazas, Seoul continues to attract visitors and new residents in droves. As of 2019, over 9 million people live in the city’s urban area, with 25 million people calling the sprawling metropolitan area home—making it the fifth most populated city in the globe.
The capital and largest city in South Korea, Seoul is located on the northwest part of South Korea along the Han River. Seoul’s massive growth and globalization is even more surprising, since the city isolated itself for hundreds of years and only opened its door to foreigners and global influence in the late 19th century.
The Miracle on the Han River
The “Miracle on the Han River” is a phrase that refers to South Korea’s astounding economic growth that took it from an impoverished country to the economic giant it is today. By the end of the 20th century, the country was among the largest economies in the world and was inducted into the G20 in 2010. This has affected Seoul quite a bit, since 50% of the country’s entire population lives in the city.
A small but growing international population
Seoul has a very homogenous population and the majority of people living in Seoul are Korean. However, the South Korean government has continued to strive to attract foreign residents and tourists to Seoul—but the population of foreigners that call the city home is still quite small. Out of a city of 9 million, only about 280,000 people identify as foreign residents. 66% of this foreign population is Chinese citizens of Korean ancestry.
The most densely populated in the world
Seoul’s meteoric economic and population growth has meant that there are a lot of people living in close quarters. While this is common for any major city, Seoul wins the prize for the highest population density in the world. There are 17,000 people per square kilometer in Seoul, which is twice that of New York City, four times higher than that of Los Angeles, and eight times that of Rome—and all of these people are packed into 600-square kilometers. Of course, this many people in such a small area is the perfect recipe for a housing issue, which Seoul is currently going through. Demand is outstripping supply in the city on the Han River, and experts predict it will only get worse with the population expected to reach 10.2 million people by 2035. | <urn:uuid:49fe9142-06df-4406-9c0c-00c33e5cab24> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://populationstat.com/south-korea/seoul | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.958019 | 546 | 2.90625 | 3 |
2This is a true storyIn a zoo in California, a mother tiger gave birth to a rare set of triplet tiger cubs. Unfortunately, due to complications in the pregnancy, the cubs were born prematurely and due to their tiny size, they died shortly after birth.
4The mother tiger, after recovering from the delivery, started to decline in health, although physically she was fine.The zoo vets felt that the loss of her cubs had caused the tigress to fall into a depression. They decided that if the tigress could surrogate another mother's cubs, perhaps she would improve.
5After checking with many other zoos across the country, the depressing news was that there were no tiger cubs of the right age to introduce to the mourning mother.
6The vets decided to try something that had never been tried in a zoo environment. Sometimes a mother of one species will take on the care of a different species.The only orphans" that could be found quickly, were a litter of piglets. The zoo keepers and vets wrapped the piglets in tiger skin and placed the babies around the mother tiger. | <urn:uuid:68f78923-e5b6-4b9b-8edb-f9278b97afde> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/3134768/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.988265 | 232 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Climate change transcends cultural, geographical, and political boundaries. The world must come together as a global community to prepare for climate change, which is already affecting the Earth: scientific research has shown that the five hottest years ever-recorded have all occurred since 1997. If we don’t get a handle on carbon emissions and other climate change factors, scientists believe that average surface temperatures could increase as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the 21st century. These morbid facts require action on the part of global supply chain leaders whose company operations have a direct impact on climate change.
Examining Global Supply Chain Strategy in a Climate Change Context
To date, there is still some work to be done when it comes to climate change and supply chain strategy. In a research study released by CDP and Accenture, it was shown that suppliers in Europe including France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany are the most sustainable. Chinese, Italian, and U.S. suppliers are vulnerable to climate change risks, because of a combination of high exposure to risk and a relative lack of preparation. Of all the countries studied, Japan was the only one that was equipped to respond to significant climate risks.
However, the news is not all bad for North America. The CDP named the U.S. as an incubator of leadership, since many organizations leading the charge to positive action to address climate change are based there. This is quite important when you consider the amount of pollution the U.S. and other modern countries emit: the U.S. itself makes up only 5% of the world’s population, yet accounts for 22% of global carbon emissions.
Tips for Handling Climate Change in Your Supply Chain Strategy
PwC says that three of the top industries that are susceptible to harm because of climate change are agriculture, energy, and mining. However, businesses in every industry will benefit from improving their approach to handling climate change risks in their supply chain. Here are three ways you can get your supply chain strategy ready to handle climate change risks:
- Stay agile. Some companies see their supply chains suffer significant damage as a result of climate change because they aren’t prepared to deal with the change. Don’t be rigid with your supply chain policies. You should be willing to change your operating methods, suppliers, and logistical procedures to make dealing with climate change easier.
- Create a dedicated team for climate change. Everyone that is involved with your supply chain, from the on-site workers to the C-level suite, needs to have some type of input on how your supply chain will deal with climate change. This creates buy-in and makes it easier for your team to participate in new policies.
- Using your dedicated team to improve supply chain technologies is also suggested. From the raw materials to the manufacturing floor, there are ways your process can have a smaller environmental impact. Set this as a main goal for your dedicated team and give them plenty of resources to implement the changes.
- Do your part to reverse climate change and go green. The companies that can handle supply chain issues the best are the ones that actively involve themselves in reversing climate change, instead of just shielding their business from its effects. For example, back in 2007 Starbucks invested in climate adaption programs for farmers, to help protect landscapes and make sure they were suitable for coffee bean growth.
Incorporating environmental changes into your a supply chain strategy doesn’t have to be complicated or arduous. By making sure that your organization is well aware of climate change and its negative impacts, you can work to reverse them and help improve both your business and the future environmental outlook of the world at large. | <urn:uuid:c4e735bf-ad8d-4d89-8b0e-f2efbe25d2ab> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.afflink.com/blog/is-climate-change-in-your-supply-chain-strategy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072082.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413031741-20210413061741-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.956755 | 752 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A technology the flexible sensor attract received increasing attention from researchers. Take a look at your smartphone or tablet. Note, that the camera is mostly behind the gadget. Yet there are also front camera. But it already looks quite monotonous, and it seems unlikely that will have to come up with something new. But this is not the case. It would be much better and more convenient, if the camera was in the display itself.
Researchers at Johannes Kepler University in Austria have developed a flat, flexible, transparent coating on the screen, which functions as a camera. This resin sheet with fluorescent particles in it. When the light falls on one of these particles, it emits a characteristic burst of light at a specific wavelength. Sensors, surrounding the display (located on the panel of the screen) watching these outbreaks, and by measuring their relative brightness, can locate the flash on the screen.
Connect enough of these outbreaks, and you can re-create the image. A prototype of the screen has while only a resolution of 32 x 32 pixels, and all in black and white colors. With the creation of better software and better sensors, researchers are confident that they can significantly improve the resolution. And the use of multiple layers, each of which fluoresces at its specific wavelength, will allow you to create a color photograph with a high dynamic range.
Due to the flexibility of the material, his can be used, for example, as an input device on curves objects. And it looks like this is a good technique for arranging their own smart home – snapped his fingers, and wallpaper based on a flexible sensor changed color and pattern, and when you look in the mirror in the morning, it can capture your image and analyze it, giving any useful advice.
Newspaper size flexible e-paper
Concept Flexible Cell Phone
Next generation technology of flexible display
Concept of flexible plate
Flexible Multi-touch Screen Tech
Flex iPhone concept
Flexible Speaker Concept | <urn:uuid:7ecdddd9-ba1e-47ca-9d29-bf3c6676c556> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://itechfuture.com/concept-the-flexible-sensor-in-the-form-of-a-film/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661213.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00179-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946456 | 404 | 2.828125 | 3 |
History is the study of the past in all its complexity, including the good and the bad from ancient to recent times and encompassing humans and their broader environments. Neither memorization nor recitation, history instead is the study of cause and effect on the grandest scale via the search for new evidence and new understandings. So why study history? To develop the skills of analysis, communication, and interpretation that will help us to understand the diverse world around us better, and maybe, ourselves.
The study of history requires that students learn numerous skills which are beneficial for future endeavors. Finding and understanding the records of the past, whether archived letters, archaeological artifacts, political manifestos, government documents, or television advertisements, requires both methodical diligence and creative assessment. Learning how to interpret historical data helps form the capacity to analyze evidence in the present. Finally the interpreted data must be put into a coherent narrative with a clear argument. That means that the development of both oral and written communication is central to the study of history. Students must communicate complex ideas backed by different kinds of evidence in easily understood narratives in order to make history accessible.
The skills of research, analysis, and communication are central to virtually all careers. Unlike other disciplines which narrowly prepare their students, history offers a plethora of skills which support its students’ futures wherever they go. Perhaps more importantly, the study of the past reinforces our humanity and encourages engagement with our broader society. We study history to expand our understanding of the world and to better connect with the diversity of experiences around us. | <urn:uuid:3f392490-f423-4ba9-8787-213c0b0a6b72> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://history.uncc.edu/why-study-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578650225.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424154437-20190424180046-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.939726 | 311 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Alternatively Floriography and Anthomancy.
A type of divination, this time by omens taken from flowers.
Floromancy is based on the belief that flowers radiate vibrations, react to a sympathetic or hostile environment and are affected by electric shocks.
One of the most popular uses for Floromancy is for love divination. In Victorian England, two flowers that had not yet blossomed would be paired, and the initials of certain lovers' names would be placed on the stems. After placing the flowers in a secret place for 10 days, the diviner would then observe certain portents, such as, if any flower twined the other, it would indicate that the man and the woman whose initials were used were going to be married.
Another common form of Floromancy, which is very popular among young people, requires the querent to pull off the petals of flowers while making the statements such as "he/she loves" and "he/she loves me not." The statement uttered when the last petal is pulled is supposed to be true. The "luck" attributed to finding a four-leaf clover also falls into this category.
Finding the first flower of spring also has relevance in Floromancy. Type of flower and the day of the week it is found are significant for an appropriate prognostication. If it happens on a Monday, it means good fortune for the rest of the season. On a Tuesday, your greatest efforts will be rewarded. On a Wednesday, a marriage is coming. On a Thursday, alertness, caution and vigilance are required throughout the season. On a Friday, riches and wealth are forthcoming. On a Saturday, misfortune is around the corner. On a Sunday, is a sign of exceptional luck for the duration of the spring. If the flower is a wild flower, someone with the same initial as the flower found will be attracted to you. Find a daisy, means someone whose name starts with a D, find a Lily, someone whose name starts with a L.
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Modern flower folklore gives meaning to the flowers you send to your chosen one on Valentine's day. Send Anemones, it means your love is coming to an end. Send Forget-me-nots, a sign of true love and constancy. Snowdrops, hope for love. Sunflowers, warm feelings. Red Tulips, a declaration of powerful love. Send Red Roses, a sign of passion. Yellow Roses, friendship. Pink Roses, appreciation and admiration. To attract love into your life, a thorn from a white rose bush is very helpful, but only if you use it to scratch the words 'All my love come to me' three times on a white candle and then light it.
The term Floromancy is sometimes also used for the belief that flowers have the power to cure disease.
See Astrology and Divination, Bibliomancy, Numerology, Zoomancy, Demonomancy, Augur, Acutomancy, Anemoscopy, Sortilege, Coscinomancy, Dowsing, Cleidomancy, Eromancy, Stoichomancy, Tarot, Heptameron, Chaomancy, Demonology, Idolomancy, Demonomancy, Tephramancy, Anemoscopy, Austromancy, Agalmatomancy, Roadomancy, Capnomancy, Pyromancy, Meteormancy, Ceraunoscopy, Felidomancy, Love Spells -- Use these powerful love spells to help you find and keep your true love, Unbroken Curses, Mystic Gifts and Charms - New Age Gift Shop & Wicca and Pagan Supplies, The Chakra Store, The Tarot Store, Divination & Scrying Tools and Supplies, Unique Amulets, Talismans, Good Luck Charms, and Love Tokens, Powerful Witch Doctor Spell Kits, Powerful Spells - Cast by Andreika the Witch, Webmasters Make $$$, AzureGreen - Celebrating All Paths to the Divine, ISIS - Tools for Your Soul's Journey, and The Pyramid Collection - Myth, Magick, Fantasy and Romance.
Sources: (1) Dictionary of the Occult, Caxton Publishing; (2) Pickover, Clifford A., Dreaming the Future: The Fantastic Story of Prediction, Prometheus Books Publishing; (3) Dunwich, Gerina, A Wiccan's Guide to Prophecy and Divination, Carol Publishing Group; (4) Bailey, Nancy (editor), The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Spells and Magic, Sterling Publishing; (5) Buckland, Raymond, The Fortune-Telling Book: The Encyclopedia of Divination and Soothsaying, Visible Ink Press; (6) The Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition Handy Volume Edition, Oxford University Press.
| || | | <urn:uuid:7a83d335-a13a-44cf-a0f2-a1f8fd1d32b6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.occultopedia.com/f/floromancy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011176878/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091936-00080-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894891 | 999 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Contact information and access conditions for agricultural dispositions in Alberta are now available on the new Recreation access on agricultural public lands web map.
Can’t find what you’re looking for on the new map? Let us know so that we can assist you.
Alberta has about 100 million acres of Crown land, including over 5 million acres of land leased for agriculture and held under agricultural dispositions. Agricultural dispositions involve collaboration between the Government of Alberta and the disposition holder to ensure that agricultural land use sustains environmental, economic and social benefits for the people of Alberta. Disposition holders are stewards of the land, and as such, they manage our land resources in a way that benefits us all. In recent years, as Alberta’s population has grown, there has been increased public interest in accessing agricultural public land for recreational use.
Recreational Access Regulation
Recreational access to agricultural public land is managed under the Recreational Access Regulation, which came into effect in 2003 to outline reasonable access for recreation on agricultural dispositions issued under the Public Lands Act, including grazing leases and farm development leases. Agricultural leases provide environmental, social and economic benefits to Albertans, including multiple-use activity. The Recreation Access Regulation considers both the needs of the leaseholder to protect the land and their livestock, and the desire of the recreation users for reasonable access. The regulation facilitates communication, cooperation and respect, and clarifies rules and responsibilities for agricultural leaseholders and recreational users regarding recreational access on public lands that are leased for grazing and cultivation.
It is a recreational user’s responsibility to contact the leaseholder and discuss what the conditions of access are before arriving at agricultural public land. It is a leaseholder’s responsibility to allow reasonable recreational access. Both parties must work together to come to an agreement that follows the Recreational Access Regulation.
You can find contact information and access conditions for agricultural dispositions on the Recreation access on agricultural public lands web map.
If it is your first time using the web map, or if you need help to find the information you are looking for, follow the step by step instructions in this instruction guide:
Learn more about leaseholder responsibilities for recreational access.
Alberta Township Survey System
Any parcel of land in Alberta can be located by its legal land description. This information helps leaseholders and recreational users identify a parcel of land for recreational access. Learn how this system works and how to locate a parcel of land by its legal land description.
Familiarize yourself with terms used in reference to recreational access to agricultural public land.
Agricultural disposition Public land under agreement for agricultural use, including:
- Cultivation permit (CUP)
- Farm development lease (FDL)
- Forest grazing license (FGL)
- Grazing lease (GRL)
- Grazing permit (GRP)
- Hay permit, (HAP)
- Head tax permit (HTG and HTW)
Contact A person who has been designated by the leaseholder to respond to access requests. The contact person may or may not be the leaseholder. Disposition The final legal authority for use of public land. Exploration Regulation The Exploration Regulation outlines rules, provisions and stipulations related to exploration in Alberta, including on public land. Freehold Refers to the ownership status of a parcel of land. Freehold land is privately owned by an individual or company (not owned by the government). Land Description A standard method of identifying specific parcels of land according to the Alberta Township Survey incorporating Meridian, Ranges, Townships, Sections, or Plan, Blocks, and Lots. Layers Digital information that appears on the map as images. When using the Recreational Access Website, the appropriate box in the legend must be checked off to view the layer. Metes and bounds The description of the boundaries a parcel of land by measurement distance and natural or man-made boundaries. Public Land Provincial lands owned by the provincial government and administered under the authority of the Public Lands Act. Quarter section A square parcel of land consisting of four legal subdivisions, containing approximately 160 acres. Ranges Between the meridians are columns called ranges that are numbered in consecutive order moving westward from each meridian. Recreational access management plan Government approved plan that specifies conditions of recreational use on public land.
The recreational access management plan can include a limit for the number of recreational users accessing the area and other conditions to protect the land from overuse.
Section A square parcel of land consisting of four quarter sections containing approximately 640 acres. Township Rows that cross meridians and ranges, starting at the U.S. Border with #1 and ending at the Northwest Territories Border with #126. (Usually approximately 6 miles apart.)
To connect with one of our rangeland agrologists for further information about recreational access on agricultural public land in Alberta, see the contact list at: Land Management – Contacts.
If you have questions about access to agricultural public land for recreation, contact 310-LAND (5263). | <urn:uuid:9d3d5638-96c6-4603-bf3c-0ecf1258849c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.alberta.ca/recreation-on-agricultural-public-land?utm_source=redirector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.913684 | 1,027 | 2.578125 | 3 |
(See also Definition of Dermatitis.)
Lichen simplex chronicus is thickened and leathery (lichenified) skin with variable scaling that arises secondary to repetitive scratching or rubbing. Lichen simplex chronicus is not a primary process. Perceived pruritus in a specific area of skin (with or without underlying pathology) provokes rubbing and mechanical trauma, resulting in secondary lichenification and further pruritus. Lichen simplex chronicus frequently occurs in people with anxiety disorders and nonspecific emotional stress. Patients with atopy or atopic dermatitis are particularly susceptible, given their predisposition to itch. Lichen simplex chronicus of the scrotum or vulva is often caused by an itch signal initiated by sacral sensory neuron radiculopathy.
Starting with an initial itch signal (for which the reason is sometimes unclear), the patient reacts by repeatedly scratching and/or rubbing the skin. The underlying pathophysiology of lichen simplex chronicus is unknown but may involve alterations in the way the nervous system perceives and processes itchy sensations.
Lichen simplex chronicus is characterized by pruritic, dry, scaling, hyperpigmented, lichenified plaques (single or multiple) in irregular, oval, or angular shapes. It involves easily reached sites, most commonly the legs, arms, neck, upper trunk, and genital region. It does not occur in areas of the skin that the patient cannot reach, such as the mid back (unless patient uses a back-scratching tool).
Prurigo nodularis is a related condition, likely a more prominent manifestation. In this disorder, skin lesions (nodules) are thicker and typically multiple.
Diagnosis of lichen simplex chronicus is by examination. A fully developed plaque is often hyperpigmented with varying amounts of erythema that is well-demarcated and has exaggerated skin lines and a thickened and leathery appearance characteristic of lichenification.
Lichen planus is a main differential diagnosis, and a biopsy is sometimes needed to differentiate between the two.
If a cause of the initial itch can be identified (eg, radiculopathy, ill-fitting shoes, atopy), it should be treated or addressed. Otherwise, the primary treatment of lichen simplex chronicus is patient education about the effects of scratching and rubbing.
Secondary treatment is topical corticosteroids. Thick, well-established lesions usually require a high-potency topical corticosteroid (eg, clobetasol ointment). Efficacy can be further increased by using the topical corticosteroid under occlusion, for example, by covering the treated area with plastic wrap and leaving it on overnight. There are also commercial products available in which a topical corticosteroid (eg, flurandrenolide) is integrated into an occlusive adhesive tape. Small areas may be locally injected with a long-acting corticosteroid such as a crystal suspension of triamcinolone acetonide 5 to 10 mg/mL; treatment can be repeated every 3 to 4 weeks.
Oral H1-blocking antihistamines, emollients, and topical capsaicin cream may also be helpful.
Starting with an initial itch, chronic scratching and/or rubbing causes further itching, creating a vicious circle.
Itchy, dry, scaling, hyperpigmented, lichenified plaques occur in irregular, oval, or angular shapes on the legs, arms, neck, upper trunk, and the genital area.
Diagnosis is clinical; a biopsy is rarely needed.
The cause of the initial itch, if identifiable, must be addressed.
Patients need to be educated about the vicious circle of scratching/rubbing and avoid doing so repeatedly; topical corticosteroids and antihistamines help control the itching.
Drugs Mentioned In This Article
|Drug Name||Select Trade| | <urn:uuid:cd68b5d1-af43-4cc3-a07a-709eae738355> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/lichen-simplex-chronicus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989637.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518125638-20210518155638-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.910158 | 824 | 3.015625 | 3 |
extract from Praying With Icons by Jim Forest, published by Orbis Book, 1997; revised 2008; endnotes and illustrations have been removed:
He is the image [Greek: ikon] of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation.
— Col 1:15
That … which we have heard and seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon and touched with our hands … we proclaim also to you.
— 1 John 1:1-3
Christianity is the revelation not only of the Word of God but also the Image of God.
— Leonid Ouspensky
We are the only creatures that make visual records of the things that matter to us. When we meet friends or relatives after a time apart, we not only tell what has happened since our last meeting, we also share photos. At home, similar photos are on display in photo albums and on computer screens.
It’s a trait that seems to reach very nearly to Adam and Eve. The prehistoric paintings found in the Chauvet Cave in Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, France, made about 28,000 BC, are among the witnesses to this dimension of being human.
It is not surprising that those who saw Christ took pains to recall what he looked like.
“I have seen a great many portraits of the Savior, and of Peter and Paul, which have been preserved up to our time,” Eusebius recorded in his History of the Church early in the fourth century. While visiting Caesarea Philippi in Galilee, he also noted seeing a centuries-old bronze statue of the Savior outside the house of the woman who had been cured of incessant bleeding by Christ. Eusebius’s witness is all the more compelling as he was one of those who regarded religious images as belonging more to the pagan world than to the Church.
The first icon, according to ancient accounts, was made when King Abgar of Osroene, dying of leprosy, sent a message begging Jesus to visit him in Edessa, a city in what is now Turkey, and cure him. Hurrying toward Jerusalem and his crucifixion, Christ instead sent King Abgar a healing gift. He pressed his face against a linen cloth, making the square of fabric bear the image of his face. The miraculous icon remained in Edessa until the tenth century, when it was brought to Constantinople. Then, after the city was sacked by the Crusaders in 1204, it disappeared. We know it only through copies. Known as “Not Made by Human Hands” or the “Holy Face,” versions of the icon have often been reproduced down to our own day.
In the western Church, a similar story is associated with the name of Veronica, one of the women who comforted Jesus as he was bearing the cross. She offered him a cloth to wipe the blood and sweat from his face and afterward found she had received a miraculous image. In Jerusalem, a building along the Via Dolorosa associated with Veronica is today home to a community of the Little Sisters of Jesus who, appropriately, support themselves by selling icon prints mounted on olive wood.
The Evangelist and physician Luke is regarded as the first person to paint an icon. Saint Luke is credited with three icons of Mary, in one case using the wood of the table where Christ’s mother and Saint John ate their meals.
The best known is “Our Lady of Tenderness” in which the face of the child Jesus is pressing his face against his mother’s. It was given in 1155 to the recently baptized Church in Russia by Patriarch of Constantinople; because it was kept in the cathedral in Vladimir, it came to came to be known as the Vladimir Mother of God.
Another, the “Hodigitria,” meaning “She Who Shows the Way,” has a more formal arrangement, showing Mary presenting her young son to the viewer.
Finally Luke is credited with painting an icon of Mary in prayer, with outstretched arms, an image sometimes seen in Orthodox churches in the sanctuary above the altar. The placing of the icon near the altar serves as a reminder that Mary became the bridge linking heaven and earth.
Ancient icons often bear layer upon layer of paint, as later iconographers renewed by overpainting work that had become too darkened by candle smoke or too damaged with the passage of time. It is only since the beginning of the twentieth century that icon restorers found safe ways to remove overpainting and reveal the original icon. Perhaps at the foundation level of one or another ancient icon are brush strokes that were made by the hand of Saint Luke. Or perhaps not. Nearly all ancient icons were destroyed during times of persecution in the first three centuries of the Christian era or during the iconoclastic periods in the eighth and ninth centuries, while many others have been lost to fires, earthquakes and vandalism. What can be said with confidence is that icons have come down to us that faithfully bear witness to the work of iconographers of the early generations of the Church.
Even though most early icons have been lost or destroyed, it is surprising how many Christian images from the early Church have survived, most notably in the Roman catacombs and burial houses, but also in many other places, from Asia Minor to Spain. Mainly these are wall paintings — simple and sober images, made with few brush strokes and a narrow range of colors, with such subjects as Christ carrying a lamb, the three young men praising God from within a furnace, the raising of Lazarus, the ark of Noah, the eucharistic meal, and such symbols as fish, lamb and peacock. The catacombs bear witness that, from the Church’s early days, wherever Christians prayed, they sought to create a visual environment that reminded them of the Kingdom of God and helped them to pray.
Many early icons of a more developed style survive in Rome, though they are chiefly mosaics and have a monumental aspect, a type of public Christian art that only became possible in the fourth century, after the age of persecution ended.
In one of Rome’s earliest major churches, Santa Maria Maggiore, there are mosaics from the fifth century, but, as they are high up on the walls, the average visitor will need binoculars to see the detail. One mosaic shows Abraham and Sarah with their three angelic guests — an event Christian theologians came to recognize as an early revelation of the Holy Trinity. The large and vivid mosaic icons above and behind the altar, however, are easy to see and deeply moving; at the center Christ is shown crowning his mother.
