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Applique on the topic “Tree” is one of the most common crafts in young children. It is noteworthy that it can be adapted for any time of the year – for example, a picture of a blooming fruit tree looks beautifully in the spring, in the summer it is designed to emphasize the beauty of the forest, the fall of paints shows in the fall, and the elegant Christmas tree will be appropriate. Today we will introduce you to the most interesting ideas of applications from paper and other materials.
How to make paper?
The easiest way to make an applique on the topic “Tree” from paper – even kids will cope with this work. Just draw a brown barrel on a landscape sheet with branches, and then with stencils cut out of colored paper yellow, red and orange leaflets. Billets are glued with adhesive pencil.
No less interesting and other way to manufacture wood. In this case, the trunk is also drawn by pencils or paints. But to create a crown you need to grind a plot of multicolored circles, and then just place them on branches.
Older guys can be offered to make beautiful bushes.
For this they have to remember all their drawing skills.
First on a white sheet of watercolor paint a light green circle. When it is completely driving, you need to draw a brown felt-tip pen and branches.
Cut strips with colored paper. Fold each harmonic blank. Draw in the center of the outline of the flower, cut off with scissors. You should get a lot of multicolored flowers.
After that, it will only be left to stick the flowers on the prepared wood crown, the easiest way to put them on the adhesive pencil.
If you attach flowers only for the middle, then you will get a volumetric.
To arrange flowers, their central part is decorated with sparkles or rhinestones. If desired, the contour of the blanks can be squeezed by watercolor dark green shades.
The resulting flowering tree is cut and glued to a dense cardboard sheet. It can be fixed on the basis of the whole, or allow the edge to look out – in this case, the effect will turn out to be more voluminous.
Very beautiful trees are obtained from torn paper. To create such an unusual applique, you will need:
- Dense cardboard as a basis+
- Cardboard disposable plate+
- Colored paper.
To begin with, colored green paper, yellow, red or orange colors are torn on small pieces. Then a disposable plate is lubricated with PVA glue, and chaotic places in it fragments of colored blanks. Thus, a volume crown of wood is formed.
A trunk is formed from the rectangular paper blank of brown.
So that it looks plausible, you can draw more dark stripes on it – it is easiest to make it marker or paints.
Delica is ready. It will only be left to glue the main elements to the cardboard base.
The volumetric tree will have if you take the colored paper, the bushing from toilet paper and buttons.
No less interesting is the idea of creating a volumetric tree from a paper package. To do this, its upper part is cut into thin strips, after which the lower part of the package twisted and each strip separately.
You must have a figure, resembling a relief trunk of a tree with branches.
Abundantly lubricate the workpiece on one side with glue and secure on a dense cardboard base.
Decorate the resulting tree leaves. They can be green, orange, red or yellow – it all depends on what time of year you depict.
Such a picture can be safely hang on the wall of the children’s room.
A good idea of creating bulk crafts will be a curly autumn tree of paper rings. Work includes a few simple steps.
- For starting from colored paper, thin strips are cut.
- Divide them in half.
- Twisted in rings and fastened with glue.
- Improvised leaves stick on a pre-drawn tree crown.
Here is a beautiful tree you will succeed.
But, perhaps, the most beautiful carving tree from napkins.
First you need to take the napkins of autumn colors, deploy them, impose on each other and form 16 squares of the same size.
After that, the most interesting part of the work begins. Napkins need to be launched so that it turns out lumps – improvised leaves.
The resulting blanks are glued to the drawn trunk, forming a crown.
If you wish, you can make the winter applique. Winter is a magical and fabulous season, when nature freezes and is transformed, and the white and silver shades are dominated around.
You will need:
- Dark blue cardboard+
- Colored paper light blue, bright blue and brown shades+
- hole puncher+
- glue stick.
Winter tree will be manufactured in bulk machinery.
First take two sheets of light blue paper and one sheet of saturated blue. They are folded together and bend in half.
Near the scene draw the silhouette of the halves of the winter tree.
Sharp scissors neatly cut drawn crown.
These are such blanks of various shades of blue color for the winter tree you should get.
Next you need adhesive pencil. The tree is glued together, while the glue is applied only on halves of blanks.
Next you need to prepare a tree trunk. It is cut out of paper brown and glued at the bottom of the applique in the middle.
After that, you can move to gluing the crown of the future winter tree.
Work is almost ended. It remains only to take advantage of white paper and hole punch. With their help, you can create snow – round snowflakes are glued to the crown of the tree.
To create a winter tree in the technique of collage you can also use cotton wool or cotton wheels.
And so that such a drawing looks more spectacular, it is sprinkled with a glitter.
Amplifted guys can be offered to make a tree from hearts. This will require a corrugated color and white cardboard and a standard tool kit (scissors, pencil, ruler, PVA glue and patterns).
First you need to take the color paper of the same color, but different shades. It cut the hearts of three sizes from it. All you will need 8 pieces of large, medium and small blanks of each color.
Hearts are twice. After that, a tree trunk is cut out of the colored cardboard and glued it to the cardboard base.
Next draw a circle – in this way the contours of the future crown form.
The biggest hearts are laid out around the circumference so that they attach the shape, did not go out for the contours.
Then you need to glue the hearts, glue is applied only half of the workpiece.
Medium Hearts of three different shades are placed on the basis and glued with glue.
Next you need to place and glue the heart contour of the smallest size.
To make a picture of more lively and expressive, cut off the birds and glued them to the branches.
At shutdown, several hearts leave near the tree trunk.
Wood Production Options from Natural Materials
When creating an applique on the topic “Tree” for kindergarten often use natural materials. Easiest to take fallen and dried leaves. Such crafts are invariably obtained interesting and very beautiful.
Production technology is practically no different from the usual applique. To start, draw on a piece of paper contour stem and branches. When he gets free, lay on it dried leaves in any order you like.
Best of all, such leaves are fixed on the adhesive pencil.
Autumn tree can be made from pumpkin seeds. To create such an unusual craft, it will take a sheet of dense cardboard, on it brown gouache draw the outlines of the tree trunk with branches.
If you want the work to look more accurately – prepare the stencil of the tree in advance.
Then you can proceed to the creation of future leaves. For this, pumpkin seeds are painted in shades of autumn palette – orange, yellow or red. You can make it markers, acrylic paints or gouache.
The main part of the leaves-seeds are glued on the branches. And somewhat selected next to the tree – they will depict the leaf fall.
Unusual application may turn out if the non-drawn pattern is used as a trunk, and take the real branch of the tree. It is glued to the cardboard on hot glue and lay the painted seeds to imitate crowns.
You can also take pieces of paper, fabric or multicolored buttons.
A good idea can be the creation of a tree of fluffy wire and pumps. In this case, the stem and branches are forming from the cuney, stick to the paper on the thermoclay, and placed around multicolored pumps like leaves.
If you have accumulated a lot of old disassembled puzzles at home, you can make a good tree of them. You will need a brown felt, paint and paper. Work will not be great.
Discover the baby’s hand on paper and transfer it to the felt image.
Cut the resulting workpiece, and get it on the adhesive pencil to paper – it will be a trunk.
Draw the grass with green gouache, and then color the puzzles in the desired color (green, if you plan to make a summer tree, or orange, red, if you create an autumn crawler).
The most creative part of the work – the formation of the crown. For this, improvised leaves are placed in any chaotic order.
Applique may be not only on paper. To decorate school offices in front of the autumn holiday, use appliqué on window glass. In this case, it is necessary to cut from double-sided colored paper barrels and branches of the tree, glue the window with a concentrated soap solution.
Maple leaves cut out of colored paper of red, yellow and orange colors.
But more spectacular leaflets drawn by watercolor paints – in this case, you can create transitions of shades of yellow to orange, and from orange in red.
They are also fixed on soap.
An unusual trees can be made of coffee and corn flakes. To create such a craft, you can attract kids from the very early age, even one year old crumb will cope with it. Draw on paper template, and then divide the duties. Let an adult fills the glue in the form of branches, trunk and leaves, and the baby trust the painting of coffee or a cereal.
The main thing is to ensure that the pulp will not be in the mouth of the child.
Unusual technique for creating autumn crafts is plasticine. This is a useful technique – she not only develops the fantasy of the baby, but also prepares his hand to the letter, improves a small motor. To create a pattern of plasticine, you need to draw out the outlines of the tree on paper, then take a piece of mass for modeling and strong movements to smear it by contours.
Showing some imagination, you can use to create wood and any other remedies – peas, millet and even pasta.
Another way to create a tree applique from dry leaves is presented in the following video. | <urn:uuid:b520c135-262a-4683-a8cd-4372a7d2850d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://womenszine.info/crafts/appliques/a-variety-of-applications-on-the-topic-171-tree.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.919675 | 2,371 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Scientific name: Citrullus lanatus
Family name: Cucurbitaceae
Watermelon fruit is very large, smooth, and oval to round. The skin can be solid green or green striped with yellow. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus family Cucurbitaceae) is a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) flowering plant originally from southern Africa. Its fruit, which is also called watermelon, is a special kind referred to by botanists as a pepo, a berry which has a thick rind and fleshy center (mesocarp and endocarp). Watermelons are available all year. The natural sweetness of watermelon makes it a favorite anytime of the year. It is a perfect addition to a salad, salsa, or cool drink. They have no fats and have fewer amounts of calories and are one of the healthiest fruits. Here we are presenting some of the health benefits of watermelon.
You can also read:
Watermelon Health Benefits
It is an excellent source of vitamin C and a very good source of vitamin A, particularly through its concentration of beta-carotene. Lycopene is an antioxidant found in most red colored fruits, with the exception of a few things such as strawberries. Food experts recommend watermelon as a very good source of vitamin B6 and a good source of vitamin B1 and magnesium.
Watermelons contain an ingredient called Lycopene, an antioxidant which helps in preventing stroke and heart diseases. These antioxidants travel throughout the body neutralizing free radicals. Free radicals are substances in the body that can cause much damage to us. They are able to oxidize cholesterol, making it stick to blood vessel walls and thicken them which can lead to heart attack or stroke.
Scientific studies have shown that Lycopene reduces the risk of prostate cancer also. Watermelon has rich sources of carotenoids, popularly known for preventing cancer. Watermelons contain large amounts of beta carotene which has anti-cancer properties.
As watermelons are rich in potassium, they help in controlling blood pressure and also reduce the risk of kidney stones. Because of the high water content of watermelon, there is hardly any tendency of developing kidney stones. Watermelon has a special cooling effect and is exceptionally high in citrulline, an amino acid that our bodies use to make another amino acid, arginine, which is used in the urea cycle to remove ammonia from the body.
It is also believed that this fruit strengthens the immune system and aids the body in combating infections. Vitamin C boosts the immune system so that you get sick less often and it also slows down aging and medical conditions such as cataract. Vitamin C is important to not only being healthy, but remaining attractive all your life.
Watermelon is a good source of thiamin, potassium and magnesium which protect our body from so many diseases. Watermelon is fat free but helps energy production. It protects against macular degeneration. Also, these are low in calories and high in nutrients so it is one of the best fruits for weight loss diet. It’s because watermelons have tremendous health benefits that anyone who lives a healthy lifestyle should be determined to take advantage of every year. Watermelons are seasonal and watermelon health benefits are numerous which means that they are not available all year long. It means that when they are in season you should make sure, add to your diet and say healthy!
You can also read: | <urn:uuid:7efa94df-c7a4-476e-9e35-f7e3f90b07f2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://loss-of-weight-allegiance.com/watermelon-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445886.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00121-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942573 | 724 | 2.8125 | 3 |
“We are known collectively as the Tla’amin Nation (Sliammon First Nation) and through our Constitution we declare our sovereignty and jurisdiction.”
The Sliammon First Nation is located just outside of the town of Powell River in British Columbia, about 130 km northwest from Vancouver. Sliammon has a population of approximately 1100 members, with 65% living in the main village. 50% of Sliammon members are under the age of 25 giving Sliammon a very young and rapidly growing population.
The issue of aboriginal rights and title has never been settled in the Province of British Columbia with the exception of Treaty 8 and 14 treaties on Vancouver Island known as the Douglas Treaties. This is why the Sliammon Treaty Society was created to handle the treaty negotiations process on behalf of Sliammon with the Canadian Government. The goal being to restore our right to self govern and the legal return of land title.
Our Mission is to honour and respect our ancestors through implementation of a true community based process to negotiate a fair and equitable treaty settlement that will ensure the building blocks of a good government and a foundation for the well being of future generations.
After 19 years of negotiations at a cost of over $11 million, Sliammon Nation approved the Final Agreement through a crucial vote held in July of 2012. This difficult decision marks an historic moment for the Sliammon Nation and represents a monumental positive change in direction for the community as a whole.
Once the treaty comes into effect we can expect the legal transfer of treaty settlement lands to Sliammon. We will also be drafting and creating new laws as we move forward into self governance and we will also have access to increased funds for various projects, for example $1.7 million for the construction of a new government house. | <urn:uuid:db30c680-3be4-46d6-aaa1-d541a2b4168a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.sliammontreaty.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121981339.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175301-00033-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963963 | 365 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Reunifying families with substance use disorders
The tension between these two timelines — the urgency for children to be reunified with their families as soon as possible, versus the time needed for recovering parents to engage in services and prepare to safely care for their children — is a challenge.
With substance abuse being one of the primary reasons for removal from their homes (accounting for up to a third of all removals in 2015)1 timely reunification of children and youth in foster care with their parents can be a challenge. Recovery is a lifelong and cyclical process, with relapse not uncommon and often a part of the process to recovery. The federal Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) requires that children achieve permanency within 15 months of their 22 months in care, a difficult challenge at best, but especially for those getting treatment for substance abuse. The tension between these two timelines — the urgency for children to be reunified with their families as soon as possible, versus the time needed for recovering parents to engage in services and prepare to safely care for their children — is a challenge.
The single strongest predictor of reunification for families affected by substance abuse is completion of treatment. Studies have shown that women who complete 90 or more days of treatment nearly double their likelihood of reunification.2 Mothers who enter early into substance abuse treatment programs are more likely to reunify than mothers who don’t, and their children spend less time in foster care.3 Strategies that help motivate parents to enter and remain in substance abuse services are critical to enhancing treatment outcomes.
8.7 MILLION CHILDREN nationwide have a parent who suffers from a substance use disorder.4
- Identifying the issues related to substance abuse early is critical to the success of reunification and long-term recovery. Screening family members for possible substance abuse with culturally appropriate and validated tools should be routine. As the child’s advocate, inquire whether this has been completed.
- Engage recovery coaches. Studies show that parents are more likely to enter treatment quickly and stay longer if they have a recovery coach. Recovery coaches work with parents, child welfare caseworkers, treatment agencies and advocates to remove barriers to treatment and provide ongoing support to families.
Provide encouragement and frequent feedback to parents. Well-deserved praise can have a powerful impact on adult behavior. Recognize the hard work and struggle that is happening in the recovery and treatment process. Feedback that is timely, therapeutic and motivating instead of punitive or authoritative will be far better received
- Inquire about Family Treatment Drug Courts (FTDCs)5. FTDS are courts that bring together treatment services with case management in a supportive setting and coordinate those efforts with child protective services. Research shows that family reunification rates are higher, and children spend less time in care, when their parents participate in FTDC.6
- Ensure that parents are set up for success. Although reunification is a motivating force for recovery, mothers and fathers report experiencing significant stress from parenting for lengthy periods of time after they have regained custody. The emotional stress of being reunified can overwhelm coping resources and increase the risk of relapse. In addition, many parents do not have strong support networks in place to assist them after they reunify with their children. Help parents identify new and healthy relationships and supports to avoid social isolation. Make sure that they have things in place to be successful in reunification like stable housing, child care, a mentor, a schedule for meetings located in a convenient place, etc.
- Participate in the development of a safety plan in the event of relapse. Ensure that the team is coordinating with treatment providers to develop and implement a safety plan in the event of parental relapse. The plan may include identifying individuals who regularly check on the well-being of children. This plan can identify homes where the child can stay if the parents are unable to provide a safe environment. The plan can help the parent identify trigger behaviors that would necessitate safety planning.
- Learn about addiction and how it affects the whole family. Learn how treating the family holistically — rather than an individual child or parent in isolation — can be more effective in addressing a family’s underlying issues.
- Consider attachment-based parent-child therapy and/or trauma-informed services as key components to improving parent-child relationship given the stress that addiction can create in child-parent relationships.
- Celebrate families and equip them with supports as they journey on their road to recovery. A combination of therapies and other direct services tailored to meet the parent’s needs might include housing, transportation, child care, employment, and educational services. Studies show that treatment that provides parenting support and employment opportunities results in higher rates of reunification.7
- Collaborate widely and often. Integrated service provision with providers who are flexible and committed to the success of parents is needed. When all parties work together, studies have shown that treatment works better, faster, and produces stronger families.8
Ensure that the team is coordinating with treatment providers to develop and implement a safety plan in the event of parental relapse.
Sobriety Treatment and Recovery Teams (START) Multiple sites, United States
START serves families involved with child welfare in which caregiver substance abuse is a factor in the child abuse or neglect allegation and in which at least one child is age five years or younger. Specially trained child protection caseworkers and parent mentors share a caseload of 12 to 15 families to provide intensive intervention based on a holistic assessment, shared decision-making, access to treatment, and supportive services such as flexible funding. Parent mentors are recovering individuals with at least three years of sobriety who themselves have been involved in child welfare. Services are based on a holistic assessment and include prompt intervention and access to treatment, shared-decision-making, and flexible funding.
In an evaluation involving a sample of 322 families (531 adults; 451 children), mother’s achieved sobriety at 1.8 times the rate of those receiving usual treatment and their children were placed in out of home care at only half the expected rate. 40% of men and 66% of women achieved sobriety compared with treatment as usual rates of 37% for both men and women. Currently, work continues to refine the model to improve treatment outcomes for all recipients, but especially for men.
Below are tools and examples of programs that support reunification of families with substance use disorders.
This family-inclusive, trauma-informed, skill-building program is for families with a parent with a substance addiction. It was developed to prevent children’s future addiction and mental and physical health problems. The program combines prevention and intervention to support the healing of families in early recovery while developing skills to prevent future addiction.
This 12 week home-based intervention is designed to promote maternal enrollment and retention in substance abuse services. Program specialists address barriers to treatment (e.g., transportation, child care), and therapeutic contacts focus on validating a mother’s feelings about delivering a substance-exposed baby; highlighting losses and missed opportunities as well as competencies and strengths; helping a mother understand her life situation as a consequence of her difficult life circumstances; instilling hope; and strengthening bonds between a mother and her child, family, and other natural supports. The program has been found to increase the percentage of women who enroll in drug treatment programs and receive at least four weeks of services.
PCIT is an evidence-based treatment for young children with behavioral and emotional challenges that places emphasis on improving the quality of the parent-child relationship and changing parent-child interaction patterns. It uses a unique combination of behavioral therapy, play therapy, and parent training to teach more effective discipline techniques and improve the parent-child relationship. Research shows that parents who participate in PCIT learn more effective parenting techniques, the behavior problems of children decrease, and the quality of the parent-child relationship improves.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2016). The AFCARS report. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb
- Grella, C., Needell, B., Shi, Y. & Hser, Y. (2009). Do drug treatment services predict reunification outcomes of mothers and children in child welfare? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 279–293.
- Green, B. L., Rockhill, A., Furrer, C. (2007). Does substance abuse treatment make a difference for child welfare case outcomes? A statewide longitudinal analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 460–473.
- American Academy of Pediatrics, April 2018.
- See Issue Brief on “Family Drug Treatment Courts.”
- Marlow, D., Carey, S. (2012). Research update on family drug courts. National Association of Drug Court Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.nadcp.org/sites/default/files/nadcp/Reseach%20Update%20on%20Family%20Drug%20Courts%20-%20NADCP.pdf
- Grella, C.E, Needell, B., Shi, Y., Hser, Y. (2009). Do drug treatment services predict reunification outcomes of mothers and their children in child welfare? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 278-293.
- Green, B. L., Rockhill, A., & Burrus, S. (2008). The role of interagency collaboration for substance-abusing families involved with child welfare. Child Welfare, 87(1), 29.
- See http://www.celebratingfamilies.net/
- See https://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=56
- See http://www.pcit.org/ | <urn:uuid:bd6d2bba-a7ed-409f-804f-512ae5219946> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://advocacyinaction.casaforchildren.org/permanency/reunifying-families-with-substance-use-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.938711 | 2,031 | 2.625 | 3 |
(Latin miraculum, from mirari, "to wonder").
In general, a wonderful thing, the word being so used in classical Latin; in a specific sense, the Latin Vulgate designates by miracula wonders of a peculiar kind, expressed more clearly in the Greek text by the terms terata, dynameis, semeia, i.e., wonders performed by supernatural power as signs of some special mission or gift and explicitly ascribed to God.
The word terata literally means "wonders", in reference to feelings of amazement excited by their occurrence, hence effects produced in the material creation appealing to, and grasped by, the senses, usually by the sense of sight, at times by hearing. Thus, though the works of Divine grace, such as the Sacramental Presence, are above the power of nature, and due to God alone, they may be called miraculous only in the wide meaning of the term, i.e., as supernatural effects, but they are not miracles in the sense here understood, for miracles in the strict sense are apparent. The miracle falls under the grasp of the senses, either in the work itself or in its effects. The wonder of the miracle is due to the fact that its cause is hidden, and an effect is expected other than what actually takes place. Hence, by comparison with the ordinary course of things, the miracle is called extraordinary. In analyzing the difference between the extraordinary character of the miracle and the ordinary course of nature, the Fathers of the Church and theologians employ the terms above, contrary to, and outside nature. These terms express the manner in which the miracle is extraordinary.
A miracle is said to be above nature when the effect produced is above the native powers and forces in creatures of which the known laws of nature are the expression, as raising a dead man to life. Thus the effect in abundance far exceeds the power of natural forces, or it takes place instantaneously without the means or processes which nature employs.
The Weyr | The Garden | F'Lessa | Hatchlings | Reflections | The Portal | Magic | The Lair | The Cavern | The Abyss | The Labyrinth | The Tower | The Vault | The Hall | The Guild | The Gallery | The Dungeon | The Hoard | Places of Wonder | Josh's Work | | <urn:uuid:162c743c-8a48-4f25-9c2c-851b88df7503> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://moonlightprincess.com/_miracles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.937823 | 470 | 3.125 | 3 |
We have been reading different bible stories to our children. However, small children have very short attention span and may not always fully understand the stories. Making the stories interactive can be very helpful.
The story of Joseph is one of my favorites. I just love how Joseph had a positive attitude toward God in the midst of all his trials. The story begins in Genesis chapter 37. But we use the children’s bibles and simple terms to teach the bible to kids. The other two lessons we have done (Creation & Noah) are on this page.
If you are familiar with the story, you will know that Joseph’s father, Jacob, made him a coat of many colors. The photos below represent the interactive activity we used to explain about the coat. I have made this second photo into a printable for anyone who wants to use it. Just click on the photo to print it out.
Materials needed for this craft:
1 Printable with Joseph’s Coat (above)
Construction paper (various colors)
Cut strips of construction paper and glue unto the coat.
Here is the final outcome (to the right) of the coat shown in this bible. | <urn:uuid:fc623451-646d-4c6e-8a4f-10d83496e000> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://athomewithzan.com/teaching-bible-stories-to-children-josephs-coat-of-many-colors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747215.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121052254-20181121074254-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.943596 | 245 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Dijksma: 'Sustainable agriculture is essential for food security'
Speaking at a meeting in Madrid attended by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Minister for Agriculture Sharon Dijksma called for sustainable agriculture to play a central role in the fight against hunger and malnutrition.
The meeting was organised to address the role of agriculture and food security in the post-2015 global development agenda, which is now being prepared as a successor to the Millennium Development Goals.
During the meeting Minister Dijksma called for concrete actions to be taken, such as stimulating investments in agricultural production and implementing climate smart agricultural methods. She also called for greater cooperation. “The Netherlands is a pioneer in stimulating sustainable agricultural development through close cooperation with knowledge institutes, NGOs and the private sector”, said the Minister.
Sustainable growth in the agricultural sector, particularly in developing countries, is a powerful engine for the economy and provides more people with access to adequate and healthy food. Local and international entrepreneurs are the driving force behind this growth. "The Dutch top sectors of Agri-food and Horticulture and Propagation materials can directly contribute to the improvement and development of agriculture. With their expertise on efficient and sustainable agricultural production, improved logistics and safe food processing, they play a crucial role", Minister Dijksma added.
To achieve food security, food production must be increased on existing agricultural land, with the agricultural sector adapting to the impact of climate change while producing fewer greenhouse gas emissions. The Netherlands is a leading proponent of climate smart agriculture and the 'twice as much with half as much' approach. Minister Dijksma called for sustainable development to be assigned a prominent place on the future international agenda.
The conclusions of the international conference were presented to the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon by Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, and will be used as a basis for future discussions on the post-2015 global development agenda. | <urn:uuid:86b1d736-9fbd-4c68-9566-dd83311c464d> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2013/04/04/dijksma-sustainable-agriculture-is-essential-for-food-security | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618183446-20190618205446-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.942549 | 395 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Until last December, no one had ever seen the bottom of the Tasman Fracture, a trench that drops more than four kilometers below the surface of the ocean. A group of Australian and American researchers recently spent a month hundreds of kilometers southwest of the Tasmanian coast, exploring the fracture’s depths.
Jess Adkins, a professor at Caltech and one of the project’s lead scientists, remembers sitting in his control room and watching the underwater life on his monitors with a sense of awe. Once, he says, none of the scientists or pilots said a word for 10 minutes straight as their submersible glided over an undiscovered coral reef full of urchins and sponges and sea stars. The researchers explored the fracture with Jason, a remotely-operated submersible the size of a small car. On loan from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, it carried a high-definition camera that weighed more than 500 pounds and beamed underwater video up to the ship through a long fiber-optic tether. At 3,000 meters below sea level, the crew saw thousands of sea spiders. At 3,500, millions of specimens of a new, purple-spotted sea anemone. At 4,000 meters, a single never-before-seen carnivorous sea squirt with a funnel-shaped body that snapped shut like a Venus flytrap around any shrimp unfortunate enough to brush against it. Back on land, the three new species (the anemone, the sea squirt, and a new kind of barnacle) have drawn the most attention, but it’s the team’s coral collection, some 10,000 pieces of it, that can tell us about the history of our climate and, perhaps, its future. A coral skeleton acts as a tape recorder of its environment. As it grows, the coral’s chemical structure (specifically the weight of its oxygen molecules) varies depending on the temperature of the water around it. And, because the coral’s uranium decays into thorium over time, it is conveniently datable. By charting different corals’ ages and oxygen weights, researchers can map the ocean’s changing temperature. During the coming months, expedition scientists will compare 40,000 years of oceanic and atmospheric records.
In Depth: Edge of Discovery
PopSci.com: Nature’s grossest creatures
PopSci.com: Happy Birthday Charles Darwin
PopSci.com: Totally tubular
The ocean’s temperature and carbon dioxide levels are important because of their impact on our atmosphere. The watery part of the world absorbs and stores sixty times more CO2 than the atmosphere. Huge reservoirs of the ocean’s CO2 lurk in its coldest, densest waters (found in the Tasman Fracture and off Greenland). Because cold water releases more CO2 into the air than warm water, the rate at which bottom water rises to the surface has a profound effect on the atmosphere above. Until recently, we had assumed that our climate was relatively stable. After all, for the past 10,000 years — during which we developed the alphabet, electrical wiring, and microchip necessary for this article — little has changed. But early-’90s research on Greenland’s ice core proved that, over the past 100,000 years, climate stability has been the exception, not the norm. During the last glacial period, global temperatures fluttered up and down by as much as several degrees in as little as a decade. CO2 levels in the atmosphere changed along with the temperature, though more slowly. The researchers’ ultimate goal is to see if changes in the ocean followed or proceeded changes in the atmosphere. Adkins suspects that the ocean (and in particular the depths of the ocean) played a part in triggering the climate’s sudden fluctuations. He’s sure, though, that we’re adding more CO2 to the ocean now, in the form of burning fossil fuels, than it has ever held before. Given how little we know about how the ocean regulates the amount of CO2 in our air (we’ve mapped the surface of Mars, he points out, but not the ocean floor) he wonders if that’s such a good idea. We do know that increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the ocean makes it more acidic. And whether or not it sets off a climate shift of Pleistocenic proportions, acidification could kill the researchers’ newly-discovered, awe-inspiring reef, along with others we haven’t even found yet. There would be just as much ocean to study, but less to find. | <urn:uuid:e00e7295-ff40-4db0-abb5-a42c5494a6b0> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.4vf.net/scientists-discover-new-species-in-oceans-depths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999946.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625192953-20190625214953-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.932851 | 963 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Induction of Chilling Tolerance by Brief Abiotic Shocks
Exposure to nonfreezing temperatures below ç12°C causes a physiological disorder called chilling injury in most crops of tropical origin (e. g., banana, mango), in some crops of subtropical origin (e. g., cucumber, tomato) and in a few crops of temperate origin (e. g., some apple cultivars, asparagus) (Bramlage, 1982; Couey, 1982; Saltveit and Morris, 1990). After a lag period of a few hours to weeks, during which chilling does not appear to have a permanent effect, the degree of injury increases proportionally with the duration of exposure and inversely with the temperature. Symptoms of chilling injury can develop at the chilling temperature (e. g., blackening of banana peel), but most symptoms only become obvious after stressed tissue is removed to a warm, nonchilling temperature. These symptoms include reduced seed germination, plant vigor, stand establishment, plant growth, quality, and shelflife of harvested commodities. Chilling injury can also include abnormal ripening and an increase in respiration and ethylene production, disease susceptibility, ion leakage and water loss. While most organs and tissues of a chilling sensitive plant exhibit some of these symptoms, certain sensitive plants (e. g., sweet corn) have parts (i. e., corn kernels and cob) that are insensitive to chilling.
KeywordsTomato Fruit Chilling Injury Chilling Tolerance Banana Peel Radicle Length
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- Bramlage WJ (1982) Chilling injury of crops of temperate origin. Hort Science 17: 165–168Google Scholar
- Couey HM (1982) Chilling injury of crops of tropical and subtropical origin. Hort Science 17: 162–165Google Scholar
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- Nover L, Neumann D, Scharf K (1989) Heat shock and other stress response systems of plants. Vol 16 in Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Springer-Verlag Berlin ISBN 0-387-51837-1Google Scholar
- Rab A, Saltveit ME (1996b) Sensitivity of seedling radicles to chilling, and heat-shock induced chilling tolerance. J Amer Soc Horti Sci 121: 711–715Google Scholar
- Saltveit ME, Morris LL (1990) Overview on Chilling Injury of Horticultural Crops. In Chilling Injury of Horticultural Crops. Ed. C.Y. Wang. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLGoogle Scholar
- Saltveit ME, Cabrera RM (1987) Tomato fruit temperature before chilling influences ripening after chilling. Hort Science 22: 452–454Google Scholar | <urn:uuid:0b89729d-3e92-4fe0-90d8-a7ee956f508a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-0277-1_33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156901.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921072647-20180921093047-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.830533 | 676 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Nearly 2 million children in the United States have experienced a parent's military deployment. Previous research has shown that these children may be at increased risk for emotional, behavioral and relationship difficulties, yet little is known about how best to address military children's specialized needs. Now, an MU researcher says school-based interventions could benefit children whose parents have deployed.
David Albright, an assistant professor at the MU School of Social Work, says military children are an overlooked population in need of more attention from school officials. To best help military children, teachers, administrators, guidance counselors and social workers should be aware of military culture and how it may influence children's behaviors at school.
"Many children who act out in school are asked about common causes of bad behavior, such as bullying or parents' divorce," Albright said. "Rarely are children asked whether parents or siblings serve in the military. If their loved ones are away, these children may be experiencing feelings of separation or worrying about whether their parents will be injured or killed. If family members recently have returned from active duty, they may be displaying symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) that can make children's home lives more stressful."
Albright recommends school counselors, social workers, teachers and administrators re-examine how they evaluate children who are struggling or misbehaving in school. Albright says that when asking children about factors at home, school officials should determine whether parents or siblings are deployed or have been deployed because those experiences affect children's home lives and may reflect in their behaviors at school.
Schools can develop better interventions to help these children once officials begin to ask if behavioral problems may be related to parents' military experience, Albright said.
"Right now, we don't have a set of approved best practices for supporting children from military families," Albright said. "If schools begin asking whether family members serve, then we can better help these children."
Albright suggests developing interventions that could be implemented in schools that directly target military children and their family members.
Albright recently co-authored, "Effects of School-Based Interventions With U.S. Military-Connected Children: A Systematic Review," which was published in Research on Social Work Practice. Researchers included primary investigator Kristen Esposito Brendel and Mary Bellomo at Aurora University; and Brandy Maynard at St. Louis University.
- K. E. Brendel, B. R. Maynard, D. L. Albright, M. Bellomo. Effects of School-Based Interventions With U.S. Military-Connected Children: A Systematic Review. Research on Social Work Practice, 2013; DOI: 10.1177/1049731513517143
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:2e4e9ec0-69ff-42c0-afd4-9481f5721ff3> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140520123517.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380948.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00038-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956566 | 573 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Can you describe the architecture of a Big Data system?
A Big Data system typically consists of multiple layers, each responsible for a specific task. Here is a high-level overview of the architecture of a Big Data system:
Data Sources: This layer is responsible for collecting data from various sources, such as social media platforms, sensors, log files, and databases.
Data Ingestion: Once the data is collected, it needs to be ingested into the Big Data system. This layer is responsible for storing the data in a way that it can be easily accessed and analyzed. Data is often stored in a distributed file system like Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) or Amazon S3.
Data Processing: The data needs to be processed to extract useful insights. This layer includes tools and frameworks like Apache Spark, Apache Flink, and Apache Beam for processing and analyzing large volumes of data in parallel.
Data Storage: The processed data needs to be stored for further analysis or use. This layer includes different types of databases, such as NoSQL databases like Cassandra, MongoDB, and HBase, and columnar databases like Apache Kudu.
Data Visualization: Once the data is processed and stored, it needs to be visualized in a way that is easy to understand. This layer includes tools and frameworks like Tableau, QlikView, and PowerBI for visualizing and presenting data in a meaningful way.
Data Security: As Big Data systems often contain sensitive and valuable data, security is an important consideration. This layer includes tools and frameworks like Apache Ranger and Apache Knox for securing the data and managing access to it.
Data Management: As the Big Data system grows, it needs to be managed efficiently. This layer includes tools and frameworks like Apache Ambari and Cloudera Manager for managing the system, including resource allocation, performance monitoring, and troubleshooting.
Overall, a Big Data system is a complex architecture that requires expertise in multiple areas, including data collection, storage, processing, and analysis.
What is the role of Hadoop in Big Data?
Hadoop is a distributed computing framework that is widely used in Big Data systems. It provides a scalable and reliable platform for storing and processing large volumes of data in a distributed environment. The main components of the Hadoop ecosystem are:
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS): HDFS is a distributed file system that provides high-throughput access to data across multiple machines. It is designed to handle large files and stores them across multiple nodes in a cluster.
MapReduce: MapReduce is a programming model that allows developers to write distributed applications that can process large data sets in parallel across a cluster of machines. It divides the data into smaller chunks and processes them in parallel, which helps to reduce the processing time.
YARN: YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator) is a resource management layer that enables multiple processing engines to run on the same Hadoop cluster. It manages the resources of the cluster and schedules jobs to run on specific nodes.
Hadoop Common: Hadoop Common provides the core libraries and utilities required by other Hadoop components.
Hadoop's role in Big Data is to provide a scalable and cost-effective platform for storing and processing large volumes of data. By distributing the data and processing across multiple machines, Hadoop enables parallel processing and provides fault tolerance, which means that the system can continue to operate even if some nodes fail. This makes it ideal for processing large-scale data sets in a distributed environment. Hadoop is used by many organizations to support data-intensive applications such as data warehousing, log processing, data analytics, and machine learning.
How is Big Data being used to drive business insights and decision making?
Big Data is being used to drive business insights and decision making in a variety of ways. Here are some examples:
Customer insights: Companies are using Big Data to gain insights into customer behavior, preferences, and needs. By analyzing customer data, businesses can identify patterns and trends that can help them improve customer experiences, develop new products, and optimize marketing strategies.
Operational efficiency: Big Data can help businesses optimize their operations by providing insights into process efficiency, quality control, and supply chain management. By analyzing data from sensors, machines, and other sources, businesses can identify areas for improvement and optimize their processes for better performance.
Predictive analytics: Big Data can be used for predictive analytics, which helps businesses make better decisions by forecasting future outcomes based on historical data. For example, predictive analytics can be used to forecast demand, identify potential risks, and optimize pricing strategies.
Fraud detection: Big Data can help businesses identify fraudulent activities by analyzing patterns and anomalies in transaction data. By detecting fraud early, businesses can reduce losses and improve security.
Personalization: Big Data can help businesses provide personalized experiences to their customers by analyzing their preferences, behavior, and purchase history. By understanding individual needs and preferences, businesses can tailor their products and services to meet specific customer needs.
Machine learning: Big Data is often used in machine learning applications, which can help businesses automate processes, improve predictions, and reduce costs. By training machine learning models on large data sets, businesses can automate decision making and improve accuracy.
Overall, Big Data can provide valuable insights and help businesses make better decisions. By analyzing large data sets, businesses can gain a deeper understanding of their operations, customers, and markets, which can help them drive growth, reduce costs, and improve performance.
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Go through our study material. Your Job is awaiting. | <urn:uuid:d574ded5-9ea7-4837-9b45-52751a0f10fd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://codewindow.in/big-data-codewindow-in-14/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943750.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322051607-20230322081607-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.915926 | 1,183 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Rings GIFs Cliparts
The ring finger is the fourth finger of a human hand. It is located between the third and fifth digits, between the little finger and the middle finger. It is so named for its traditional association with wedding rings in many cultures, though not all cultures use this finger as the ring finger. In some cultures the wedding ring is worn on the 'ring finger' of the left hand and in others it is on the right hand. Traditionally, a wedding ring was worn only by the bride/wife, but in recent times more men also wear a wedding ring. It is also the custom in some cultures to wear an engagement ring on the ring finger. In anatomy, the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis, the fourth finger, digitus annularis, digitus quartus, or digitus IV. It may also be referred to as the third finger, excluding the thumb. In Latin, the word anulus means 'ring', digitus means 'finger', and quartus means 'fourth'. Etymology The origin of the selection of the fourth finger as the ring finger is not definitively known. According to Lszl A. Magyar, the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger.
Download Rings Animated GIF Images. Rings belongs in Lifestyle Folder. There are a total of 48 Images. Click on any of Rings Image to open and download it. | <urn:uuid:c979a91e-4104-4625-8d56-c9c416864e47> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://freegifimg.com/lifestyle/rings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644867.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529141542-20230529171542-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.944309 | 295 | 2.734375 | 3 |
These days, having a website is common practice for development organizations working beyond the community level. This has opened the possibilities of disseminating information such as that coming from evaluations.
To start with, you can post your evaluation reports and related documents on your website. You can then increase “traffic” to your website by optimizing search functions (so that the website gets prioritized by search engines such as Google); and by attracting people by packaging the information differently through media such as a blog or tweets; through a newsletter article, or for example, by making a video or series of photographs and posting them on-line. In addition, you can get people to subscribe to a news feed (most commonly Really Simple Syndication or RSS), email updates or an e-newsletter from your website, to increase the flow of information.
- A main content area with articles listed chronologically, newest on top. Often, the articles are organized into categories (and tagged according to these themes).
- An archive of older articles.
- A way for people to leave comments about the articles.
- A list of links to other related sites.
- One or more news "feeds" such as RSS, Atom or RDF files.
Advice for CHOOSING these options
- Using a website or blog is only acceptable when information is not sensitive or can be desenstised.
- Webpages, and blogs in particular, need to be updated regularly in order to continue engaging audiences. The resources needed for regular updates should be thought through carefully.
- Consider what will happen to your webpage or blog when the project is over - will it remain online, and if so, for how long? Or will it be archived somewhere, or simply deleted?
Advice for USING these options
- It is easy to waste resources on the endless communications you can post on your website. Some websites are so full of information that the messages get lost. It is important to think strategically about what kind of information you would like to send out, what format to use for, which purpose and which audience.
- Clarify for yourself who your audience(s) is and tailor your information to their interests.
- The more interesting and well-written your content, the more people will link to you and the easier it will be to become known.
- Write simply, with correct grammar and spelling, in an active form and keep your information uncluttered. See Resources below on how to write for the web.
- Writing for the Web: This website offers a comprehensive guide for writing on the web. It includes a variety of tips and strategies to create clear and concise content.
- Blogs in Plain English: This video provides a good demonstration on how blogs can have an impact.
Bennett, S. (2012, January 28). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.mediabistro.com/alltwitter/the-perfect-tweet_b5602
Mullenweg, M. [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://codex.wordpress.org/Introduction_to_Blogging | <urn:uuid:e440e952-47fa-461d-8153-54d940a76078> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.betterevaluation.org/evaluation-options/website_communications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488620.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206122529-20191206150529-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.910451 | 643 | 2.625 | 3 |
Will your torch be the ignition point of the next explosion?
Why are safety ratings important?
There are several different types of hazardous locations in which it can be extremely dangerous to use any light that has not been specially designed for that kind of location. These are areas where fire or explosion hazards may exist due to the presence of flammable gases, liquids, vapours, dusts or ignitable fibres or flyings.
Different lights for different hazardous locations.
The National Electric Code (NEC) defines hazardous locations by “Class” and “Division.” There are three classes:
- Class I – Locations are made hazardous by the presence of flammable gases, liquids or vapours.
- Class II – Locations are hazardous because combustible dusts are present.
- Class III – Locations contain easily ignitable fibers or flyings.
The “Division” designation refers to the likelihood that ignitable concentrations of flammable materials are present. There are two Divisions:
- Division 1 designates an environment where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, liquids, vapours or dusts can exist some of the time or all of the time, under normal operating conditions, or where easily ignitable fibers and flyings are manufactured, handled or used.
- Division 2 locations are where ignitable concentrations are not likely to exist under normal operating conditions or where Class 3 materials are stored or handled.
Hazardous classes are further defined by “Groups” based on the physical properties of their combustible materials.
These Groups include (but are not limited to):
- Group A – Acetylene
- Group B – Hydrogen
- Group C – Ethylene, carbon monoxide
- Group D – Propane, gasoline, naphtha, benzene, butane, ethyl alcohol, acetone, methane
- Group E – Metals including aluminium, magnesium (Div. 1 only)
- Group F – Carbonaceous dusts including coal, carbon black, coke
- Group G – Dusts not included in E and F including wood, plastics, flour, starch or grain dusts. | <urn:uuid:e92690aa-c0ae-4b34-98ed-a2fff7035b2a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.pslfireandsafety.co.nz/blogs/torches/will-your-torch-be-the-ignition-point-of-the-next-explosion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594341.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422160833-20210422190833-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.905239 | 449 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Angle Grinder Hack 5
17 January, 2017 | Videos
Not only it was an enjoyable experience but also a very amusing one creating this angle grinder 5. In the particular episode, our aim was to make a vehicle that would be able to move through an angle grinder. Having this in mind, we started making a velocipede (a three-wheeled bicycle) that is driven by the rider having a standing position.