Among other Roman churches that contain impressive examples of iconography from the first millennium of Christianity are Saints Cosmas and Damian, Saint John Lateran, Santa Sabina, Santa Costanza, San Clemente, Santa Prassede, Santa Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Maria in Trastevere, and San Paolo fuori le Mura.
The most significant collection of early icons to survive into our time is at the desert monastery of Saint Catherine at the foot of Mount Sinai deep inside the Sinai desert. Here we find icon portraits of Christ and the apostle Peter, both dated by art historians as having been made in the sixth century. Both have an almost photographic realism. The style has much in common with Roman and Egyptian portraiture of classical times. These are probably similar to the images mentioned by Eusebius.
Whether or not any original icons from the apostolic age have survived, one is impressed to see how, generation after generation, devout iconographers have sought to make faithful copies of earlier icons, a process that continues to the present day. Thus images of Christ and the leading apostles are recognizable from century to century despite occasional changes in style. We know, for example, that Peter had thick curly hair while Paul was bald. One of the earliest images to survive, a bronze medallion of Saints Peter and Paul, both seen in profile, was made in the second or third century; it is now part of the collection of the Vatican Museum in Rome.
Most important, the memory of Christ’s face is preserved: a man in early middle age, with brown eyes, a piercing gaze, straight dark brown hair reaching down to his shoulders, a short beard, olive skin, and regular features of the Semitic type.
Just as in our own time there is controversy about icons, so was there dispute in the early Church. Early opponents of icons included Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Minucius Felix and Lactancius. Eusebius was not alone in fearing that the art of the pagan world carried with it the spirit of the pagan world, while others objected on the basis of Old Testament restrictions of imagery. Christianity was, after all, born in a world in which many artists were employed doing religious, political and secular work. Idolatry was a normal part of pagan religious life. Thus we find that in the early centuries, in the many areas of controversy among Christians, there was division on questions of religious art and its place in spiritual life. It is instructive to notice that some of those who were reluctant to accept that Christ was God incarnate were also resistant to icons.
At the heart of all theological disputes, from that time into our own day, is the burning question: Who is Jesus Christ?
Some argued that Jesus was simply a man of such exemplary goodness that he was adopted by God as a son. Going further with this idea, others believed God so overwhelmed Jesus the Galilean that his manhood was gradually absorbed into divinity. Then there were those who argued that Jesus merely appeared to be a person of human flesh, but he was in reality pure spirit. Because the flesh is subject to passions, illness and decay, they argued that God could never become incarnate. Those who held this belief rejected Jesus’s death on the cross — a being of pure spirit is deathless — and thus also rejected the resurrection. A being who couldn’t die had no need of being raised from death.
The orthodox Christian answer — that in the womb of Mary the Second Person of the Holy Trinity became a human being, thus Jesus was both true God and true man — was both too simple and too radical for many people. How could the all-powerful God clothe divinity in that which can suffer pain, death and corruption?
Discussion of this issue and its implications constituted the center point for the Church’s seven Ecumenical Councils held during the first eight centuries of the Christian era. Though we find the Orthodox teaching already expressed in the creed of the first Council, held in Nicea near Constantinople in 325, still it took centuries for the Church to shake off the influence of heresies which, in a variety of ways, denied the Incarnation. In fact, these ancient arguments continue with renewed vigor in our own day.
Each church assembly which affirmed the icon was reaffirming the Incarnation. For example the Quinisext Council in Trullo, in 692, while condemning “deceitful paintings that corrupt the intelligence by exciting shameful pleasures,” recognized the icon as a mirror of grace and truth. “In order to expose to the sight of all what is perfect,” the Council declared, “even with the help of painting, we decide that henceforth Christ our God must be presented in his human form…”
The argument over icons reached its boiling point in the eighth and ninth centuries at the time when Islam was rapidly spreading in areas that had formerly been Christian. In 725 the Emperor Leo III, ignoring the opposition of both Patriarch Germanus of Constantinople and Pope Gregory II in Rome, ordered the removal of icons from the churches and their destruction. Perhaps he hoped his order would help stop the spread of Islam, which firmly opposed images in places of worship. Many iconographers from the Byzantine world fled to Italy, finding protection from the Pope. It was a period in which many who upheld orthodox belief suffered loss of property, imprisonment, beatings, and even mutilation.
Some iconoclasts argued that images of Christ, representing as they did his physical appearance, diminished his divinity by revealing only his humanity. It may be that one beneficial consequence of the iconoclastic movement was that makers of icons searched for better ways to represent in paint the hidden, spiritual reality rather than merely the physical aspects of the person represented.
There had been, of course, many earlier defenders of icons, among them Saint Basil the Great in the fourth century, who taught the basic principle that icons are devotional images serving not as ends in themselves but as bridges. He introduced an important verbal clarification. Icons were not adored — God alone is adored — but rather venerated. Even the veneration offered to an icon is given not to the materials that form or support the image, but rather to its living prototype. To kiss an icon of Christ is to send a kiss to Christ himself.
It was a distinction also made in the fourth century by Saint Augustine, bishop of Hippo in North Africa. As he wrote in City of God:
For this is the worship which is due to the Deity; and to express this worship in a single word, as there does not occur to me any Latin term sufficiently exact, I shall avail myself … of a Greek word. Latreia, whenever it occurs in Scripture, is rendered by the word “service.” But that service which is due to men, and in reference to which the apostle [Paul] writes that servants must be subject to their own masters [Eph. 6:5], is usually designated by another word in Greek [douleia], whereas the service which is paid to God alone by worship is always, or almost always, called latreia…
In the age of iconoclasm, the theologian who best defended the use of icons in Christian life was Saint John of Damascus (676-749), a monk and poet kept safe from the power of the iconoclastic emperor through ironic circumstances — his monastery, Mar Saba, in the desert southeast of Jerusalem, was in an area under Islamic rule, thus out of reach of imperial edicts. Here he wrote his essay “On the Divine Images” in which he reasoned:
If we made an image of the invisible God, we would certainly be in error … but we do not do anything of the kind; we do not err, in fact, if we make the image of God incarnate who appeared on earth in the flesh, who in his ineffable goodness, lived with men and assumed the nature, the volume, the form, and the color of the flesh…
Saint John also responded to the arguments of those who regarded Old Testament prohibitions of religious imagery as also applying to the Church:
Since the invisible One became visible by taking on flesh, you can fashion the image of him whom you saw. Since he who has neither body nor form nor quantity nor quality, who goes beyond all grandeur by the excellence of his nature, he, being of divine nature, took on the condition of a slave and reduced himself to quantity and quality by clothing himself in human features. Therefore, paint on wood and present for contemplation him who desired to become visible.
Saint Theodore the Studite (758-826), another defender of icons in the time of iconoclasm, links Gospel and icon with the senses of hearing and seeing:
Imprint Christ onto your heart, where he already dwells. Whether you read about him the Gospels, or behold him in an icon, may he inspire your thoughts, as you come to know him twofold through the twofold experience of your senses. Thus you will see through your eyes what you have learned through the words you have heard. He who in this way hears and sees will fill his entire being with the praise of God.
The first iconoclastic period lasted until 780. Seven years later, at the Seventh Ecumenical Council, the bishops rose in defense of the icon. The Council affirmed that it is not the icon itself which is venerated but the prototype whose image is represented in the icon. Iconoclasm was condemned.
Nonetheless, a second iconoclastic period, less severe than the first, was initiated by Emperor Leo V in 813. Orthodox resistance included an impressive act of civil disobedience — an icon-bearing procession in Constantinople by a thousand monks. With the death of the Emperor Theophilus in 842, imperial objections to icons ended. In 843, Theodora, widow of the former Emperor, convened a Council which reaffirmed the teaching of the Seven Ecumenical Councils and confirmed the place of the icon in Christian life. Henceforth the first Sunday of Great Lent was set aside to celebrate the Triumph of Orthodoxy, a custom maintained to the present day in the Orthodox world when the faithful bring at least one of their home icons to the church. A text sung on the Sunday of Orthodoxy declares:
The indefinable Word of the Father made Himself definable, having taken flesh of thee, O Mother of God, and having refashioned the soiled image of man to its former estate, has suffused it with Divine beauty. Confessing salvation, we show it forth in deed and word.
If in Byzantium the encounter with Islam initially had a devastating effect on icons, further north the Tartar invasion and occupation of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was to have a disruptive impact on every aspect of religious life among the Russian people, themselves latecomers to Christianity, their conversion having begun in Kiev at the end of the tenth century.
Very little iconography of the first few centuries of Christian culture in Russia survives. The early center of Christianity, Kiev, was almost entirely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240. As a consequence, Russian culture was driven north. But from the late fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries, iconography was to reach heights in Russia that many regard as unparalleled before or since.
The most renowned figure of the period is Saint Andrei Rublev, first noted in 1405 while working in a cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin as a student of the master iconographer Theophanes the Greek. In 1425 Saint Andrei painted the Old Testament Holy Trinity icon, widely regarded as the highest achievement in iconographic art.
Saint Andrei’s other masterpieces include the Savior of Zvenigorod, remarkable for the profound sense of love and mercy communicated in Christ’s face.
For generations Russia was a paradise of iconographic art characterized by simplicity of line, vivid, harmonious colors, grace of gesture, an amazing freshness and transparency. But in the mid-sixteenth century one begins to notice signs of decay. Complexity of design begins to take the place of simplicity, while colors become duller and darker. Russian art historians attribute the change, at least in part, to the influence of prints imported from the west. By the seventeenth century artistic decay was well advanced.
“Decline was the result of a deep spiritual crisis, a secularization of religious consciousness,” writes the iconographer and scholar Leonid Ouspensky, “thanks to which, despite the vigorous opposition of the Church [which ordered the destruction of icons influenced by the artistic methods of the Renaissance], there began the penetration not merely of separate elements but of the very principles of religious art.”
Czar Peter the Great (1672-1725) played a major role in speeding the process of the secularization of religious art. He avidly promoted imitation of all things western in every field, including church architecture and iconography, a process carried further by his successors. By the middle of the eighteenth century only a few painted icons in the traditional way, nor was their work welcomed in many local churches. Traditional iconography was replaced by third-rate imitation of second-rate western religious painting — “caricatures of icons,” as Bishop Ignaty Brianchaninov, a nineteenth century Russian prelate, remarked.
Peter the Great also abolished the office of Patriarch of Moscow. Afterward the Russian Orthodox Church was treated as a department of government. State control lasted until the abdication of the Czar Nicholas II in 1917 — and then came the Bolshevik Revolution and a period of persecution such as Christianity hadn’t experienced since Nero and Diocletian. Not only were countless icons destroyed, but millions of Orthodox believers perished as well.
It was not only in Russia that iconographers were influenced by western approaches to religious art. Similar influences were at work in other Orthodox countries. As a result, today one finds in many Orthodox churches, no matter in which country, an odd mixture of classic iconography and much that, at best, can be appreciated for its sincerity and, at worst, dismissed as suitable only for the basement.
An important event in the renewal of iconography occurred in Russia in 1904. This was the year that a commission was created to restore Rublev’s Old Testament Holy Trinity icon. As was the case with many other old icons, over time the smoke of candles had been absorbed by the varnish, gradually hiding the image beneath the varnish. As no method then existed for removing the varnish without harming the image, the cure for blackened images was the repainting of icons. Thus a similar image was painted over the older one. Some cases, ancient icons bear several layers of paint. A more permanent solution was to place an oklad over the icon: a relief image in metal — silver or gold — that covered everything but the faces and hands. In 1904, the restoration commission carefully removed the oklad that covered the Holy Trinity icon. Then began the slow and painstaking removal of the layers of overpainting that masked Rublev’s work. It took years, but what their effort finally revealed has ever since amazed those who have been privileged to stand in front of the actual icon. The uncovering of the icon was a momentous event, doing much to inspire the return to classic iconography — and the restoration of a great many other old icons.
Thanks largely to the recovery of many ancient icons, the past century has witnessed a startling re-birth of appreciation of classic iconography. Today one finds good reproductions of iconographic masterpieces, not only in churches but in homes and even in offices. But it is not only a matter of reproductions. Increasingly iconographers are being trained in traditional methods and in the spiritual life that sustains iconography. The result is that good hand-painted icons are more often found not only in churches but in private homes. | <urn:uuid:6ed3f2ee-a1ce-425a-bbc2-d63854fce2b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://jimandnancyforest.com/2005/01/a-short-history-of-icons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295424.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00235-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973319 | 4,682 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Tackling climate change and spurring a global transition to net zero emissions will require collaboration between science and industry. New technologies and decarbonisation methods must be rooted in scientific research and testing.
Drax has almost a decade of experience in using biomass as a renewable source of power. Over that time, our understanding around the effectiveness of bioenergy, its role in improving forest health and ability to deliver negative emissions, has accelerated.
Research from governments and global organisations, such as the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) increasingly highlight sustainably sourced biomass and bioenergy’s role in achieving net zero on a wide scale.
The European Commission has also highlighted biomass’ potential to provide a solution that delivers both renewable energy and healthy, sustainably managed forests. Frans Timmermans, the executive vice-president of the European Commission in charge of the European Green Deal has emphasised it’s importance in bringing economies to net zero, saying: “without biomass, we’re not going to make it. We need biomass in the mix, but the right biomass in the mix.”
The role of biomass in a sustainable future
Moving away from fossil fuels means building an electricity system that is primarily based on renewables. Supporting wind and solar, by providing electricity at times of low sunlight or wind levels, will require flexible sources of generation, such as biomass, as well as other technologies like increased energy storage.
In the UK, the Climate Change Committee’s (CCC) Sixth Carbon Budget report lays out its Balanced Net Zero Pathway. In this lead scenario, the CCC says that bioenergy can reduce fossil emissions across the whole economy by 2 million tonnes of CO2 or equivalent emissions (MtCO2e) per year by 2035, increasing to 2.5 MtCO2e in 2045.
Biomass is also expected to play a crucial role in supplying biofuels and hydrogen production for sectors of the global economy that will continue to use fuel rather than electricity, such as aviation, shipping and industrial processes. The CCC’s Balanced Net Zero Pathway suggest that enough low-carbon hydrogen and bioenergy will be needed to deliver 425 TWh of non-electric power in 2050 – compared to the 1,000 TWh of power fossil fuels currently provide to industries today.
However, bioenergy can only be considered to be good for the climate if the biomass used comes from sustainably managed sources. Good forest management practises ensure that forests remain sustainable sources of woody biomass and effective carbon sinks.
A report co-authored by IPCC experts examines the scientific literature around the climate effects (principally CO2 abatement) of sourcing biomass for bioenergy from forests managed according to sustainable forest management principles and practices.
The report highlights the dual impact managed forests contribute to climate change mitigation by providing material for forest products, including biomass that replace greenhouse gas (GHG)-intensive fossil fuels, and by storing carbon in forests and in long-lived forest products.
The role of biomass and bioenergy in decarbonising economies goes beyond just replacing fossil fuels. The addition of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to bioenergy to create bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) enables renewable power generation while removing carbon from the atmosphere and carbon cycle permanently.
The negative emissions made possible by BECCS are now seen as a fundamental part of many scenarios to limit global warming to 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels.
BECCS and the path to net zero
The IPCC’s special report on limiting global warming to 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels, emphasises that even across a wide range of scenarios for energy systems, all share a substantial reliance on bioenergy – coupled with effective land-use that prevents it contributing to deforestation.
The second chapter of the report deals with pathways that can bring emissions down to zero by the mid-century. Bioenergy use is substantial in 1.5°C pathways with or without CCS due to its multiple roles in decarbonising both electricity generation and other industries that depend on fossil fuels.
However, it’s the negative emissions made possible by BECCS that make biomass instrumental in multiple net zero scenarios. The IPCC report highlights BECCS alongside the associated afforestation and reforestation (AR), that comes with sustainable forest management, are key components in pathways that limit climate change to 1.5oC.
There are two key factors that make BECCS and other forms of emissions removals so essential: The first is their ability to neutralise residual emissions from sources that are not reducing their emissions fast enough and those that are difficult or even impossible to fully decarbonise. Aviation and agriculture are two sectors vital to the global economy with hard-to-abate emissions. Negative emissions technologies can remove an equivalent amount of CO2 that these industries produce helping balance emissions and progressing economies towards net zero.
The second reason BECCS and other negative emissions technologies will be so important in the future is in the removal of historic CO2 emissions. What makes CO2 such an important GHG to reduce and remove is that it lasts much longer in the atmosphere than any other. To help reach the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting temperature rises to below 1.5oC removing historic emissions from the atmosphere will be essential.
In the UK, the CCC’s 2018 report ‘Biomass in a low-carbon economy’ also points to BECCS as both a crucial source of energy and emissions abatement.
It suggests that power generation from BECCS will increase from 3 TWh per year in 2035 to 45 TWh per year in 2050. It marks a sharp increase from the 19.5 TWh that biomass (without CCS) accounted for across 2020, according to Electric Insights data. It also suggests that BECCS could sequester 1.1 tonnes of CO2 for every tonne of biomass used, providing clear negative emissions.
However, the report makes clear that unlocking the potential of bioenergy and BECCS is only possible when biomass stocks are managed in a sustainable way that, as a minimum requirement, maintains the carbon stocks in plants and soils over time.
With increased attention paid to forest management and land use, there is a growing body of evidence that points to bioenergy as a win-win solution that can decarbonise power and economies, while supporting healthy forests that effectively sequester CO2.
How bioenergy ensures sustainable forests
Biomass used in electricity generation and other industries must come from sustainable sources to offer a renewable, climate beneficial [or low carbon] source of power.
UK legislation on biomass sourcing states that operators must maintain an adequate inventory of the trees in the area (including data on the growth of the trees and on the extraction of wood) to ensure that wood is extracted from the area at a rate that does not exceed its long-term capacity to produce wood. This is designed to ensure that areas where biomass is sourced from retain their productivity and ability to continue sequestering carbon.
Ensuring that forestland remains productive and protected from land-use changes, such as urban creep, where vegetated land is converted into urban, concreted spaces, depends on a healthy market for wood products. Industries such as construction and furniture offer higher prices for higher-quality wood. While low-quality, waste wood, as well as residues from forests and wood-industry by-products, can be bought and used to produce biomass pellets.
A report by Forest 2 Market examined the relationship between demand for wood and forests’ productivity and ability to sequester carbon in the US South, where Drax sources about two-thirds of its biomass.
The report found that increased demand for wood did not displace forests in the US South. Instead, it encouraged landowners to invest in productivity improvements that increased the amount of wood fibre and therefore carbon contained in the region’s forests.
A synthesis report, which examines a broad range of research papers, published in Forest Ecology and Management in March of 2021, concluded from existing studies that claims of large-scale damage to biodiversity from woody biofuel in the South East US are not supported. The use of these forest residues as an energy source was also found to lead to net GHG greenhouse emissions savings compared to fossil fuels, according to Forest Research.
Importantly the research shows that climate risks are not exacerbated because of biomass sourcing; in fact, the opposite is true with annual wood growth in the US South increasing by 112% between 1953 and 2015.
Delivering a “win-win solution”
The European Commission’s JRC Science for Policy literature review and knowledge synthesis report ‘The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU’ suggests a win-win forest bioenergy pathway is possible, that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the short term, while at the same time not damaging, or even improving, the condition of forest ecosystems.
However, it also makes clear “lose-lose” situations is also a possible, in which forest ecosystems are damaged without providing carbon emission reductions in policy-relevant timeframes.
Win-win management practices must benefit climate change mitigation and have either a neutral or positive effect on biodiversity. A win-win future would see the afforestation of former arable land with diverse, naturally regenerated and dedicated industrial forests.
The report also warns of trade-offs between local biodiversity and mitigating carbon emissions, or vice versa. These must be carefully navigated to avoid creating a lose-lose scenario where biodiversity is damaged and natural forests are converted into plantations, while BECCS fails to deliver the necessary negative emissions.
In a future that will depend on science working in collaboration with industries to build a net zero future continued research is key to ensuring biomass can deliver the win-win solution of renewable electricity with negative emissions while supporting healthy forests. | <urn:uuid:754aa9bf-aa15-48e4-b718-71ef6e62a920> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.drax.com/sustainable-bioenergy/forests-net-zero-and-the-science-behind-biomass/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710869.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201185801-20221201215801-00876.warc.gz | en | 0.934575 | 2,055 | 3.625 | 4 |
While there has always been considerable interest in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children, adolescents and adults, it’s only been in the past decade or two that significant efforts have been made to treat and prevent these disorders. Diagnosis of autism has been gaining recognition as more and more people are identifying with its symptoms. Movies such as ‘Rain Man’ and ‘Mercury Rising’ provide a slightly exaggerated version of what it means to be autistic; however, the truth is not too far off.
Autism Is Not a Simple Disorder
Autism is a complex phenomenon. Not only is there a misunderstanding of the concept, it has been plagued by misconceptions of its cause and methods of prevention, such as vaccines, dieting, and child rearing practices to name a few. Overall, the concept of special mental abilities that is somehow associated with relatively poor interpersonal skills is known to most human beings.
The phenomenon of autism is not binary – in other words – it is not as simple as you either have it or you don’t. There are many shades of gray in the severity and distribution of the axis surrounding mental functions and personal warmth that is the hallmark of autism. Specifically, there are very mild cases and there are such severe cases as portrayed by Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man. These variations have such names as Asperger’s syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). The significance of these subtypes is elusive and poorly understood.
So, why does this human variation occur? The definitive answer eludes us for now. However, there are several clues that have emerged. The current focus is on an imbalance of hormones involved in very early development. The specific hormone eliciting most research is a hormone called oxytocin.
The fact that there are brain/pituitary hormones are related to inducing birth and milk secretions have been known for over a century, however, the nature, property and the actions of oxytocin have been defined only in the past few decades.
Thus, it is important to note that oxytocin (the love hormone) irregularities are extremely uncommon in girls and women, but can occur in boys in men as their biology does not require many of the functions of childbirth and milk secretion. Hence, it is not surprisingly, autism is almost exclusively seen in boys and men!
Although oxytocin changes may be critical to bring about a change in pattern of intimacy and sex, it is not the only hormone that is responsible for such a phenomenon. As of now, other hormones such vasopressin is also considered culprits as they may negate the actions of oxytocin like hormones. Again, we are relatively uninformed about these factors.
Researching Adult Autism
Approximately 50,000 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) turn 18 each year in the United States. Yet life beyond the school-age years has largely remained uncharted territory in autism research.
Research on autism treatment and support services has long focused on early childhood. On many levels, this is understandable. Early intervention has great potential to improve outcomes, and school systems need to provide appropriate support services. Yet adulthood makes up the vast majority of a lifespan.
How is autism diagnosed? It is critical to note that over-diagnosis and misdiagnosis is common. In fact, even for trained experts it takes a considerable period of time (at times day or days of observation), detailed discussions with family and friends and any medical records. A set of laboratory tests are critical.
It is important that other causes of behavioral changes such as alcohol and drug abuse, head trauma and its after effects, brain tumors and certain known hormonal disorders should not be mistaken for autism and the spectrum of mental and behavioral phenomenon.
Given this background that it is usually the mothers and sisters who get concerned about their male relatives and usually have come to the conclusion about autism long before such boys and men are brought to the attention of physicians.
Since almost all of the individuals with autism spectrum disorder are well behaved, mind their manners and generally are not aggressive; therefore, the role of treatment is solely based on the individual’s needs and wishes. These treatments include special education, counseling and psychotherapy, which bring about mixed results, at best.
The medical community is investing in the research of prescription medication as a treatment option for ASD. Thus, volunteers are critically needed in order to evaluate how effective a medication is for this condition. | <urn:uuid:a851995f-5d8f-4b85-9f97-4a5210e77d8b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.autismspectrumdisorders.com/what-is-autism/asd-in-adults/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262311.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527085702-20190527111702-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.965889 | 905 | 3.28125 | 3 |
North of this elevation, which formed the southern shore of the ancient Mojos Lake, are the llanos of Guarayos and Mojos, occupying an extensive region traversed by the Guapore, San Miguel, Guapay, Mamore, Yacuma, Beni and Madre de Dios rivers and their numerous tributaries.
It was once covered by the great Mojos Lake, and still contains large undrained areas, like that of Lake Rojoagua (or Roguaguado).
The Indian population (920,860) is largely composed of the so-called civilized tribes of the Andes, which once formed part of the nationality ruled by the Incas, and of those of the Mojos and Chiquitos regions, which were organized into industrial communities by the Jesuits in the 17th century.
The Mojos and Chiquitos tribes, also, have been less prosperous since the expulsion of the Jesuits, but they have remained together in organized communities, and have followed the industries and preserved the religion taught them as well as circumstances permitted.
The Jesuit founders of the Mojos missions took cattle with them when they entered that region to labour among the Indians, with the result that the Mojos and Chiquitos llanos were soon well stocked, and have since afforded an unfailing supply of beef for the neighbouring inland markets.
In the Mojos and Chiquitos districts the natives were taught by the Jesuit missionaries to weave an excellent cotton cloth, and the industry still exists.