First of all, taking aluminum bars of 50mm width and 6mm thickness, we managed to make the framework of our bicycle. The reason that we used aluminum in our construction is to make it as lighter as possible. Then, we bended these bars to give the shape that we wanted according to the curves of the shape that we had chosen.
At the frontal part of our velocipede, we used the frontal part of an old bicycle. While at the back side of it, we made a base that would support the angle grinder. However, the main problem in our construction was the transmission of movement from the angle grinder to the wheels. The reason of the particular problem is that the angle grinders spin a lot (11000 rpm) but to make the wheels move, it needs more strength and less spinning.
To solve the particular problem, we took the mechanism used at the lawnmower. This mechanism is urged to spin through the lawnmower’s mechanism and this move is transmitted to the wheels by lifting a lever. This lever is connected with a handle by a wire rope. Therefore, pressing the handle on the wheel, the move is transmitted from the angle grinder to the rear wheels. The particular move from the angle grinder to the lawnmower’s mechanism was achieved by using a belt and pulleys.
The pulleys used, were made by aluminum on the lathe. The pulley that was used to be placed on the angle grinder is 4cm diameter while the pulley placed on the mechanism taken by the lawnmower is 9cm diameter. In this way and using the mechanism of a lawnmower we managed to decrease the spins of the wheels and increase its strength as a result our bike to be able to transport our weight.
Moreover, the wheels that we bought and placed at the back side of the bike are 20cm diameter and they are used on scooters. Even if our little bike is not powerful enough, it works incredibly fine and it can provide you a very enjoyable riding and a lot of fun.
Finally, the message that we wanted to pass across making the particular construction was that recycling and maintaining various old objects and accessories from old machines as well as keeping other old materials, we manage not only to keep our environment clean but also we can make impressive constructions.
Share in Social Networks | <urn:uuid:97d3a16b-c05f-4d15-90af-f6ee01dbbb0e> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.makeitextreme.com/en/newsroom/entry/VIDEOS/hack5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528058.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419201105-20190419223105-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.967318 | 575 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Alexis continues with the prehistoric plant series she assembled in the summer:
Plants of the Psilotales, such as the pictured Psilotum nudum, are recognized as the most primitive plants currently living. Psilotum species are known as whisk ferns and though they do not appear in the fossil record, they share characteristics with extinct flora like Cooksonia.
The Rhynie Chert in Scotland is a sedimentary rock formation that contains a variety of fossilized plants and animals from the Early Devonian period, about 400-412 million years ago. It contains very well-preserved specimens of early vascular plants like Aglaophyton, which, like today’s Psilotum, had no true leaves or roots, possessed rhizomes and sporangia, and a dichotomous branching pattern. Additionally, there is evidence that Aglaophyton species were myco-heterotrophic, having a symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that helped the plant to absorb nutrients; fungi often associate with present-day members of the Psilotales in the same way. Because of their similarities to Devonian flora, whisk ferns are uniquely significant for research purposes. | <urn:uuid:f9c38ac8-d1b5-4ff5-8139-101a33fee165> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://botanyphoto.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/2011/10/psilotum-nudum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057131.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921011047-20210921041047-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.951649 | 254 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Certain syntactic structures are islands; i.e, they are effectively isolated from the rest of the sentence they are in, for the purpose of various kinds of rules, typically those which involve licensing the appearance of sentence elements in unexpected places in the structure, while suppressing them in their "original" (i.e, expected) position.
Viewed in a temporal perspective on a derivation, this produces a metaphor of moving them from one place to another. Hence, these rules are called "Movement" rules (actually, linguists rarely use scare quotes around movement; we know it's just a metaphor. But I retain them here for the uninitiated). Prototypic examples are Wh-Question Formation (where the "Movement" is of the wh- interrogative pronoun to the beginning of the sentence) and Relative Clause Formation (which moves the relative pronoun to the beginning of the clause).
There are basically two types of such "Movement" rules:
This kind of rule is sometimes called a cyclic rule. Cyclic rules are governed by the predicate in the relevant clause, and often have lexical exceptions. Equi-NP-Deletion and Subject-Raising are other examples of cyclic rules. Islands are not a relevant concept to cyclic rules, because the scope of cyclic rules is already limited.
What language_i does Bill want to try
to begin to learn to speak ____i this year?
What language_i does Bill want to try
Mary_i is the person_i who_i Sue
thinks you said that
I heard that Fran claimed that Bill likes ____i.
(Relative Clause Formation)
The metaphor of "island" comes from the fact that Type 2 "Movement" rules cannot move a constituent grammatically over an island boundary. Application of these rules over island boundaries produces ungrammaticality.
Islands are described in terms of constraints on Type 2 "Movement" rules, each constraint describing an island category. Below are a few examples of such island constraints; the complete dissertation can be downloaded.
Coordinate Structures are those joined with a Coordinating Conjunction, like and, or, but, etc. An element from one conjunct cannot be moved out of that structure:
I.e, coordinate structures are islands.
There are some interesting exceptions to this, such as
A Complex NP is one with a noun head and a modifying
There are two types:
[ the dog_i [(which_i) Mary saw ___i] ] NP S S NP
[ the report_i [that Quayle sleeps with a Teddy Bear] ] NP S_i S_i NP
Violations of Ross Constraints are very ungrammatical. Most people never encounter them. We appear to formulate our discourse to avoid them. Occasionally, we get in a bind and see one looming at the end of the clause, and have to do something quick. What we do is often illuminating about the relative importance of syntactic rules.
For instance, consider the following:
Neither sentence is terrifically grammatical, but the first seems more appropriate (and common as a type) than the second, though the last word in the first sentence still feels strange. The ordinary rule of relative clause formation operating on the last clause should result in its deletion at the end of the clause (and thus the sentence). However, it appears inside another relative, an island, and is thus safe from such "Movement" by the Complex NP Constraint.
Sentences like the first one are generated when, at the last minute, the speaker realizes what is going to result, and cancels the deletion, substituting an alternative relative-formation rule (called a Resumptive Pronoun in the trade), which merely pronominalizes the coreferential NP, instead of deleting it in the object position.
This is not the way English forms its relative clauses (though other languages use it frequently, e.g, Hebrew), and the sentence is thus ungrammatical. But this turns out to be a venial syntactic sin by comparison with a violation of a Ross constraint, which typically produces extreme ungrammaticality. | <urn:uuid:b13f7859-87ae-4079-8cb3-f12263755e1e> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/aue/ross.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246641393.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045721-00191-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941181 | 868 | 2.84375 | 3 |
AND HAIR MINERAL ANALYSIS
Fifth Edition, 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. THE BASICS OF NUTRITIONAL BALANCING
1. Introduction and the New Healing Paradigm 1
2. The Healing Lifestyle 13
3. Diet for Fast and Slow Oxidizers 27
4. Nutrient Supplementation 41
5. Detoxification 53
6. Mental and Spiritual Development 65
II. THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NUTRITIONAL BALANCING SCIENCE
7. A Very Brief History of Nutritional Balancing Science 69
8. The Scientific Basis for Nutritional Balancing 77
9. Other Basic Principles of Nutritional Balancing Science 89
10. More Advanced Nutritional Balancing Principles 97
11. Stress, the Stress Response and the Autonomic Nervous System 107
12. The Oxidation Types and Theoretical Considerations 119
13. Specifics of Balanced, Flexible, Fast, Slow, Sub-oxidation and Mixed Oxidation 135
III. INTRODUCTION TO THE MINERALS
14. The Macrominerals – Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus and Sulfur 145
15. The Twins – Zinc and Copper 165
16. The Amigos or Friends – Iron, Manganese, Chromium and Selenium 185
17. Other Trace Minerals – Iodine, Lithium, Boron and Molybdenum 195
18. Toxic Metals – Lead, Mercury, Nickel, Aluminum, Cadmium, Arsenic & Radioactive Metals 203
IV. HAIR MINERAL ANALYSIS
19. Hair Mineral Analysis Overview 215
20. Hair Analysis Interpretation Principles 227
21. The Components of Hair Analysis Readings 235
22. Macromineral Levels, Ratios and Patterns on a Hair Mineral Analysis 243
23. Interpreting the Trace Minerals and Toxic Metals, and Core Issues 275
24. Hair Analysis Retesting 285
V. PHYSICAL HEALTH CONDITIONS AND NUTRITIONAL BALANCING
25. Adaptive Energy or Vitality 297
26. Digestive and Eating Disorders 305
27. General Endocrine and Adrenal Glandular Assessment 319
28. Thyroid Glandular Assessment and Disorders 327
29. Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, and Metabolic Syndrome or Syndrome X 335
30. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Allergies and Anemias 345
31. Reproductive and Kidney Disorders, the Immune Response, Seizures and Headaches 357
32. Dental, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Athletics, Trauma and Neuromuscular Diseases 369
33. Sensory Organs, Skin, Hair and Nail conditions, Pain and Inflammation 377
34. Nutritional Balancing Through the Life Cycle 383
35. Cancer 393
VI. MENTAL, EMOTIONAL AND SPIRITUAL ASPECTS OF NUTRITIONAL BALANCING SCIENCE
36. Introduction to Mental Health And Nutritional Balancing 399
37. Level One Disorders –Dementias, Learning Disorders, Dyslexia, Autism, ADD, ADHD, Developmental Delays and Suicide 411
38. Level Two Disorders – Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Disorders of Affect, Violence, Drug Use, Addiction, Alcoholism and Grief 419
39. Level Three – Tuning Disorders - Narcissism, Psychism, Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, Multiple Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality, Psychopathology and Schizophrenias 433
40. Breakthrough and Combination Disorders – Panic Attacks, Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Phobias, Hypoglycemic Attacks, Nervous Breakdowns and Combination Disorders - Brain Fog, Malaise, Young Women’s Syndrome, Iron Disorder, Cadmium Toxicity, Insomnia, Narcolepsy, and Brain Enhancement 441
41. Sexual Aspects of Nutritional Balancing 453
42. Personality and Individual Minerals 463
43. Personality and the Oxidation Types, the Major Ratios and other Patterns, Including
Personality Types as Revealed on Hair Mineral Analyses 475
VII. BASIC THERAPEUTICS AND OTHER PRACTICE ASPECTS
44. Therapy Concepts, Computer-Generated Reports, Enemas, Saunas and Meditation 495
45. Retracing 519
46. Building a Nutritional Balancing Practice 533
47. Legal Aspects of Nutritional Balancing Science 549
48. Healing the Health Care system 569
49. Conclusions, Learning Nutritional Balancing and Further Resources 577
I. Glossary of Nutritional Balancing Terminology 587
II. The Mineral Reference Guide 594
The Trace Minerals 604
The Toxic Metals 620
III. Important Movement Patterns on a Hair Mineral Analysis 630
IV. Determination of Oxidation Type by means of Hair Analysis, J Ortho Med., 1;2, 1986 631
V. Effects of Washing on Hair Mineral Levels, J Ortho Med., 1:2, 1986 637
VI. Other Healing Techniques 644
- Uses for a single reddish infrared ‘heat lamp’.
- Baths: partial, hydrogen peroxide, Epsom salts, salt and soda, hot, genital.
- Liver-gallbladder flush.
- Other detoxification methods: salt water gargle and flush, castor oil packs, hot tubs.
- The Coca pulse test for food reactions.
- Applied kinesiology or muscle testing.
VII. Book Review: The China Study 651
VIII. Suggested Reading and References 653
About the Author 684
INTRODUCTION - THE NEW HEALING PARADIGM
Joseph, age 22, is a college student who was exhausted, had trouble sleeping, muscle tension, and often felt depressed, anxious and irritable. Other important symptoms included anger, brain fog, heart palpitations, mood swings, candida infection and a tendency for obsessive and compulsive behavior.
Joseph’s first hair analysis revealed an unusually serious combination of mineral patterns. He was “burned out” with a four lows pattern. In addition, he had low potassium, indicating he was pushing himself to “fit in with the crowd” or perhaps was prone to excessive worrying. His calcium/magnesium ratio was elevated, indicating he overate on starches and sugars. The test also revealed elevated levels of mercury and aluminum. These may easily contribute to many mental and emotional symptoms such as anxiety and memory loss.
After three months on a nutritional balancing program, Joseph reported feeling generally better, with an improved energy level. The goal of the program is always to increase a person’s vitality. His first retest hair analysis showed he was no longer in a four lows pattern, nor was he pushing himself as hard. In addition, he was beginning to eliminate more mercury, aluminum, lead and nickel. In addition to the basic program, he uses a near infrared light sauna almost every day. He also started to meditate to help him remain calm and centered.
Six months later, Joseph reports feeling even better, “making steady progress”. He said he passed through a “spiritual crisis” where he saw how angry and resentful he could be toward his other family members. He said the worst is over and he is a much happier young man.
THE BIG PICTURE
I like to see the big picture whenever I study and learn anything. In regards to the science of nutritional balancing and healing in general, I have realized that:
Š The principles involved in healing most health conditions, even of longstanding, chronic and “dreaded” ones, are quite simple. Implementation may take some years and quite a bit of effort, but the basic concepts, which are presented in this book, are quite straight forward. The medical and even the holistic professions often complicate the picture with myriads of tests, remedies and procedures. Many have some value, but I find most are not needed if one balances the body correctly and continuously over and over, allowing it to slowly rebuild and restore its vitality level and its enzyme systems.
Š Nutritional balancing requires that one strictly follow certain rules and principles for the deepest healing to occur quickly and safely.
Š It also requires more self-discipline than some people have, although once a person adopts the diet and lifestyle, it is not a difficult routine.
Š The disease process basically involves: 1) slowing of the oxidation rate, 2) reduced oxygenation and hydration of the tissues, 3) clogging of the system with toxins of all kinds, and 4) ‘rusting’, or the buildup of oxides in the body. Oxides cause oxidant damage.
Š Healing consists of reversing the above process – removing the oxides, infections and other toxins, restoring the body’s oxidation reactions, restoring oxygenation and hydration, and balancing the oxidation rate. The latter is often slow and difficult because it requires restoring the activity of millions of enzymes throughout the body.
Š Dr. Paul Eck discovered basic ways to do whole system healing, which is the only way to heal the body at the deepest levels. This was his genius. Healing just the digestive part of the body, or the cardiovascular part generally misses the mark. This is the problem with conventional post-modern medical care and much of holistic care as well.
Š I have added a few other procedures such as near infrared sauna therapy and coffee enemas that enhance the process tremendously. In fact, they are needed in most cases because the bodies are even more deranged and exhausted today than when Dr. Eck was alive.
Š In human beings, one must also heal the mind, emotions and even a person’s spiritual outlook for the deepest healing and for mental and spiritual development to occur properly. This is also time-consuming, but quite simple if one will follow the instructions presented in Chapters 2 and 6 of this book. The problem in this area is that our unconscious traumas keep us from thinking clearly in many cases. For this reason, following the program ‘blindly’, as it were, is helpful for many people. This will slowly undo the traumas and allow more clear thinking to take place. Otherwise, the conscious mind tends to think it knows what is best, not realizing how conditioned and traumatized it really is. The depth of programming that starts at birth or before, is much deeper than most people recognize.
Š The healing process at the deepest levels involves a fascinating process called retracing. Chapter 45 discusses this in depth. In my experience, any healing system that does not cause a lot of retracing is not at the same level and will not provide the same type of deep changes.
Š A new type of life on earth. Most people run themselves down over time. The principles in this book provide a way that a person literally becomes more developed and healthier as time moves on. This is a reversal of the basic path that most people’s lives take today. This opens up many possibilities concerning life extension and anti-aging.
WHAT IS NUTRITIONAL BALANCING SCIENCE?
Nutritional balancing is mainly the research of Dr. Paul C. Eck. He was a physician and an avid researcher who lived in Chicago, Illinois and Phoenix, Arizona. Dr. Eck began researching nutrition and health at a very young age. However, his main discoveries were the result of experimenting with a newer assessment tool, the hair mineral analysis or hair biopsy. Where others saw it mainly as a way to detect toxic metals, Dr. Eck applied all of his knowledge of the stress theory of disease, metabolic typing, mineral bioavailability and much more. He slowly evolved a new science of healing based upon simple, yet elegant principles and techniques that he found effective to balance the ratios and patterns on a hair mineral test.
Nutritional balancing is a total healing system, which means it makes use of all of Western medical science, plus many principles of Eastern healing sciences as well. It also makes use of modern physics principles, and modern engineering principles such as general systems theory. To approach it more easily, let us compare the new and the old paradigms of healing.
THE NEW PARADIGM OF HEALING
1. WHOLE SYSTEM THINKING
The current medical paradigm often views our bodies as a collection of somewhat unrelated parts. Medical specialties are mainly organized around body parts such as lungs or kidneys. This focus is needed for specialized surgery. However, in most other areas of health it misses the many subtle connections that occur in any complex system. This causes unintended consequences, especially with drugs, that increase costs and reduce effectiveness and safety.
The new paradigm always views the body as one complex, self-regulating, whole system. Principles of general systems theory play a prominent role in nutritional balancing, though they were originally developed outside of medicine completely. Switching to a whole systems approach is the most difficult aspect of the new paradigm to understand and put into practice for medically trained and even holistically trained physicians and nutritionists.
2. A STRONG FOCUS ON THE NEWER CAUSES OF DISEASE
The present medical system is a holdover from the 20th century. It works best for surgical cases and some infections. However, the old allopathic or diagnose-and-treat system of care either ignores or often worsens the major health challenges of this century. These include:
Š A mineral-deficient and, at times, extremely toxic food supply. According to the US Department of Agriculture, most food today contains one-fourth to one-tenth the levels of many nutrients as the same food item grown 100 years ago. This is due to the use of hybrid crops, superphosphate fertilizers, pesticides and other modern farming practices.
Š Diets of refined and often chemical-laden foods. Most Westernized people eat mainly refined foods. These include bleached white flour, white sugar, canned and prepared items.
Š Unhealthful lifestyles and eating habits. Many Westerners live very unhealthful lifestyles. They stay up late, do not rest enough, do not balance activity and rest, and often have horrendous eating habits as well.
Š Levels of toxic metals and toxic chemicals in the air and water that are up to 1000 times higher than ever before in recorded history. This is not discussed often on television, but has been well-documented by Dr. Henry Schroeder, MD and others.
Š Dozens of serious viral and other infections that respond poorly to medical drugs.
Levels of ionizing
radiation never before seen in recorded history. This silent problem is extremely
detrimental for our health. A
major source in some areas is radon gas from the earth. However, the entire planet today is
polluted due to atom-bomb tests, nuclear accidents, mining of uranium and other
metals, medical and dental x-rays and scans, and the low-level, subtle
emissions from nuclear power plants around the world.
Nutritional balancing science is one of the only methods I am aware of that helps with radiation poisoning by 1) restoring vital mineral levels to reduce the absorption of radioactive ones, 2) reducing metals in the body such as uranium, and 3) killing off mutated cells, especially if one uses a near infrared sauna daily for several years continuously.
Š Electromagnetic pollution. The use of cell phones, computers and other electrical devices may cause some health conditions. Reducing air travel and using care to sit as far away as possible from computers, cell phones and portable phones can help minimize this problem.
Š An extremely yin population. In Chinese medical terminology, this means cool, feminine and expanded. The opposite is yang, which is hard, masculine, hot and contracted. This imbalance is very important today, though it is subtle and not part of the current medical paradigm. The causes for the situation include all of the items listed above.
Š Bioterrorism, which I believe is real, even if it receives little publicity.
The current drug medical system also creates much more disease for two reasons:
Š Polypharmacy. This is the indiscriminate prescribing of thousands of prescription and over-the-counter drugs that weaken the body and mind. The trend is driven by relentless and often completely phony drug advertising in all the major media. In 2007, 3.8 billion drug prescriptions were written in America at a cost of $286.5 billion. This is an increase of 72% just in the past decade.
Š Vaccinations. Current multiple vaccine protocols are nothing short of insane. Statistics are manipulated to hide the fact that autism, ADD, delayed development and many other problems are directly related to the increase in vaccines over the past 40 years or so.
3. WELLNESS-BASED RATHER THAN DISEASE-BASED
The current allopathic model believes that health is the absence of diagnosable disease. To assess health, tests are run to find diseases. If none are found, a person is generally pronounced healthy. However, this model has some serious flaws because people who are supposedly healthy often suddenly develop cancer, heart disease, strokes and other maladies.
The wellness model of health care states that health is not the absence of a diagnosed illness. Instead, it is an entirely different state of being, with its own qualities and even its own symptoms. For example, a very healthy person might react quite vigorously to someone spraying toxic pesticides next door. Those who are somewhat ill and have much lower vitality often do not have the ability to react as vigorously to such a toxic event.
Wellness may be considered a state of high resistance to all disease. This is observed, for example, in wild animals in their natural habits, provided they have enough to eat and are free from too many predators. Dr. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) was a French surgeon and one of the foremost medical doctors of all time. He won a Nobel Prize for demonstrating that a chicken heart could be kept alive indefinitely by simply removing the waste products from the culture medium, while providing the heart with proper nourishment. In his book, Man, The Unknown, Dr. Carrel carefully explained the difference between the old and new health care paradigms. He called the difference natural health versus artificial health.
Natural health is identical to wellness. In contrast, artificial health, he said, is the condition of most “healthy” human beings. People may look well. However, they require the constant assistance of medical exams, tests, procedures, remedies and surgeries because they are prone to hundreds of medical problems. Their “health”, in other words, is false in a way because it depends on the services of an army of doctors. No one, he said, really likes this kind of health. However, it is the only kind most people know and it is all that conventional medicine offers.
Nutritional balancing science easily moves most people from a state of artificial health or outright disease toward a state of high resistance to most all diseases. It does this by focusing heavily on the basic factors of health - diet, the proper drinking water, rest and sleep, other lifestyle factors, nutritional supplements and other simple elements that build health.
4. A THOROUGHLY PREVENTIVE AND PREDICTIVE FOCUS
The present medical system is not primarily interested in prevention or wellness and will never be so. The focus is instead on diagnosis. A diagnosis depends on finding a disease entity. If a disease is not developed enough that it shows up on medical tests, little is done for the patient. In addition, most medical prevention is secondary, meaning early detection of disease entities. Primary prevention is the complete avoidance of disease entities. With the cost and severity of degenerative diseases such as heart disease, cancer, strokes, diabetes and others, early detection is just not a good enough solution, though it is better than nothing.
The new paradigm emphasizes primary prevention and starts with a different premise. Instead of focusing on diagnoses, one looks for telltale signs of stress. This is much more like preventive maintenance of a bridge, an automobile or an aircraft. To locate the stress at the deepest levels, one must read it in the cellular structure of the body. This is similar to taking samples from the inside of an aircraft engine or inspecting its structure with a microscope, as is done commonly with aircraft, in order to detect subtle problems before they become major ones.
The old paradigm mainly uses blood tests and x-rays for detection of disease. However, subtle stress is not usually apparent in the blood because the blood is buffered. This means that chemical imbalances are moderated and altered in the blood. Dr. Paul Eck used to say that blood is maintained at the expense of the tissues. This means that blood is kept in balance, while the tissues suffer. By the time imbalances are found in the blood, often it is late in the development of a disease process. A properly interpreted hair analysis can identify the beginnings of disease often many years in advance of other methods. The imbalances can then be corrected, completely preventing the development of the disease. Until this model of health care is adopted, I fear that our health costs are going to continue to increase greatly.
5. FIRST DO NO HARM
Even the Journal of the American Medical Association published findings recently confirming that post-modern medical care is not only unsafe. It is the third or fourth leading cause of death in America. Other research indicates the situation is even worse. A 93-page review of many studies of the safety of medical care by Gary Null, PhD, Martin Feldman, MD, Debora Rasio, MD, Dorothy Smith, PhD and Carolyn Dean, MD, ND indicates that traditional medicine is the first or second leading cause of disability and death in America. The title of this review is Death By Medicine, published in 2009 by the Life Extension Foundation.
This does not in any way diminish the wonderful responses that can occur with drugs. However, it is important to know that drug medical care is quite dangerous. Nutritional balancing is about the safest method of healing I have seen. Reasons for this are:
Š Focusing on diet, a healthful lifestyle and balancing the body is an extremely safe approach.
Š The products used are very safe.
Š The ability to predict and prevent major illnesses adds greatly to safety.
Š Balancing the mind and emotions adds another layer of safety.
Š Removing toxic metals to much lower levels than are possible with chelation adds safety.
Š Toxic metal removal in the body’s own order and timing is much safer than the use of drugs or even natural metal chelating agents.
Š Removing hundreds of toxic chemicals adds more safety.
Š Nutrients are never forced into the body intravenously and rarely used in megadoses.
Š Monitoring with regular hair analysis retests add another layer of safety.
Š Trends or tendencies for 50 or so conditions can be detected and monitored easily, inexpensively and without the need for any invasive procedures.
Š Nutritional balancing does not require the use of less safe methods including most drugs, most surgeries, most herbs, ionic footbaths, alkaline water, drinking salt water, chelators of all kinds, and most hormone replacement therapy.
6. AN ABILITY TO CORRECT MANY LATENT OR SUB-CLINICAL HEALTH CONDITIONS AT DEEP LEVELS
Illness develops slowly and insidiously. Often, symptoms only occur in the last stages of diabetes, cancer or heart disease, for example. This is because the body compensates and adapts as it becomes ill. Most symptoms only occur when the body can no longer continue to adapt to its nutritional imbalances, fatigue, and growing toxicity, for example.
The old allopathic paradigm of medical care cannot correct latent or sub-clinical stages of cancer, diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, headaches and most other conditions. Instead, they must usually wait until the patient has symptoms, which is often very late. Nutritional balancing will correct most latent and sub-clinical health conditions, including even emotional imbalances. This is a wonderful benefit, and one that can save billions of dollars as well.
7. LOW COST
Drug-based medical care is insanely expensive. Reasons for this include:
Š A sick population, in large part because the medical system does not really heal people at deep levels.
Š Toxicity of the drugs, radiation therapy and surgery cause more sickness and disability.
Š Dangerous methods cause very high legal costs including malpractice and the use of “defensive medicine”. This is not medical care at all, but rather the use of tests and procedures just to satisfy lawyers.
Š A cartel, or small group of organizations, runs the system. Cartels and other monopolies always lead to higher costs and worse outcomes.
Š Lack of true primary prevention and prediction of illness causes millions of unnecessary cancers, heart attacks and much more.
Š Government involvement, partly as a result of the failures of the medical system, adds billions to the cost in lobbying fees for government officials at all levels of government. It also breeds corruption, waste and fraud, especially in socialized medical programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
The new paradigm uses less costly methods of assessment, much less costly natural products instead of most drugs, removes causes at deep levels, focuses on primary prevention and is generally much safer. This all adds up to much lower costs.
8. AN INTEGRATION OF MIND AND BODY, RATHER THAN SEPARATING THEM
The old paradigm separates disease entities of the mind from those of the body. A different set of professionals specialize in each of them.
The new paradigm recognizes that all nutritional imbalances affect the body and the brain as well. All toxic metals are neurotoxic as well as physically toxic. All infections can affect the brain as well as the body. In addition, the brain is a biochemical organ. Therefore, a reduced level of adaptive energy, high or low blood sugar, and most other stressors affect the brain as much or more than they affect the body.
This new way of thinking about mental illness results in exciting new ways to correct devastating ailments such as autism, ADD, ADHD, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and others, often permanently, without drugs and at a very low cost. Chapters 36 to 43 discuss this very large and exciting area of research.
9. BALANCE AND VITALITY-ORIENTED RATHER THAN FOCUSED ON SYMPTOM REMOVAL
Balancing the body and increasing its vitality are not spoken of much within the current
medical paradigm, and are rarely taught in medical schools. Many holistic practitioners ignore these concepts as well. In addition, the current medical system lacks the tools to measure vitality and balance at deep levels, and they do not have the means to correct them, either.
Dr. Eck spoke often of increasing a person’s adaptive energy or vitality. Indeed, he considered nutrition to be the science of human energy. He meant by this that nutrition is perhaps the most basic and powerful way to increase enzyme activity or enzyme strength in the body. This, in turn, often furthers healing more than any other single factor. Other sciences use the word vital force to describe the life force that does all of the healing.
One of the most ancient and excellent ways to measure vitality is to assess the balance of the body chemistry. While the concept becomes complex, it is somewhat like the tune or adjustment of a combustion engine. For example, if an auto engine is out of tune, the engine does not produce much horsepower or force. This will happen even if all the parts are in working order.
Assessing the balance of the minerals in the cells is the basis for nutritional balancing science. To my knowledge, it cannot be done nearly as well, if at all, in the blood or urine. These are too subject to fluctuations due to the last meal one had, or how much water one just drank. The hair mineral biopsy, in contrast, gives practitioners a much more definitive view. It works excellently to guide the rebalancing of the body chemistry. When this is done, a person’s vitality improves dramatically, and with this, healing begins in earnest.
The concept of balance is so critical, in fact, that it is the basis for many religions and philosophies. The Taoists chose the symbol of yin and yang to represent balance. The Hebrews chose two equilateral triangles to symbolize balance. Early Christians adopted the symbol of the two crossed sticks, which also represents balance.
Clarifying balance. Balance is not a little bit of this and a little bit of that. Stated differently, it is not moderation in all things. Balance in the new paradigm means moderation in all that is adaptive or helpful for life, and total avoidance of that which is not beneficial or adaptive. Thus, balance is first about wisdom and knowledge. Then, and only then, is it about moderation, timing and other qualities.
For example, the US Food and Drug Administration tells us that some toxic chemicals in our food products are okay as long as there are not too many. This is not really “balanced”. It is often just a compromise arrangement with the food refining industry that wishes to save money on their products by using toxic ingredients. They may not kill us outright, but it is not a healthful approach to food regulation. All toxic chemicals in the food supply harm the body and degrade the food.
Another important example is that many parents and teachers tell young people that a little drinking, a little junk food and a little lying are fine as long as these are “balanced” by fairly responsible behavior. The new paradigm is not supportive of this idea. Alcohol is toxic, as are refined sugars, for example. There is no reason to include them in one’s diet at all. Lying ruins many relationships and has no place in the life of a person of high integrity, except perhaps to mislead an attacker, for example, in order to save a life.
10. A FOCUS ON MENTAL ENHANCEMENT OR DEVELOPMENT, NOT ON JUST PHYSICAL AND MENTAL/EMOTIONAL HEALING
In the current medical paradigm, care ends when a person’s disease entity or symptoms
go away, or when nothing more can be done for the patient. The new paradigm allows for healing and care to proceed further. For example:
Š Dr. Eck found that his work would improve aspects of a person’s awareness and personality.
Š Criminals who followed his method for an illness would, in some cases, return to being law-abiding citizens, even though that was not the goal of the program.
Š Children’s grades would improve from Cs to As on his program, even though the child was only following the program for the correction of perhaps allergies or an infection.
This has to do with personality integration or perhaps Abraham Maslow’s concept of self-actualization. It also has to do with development, a topic discussed in more detail in Chapters 10, 13 and 40. Nutritional balancing science, especially with the use of a near infrared sauna and coffee enemas on a daily basis, promotes the opening of the vital energy centers of the body, also called the chakras in Sanskrit and Eastern literature. In fact, the process occurs quite naturally using these methods. This is a great hidden benefit, as the process of opening these centers also promotes health and long life. The chakras are small, funnel-shaped vortices of energy that help maintain life and health in the body. Nutritional balancing can help them to grow into large, beautiful centers of high frequency energy that greatly enhance human functioning in many ways. This is the fullest development of a human being and something that is rare on this planet.
Another way that nutritional balancing can assist people is to help them release certain burdens or obligations that involve impaired health. In some circles, these are called karmic burdens because they have to do with old agreements that must be fulfilled. I have observed that as healing occurs at deep levels, some clients appear to be freed from such conditions or burdens.
Development happens automatically today. I have observed with many people that the development of which I speak is not difficult and, in fact, occurs automatically. All that is needed is to use the methods described in this text. These include a simple diet of mainly cooked and selected vegetables eaten in simple combinations, loads of rest and sleep, and either spring water or steam distilled water to drink. Nutritional supplements are needed for a number of years, with most people, but not forever, by any means. The use of a near infrared light sauna daily for at least a few years, daily coffee enemas, if possible, and practicing the Roy Masters meditation daily for a number of years are also most helpful. This is a simple regimen, in terms of both cost and convenience.
THE PARADIGM SHIFT
The New Paradigm of Healing
Conventional Medicine & Much Of Holistic Medical Care As Well
Whole systems behaviors and characteristics are most important.
The focus is most often on individual body organs and systems, rather than the whole human system.
Designed specifically for the illnesses and challenges of the twenty-first century.
The diagnose-and-cure model is designed for 18th and 19th century problems of mainly acute infections and the need for surgery.
Wellness-based. The focus is on the qualities and symptoms of health, rather than upon diagnosing and removing disease entities.
Disease-oriented. Health is often assumed to be the absence of a diagnosable disease entity.
Primary prevention and prediction are most important. This is a principle of “preventive maintenance” used with all complex machinery such as ships, aircraft or automobiles.
Lip service is given to prevention, but it is never the focus. Also, some of the methods used are dangerous, such as vaccination and water fluoridation.
Able to correct latent or sub-clinical conditions at deep levels, often long before they manifest. This is true primary prevention.
Does not correct most sub-clinical and latent conditions. This causes nasty surprises and adds greatly to the cost of medical care.
Very low cost due to an intense focus on primary prevention, use of safe remedies, very low legal costs and low-cost assessment methods.
Costs growing fast because the population is becoming sicker, the remedies are often toxic, high legal costs, high hospital costs and lack of a focus on primary prevention.
The body and mind are always considered together as parts of the whole human system.
The body and mind are almost always treated separately by a different set of doctors. This leads to fragmentation of care and much worse outcomes.
Increasing vitality or adaptive energy is a key to healing. Balancing the body is one way this is done, as in ancient healing systems.
Vitality and adaptive energy are not mentioned and are not assessed. Balancing the body chemistry is only done on a limited basis such as balancing blood sugar.
Full human development or self-actualization is the highest priority after saving one’s life.
The system is mainly disease-oriented. Care usually ends when symptoms improve.
Nutritional balancing science combines many therapeutic principles borrowed from both ancient and modern scientific, physiological and philosophical approaches from around the world. They are all discussed in Chapters 7-14. A few of the most critical ones are:
Š Improving vitality. As vitality improves, the body can better heal ALL types of imbalances.
Š Balancing the body. This ancient principle greatly improves the body’s vitality by reducing stress on the body in very subtle ways.
Š Seeking to work with the teleology or healing intent of the body. This has to do with avoiding toxins, stimulants and other methods of healing that in any way interfere with the body’s own wisdom. It can be a rather subtle therapeutic principle.
Š Replacing less preferred minerals with more preferred minerals in millions of enzyme binding sites. This is a very precise, gentle and, at times, slower process to restore enzyme strength and vitality in the body. It is quite different from ‘chelating out’ toxic metals, for example, or just feeding a person certain foods and nutrient formulas.
Š Combination therapy. All nutritional balancing programs involve a combination of therapies such as a diet, a healthy lifestyle, nutritional supplements and more.
Š A holistic approach. Nutritional balancing always addresses all levels of a person’s being, such as the physical, biochemical, emotional and spiritual. This is not the case with post-modern medical care, which is often quite fragmented.
Š Non-toxic therapy. No drugs or bio-identical hormones are used, unless needed temporarily to maintain life in an emergency.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MODALITIES OF NUTRITIONAL BALANCING
The next five chapters discuss the major therapeutic modalities used in nutritional balancing. They include:
Š Lifestyle. Correction of basic living habits is the single most important recommendation in nutritional balancing for most people. This includes improving one’s eating and sleeping habits. Others have to do with exercise and activity. Still others concern avoiding toxic exposures, emotional control, and one’s attitudes, beliefs, thinking habits and behavior.
Diet. A diet suitable for one’s oxidation type is a primary healing
modality and lifestyle aspect. The
diet is fairly strict. Some people
object to this, but increasingly people realize how serious the problems are in
their diets, and just how powerful a healthful diet can be.
Most food today, for instance, is simply not worth eating at all, even on rare occasions. Most is hybridized, genetically altered, processed, stripped of its few remaining nutrients and laced with hundreds of questionable flavor enhancers, preservatives and other additives. Deep healing requires a much better overall diet in most cases.
Š Nutrient supplementation. A number of simple, targeted nutritional supplements are another important component of nutritional balancing programs. Supplements are recommended in a very precise and specific way based on hair analysis readings and rarely based on symptoms or signs such as high blood pressure. However, when used symptomatically, supplements are always recommended in a way that balances the oxidation rate and the major mineral ratios. This is a most important difference between this science and most other nutritional approaches. It makes nutritional balancing safer and more effective, as well.
Š Detoxification. I have added other detoxification procedures to nutritional balancing science since Dr. Eck’s death in 1996. In 2002, I became aware of the benefits of the daily use of a near infrared light sauna. I believe Dr. Eck would be thrilled with it. Infrared saunas are very safe, powerful, cost effective and quite comfortable when used properly. With daily use, they quickly begin to reduce the load of metals, chemicals and infections that everyone carries today. Several years of daily sauna use is needed in most adults to remove the bulk of their toxic metals and toxic chemicals. Sauna therapy also relaxes the autonomic nervous system, assists cardiovascular health, improves circulation, oxygenation and hydration, and helps to restore the skin and support the kidneys and liver.
Colon therapy or
coffee enemas. Dr.
Eck was aware of the value of colon cleansing, though it was not a formal part
of his work. Numerous clients have
reported that coffee enemas “saved
my life”. In most adults, coffee
enemas for a few years are extremely helpful to speed progress.
I am aware of the objections to these procedures, particularly coffee enemas, but I have not seen these in my practice of almost 30 years when people do them as recommended.
Š Meditation using the Roy Masters exercise. Dr. Eck knew about Mr. Roy Masters and his excellent work. His meditation is simple, non-denominational, grounding, and helps to calm the mind. It also helps to center and focus one’s energy, and gently assists healing at deep levels. In addition, it is very safe because it is a whole system type of meditation exercise, unlike many others offered today, and can be done as much as one wishes. Just any meditation won’t do. In fact, 99% of those that are offered today are much less helpful. Chapter 44 discusses this exercise in detail.
HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED
Seven sections discuss the important areas of nutritional balancing science, including:
I. Introduction and the basic modalities in nutritional balancing science.
II. The theory of nutritional balancing science. A large set of ancient and modern medical and scientific principles are the basis for this science.
III. An introduction to the minerals. This covers the sources, functions, detection and assessment of the major minerals in the body.
IV. An introduction to hair mineral analysis and its interpretation by the method of Dr. Paul Eck. Dr. Eck used hair analysis to develop and continuously refine nutritional balancing science. Understanding how to read a hair mineral analysis using his method is essential for success with it. I have added to his knowledge in a few minor areas. To keep his work pure, I have indicated whenever an idea or a mineral pattern was not, to my knowledge, a part of his original work.
V. Physical health conditions and their assessment and correction with nutritional balancing science.
VI. Mental and emotional health conditions and their correction with nutritional balancing science.
VII. Therapeutics, retracing, business, legal and other aspects of nutritional balancing science. This text is not a therapy manual, as that would require a much larger book. However, this section introduces important therapy concepts in nutritional balancing science.
Appendices include a glossary of important terms, a Mineral Reference Guide, two journal articles about nutritional balancing science, information about other healing techniques, over 500 references and suggested reading. This book also has a large index.
TO ORDER NUTRITIONAL BALANCING AND HAIR MINERAL ANALYSIS:
Call Analytical Research Laboratories at 1 (800) 528-4067 or 1 (602) 995-1580
For wholesale pricing on orders of six or more copies of this book, call:
1 (928) 445-7690. | <urn:uuid:72cbc43d-dcd8-46ce-9819-6091d60b49aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://drlwilson.com/Books/balancing.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745800.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119150816-20181119172816-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.941615 | 8,898 | 3.109375 | 3 |
History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are an Australian Territory located in the Indian Ocean some 2800 kilometres north-west of Perth. The territory consists of 27 coral islands in two atolls having a total land area of about 14 square kilometres.
The islands became an Australian Territory from 23 November 1955 with the proclamation of the Cocos (Keeling) Island Act 1955. Prior to this time they had been administered as a British possession by the Colony of Singapore and, from the middle of the nineteenth century, had been administered by British Governors in Ceylon or Singapore (the Straits Settlements).
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The Cocos Islands were uninhabited in 1609 when Captain William Keeling (East India Company) explored the region. The first permanent settlement on the islands was a party led by Alexander Hare, which arrived in 1826. Hare's party commenced commercial activity with the harvesting of coconuts and the production of coconut oil. A second settlement was begun in 1827 with the arrival of a party led by Captain Clunies-Ross. Clunies-Ross was also keen to exploit the islands' coconut supplies. In 1886 Queen Victoria granted all land on the islands to George Clunies-Ross (the third descendant of Captain Clunies-Ross) and his heirs in perpetuity.
The islands were strategically important to Australia in both world wars, as a communications and transport link across the Indian Ocean. In World War I the cable station on Direction Island was attacked by a party from the German cruiser Emden. Caught without warning by HMAS Sydney, the Emden was severely damaged and, on orders from the captain, driven ashore on North Keeling Island. Similar installations were attacked by the Japanese during World War II. The Allied forces occupied the islands for most of the war, constructing an airstrip in 1944. From 1944 to 1946 the islands came under military administration.
From 1955 Australian administration of the territory was the responsibility of an Official Representative of the Australian Government. This arrangement was altered in 1977 with the appointment of an Administrator reporting to the Minister for Territories. A Cocos-Malay Local Government Council was created in 1979 and in 1984 the Islanders voted for full integration with Australia. In 1978 the Australian Government purchased from Mr John Cecil Clunies-Ross the remainder of his property on the islands with the exception of his house on Home Island (it was purchased by the government in 1993).
Source: National Archives of Australia, Fact Sheet 103; and
Bureau of Meteorology © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 2007
Records of the administration of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
The Archives' office in Perth holds a wide range of records documenting the administration of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands since they became an Australian Territory. The office in Perth also hold records of other government agencies with roles in providing services to or on the Cocos Islands. These agencies include the Bureau of Meteorology (records include those of the Cocos meteorological recording station), the Civil Aviation Authority, Australian Construction Services (for details of the construction and maintenance of Commonwealth facilities on the islands), and the Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (for information on the Cocos Island Animal Quarantine Station).
At the Federal level the Cocos (Keeling) Islands are an electoral district of the Commonwealth Division of Lingiari in the Northern Territory.
Source: National Archives of Australia, Fact Sheet 103; and
Department of Transport and Regional Services (DOTARS) © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 2007
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General Facts About the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, AUSTRALIA
As listed by the World CIA Facts Book
Location: South-eastern Asia, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Indonesia, about halfway from Australia to Sri Lanka
Population: 574 (July, 2006 est.)