All of the upper branches of the river Madeira find their way to the falls across the open, almost level Mojos and Beni plains, 35,000 sq.
The "Llanos de Mojos," famous for their flourishing Jesuit mission settlements of the 17th and 18th centuries, occupy the eastern part of this department and are still inhabited by an industrious peaceful native population, devoted to cattle raising and primitive methods of agriculture. | <urn:uuid:cd16e568-4549-4d2a-ba4d-fa32f898bdf2> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/mojos | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124299.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00160-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972921 | 405 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There are many benefits of canine therapy in for seniors. While people often think of the furry therapists as visiting hospitals, rehab centers and nursing homes, many do not realize that older adults in senior living communities also benefit from these visits.
Science has proven that interaction with gentle, friendly pets:
- Lowers blood pressure
- Reduces anxiety and depression
- Enhances mood
- Diminishes physical pain
- Produces a relaxation response
- Increases socialization, decreases feelings of isolation
Why animal therapy works
Spending time bonding with an animal produces serotonin in the brain—the hormone that makes us feel good or happy—along with other chemicals that foster a sense of calm. Whether it’s stroking or brushing out an animal’s fur, giving a treat (and getting grateful puppy eyes looking back), or simply sitting together (perhaps with a dog’s head or paw in one’s lap), those moments are quite beneficial for older adults.
Pets are non-judgmental and are quite empathic—they sense a person’s moods (and often know whom to approach in the room in order to provide comfort); and service dogs sense changes in heart rate or other physical markers. Pet therapists also play a role in reducing the agitation and confusion associated with sundowning in people with dementia.
Although animals don’t communicate with us verbally, their gentle manner and acceptance can be soothing to people who may have trouble communicating with language. Interacting with a pet therapy animal can also help get seniors talking about their own pets from long ago, providing opportunities for socialization and sharing stories with each other.
At the JCHC, residents in our communities enjoy periodic visits from canine therapists and enjoy connecting with these loving animals. Given the beautiful interactions, these visits are clearly a treat for both humans and dogs. | <urn:uuid:f853c15d-510a-4e73-9f23-2ebf70597c0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://jchcorp.org/pet-therapy-brings-comfort-and-joy-to-seniors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662532032.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520124557-20220520154557-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.939483 | 380 | 2.65625 | 3 |
READY – SET – SAFE
Planning Ahead for Emergencies!
No one can predict an emergency or a power outage – but you can lessen the impact to your comfort and safety by thinking ahead.
Consider the following suggestions, which can help you as crews work to restore power during an outage.
If The Power Goes Out
- Check your electrical panel. Look for tripped breakers or blown fuses. Replace blown fuses and try to reset the breakers by switching them off, then on.
- Call PSREC’s 24-hour phone numbers: 530-832-4261 or 800-555-2207. Keep calling until you speak with someone. Remember to report any flashes, bangs or trees in power lines.
- Turn on an outside light. As power is restored, workers can see the progress.
- Unplug any sensitive electronic equipment. Turn off electric devices in use at the time of the outage, such as televisions and computers.
- Let repair crews do their job. It is tempting to stop crews and ask questions about the outage. This will only delay the repair. While the crews want to be helpful, they need to restore your power quickly and safely.
- Never approach a downed power line. Call 911 to report a downed line, and keep others away.
- Guard against carbon monoxide poisoning, which can be lethal. Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odorless, deadly gas. Do not use carbon monoxide-emitting devices inside a home, garage, or any other enclosed space.
- Install smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. Check batteries on the installed devices the first of every month. If an alarm sounds on either device, immediately move all household occupants to fresh air.
- Flashlight: Keep at least one flashlight in a central, easy-to-reach location. Store an extra set of batteries nearby. If the flashlight is rarely used, store batteries separately to prevent battery corrosion and damage to the flashlight.
- Radio: A battery-powered or hand-cranked radio is valuable for information and entertainment.
- Phone: Keep a corded phone for emergency use. These phones have a cord connecting the receiver to the base. A well-charged cell phone might work, restrict calls to necessary ones.
- Water: If your water supply is from a well or cis- tern, the pump will not be able to deliver water during an outage. Store 1 gallon of water per person, per day.
- Food: Have a nonelectric can opener and a stock of easy-to-prepare foods, such as canned soups, prepared beans, chili, stews, protein bars and canned fruit.
- Medical needs: If a household member uses electric-powered life-sustaining equipment, have a backup plan for outages. If PSREC is not aware of the equipment in use, notify the utility of your special needs. Certain situations can create extended outages, so be prepared to move to another location where electricity is available. Have an ample supply of any prescription medications on hand.
- Automobiles: Keep vehicle fuel tanks at least half full during winter.
- Pipes: Use heat tape to thaw exposed, frozen pipes. Have a backup plan to keep pump houses, stock tanks and temperature-sensitive supplies from freezing. | <urn:uuid:4544a6bc-6229-49a9-9716-110142b55bd2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.psrec.coop/ready-set-safe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.908425 | 693 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The 2015 General Election exposed serious problems with our First Past The Post (FPTP) electoral system.
Between them, UKIP and the Greens received over 5 million voters. But each party has just one MP each. While the Green’s MP represents 1.11 million, UKIP’s MP represents 3.88 million. Meanwhile, the SNP’s 1.45 million voters have secured the party 56 SNP MPs. That’s one SNP MP representing 26,000 voters.
Compare that to UKIP’s one MP representing 3.88 million voters and it’s clear there’s a problem. If UKIP had got the same level of representation for its voters as the SNP, it would have another 148 MPs. To put it another way, under FPTP 149 UKIP voters receive the same representation as 1 SNP voter does.
Needless to say Proportional Representation would have given a very different result. With 12.6% of the vote, UKIP would have had 80 MPs (+79). Meanwhile, the SNP’s 4.7% of the vote would have given it 30 MPs (-26).
A concern for everyone
Whatever one’s political views, it is hard to support a system which rewards parties when its voters are highly concentrated in certain areas of the United Kingdom, and punishes parties whose voters are more thinly spread across constituencies. Surely the ‘one person, one vote’ principle demands that all voters should have an equal voice, irrespective of where they live.
UKIP, the Greens, the Liberal Democrats and other parties may want to set aside their political differences to make the case for a fairer electoral system together. The 2015 General Election has been described as being “the most disproportionate election in history”.
There has never been a better time to make the case for fundamental reform. | <urn:uuid:d0e3ab4a-f955-4daf-a8b7-d65679f36575> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://from-the-white-cliffs.co.uk/the-problem-with-first-past-the-post/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824448.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213032335-20181213053835-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.960251 | 381 | 2.765625 | 3 |
On Jan. 22, 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Roe v. Wade and its companion case, Doe v. Bolton. The Court ruled that abortion must be permitted for any reason before fetal viability—and that it must be permitted for “health” reasons, broadly defined in Doe (so as to encompass virtually any reason), all the way until birth. Roe and Doe legalized abortion on demand nationwide.
The New York Times proclaimed the verdict “a historic resolution of a fiercely controversial issue.” But now, 41 years later, abortion is as unresolved and controversial as ever. Three intractable problems will continue to plague the Court and its abortion jurisprudence until the day when, finally, Roe is overturned.
First, and most importantly, the outcome of Roe is fundamentally harmful and unjust. Why? The facts of biology show that the human embryo or fetus (the being whose life is ended in abortion) is a distinct and living human organism at the earliest stages of development. This was established long before 1973, though subsequent scientific and technological advances have greatly improved our knowledge of life before birth. As Dr. Horatio R. Storer explained in a book published in 1866, “Physicians have now arrived at the unanimous opinion that the foetus in utero is alive from the very moment of conception.”
Justice requires that the law protect the equal dignity and basic rights of every member of the human family—irrespective of age, size, stage of development, condition of dependency, and the desires and decisions of others. This principle of human equality, affirmed in the Declaration of Independence and the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, is the moral crux of western civilization. But the Roe Court ruled, to the contrary, that a particular class of innocent human beings (the unborn) must be excluded from the protection of the law and allowed to be dismembered and killed at the discretion of others. “The right created by the Supreme Court in Roe,” observes University of St. Thomas law professor Michael Stokes Paulsen, “is a constitutional right of some human beings to kill other human beings.”
After Roe, the incidence of abortion rose dramatically, quickly topping one million abortions per year and peaking at 1.6 million in 1990 before gradually declining to 1.2 million. Under the Roe regime, abortion is the leading cause of human death. More than 56 million human beings have now been legally killed. And abortion has significantly and detrimentally impacted the health and well-being of many women (and men). The moral gravity and scale of this injustice exceed that of any other issue or concern in American society today.
The second problem with Roe is that it is legally, constitutionally mistaken. Justice Harry Blackmun’s majority opinion claimed that the “liberty” protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment includes a “right of privacy” that is “broad enough to encompass” a right to abortion. “As a constitutional argument,” notes University of Pennsylvania law professor Kermit Roosevelt (who favors legalized abortion), “Roe is barely coherent. The Court pulled its fundamental right to choose more or less from the constitutional ether.”
The right alleged in Roe is blatantly contradicted by the history of abortion law in the United States. Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment roughly coincided with enactment of a wave of state laws prohibiting abortion from conception with the primary aim (according to clear and abundant historical evidence) of protecting unborn children. Most of these statutes were already on the books by the time the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1868, and many of them remained unchanged until Roe struck them down more than a century later. “To reach its result,” Justice William Rehnquist thus concluded in his dissenting opinion, “the Court necessarily has had to find within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment a right that was apparently completely unknown to the drafters of the Amendment.”
Blackmun’s reasoning was ridiculous, his facts erroneous, his key historical claims demonstrably false. The process behind the decision was appallingly shoddy. Roe and Doe constituted a full-blown exercise in policy-making—the arbitrary (untethered to the Constitution) invention of a new nationwide abortion policy to reflect the personal preferences of a majority of the justices.
Even pro-choice legal experts don’t try to defend Roe on its merits. “What is frightening about Roe is that this super-protected right is not inferable from the language of the Constitution, the framers’ thinking respecting the specific problem in issue, any general value derivable from the provisions they included, or the nation’s governmental structure,” wrote the eminent constitutional scholar and Yale law professor John Hart Ely. “It is bad because it is bad constitutional law, or rather because it is not constitutional law and gives almost no sense of an obligation to try to be.”
CLICK LIKE IF YOU’RE PRO-LIFE!
Since 1973 the Court has modified Roe while stubbornly clinging to its “essential holding.” But the Court’s abortion jurisprudence cannot forever withstand the weight of fact and reason.
Third, Roe is undemocratic. It struck down the democratically-decided abortion laws of all 50 states and imposed a nationwide policy of abortion on demand, whether the people like it or not. Because the Court lacked any constitutional warrant for this move, it usurped the rightful authority of the elected branches of government to determine abortion policy.
The radical extent of the Roe regime was not and has never been consistent with public opinion, which favors substantial legal limits on abortion. (Polling questions on Roe are often inaccurate, and ignorance of the extent of the decision is widespread). Roe has disenfranchised millions and millions of Americans, fostering divisive cultural and political battles. These Americans will not rest while Roe and abortion on demand persist. They want to have a say. The Court decided they could have none.
Overturning Roe would not make abortion illegal nationwide. It would not end the debate. It would return the question of abortion policy back to the people and their elected representatives, where it had been for almost 200 years, and where it always belonged.
So these are the intractable problems of Roe v. Wade. The Supreme Court abused the Constitution to usurp the authority of the people by imposing a gravely unjust policy with breathtakingly disastrous results.
Unjust. Unconstitutional. Undemocratic. Together, these problems will lead, eventually, to Roe‘s collapse.
LifeNews.com Note: Paul Stark is a member of the staff of Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life, a statewide pro-life group. | <urn:uuid:9db8c743-ee7f-4557-9701-da9dcd70e926> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.lifenews.com/2014/01/21/roe-v-wade-unjust-unconstitutional-and-undemocratic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215523.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820023141-20180820043141-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.950082 | 1,394 | 3.109375 | 3 |
They’re very low in both carbs and energy, consisting principally of water. However, they include numerous vitamins in small quantities, together with vitamin K. Almonds are a popular nut loaded with vitamin E, antioxidants, magnesium, and fiber. Studies present that almonds can help you lose weight and improve metabolic health . These foods are crunchy, filling, and loaded with necessary vitamins that many people don’t get enough of, including magnesium and vitamin E.
Different Healthy Fruits
Although grains have gotten a nasty rap in recent times, some types are very healthy. Fish and other seafood are usually very healthy and nutritious. Calorie for calorie, vegetables are among the many world’s most concentrated sources of vitamins. Lambs are usually grass-fed, and their meat tends to be excessive in omega-3 fatty acids. They were beforehand demonized for being excessive in cholesterol, however new studies show that they’re completely protected and healthy .
They’re also high in vitamin B6 and fiber, as nicely as convenient and transportable. Fruits and berries are among the world’s hottest health meals. Coconut oil accommodates comparatively high amounts of MCTs, might help Alzheimer’s illness, and has been shown that will help you lose belly fat . Legumes are one other food group that has been unfairly demonized. Overall, the solely option for bread may be that which you may make yourself. Just understand that they’re relatively high in carbs, so they’re not beneficial for a low-carb diet.
Meals Which Are Super Healthy
They’re high in fiber and among the many finest sources of plant-based protein. For those attempting to undertake a healthier food regimen, it can be extraordinarily challenging to find healthy breads. Trout is one other sort of scrumptious freshwater fish, much like salmon. Carrots are also very high in carotene antioxidants, which have numerous advantages. Lean beef is among the many best sources of protein in existence and loaded with highly bioavailable iron. Choosing the fatty cuts is okay if you’re on a low-carb diet.
Avocados are different than most fruits because they are loaded with healthy fats as an alternative of carbs. Not solely are they creamy and attractive but in addition high in fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. Sweet potatoes are among the most delicious starchy foods you’ll find a way to eat.
Strawberries are extremely nutritious and low in each carbs and calories. To shed weight long-term, you don’t want crash diets or boot camp. Instead, begin by merely changing processed foods with actual meals. Many of the meals above not solely make a great snack but are additionally full of vitamins and antioxidants. Whether you want to overhaul your diet or just change up your meals, it’s straightforward to add a number of these foods to your routine.
They are extremely crunchy and loaded with nutrients like fiber and vitamin K. Quinoa has become incredibly well-liked among health-conscious individuals in current times. It’s a tasty grain that’s high in nutrients, such as fiber and magnesium. Cucumbers are one of many world’s most popular vegetables. | <urn:uuid:689480ac-c78e-4af4-bea0-229b6dff04b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.worldhealthmeter.xyz/50-meals-that-are-super-healthy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944996.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323034459-20230323064459-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.954172 | 669 | 2.59375 | 3 |
We Are Here for You.
The Center for Prehospital Care is committed to providing equal access to all programs and co-curricular activities for qualified applicants and students living with permanent or temporary disabilities.
Definition of “Disability”
As stated in the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendment Act (ADAAA), a disability is defined as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. This includes people who have a record of such an impairment, even if they do not currently have a disability.
General examples of disability categories include, but are not limited to:
- Learning challenges
- Cognitive issues (e.g., ADHD, traumatic brain injury)
- Hearing or vision loss/impairment
- Mobility difficulties
Types of Accommodations
Accommodations are personalized to meet the needs of each student based on the information specified in their current, verifiable medical documentation.
Examples of accommodations include but are not limited to:
- Extended time for exams and quizzes
- Note taking support
- Distraction reduced testing environment
Any accommodation granted by UCLA is strictly for activities within the control of UCLA and may or may not be honored by other agencies, such as NREMT, or hospitals/EMS agencies with whom the student performs a clinical or field rotation. | <urn:uuid:d0a23169-73b7-45a0-bede-c3ef0762604f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.cpc.mednet.ucla.edu/services/students-with-disabilities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100047.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129010302-20231129040302-00819.warc.gz | en | 0.953362 | 267 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Great question! Now games controllers can have as many as fourteen buttons – some to start the game, some to run or crouch and some to make characters do special moves.
The buttons might do different things but they have one thing in common – they’re all switches.
When you press a button, the switch is turned on, and when you lift your finger off, the switch is turned off.
Inside the controller are circuits – these are like roads – they carry the ON and OFF electrical messages back to the computer. Now as games can be fast and furious, this can mean dozens of messages rushing around every second!
The messages are labelled so that the computer can tell which message came from which button. The computer then passes the messages to the game software – that’s the instructions which run the game.
Special codes in the software make images change or create sounds or even vibrate the controllers. When messages come in from the controller, they’re checked against the software and if there’s a match, the code will make the right thing happen.
Maybe that means your character will jump until you take your finger off the button, when the message coming in from that button will stop and the code will stop too. | <urn:uuid:e1069d49-16c4-4647-a91a-739e29ef8b07> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.funkidslive.com/learn/techno-mum/how-do-game-controllers-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00417-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931669 | 256 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The seasons provide an appropriate theme for preschool learning. Spring is full of educational topics that teach preschoolers what happens during the season, including weather changes, plant growth and animal births. Hands-on activities help the preschoolers make sense of the seasonal changes they can see around them as winter ends and spring begins.
Read Picture Books
Children's books present information about spring in an entertaining way. You can find a variety of preschool-appropriate books that incorporate spring weather, rain, rainbows, flowers, rainbows and baby animals. "Mouse's First Spring" by Lauren Thompson explores the signs of spring through the eyes of a baby mouse experiencing his first spring. "Spring Song" by Barbara Seuling focuses on animals and how the spring season affects them. Jan Carr's "Splish, Splash, Spring" touches on many spring themes, including rainy weather and insects. After introducing the idea of spring, lead a discussion about the features of the season.
Take a nature walk with preschoolers to inspect the signs of spring firsthand. Plastic magnifying glasses give the preschoolers a chance to look at things they see up close without the risk of broken glass. Encourage your students to use their five senses to explore spring. You might have them touch damp grass or the rough bark of a tree, for example. While you're outside, stock your classroom science center with spring-related items for exploration. Look for seeds, flowers, berries, buds and mud. The preschoolers can look at the collected spring items under microscopes or with magnifying glasses.
Make Spring Art
Preschoolers learn about spring in a creative way with themed art projects. Combine science and art on a rainy day. Have preschoolers draw on cone-shaped coffee filters with markers. Put the filters outdoors on a rainy day. The colors bleed across the filter to make colorful art. You can use the coffee filters to make a butterfly by using a clothespin as the body. Incorporate shapes for an educational spring craft by letting the kids design shape flowers. You'll need several small shapes in different colors. The kids glue the shapes onto paper to make a flower design.
Plan Movement Activities
Movement activities let the preschoolers explore spring by pretending to be animals, plants or weather elements. Tell the kids what to act like, including descriptions that will help. You might say, "Pretend to be a baby duck. Waddle around like you're following your mama duck." Have the preschoolers pretend to be a seed by curling up in a ball on the floor. They slowly move up as they grow into a flower. Incorporate weather by having the kids pretend to be clouds, wind or raindrops.
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Longtown Castle was established in the late 12th century and first fortified in stone by Walter de Lacey between 1216 and 1231. It was built to defend the English borderlands from Welsh raiders and protected the accompanying 'colony' town of Ewyas Lacy, which became known as Longtown.
Today the castle consists of an inner enclosure surrounded by earthwork and embankments, a gatehouse and a very fine mound or motte, on top of which are the ruins of the round great tower or keep.
The picturesque ruins of this castle include an unusual cylindrical keep or main tower. From there are fine views of the surrounding countryside.
The circular tower or keep was probably built by Walter de Lacy 1216 and 1231. It provided living accommodation in times of peace and a last line of defence if the castle was under attack.
This blog was brought to you by www.goherefordshire.co.uk
Please share or comment on this post, thank you . | <urn:uuid:c1971c71-bb75-4f67-acd8-0e5fb0133d3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://goherefordshire.blogspot.com/2013/11/a-visit-to-longtown-castle-herefordshire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804724.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118094746-20171118114746-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.977055 | 209 | 3.125 | 3 |
The abscissa is the x-coordinate of a point on the coordinate plane.
The distance along the horizontal axis.
- Pronounced "ab-siss-ah" (the 'c' is silent).
- The y-coordinate of a point is called the "ordinate".
- For more see Coordinates of a point.
(C) 2011 Copyright Math Open Reference.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:dd7dda90-a537-4625-b01f-235b70214c28> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://mathopenref.com/abscissa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.776079 | 88 | 3.015625 | 3 |
We’ve all experienced cramps during our periods, but sometimes they can be really hard to bear. If you’re someone who suffers with debilitating cramps, then you could have dysmenorrhea. And it may sound surprising, but it’s very common. More than half of the women who menstruate report some pain from cramps every month, research suggests.
In most cases, cramps are not viewed as a serious health condition, although in some cases they could be the cause of poor lifestyle habits.
Before we get to the remedies, let’s understand the causes of these period cramps.
Dysmenorrhea or severe period pain is caused by compounds called prostaglandins, and before menstruation begins every month, the level of these hormones in the lining of the uterus goes up.
The level of prostaglandins in your body is the highest on the first day of your period, and as your period progresses, and the uterine lining is shed, the prostaglandin levels go down, and the pain gets better.
Most of the time the pain can be treated at home, but in case you just can’t tolerate the cramps, then it’s better to consult a doctor.
Here’s what you can do to treat period cramps at home in an effective manner:
We all know how yoga has the answer to everything, and it helps in the case of period cramps too! Whether it’s stretching your muscles or relaxing with some poses, regular yoga practice can help a lot.
According to a study published in September 2016 in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, it was found that 20 undergraduate students who performed yoga for an hour once a week for three months, suffered from less menstrual cramping.
The only thing to remember is to steer clear of inverted poses, when you are menstruating.
Experts suggest that applying heat to the uterus helps relax the muscles, and can be beneficial when it comes to period cramps. According to a study published in Evidence-Based Nursing, it was found that topically applied heat was just as effective as ibuprofen for period cramps.
There were some women who used heat alone, and the results were effective as popping a pill during that time of the month.
A review published in March 2014 in The Journal of Physiotherapy also found that heat significantly reduced a woman’s period pain.
There are some teas that are particularly helpful when it comes to treating period cramps. They have been used by women of various cultures, because they work so well! Chamomile and peppermint teas are often recommended for menstrual pain because they calm the body. Other teas that help are ginger, or fennel.
So ladies, try these natural hacks before you reach out to that pill!
Track your Menstrual health using
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- Westminster City Council
- 1942 (officially opened 1945)
- Sir Giles Gilbert Scott
- Heritage status
- Grade II*
The original bridge, designed by John Rennie the Elder, was opened in 1817 by the Prince Regent accompanied by the Duke of Wellington to commemorate the second anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo.
By the beginning of the 19th century the population of London was already over a million, and both Blackfriars and Westminster bridges were struggling to cope with the resulting increase in traffic. A parliamentary act of 1809 gave the Strand Bridge Company, the largest and most successful of all the toll-bridge builders, the authority to raise £500,000 (in £100 shares) to fund a new bridge. The construction of the bridge drew large crowds and Tsar Alexander I of Russia even visited the site on his 1814 trip to London. The completed structure was supported by nine elliptical arches of Cornish granite, with two Grecian Doric columns on each pier.
The bridge nonetheless fell into disrepair by the mid-1880s, the foundations damaged by the increased tidal scour caused by the removal of the old London Bridge. The piers of Waterloo Bridge were reinforced between 1882 and 1884 and attempts were made up to 1923 to save the ailing bridge, but it was ultimately closed in 1924.
Despite conservationists calling for its repair, London County Council commissioned Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, celebrated today for Battersea Power Station and the red telephone box, to design a new bridge.
During the Second World War, women were employed to complete the construction by the building contractor Peter Lind & Company, hence Waterloo Bridge is known colloquially as the ‘Ladies Bridge’. It was the only bridge in London to suffer multiple hits by German bombers, but it was finally finished in 1945 and opened by Rt. Hon Herbert Morrison on 10 December. At the opening, a race was declared to see who could be the first to cross the bridge. The race was won by Leonard Mitchell, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy from Balham.
At 1,230 feet long and 80 feet wide it is the longest bridge in London and was the first to incorporate electric lights. It is made of reinforced concrete with Portland stone cladding and supporting arched beams on the outside edges. Conveniently, Portland stone is able to ‘clean itself’ whenever it rains which is why the bridge looks as though it is in such impressively good condition. Two of John Rennie’s Doric columns from the original Waterloo Bridge are retained in the southern abutment.
In 1868, a spectacular Iron Age helmet dating from 150-50 BC was recovered from the Thames riverbed at this point. It is the only Iron Age horned helmet to be found in all of Europe. Nicknamed the ‘Waterloo Bridge Helmet’ it can be seen today in the British Museum.
Among the many artists who have found inspiration in Waterloo Bridge, Claude Monet visited London at the turn of the twentieth century to create a series of canvases depicting the bridge’s earlier iteration and nearby vistas. In the spirit of the Impressionists and the English Romantics who captured the Thames and its bridges in their paintings, Leo Villareal’s artwork for Waterloo Bridge incorporates colours that shift and blend, adjusting to the constantly changing riverscape and its surroundings.