Nationality: Cocos Islander
Languages: Malay (Cocos dialect), English
Dependency State: non-self governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services
Capital: West Island
Constitution: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Legal System: based upon the laws of Australia and local laws
Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Australian Governor General; monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the Governor General of Australia and represents the monarch and Australia
Legislative Branch: unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council (7 seats); elections are held every two years with half the members standing for election
Judicial Branch: Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court
Official Flag: the flag of Australia
Economy Overview: Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia. There is a small tourist industry.
Labour Force: the Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage workers; tourism employs others
Agricultural Products: vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts
Industries: copra products and tourism
Currency: Australian dollar (AUD)
Mobile Phones: analogue cellular service available
Telephone System: connected within Australia's telecommunication system; international country code - 61; telephone, telex, and facsimile communications with Australia and elsewhere via satellite; 1 INTELSAT satellite earth station
Military: defence is the responsibility of Australia; the territory has a five-person police force
Although the CoKGenWeb Project attempts to provide accurate information it assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of data. The CoKGenWeb Project and its volunteers disclaim all warranties, expressed or implied. Project and staff shall not be liable for any indirect, special, consequential or incidental damages arising out of the use or inability to use this website, hyper links or associated services. Any data found to be false, malicious, libellous or defamatory will be erased from the archives. A fair use policy applies and access to third party links is at the discretion of the individual. | <urn:uuid:52ff46f8-f9f5-4cad-a5d5-e4c2c6debeec> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~auscok/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309963.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00147-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930903 | 1,299 | 3.625 | 4 |
Stability - center of gravity and center of buoyancy
- Center of Gravity is the point in a body where the gravitational force may be taken to act
- Center of Buoyancy is the center of gravity for the volume of water which a hull displaces
When the hull is upright the center of gravity and center of buoyancy are on the same vertical line, and the hull is
For most hulls the center of buoyancy is below the center of gravity and the hull is said to be meta-stable.
When the hull tilts the center of gravity remains in the same position related to the hull (as long as the hull is not changed and/or the cargo is not moved). The center of buoyancy will move to fit the new center of gravity for the volume of water replaced by the hull. In the beginning the gravity force and the buoyancy force will create a
- righting torque
that tries to move the hull back to the upright position.
If the hull is tilted to much the center of buoyancy will move to a position where the buoyancy and gravitation force starts to create a moment that work in the same direction and the hull will | <urn:uuid:dca34a71-5733-4bbb-89f2-2f940a4d9f47> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/amp/centre-gravity-buoyancy-d_1286.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.893697 | 240 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The new health minister in South Africa veered sharply from her predecessor's opinions yesterday calling for urgent measures to try and find an AIDS vaccine.
"It was imperative to get ahead of the curve of this epidemic ten years ago. We all for various reasons have lost ground," Barbara Hogan said at the opening of an international meeting of scientists searching for ways to prevent AIDS.
"It's even more imperative now that we make HIV prevention work. We desperately need an effective HIV vaccine."
Her remarks marked a contrast to those of her predecessor, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, who was derided as "Dr Beetroot" for championing use of the vegetable to fight the disease.
Hogan took over the ministry in a political shake-up last month, in a move hailed by activists as an end to Tshabalala-Msimang's policies that for years questioned whether HIV causes AIDS.
"We know that HIV causes AIDS. The science of HIV and AIDS is one of the most researched subjects in the medical field," said Hogan, later slamming "wasted time" which contributed to the country's high AIDS prevalence.
Some 5.5 million people in the country of 48 million are living with the disease.
Some 900 researchers and scientists are attending the conference, being held for the first time outside of the United States or Europe.
"This is a country with the greatest number of HIV infections in the world. Nowhere else is the need for a vaccine greater than right here," said conference chair Lynn Morris.
"As we all know the field is at a turning point. One thing is clear, we need to continue with these steps and they need to be bold. The field needs more input, fresh ideas and new directions."
Recent clinical trials, including one launched in South Africa in 2007 and one in America were stopped amid great disappointment after the injections were found ineffective.
Experts believe that a vaccine is the only way to defeat the pandemic, but say that any breakthrough is still years away. | <urn:uuid:95c4dd36-9aeb-4d88-b6d4-8aed140bac25> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.medindia.net/news/New-Health-Minister-in-South-Africa-Signals-Fresh-Approach-in-AIDS-Battle-42888-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946314.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424002843-20180424022843-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.964384 | 415 | 2.609375 | 3 |
By the end of this unit of work you should be able to do the following:
- Identify, name, measure and draw six different types of angles (acute, right, obtuse, straight, reflex and revolutions)
- Identify, name, measure and draw six types of triangles (acute, right, obtuse, equilateral, isoceles and scalene)
- Identify and name six different quarilaterals (square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, trapezium and kite)
- Identify and draw perpendicular and parallel lines
- Identify and calculate vertically opposite, alternate, corresponding, complementary, supplementary and co-interior angles.
- Calculate missing angles in triangles and quadrilaterals.
- Accurately draw regular polygons and calculate angles in regular polygons.
Each of the following activities matches with specific learning outcomes.
Acute and Obtuse angles – Guess the random angle
Measuring Angles – What’s my Angle?
Naming and measuring angles – Kidport Measuring Angles
Vertically opposite, corresponding and alternate angles – Exploring relationships of Angles
Types of triangles – sort into Venn diagrams – Sorting Triangles
Angles in a triangle add to 180 degrees – Exploring Angles: Resize a triangle
Calculate angles using opposite, complementary and supplementary angles – Exploring triangles.
Go to Voicethread and add your voice or text comments about triangles.
Properties of Quadrilaterals from BBC KS3 Bitesize
Check out this new tool, Blabberize, where you can upload a photo or image and make it talk, using a recording of your own voice. How do you think we could use it in Maths and Science classes? | <urn:uuid:0070b2f0-1327-49eb-9caa-a48b19f7d284> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://brittgow.global2.vic.edu.au/tag/quadrilaterals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887746.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119045937-20180119065937-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.835436 | 376 | 4.375 | 4 |
Demonstration of the Influence of Local Icosahedral Order on the Nucleation Barrier of Metallic Liquids
It has been known for over 50 years that, under carefully controlled conditions, metallic liquids can be cooled far below their equilibrium melting temperatures (undercooled) before crystallization takes place. This suggests that the homogeneous nucleation mechanism responsible for formation of the solid phase must present a large barrier to phase change. To explain this surprising result, F. C. Frank theorized that as metallic liquids cool, (1) local structures develop in the liquid phase containing icosahedral short-range order (ISRO), which is incompatible with the long-range periodicity of the crystalline phase, and that (2) this incompatibility creates a barrier to the formation of the crystalline phase.
Several experimental studies have supported this hypothesis, but have shopped short of providing direct proof of it. It has been found, for example, that an increase in the maximum undercooling before crystallization is associated with decreasing ISRO of the crystallized phases of Al-Cu-Fe, Al-Cu-Co, and Ti-Zr-Ni liquids. Direct observations of ISRO in the undercooled liquids, however, were not made. Similarly, ISRO was recently found in undercooled Ni, Fe, and Zr liquids, but these results did not establish a link between the ISRO and the nucleation barrier for the solid phase.
Fig. 1. Electrostatically levitated 2.5-mm-diameter droplet of molten Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni21, held near the liquidus temperature (1083K).
The first direct experimental confirmation of Frank's hypothesis took place at MU-CAT's 6-ID-D beamline at the APS . Using the recently developed Beamline Electrostatic Levitation technique, which allows in situ x-ray diffraction experiments on electrostatically levitated droplets (Fig. 1), researchers from Washington University, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, and MU-CAT studied the undercooling behavior of Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni21. Electrostatic levitation in vacuum (~10-7 Torr) was used to create a containerless environment, which was needed to avoid the masking effects of heterogeneous nucleation. The levitated droplets were approximately equal to 2.5 mm in diameter and were positively charged by induction. The charge was maintained through the photoelectric effect by using intense ultraviolet light. Samples were melted with a fiber-coupled diode laser and then allowed to drop in temperature through free radiation cooling. Optical pyrometers measured sample temperature, and high-energy x-rays (125 keV, 0.099 Å) provided a scattering range of 0 [equal to or less than] q [equal to or less than] 9 Å-1.
Fig. 2. Cooling curves for electrostatically levitated 2.5-mm droplet of Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni 21 as a function of temperature, showing two recalescence events (indicated by arrows). The first event corresponds to the nucleation and rapid growth of a metastable icosahedral quasicrystal; the second event indicates the transformation to the stable C14 crystal phase.
The researchers measured an increasing ISRO in the Ti-Zr-Ni liquid with undercooling, finding that this increasing ISRO in the liquid phase is responsible for the nucleation of a metastable Ti-Zr-Ni icosahedral quasicrystal phase (i phase) instead of the stable polytetrahedral C14 Laves phase, which also tends to nucleate easily over a wide composition range. Two recalescence events were observed (see Fig. 2): in the first, the temperature rose from 953K to 1058K, followed within a few seconds by a second rise in temperature to 1083K. In situ x-ray diffraction analysis showed that the metastable i phase nucleates and grows during the primary recalescence from 953K, releasing evolved heat of fusion, which causes sample temperature to rise. This i phase subsequently transforms within a few seconds to the stable C14 Laves phase during the second recalescence event from 1058 to 1083K, which is the equilibrium solidus temperature.
In summary, the researchers demonstrated an enhanced icosahedral short-range order with undercooling in Ti-Zr-Ni liquids that decreases the barrier for the nucleation of a metastable i phase to below that for the formation of stable polytetrahedral crystal phases. In this way, the data demonstrate the connection between the local order of the liquid and the nucleation barrier. This verifies Frank's hypothesis that the origin of the barrier to nucleation of crystallographic phases is the formation of local icosahedral order in the liquid.
The data demonstrate that local order in the liquid phase strongly influences the nucleation of specific phases even in metallic liquids, in which atomic interactions are weak and relatively isotropic. This indicates that the influence of preexisting local order in the liquid is an important ingredient in the liquid/solid phase transition that should be considered in theoretical treatments of nucleation.
Reference is the source for this article. The work in this paper was the basis for the cover story of the July 2003 issue of Physics Today.
The work at Washington University was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract No. NCC 8-85 and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR 00-72787. Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U.S. DOE, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38, and MU-CAT by Contract No.W-7405-Eng-82 through the Ames Laboratory. | <urn:uuid:a1b656dd-2aff-4181-bb97-37b8a4a15999> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://aps.anl.gov/Science/Highlights/2003/metallic_liq.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094924.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00187-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931786 | 1,221 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Wine has evolved as part of life, culture and diet since time immemorial. As an enduring cultural symbol of fine life, the role of wine has evolved over time, changing from an important source of nutrition to a cultural complement to food and conviviality compatible with a healthy lifestyle.
The art of viticulture and winemaking has also evolved. Nevertheless, in this long historical path, one thing remains unchanged and has never been neglected; the association of wine with gastronomy, history, tradition, origin, local quality products and dignified social settings.
Cultural appreciation of wine reflects the diversity of the wine regions, the savoir-vivre and culinary habits. Quality products incite moderate consumption patterns, as it is only by savouring wine moderately and slowly that its unique complex flavours and character can be fully appreciated and enjoyed.
The wine sector and its economic operators, make an invaluable economic, social, agricultural and environmental contribution. Wine regions across the world produce an endless variety of superb products. While wine remains a natural product, technological innovations have provided better hygiene and control of the production process, contributing to the production of wines suited to contemporary consumers' palate. Today, with the overall consumption of wine declining, consumers increasingly choose higher quality wines to be enjoyed in moderation as part of a modern, sustainable and healthy lifestyle.
However, in contrast to the inherent culture of wine, many countries are experiencing concerning trends in alcohol misuse, especially related to so-called binge drinking amongst a particular socio-economic and age group, with major health,legal, economic and social implications. Despite the differences in consumption witnessed worldwide, studies show moderate consumption remains the general norm; only a minority of people misuse the high-quality beverage that is wine.
Recognising the health dangers and the negative social and economic consequences that can be caused by the misuse of alcoholic beverages and the fact that responsible consumption patterns of wine can be compatible with a healthy lifestyle, today’s culture of wine must include a common stakeholder commitment to ensuring that responsible and moderate drinking remains the social norm.
"Responsible and moderate consumption of wine must be promoted: wine is only appreciated to its fullest in moderation."
The famous vineyards and cellars of Champagne and Burgundy were added to the famous Unesco World Heritage List last 4 July joining other wine regions already included on the list. | <urn:uuid:f31635b9-d800-4dbf-9d47-0ae5d4ece57a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.wineinmoderation.eu/en/content/Culture-of-wine.28/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814079.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222081525-20180222101525-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.954448 | 484 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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Transcript of Zaman University
Calculate the enthalpy change when 1 L of liquid NH3 is burned in air to give N2(g) and H2O(g). How does this
compare with H for the complete combustion of 1 L of liquid
For CH3OH(l), the density at 25 C is 0.792g/cm3,and
Instructor: Mustafa Dur
By: Chanpiset Um
The reaction for which we want to calculate the enthalpy change is:
Before we can calculate H for this reaction, we must calculate
H for NH3(l).
We know that enthalpy formation NH3(g) is -46.2kJ
And NH3(l) -> NH3(g)
Furthermore we know that
Since 1cm3 of NH3 weighs 0.81g, 1l=1000cm3 weighs 810g.
Therefore combustion of 1L of NH3 which is 810/17 mol produces
Now we calculate enthalpy change of combustion of CH3OH(l)
The reaction is:
H=2 H(CO(g)) + 4 H(H2O(g)) - 2 H(CH3OH(g))-3 H(O2(g))
Then for the overall reaction, the enthalpy change is:
H=6 H(H2O(g)) + 2 H(N2(g)) - 4 H(NH3(l))-2 H(O2(g))
The result shows that combustion of 4 mol of NH3(l) produces 1173kJ of heat.
Now we need to find heat produced by 1L of NH3(l).
The result shows that:
combustion of 2 mol of CH3OH produces 1276kJ..
Now we need to find heat produced by 1L of CH3OH.
Since 1cm3 of CH3OH weighs 0.792g, 1L=1000cm3 weighs 792g.
Then heat produced by this amount of CH3OH is:
This results shows that methanol is a slight better fuel than ammonium liquid. | <urn:uuid:8d9a30be-6981-4ff5-80e5-3c873cc9b317> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://prezi.com/qkrag__yqbre/zaman-university/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864622.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522014949-20180522034949-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.742602 | 543 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What You Need to Know About the Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) was passed by the U.S. Congress to protect and conserve threatened and endangered plants, animals, and the ecosystems that support them. The ESA’s over-arching goal is to prevent species from becoming extinct. Congress deemed that threatened and endangered wildlife species need protection and “are of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people.”
This legislation was prompted by concern from the people of the United States regarding loss of biological diversity and degradation of the environment. While the ESA has been fiercely debated and its merits challenged over the years, frequent public opinion polls reveal strong support from various segments of society for the goals of the ESA.
The emphasis of the ESA is three-fold and includes: 1) conserving imperiled species; 2) recovering ESA listed species; and 3) assisting federal, state, and local governments in conserving listed species, while meeting their social and economic objectives. The ESA is implemented by the Interior Department’s United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the Commerce Department’s National Marine Fisheries Service. As of 2012, there are approximately 1,400 species protected by the ESA in the United States.
Under the ESA there are two different categories for a species to be listed: threatened or endangered. A threatened species1 is a species that is likely to be endangered in the foreseeable future, and an endangered species2 is a species that is in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Under the ESA, a species is defined to include subspecies, varieties, and distinct populations3.
Additionally, a candidate species4 is a species that meets the definition for threatened or endangered but higher priority species prohibit the USFWS from preparing a listing proposal. The USFWS uses a prioritization scheme, accounting for the distinctiveness of the species and threats to that species, to assign listing priorities. Further, for these candidate species, there is a candidate conservation program that is used to manage them so they do not require listing under the ESA.
The Listing Process
Listing under the ESA is based on a species’ status and threats to that species. Economic and social impacts are not allowed by law to be considered when making a listing decision (although economic impacts are considered when critical habitat is being proposed)5. The USFWS uses five different factors to assess whether or not to list a species. If any one of the following five factors is deemed to threaten the existence of a species, the USFWS is required by law to take action. The five factors are:
- damage or destruction of habitat;
- overutilization of the species for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes;
- disease or predation causing major population declines,
- inadequacy of existing protection; and
- other natural or manmade factors causing population loss6.
While the USFWS is considering whether to list a species under the ESA, a formal peer-review process and at least one public comment period takes place7. The comment period is at least 60 days in length and the USFWS must make a final decision regarding the listing of a species within 12 months after announcing the proposed listing8. Additionally, the USFWS is required to use the best available science when making any listing decision.
The Recovery Process
A species listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA is protected against “take.” To take a listed species is “to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct.”9 Within take, “harm” is a broad term that includes habitat modification and degradation if it “kills or injures individuals of a listed species by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering.”10 As defined, harm can include habitat modification if it impacts the breeding, feeding, or sheltering of a listed species. It is important to avoid any actions that could constitute the taking of a listed species, as the ESA provides strong penalties for such takings. Violating the ESA can lead to civil and criminal penalties of up to $50,000 and/or a year in prison11.
The recovery of a listed species is the process that stops its decline by reducing threats to enable the species to persist in the wild. A recovery plan, which details the efforts needed to reverse population declines, is developed for each listed species. Recovery plans are generally created with the help of multiple partners and stakeholders. One of the more important aspects of a recovery a plan is that it establishes a goal population for a species to become recovered, and a timeline for these actions to take place12. Restoration efforts may include actions such as the removal of invasive and or exotic species impacting the listed species and re-establishing natural processes that maintain habitat. In almost all cases, active research by biologists with USFWS or other organizations is conducted to monitor population status and recovery. Recovery plans outline actions that are believed necessary to conserve listed species. However, carrying out the actions detailed in a recovery plan is not mandatory. Further, a recovery plan does not commit resources for recovery. Thus, a recovery plan is only a roadmap, and actual recovery will require further actions.
The USFWS is also required to designate “critical habitat” for a listed species when it is considered necessary or when critical habitat can be determined13. Critical habitat identifies specific geographic areas and may include areas not currently occupied, but deemed necessary to conserve and recover a listed species14. Federal agencies are not allowed to take any actions that would result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. Additionally, a Federal agency cannot approve a permit or provide funding for private activities that would destroy or adversely impact critical habitat15. Thus, while critical habitat designations may not directly impact private landowners, they can still create restrictions on private activities that require government permits or for which landowners might receive government funds. There is a process through which restrictions from the ESA may be exempted if a Federal committee determines the benefits of the proposed action outweigh any impacts to the listed species, although this is rarely carried out16.
Working with Stakeholders
The recovery of each listed species is a collaborative effort that involves numerous partners. Some of the partners involved in the ESA include federal, state, and local agencies; tribal governments; businesses and industry; and conservation groups. USFWS employees work closely with land managers to achieve goals that benefit species’ recoveries while meeting other management objectives. Additionally, landowners and scientists provide valuable information based on observations and research.
Often when a species is listed or proposed for listing under the ESA, the public has concerns about how a listing will impact them. Yet many programs and policies are in place to ensure a landowner’s well-being, while also benefiting listed species. Some of these include candidate conservation agreement, candidate conservation agreement with assurances, safe harbor agreement, habitat conservation planning, the no surprises policy, and conservation banking.
Candidate Conservation Agreement
A voluntary conservation agreement between the USFWS and public or private parties to identify threats to candidate species (those species proposed for listing as threatened or endangered) and to develop a plan of action to improve conditions so that listing the species is not necessary. If actions and monitoring efforts are a success, it may allow removal of the species from the candidate list (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/CCAs.pdf).
Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances17
This is similar to traditional conservation agreements, but expanded by creating incentives for non-federal landowners that are proactive and engage in conservation efforts. As a result of their efforts, landowners are given assurances from the USFWS that detail what will be expected in the future. The primary goal of this policy is to encourage landowner involvement in conservation, while reducing the worry of increased regulations if the species was ever to become listed—this policy removes the uncertainty of future regulatory restrictions to private landowners. This policy only applies to non-federal parties on non-federal land (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/CCAs.pdf).
Safe Harbor Agreement
This is a voluntary agreement between a landowner, group of landowners, or other parties that encourages management for listed species to promote recovery on non-Federal lands by providing assurances to property owners that the USFWS will not require any additional or different management from what is detailed in the safe harbor agreement without their prior consent. This is very similar to the candidate conservation agreement with assurances, but is used for species that have officially been listed as threatened or endangered. Additionally, at the end of the agreement enrollees can return the land to baseline conditions (those that were present at the beginning of the agreement) without consequence (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/harborqa.pdf).
Habitat Conservation Planning
Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) provide for partnerships with non-Federal parties to conserve and recover listed species. An HCP is a required document as part of the application for an incidental take permit for listed species. Incidental take is any action that directly or indirectly impacts the survival of a listed species, but is incidental to an activity and not the purpose of that activity18. Anyone who will cause incidental take of a listed species needs a permit to do so. The HCP plan specifies how parties will reduce impacts to a listed species from their actions and why other actions were not applied that might have had less impact. Further, incidental take permits are not issued for take that is not truly incidental or when the impacts of taking are not minimized, and incidental take is not allowed if it will “appreciably” reduce the survival and recovery of the species19. Overall, the incidental take permit and resulting habitat conservation plan benefit parties by allowing them to proceed with an activity with some caveats. While individuals may create an HCP, the plans are usually created by groups of individuals or by industry in consultation with the USFWS as it is a significant effort to complete the plan (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/hcp.pdf).