Villareal’s references for Waterloo are drawn from the bridge’s architecture, detailing, and history. Citing a visual tie with Millennium Bridge, the artist finds a similar opportunity to explore a single line of light, which, in this instance, will introduce colour on the bridge’s masonry arches. Villareal’s artwork will complement this existing aesthetic, introducing a 379 meter stretch of lighting across each side of the bridge in addition to washes of light on its underside. | <urn:uuid:0cef110a-90e0-44a6-959b-a6d0e4eba677> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://illuminatedriver.london/bridges/waterloo-bridge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514046.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117235743-20210118025743-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.960666 | 811 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Renewable Energy Integration Facility was established in 2009 to develop new grid management technologies that will allow greater penetration of renewable, low-emission energy resources into electricity networks.
Think back to Christmas morning: excitement woke you early, presents were unwrapped, and then it was time to put your new gadgets to the test. Alas, when you read the back of the box housing your new camera/remote control car/portable speaker, you saw those three heartbreaking words: ‘batteries not included’.
Those missing AAs could’ve provided the energy you needed to power Christmas selfies with Gran, or a few hot-laps around the block in your miniaturised V8. Those batteries are energy storage in its most common form.
Quest for a Better Battery (CSIRO).
CSIRO has been working on the battery for decades, and although our fashions have changed, our research question hasn’t – how can we get reliable energy when we need it? Until now, energy storage has been the missing link.
Batteries make it possible to store electrical energy and use it whenever it’s needed, which helps manage power supply and demand.
Battery energy storage can respond to increased power demands quickly, and also save excess power and then supply it when needed.
As we look towards a low-emissions future, it’s clear that battery storage is about to become big business in our mission to integrate renewable energies like solar and wind into our daily usage.
The good news is that technological advances are making battery storage technologies cheaper and more accessible.
How does it work?
Battery storage uses a chemical process to store electrical energy. This energy can then be called upon at a later time, or redirected back into the electrical grid.
While a set of AAs don’t take up much room, a typical household battery storage system may look like a small fridge or hot water system, and a commercial system could be as large as a shipping container.
A nifty example
A number of years ago, CSIRO developed UltraBattery, a dynamic technology for storing electricity and powering vehicles.
Our researchers combined two everyday energy storage technologies: the lead-acid battery (battery found in cars) and a supercapacitor (device that powers camera flashes). The result is an economical, super fast-charging battery with long-life power.
Honda’s Odyssey vehicle now uses our UltraBattery technology in its hybrid model.
Store it safely
Battery storage does come with its own set of risks – and we don’t just mean that little ‘zap’ when you touch your tongue to the tip of a 9 volt toy battery.
As with any electrical device, attaching battery storage technology to your home or office brings a few safety considerations.
Together with the Clean Energy Council, we prepared a guide and checklist for consumers and small businesses on the safe installation, use and disposal of household and small commercial battery storage systems, which can be found here.
What’s next for energy storage?
Onwards and upwards! Companies around the world are clamouring to bring battery storage technologies to the market.
In Australia, regulators are working to ensure smooth sailing for the installation, connection and operation of storage technologies for homes and businesses.
We are looking at the integration of renewable technologies – in other words, demonstrating how electricity networks will work in the future where there will be more renewable energy generation and more storage options available.
Until then, our advice is to grab an extra packet of AAs to avoid disappointment next Christmas! | <urn:uuid:6f44ec2a-6dc4-423f-9b99-b1f861279a37> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://blog.csiro.au/energy-on-demand-batteries-included/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.927676 | 740 | 3.140625 | 3 |
NR447 RN Collaborative Healthcare
Week 8 Discussion
Retention and Recruitment
The purpose of this discussion is for learners to reflect on how to retain and recruit nurses for the future.
This discussion enables the student to meet the following course outcome:
CO 4: Describe interprofessional communication and collaboration strategies. (POs 2, 3)
Discussions are designed to promote dialogue between faculty and students, and students and their peers. In discussions students:
Demonstrate understanding of concepts for the week
Integrate outside scholarly sources when required
Engage in meaningful dialogue with classmates and/or instructor
Express opinions clearly and logically, in a professional manner
Use the rubric on this page as you compose your answers.
Best Practices include:
Participation early in the week is encouraged to stimulate meaningful discussion among classmates and instructor.
Enter the discussion often during the week to read and learn from posts.
Select different classmates for your reply each week.
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (as cited in American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2019), over 200,000 new RNs will be needed each year through 2026 to replace nurses who retire and to fill new positions. National Council of State Boards of Nursing and The Forum of State Nursing Workforce Centers (as cited in American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2019) reported that about 51% of today’s RNs are 50 years old or older. These are dramatic numbers and represent a challenge for future nurse leaders and managers.
If you were a nurse leader or manager, how would you retain the nurses you have? How would you recruit additional nurses? In your opinion, what do you think the future of the nursing workforce will look like in 50 years?
Your discussion post should look like:
Paragraph one: How would you retain the nurses you have?
Paragraph two: How would you recruit additional nurses?
Paragraph three: What do you think the future of the nursing workforce will look like in 50 years?
Resources: Where did you find your data?
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2019). Fact sheet: Nursing shortage. https://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/News/Factsheets/Nursing-Shortage-Factsheet.pdf
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Support-Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions. | <urn:uuid:cc55fc8f-97a2-453e-89bb-9887aa175c04> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://collepals.com/2022/09/22/retention-and-recruitment-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335424.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930020521-20220930050521-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.938331 | 625 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Term: Black Hawk War Encampment "Burnt Village" (Historic Marker Erected 1998)
Burnt Village County Park, Hwy. N, 2 mi. SE of Ft. Atkinson, Jefferson County
A large Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) village dating from the 1700s once stood in this vicinity. Just before the 1832 Black Hawk War, the village was burned during an intratribal battle. On July 6th and 8th, the United States Military camped at this site in their pursuit of Black Hawk and named this place Burnt Village.
[Source: Source: McBride, Sarah Davis. History Just Ahead (Madison:WHS, 1999).] | <urn:uuid:2dc956d0-7976-4567-a45f-a11c8bffefbf> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=14734&keyword=black+hawk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010557037/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090917-00037-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907697 | 147 | 3 | 3 |
Definition of shut off from
- He shut himself off from his family.
- Here on the island, people are shut off from (contact with) the outside world.
: to move into position to close an opening
: to prevent entrance to or passage to or from
: to confine by or as if by enclosure
: closed, fastened, or folded together
: rid, clear, free
: the act of shutting
: from a place or position
: at a distance in space or time
: from a course : aside
used as a function word to indicate physical separation or distance from a position of rest, attachment, or union
: to seaward of
: from the possession or charge of
: more removed or distant
: to go away : depart
: kill, murder
: competition : contest
What made you want to look up shut off from? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:a773a1a6-ba00-40dd-92e4-6a299da12ec6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shut%20off%20from | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808254.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124142303-20171124162303-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.938664 | 201 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Does Your Manifold Have Worm Holes?
Manifold Erosion Due to Cavitation
|Cavitation is the formation of small bubbles in a liquid due to low pressures. The bubbles are dissolved gasses and liquid vapor.|
Cavitation is caused by low pressures that result from high velocities when the fluid takes a pressure drop. For instance, when a fluid takes a pressure drop of 3000 psi (200 bar) across an orifice or a metering edge, the velocity reaches trans-sonic, if not supersonic, velocities. If one applied Bernoulli's theorem to these conditions, you would expect the pressure at the point of metering to approach a hard vacuum. This type of cavitation is very difficult to prevent.
Cavitation in and of itself does not cause any damage; it is the collapse of the bubbles that can be destructive. When the bubbles collapse, there is a shock wave generated that contains so much energy it can rip electrons loose from the fluid's molecules. This is apparent in the blue light given off; evidence of a phenomenon called sonoluminescence, or sound-generated light. The blue color of the light indicates that the temperatures involved are an order of magnitude higher than the surface of the sun. If the bubble happens to be close to a surface when it collapses, the shock wave will do damage at a molecular level, eroding material.
The key phrase in the preceding paragraph is "If the bubble happens to be close to a surface when it collapse.s" If there is sufficient pressure downstream of the metering edge, the bubble will collapse close to where it was formed (inside the cartridge valve) and will not do any damage. If the bubble collapses outside the cartridge, close to the manifold wall, material can begin to erode.
Most people visualize the phenomenon of cavitation erosion as high speed jets of oil blasting material away, similar to sand blasting. This is not the case. The bubbles are generated by high velocity but the damage is done by the collapse of the bubble. The damaged area is irregular in shape and may even turn corners.
The natural inclination is to open up the tank area of the cavity with an undercut to move the surface away from the high speed jets. Unfortunately, this lowers the downstream pressure and makes matters worse. In fact, the correct path to take is to leave the cavity as is and reduce the size of the tank passage.
- The rule of thumb is that if you have a cavity-erosion problem, adding 5% backpressure will probably stop the erosion and 10% is a sure thing. The percentage is of the total drop across the valve. If there is a 3000-psi (200 bar) drop across the valve, a backpressure of 150 psi (10 bar), or 5% will prevent erosion.
- Switching a manifold from aluminum to ductile iron will reduce the rate of erosion by a factor of 10.
- Sun valves that are the most likely to cause erosion are balanced piston valves that modulate from the nose (port 1) to the side (port 2). These include pilot-operated relief valves and priority flow controls.
- Sun direct-acting reliefs (RD**), sequences (SC** ), and pilot operated, balanced poppet reliefs (RP*S, RV*S, and RP*T) do not erode cavities because the actual metering of the fluid occurs inside the valve (the valve creates its own backpressure). Switching to one of these valves is easy as they use the same cavities and have the same flow paths as the balanced piston versions.
- Using a vented relief to load and unload a pump is a very common application, but it presents some potential problems. When the vent is blocked to bring the pump back up to pressure, the valve modulates the full pump flow from minimum up to existing system pressure. If the conditions are there for cavitation, each cycle can cause erosion. Adding downstream pressure can prevent problems, as can Sun's balanced poppet valves, the RV*S family.
- Most hydraulic systems are not designed to spill oil over a relief valve on a continuous basis. Often there is something wrong, such as a pump compensator that is set above the system relief.
- The solution for cavity erosion with the priority flow controls (FR** and FV**) is back pressure.
- The presence of cavitation is characterized by white noise. If you can eliminate the noise, you will eliminate the cavitation.
- Dissolved air in the fluid probably exacerbates cavitation erosion.
- High temperatures raise the vapor pressure and increase the likelihood of cavitation. When a fluid takes a pressure drop of 3000 psi (200 bar) its temperature increases by about 24°F (14°C). A normal fluid temperature of 160°F (70°C) becomes a somewhat high 184°F (84°C) immediately downstream of the valve. This is not due to the cavitation; it is just conservation of energy.
- If you seriously want to convert hydraulic power into heat, you need to allow for cavitation. The trick to making it work is to take the pressure drop in two or more stages.
- High specific gravity fluids such as water or phosphate esters can cause severe cavitation erosion damage to valves but do not seem to cause as much damage to manifolds. Once again, limiting pressure drop will lessen the problem.
Cavitation erosion is not exclusive to Sun Hydraulics. It is a natural phenomenon caused by what happens when a fluid experiences a large velocity increase. One does not need a screw-in cartridge valve to demonstrate this; a simple orifice or leak path will do.
Sun has a fixture that we use to demonstrate cavitation and its results; white noise, sonoluminescence and cavity erosion. We had a customer that was using all the excess horsepower of a machine to generate heat with the hydraulic system. The result was that the aluminum manifold would erode in a matter of hours. One of our engineers, Dick Clark, had a fixture built that has a clear plastic section around the discharge side of a relief valve. With this fixture, you can clearly see the erosion happening and hear the noise. The demonstration is quite graphic as you realize the material between you and the oil is being eaten away. One of the customers likened it to looking down the barrel of a loaded shotgun. As you increase backpressure, the stream of bubbles retreats back into the valve and the white noise goes away.
The same engineer, Dick Clark, used to quip that he had never seen a good electric crane or a hydraulic light bulb. I was reading a Discover magazine on an airplane and there was an article about sonoluminescence. The article described how the scientists created a bubble and then collapsed it with an acoustic transducer. The result was a flash of blue light. I made the connection to cavitation erosion. The next day I came into work and had the lab crew set up the cavitation fixture. When the lights were turned off the eerie blue light became very visible. We had our hydraulic light bulb! It takes about 20 hp (15 kW) to generate a feeble glow. The sonoluminescence demonstration is very popular, every one wants to see it and we have shown it to hundreds of people.
In summary, adding backpressure will stop or prevent cavity erosion. Changing manifold material from aluminum to ductile iron will greatly lessen the rate of erosion. Switching to a different design of valve will stop erosion.
For a video demonstration of sonoluminescence, Click Here! | <urn:uuid:07fbe2da-5b94-4290-a3de-df6a8e059d80> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.sunhydraulics.com/es/node/37106 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710155.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127005113-20221127035113-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.930043 | 1,583 | 3.375 | 3 |
Emotional intelligence in leadership has garnered attention in recent years with numerous studies and references highlighting its importance. Studies by organizations such as the Harvard Business Review and the Center for Creative Leadership consistently emphasize the significance of Emotional intelligence in leadership effectiveness.
Emotional intelligence (EQ) is a crucial trait for leaders because it encompasses the ability to understand, manage, and leverage emotions effectively in oneself and others.
Here are 5 reasons why EQ is important for leaders:
Leaders with high EQ are skilled at forming and maintaining positive relationships. They possess empathy, which allows them to understand and connect with their team members on a deeper level. This fosters trust, collaboration, and loyalty among team members. Satya Nadella, CEO of Microsoft, emphasized empathy as a core value within the company, leading to improved employee engagement and increased innovation.
Leaders with high EQ can handle conflicts with tact and diplomacy, seeking win-win solutions. By considering others’ perspectives and managing emotions effectively, they can defuse tense situations and maintain a harmonious work environment. Indra Nooyi, the former CEO of PepsiCo, demonstrated this by encouraging open dialogue and resolving conflicts constructively.
Leaders with high EQ can consider both emotional and logical aspects when making decisions. They understand how emotions can influence judgments and take steps to mitigate biases. By incorporating emotional data, they can make decisions that resonate with their teams and stakeholders. Alan Mulally, the former CEO of Ford, successfully led the company’s turnaround by focusing on open communication, collaboration, and emotional engagement.
Leaders with high EQ have a profound impact on the morale and motivation of their teams. They inspire others through their enthusiasm, optimism, and ability to communicate a compelling vision. These leaders create a positive work climate, fostering engagement and productivity. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, demonstrates this ability by infusing passion into his projects and inspiring his teams to push boundaries and achieve ambitious goals.
In today’s rapidly changing and unpredictable business environment, leaders need to be adaptable. Emotional intelligence enables leaders to navigate change with resilience and flexibility. They can manage their own emotions and help their teams cope with uncertainty, inspiring them to embrace change and adapt quickly.
While having emotional intelligence alone, does not guarantee success as a leader, it is a critical trait that distinguishes exceptional leaders and contributes to long-term success in various industries. | <urn:uuid:48b7a079-a5e2-49ec-a76d-0e78496c6ab9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://gattsconsulting.com/why-emotional-intelligence-is-important-for-leaders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.947356 | 487 | 2.609375 | 3 |
When I was skating, we skated exclusively on outdoor ice, and there was ice for only a fraction of the year. As a result, we had to do a lot of cross-training to stay in shape: lifting weights, running — which I discovered through Allan Claremont, an exercise physiologist at the Madison Speed Skating Club — and cycling. The physical requirements of skating and cycling are similar. In fact, it was cycling as a means of cross-training for skating that led me to start racing a bit, and I found I really enjoyed it.
Cross-training is essentially performing any type of exercise outside of your primary sport to maintain or improve your level of fitness.
The classic goal of cross-training is to employ a variety of exercise so that the fatigue of a single muscle group doesn't prevent you from working your cardiovascular system and other muscle groups. When you're first starting an exercise program, cross-training can allow you to go longer than you might otherwise, which more effectively boosts your body's basic systems: heart, lungs, circulation and muscles. That, in turn, creates a very strong, wide base to support the pyramid of skills specific to your sport that you will develop over time.
Repetitive-use injuries can be avoided using cross-training. An avid athlete in any sport runs the risk of impact-related or repetitive-use injuries. To increase your exercise load without piling on more sessions of the same sport, add a cross-training workout instead.
Alternative forms of exercise develop whole-body conditioning by recruiting muscles your primary activity may not activate. When a bicyclist does gym training, for example, she can specifically focus on muscle groups that cycling neglects. It can also accelerate weight loss. One study showed that runners who maintained their usual running schedules and added just one 30-minute cross-training workout (in this case, cycling) per week lost an extra pound of fat every 10 weeks, provided they didn't increase their eating.
Once you have developed the habit of exercise, like an elite athlete you will very rarely want to go long periods without it, even when you need to stay away from your favorite sport when it's offseason or due to injury. Here are a few activities I recommend to my patients as appropriate cross-training modalities when they are injured or in other circumstances.
Runners can cross-train using cycling, cross-country skiing, hiking, skating, even martial arts.
Those who develop knee pain during running, soccer, basketball or aerobic dance can cross-train without pain riding a bike, in most cases.
People with Achilles tendinitis can often do aqua jogging or swimming without kicking (doing the breaststroke, for example).
Rowers or tennis players with elbow or wrist injuries can run or ride a bike.
If you have shoulder pain, use your legs to get your heart and lungs working by running or using a StairMaster.
When it's too hot or too cold outdoors, the gym is ideal. You can use any of the ergometers (treadmill, cyclette, rowing machine or StairMaster) or weights.
"Active rest," such as stretching, works for a day or two off from any other activity.
Eric Heiden, M.D., a five-time Olympic gold medalist speed skater, is an orthopedic surgeon in Utah. He co-wrote "Faster, Better, Stronger: Your Fitness Bible" (HarperCollins) with exercise performance physician Max Testa, M.D., and DeAnne Musolf. Visit fasterbetterstronger.com. | <urn:uuid:3721b904-597c-48be-b4b6-77e7b6cc89ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.ctnow.com/sc-health-0707-heiden-20100707-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816094.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225031153-20180225051153-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.957371 | 740 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Creating essay hook
This I Believe is an international organization engaging people in writing and sharing essays describing the core values that guide their daily lives. Students are told from the first time they receive instruction in English composition that their introductory paragraphs should accomplish two tasks:
Putting together an argumentative essay outline is the perfect way to get started on your argumentative essay assignment—just fill in the blanks!
Creating essay hook
Rock Paper Wizard In this brand new Dungeons & Dragons edition of Rock Paper Wizard your adventuring party has just defeated a fiery dragon in a treacherous cave. How to Write a Persuasive Essay. A persuasive essay is an essay used to convince a reader about a particular idea or focus, usually one that you believe in. Your. Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy [email protected] Writing Bootcamp Unit Teacher Resources 12-1-2011 Creating a "Mock Essay" to Teach MLA Format
Dec 04, 2013 · Essay Writing: Thesis statement 1. Easy Steps to a Great Thesis statement Glenn Rai 2. A thesis statement can be: The answer to a. Essay hooks Published under Tips for writing an essay On 19 Jun 2015. Every writer, whether a professional or a student, will always have his/her audience in mind. Feb 29, 2016 · the thesis statement, which makes a claim or states a view that you will support or build upon Your First Sentence. To get your paper off to a great start.
On January 14, 2013, Sandy Hook Elementary School family members held a news conference in Newtown, Connecticut to announce the launch of Sandy Hook Promise. Basic Steps to the Research Process. /** * Simple encryption to hide email addresses from crawlers in webpages. * This code is Free Software provided under an MIT. Jan 19, 2011 · Structure of a persuasive essay 1. Structure of a Persuasive Essay 2. INTRODUCTION 15% Hook: something to draw the reader in.
5. Outline your essay. There are many resources that can advise you on how to write a wonderful essay, but the purpose of this article is to shape that advice to the. How to Write a Thesis for a Narrative Essay by Amy Sterling Casil, Demand Media . The Classroom » School Subjects » How to Write a Thesis for a Narrative Essay | <urn:uuid:87ac9c0a-b4b7-4469-8479-0c4a2f884ff8> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://kecourseworkppys.casestudyhouse26.com/creating-essay-hook.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427766.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170729112938-20170729132938-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.895696 | 473 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Another way of putting glasses on a diet is to use what is known as aspheric grinding: In the case of conventional ground lenses – referred to in the trade as spherical lenses – the front and back surfaces of the lens are curved like a sphere. In contrast, aspheric lenses feature specially optimized surfaces. In order to avoid a pronounced, aesthetically unappealing curvature of the front surface of the lens while simultaneously achieving perfect visual quality, the front surface of an aspheric eyeglass lens is optimized so that the surface flattens out from the center of the lens toward the edges. This makes it possible to make aspheric lenses thinner and significantly lighter while maintaining the same optical effect. In combination with the ZEISS high-index lens materials referred to above, aspheric lens design techniques can be used to create flat, thin and extraordinarily lightweight eyeglass lenses – even for wearers with significant vision problems.
Another method of producing ultra-thin lenses is to use a computer-assisted method developed by ZEISS called OPTIMA. This makes it possible to reduce the edge and center thickness visible in the frame to a minimum at the production stage while taking all the frame specifications into account. Often OPTIMA enables the production of a much thinner lens. The eye care professional can use special recommendation programs from ZEISS to visualize these thickness differences. | <urn:uuid:03b6d181-4d99-4fb7-a266-b699ecc898b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.zeiss.ca/vision-care/en_ca/better-vision/understanding-vision/trends-and-advice/maximum-comfort-with-ultra-thin-super-lightweight-spectacles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00085-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913491 | 280 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Internal Combustion Engines create Carbon Monoxide through incomplete combustion of
gasoline, diesel, or propane fuels. CO concentrations can and often exceed OSHA
Permissible Exposure Limits but are not monitored and therefore lead to serious injury and death.
SAM monitors CO concentrations, alerts the operator, and shuts down
the application prior to a medical emergency.
Two Carpenters Died Of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Secondary To Running A Gas Powered Engine In A Confined Space (Basement Of A Home)
Hundreds of people have been poisoned because small gasoline-powered engines produced hazardous concentrations of CO even in open buildings.
Two employees of a pharmacy in Vermont fainted within four hours after arriving for work; at a local hospital emergency department, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning was diagnosed.
Copyright © 2018 SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES - All Rights Reserved. Patent Pending | <urn:uuid:bf9d9039-45c5-40e7-9e88-493fae194e95> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://safeairmonitors.com/learn-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540519149.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209145254-20191209173254-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.891993 | 181 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In January, over 30 authors published a new report on the status of the world’s primates. The title gave a bleak prognosis: “Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates.” This week, co-hosts Chris Askew-Merwin andBen Finkel ask why primates matter and how we can preserve them. We sat down in the studio with two Michigan primatologists and conservationists: Dr. Andrew Marshall, professor in the anthropology, Program in the Environment, and School of Natural Resource and Environment, and Julie Jarvey, member of the Gelada Research Project based here at the University of Michigan.
Our conversation delves into the unique role primates play in our understanding of tropical ecology. Marshall shares with us lessons learned in his research including a new edited volume: An Introduction to Primate Conservation, as wells a work in Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia. Jarvey fills us in on what’s happening with a unique primate population on the other side of the world: the gelada monkeys of the Ethiopian highlands.
We also talk actions and solutions, from guidelines for being a tourist visiting primate countries, to being consumers here at home. Jarvey shares with us some outreach, including the hilarious and educational Gelada Rap video.
Between telling stories on global issues and primate behavior, we play some monkey-themed tunes from the Kinks, Simon & Garfunkel, and the Rolling Stones. If you love the content we provide on It’s Hot in Here,please consider donating to WCBN during our fundraising week. There are some neat premiums being offered in exchange for donations, and it’s your support that helps us continue to bring you this show!
In this week’s episode co-hosts Chris Askew-Merwin and Malavika Sahai talk food and power, with a focus on corporate control over the food industry. This conversation is based on an interview we air between Malavika and guest Phil Howard from Michigan State University, a professor and sociologist studying food markets and food systems. He has a new book out, entitled Concentration and Power in the Food System: Who Controls What We Eat?, and is perhaps most famous for his widely-circulated infographics about concentration of ownership in the food system. They talk taking back power through consumer purchasing power and sustainable movements in pre-existing markets.
The conversation between Malavika and Phil got us thinking about a previous show we had on sustainability in the craft beer industry, from November 2015. We review a clip from the episode, A Cultural Shift to Conservation, with Kris Spaulding of Brewery Vivant in which she discusses being a LEED certified brewery and profit sharing at Brewery Vivant.
Along with these fabulous content-rich interviews, we play some groovy tunes from Weird Al Yankovic and The Beatles. If you love the content we provide on It’s Hot in Here, please consider donating to WCBN during our fundraising week. There are some pretty neat premiums being offered in exchange for donations, and it’s your support that helps us continue to bring you this show!
In this week’s episode host Chris Askew-Merwin and our newest host Audrey Pallmeyer discuss clips from the fantastic panel titled Advancing Environmental Sustainability in the Trump Era which was held on Tuesday, January 31, 2017. The panel was hosted by the U of M’s School of Natural Resources and Environment. The panel is moderated by SNRE’s interim dean, Dan Brown and includes a range of phenomenal thinkers including, Professor Joe Arvai, Professor Rosina Bierbaum, Keith Creagh, Director of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Laura Rubin, Executive Director of the Huron River Watershed Council, and Professor David Uhlmann. Listen as the panelists discuss their fears regarding this new administration and explain their reasons for optimism. If you are feeling worried but don’t know what concerns are valid or if there is any reason to be even slightly optimistic then this is the show for you! For more information about the panel or the panelists click here. To listen to the full panel watch the video below.
This inauguration weekend is coupled with an act of resistance: a Women’s March on Washington with sister marches happening across the globe in solidarity with socially marginalized individuals under a Trump presidency. Traveling all the way from Ann Arbor to be a part of the action are a group of students from our own School of Natural Resources and the Environment at the University of Michigan who were compelled to demonstrate to defend women, the environment, and environmental justice.
Making posters for the march
Our guests Sindhu Bharadwaj, Tyler Fitch, and Katie Williamson reached out to friends in the area for housing, collected their coins for transportation, and made a plan to trek to D.C. and on today’s show discuss some of the nuances of an anti-oppression vs pro-justice framework for social movements. They also critically speak about parallels between The Women’s March and Occupy Wall Street, the impact of activist art, and strategies for keeping up energy and momentum for movements. A lot to take in, including some excellent music from Sleigh Bells, Aimee Mann, and the Dixie Chicks, you won’t want to miss this episode!
Cover photo taken by James Bourland at the Women’s March in Chicago
In this week’s episode of It’s Hot in Here, your host Chris Askew-Merwin investigates the future of transportation by speaking on the phone with Sue Zielinski, Managing Director for SMART (Sustainable Mobility & Accessibility Research & Transformation) at the University of Michigan. Listen as Sue explains how transportation is moving away from a culture of individually owned cars towards a future with a diversity of choices all connected through information technologies allowing consumers like you or I, to effortlessly navigate through urban and rural areas whether by train, plane, bicycle, or car.
Sue Zielinski, Managing Director for SMART
Then enjoy a fascinating pre-recorded lecture by Sue given on Thursday, January 12, 2017 and entitled “The New World of Transportation: Connected, Multi-Modal, and Information-Technology-Enabled.” This lecture was the second part of a 6-lecture series hosted by the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, a University of Michigan institute which hosts educational events for adults to continue their learning. Check out the rest of the lectures they have coming up in the link listed below. Enjoy the show and tune in next week for more environmental news, views, and grooves.
In the third part of our Standing Rock series hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin are joined in studio by returning guests John Petoskey, JD candidate, and Jens Lund, a visiting scholar from Denmark. We are also joined by Becca Lynn a University of Michigan student getting her BA in Sociology. In this segment we discuss the recent progress made at Standing Rock through the efforts of water protectors and debate whether this is major victory or just an incremental piece of progress. Becca shares first-hand experience from Standing Rock and explains how the water protectors have organized themselves and their actions. We debate the impacts that the new presidential administration may have on this struggle, how similar struggles play out in other environments, and how recent political changes are impacting the morale and resolve of the water protectors and their supporters. Tune in also for the amazing Native American and First Nations music we jam to including songs by Sacramento Knoxx, A Tribe Called Red, and Thomas X.
In this week’s episode of It’s Hot in Here, hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin are joined by Bridget Vial, an organizer for Divest and Invest at the U of M and Jens Lund, a visiting scholar from Denmark to discuss the growing movement calling for institutions, cities, and countries around the world to divest their funds from fossil fuel stocks. We also chat with Valeriya Epshteyn, another organizer from Divest and Invest who gives us a great overview of the organization and how it fits into the larger divest movement. Hear Jens talk about international efforts and listen as Bridget gives us a sneak peak at what Divest and Invest are up to in the coming semester. This is a great show. Hope you all enjoy it!
In the second installment of our conversation on Standing Rock we hear about what it’s really like to be on the ground in the camp. First, correspondent Leana Hosea speaks with water protectors at the camp who discuss police presence on the ground and morale as they continue to defend their land. We also listen to some live music from the site. Then, School of Social Work Students Anna Lemler and Maria Ibarra join hosts Chris Askew-Merwin and Malavika Sahai to discuss their experience visiting the Standing Rock camp. They delve into some of the politics of colonization, the negative impact some white activists have had on the camp, and talk about the role that non-Native demonstrators have in the Dakota Access Pipeline struggle. Anna and Maria recently visited the camp and donated supplies collected from University of Michigan students and had firsthand experience working on projects following indigenous leadership on-site. These are some personal accounts you won’t want to miss!
Tune in for an update and discussion from the first week of the 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 22) in Marrakech, Morocco. Graduate students Ember McCoy and Ed Waisanen from the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan join hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin to discuss their perceptions and experiences on the ground at COP 22 in Marrakech. Hear how the representatives from around the world reacted to the news about the surprising presidential election. But this isn’t all doom and gloom. We delve into Ed and Ember‘s experiences as well as clips from a few interviews they conducted and find reasons to be optimistic for the future of the environmental movement and for the fight against climate change. The discussion moves between the happenings at COP 22, the election, climate finance, international relations and even a few bad puns. You sure don’t want to miss this one!
From left to right: Ed, Ember, Cameron (our wizard of a producer), Malavika, and Chris
In the first of our three-part series on the Standing Rock protests we invited two Native American activists and graduate students from the University of Michigan, John Petoskey, JD candidate and Katherine Crocker, PhD candidate to join hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin to have a discussion on the evolution of the protest and its place in the larger scope of indigenous rights. Listen and learn about the injustices caused by the Dakota Access Pipeline but also about the threats posed closer to home by Line 5, an oil pipeline that cuts through the Straits of Mackinac. This show explores the legal framework behind Native American protests as well as a fascinating discussion on the responsibility of STEM academics to engage in political and ethical activism. Tune in also for the fantastic music from Native American artists such as Ojibwe rapper Thomas X, Ojibwe / Anishinaabe & Xicano emcee Sacramento Knoxx, and Cree rapper Drezus among others. We hope you enjoy the show and tune in later this month as we put out parts two and three. | <urn:uuid:5c0e0cf3-6353-4110-9469-6eda3b100bd1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.hotinhere.us/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.946268 | 2,390 | 2.625 | 3 |
It seems everyone is looking for a quick fix to combat the effects of climate change but Vinpro Geographic Information Systems (GIS) soil scientist Heinrich Schloms says there’s no such thing. Producers who are looking for a quick fix are the first ones who are going to fall behind, he says.
“Climate change is well on its way but only those producers who really know how to farm will be able to withstand its effects.” He says certain regions such as the Swartland will be affected more than others. He also predicts the West Coast will get dryer and the Cape South Coast wetter. “It’s all about the extremes,” he says.
SA Wine Industry Information and Systems (SAWIS) defines climate change as any change in global temperature and precipitation over time due to natural variability or human actions. Kanonkop viticulturist Ryno Maree believes climate change can have negative and positive effects on a vineyard.
Dry winters have had an impact on their yields, especially during the past two harvests which produced low yields, he says. But the quality of wine can be very good. Struggling vines can give smaller berries with better colour, tannins and flavour. “Vines are tough plants and can survive extreme conditions,” he says.
Diversify to minimise risk
To be a sustainable producer, everything must be done right from the beginning, Heinrich says. “Producers should be financially prepared for climate change because extreme events are occurring more frequently.” Small-scale producers and farms that can’t handle the financial impact of a vineyard dying are most likely the first to fall along the wayside. Producers can however absorb the impact of climate change by diversifying crops and locations. “Bigger producers are buying vineyards in locations that will be less affected by climate change.”
Farming is a high-risk profession and you have to manage that risk, Heinrich says. “Producers become so tied up in the money that they potentially lose it. If you irrigate more, you can potentially make more money. But if you have a dry season and you irrigate too much, you could lose everything.
if you run out of water
Producers have been farming clean for too long by spraying all the weeds and the bare soil, Heinrich says. “You need beneficial cover crops that compete with weeds,” he says. “Having a good cover crop that outgrows weeds will manage them.”
The implementation of cover cropping has become widespread in recent years, Gen-Z Vineyard Project viticulturist Emma Carkeek says. This is one of the practices they hope to promote.
The project, launched in 2016 by Vinpro, aims to connect growers to new technologies …
A full version of this article appears in the April 2020 issue of WineLand Magazine. Buy your copy here | <urn:uuid:628123fb-d78e-4511-9c61-3cfc2552054e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.wineland.co.za/no-silver-bullet-against-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539101.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521112022-20220521142022-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.96202 | 617 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Technology over Time
Information Technology is advancing at a rapid pace, and has been for quite some time. Everything from information storage capabilities to processing speeds are advancing in performance, costs, and quality. Naturally, the laws governing use of technology, relative to the ever-increasing, “blurred lines” of ethics, must improve also. The “No Electronic Theft Act of 1997” (NET) and the “Electronic Funds Transfer Act of 1978” (EFT) are some examples of recent improvements to law, and in the case of the EFT Act, new law written.
No Electronic Theft (NET) Act of 1997
The “No Electronic Theft Act of 1997” was a recent amendment to the U.S. Copyright Law. Congress convened and decided that some changes needed to be made in order to keep up with the pace of changing technology; this amendment addressed some of the problems of the day— like piracy and theft. Also the amendment helped define who was guilty of copyright infringement, and who was not. The damage from piracy had grown over the years as technology had developed and improved, making it easier to produce higher quality copies of copyrighted works in different formats ("U.S. Copyright Office: No Electronic Theft Act Of 1997", 2005). Some of the technologies making it easier to pirate software include: the optical drive (ironically appearing in the U.S. in 1997), multimedia technology, hard drive technology (improved storage capacity), and software technology. Also there were technological advances in/with mobile devices, peer to peer software, wireless networks, and flash drives—all of which “greased the wheel’’ of piracy.
Electronic Transfer Funds Act of 1978
Another enactment necessitated by increasing technological capabilities was the Electronic Fund Transfer Act of 1978 (EFT). The popularization of credit cards likely prompted Congress to draw-up and approve the EFT Act of 1978. Though, not as complex as...
References: Encyclopedia Britannica. (2013). Retrieved from
U.S. Copyright Office: No Electronic Theft Act. (2005). Retrieved from
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:5ee0e3f5-3eda-4aca-8cb8-c0675ed04c71> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://babelium-project.eu/course-notes/Technology-Over-Time-1892906.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480905.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216170210-20190216192210-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.922388 | 442 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2000 April 20
Explanation: This newly released digital portrait of our planet is reminiscent of the Apollo-era pictures of the "big blue marble" Earth from space. To create it, researchers at Goddard Space Flight Center's Laboratory for Atmospheres combined data from a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) with a USGS elevation model of Earth's topography. Stunningly detailed, the planet's western hemisphere is cast so that heavy vegetation is green and sparse vegetation is yellow, while the heights of mountains and depths of valleys have been exaggerated by 50 times to make vertical relief visible. Hurricane Linda is the dramatic storm off North America's west coast. And what about the Moon? The lunar image was reconstructed from GOES data and artistically rescaled for this visualization.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (USRA)
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:9c997011-4d34-44ca-99e8-5a6d71a94b77> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap000420.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989234.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00181-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875572 | 266 | 3.34375 | 3 |
While much of Macon county was receiving more than two inches of rain on Saturday, Jan. 3, thirty citizen-scientists counted area birds. It was Franklin’s Third annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count (CBC), sponsored by the Franklin Bird Club.
Did You Know? The Audubon Christmas Bird Count began 115 years ago. The count was in response to the popular holiday activity of seeing how many birds a person could shoot in one day. Beginning on Christmas in 1900, birder Frank Chapman proposed a new tradition of counting birds rather than hunting them. Today, birds are counted by thousands of birding enthusiasts throughout the Americas. According to the Audubon Society, “Audubon and other organizations use data collected in this longest-running wildlife census to assess the health of bird populations – and to help guide conservation action.”
Franklin’s History with the Christmas Count: Three years ago, at the prompting of Bob Gilbert, the Franklin Bird Club applied to Audubon to be a site for the yearly count. The application included designating a circular area, 15 miles across, which was then divided among 5 teams of birders. 2012 was a practice year with CBC reports submitted to Audubon and details worked out but nothing was official. Last year was Franklin’s first official count.
Franklin’s Christmas Bird Count results up to date:
2012 (practice year)
Total birds counted: 3,323
2013 (Year 1)
Total birds counted: 4,270 plus 60,000 robins
(These are preliminary numbers for this year.)
Total birds counted: 6,054
The attached is a chart comparing Franklin Christmas Bird Count results for the last 3 years.
Click to open: CBC_-_Annual_Lists
Members come for the Franklin Christmas count from Highlands, North Georgia and as far away as Asheville. The bird count date, which must be between Dec. 14 and Jan. 5, is set by the local club. So for some members, this is just one of several Christmas Bird Counts in which they participate.
The day begins for most around 7:30 with a designated route to drive or walk. One team walks the Greenway–even in the rain. A quick lunch and birding continues until about 4 pm. Teams gather for dinner, totals are shared and unusual bird sightings are celebrated.
Another change was put in place this year. Feeling that the local community might be alarmed by an unknown car stopped and five or six binoculars pointed at them, CBC organizer, Rita St. Clair, had magnetic signs made to identify the vehicles being used. No need to fear, it’s just the Franklin Bird Club and the annual Christmas Bird Count.
The annual Christmas Bird Count provides a great opportunity for winter birding, fun with friends and wraps up the day with good food. Thanks to all who planned and participated in this year’s count. There’s always room for more birders so we hope to see you at next year’s Christmas Bird Count. | <urn:uuid:1b9d5855-05e4-47e2-b161-849afb7707a9> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://franklinbirdclub.com/2014-franklin-cbc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859923.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618012148-20180618032148-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.949727 | 633 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How the Wave Tank Works
Richard McLaughlin carried buckets of water through Phillips Hall so often he was mistaken for a janitor. The math professor was taking the water to the fluids lab, with fish tanks small enough to be in a high school classroom. That was before the National Science Foundation awarded the lab $744,000 for a modular wave tank. Now scientists are studying the largest accidental oil spill in history. Read more in the January/February 2011 issue of the Carolina Alumni Review.
Video Katie Lubinsky | <urn:uuid:04aea863-b485-4f70-b845-a828c587c2e4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://alumni.unc.edu/wave-tank-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370495413.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329171027-20200329201027-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.961044 | 105 | 2.59375 | 3 |
• teleology •
te-li-ah-lê-ji • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun, mass
Meaning: The causal factors in the development of things or the study of these factors, which is to say, the study of how phenomena get to be the way they are.
Notes: Everyone wants to know why the things around us are the way they are, especially scientists, who have come up with today's Good Word to express this curiosity. Finding the reasons behind phenomena, of course, is what scientists are for, so they have created a full complement of derivative words to help us talk about their pursuits. A person researching teleology is a teleologist (the agent noun) involved in teleological (the adjective) studies.
In Play: Let's start with probably the best known theory of teleology in science: "Darwin's theory on the origin of species offers a teleology of the species diversity on Earth." Even though we seldom hear the word in casual conversation, it does fit everyday situations: "I don't know the teleology of the decision to charge for on-campus parking but I wish the faculty had been a part of it."
Word History: The constituent tele- in today's Good Word is unrelated to the similar one in television and telephone. The latter came from the Greek adverb tele "at a distance" but the tele- in today's word came from Greek telos "goal, completion of a cycle". Where this word came from is a mystery. However, we do also find it in Greek telesma "consecration ceremony", a word borrowed by Arabic as tilasm. This word was next borrowed by Spanish from Arabic during the Moorish Period of Spanish history (711-1492). The Spanish spelled the Arabic word talismán, which is approximately how we spell today, after borrowing it from Spanish. (We are not sure of the teleology of Rachelle Shubert's suggesion that we discuss today's Good Word, but we thank her for doing so.)
Come visit our website at <http://www.alphadictionary.com> for more Good Words and other language resources! | <urn:uuid:2a9f6985-27ab-4f86-850c-acc81a250054> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.alphadictionary.com/goodword/word/teleology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963734 | 447 | 3.203125 | 3 |
"I reached my hand down and picked it up; it made my heart thump, for I was certain it was gold." - James Marshall, 1848
At a time when restless Americans were already itching to go west, the discovery of gold in California in 1848 was like gasoline on a fire. Within a year of its discovery, emigrants using the California Trail were flooding into the Sierra Nevada Range by the thousands.
John Sutter was a Swiss immigrant who came to California in 1839 with a dream of building an agricultural empire. When he needed lumber in early 1848, he assigned the task to one of his men, James Marshall. Marshall decided to build a sawmill on the South Fork of the American river, about 40 miles from Sutter's home.
Marshall discovered a gold nugget on January 24, 1848, while at the sawmill. He and his men found more gold nearby. Both Marshall and Sutter tried to keep things quiet, but soon word leaked out. Gold fever quickly became an epidemic.
Many who already had arrived in California or Oregon immediately gravitated to the western Sierras. But it wasn't until December of 1848 that President James Polk confirmed the findings to Congress, which meant it was too late to start a trip for easterners. But by the spring of 1849, the largest migration (25,000 that year alone) in American history was already taking place.
Better-than-average conditions on the plains and in the desert that spring and summer helped soften the blow of the wave of emigrants. But conditions were harsh at best and many livestock were lost along the way. Grass and clean water became scarcer as the trip wore on, and diseases like cholera took their toll.
Indians in particular suffered from the "Forty-Niners" who streamed across the land. For centuries, Indians had lived in the West without outside competition for resources. But now the pioneers' lust for wealth was threatening to decimate the Indians through the consumption of foods, lands, water and space.
Many new routes were opened into California as a result of the Gold Rush. With an estimated 140,000 emigrants arriving in California via the California Trail between 1849 and 1854, routes were continually modified, tested or even abandoned. | <urn:uuid:46e4ad43-0fd4-4eeb-a5d6-9e794c63017f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.nps.gov/cali/learn/historyculture/california-gold-rush.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313428.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817143039-20190817165039-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.98524 | 470 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Triclosan is a chemical that can be found in many household products such as cosmetics, creams, antibacterial soap, hand sanitizer, tooth paste, and more. Since it is such a common ingredient many would assume it’s safe. It is not. Triclosan is not only wreaking havoc on the population, but the environment as well. Triclosan is a chemical used on skin and home cleaning. It has even been found in urine and breast milk because it is so common. Higher percentages are found in middle age people and even higher are those who use the products more often. Even though it is used largely in hand sanitizers and antibacterial soaps, this chemical has been linked to causing a rise in allergies and asthma, and damaging the immune system by making it harder to fight off germs (Triclosan). A study was done on rats and frogs and it was found that this chemical can disrupt the thyroid hormone and gene expression which contributes to developing breast cancer.
Avoiding the products with triclosan isn’t enough to keep this chemical out of your system. People can be exposed through their food, water, or even house hold dust (Triclosan). Devastating the water supply through the drains and sewage, triclosan has spread, killing aquatic life and plants. When triclosan combines with the chlorine in water or even UV Light it can change into other dangerous chemicals such as dioxins, chloroform, and methyl triclosan (Triclosan).
Minnesota has made the chemical triclosan illegal in any cleaning products and the FDA is now asking corporations to provide proof that their products are safe. Johnson and Johnson began to fade triclosan out of their products with the goal of eliminating it completely by the end of 2015. Things you can do to protect yourself and loved ones is to check your products. Make sure you know exactly what is on your own skin and minimize your exposure. If you have any questions on triclosan free products or about the chemical in general feel free to contact the office (207)282.9797 or by email (email@example.com).
Triclosan. (2013). Retrieved November 23, 2015, from http://www.beyondpesticides.org/programs/antibacterials/triclosan | <urn:uuid:215af444-171c-47e6-8320-1be87f9ae598> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://precisionbiddeford.com/dangers-of-triclosan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651481.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325005509-20180325025509-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.956484 | 498 | 3 | 3 |
Basic Ammeter Use
Shown here is a circuit constructed on a PCB (a “Printed Circuit Board”), with copper “traces” serving as wires to connect the components together:
How would the multimeter be used to measure the current through the component labeled “R1” when energized? Include these important points in your answer:
- • The configuration of the multimeter (selector switch position, test lead jacks)
- • The connections of the meter test leads to the circuit
- • The state of the switch on the PCB (open or closed)
Most ammeters contain fuses inside to provide protection for the person using the ammeter, as well as for the ammeter mechanism itself. Voltmeters generally do not contain fuses inside, because they are unnecessary.
Explain why ammeters use fuses and voltmeters do not? What is it about the nature of an ammeter and how it is used that makes fuse-protection necessary?
Ammeters must be connected in series with the current to be measured, to ensure that all the current moves through the meter:
In order to practically function, an ammeter must have some internal resistance. It is usually a very small amount, but it does exist. It should be apparent to you that the presence of this resistance will have some effect on the circuit current, when compared to the amount of current in the circuit without any meter connected:
Explain why it is usually safe to ignore the internal resistance of an ammeter, though, when it is in a circuit. A common term used in electrical engineering to describe this intentional oversight is swamping. In this particular circuit an engineer would say, “The resistance of the light bulb swamps the internal resistance of the ammeter.”
Published under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License | <urn:uuid:59dd313b-5ec8-4fe3-88d5-a33fb7723182> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/basic-ammeter-use/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275836.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00019-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923473 | 388 | 3.75 | 4 |
The Catcher in the Rye Blockbuster is a fast-paced competitive activity designed to be used after reading the whole novel. Students really enjoy Blockbuster- it was my students' favorite activity when I was teaching. The teacher divides the class into three (or four) teams;each student gets a student sheet which has 36 boxes on it. Each box has one, two, or three letters in it; the answers to the questions the teacher will ask must begin with these letters. The teacher has a similar sheet but his also has the questions and answers on it. The object of the game is to answer the most questions, thereby earning the most boxes. | <urn:uuid:77fd5662-e275-4580-b4f0-ceb9c3774f05> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/The-Catcher-in-the-Rye-Blockbuster-2349806 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171932.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00094-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981421 | 132 | 2.75 | 3 |
Spring 2014 quarter
Physics is concerned with the basic principles of the universe. It is the foundation on which engineering, technology, and other sciences are based. The science of physics has developed out of the efforts of men and women to explain our physical environment. These efforts have been so successful that the laws of physics now encompass a remarkable variety of phenomena. One of the exciting features of physics is its capacity for predicting how nature will behave in one situation on the basis of experimental data obtained in another situation.
This course is the third of a three-quarter comprehensive sequence in general physics. The course will involve a combination of lectures, discussions, and hands-on demonstrations involving the acquisition and analysis of experimental data to be compared with theoretical predictions.
We will learn about energy, models, and the process for constructing them. We will study some of Maxwell's development of the unified theory of magnetism, Einstein’s special relativity, and an introduction to particle and waves. This program will complete many of the traditional topics of first-year physics.
Fields of Study
Preparatory for studies or careers in
Location and Schedule
Offered during: Evening
Advertised schedule: 6-9:30p Mon; 6-10p Wed
|January 6th, 2014||Course added Jan. 6, 2014.| | <urn:uuid:4aaffe03-6aad-4326-a49d-42b16d30718e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://evergreen.edu/catalog/2013-14/programs/physicsiii-12019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769419.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00132-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906976 | 271 | 3.015625 | 3 |
"The government deficit is the difference between the amount of money the government spends and the amount it has the nerve to collect." ~ Sam Ewing
To Govern and Enslave
Column by Jim Davies.
Exclusive to STR
Given the axiom of self-ownership, there's very little difference between those two verbs. To govern someone is to override his own wishes; he wants to do X, but government commands him to do Y. Likewise, to enslave someone is to override his own plans; he wants to be an Econ Professor and columnist, but the slave-owner commands him to pick cotton, and gets his friends in government to return him for a whipping, should he manage to escape.
Such close similarity of meaning ought to give the one verb an entry in the thesaurus for the other--but I found none, at thesaurus.com--and my hard copy of Roget is no better. Under "govern," the site shows various words of similar meaning including "call the shots," "hold dominion" and even "tyrannize"--but not "enslave." Under "enslave," it shows among others "coerce," "compel" and "subjugate," but not "govern." I wonder why not, but discount any theory suggesting that thesaurus compilers got together to deceive students of the language. Never attribute to malice what can be explained by stupidity; and here, the error may even be innocent. Everyone is so conditioned by government's propaganda machine to believe that governance is beneficial but slavery is shocking, that nobody thought to place the words side by side. I'm happy, here, to repair the omission.
It might be said that there is a difference, in that governing is for the public good while slavery benefits only the cruel, greedy master; but that falls apart when we probe a little deeper. Governing brings such a rush of intoxication that men spend fortunes to get elected; its purpose is to enjoy ruling the governed, not arranging for tidy streets and low crime rates. Holding slaves, in contrast, was done to make money, there being no other visible way to find labor to plant and harvest crops (there really was, and they didn't look hard enough, but at least slaves weren't held just for the pleasure of dominating other people). Consider also what happens when governing power is under threat. Rather than surrender some in 1861, Lincoln waged a war that killed one American in 60, and today Syrian President Assad is killing as many dissidents as is necessary to keep them down, last week by systematically bombing one of "his" own cities. No doubt recalcitrant slaves were executed now and again in the Antebellum South, but such wholesale slaughter was not practised by slaveowners--because to do so would have destroyed what they (falsely) regarded as their own productive assets. So it could even be argued that governance is actually more cruel and vindictive than slavery. At least, the opposite belief is simply not true--however widely held.