The No Surprises Policy
This is an assurance that parties following an HCP will have no additional requirements imposed on them beyond that which is agreed to in their HCP (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/hcp.pdf).
These are designated private or public areas that are under permanent protection and are managed for listed species. Conservation banks act to off-set actions that have occurred in other parts of a listed species range and help to mitigate habitat loss. USFWS assigns “credits” for conservation banks that can be sold to developers or others that degrade existing habitat. The policy detailing how credits are determined is specific to each listed species and is detailed in the recovery plan for that listed species. Credits that are sold exist as a free market enterprise based on demand. These credits and can create a significant economic incentive to conserve listed species (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esalibrary/pdf/conservation_banking.pdf).
Obviously, the recovery process for a listed species is often not quick or easy as the circumstances leading to a species decline is likely complex and took many years to develop. Species that occur over a broad geographic area and are impacted primarily by habitat-related issues are perhaps most difficult to recover. In these cases, regulation alone is not sufficient for recovery, yet many species that have been listed under the ESA have experienced dramatic recoveries. This is particularly true for species impacted by pollution, overharvest, or had limited distributions. One of the most publicized successes of the ESA is the recovery of the bald eagle after DDT nearly led to its extinction. Other notable recoveries include the gray wolf and grizzly bear. Some species are not yet recovered, but are making significant progress, such as the Hawaiian duck and the whooping crane. Once these species meet the recovery objectives outlined in their recovery plan, the process of delisting can begin.
Unfortunately, even when some species have met their target objectives, the species have not been quickly delisted. In some cases, this is due to political or special interest group intervention for various reasons. This is obviously frustrating to many stakeholder groups and not particularly conducive to conservation as it often causes parties to cease cooperating. To overcome this, it is important to use the best available science in decision making and to temper emotions so the best decisions for society can be made.
Similar to any law or policy, the ESA has tradeoffs associated with it. It can impede business if actions that are considered to be take are related to business, and it can create a sense of distrust and fear among some stakeholders, which can impact their quality of life. This fear can alter their behavior in ways that actually do harm to the recovery of a listed species. Additionally, when a species is listed, states must yield some control over the management of that species to the federal government. This is not always desirable for state agencies and government. Carrying out the ESA, as with any law, also costs money. In some cases, this has been significant, in other cases, very little funding has been applied to species recovery. As you might imagine, circumstances between any two species vary widely; therefore, so do costs, conflict, impacts, and outcomes.
Despite the potential negatives of an ESA listing, high public support exists for the conservation of biological diversity. Yet the actual application and implementation of the ESA is continually debated. To successfully carry out the ESA and recover species, the USFWS will need cooperation from many stakeholders. With this cooperation and with an open and constructive dialogue, many misunderstandings regarding the ESA can be avoided. Additionally, a balance between ecological and economic considerations is possible. If you would like further information regarding the ESA, the USFWS has a web site that provides information (http://www.fws.gov/endangered). You might also contact your state wildlife agency with questions.
- 15 U.S.C. § 1532(20)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1532(16)
- 16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(3)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(1)(A), (b)(2)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(1)(A)-(E)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1533(3)(D)(5)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1533(3)(D)(5)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19)
- 50 C.F.R. 17.3
- 16 U.S.C. § 1540(b)
- 16 U.S.C. 1533(f)(1)(B)(i)-(iii)
- 16 U.S.C.§ 1533 (a)(3)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1532(5)(A)
- 16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2), (e), (h)
- 50 C.F.R. § 17.22
- 16 U.S.C. § 1539(a)(2)(A)
- 16 U.S.C. § 1539(a)(1)(B) and (a)(2)(B)
Torre J. Hovick
Graduate Research Associate
Natural Resource Ecology and Management
R. Dwayne Elmore
Extension Wildlife Specialist
Natural Resource Ecology and Management
Shannon L. Ferrell
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Law
Department of Agricultural Economics | <urn:uuid:592d4ae6-23e2-4e5f-8feb-b804c1df84f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-endangered-species-act.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735958.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805124104-20200805154104-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.940046 | 3,333 | 4.03125 | 4 |
"Securing IoT Devices: Preventing Cyber Breaches"
Title: Securing IoT Devices: Preventing Cyber Breaches As the world becomes more digitally interconnected, the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to reshape our lives with enhanced convenience and productivity. From smart home appliances to industrial sensors, IoT devices are everywhere, transforming the way we live and work. However, with this digital evolution comes an increased risk of cyber threats. IoT devices, often seen as the weakest link in the cybersecurity chain, are attractive targets for cybercriminals. This blog post aims to shed light on the importance of securing IoT devices and how to prevent cyber breaches. The Vulnerability of IoT Devices IoT devices are designed to make our lives easier, but their inherent characteristics make them susceptible to cyber-attacks. Many IoT devices lack strong built-in security features, have outdated firmware, or use default passwords that are easy to crack. This, coupled with the vast number of devices connected to the internet, creates a vast attack surface for cybercriminals. The Impact of IoT Cyber Breaches A breach in an IoT device can lead to serious consequences. Cybercriminals can gain unauthorized access to your sensitive data, manipulate device functionality, or even use your device as a launchpad for attacks on other networks. In a worst-case scenario, breaches in IoT devices can lead to physical harm, especially in the case of medical or industrial IoT devices. Securing IoT Devices: Best Practices Securing IoT devices is a shared responsibility between manufacturers, service providers, and users. Here are some best practices to help prevent cyber breaches: 1. **Change Default Passwords:** One of the simplest yet most effective ways to secure your IoT devices is to change default passwords. Use strong, unique passwords and consider using a password manager to keep track of them. 2. **Regular Firmware Updates:** Manufacturers often release firmware updates to fix security vulnerabilities. Ensure your IoT devices are set to automatically update or regularly check for these updates. 3. **Network Segmentation:** Consider creating separate networks for your IoT devices and your main devices like smartphones and computers. This way, if an IoT device is compromised, the attacker won't have easy access to your primary devices and personal data. 4. **Disable Unnecessary Features:** Many IoT devices come with a range of features, many of which you may not use. Disable these unnecessary features to reduce potential entry points for cybercriminals. 5. **Use a Secure Wi-Fi Network:** Ensure your Wi-Fi network is secure. Use WPA2 or W | <urn:uuid:76a92596-f7fe-46a4-b4a6-ab9961fc4826> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mchugo.com/post/securing-iot-devices-preventing-cyber-breaches-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.907032 | 522 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The creation of libraries lies at the heart and soul of PCB design. Libraries are created according to the datasheet of the component that you wish to use. There are the schematic symbols, PCB footprints, and the description of the component. Creating a perfect library will no doubt be a laborious process, especially for a large number of pins or for components with more complicated pinouts. If you do not spend at least 3 days creating a package for a specialized part with more than 100 pins, you are probably going to feel uneasy about using it.
Fortunately, there are already many online resources contributed by many experienced engineers, who are well-versed in various CAD tools. Together with engineers from TI, ADI, Microchip, Maxim, and TE, they have created files for mainstream CAD tools, and they share them on their own websites and the websites of its original creator. As a result, they have reduced the workload of the PCB design engineers. This means that you do not have to build your own component libraries.
Some well-known websites have been compiled, regarding two pieces of PCB design software – KiCad and Eagle. Now, let’s look at the two libraries and their distributors.
KiCad’s official libraries are available for download on their They include schematic symbols, PCB footprints, and comes complete with 3D modeling data to complement their own 3DViewer tool, which enables you to inspect your design more in detail with an interactive 3D view.
DigiKey, the renowned component distributor has cooperated with KiCad to sell major components from KiCad’s library on its website. And of course, when you use KiCad to generate a BOM list, it will direct you to DigiKey’s website, implying that you should purchase the materials from DigiKey.
3. Ultra Librarian
Ultra Librarian can not only search for technical specifications and purchase channels of all the components, but also provides libraries for major components. Also, it supports not only KiCad but many other CAD tools as well. For instance, Altium Designer and PADS.
SnapEDA is a website similar to Ultra Librarian. As its name suggests, it believes that engineers will no longer have to create their own libraries in the future. At SnapEDA, you can search for the schematic symbols and PCB footprints of millions of major components.
SamacSys is also another website similar to Ultra Librarian and SnapEDA. They provide high quality libraries and make them available directly through the search results via the Component Search Engine website. They support a wide variety of PCB tools, not just Eagle and KiCad. If you cannot find the component you want here, simply search for it at the above two websites mentioned.
The following shows Eagle’s collection of libraries. You can search, download, and upgrade directly in Eagle via the Online Managed Libraries feature. Owned by Autodesk, it has many libraries contributed by experts on its official website, with each library showing the number of downloads and likes. However, as always, given that there are no guarantees on third-party libraries, caution is advised and you should always double-check just to be sure. After all, all it takes is one wrong pin to destroy your work.
Element14, once a distributor of Eagle, is renowned worldwide as a distributor of components. As such, Element14 provides Eagle’s library with many devices it distributes, which can be downloaded from the page shown below. They work similar to DigiKey and KiCad.
8. SparkFun, Adafruit
Eagle’s success can be attributed to the fact that it has obtained the support of makers around the world. SparkFun and Adafruit, well-known websites catering to the maker community, provide Eagle with source files (schematic, PCB, library) that it can read from directly. On one hand, makers can promote their products through Eagle’s user community, while helping Eagle to consolidate its ecosystem. SparkFun and Adafruit’s libraries have embedded links in Eagle and can be upgraded and called directly in Eagle.
9. Ultra Librarian, as mentioned previously, is definitely not without the support of Eagle
10. SnapEDA is supported by Eagle as well. From its website, Eagle’s library files for millions of components can be found.
11. SamacSys’s support for Eagle is shown in the following image
12. Seeed Studio
Seeed Studio has its very own Open Parts Library (OPL) which is a collection of over 10,000 commonly used components specifically sourced for the Seeed Fusion PCBA Service. To speed up the process of PCB design, Seeed is building the component libraries for KiCad and Eagle. For KiCad, the library can be downloaded from the GitHub page, whereas the Eagle version can be downloaded and updated from within Eagle, making it much more convenient for designers. When all components are sourced from Seeed’s PCBA OPL and used with the Seeed Fusion PCB Assembly (PCBA) service, the entire PCBA production time can be reduced from 20 working days to a mere 7.
Listed here are several mainstream websites. Given that they are of commercial operation, they enjoy a good reputation. Hence, they can be trusted and directly downloaded for use.
And after you’re done with your design, check out the Seeed Fusion PCBA service, which can help translate your designs into an actual functioning device.
We hope this information has been useful and we wish you the best of luck for your next PCB design project! Should any of you reading this article discover any other useful resources, feel free to share it with us! | <urn:uuid:915c418c-8e26-47a2-babc-add2a55d8a9e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2019/01/30/kicad-and-eagle-libraries-you-can-use-with-confidence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100525.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204052342-20231204082342-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.939082 | 1,191 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Sign at Volkspark Wilmersdorf, a large municipal park in the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, and one of about sixteen “people’s parks” in Berlin. It’s a rather rare example of stenciled blackletter, certainly in the contemporary public space. The letterforms are custom made. However, the proportion and weight as well as structural details – e.g. the mix of straights and curves in a vs. o as well as in the capitals – suggest that they are modeled after an existing typeface: Rudolf Koch’s Fette Deutsche Schrift.
I don’t know how old this sign is. The park was originally designed in 1912–1914 and remodeled several times, in 1935, 1945, 1960–1965, and 1986–1987, according to the Berlin Monument Authority. From 1917 to 1945, the park was named Hindenburgpark. Chances are the sign was made in the 1980s or even later, and the type style chosen in an attempt to refer to the period of construction – Deutsche Schrift was first issued in 1910 and enjoyed great popularity in the 1910s and 1920s. I doubt that stenciled blackletter signs were a common thing back then, though. It looks rather historicizing to me, but in a refreshingly punk way.
Resetting using a digital version, Alter Littera’s Deutsche Schrift. The angled terminal in p, the ascender in d, or the descender in f support the claim that Rudolf Koch’s typeface was the inspiration for the sign. Other details like the bottom of W or the shape of the i dot are off. | <urn:uuid:abd6c2e7-b7ea-4ecd-a6d4-638908c0360d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://origin.fontsinuse.com/uses/26557/volkspark-wilmersdorf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736972.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806151047-20200806181047-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.958517 | 351 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Downhill mountain biking is a genre of mountain biking practised on steep, rough terrain that often features such as jumps, drops, rock gardens and other obstacles. In competitive races, a continuous course is defined on each side by a strip of tape. Depending on the format, riders have a single or double attempt to reach the finish line as fast as possible, while remaining between the two tapes designating the course. Riders must choose their line by compromising between the shortest possible line and the line that can be travelled at the highest speed. Riders start at intervals, often seeded from slowest to fastest, and courses typically take two to five minutes to complete with winning margins being often less than a second. Downhill racers must possess a unique combination of total body strength, aerobic and anaerobic fitness, mental control, as well as the acceptance of a relatively high risk of incurring serious injury. Because of the extremely steep, rough terrain featuring jumps, drops, rock-gardens and other obstacles, downhill is one of the most extreme and dangerous cycling disciplines. Minimum body protection in a true downhill setting entails wearing knee pads and a full-face helmet with goggles, albeit riders and racers commonly wear full-body suits that include padding at various locations.
Downhill-specific bikes are universally equipped with front and rear suspension, large disc brakes, and use heavier frame tubing than other mountain bikes. Downhill frames have anywhere from 6.7–9.8 inches of travel and are usually equipped with a 7.9 inches travel dual-crown fork. | <urn:uuid:79d31476-c857-401a-88e0-80e81af52ea1> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.armycycling.org/downhill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439213.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604063532-20200604093532-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.953393 | 314 | 3.03125 | 3 |
I thought I’d start with a definition so I searched the web only to find many but similar phrases. I even went to the IEEE and OMG both of which are in the process of developing standards for IoT. For RAILS I’m using AT&T’s introduction sentence to their IoT website “The Internet of Things links together networks, devices, and data” Just as there are multiple definitions there are several different protocols that are used to move the data between the devices. One of the more common protocols is Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) v5
MQTT is a simple and lightweight messaging protocol. It is a publish/subscribe architecture that designed to be open and easy to implement, with up to thousands of remote clients capable of being supported by a single server. Equally as important there a multiple implementations of the open source client software that are available for micro controllers such as TI-Tiva, Arduino and Raspberry PI. The following describes the high level features:
- Publish/subscribe: The MQTT protocol is based on the principle of publishing messages and subscribing to topics, which is typically referred to as a publish/subscribe model or sometimes abbreviated to pub/sub. Clients can subscribe to topics that are relevant to them. Then those clients only receive messages that are published to those topics. Alternatively, clients can publish messages to topics, which in turn makes them available to all subscribers of those topics.
- Quality of service levels: MQTT defines three quality of service (QoS) levels for message delivery, with each level providing a higher level of assurance the message gets delivered. However higher QoS levels are likely to consume more network bandwidth or subject the message to delays.
- Retained messages: With MQTT, the server keeps the message even after sending it to all current subscribers. If a new subscription is submitted for the same topic, any retained messages are then sent to the new subscribing client.
- Clean sessions and durable connections: When an MQTT client connects to the server, it sets the clean session flag . If the flag is set to true, all of the client’s subscriptions are removed when it disconnects from the server. If the flag is set to false, the connection is treated as durable, and the client’s subscriptions remain in effect after any disconnection. In this event, subsequent messages that arrive carrying a high QoS designation are stored for delivery after the connection is reestablished. Using the clean session flag is optional.
- Wills: When a client connects to a server, it can inform the server that it has a will , or a message, that should be published to a specific topic or topics in the event of an unexpected disconnection. A will is particularly useful in alarm or security settings where system managers must know immediately when a remote sensor has lost contact with the network.
The figure below shows my preliminary setup for implementing RAILS using IoT with TI-Tiva and ESP8266 micro-controllers. | <urn:uuid:139b63cf-af6e-45f2-9b4c-5feb443524cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://kjcrr.org/rails/iot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878921.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022053410-20201022083410-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.931107 | 622 | 3.25 | 3 |
Indigenous soldiers ‘created first steps to reconciliation’
Indigenous men who served in the First World War alongside white comrades created the stepping-stones to reconciliation, an Aboriginal war veteran said today.
Speaking at the Indigenous Veterans Ceremony at the Shine of Remembrance in Brisbane, George Bostock said World War I was a special chapter in history for indigenous and non-indigenous relations and should be properly recognised.
“This was their time and their opportunity to be free of therestrictions they had encountered in their everyday life,” the Vietnam veteran said.
“But the most important thing of all was that from the moment they had enlisted they became, for the first time in their lives, equal with white Australians.”
But Mr Bostock said when the servicemen returned to Australia they weren’t allowed to join RSL clubs or offered soldiers’ settlement grants.
The treatment of indigenous war veterans was still fresh in the minds of the Aboriginal people when World War II broke out.
“Yet again at the beginning of World War II, the sons of the black ANZACS made their way to the recruiting depots to enlist where theytoo faced the same obstacles as their fathers,” Mr Bostock said.
“But they applied to fight for their country, a country that at the time did not even recognise them as citizens.”
Indigenous men served in Korea, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam before the 1967 referendum which saw Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders formally recognised as Australian citizens.
Adrian Burragubba played the didgeridoo and the Australian Army Band Brisbane played the National Anthem as part of the ceremony, attended by about 150 people.
The ceremony was held as part of National Reconciliation Week, which runs from May 27 to June 3.
Photo: Stephanie Bennett | <urn:uuid:582ae3f0-043b-4a30-b174-0d4df239149c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://newsbytes.com.au/2012/05/indigenous-soldiers-created-first-steps-to-reconciliation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.973724 | 387 | 3.375 | 3 |
Prone to Wander: The Life and Faith of Robert Robinson, Pt. 2
Pastor of the Dissenters
His ministry began with 34 people huddled in a “damp, dark, cold, ruinous, contemptible hovel” in a town that despised Dissenters. Still, he remained faithful to his calling, and in time a new church meeting house was erected, and within fifteen years there were two hundred families in the church, with morning congregations of six hundred and evening gatherings of eight hundred. He reached a thousand more through his itinerant preaching in surrounding villages during the week. At a time when the percentage of Dissenters was falling in most of the counties around Cambridge, Robinson’s influence increased their numbers significantly in Cambridgeshire.
Robinson was unquestionably a beloved and effective pastor for three decades in Cambridge. This was his principal ministry. We don’t know a lot about his continued use of hymns, but there is a note in the church book that will seem familiar to anyone today who has met with conflict over styles of music in church: “Heady people . . . found fault with certain tunes.” These were the so-called “sprightly tunes” introduced in the Sunday evening lectures, designed to reach a wider “town and gown” audience. Evidently some church members did not like Robinson’s “seeker friendly” methods.
Tolerant to a Fault
In the mid-1770s, Robinson was increasingly drawn into public activism to defend religious and civil liberties. He was keenly aware that the laws of the land still imposed disabilities on Dissenters. Robinson was driven to study church history to defend the cause of Nonconformists. For him, the Reformation was principally about freedom of conscience, rather than doctrinal statements. “The right of private judgment,” he wrote, “is the very foundation of the Reformation.” He came to dislike the binding of anyone’s conscience by a statement of faith.
In the political sphere, he was an active voice for parliamentary reform (and was mentioned by name in the House of Commons by Edmund Burke). He was also an early opponent of slavery and the slave trade, preaching and petitioning against it. He stated clearly that slavery was incompatible with Christianity. On the same principal of liberty, he welcomed the American and French Revolutions. In fact, he was visited by General Reed, Washington’s second-in-command, who offered him passage to America and land if he would drop everything and come.
Robinson was a man open to other viewpoints and tolerant — perhaps to a fault. He was friendly with political and theological radicals, including Unitarians and others who denied Christ’s divinity (Socinians). There was a small Socinian group in his congregation in Cambridge, and he refused to take sides against them when division opened up over the question.
Like many others before and since, Robinson wanted to appeal only to the Bible and not to any statements of faith or creeds. But there is always a danger that this way of thinking can lead to an unhealthy elevation of private judgment. If we think we can recover the true Bible message on our own, without any dependence on doctrines derived from Scripture and received by the wider church, we may indeed find ourselves “prone to wander.”
When Freed from Sinning
How far Robinson, in fact, wandered theologically by the end of his life is a question still debated. If he hadn’t gone to Birmingham and preached in Priestley’s church just days before his death, he might have been remembered differently. A year before he died, he reaffirmed what he had written earlier, that the Socinians were mistaken brethren, and in one of his last letters he affirmed he was neither a Socinian nor an Arian.
Six years after Robinson died, the Anglican evangelical John Newton wrote to Robinson’s biographer, saying that he hoped his own spiritual history would terminate where Robinson’s began. He worried that Robinson in his later years was more inclined to help people doubt than believe. And he worried Robinson had been traveling the same road as Joseph Priestley from skepticism to Unitarianism.
It is hard to know for certain. But Newton was surely right about the early years of Robinson’s ministry. There is abundant evidence from the 1750s and 60s to show that Robinson was animated by an evangelical faith and piety that was later compared to Jonathan Edwards.
We should also remember with some sympathy that Robinson was, late in life, a broken man. By 1790, the year he died, he was physically and mentally ill. His sermons became incomprehensible, and some described him as insane. He never recovered from the death of his 17-year-old daughter Julie in 1787. He faced a financial crisis that could have sent him to debtors’ prison. And many of his friends had turned against him.
Thinking of his suffering at this distance, the final verse of his great hymn takes on more poignancy. The verse isn’t sung much anymore, but we can perhaps imagine Robinson at the end singing its first quatrain, trusting, as we all must, in Christ’s “boundless grace” as the ultimate hope in the face of death:
On that day when freed from sinningI shall see thy lovely face, clothèd then in blood-washed linen. How I’ll sing thy boundless grace.