Recently there was an interesting discussion in an STR forum, about whether anyone can volunteer to become a slave, were he so foolish as to wish it. My reasoning--for the negative--was that no such transaction is possible because humans are self-owning entities; a person is indivisibly an organism who controls himself. Thus, the vendor would be a self-owning person just before the proposed transfer, and a self-owning person just after the transfer; his offer (of a person to be owned by the buyer) would therefore be fraudulent, or at least void. Thanks to Per Bylund for part of that perception. Out of our discussion, however, came an unexpected result: I realized that total slavery cannot exist--not just in the hypothetical (and oxymoronic) case of voluntary slavery, but also in that of regular slavery enforced by kidnapping and chaining.
The reason is that a self-owning person, an integral whole, consists of his mind as well as his body. He may be forced to do things he does not wish, under threat of violence, but ultimately he remains himself, with his own thoughts and opinions and aspirations and will. No tyrant has yet managed to dominate the inner self. Total slavery would happen if the mind were somehow shorted out--if the body took directions from the new owner, bypassing the brain located between its ears. Try as they have, nobody has quite done that, except in fiction such as The Manchurian Candidate and in theories about the death of RFK.
Test this, if you will, in a couple of real-life examples: the antebellum South, and in the German government's prison camps of the early 1940s. In the former, slaves were terribly treated and exploited. Most of the decisions we take for granted as our own to make, they were forbidden to make. However, they did have some free time to themselves. They could talk together, sing and worship together, usually keep or form families, have children, hold opinions. Sometimes they were even taught to read and write. So, was the self-directing will of a black slave totally taken over? No! He obeyed orders, but only because he was so forced. His mind, or spirit, was still his. In the latter case, much more horrible yet, Elie Wiesel's book Night tells us what it was like. He was in Auschwitz, as a teenager. People were used for slave labor and when not in the factory were kept like animals; this boy was surrounded by death every day. And yet he, like all others until they died, stayed in possession of his identity, his will, his life. He kept a moral compass. His body was grossly maltreated, but his mind was his own. Brutal and inhuman though it was, his enslavement was not total. And when his companions died, in the gas chambers or through exhaustion, they weren't slaves then either, because a dead body does no work for any slave-owner.
So slavery is never total, it is always partial. Now we can consider degrees of enslavement, and compare it with being governed in various degrees.
Clearly those two examples are as near as it gets to complete slavery, in modern times. At the other end of the scale might be the kind of society prevalent in 19th Century America and much of Europe, where government enforced relatively few laws; this was the minimal government favored by Classical Liberals and which laid down, because of its relative freedom, the foundation of America's prosperity. It's the kind of slavery implicit in the program of Ron Paul, were he to be elected and have his way fully. A great degree of liberty would be restored but government would still remain and overrule the wishes of everyone in several ways, denying the absolute right of each person to determine the whole course of his own life.
Somewhere in between those is what we have today. It's very hard to measure or place on it a percentage share of control. In terms of labor, one might say that whereas a literal slave was enslaved for 100% of the time he worked, we are enslaved for only 50% of the time we work, because all taxes add up to only that much. But then, we also have freedom to decide what kind of work to do and where to do it, and have quite a lot of control over how we spend its fruits--so by that measure our enslavement is less than 50%. When the huge forest of laws, intrusions, inspections, rules and regulations over our conduct is also taken into account, however, the percentage shoots up again though is not easily expressed as a number. But it might be fair to say that in this country--the most free developed society in the world--we residents are somewhat over 50% enslaved. It's a pretty sick situation. How can it be fixed?
Black slavery in the South could have been ended by economic education. Adam Smith reckoned slavery was never viable, though the owner obviously thought it was. It seemed easy--just pay a price to the kidnappers and shippers, and then pay the cost of feeding, clothing, imprisoning, supervising and maintaining the health of those purchased, and one has a "free" labor force; but it wasn't that simple. A significant part of the total cost of keeping slaves--that of patrolling for escapees and returning them under the Fugitive Slave Act--was borne by the planter's neighbors, via government taxation; in effect, he was enslaving his work force and government was enslaving everyone else to help him do so. So, when he counted his costs, he was only counting some of them; he was not operating in a free market and was therefore receiving false price signals.
Smith's argument was simple, and assumed (of course) that a free market was in operation; he concluded "the work done by free men comes cheaper in the end than the work performed by slaves" and the reason came down to motive. The slave has no motive to work hard--on the contrary, his motive is to do as little work as possible without being whipped. The wage earner does. So whereas the costs of running an enslaved labor force seemed lower than those of employing a free one, the free one always produces more work, so the cost per unit of work is lower...provided all costs are counted, which can be done only when the market is not distorted by the presence of government.
The education needed would have shown that to the planters--and to the rest of the white community, which was paying some of his bills through taxes. The natural result would have been to abolish government or at least curtail it severely, so that the whole cost of enslavement was borne where it belonged; and then the planters would have had good reason to explore other ways to recruit a labor force. It would not have been hard. Europe was full of peasants eager for a way out of generations of poverty, and so were wide open to a good offer including help with travel expenses. That this did not happen is attributable directly to the existence of government; and so is the ensuing disaster of war and all the resentment since.
Can something similar be done now, to end the partial slavery of government? I rather doubt that education of the slave holders (i.e., top politicians) will be able to show them much advantage--for they are in "business" to enjoy the perverted thrill of power, not to make money by growing crops. To reduce that slavery would cut that enjoyment, not raise it. However, educating everyone else will have the desired effect. "Everyone else" has two components: the slaves (us) and the overseers and drivers (drivers were themselves slaves, trusted to help the overseer--a bit like the Judenrat, in the ghettos.)
The purpose of today's needed education is twofold: to prepare the slaves to live free (most folk are reluctant to admit they are enslaved, so are ill equipped to take responsibility for themselves) and to persuade the overseers and drivers to quit their jobs. The same program should suffice for both, and my Transition to Liberty visualizes how it will take effect.
That's how it must be done, in my opinion. It's not the way used in 1861, though abolition was never an objective of that war--just one of its results, and its "justification" after the fact, rather as ending the Holocaust was never the reason WWII was waged, but merely its "justification" after the fact. The violence of the War to Prevent Secession ended America's "peculiar institution," but it was followed by at least a century of resentment and bigotry, forming a much more subtle kind of exclusion, for blacks, from the American promise of freedom and opportunity for all.
Systematic, universal re-education is an infinitely better way. | <urn:uuid:bc909ee7-2d3d-47aa-baaf-6287cf6bf8a0> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.strike-the-root.com/to-govern-and-enslave?mini=calendar%2F2013-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00035-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98548 | 2,447 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Before the A320 series was introduced, the cockpit of every aircraft had a central yoke. The yoke was the main device used by pilots to operate to maneuver the aircraft through flight. The yoke was the industry standard for a very long period and was used on many types of aircraft, including piston, turboprops and 747s.
But in 1985, Airbus made the decision to transform commercial aviation by switching the A320's central yoke out for a side stick. Up until that point, fighter planes were the only ones with side sticks. Along with the new "fly-by-wire" system, which replaced manual with computer-based controls, Airbus decided to add the side stick to all A320’s in production.
The change was also made for business purposes. Airbus was looking for a strategy to undermine the 737's dominance of the narrowbody market. Airbus was able to set itself apart from the competition by giving airlines the A320, which needed to be fundamentally different from the 737.
As a result of pilot adoption for this new style, Airbus started using the side stick on all of their future aircraft. You can see this design today on almost all Airbus aircraft in the sky. Airbus used the extra room created by the removal of the bigger yoke to design a new cockpit centered on computers and screens. Recently, the company has taken steps to implement a touchscreen cockpit, completely eliminating the need for manual switches.
The truth is, Boeing actually explored adopting a side stick as early as 1967 with the first 737 airplane. Due to design factors and worries that the change would be too radical for current pilots, it decided against adopting it into future production.
Boeing did not abandon the classic yoke, even though Airbus did. All Boeing airplanes still have a central yoke and many other cutting-edge technological features. This is due to a few factors.
Given the popularity of the 737 and 747, it only made sense for Boeing to stick with the same cockpit layout. This is not to say that Boeing has not used the more recent "fly-by-wire" technology. Boeing first used the “fly-by-wire” technology on the 777 and it was improved upon in the 787 and 747-8. Because of this, perhaps Boeing does not feel the need to depart from the yoke. As long as Boeing continues to keep developing new technologies, the question is not which control input is the best; rather, what combination of technology will reduce pilot workload and ensure safety. For example, the 777x, Boeing’s newest aircraft, keeps the yoke but added a cutting-edge touchscreen flight deck.
Due to its design for requiring little conversion training, the 777x combat deck is quite comparable to the 777 and 787. The prominent characteristics include conventional heads-up display and completely customizable dual pilot displays. One of the bigger changes can be seen with the wingtip controls that are controlled by a switch. This feature, which resembles a wingtip, is located on the top panel.
While reading this, your initial thought could be, "Which of these systems is better?" Both Airbus and Boeing provide convincing justifications for why their solutions are superior. But the response is convoluted (and differs depending on who you ask).
The side that supports Airbus is adamant that the side stick gives pilots a considerably more comfortable flying experience and guarantees that they stay within safe limits. With greater room and a free hand, the side stick also makes operating the variety of computers and systems much simpler. The side stick also symbolizes the subsequent advancement in flying technology, paving the way for more improvements.
The yoke, which enables an override in emergency situations, is a crucial instrument, according to the pro-Boeing side, for controlling the aircraft in emergencies. Additionally, the side maintains that the yoke design preserves cooperation between the pilot and co-pilot as well as more general flying abilities. Finally, since technology can allow Boeing to implement controls attached to the yoke therefore, there is no incentive to modify this aspect of flying history.
The same opinion is expressed while chatting with pilots. Depending on the aircraft, some claim the yoke provides superior control while others claim the side stick's comfort is unmatched.
As a pilot and someone who has flown both systems on smaller aircraft, I can say that there are advantages to both. I learned on a yoke but eventually started to fly a more modern aircraft with a side stick. The side stick felt more intuitive, and I felt like there wasn’t something in the way when I would be flying. It seemed also easier to get into the pilot seat.
After a couple of years, I upgraded to a larger plane that had a yoke. Initially, I thought that I was not going to enjoy flying something with a yoke again. My fears however were unfounded as I found that the yoke worked just as well as the side still and was very comfortable too. It is natural to have the yoke at the position it is, and it allows the pilot to use his/her right hand if needing to pull a breaker or operate something on the left side of the plane.
Which is better is a difficult topic to answer because Airbus and Boeing have different design philosophies.
Does the Yoke vs. Side Stick have any responsibility for accidents?
It's critical to consider how side sticks and yokes perform in practical situations when analyzing these technologies. Even though aviation is at its safest point ever, both of these technologies have occasionally come under fire.
After Air France Flight 447 crashed, the side stick technology was carefully examined. After the flight crew struggled with the side stick and lost control of the autopilot, the Airbus A330 crashed into the Atlantic. The plane entered a stall as both pilots attempted to use the side stick simultaneously, canceling out each other's movements.
Many people criticized the side stick design following the crash because it failed to take the opposing pilot's actions into consideration. While in a yoke configuration, the movements of one pilot are also replicated on the other yoke. Others, however, attribute the occurrence to the flight crew's response rather than a flaw in the system.
Critics of the yoke design use the 737 MAX as an example. The 737 family's older architecture means that it lacks many of the modern features seen on more recent aircraft. For instance, the majority of the principal controls on the 737 MAX do not employ the "fly-by-wire" system. Newer flight deck features were omitted in Boeing's first effort to build the aircraft similarly to the 737 NG in order to avoid requiring pilot retraining. This may not be a complaint about the yoke per se, but it does give the impression that it is an antiquated piece of equipment.
The flight deck configuration of the 737 MAX 10 is substantially the same as the rest of the MAX family. The 737 MAX 10's primary distinction is an additional display for flight/airport maps, which is now undergoing testing.
Ultimately, the degree of automation in the flight deck is a separate approach taken by both Boeing and Airbus. This then corresponds to the amount of flight experience the pilots have in the aircraft, which has both benefits and drawbacks. Airbus is unlikely to ever return to the yoke, but will Boeing change course? I am sure within the following few decades, we'll learn more. | <urn:uuid:d2a3fc6e-1916-4a2a-856f-0ae4653c7639> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.aermotive.com/post/side-stick-or-yoke-which-one-is-better | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00882.warc.gz | en | 0.967336 | 1,508 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Crows are clever. If you have any doubts about it, click on Joshua Klein’s video in which he teaches crows to use a dispenser. The crow family includes a number of other avian Mensa members – the raven, jays and magpies. These clever birds have a complex social life that requires them to keep track of each other. They recognize individual humans and remember faces for months and perhaps years. They can count and their cleverness also gets them into trouble when they rip open garbage bags, tear up lawns or kill young birds. But crows are also an unpaid clean up crew that remove scraps of food and animals killed along roadsides. The crow that lives in Vancouver is the northwestern crow. It resides along the coast between Washington and Alaska. The American crow is found across the rest of Canada.
tap here to see other videos from our team. | <urn:uuid:c7ae47e4-5559-4e05-85b4-6c9b4302cf25> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://vancouversun.com/news/community-blogs/clever-crows | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301217.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119003144-20220119033144-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.969435 | 185 | 2.96875 | 3 |
NEW ULTRATHIN SEMICONDUCTORS CAN MAKE MORE EFFICIENT AND TEN TIMES SMALLER TRANSISTORS THAN SILICON
The researchers at Stanford University have discovered two ultrathin semiconductors – hafnium diselenide and zirconium diselenide. They share or even exceed some of the very important characteristics of silicon. Silicon has a great property of forming “rust” or silicon dioxide (SiO2) by reacting with oxygen. As the SiO2 acts as an insulator, chip manufacturers implement this property to isolate their circuits on a die. The most interesting fact about these newly discovered semiconductors is, they also form “rust” just like silicon.
The new materials can also be contracted to functional circuits just three atoms thick and they require much less energy than silicon circuits. Hafnium diselenide and zirconium diselenide “rust” even better than silicon and form so-called high-K insulator. The researchers hope to use these materials to design thinner and more energy-efficient chips for satisfying the needs of future devices.
Apart from having the ability to “rust”, the newly discovered ultrathin semiconductors also have the perfect range of energy band gap – a secret feature of silicon. The band gap is the energy needed to switch transistors on and it is a critical factor in computing. Too low band gap causes the circuits to leak and make unreliable. Too high and the chip takes excessive energy to operate and becomes inefficient. Surprisingly, Hafnium diselenide and zirconium diselenide are in the same optimal range of band gap as silicon.
All this and the diselenides can also be used to make circuits which are just three atoms thick, or about two-thirds of a nanometer, something silicon can never do. Eric Pop, an associate professor of electrical engineering, who co-authored with post-doctoral scholar Michal Mleczko in a study paper.
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Inside a huge PCB factory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XCznQFV-Mw | <urn:uuid:00107af1-b4f9-4ee4-a00b-ce93fd466325> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://pic-microcontroller.com/new-ultrathin-semiconductors-can-make-efficient-ten-times-smaller-transistors-silicon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825098.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213193633-20181213215133-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.888671 | 496 | 3.421875 | 3 |
If you're considering buying a new set of wheels, this list will help you weigh the advantages and disadvantages of diesel-powered vehicles.
Car smarts: To help you accurately compare diesel vehicles with traditional gasolinepowered and alternatively fueled vehicles, here are some commonly heldpositive and negative beliefs about diesels, plus some facts to consider:
PRO: Diesels get great mileage. This is true; they typically deliver 25 to 30 percent better fuel economy than similarly performing gasoline engines. Diesels also can deliver as much or more fuel economy than traditional gasoline- electric hybrids, depending on the models involved and whatever rapidlydeveloping automotive technology achieves.
CON: Although diesel fuel used to be cheaper than gasoline, it now often costs the same amount or more. Diesel fuel is also used for commercial trucks, home and industrial generators, and heating oil, so as demand for diesel passenger vehicles grows, the price of diesel fuel is likely to continue to rise because of competition from those other users.
BUT: Even if the price goes up, diesel fuel would have to be 25 to 30 percent more expensive than gas to erase the cost advantage of a diesel engine's greater fuel efficiency.
PRO: Diesel fuel is one of the most efficient and energy dense fuels available today. Because it contains more usable energy than gasoline, it delivers better fuel economy.
CON: Although diesel fuel is considered more efficient because it converts heat into energy rather than sending the heat out the tailpipe as gas-powered vehicles do, it doesn't result in flashy high-speed performance. In some ways, a gasoline-powered engine is like a racehorse — high-strung, fiery, and fast — whereas a diesel engine is more like a workhorse — slower, stronger, and more enduring.
BUT: Because of the way it burns fuel, a diesel engine provides far more torque to the driveshaft than does a gasoline engine. As a result, most modern diesel passenger cars are much faster from a standing start than their gas-powered counterparts. Diesels with manual transmissions usually don't have to be downshifted to easily pass other vehicles on the highway, and although they don't reach the highest speeds of gasoline-powered cars, many diesels still can cruise quite handily at 100 miles per hour or more (providing you can find a place to do that legally!). What's more, diesel-powered trucks, SUVs, and cars also can out-tow gas-powered vehicles while still delivering that improved fuel economy.
PRO: Diesels have no spark plugs or distributors. Therefore, they never need ignition tune-ups.
CON: Diesels still need regular maintenance to keep them running. You have to change the oil and the air, oil, and fuel filters. Cleaner diesel fuels no longer require you to bleed excess water out of the system, but many vehicles still have water separators that need to be emptied manually.
PRO: Diesel engines are built more ruggedly to withstand the rigors of higher compression. Consequently, they usually go much longer than gas-powered vehicles before they require major repairs. Mercedes-Benz holds the longevity record with several vehicles clocking more than 900,000 miles on their original engines! You may not want to hang onto the same vehicle for 900,000 miles, but longevity and dependability like that can sure help with trade-in andresale values.
CON: If you neglect the maintenance and the fuel injection system breaks down, you may have to pay a diesel mechanic more money to get things unsnaggled than you would to repair a gasoline system because diesel engines are more technologically advanced.
BUT: All types of vehicles need maintenance, and the increasing complexity of both traditional and alternative vehicles may require repair by specialized technicians that work at higher rates than the mechanics at your neighborhood garage.
Diesel technology is constantly being improved. Government pressure to produce low-emission diesel engines for passenger vehicles, trucks, buses, and farm and construction equipment has resulted not only in low-sulfur diesel fuels but also specialized catalytic converters, advanced filters, and other devices to cut down or destroy toxic emissions. There are also dual-fuel engines that run on natural gas but can switch to diesel if the gas supply runs out. To reduce dependency on dwindling supplies of petroleum, biodiesel fuels derived from agricultural and commercial sources are being developed. The section "Diesel fuel" later in this chapter tells you more about them.
From Auto Repair for Dummies, copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | <urn:uuid:2ec3af57-310d-4950-8c40-58c669242cc1> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.military.com/off-duty/autos/the-pros-and-cons-of-diesel-engines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645604.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318091225-20180318111225-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.95545 | 939 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Typeprint analysis is a technology in which the rhythmic patterns of a person's keyboard behavior, known as keystroke dynamics, are analyzed over a period of time and then stored. When used in combination with other data, typeprint analysis can help to positively identify an individual in situations where doubt exists.
A typeprint analysis program is more than a keystroke logger. To develop a typeprint for an individual, a specialized computer program records not only the keystrokes entered but also the timing of entry. With each individual, certain patterns or idiosyncrasies always appear and repeat. These characteristics, having been formed over years or even decades of keyboard use, are unconscious behaviors and are therefore impossible to fake or change. For example, a particular person might habitually type the letter combinations "gh" or "sh," with practically no delay between, while always hesitating within the letter sequences "it" or "ju." While such limited data alone is not sufficient to uniquely identify a person, it can remove doubt in situations where the authenticity of a user is uncertain even when the entered username and password are correct.
Consider a situation in which John Doe's username and password are entered correctly by an impostor into a blog Web site and the system is abused by that person on a continuing basis. The blog facilitator contacts John Doe with incriminating data. John Doe denies having made any of the offending posts. By obtaining typeprints in blog entries made by the guilty party and comparing them with typeprints of John Doe's actual entries or test entries, John will likely be exonerated. In some cases, typeprint analysis of username and password entries alone may be sufficient.
The concept of identification using keystroke dynamics has existed for more than 10 years. Typeprint analysis software is inexpensive, easy to write and easy to implement. The frequency of false acceptance or false rejection, given sufficient input data, is low when typeprint analysis is used in conjunction with at least one other authentication method. However, privacy hawks have raised concerns that individuals' keystroke dynamics might be obtained, collected and stored by corporations, police departments or even hackers without people's knowledge or consent. | <urn:uuid:888770bc-b396-4059-a253-4a1ef4822633> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/typeprint-analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540547165.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212205036-20191212233036-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.913204 | 436 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Sourdough is a method of breadmaking that requires special fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and wild yeast. It is the oldest method used to leaven dough and make bread. Both an art and a science, this process requires time. However, it produces bread with:
Superior nutritional profile
Unique flavors and aromas1,2
The history of sourdough dates back to the earliest civilizations and when cereal grain was domesticated. Some historians claim that this bread originated in Egypt between 4000 and 3000 BCE.3 Bread has always been closely related to human subsistence. And sourdough bread is the perfect example of how knowledge, combined with agricultural practices and technological processes, become a cultural heritage that is passed to generations through bread.3
How does it work?
Sourdough is a preferment or starter that consists of only cereal flour and water. Cereals used to make it include:
First, the mixture is allowed to ferment spontaneously for a set time. This takes place naturally occurring microorganisms, both present in flour and surrounding air. These microorganisms are represented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and wild yeast. There is no added commercial yeast in sourdough.4
Once the flour and water mixture has been properly developed and fermented, it is considered a tarter of optimum vitality and activity. After this, it is ready to be used in bread production.
To keep the sourdough starter active for daily use, it must be refreshed or fed periodically with added flour and water. This can be done weekly, daily or even more frequently. Starters can be perpetuated through proper feeding.
The uniqueness of sourdough microflora is tied to the co-existence and symbiotic interaction of wild yeast and lactic acid bacteria. Cell populations of LAB and yeasts in sourdoughs are generally of the order of 108–109 and 106–107 colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g), respectively. There is generally a a ratio of LAB to yeasts of 100:1.5
The following table summarizes the microorganisms isolated and involved in this type of fermentation.1
Type of fermentation
Function in dough and bread
Lactic acid fermentation
Glucose, Fructose, Maltose → Lactic acid (>90% of total products)
Glucose, Fructose, Maltose → Ethanol + CO2
Sourdough starters (wild yeast)
Leavening of dough
Aroma and flavor
More resistant to acidity compared to commercial yeast. Therefore, better adapted to the sourdough process
Sourdough can be used to make any type of bread, even white pan bread. The following breads are made with this type of process:
San Francisco bread
This is the most time-consuming breadmaking system. So, it presents high speed bakeries with several scale-up challenges. Production cycle times, operations scheduling, space and equipment needed for proper implementation are just a few of these challenges.
Carefully dried and active forms of sourdough can be used in commercial bakeries to help bring about the many benefits of this process and bread.
The development of sourdough is influenced by the following factors:
Flour extraction rate
Flour nutrients such as damaged starch and natural sugars
Sourdough fermentation can be in the form of a firm dough or a liquid suspension of flour in water. The higher the water content, then the higher the production of lactic acid and the lower the production of acetic acid. It also makes the bacteria and yeast grow faster.
Clean label baking
Extended dough fermentations have been used effectively for improving dough development and enhancing bread shelf life. In this context, fermentation is considered an effective alternative to traditional dough conditioners. So, this provides bakers with the means to produce clean label bakery products.1 Learn more about why sourdough is trending right now:
Hutkins, R.W. “Bread.” Microbiology and Technology of Fermented Foods, 2nd Edition, IFT Press and Wiley Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2019, pp. 301–342.
Chavan, R.S., and Chavan, S.R. “Sourdough Technology—A Traditional Way for Wholesome Foods: A Review.” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Volume 10, Issue 3, April, 2011, pp. 169–182.
Cappelle, S., et al. “History and Social Aspects of Sourdough.” Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology, Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2013, pp. 1–3.
Corsetti, A. “Technology of Sourdough Fermentation and Sourdough Applications.” Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology, Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2013, pp. 85–103.
Quan Liu, S. “Sourdough.” Bakery Products Science and Technology, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014, pp. 511–518.
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Maths at Bacton
At Bacton Primary School we aim for children to competently use maths in every-day life. To be able to think mathematically, creatively, logically and ultimately think in abstract ways that has benefits beyond maths to ensure they have the best chance of being successful in Maths in their future.
We deliver the key aims of the National Curriculum providing children with the opportunities to problem solve, reason and enhance their mathematical fluency by developing depth of understanding through use of CPA approach. Ensuring our classrooms have a culture of enquiry and experiment and embracing mistakes as a way of deepening understanding. Within our classrooms we allow children to develop their thinking and logic, and to work independently and flexibly, to discover pattern and relationships. Speaking is valued within maths and we ensure correct terminology is used across the whole school. Children progress through the curriculum and interventions are put in place early on to minimise any gaps in the children’s knowledge and understanding.
At Bacton Primary School, Maths provides children with the opportunity to develop:
- Critical Thinking
- Risk Taking | <urn:uuid:abacd592-e767-4a51-9575-2cc81e5c3a62> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.bacton-pri.suffolk.sch.uk/curriculum/mathematics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663011588.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528000300-20220528030300-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.955988 | 238 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Eating a diet rich in whole grains may reduce your risk of dying early, a new meta-analysis finds.
People who reported eating at least three servings of whole grains daily were 20 percent less likely to die early from any cause compared with people who reported eating less than one serving a day, the researchers found. The analysis included 14 previous studies; all of the studies were at least six years long, and many were more than 10 years long.
The researchers also looked at specific causes of death. They found that eating three servings of whole grains a day was associated with a 25 percent lower risk of death from heart disease, and a 14 percent lower risk of death from cancer, compared with eating one serving or less of whole grains daily. [5 Surprising Ways to Be Heart Healthy]
The U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommend eating three or more servings of whole grains each day. However, Americans eat, on average, less than one serving a day, according to the study, published today (June 13) in the journal Circulation.
Indeed, "these findings lend further support to the U.S. government's current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which suggest high consumption of whole grains to facilitate disease prevention," Dr. Qi Sun, an assistant professor of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and the senior author on the study, said in a statement.
The studies in the meta-analysis included a total of more than 786,000 people. There were nearly 98,000 deaths in all of the studies, including more than 23,000 from heart disease and more than 37,000 from cancer.
"Multiple individual studies consistently revealed a reduced risk of death among people who consumed more whole grains," Sun told Live Science.
Moreover, each serving, or 0.5 ounces (16 grams), of whole grains a day was associated with a 7 percent reduction in a person's risk of death from any cause, a 9 percent reduction in a person's risk of death from heart disease and a 5 percent reduction in a person's risk of death from cancer, the meta-analysis found.
The researchers noted that the types of whole grains people ate varied from study to study. However, in the U.S., more than 70 percent of whole grains that people eat come from breads and cereal grains, which include oatmeal, rice and barley, according to the study. [Extending Life: 7 Ways to Live Past 100]
This is not the first study to suggest whole grains have health benefits, nor is it the first meta-analysis to do so.
Two previous meta-analyses, for example, found that whole grains were associated with lower blood sugar levels, lower cholesterol levels and lower amounts of body fat, the researchers wrote.
A number of compounds found in whole grains could contribute to the foods' effects on health, the researchers wrote. Fiber, for example, may lower cholesterol and help people feel fuller so they eat fewer calories. Magnesium may help improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood pressure. And other minerals and antioxidants may help fight oxidative stress, they said.
Based on the new findings, "health care providers should unanimously recommend whole grain consumption to the general population, as well as patients with certain diseases, to help achieve better health and perhaps reduce death," Sun said.
In addition, whole grains should replace refined carbohydrates in a person's diet, because these carbohydrates have been shown to have negative health effects, the researchers wrote.
Originally published on Live Science. | <urn:uuid:e1200a9d-305b-47e4-ac3f-dd7934e15a0b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.livescience.com/55059-whole-grains-daily-linked-to-longer-life.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084894125.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124105939-20180124125939-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.968445 | 713 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Many people who are attempting to lose weight worry that increasing exercise sessions might increase appetite, hindering their goals. However, moderate intensity exercise alters the secretion of hormones that control appetite. Starting a new workout program is beneficial for weight loss because it burns calories, but the appetite control it offers increases the potential for healthy weight loss in many people. Talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.
Your body produces hormones that regulate hunger and satiety. Ghrelin is the hormone that stimulates your appetite, and Peptide YY helps keep hunger in check. Leptin is another hormone that increases when your stomach is empty. Several factors play roles in increased ghrelin and leptin levels, including stress and lack of sleep. Controlling the production of these hormones is important for keeping your calorie intake low enough to produce weight loss. Aerobic exercise may help suppress appetite for short periods of time.
A one-hour aerobic exercise session helps reduce ghrelin levels and increase Peptide YY levels, decreasing your appetite when you are finished, according to a 2008 study published in the "American Journal of Physiology." The change in these hormone levels means that you won't feel hungry immediately after your workout. However, hunger does return eventually, though it doesn't do so at the same rate for everyone. Exercise burns calories, creating an energy deficit that must be replenished at some point, which means that you'll begin feeling hungry once your hormone levels return to normal. As you get used to your new exercise program, you might not notice an appetite increase to such a high degree.
Types of Exercise
Aerobic exercise suppresses ghrelin and increases Peptide YY at a higher rate than strength-training exercises, which only offer minimal hormone changes, according to the "American Journal of Physiology" study. The study used a one-hour treadmill workout to measure the effects of exercise on appetite. However, other types of aerobic exercise may offer similar benefits. Jogging, brisk walking, swimming and biking are alternate options.
The study examining the effects of exercise on appetite used male subjects, but the results are likely to be similar in females. In addition, the appetite-suppressing effects were seen most in participants at a healthy weight. Overweight people may notice a decrease in appetite after exercise as well. While aerobic exercise may suppress appetite, it doesn't always stop you from eating. After a workout, avoid eating high-calorie foods, which could hinder the benefits of exercise. Whether you are hungry or not, have a small snack and some water after you work out. This prevents dehydration and refuels your energy supplies. Include protein, which aids in muscle recovery.
- American Physiological Society: Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake
- American Journal of Physiology: Influence of Resistance and Aerobic Exercise on Hunger, Circulating Levels of Acylated Ghrelin and Peptide YY in Healthy Males
- Science Daily: Exercise Suppresses Appetite by Affecting Appetite Hormones
Eliza Martinez has written for print and online publications. She covers a variety of topics, including parenting, nutrition, mental health, gardening, food and crafts. Martinez holds a master's degree in psychology.
Todd Warnock/Lifesize/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:dc850248-e913-4fb8-a2c0-31da1d8cf0f3> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/decreased-appetite-after-beginning-work-out-3164.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.937518 | 671 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Women in the military have not always been something you could come across often. However, there have always been brave women warriors that broke those stereotypes. Today their number is growing and women’s role in the military is expanding.
For many centuries there was a wide stereotyped thinking that women have nothing to do in combat. However, this statement appeared to have nothing in common with the reality. Not once women have proven that they can illustrate their best qualities not only as a housewife but also as a real warrior.
What was the role of women in the military before and what is it like today? Let’s find out together!
History of Women in the Military was Full of Difficulties
The right of women to become a member of military forces wasn’t even raised in past. Women were not allowed to be in combat no matter they wanted it or not. However, it’s not a secret that those kinds of rules and restrictions could never stop women. Though it was against the law and punishable, women took part in war disguised as men.
In the most responsible moments, they preferred standing along with their men instead of doing their everyday chores. Women mainly served as laundresses, nurses, and cooks.
Though women have always been in a battlefield despising the rules and bans, they were not allowed to fight and be right at the center of the combat.
Women in the Military Today
The role of women in the military is cordially different today. The role of women has been expanded a lot.
Though the problem of restriction is not fully solved. There are many countries where women are restricted to serve in military forces. Women in the military remain some of the most controversial topics even today. Some people are pretty sure that women have nothing in common with the military. Even though a number of countries began to expand the roles of women in military forces.
This process is something new and like all new projects and ideas, it faces harsh criticism as well. There are different “theories” why women in the military should be banned. Some people think that it will reduce the unit cohesion. This and those kinds of opinions, however, don’t have enough ground.
One of the most groundbreaking steps protecting women’s rights in the whole history was organized by the US. In 2015, US Defense Secretary Ashton Carter announced that all military occupations and positions will be available to women without any exception.
This decision was a historical one which definitely expanded the role of women and engaged more and more women in the military forces today. It’s essential for the other countries as well to lift all the bans and limitations on women in the military.
Interesting Fact about Women in the Military
- Women began fighting on the front lines starting from 1700-s in disguise. In the 18th and 19th centuries, people couldn’t even imagine women in combat. And if some of the most courageous ones would express willingness to serve in the military that would’ve definitely shock the others. That’s why some smart women found the solution. They disguised as men keeping in secret their true identities.
- There was even a case when a woman soldier introducing herself as “Robert Shurtliff” serving in General Washington’s Army in the late 1700-s, accidentally revealed her true identity. She served there for more than a year before she was wounded and later honorably discharged.
- The first woman who received a military pension fought in the revolutionary war. Her name was Margaret Corbin, aka Molly Pitcher. She was the first woman in history who received a pension. She was fighting along with her husband. After her husband’s death, Molly was seriously injured during the war. In 1779, Congress voted to give her disability pension in one-half of soldier’s pay and one suit of clothes. Later, the US government also made decision to award pension to Debora Samson,
- The first woman who was awarded Medal of Honor was Mary Edwards. Mary Edwards took part in the civil war. Dr. Mary Edwards actively served as a contract surgeon for the Union Forces. She received the Medal of Honor Roll in 1977.
Women in The Military During Two World Wars
- In World War I, women were finally allowed to join military. More than 33000 women served as cooks, nurses and support staff in the US. The first officially enlisted woman in the military was Loretta Walsh in 1917. The number of women in military considerably increased already in World War II. About 400000 women served as nurses, drivers, and even pilots. However, there were still in non-combat roles.
- Starting from 1880-s there was a great number of women which were already professionals in the military. There were a lot of great women mechanics pilots and even spies. In 1942 President Franklin Roosevelt signed a bill and authorized the Navy, Coast Guard, and marines by accepting women. Franklin Roosevelt’s wife, Eleanor Roosevelt was also actively encouraging women participation in the military.
- Until 2010 women were restricted from direct combat roles. The role of women in the military was definitely underestimated in the US. However, the access of women to direct combat became free starting from 2010. Though not all positions were available for women.
Harassment as one of the Main Issues of Women in the Military
Sexual harassment is the main fear among women in the military. Some ropers come to prove that the women in military lay in 3 times more risk to be raped. This is one of the major issues women in the military face even today.
In Iraq, for instance, women are more likely to be raped by their own army soldiers than by an insurgent. Many women weren’t afraid to share their stories and let it be open for the world. Meanwhile, a number of women still remain silent for some reasons. Some of them have fear of losing their jobs, as there is a number of cases when the men in armed forces with higher positions harass women threatening to fire them.
The stereotypes about women leave this topic still remain an arguable one. Customs, traditions and deeply rooted moral values don’t let people fully recognize the role of women in the military.
Those who speak against women in military mainly mention about physical and emotional differences existing between men and women, which make women vulnerable. However, the history and the facts come to prove the opposite. There is a great number of women heroes which were not a bit inferior to their men companions.
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- Early Marriage | Threat For The Society Or Just A Culture? Discover The Effects Of Child Marriage On Premature Girls | <urn:uuid:44c59135-11bf-4164-b486-9da13f9c2277> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://women-s.net/women-in-the-military/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.981391 | 1,409 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a condition that’s characterized by episodes of sudden uncontrollable and inappropriate laughing or crying. Pseudobulbar affect typically occurs in people with certain neurological conditions or injuries, which might affect the way the brain controls emotion.1
Scientists believe PBA may result from damage to the prefrontal cortex — the area of the brain that helps control emotions. Those with an underlying neurological condition may have PBA. An injury or disease that affects the brain can lead to PBA. About half the people who’ve had a stroke get PBA. Other brain conditions commonly linked to PBA include brain tumors, dementia, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson’s disease.2
The primary symptoms of PBA include sudden and uncontrollable emotional outbursts. These can include laughing or crying and can last for several seconds or a few minutes. These outbursts are mismatched to the situation at hand and do not reflect the individual’s actual feelings. For example, a person may cry in response to a joke or laugh during a funeral.
PBA symptoms mimic other problems like depression, bipolar, or other mood disorders. But with PBA, emotional outbursts come suddenly, and without any connection to the situation the person is in.
PBA is distressing to those who have it and to those around them. However, it is a distinct and treatable condition if diagnosed. Diagnosis can educate family, friends and caregivers about what’s behind the often unusual, upsetting and unpredictable outbursts, and lead to treatment.
PBA can be diagnosed by internists, neuropsychologists, neurologists and psychiatrists. | <urn:uuid:8a5ac1df-ac5b-4d4c-a1f9-d5b7fb06c5d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://pbavoices.org/understanding-pba/faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371806302.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407214925-20200408005425-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.948956 | 356 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Oracle decode function for SQL is another perfect mean to manipulate data. It is the function which helps manage below with ease
Handles NULL VALUES, though it can also be done with NVL, NVL2.
Work as normal IF–THEN–ELSE code block.
Decode provides high readability compare to normal IF–THEN–ELSE statement.
Syntax: Oracle Decode Function
DECODE (::EXPR::, Search, Result [, Search, Result]... [, Default]) DECODE ( EXPR_COLUMN, If_String_1_avlble, Display_Result_1, If_String_2_avlble, Display_Result_2, If_String_3_avlble, Display_Result_3, Default)
Few Sample Scenarios:
You can use decode if you want to replace NULL values in “Sales compensation” column as ZERO. Though, we can achieve this either by NVL / NVL2.
Data Masking, Use decode to mask the business data which is supposed to be given to vendor IT team for application testing purpose. instead of new york you can place NNN.
You can display master data of transactional record. Say example you have kept region of records as keys in data base, example 1 for North America, 2 for Europe and 3 for
Few important Observations for oracle decode function:
- Default: Returns NULL if default is omitted and expression is not matched with any of the search value.
- DATATYPE:Have you ever tried giving multi datatype values in decode?? Yes it accepts but end up with some performance overhead as Oracle tend to convert all the values to most preferred datatype (datatype of first result).
- NULL Comprison:Is NULL = NULL ?? We all know that NULL cannot be compared with NULL and both will not to be considered equal. What if I have a specific action to apply for all NULL valued data? you got it – one way to achieve it is decode. Decode considers NULL = NULL.
Technically, oracle function compares expression to each search value one after another.
Example: Decode Oracle SQL
To get the number of partner operating in any city.
Select decode(City, null, ’NULL’, City) “Operating City”, count(1) From partners Group by city
Result will look like. | <urn:uuid:65a823ae-fc8d-4f00-b00c-cc8f96ee1d10> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://etllabs.com/oracle/functions/oracle-decode-function/299/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926964.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00274-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.791405 | 514 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Infant marsupials and monotremes use a connection between their ear and jaw bones shortly after birth to enable them to drink their mothers' milk, new findings in eLife reveal.
This discovery by researchers at King's College London, UK, provides new insights about early development in mammals, and may help scientists better understand how the bones of the middle ear and jaw evolved in mammals and their predecessors.
Marsupials such as opossums, and monotremes such as echidnas, are unusual types of mammals. Both types of animal are born at a very early stage in development, before many bones in the body have started to form. Opossums latch on to their mother's nipple and stay there while they finish developing. Monotremes, which hatch from eggs, lap milk collected near their mother's milk glands as they grow. But how they are able to drink the milk before their jaw joint is fully developed was previously unclear.
"Given the lack of a jaw joint in marsupials and monotremes at birth, scientists have previously suggested that the animals may use a connection between the middle ear bones and jaw bones to allow them to feed," explains lead author Neal Anthwal, Research Associate at the Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, at King's College London's Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences in the UK.
To find out if this is true, Anthwal and his colleagues compared the jaw bones in platypus, short-beaked echidnas, opossums and mice shortly after birth. Their work revealed that, soon after echidnas hatch, their middle ear bones and upper jaw fuse, eventually forming a joint that is similar to the jaws of mammal-like reptile fossils. The team found a similar connection in mouse embryos, but this disappears and the animals are born with functioning jaw joints.
Opossums, by contrast, use connective tissue between their middle ear bones and the base of their skull to create a temporary jaw joint that enables them to nurse shortly after birth. "This all shows that marsupials and monotremes have different strategies for coping with early birth," Anthwal says.
The findings suggest that the connection between the ear and jaw dates back to an early mammal ancestor and persisted when mammals split into subgroups. Marsupials and monotremes continue to use these connections temporarily in early life. In other mammals, such as mice, these connections occur briefly as they develop in the womb but are replaced by a working jaw joint before birth.
"Our work provides novel insight into the evolution of mammals," concludes senior author Abigail Tucker, Principal Investigator and Professor of Development & Evolution at the Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King's College London. "In particular we highlight how structures can change function over evolutionary time but also during development, with the ear bones moving from feeding to hearing. The recent availability of monotreme tissue for molecular analysis, as showcased here, provides an amazing future opportunity to understand the biology of these weird and wonderful mammals, which we are keen to explore."
The paper 'Transient role of the middle ear as a lower jaw support across mammals' can be freely accessed online at https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57860. Contents, including text, figures and data, are free to reuse under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Emily Packer, Senior Press Officer
Faculty Communications, King's College London
eLife is a non-profit organisation created by funders and led by researchers. Our mission is to accelerate discovery by operating a platform for research communication that encourages and recognises the most responsible behaviours. We work across three major areas: publishing, technology and research culture. We aim to publish work of the highest standards and importance in all areas of biology and medicine, including Developmental Biology and Evolutionary Biology, while exploring creative new ways to improve how research is assessed and published. We also invest in open-source technology innovation to modernise the infrastructure for science publishing and improve online tools for sharing, using and interacting with new results. eLife receives financial support and strategic guidance from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Max Planck Society and Wellcome. Learn more at https://elifesciences.org/about.
To read the latest Developmental Biology research published in eLife, visit https://elifesciences.org/subjects/developmental-biology.
And for the latest in Evolutionary Biology, see https://elifesciences.org/subjects/evolutionary-biology.
About the Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences at King's College London
King's College London's Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences is one of the foremost dental schools in the world. Recently ranked first in the world in dentistry by the QS World University Rankings 2020, the Faculty aims to maximise impact on health and wellbeing by integrating excellence across four areas:
Education / teaching
The Faculty's mission is to understand disease, enhance health and restore function. Their vision is to be world leading in dental, oral and craniofacial education, research and clinical care.
The Faculty's international reputation attracts students and staff from across the globe. The largest dental academic centre in the UK, they teach over 700 undergraduate students, 140 graduate taught students, 300 distance learning students and 110 graduate research students. The Faculty is shaped by a diverse student and staff population which adds strength to its standing.
The faculty has over 85 academic staff and is organised into three research priority areas:
(1) Development, Regeneration, Repair & Tissue Engineering
(2) Immunity, Infection & Host-Microbe Interactions
(3) Clinical, Translational & Population Health
The research areas complement the teaching and clinical service initiatives.
As well as excellent research facilities, the Faculty has internationally recognised education programmes. With highly skilled teachers and supervisors, there are exceptional facilities, including access to over 300,000 patients each year across world-famous hospitals, Guy's & St Thomas', and King's College Hospitals for hands-on clinical training. They are one of the most comprehensive dental academic health science centres in Europe.
Further details of the faculty may be found on its website: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/dentistry | <urn:uuid:ac5639c6-09c3-4438-9ddb-4e225e4bdb2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/587679 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711151.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207085208-20221207115208-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.938562 | 1,396 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Analytical Thinking, Analytical Action
The November 2016 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education is now available online to subscribers. Topics featured in this issue include: electrochemistry; researching how assessment aids learning; using technology to teach; environmental chemistry; hands-on, minds-on activities and demonstrations; geology-inspired chemistry.
Learning electrochemical analysis and techniques is critical for students to develop conceptual understanding and gain practical skills. Researchers use electrochemistry to analyze a variety of systems extending from molecules to materials that encompass research themes ranging from clean energy to substrate activation in biological systems. In Introduction to Electrochemistry and the Use of Electrochemistry to Synthesize and Evaluate Catalysts for Water Oxidation and Reduction, Samuel J. Hendel and Elizabeth R. Young describe a lab to familiarize students with electrochemistry as well as quantitative electrochemical characterization and analysis. Students are introduced to the fundamentals of experimental electrochemistry using the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox couple as a model system. Students then conduct electrochemical analyses of the water electrolysis reaction and identify catalysts for both hydrogen and oxygen generation in the reductive and oxidative half-reactions, respectively. These experiments are discussed in the context of clean energy storage to promote the connection of the teaching laboratory to real-world applications.
Editor-in-Chief Norbert J. Pienta has been traveling around the world to discuss matters of common interest concerning teaching and learning within introductory chemistry courses. Read about his latest travels in Innocents Abroad, Redux: Latin America.
Using the Universal Design for Learning Approach in Science Laboratories To Minimize Student Stress ~ Daniel K. Miller and Patricia L. Lang
Researching How Assessment Aids Learning
Surprises in the Muddy Waters of High-Enrollment Courses ~ Jessie M. Keeler and Milo D. Koretsky
Score Increase and Partial-Credit Validity When Administering Multiple-Choice Tests Using an Answer-Until-Correct Format ~ Aaron D. Slepkov, Andrew J. Vreugdenhil, and Ralph C. Shiell
Using Technology To Teach
Improving and Assessing Student Hands-On Laboratory Skills through Digital Badging ~ Sarah Hensiek, Brittland K. DeKorver, Cynthia J. Harwood, Jason Fish, Kevin O’Shea, and Marcy Towns
Analytical Thinking, Analytical Action: Using Prelab Video Demonstrations and e-Quizzes To Improve Undergraduate Preparedness for Analytical Chemistry Practical Classes ~ Dianne F. Jolley, Stephen R. Wilson, Celine Kelso, Glennys O’Brien, and Claire E. Mason
Reflections on “YouTestTube.com”: An Online Video-Sharing Platform To Engage Students with Chemistry Laboratory Classes ~ Stephen McClean, Kenneth G. McCartan, Sheryl Meskin, Beronia Gorges, and W. Paul Hagan
Using Student-Generated Instructional Materials in an e-Homework Platform ~ Danielle M. Zurcher, Sameer Phadke, Brian P. Coppola, and Anne J. McNeil
A Cloud-Based Scavenger Hunt: Orienting Undergraduates to ACS National Meetings ~ Matthew A. Kubasik, Aaron R. Van Dyke, Amanda S. Harper-Leatherman, John R. Miecznikowski, L. Kraig Steffen, and Jillian Smith-Carpenter
Environmental and Water Chemistry
Using a Deliberation of Energy Policy as an Educational Tool in a Nonmajors Chemistry Course ~ Sara A. Mehltretter Drury, Kyle Stucker, Anthony Douglas, Ryan A. Rush, Walter R. P. Novak, and Laura M. Wysocki
An Inconvenient Truth—Is It Still Effective at Familiarizing Students with Global Warming? ~ Mark A. Griep and Kaitlin Reimer
Fabrication of Chromatographic Devices for Screening Cosmetics for Hydroquinone and Retinoic Acid as a Chemistry Project To Connect with the Community ~ Theerasak Rojanarata, Kwanrutai Waewsa-nga, Thanawit Muangchang, Pudinan Ratanakreethakul, Samarwadee Plianwong, Weerapath Winotapun, Praneet Opanasopit, and Tanasait Ngawhirunpat
A Simple, Student-Built Spectrometer To Explore Infrared Radiation and Greenhouse Gases ~ Mitchell R. M. Bruce, Tiffany A. Wilson, Alice E. Bruce, S. Max Bessey, and Virginia J. Flood
Stepwise Inquiry into Hard Water in a High School Chemistry Laboratory ~ Mami Kakisako, Kazuyuki Nishikawa, Masayoshi Nakano, Kana S. Harada, Tomoyuki Tatsuoka, and Nobuyoshi Koga
Introducing Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry Topics Using a Nanotechnology Approach: Removing Hazardous Metal Ions by Means of Humic-Acid-Modified Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles ~ Delmárcio Gomes da Silva, Fernando Menegatti de Melo, Alceu Totti Silveira Jr., Bruno Constancio da Cruz, Caio Cesar Pestana Prado, Luana Cristina Pereira de Vasconcelos, Vitor Amaral Sanches Lucas, and Henrique Eisi Toma
Salicylic Acid and 4-Nitroaniline Removal from Water Using Magnetic Biochar: An Environmental and Analytical Experiment for the Undergraduate Laboratory ~ Akila G Karunanayake, Narada Bombuwala Dewage, Olivia Adele Todd, Matthew Essandoh, Renel Anderson, Todd Mlsna, and Deb Mlsna
Determination of Total Arsenic and Speciation in Apple Juice by Liquid Chromatography–Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: An Experiment for the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory ~ Ping He, Luis A. Colón, and Diana S. Aga
Investigating Arsenic Contents in Surface and Drinking Water by Voltammetry and the Method of Standard Additions ~ Anran Cheng, Rebecca Tyne, Yu Ting Kwok, Louis Rees, Lorraine Craig, Chaipat Lapinee, Mitch D’Arcy, Dominik J. Weiss, and Pascal Salaün
Hands-On, Minds-On Activities and Demonstrations
Atomic Tiles: Manipulative Resources for Exploring Bonding and Molecular Structure ~ Alan L. Kiste, Rebecca G. Hooper, Gregory E. Scott, and Seth D. Bush
A Colorful Demonstration to Visualize and Inquire into Essential Elements of Chemical Equilibrium ~ Ingo Eilks and Ozcan Gulacar
Speed of Sound in Gases Measured by in Situ Generated White Noise ~ Michael J. DeLomba, Michael D. Hernandez, and John J. Stankus
From the Archives: Geology-Inspired Chemistry
In Quantitative Determination of Iron in Limonite Using Spectroscopic Methods with Senior and General Chemistry Students: Geology-Inspired Chemistry Lab Explorations, A. M. R. P. Bopegedera, Christopher L. Coughenour, and Andrew J. Oswalt discuss a laboratory that involves analyzing a geologically important material. Other examples of geology-inspired chemistry in the classroom include:
The Rocky Road to Chemistry ~ Larry Walker and Priscilla J. Lee
Geochemistry for Chemists ~ John D. Hostettler
Copper Metal from Malachite circa 4000 B.C.E. ~ Cris E. Johnson, Gordon T. Yee, and Jeannine E. Eddleton
Chemistry Education Thinking, JCE Action
With 93 volumes of the Journal of Chemical Education to explore, you will always find something to make you think—including the articles mentioned above, and many more, in the Journal of Chemical Education. Articles that are edited and published online ahead of print (ASAP—As Soon As Publishable) are also available.