– Bruce Hindmarsh | <urn:uuid:d4c78a98-d893-46c2-ac0e-4386af126ed6> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://no-other-name.org/daily-devotional-6-27-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703512342.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117112618-20210117142618-00769.warc.gz | en | 0.983148 | 1,163 | 2.78125 | 3 |
There are so many of us who inevitably end up associating yoga with its “physical” attributes. In fact, they shy away from it simply thinking that yoga is strictly meant for the physically fit or the athletic ones. A highly erroneous notion. The concept is far from truth-very far! Yes, it’s a physical exercise. No doubt about it. However, one needs to understand that this ancient practice entails much more than just “body”- yogis aim for that perfect realm of stability where the mind, body and spirit work in cohesion. Today, we will be primarily discussing the health benefits of yoga but not before clearly pointing out that you can practice it even if you are not athletic! Here’s what you need to find out about the health benefits of yoga. They are simply fantastic.
It can bolster the function of lungs
Deep purposeful breathing is a part of the yogic experience. Such exercises, as per studies, can actually improve the functioning of lungs. With a better-functioning pair of lungs you can expect to perform a lot of activities better – like running or walking long distances without getting tired.
Exercises bolster the condition of your heart as well
Patients with high blood pressure and cholesterol can benefit a lot from yogic exercises. Studies, for instance, have shown that individuals practicing yoga on a regular basis have lower blood cholesterol levels and reduced risks of blood cholesterol level. What more? The efficaciousness of the breathing exercises is now even harnessed by doctors to address heart ailments. Medical practitioners duly acknowledge the usefulness of the right breathing techniques and exercises when it comes to reversing symptoms of several stress induced diseases or heart ailments.
These exercises help you master the right postures
The importance of sitting, working and walking in the right posture is mostly undermined by us. We often fail to identify the evils of wrong postures. For instance, we just fail to realize that wrong postures can actually give birth to a number of problems including neck pain, shoulder pain and so much more.
Practicing yoga can help you build stronger muscles so that they can support the right postures. Yogic exercises also add flexibility to your body thereby eliminating muscle tension so that you are able to walk and sit with your shoulders straight. You can sit with your stomach tucked in as well.
Yoga can also help you fight depression
Meditation or relaxation exercises can help you get out of depressive thoughts as well. For many depressed people, when every measure fails, yoga turns out to be the answer.
So, what exactly are you waiting for? It doesn’t matter how old you are or how athletic (or not) you are, you can always trust the therapeutic benefits of yoga in a major way. Find a credentialed instructor and get going! Make sure you are exploring more about these exercises and their benefits by reading up about the same. There is no dearth of resources to help you there. Make sure you’re keeping these points in view. | <urn:uuid:31a74600-5f0c-451a-8002-7c8fa27c0fbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://rawlast.ga/a-few-fantastic-health-benefits-of-yoga.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805761.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119191646-20171119211646-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.953375 | 616 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Open Water Diver Pre-Requisites
To start the PADI Open Water Diver Course you need to be at least 10 years old. You need to be able to swim 200 Meters and float/tread water for ten minutes.
You also need to be in good physical health. Please take a look at the PADI Medical form to find out if you should be examined by your Doctor before participating in Recreational Scuba Diving.
You’ll learn the theory behind open water diving so you have the knowledge and skills to plan fun and safe dives. You’ll learn all about scuba equipment and how to use it effectively. The Open Water Course consists of three sections:
- Knowledge development (online, independent study or in a classroom)
- Confined water dives (to learn all the basic scuba skills)
- Open water dives (to practice your skills and gain confidence)
You can even start your Open Water Diver course now by signing up for PADI eLearning. Start learning now through an interactive computer-based program. Or use the PADI Open Water Diver Touch for tablets. Sign Up Now…
Open Water Diver Course Schedule
Day 1: 4:00 pm. Meet the rest of your Open Water Diver team! (Maximum of 4 students per instructor). You’ll start watching the PADI Open Water Diver video.
Day 2: 8:00 am. Classroom session. Your Instructor will review the knowledge reviews you completed and explain anything not fully understood. Quizzes on each chapter will ensure all students master key concepts.
11:00 – 12:00. Lunch break. Then you’ll spend the afternoon out on the boat for the confined water session. In shallow water close to one of our pristine beaches you’ll learn and practice important scuba diving skills while gaining confidence under the water! Return about 5.00 pm.
Day 3: 8:00 am. Classroom session. Review knowledge reviews and take the final exam.
11:00 – 12:00. Lunch break. Spend the afternoon out on the boat for Open Water Dives 1 and 2 to a maximum depth of 12 meters. During these dives you will be under the close supervision of your PADI Instructor as you further master the scuba diving skills learned the day before. Return about 5.00 pm.
Day 4: 5:45 am. Spend the morning out on the boat. Open Water Dives 3 and 4 will take you to a maximum depth of 18 meters and allow you to explore some of our deeper dive sites about 45 minutes away from Koh Tao. You’ll finish up back at the shop around 11:00 am. Congratulations you’re certified!
The Open Water Course is 11.000 baht include all materials, equipment, instructor, Padi certification and Online manual. If you have no accommodation yet we can help you to find a place witch suits your needs. We offer AC dorms for 300 bath/night, fan bungalow close to the beach are 500-600 bath, AC rooms start at 700 bath and AC Bungalows start at 1200 bath.
Ready to get your Open Water certification? Contact Us now and book your course at Scuba Shack, Koh Tao. Get certified on a beautiful tropical island in the Gulf of Thailand. | <urn:uuid:724d625c-d0a6-4e1d-a72b-6d3ca28c16d9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.scubashackkohtao.com/padi-courses-scuba-diving-thailand/padi-open-water-diver-course/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.882203 | 696 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Each year, cars, trucks, and heavy-duty vehicles in the US waste an enormous amount of fuel running their engines while their vehicles are stationary. Also known as idling, this act effectively reduces vehicle fuel efficiency to 0 mpg and nationwide, wastes 6 billion gallons of gasoline equivalent annually (Alternative Fuels Data Center). That’s enough gas to fill 9,000 Olympic sized swimming pools, or if you were to use it to fuel a 2014 Honda Civic, you could drive it to the moon and back half a million times. More pragmatically, however, 6 billion gallons of fuel can also be represented monetarily as $21 billion.
The Teton Raptor Center is passionate about anti-idling, as it has a direct impact on the raptors that they are aiming to protect. TRC answered some questions for us about why they feel so strongly about idling.
What is the mission of the Teton Raptor Center?
Advancing Raptor Conservation through education, research, and rehabilitation.
Why is it important that people do not idle while visiting the raptor center?
Healthy living conditions for TRC’s raptors is our highest priority. This includes high quality food, fresh water, a clean space and fresh air. By keeping the fumes in our parking lot to a minimum, we are ensuring that our birds have fresh air to breath. Plus, birds have the most efficient respiration system of any other animal. It’s critical that all the air they use is clean!
Have you noticed a decrease in idling vehicles since putting the signs up?
Yes, we believe that the “please no idling” signs are an important reminder to our visitors, especially while they visit our nature center.
If your business is interested in supporting the anti-idling initiative, contact us to get your free sign! | <urn:uuid:10417e3f-3b93-48fa-9afe-d852c64bdc9e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://ytcleancities.org/teton-raptor-center-discourages-idling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147054.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228043124-20200228073124-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.944865 | 382 | 2.90625 | 3 |
|Piazza del Mercato During the Revolt of Masaniello by Domenico Gargiulo, 1647 (public domain - Wikimedia Commons)|
"Give me liberty or give me death!"
— Patrick Henry, 1775
Rebellion is a strange thing. It conjures up the image of an underdog fighting an unjust power. And yet, the word implies a considerable resistance that is often unsuccessful.
A teen going head to head with a parent (a battle of wills). The Confederacy seceding from the Union (we know how that turned out). The Rebel Alliance standing up to the Galactic Empire (they never seem to completely outdo them).
Now consider revolution.
There seems to be a bit more majesty about the word. It implies a larger movement than a rebellion. Actions may be rebellious, but ideas can be revolutionary.
That concept is rooted in the very origins of the word. Taken from the Latin revolvere, meaning "to revolve, to roll back," the word revolution was initially associated with astronomy and celestial bodies. Copernicus made the connection in On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres (1543).
Stars and planets make recurring cyclical movements, or revolutions, around a particular point. This is what allowed astronomers to make observations and predictions, that were bolstered by or helped to improve mathematics.
In On Revolution in 1963, Hannah Arendt likened it to "the ups and downs of human destiny, which have been likened to the rising and setting of sun, moon, and stars since times immemorial."
In other words, humans are predictable; what's past is prologue.
Heather Cox Richardson, a history professor and author, perfectly laid out the cycles of unrest and inequality we've endured in the last 170 years or so in her March 7, 2020 update:
"When our lack of government oversight of the economy leads to the rise of extremely wealthy people who take over our political system and use it to promote their own interests, a crisis lays bare the misuse of the government for the rich. Americans then rise up and insist on an active government that protects the equality of opportunity on which our democracy depends. Three times before now, we have played out this pattern."
At the moment, we're seeing protests on statehouse steps around the country, where people are objecting to stay-at-home orders and social distancing. On the one hand, it's easy to understand frustration with being homebound and having to abide by restrictive guidelines when 'Muricans are so individualistic.
At the same time, it seems that these individuals are protesting for…their right to catch the virus?
It's almost as if they've assumed some twisted embodiment of Patrick Henry: "Give me liberty AND give me death!"
This completely turns on its head what we discussed last month ("Pulling Together—Separately") regarding a person's ability to put aside his own interests, and instead show concern for the fortune of others.
"In revolutions everything is forgotten. The benefits you confer today are forgotten tomorrow. The side once changed, gratitude, friendship, parentage, every tie vanishes, and all that is sought for is self-interest."
— Napoleon Bonaparte, 1816
What we've seen in recent days is the perfect expression of what Lewis Lapham called "the policy of enlightened selfishness and the signature bourgeois passion for more plums in the pudding." ("Crowd Control") To watch it play out on television, you would think that the tide is rising and the masses are leading a great revolution.
In fact, a recent survey from Navigator Research showed that only 9 percent of respondents think that social distancing measures need to be relaxed, while 52 percent consider that we're doing the right thing, and 35 percent think we need even more aggressive measures.
It really makes you wonder what those protesters think will happen if they get what they want.
"When the people contend for their liberty, they seldom get anything by their victory but new masters."
— George Savile, marquess of Halifax, 1750
They'll be able to go fishing and seed their lawns, go to the movies and restaurants (which should be great, since the CDC found evidence of COVID-19 spreading in restaurants via air conditioning), and get back to bowling. Not to mention that the director of the CDC yesterday said we should prepare for a winter spike of the virus.
And then what? We'll be back to another cycle of staying at home. As George III taunted in Hamilton ("What Comes Next?"), "What comes next? / You’ve been freed. / Do you know how hard it is to lead?"
The remarkable thing about the situation we're in right now is the sudden ability of companies to support remote working and alternative business models. It makes you wonder what they've been resisting all along.
In my experience, the push for digital transformation has usually come from small pockets within a company: an innovation team, a digital marketing lead, or perhaps the CEO. But large organizations are filled with middle managers who are comfortable doing business they way they've always done and won't deign to disrupt the system. There's always more resistance to change than the perceived need for change.
"Revolutions cannot, or rather can no longer, be accomplished by a minority. A revolutionary minority, no matter how intelligent and energetic, is not enough, in modern societies at least, to bring about a revolution. The cooperation and adhesion of a majority, and an immense majority, is needed."
— Jean Jaurès, 1901
If we were to survey employees and ask who led digital transformation at their company, would they say it was the CEO? Or maybe the CTO?
More likely than not, they'd say the digital transformation revolution was led by COVID-19.
That doesn’t make it any less real; in fact, it's probably more so, as it's everyone's reality for the foreseeable future. And once we've experienced some of these conveniences, we're less likely to want to completely return to our previous habits.
Now, whether at home or within our organizations, we have a different set of complexities to deal with. Just like advances humans have made in agriculture, industry, entertainment, medicine, transportation and more, we have more options rather than fewer.
The burden we have to bear is the choices we make as leaders, family members and friends amid these options.
"Revolutions have never lightened the burden of tyranny, they have only shifted it to another shoulder."
— George Bernard Shaw, 1903
If you can think of someone who might benefit from this newsletter, please send it to them.
This originally appeared in the April 22 issue of the Timeless & Timely newsletter. To see this issue in its entirety, including links, recommended books, and more, please click here. And more Timeless inspiration can be found here.
If you liked this, I'd love to share more with you: | <urn:uuid:c12147f6-9eea-437b-abd6-563fe9233f29> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.scottmonty.com/2020/04/the-revolution-will-be-televised.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740929.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815154632-20200815184632-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.957304 | 1,444 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Neuropathy can be a debilitating condition that nobody should have to deal with. Peripheral neuropathy occurs when the peripheral nerves are damaged, often causing weakness, numbness, and pain.
Peripheral neuropathy generally will affect either the hands or feet, but it can spread to other areas of your body as well.
What is Neuropathy?
Scientifically speaking, your peripheral nervous system is responsible for sending information from your brain and spine (the central nervous system), through the rest of your body.
If this system is affected, it can cause serious problems for many parts of your body.
There are many ways that your peripheral nervous system can become affected, including a traumatic injury, certain infections, metabolic issues, exposure to certain pollutants and toxins, or hereditary reasons.
If you are affected by this, the symptoms commonly include a stabbing, burning or tingling sensation in the affected area.
Luckily though, there are several types of treatment for this!
How Can You Treat Neuropathy?
If you believe you have peripheral neuropathy, it is important that you talk with your doctor right away. However, there are holistic methods which you can supplement other treatments with as well.
You can find some of the best information about peripheral neuropathy at https://neuropathyprogram.com/neuropathy-solution/. According to this website and its founding doctor,
“Dr. Labrum insists that those who suffer from a neuropathic condition must do five things so they can begin to walk a positive path to recovery. You must:
- Stop prescription medications
- Stop using painkillers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants
- Avoid surgery and other invasive procedures
- Stay away from trial-and-error methods and guesswork
- Avoid gimmicks and “far out” alternative treatments.”
The best part about the advice given here is that it is holistic, and sensible.
For issues such as neuropathy, you can be sure that there are many people finding the latest breaking medicine or trick which will cure all your problems, only to cost you tons of money without any real help. | <urn:uuid:04d6406d-55bc-406b-86dc-4a260a502c25> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.adamkempfitness.com/holistic-tips-improving-neuropathy-conditions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947957.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425193720-20180425213720-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.948747 | 440 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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Santa Cruz County History - Making a Living
The Smokeless Powder Plant
by Barry Brown
Photograph from the John Carney Family Collection
In the mid-1890s, the CPW began making smokeless gunpowder for both the U.S. Army and Navy. Smokeless powder is the name given to a number of propellants used in firearms and artillery which produced negligible smoke when fired, unlike black powder. The explosive substance in smokeless powder is nitrocellulose, frequently combined with up to 50% nitroglycerine, which was corned into small spherical balls or extruded into cylinders or flakes using solvents such as ether. Nitrocellulose, also know as cellulose nitrate or flash paper, is a highly flammable compound formed by exposing cellulose (usually wood pulp or cotton) to nitric and sulfuric acids or other powerful nitrating agents.
Photograph Courtesy of the Museum of Art & History @
The McPherson Center, Santa Cruz, CA
Smokeless powder was considered a major improvement because it resulted in a cleaner combustion. Black powder left a solid product made up of potassium carbonate and potassium sulfate, etc. This solid product was both moisture-retentive and corrosive and heavily fouled a gun's chamber and barrel which caused rapidly repeating firearms to jam or seize up. Smokeless powder, instead, left little residue because its byproducts were primarily gaseous. This cleaner-burning product lead to the development of automatic weapons.
Unfortunately, manufacture of this product was also extremely dangerous. It was at this plant in 1898 that the largest and most destructive explosion ever occurred at the Powder Works. (see Historical Marker #16).
>>Return to Home Page of The California Powder Works
>>Forward to The Charcoal Retorts
It is our continuing goal to make available a selection of articles on various subjects and places in Santa Cruz County. Certain topics, however, have yet to be researched. In other cases, we were not granted permission to use articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history information. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the Webmaster. | <urn:uuid:5b9678b5-32c5-49e9-8cc2-b798319c626b> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/articles/533/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121540415.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174540-00036-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928652 | 593 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Sunday, February 28, 2010
The Green man..
The green man is a symbol of fertility and rebirth. He is found in many cultures around the world in various guises. Carvings of the Green Man take many forms.
The simplest depict a man's face peering out of dense foliage. Some representations have leaves for hair or a leafy beard. Leaves or shoots can be shown growing from his open mouth and sometimes from the nose and eyes as well. At its most stylised the carving at first glance appears to be foliage, with the facial element only becoming apparent on closer examination. The face is almost always male; green women are rare. The three most common styles are
1. The Foliate Head - completely covered in green leaves
2. The Disgorging Head - spews vegetation from its mouth
3. The Bloodsucker Head - sprouts vegetation from all facial orifices
Many people feel that the green man is one representation of other pagan gods, such as Cern (Cernunnos) and Pan. He can be compared to figures such as John Barleycorn and Herne the Hunter.
His roots can easily be identified in terms of early man living in close proximity to vast and mysterious ancient forests, which provided both danger and comfort. The green man can be seen to represent the rebirth of the forest in spring.
The Green man is found in one guise or another in many cultures, as Tammuz in ancient Babylon, as Erriapus in iron age Britain, as Ilyas to Muslims.
His face is found on many ancient monuments, but also in the modern stonework of modern christian churches. This is thought to be both a reflection of Victorian fashion, and a reflection of the survival of ancient beliefs.
The Green man's rites are usually carried out in sring around Beltane. The Green man represents the wild and untamed side of nature. | <urn:uuid:6facb244-ed46-4907-a4da-34f57e0b0e7a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://paganinthetropics.blogspot.com/2010/02/green-man.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00189-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944336 | 395 | 2.65625 | 3 |
[Netherlands] High concentrations of nitrate and phosphates may cause serious algal blooms, creating a risk to humans and animals. Continue reading Measuring nitrate concentrations in water bodies for algae prediction and pollution detection
[USA] The Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA–E) intends to issue a new Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) Continue reading ARPA announced funding opportunity for macroalgal-biomass cultivation technology
[Singapore] Floating on the surface of Pandan Reservoir in Singapore’s south west are what researchers hope will be the future of cheap, real-time water quality testing.
Developed by a team at the National Continue reading Robot swans bring new advanced technology to water testing
In the fight to protect drinking water from the effects of blue-green algae, one water utility in Ohio is attempting to learn from the zebra mussel.
The utility is sponsoring a University of Akron biomimicry fellow to study how Continue reading New Approach To Toxic Algae Detection Mimics The Zebra Mussel
(Phys.org) —Oregon State University researchers are combining diatoms, a type of single-celled photosynthetic algae, with nanoparticles to create a sensor capable of detecting miniscule amounts of protein or other biomarkers.
This is a new and innovative approach to optical biosensors, which are important in health care for such applications as… Continue reading Intricate algae produce low-cost biosensors
Throughout the world today, increases in nutrient and pollutant-laden runoff from urban population growth and agricultural production are contributing to the degradation and eutrophication (excess algal growth and… Continue reading Remote Sensing Near real-time monitoring of algal blooms
A $1 million network of water-quality sensors will for the first time take the real-time pulse of Indian River Lagoon algae blooms and pollution. Florida provided $746,000 for 15 water-quality sensors, five of which are already in the lagoon… Continue reading Real-time monitors gauge lagoon health | <urn:uuid:977a2927-0f8f-45da-9b9f-7a0f2a05420f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://news.algaeworld.org/tag/sensor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152129.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726120442-20210726150442-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.866705 | 428 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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When we think of Valentine’s Day, we usually associate it with chocolates, cards, red roses, restaurants filled with couples on dinner dates, teenagers rendezvous-ing and religious authorities releasing warning statements.
But has this day always been about such things? To know, we must first study the meaning of the day based on its origins in history.
According to legends and known historical records (of which there’s not much of), the origins of Valentine’s Day can be traced back as far as the 6th century B.C in ancient Rome.
Interestingly, it seems that the day actually only came to be celebrated as a day of romance from about 1,900 years later in the 14th century.
Version 1: Lupercalia (6th century B.C)
Valentine’s Day is believed to have originated from the ancient Roman fertility festival, Lupercalia.
Celebrated on 15th February, the festival was dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture, as well as the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus.
This pagan tradition involved the members of the Luperci (Roman priests) gathering at a sacred cave and sacrificing a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for purification
After the sacrifice, the priests would then feast and get drunk (basically, they would party).
Then, they would cut the sacrificed goat’s hide into strips, dip them in the sacrificial blood and drunkenly run through the streets of the city slapping both women and crop fields with the bloody goat hide, believing that it would make them fertile.
Later in the day, names of all the women in the city would be placed in a large urn and the bachelors would choose a name and become paired with that woman for the year. These matches often ended in marriage.
Due to the sacrificing and slapping people with bloody animal parts, the festival was deemed non-religious at the end of the 5th century by the Christian Church under Pope Gelasius I, who decided to create a new holiday on top of this pagan one for people to celebrate instead.
He encouraged people to honour a Christian martyr named St Valentine who happened to have been executed on 14 February – thus making the origins of this day much more complicated. Especially since he didn’t particularly specify which St Valentine he meant.
Version 2: St Valentine, ordainer of secret marriages (3rd century A.D)
According to the Catholic Church, there are at least three recognised saints named Valentine or Valentinus.