Do you have something to share? Write it up for the Journal! For some advice on becoming an author, read Erica Jacobsen’s Commentary. In addition, numerous author resources are available on JCE’s ACS Web site, including: Author Guidelines, Document Templates, and Reference Guidelines. | <urn:uuid:e40222c9-83ba-4984-ba09-afd9bdbc6bdb> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.chemedx.org/article/jce-9311-november-2016-issue-highlights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739182.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814070558-20200814100558-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.768785 | 1,769 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Feathers are of ultimate importance to birds.
And though they can be replaced, if they are to function properly they have to be kept in good condition.
There are two main activities involved in feather care: preening and bathing. And several minor ones including sunning and anting.
Individual feathers are frail things and birds spend a considerable amount of time caring for them. In many water birds the plumage (i.e., all the feathers) is waterproof.
In some species, this waterproofing is assisted by oil supplied by special glands ‘uropygial glands’. The birds apply the oil to their feathers during preening. This is an action you often see birds performing… and one which involves the bird using its bill to manipulate its feathers to ensure they are all zipped up and lying flat – one over the other, like tiles on the roof of a house.
In fact, practiced birdwatchers are aware that two of the most common activities you can observe in birds are preening and feeding/foraging.
Preening is the simplest and most common of feather care activities. It involves two different actions, nibbling and stroking.
All other feather care activities seem to be a prelude to preening, or at least end in a bout of preening.
Preening serves the function of returning feathers to their correct position and form. It often involves the addition of oil to the feathers from the Uropygial gland.
Wiping is simply wiping the feathers with the bill, pressing them into place and perhaps spreading some oil over them.
Nibbling is a more serious attempt to put the feathers back into pristine condition. The bird uses its bill to nibble along the edges of feathers straightening them out and ensuring the barbules are all zipped up.
Bird Bathing – The Prelude To Preening
Nearly all birds have been observed bathing and most are seen to do so regularly.
Scientists have observed birds bathe in several different ways.
Some birds, like sparrows, simply splash a little water around at the edge of a pond or pool. Others, like robins, get deeper into the water, flick their wings open, spread their tail feathers and – at the same time – dip their head and shoulder under the water, throwing water back over their bodies.
Babblers simply jump into and out of the water source over and over again. While Kingfishers plunge down into the water and spread their feathers.
Swifts and swallows ‘flight bathe’ by flying so low over the water that they actually dip into the water for a very short time. Water birds also bathe and ducks and gulls can often be observed thrashing around in the water. Parrots bathe in the rain, while hornbills and other birds use the dew to have an early morning bathe.
Where water is scarce, birds use dust to bathe in.
This may seem silly at first… but if you think about it, a dry powder is easy to shake out of your clothes. But sticky plant resins or animal juices from prey items – and other organic wastes – are not.
By bathing in dust, birds can remove this sort of material – because each particle of dust absorbs just a little gunk before it is shaken off.
Cleaning is so important to birds, that sparrows on the desert edge have been observed to dust bathe in a bowl of sugar when no dust was available.
Whatever the sort of bathing used, it is only a prelude to preening – which is a constant job for a bird.
Sunning in Birds
Birds in various climates all around the world indulge in sunning.
This can be anything from simply standing with their backs to the sun, with their feathers rustled up to expose the skin below, to a full sunbathing posture – with wings and tail feathers spread out to maximize the area open to the sun.
Some birds, such as pigeons, will position themselves one side and raise a wing to the sun. Whatever the exact action, like ‘smoke bathing’, the causes, or benefits to the bird are a matter of supposition.
Obviously, in many cases the birds get warmth from the sun, which reduces the amount of metabolic energy they have to expend in order to maintain a constant body temperature of around 40 degrees C.
However, some birds sunbathe in temperatures which are quite hot. In such circumstances, sunbathing appears to leave them over-heated as they can be seen panting.
Therefore, some scientists have theorised that the sun’s warmth plays an important role for the birds. Perhaps in helping dislodge feather parasites, or that the ultra-violet in sunlight helps turn some precursor molecule in the preening oil into vitamin D – and that the bird’s need this vitamin.
It is known that these precursor molecules exist in preening oil and that ultra-violet light will stimulate the conversion into vitamin D. What is not known is how well this happens on the bird’s body and how important the amount of vitamin D created would be to the bird.
Notes on Precursor Molecules:
Complex molecules such as vitamins are built up from various components and normally have a set pathway of changes they go through before becoming the final product.
This final product can later be a step en route to another molecule. In this way, our bodies build components out of a mechano-like set of basic units. A precursor molecule is one which is only one or two steps from a given end product.
“Anting” In Birds
Perhaps some of the strangest behaviour indulged in by birds is Anting.
Anting occurs in two different forms and for the sake of this post it does not always involve ants!
Most anting – however – does involve ants and over 250 different species of birds have been recorded displaying this behaviour at one time or another. Anting occurs either as “active anting”, in which the bird picks an ant up and applies it to its plumage – or “passive anting”.Normally, the ant during active anting will be stroked along the feathers, usually the flight feathers. Starlings (Sternus vulgaris) actively seek out Formicine ants, which suggests that the ants’ ability to spray formic acid is an important consideration.
It has been observed – by many people – that during anting the birds appear to get exceedingly excited!
After the ant has been applied to the feathers, it is either discarded or eaten. Other active anting birds are Babblers, Tanagers and Weavers.
Passive anting involves the bird finding an ant nest and lying down among the ants.
This process – often likened to bathing in ants – is not as well studied as active anting. Birds which are passive anters include the European Jay, Crows and Waxbills.Because life loves diversity, Blackbirds, Redwings and other thrushes exercise a flexible strategy. Being either passive or active anters, as the occasion – or some unknown need – takes them.
Strangest of all, perhaps, is the Grey Thrush of Japan which is a passive anter which goes throughout the actions of an active anter – but without any ants in its bill!
Finally, birds have also been observed to indulge in anting behaviour using objects that are not ants… such as mothballs and apple peel.
What Is The Explanation Behind Anting?
What actually happens during anting is easy to observe and record, especially as many birds will display anting activity in captivity if offered ants.
A more difficult question to answer is why.
In truth, nobody seems really sure what birds get out of anting. People have theorised that the ants help rid the birds of pests like feather mites and louse flies.
Other theories suggest that the anting is just a way of getting the ant to discharge its store of formic acid before eating it. The trouble with this idea is that it doesn’t explain passive anting. Scientific evidence supporting the pest control theory is hard to find.
However, it is known that ants are only eaten after they have discharged all of their acid. It is not unreasonable to assume that active anting – as we see it today – evolved from a detoxifying action to make ants edible, but gave the added benefit of pest control to some extent.
Nature often likes to perform several roles with one action – and though scientists like to understand the order of importance, and/or the order of origination, of an action – this is not always easy to achieve.
Perhaps related to anting, but even more bizarre, is ‘smoke bathing’.
Birds such as Rooks have been observed standing on smoking chimneys, with their wings spread open in a similar posture to some birds when anting.
Birds have also been seen to use smoking cigarette butts for anting!
On other occasions both houses and trees have been set alight by birds taking live cigarettes back to their nests. No-one really knows why.
Well, I hope this has given you a moderately comprehensive look at preening in birds!
Why not take the chance to learn a little more about bird migration while you’re here. | <urn:uuid:e43b1ec1-773c-4d60-a097-6277d2c3663a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.earthlife.net/birds/preening.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662538646.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521045616-20220521075616-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.96304 | 1,963 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The most important practical question of originalism is how to deal with the huge number of non-originalist precedents. In its June decision in Rucho v. Common Cause, the Supreme Court showed one way: Refuse to give a flagrantly non-originalist precedent generative force while not overruling it or discussing it in any detail.
A five-member majority held in Rucho that political gerrymanders presented political questions that the Court would not disturb. Its majority reached the right result, although not as forthrightly as might be desired. There is no reason to raise the “political question” doctrine, since the federal constitutional case against gerrymander founders so clearly on the merits. The Fourteenth Amendment does not prevent states from imposing such gerrymanders. Indeed, as an original matter, the Fourteenth Amendment does not justify the Court’s “one-person, one-vote” decision in Reynolds v. Sims (1963), from which a decision prohibiting gerrymanders would have been an extension. Nevertheless, the gross legal infirmity of the reasoning in Reynolds was a silent factor influencing the Court’s Rucho decision.
Reynolds v. Sims, a Consciously Anti-Originalist Opinion
The original meaning of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not provide a rule of “one person, one vote”; indeed, it does not guarantee an individual right to vote at all. (The Guarantee Clause requires that states must provide a republican form of government, but at the Founding, republicanism was consistent with substantial restrictions on franchises for particular classes of individuals.) This reading is not a difficult or close one, but follows from the text of the amendment itself, the statements of its sponsors, and a subsequent amendment to the Constitution.
Begin with the language of the second section of the Fourteenth Amendment:
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
This second section, not the Equal Protection Clause in the first section, thus speaks specifically to voting rights. It does not prevent a state from denying such rights to anyone, including the newly freed slaves. (As we will see, that was the enterprise of the Fifteenth Amendment.) But it does specify that if a state chose to take away voting rights from male inhabitants, its power in Congress and in the Electoral College would be proportionately reduced.
This section would be superfluous if the previous section’s Equal Protection Clause guaranteed the right to vote, let alone guaranteed an equally effective vote by geography as proclaimed under the “one person, one vote” concept enshrined in Reynolds.
Moreover, the sponsors of the Fourteenth Amendment specifically said it did not guarantee the right to vote. Instead, they noted that it protected against discrimination in other kinds of laws, like the right to contract. (These rights were in fact known at the time as civil rights to distinguish them from political rights like voting.) Finally, it took the Fifteenth Amendment to guarantee voting rights against discrimination on the basis of race. It was adopted just a couple of years after the Fourteenth Amendment. It, too, would seem to be superfluous if the Equal Protection Clause addressed voting rights.
These arguments are not new. In Reynolds, Justice John Marshall Harlan II made them eloquently in one of the best dissents of his entire tenure. And they were not answered by the majority opinion, not one of them. Reynolds is not only a non-originalist opinion, it is anti-originalist (indeed anti-textualist) opinion in failing to address the obvious arguments about original meaning in the case, arguments that were before it. Nor in my view can it be understood to be some form of evolving originalism, interpreting the broad generalities of the Constitution in light of new realities. “Equal protection” cannot be considered a broad generality that might comprehend voting rights given, as noted above, the section addressing the electoral franchise that appears right next to the “equal protection” section in the same amendment. As Harlan notes, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed “as a unity.”
This opinion shows that at times originalism was sadly not always the law in the Supreme Court during the Warren era. The justices in the majority in Reynolds were shown the originalist way and turned away from it, as surely as someone who is shown the way to a destination and consciously decides to go somewhere else. They were not confused or mistaken. This fact may have implications for the question of whether originalism can be justified as the positive law without reference to normative arguments. If the Court has at times used nonorginalist ways to justify its decisions and gotten away with it (indeed been celebrated for those decisions), there may be no clear rule of recognition as a positive matter, forcing us to make a normative case for originalism as against other views. On the other hand, Harlan’s dissent shows that even in the Warren Court, originalism was a contender for the positive law, if often a losing one. Originalism is not a revolutionary reform.
Refusing to Accord Generative Force to Reynolds
It impossible to believe that any of the five justices in the majority of the Rucho Court would endorse the reasoning in Reynolds. While they did not overrule the latter, they refused to give it any generative force. They declined to extend the proposition that a citizen’s vote must not be diluted by formally unequal districts, to the proposition that it must not be diluted by effectively partisan districts.
Three features of Rucho support the relevance of Reynolds’ non-originalism as a factor in how the majority decided this case.
First, the majority opinion by Chief Justice John Roberts spends an enormous amount of space showing that gerrymandering was common in the early republic. This historical discussion would have far less force if one really believed that the Equal Protection Clause applied to voting. If it did, that Clause would have swept away that aspect of antebellum America as it did many others.
Second, while Roberts mentions the slogan “one person, one vote,” he never actually cites Reynolds v. Sims. The majority recognizes that it is so flawed in its analysis that it does not deserve to be mentioned.
Third, while the Court appears to assume that there is some right to not endure extremely partisan districts, it just cannot find a manageable standard for judges to apply. But how manageable a standard must be is effectively related to how significant and deep-seated is the right. No one thinks the Court will not enforce the right to be free from racial discrimination regardless of how difficult is the context for its judicial application.
Rucho v. Common Cause provides an example of “silent originalism.” The Court does not revisit and overrule a precedent due to its inconsistency with originalism, but the precedent’s manifest inconsistency robs it of generative force. This decision shows that those who, like Professor David Strauss, consider constitutional law to be an essentially common law exercise in applying the Court’s own precedents rather than following the original meaning of the Constitution, miss something important. The strength of precedents depends on underlying theories about how the Constitution is to be interpreted. The rise of originalism is dramatically changing the weights that the Court gives to its precedents. And that reweighting can have the important effect seen in Rucho. | <urn:uuid:21fde6ee-db4b-454c-af6e-8387c10383a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lawliberty.org/silent-originalism-and-the-reweighting-of-precedent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058589.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928002254-20210928032254-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.958129 | 1,678 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Room 5 Superheroes did some very interesting Science learning with Joy during Buddy Class.
We were amazed! We are so intrigued that we are going to show the rest of our class too.
We learnt all about our eyes!
Did you know that people who are colour blind see the colours green and red as the same colour?
They see them as a brown.
We learnt about different parts of our eyes like our retina and pupil.
When we covered our eye for 45seconds our pupil went really BIG. This is because our eye was in the dark and tried to find light.
We had an exciting discovery about how our brain and eyes communicate. We coloured a fish in one bold colour and steered at it for 1 minute without blinking. Straight after we looked into a plain empty fish bowl and what did we see.... ANOTHER FISH an opposite colour to our coloured-in fish.
Thank you so much Joy for sharing your creative and exciting science activities with us. | <urn:uuid:cac860e8-2c39-4597-928c-6287d92b6849> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://superheroesrss.blogspot.com/2016/02/science-during-buddy-class.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105187.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818213959-20170818233959-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.971978 | 200 | 3.421875 | 3 |
For their development, children need a place that offers enough room to spread out — to move, to learn, to play. When children are still small, they like to play near their parents. They may like to stack up building blocks in the kitchen or the living room. A room divider can separate Toyland from the rest of the living area.
Once the “playground” in the living room or kitchen is no longer enough, or if school is approaching, the time is right to move into their own realm. Hamburg residential psychologist Dr. Antje Flade explains: “Once school starts, a room of their own becomes more and more important. At school age, the child’s room has several functions. It is a learning station for homework and a place where children can be with peers of their own age or just by themselves, undisturbed by grownups. A school child’s room is a multifunctional space. It is a study, play and living room at the same time.” | <urn:uuid:b39b1426-4a34-4f8b-8f86-d2ac8443fe74> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://moll-funktion.com/en/kids-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154385.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802203434-20210802233434-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.976494 | 212 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A study, which was unusual in two ways, was published last week. It compared the use of a medication, to diet and exercise in preventing disease and it was conducted over 15 years. The trial showed that diet and exercise was more effective in preventing the onset of type two diabetes in those who were overweight and had elevated blood sugar, than using the medication metformin.
The rate of development of diabetes was 27% lower in the lifestyle change group than in a control group.
Had the medication been better you would far more likely have seen this in the mainstream media. “Pill reduces likelihood of diabetes” makes a better headline than regular exercise and reducing processed food reduces risk of diabetes.
Since the 1950’s the percentage of average weekly earnings spent on food has declined sharply in western countries. The percentage spent on health (read disease) care has increased. This may not be entirely coincidental.
Like a car, the human body needs the right fuels. Whilst more forgiving than a car the body will eventually also seize up if the wrong fuels are put into it. And the human body needs to be active.
A new trial is underway in Boston looking at how eating the right foods can reduce illness. Community Servings, which delivers free meals to the sick, is partnering with Massachusetts General Hospital to provide “medically tailored” meals to those with diabetes.
The aim is to prove the concept that food can be medicine. This is not a new concept. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine said 2500 years ago’ “let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”.
In our modern world we have become dazzled by medical technology. Yet the basic pillars of health lie in good food and being active have not changed. Sticking to the basics of health remains the simplest, least expensive and most effective way of staying healthy. | <urn:uuid:ccc5d870-a246-4dbb-bfd0-592f97da9a11> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.drjoe.net.au/hot-topics/rediscovering-the-truth-after-2500-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247515149.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222094419-20190222120419-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.973235 | 384 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Without daylight saving time, Sydney is 14 hours ahead of New York and Toronto; 15 hours ahead of Chicago and Dallas; and 17 hours ahead of Los Angeles.
Australia has three major time zones. Eastern Standard Time (EST) applies in Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland; Central Standard Time applies in South Australia and Northern Territory; and Western Standard Time applies in Western Australia. Central Standard Time is ½ hour behind EST, and Western Standard Time is 2 hours behind EST.
Within the EST zone, each state chooses a slightly different date on which to commence or end daylight saving—except for Queensland, where the powerful farm lobby has prevented the state from introducing daylight saving at all, since it would make the cows wake up an hour earlier. Western Australia and Northern Territory also decline to recognize daylight saving, which means that at certain times of the year Australia can have as many as six different time zones. | <urn:uuid:fbd72427-534b-4977-b5af-3e2573d16500> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.fodors.com/world/australia-and-the-pacific/australia/travel-tips/time-138689330 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646457.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531090221-20230531120221-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.903794 | 186 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The first part of this blog outlined the British preparations for the occupation and defence of Crete, as well as the many relevant sources available at The National Archives.
The Germans planned to lead the invasion with their airborne troops, with men from a mountain infantry division following up, though the plan depended entirely on gaining control of at least one of the airfields. Some Italian forces were included in the operation as well. Two errors in the German plan were a significant under-estimate of the number of Allied troops on the island and the expectation that the Cretan civilians would not resist, and these mistakes contributed to their heavy losses during the invasion. AIR 23/6110 includes translations of captured documents from Operation Mercury.
The invasion began on 20 May, with airborne landings along the coast between Maleme and Heraklion, backed by heavy air attacks. Allied and civilian resistance was much stronger than expected, and by the first night of the battle the Germans had gained little except a precarious foothold at Maleme.
Elsewhere the Allies initially held the towns, harbours and airfields. Heraklion was defended by a British-Australian-Greek force under 14 Infantry Brigade (the original Creforce), and events at the airfield there were recorded in the 2 Battalion Black Watch war diary.
Suda Bay was defended by a mixed Allied force including the Mobile Naval Base Defence Organisation (MNBDO), a Royal Marine outfit. MNBDO records can be found in series ADM 202. 52 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment was another unit in this area (WO 169/1640). The National Archives does not hold a war diary for the Australians at Retimo, though there is a related report at CAB 106/382.
The struggle for Maleme airfield
Maleme quickly became the crucial objective in the battle. The Germans were able to expand their foothold to gain control of the airfield and fly in more troops, while Allied counter-attacks faltered.
The aerial photograph above shows several German transport aircraft on the airfield just after it was captured. The action at Maleme is covered in an account from 2 New Zealand Division, as well as in the war diary of 22 New Zealand Infantry Battalion (WO 179/735).
The air and sea battle
The battle was fought at sea and in the air, as well as on land. The Royal Navy faced fierce German air attacks but was able to intercept a force of seaborne German troops, embarked on requisitioned civilian vessels, before they could reach Crete. The first significant Royal Navy casualties happened on 22 May, when the light cruiser HMS Naiad was among the ships attacked.
Several other British warships were sunk or damaged by air attack during the battle, and it became very difficult for the fleet to support the troops on the island. Only fast warships could go there by sailing at night and leaving before dawn, which limited the amount of cargo or troops that could be sent.
Despite the weakness of the RAF, some squadrons did take part in the battle. 45 Squadron, with Blenheim light bombers, flew sorties from Egypt against Maleme airfield after it was captured. The squadron operation record books list the aircraft and crews that were involved, and these records can usually be downloaded from The National Archives’ website.
Defeat and evacuation
Following the loss of Maleme the Allies fell back to regroup, but within a few days the situation deteriorated as the Germans began to push towards Canea, threatening the supply base at Suda Bay. They were also still holding ground outside Retimo and Heraklion, and their air attacks put the Allied troops under great strain throughout the battle. Among the few Allied reinforcements to arrive was a commando outfit known as Layforce, which included the author Evelyn Waugh. These troops were meant to carry out raids but instead had to be used as a rear-guard once the withdrawal began. There are some records relating to Layforce listed in our catalogue here.
On 26 May Freyberg sought permission to begin an evacuation of his forces, as he considered the situation hopeless. Wavell quickly agreed, after sending a signal to the Prime Minister stating that Crete was ‘no longer tenable’.
The evacuation took place between 27 May and 1 June. The largest group of men had to retreat to Sphakia, a hamlet on the south coast, to be met by the Royal Navy. General Freyberg was among them, because he knew about the secret Enigma decrypts and could not be left behind as a prisoner. Other men were picked up from Heraklion, though they still faced German air attacks and the light cruiser HMS Orion, carrying more than 1,000 troops, was among the ships bombed. Some sources for the casualties from this attack are listed in our catalogue here. It was not possible to evacuate all the men and many were left behind, including those trapped at Retimo. The Royal Navy’s part in the evacuation is covered in a report from the Mediterranean Fleet:
The loss of Crete took place at a time when various other commitments and operations required resources from Wavell’s command, often taking higher priority than Crete itself. Soon after the battle the Inter-Services Committee produced a report into the defence and loss of the island. Wavell added a note acknowledging that the preparations before the battle had been insufficient. The extract shown here covers the fighting at Retimo.
Other sources covering lessons from the battle can be found in our catalogue, such as WO 287/164.
The National Archives also holds various sources for Allied prisoners, casualties and gallantry awards relating to Crete. WO 416 is a series of German prisoner of war record cards, often showing place of capture. A sample list of Welch Regiment personnel in this series can be found in our catalogue here. There are also aircrew casualty files from the battle in series AIR 81.
Recommendations for army gallantry awards are mostly in series WO 373, which can be searched by theatre of operations as well as by name. WO 373/27/344 is a recommendation for a Military Medal for Stanley Lawrence Carroll, an Australian signalman who escaped from Crete by himself. Victoria Cross recipients are mostly covered separately, in series WO 98.
The War Illustrated magazine published an article about Crete on 20 June 1941, and our library has a set of the volumes of this publication.
With the numerous sources available at The National Archives, there are many ways to find information covering the occupation of Crete, the battle itself and the men who took part. Though there are a few gaps in the records, such as the lack of Australian war diaries, the examples shown in this blog are a representative sample of what is available. | <urn:uuid:893d2893-3395-487b-833c-150e58b26818> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/the-defence-and-loss-of-crete-1940-1941-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104240553.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703104037-20220703134037-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.97991 | 1,399 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Today’s Poynter Institute Magazine brings up an issue that is circulating in many households and businesses today. People are deeply concerned about today’s generation and its ability (or inability) to write well. The article includes this quote:
“Just as Socrates was concerned that the invention of writing would make people forgetful, people today are worried about the degree to which we are permanently shaped by digital technologies.”
Before you make a judgment, take a look at the points it makes:
- Increases awareness of mistakes & helps prevent them: people are quick to criticize typos.
- Gives you an opportunity to differentiate yourself by writing well.
- Shows the value of storytelling.
- Proves that language is always evolving, and technology is a healthy part of that evolution.
- Creates new words and meanings.
This important article is a must-read for parents, grandparents, educators, librarians, and businesspeople. It’s not an endorsement for being sloppy, but shows the bright side of something that is a vital component of today’s world. | <urn:uuid:425500ef-6579-4dbd-a0e6-9fe1323052cd> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.ossweb.com/five-ways-social-media-benefits-writing-the-english-language.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986654086.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014173924-20191014201424-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.963332 | 229 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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