One possibility is attributed to a priest named Valentine who was martyred around 270 A.D by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus.
This St Valentine ordained secret marriages of young lovers after emperor Claudius outlawed marriage for young men. Apparently, the emperor believed soldiers fought better on the battlefield when they didn’t have a wife and children waiting for them at home.
When St Valentine’s actions were discovered, he was beheaded near Rome by the emperor.
Other accounts claim that the namesake of Valentines Day was a bishop named St Valentine of Terni, also martyred by emperor Claudius II on the outskirts of Rome. Due to the similarities of these accounts, it is also believed that these two Saint Valentines might actually be the same person.
The problem is, some accounts also claim that emperor Claudius apparently executed two men named Valentine on 14 February of different years in the 3rd century A.D.
Version 3: St Valentine, healer of the blind (also 3rd century A.D)
Besides the previously mentioned Valentines, there was also a record of another saint named Valentine.
According to legend, this priest had been jailed and during his imprisonment, fell in love with the jailer’s blind daughter, to whom he wrote a letter signed “From, your Valentine”.
Some accounts also claim that he had cured the young girl’s blindness before his death.
Version 4: A poet invented the day because of the mating season of birds (14th century)
The medieval English poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a poem sometime around 1375 where he links a tradition of love courting with the celebration of St Valentine’s day.
The poem refers to 14 February as the day birds (and humans) start coming together to find a suitable mate.
For this was sent on Seynt Valentyne’s day, When every foul cometh ther to choose his mate.Geoffrey Chaucer, circa 1375
Apparently, prior to his poem, which by the way received widespread attention, there were no records of previous associations between courtship and St Valentines.
The meaning of Valentine’s Day
Modern-day Valentine celebrations have evolved into a highly commercialised holiday that just encourages you to spend money and shame single people.
But if you look back at all the varying versions of its origin, you can see some common themes of romance, love, fertility, and surprisingly, marriage.
While Malaysian Muslims might be opposed to the current form of Valentine’s Day, they can take solace in the fact that Catholic priests stopped people from running around drunk and whipping women with bloody animal parts.
Starving forensic investigator turned writer cause she couldn't find a job. Used to search for killers now searches for killer stories. | <urn:uuid:2768a677-03b5-4c62-b795-cdb72a74e8fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.therakyatpost.com/living/2020/02/04/valentines-day-the-bizarre-history-behind-the-day-of-romance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494826.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230126210844-20230127000844-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.967179 | 1,128 | 3.375 | 3 |
While companies are striving to adapt to the recent changes in policies and social responsibilities to curb global warming, some have been conceived with the intention of solving them. In the US, tremendous efforts are being made in the green or sustainable energy production. And rightfully so- electricity is the biggest contributing factor to its CO2 emissions, and transport comes in second at 26% in 2014 (Figure 1). Moreover, although the major cause of carbon emissions around the world vary by their primary economic activities, transportation has been a recurring theme, especially in urban settings globally.
In response to the statistics, old and new transportation companies have been innovating to make transport more efficient. Pioneers such as Google and Tesla have created the wave of innovation in electric driverless cars, together with the trend of AI and machine learning, among many other efforts.
Making transport more efficient gives exciting possibilities in variations of the shape and sizes of our current vehicles. Ideally, transport in the future will be efficient in its power source, weight, and route. A study by researchers at the University of Leeds in the UK, University of Washington in Seattle, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory showed that innovations in transportation, including lighter vehicles and reducing aerodynamic pressure by making cars moving closely to each other, can reduce global carbon emission up 23 and 25 percent respectively1.
As important as the lithium batteries and sleek designs of new electric cars, one of the companies that focuses on the algorithm of driverless cars is NuTonomy. The start-up is a spin off from MIT that tackles urban driving, one of the most complicated aspect of the technology, yet impactful. Recently, they have just announced a partnership with Grab, Uber’s competitor in Asia to test their driverless vehicles2.
NuTonomy is an important puzzle piece in the effort to make transport efficient. A study in Nature Climate Change in 2015 published an article whereby emissions per mile from personal use cars could be reduced as much as 94% in 2030 in a “best-case scenario” of electric driverless taxis2. Autonomous taxis also make the most impact when combined with ride sharing. The study highlights with the increasing demand of travel, making efficient spending of energy in travel is ever more important. With the rate of innovation driven by Tesla and Google, Autonomous Taxis may be a reality in as soon as 2025.
The company was founded in 2013 by Karl Iagnemma and Emilio Frazzoli during their research in robotics and intelligent vehicle technology at MIT. The duo soon is joined by Doug Parker as COO. So far, NuTonomy has raised $20M from the Singapore Economic Development Board, and a Venture Capital firm backed by Ford and another by Samsung. NuTonomy’s collaboration with the Singaporean government makes sense- with its limited land and workforce, the government is always pushing residents to use more public or shared modes of transport. Its partnership with Grab is strategic because it can offer transportation needs in far-flung areas5.
NuTonomy’s first-ever public trial is a bold testimony of their advanced software. To gear up towards their full vehicle fleet in 2018, these public relations stunts, as well as funding (they have just raised about $16M to complete trials), are essential to their eventual adoption by transportation providers. Just this year, Uber acquired Otto, a self-driving trucks start up, and partnered with Volvo Car Group to develop fully driverless cars5.
The adaptation of self-driving cars faces a lot of challenges. NuTonomy is smart- its partnership with the Singaporean government to push regulations to allow for these trials is a major asset for its growth in the region. Globally, debates surrounding actions to be taken in near-accident situations also increases the barrier for adapting these technologies fully; being aware of these progression in laws is important for NuTonomy’s success.
Nowadays, as you go around walking One North, the innovation hub of Singapore, a NuTonomy car whizzes by, and it will seem completely normal because of its juxtaposition against the buildings’ geeky names and the modern design of urban planning. But soon, if the trials go well, these algorithms may well replace steering wheels of Grab cars.
NuTonomy, like companies taking a stand to fight global warming, isn’t saying there is a silver bullet to solving transportation issues, similar to how transport is one of many efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Many other efforts by large auto-manufacturing companies as well as start-ups show that global warming is a call to action to increase efficiency in everything we do using technology. And as such, driverless cars, together with other approaches in new car design, is one of the necessary technological breakthroughs to enable a greener future.
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- Greenblatt, Jeffery B., and Samveg Saxena. “Autonomous Taxis Could Greatly Reduce Greenhouse-gas Emissions of US Light-duty vehicles.” Nature Climate Change Nature Climate Change9 (2015): 860-63. Web. 4 Nov. 2016. | <urn:uuid:c7614d85-144f-455c-9de6-447c9b76da3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digital.hbs.edu/platform-rctom/submission/autonomous-taxis-to-join-the-fight-against-global-warming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.948255 | 1,213 | 3.5625 | 4 |
How to Write Your Best DissertationTry EdrawMind now
Your dissertation is a piece of academic writing in which you present your findings following independent research for a degree or similar qualification. The purpose of the dissertation is to showcase your knowledge and understanding of the subject and evidence that you are able to carry out thorough research, analyze the results and arguments, and draw your own conclusions. This piece of work should also add something new to whichever branch of academia you are studying. It is important, therefore that the dissertation is structured correctly so that those marking it are convinced that you have achieved all those elements.
That is not to say there is only one way to structure your dissertation (this will be influenced by the nature of your research and how you are presenting it) but there should be a clear introduction explaining how the dissertation will flow and introducing your main arguments or discussions. It is often a good idea to write your introduction after you’ve written the main body of your essay, or certainly to go back and edit it, to ensure consistency.
Your dissertation can seem exciting and intimidating at the same time. For most students it is the biggest piece of work they have done to date and, while it is an opportunity to contribute to their field of study and to demonstrate their abilities, it is also a hugely important project that could ultimately be the difference passing or failing their course.
With so much at stake it is imperative that you plan how you are going to tackle the project, and then stick to that plan, making sure that every step is completed fully before moving on to the next.
Write a dissertation proposal
The first step should be to write a dissertation proposal. It is easy to dismiss this as unimportant, but that couldn’t be further from the truth. Your dissertation proposal is the foundation of the whole project. This is the stage at which you determine the question or discussion that will be your final piece. You will need to make sure your dissertation enhances academic debate and that there are sufficient available resources for you to research. It is advisable to pick a question that is relevant to the current areas of interest in your field of study. Even if you look at a very different perspective on that area, it will help make your sure your dissertation is relevant and up to date. At some universities a dissertation proposal is not a mandatory part of the course, but it is still a good idea to write one and to discuss it with your tutor.
Conduct your research
The next step is to conduct your research. Once again planning is critical as you will need to carefully select a variety of sources to give you an understanding of different perspectives and points of view from previous research carried on your chosen area of study. But it’s also important to know when to stop. You will not be able to read everything that has ever been written on the subject and it is better to have a few selected sources which you can discuss in depth, than to have so many sources that you don’t have time or space to fully evaluate them. Give yourself a time limit for research and make sure you stick to it. To save time later on make sure you write down the details necessary for your referencing as you do your research. There are some useful online tools to assist with this. The purpose of research is to show you have read around the topic and you understand the previous research that has been conducted, but that you've also understood its limitations.
Internet research is fine, but you need to make sure the sources are reliable, and for academic study you will need to demonstrate that you have read around your subject using relevant books and journals in addition to internet research.
When conducting your research, you may find it useful to create a mind map. This is an organizational tool to help structure your thoughts. Mind maps are hierarchical, so each idea is connected to at least two subordinate ideas which, in turn, are linked to at least two more.
The idea is to start with the big question (your dissertation title) at the top and then break it down into smaller, more manageable tasks so that you add logic to your thought trail rather than just randomly moving from one point to the next. Within any given section of the mind map you may include a brainstorming section where you are just writing down all sorts of ideas and theories as they come into your head. But you’ll need to then take stock and organize them. Most of your brainstorming ideas will be discarded, but you will also get some gems out of it which will enhance your work.
Once your research is complete and you have organized your notes, it’s time to get on with the dissertation. If you did your dissertation proposal you will already have a preliminary outline for your final piece. But you now need to ‘flesh out’ your proposal using the information and ideas generated from your research. It might be that your research took you in an unexpected direction. But it is important to add in any new points at this stage so that you can then structure your essay correctly.
Write an introduction
Your introduction should include the background to the question and the reasons why you feel it is important. You will need to clearly state your question and give an overview of how you intend to tackle it. You can also include the expectations you had for the project and any assumptions you had prior to carrying out detailed research.
Explain your research process
You will then explain your research process. You will need to talk about how you researched the information, why you chose the sources you did and why they are credible. If your research found that some of the sources used are not reliable you can discuss that too. It could be a key part of how you reached your conclusion.
Explain your findings
You will then explain your findings. It is important to make the distinction here between your findings and your conclusion. In explaining your findings, you will discuss the results and explain what your research showed you. There may be some crossover as elements of your findings will be based on your opinion but at this point you need only explain what you discovered through your research. Once you have completed the discussion on your findings, you then move on to the conclusion. This is the part where you explain how the findings have answered the question that you asked initially. You will be expected to demonstrate that you have read and understood numerous sources, applied the evidence from those sources to the question, and formed an opinion based on that evidence. Often you will answer the original question but be left with new questions based on the outcome of your investigation so your conclusion may include potential areas of further study on the subject matter or on other closely related issues.
Write a bibliography
At the end of your dissertation you’ll need to write a bibliography using the recommended citation style for your field of study. You must include all sources used during the research and writing of your dissertation.
And you may think that is it. But you’d be wrong. What you have at this point is the first draft of your dissertation. The next stage is to edit and redraft. Are all your points related to the original question? If you have gone off on a tangent, have you strayed from the point of your research? If so, you will need to delete the sections which are not relevant and look again at your research notes for material that adds something to the academic study of the subject and can be related directly back to your question. It is important to challenge your own points again. Is there anything you have missed? Are there any new and interesting angles on the topic which could add weight to your argument?
Once you have redrafted your work to the point that you are happy with it, give it to a friend. Let them read it and give you their opinion. Often, they will politely say ‘It’s good’ so you need to push them for answers. Does it make sense? Is there a coherent argument? Have you stuck to the question? It’s important that you explain to your reader that you need honesty not praise. Invite to them to be brutal in their examination of your work, and don’t take criticism to heart. It’s better for a friend to find faults while you can still fix it than for your examiner to discover it in the marking stage.
Once you’re completely satisfied with your dissertation it’s important to proofread it. You may want to use a professional proofreader for this. They won’t change your work, they will only look at grammar, spelling and punctuation. But it’s important to ensure this is perfect so as not to lose marks for simple errors.
Then it’s time to click ‘send’ and, finally, relax. | <urn:uuid:7f99010f-6ae3-4959-9b09-967589ad51cf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.edrawmind.com/article/how-to-write-your-best-dissertation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00813.warc.gz | en | 0.965304 | 1,793 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Understand that the Healthcare industry is usually affected by quite several changes now. The reason why there are so many innovations in the Healthcare industry now! is as a result of the products being innovated. You cannot ignore some of the innovations in medicine that translate to the transformations in the Healthcare field. The main innovation can be referred to as immunotherapy, and this targets the population of people who are prone to allergic reactions as a result of taking in peanut. Consuming peanuts can easily resolve to allergic reactions, and this is a common aspect view here for more You can expect that the number of people that get allergic reactions to peanut is on the rise. What becomes problematic is if you have to deal with allergic reactions after consuming peanut butter, which is preferred by so many people. The innovation of immunotherapy so to eat that children did not have to experience the allergy after they consume peanut. What happens is that there is the introduction of a few components that exists in peanut butter two children and overtime they can no longer get allergic reactions.
It is worth noting that as long as you intend to get medical supplies, then you must be forced to go to a Healthcare facility or any Healthcare practitioner. These days there has been an innovation which things to eat that medical supplies get to the most inaccessible areas through drones. With such an innovation there is nothing which prevents medical supplies from getting to any location. There is a need to understand that you can use this drone delivery method to transport blood samples if not for essential drugs and very many medical supplies view here for more . With this learn that the remoteness of any location is not a barrier to accessing medical supplies.
Data collection has always been the problem when it comes to the Healthcare industry. However there are innovations that makes it possible to access and collect these data needed using a wrist watch. It is easier to track your health these days because most of these wrist watches come pre-installed with temperature thermometers and this means that you could always keep a check on your health. That means that even if these data is required for future use it will always be present and accessible. It is after getting access to all these data that researchers used to come up with the best health patterns. It is worth noting that these days stem cells are being used as a means to cure diabetes and this is a significant innovation in the Healthcare industry. This innovation has been very significant in the treatment of this type 1 diabetes. | <urn:uuid:9cd55df0-7b4a-48a6-832f-6ac576f2616f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://yurara.biz/the-10-best-resources-for-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178356140.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226030728-20210226060728-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.974033 | 489 | 2.609375 | 3 |
"The United States of America" has become entrenched as one of the most frequently printed phrases in the modern era of written English, a study of 500 years of language evolution has shown.
Among the top dozen phrases most-printed in books every year, this one stands out from the other most popular five-word sentence components like "at the end of the", "as a result of the" or "on the part of the".
"'The United States of America' tops the charts quite remarkably if one ignores the more common and by themselves inherently meaningless phrases," Slovenian physicist Matjaz Perc who conducted the research, told AFP.
Perc had made a digital analysis of some 5.2 million books dating from 1520 to 2008, and showed the language going through an erratic period heavily influenced by religion in the 16th and 17th centuries -- a time when William Shakespeare is also claimed to have coined many words and phrases.
The printing press was invented in about 1440, spreading rapidly throughout Europe and then beyond.
"During the 16th and 17th centuries, the popularity (of words) was very fleeting," Perc found. His study was published Wednesday in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
"Top words in the year 1600, for example, are no longer top words in the year 1610."
From the 18th and 19th centuries, word rankings became increasingly stable.
"The words that are most common during the year 1950, for example, are also the most common even today," said Perc, who claimed his computer analysis covered about four percent of all books published up to 2008.
Driven by curiosity about a phenomenon known as "preferential attachment", the physicist's analysis led him to compile extensive tables of English words and phrases.
They show the word "the" right at the top of the list throughout the centuries, followed by others like "and", "of", "to", "in" and "a" at varying rankings near the top.
In the 1500s and 1600s, however, "baptized", "hymns", "God", "Christ" and "pope" also featured prominently among the most-used words, as well as phrases like "baptized in the name of", or "God forbid it should be".
Oddly out of place in the number one spot in 1586: the phrase "A fine old English gentleman".
Phrases like "House of Commons" and words like "Queen" and "Duke" started climbing the list by the mid- to late 17th century.
Top phrases in the 1700s included "the Church of England", "the Law of Nature" and "the Orb of the Sun".
By the 1800s the pattern started looking more as it does today, with formulaic phrases like "at the same time" or "in the midst of" featuring most prominently.
In 1919, the year after World War I ended, the ninth most-published five-word phrase was "for extraordinary heroism in action".
Since 1968, Perc's tables show "the United States of America" consistently among the top 15 most-published phrases, up from the top 20-odd in the 1940s and 50s.
"It seems that the words and phrases we use for writing books have matured, which in turn invites the conclusion that the English language itself is matured over the years," said Perc.
"Today we know what to expect when opening up a book, much more so than we would have if opening a book in the 16th century.
"This of course does not pertain to the content of each book, which will hopefully always surprise us, but rather to the grammatical constructions and certain phrases that have endured the test of time and are today commonplace."
Explore further: 'World searches' - most popular searches on Cambridge Dictionaries and the reasons behind them | <urn:uuid:c82236d6-b5da-406f-8fc6-d5207bd4e77f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://phys.org/news/2012-07-science-english-evolution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00247-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970482 | 805 | 3 | 3 |
The Oregon House today passed Senate Bill 1510, making Oregon’s first network of marine reserves and marine protected areas (MPAs) off the Oregon coast. The bill calls on state agencies, the State Fish and Wildlife Commission, and State Land Board to implement the 2011 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) recommendations for marine reserves and adjacent MPAs at Cape Falcon, Cascade Head and Cape Perpetua.
“Today’s visionary action by the Oregon legislature will help protect the health and biodiversity of the Pacific Ocean ecosystem”, stated Ben Enticknap, Pacific project manager with Oceana. “After a decade of process, Oregon is finally designating a limited network of marine reserves and protected areas designed to protect ocean habitats and wildlife.”
The three new marine reserves and MPAs add 109 square miles (70,000 acres) to the already designated 9 square miles of area at Redfish Rocks and Otter Rock. All areas combined total less than 10 percent of Oregon’s Territorial Sea; leaving the vast majority of Oregon’s Pacific waters open to fishing and development. The marine reserves will be ‘no-take’ and the MPAs will allow activities like fishing for Dungeness crab and salmon, while prohibiting bottom trawling, the harvest of forage fish, and offshore development.
“The science of marine reserves speaks for itself”, says Enticknap, “Studies of reserves from around the world demonstrate that they increase the size, abundance and diversity of marine life.”
Marine reserves have positive ecological benefits inside and outside of their protective boundaries, as fish and wildlife populations increase and then spill over into adjacent areas. An ecologically significant network of marine reserves and protected areas interspersed throughout the full coast would make the entire nearshore ecosystem more healthy and resilient to increasing pressures from overfishing, habitat damage, and changing ocean conditions from global warming and ocean acidification.
“This is a great first step in protecting sensitive and important ecological areas off our coasts,” said Whit Sheard, Pacific counsel and senior advisor with Oceana. “This bill represents some difficult compromises, but it is a critical step forward for the long-term management of our publicly held ocean resources.”
Oceana is specifically concerned for three species of fish living in Oregon’s three mile wide Territorial Sea that have been declared “overfished” and the 32 threatened and endangered species/ distinct populations that feed and migrate off the Oregon coast, such as salmon, smelt, humpback whales and seabirds like the marbled murrelet. While agency rulemaking for the reserves will happen this summer, fishing prohibitions won’t take effect for two years, while ODFW collects baseline scientific data on the areas. Oceana will continue to work with regional managers and local communities to ensure the future well-being of the Pacific Ocean off Oregon and its wildlife.
Oceana is the largest international advocacy group working solely to protect the world’s oceans. Oceana wins policy victories for the oceans using science-based campaigns. Since 2001, we have protected over 1.2 million square miles of ocean and innumerable sea turtles, sharks, dolphins and other sea creatures. More than 500,000 supporters have already joined Oceana. Global in scope, Oceana has offices in North, South and Central America and Europe. To learn more, please visit www.oceana.org. | <urn:uuid:9d2a117d-f126-4f33-8311-832194bf0e1c> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://oceana.org/press-center/press-releases/oregon-house-approves-marine-reserves-and-protected-areas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738009849.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222009-00147-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908492 | 725 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians
Ory, Kid (Edward)
Kid Ory was the original "tailgate" trombonist: his enormous brassy sound, audacious glissandi and loud sense of humor came to define the New Orleans trombone sound. A key element in the groups of King Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong, Ory led the first African-American ensemble to record jazz, and he composed many early jazz hits, including "Ory's Creole Trombone" and "Muskrat Ramble." In the 1940s, he was a leader of the Dixieland revival movement.
Edward Ory was born in La Place, Louisiana on December 25, 1886. Ory began playing music with his friends there, about 30 miles West of New Orleans, when he was eleven years old. He started a string band out of makeshift instruments that became well-known around La Place. He would occasionally visit his sister in New Orleans, where he was exposed to the nascent sounds of early jazz. He saved up to buy a trombone from a New Orleans music shop at age 13, and was offered a job with cornetist Buddy Bolden. His family, however, insisted that he was too young to play with Bolden and so he remained in La Place until 1907.
After his 21st birthday, Ory left La Place to start his music career in New Orleans. Along with his fellow musicians in his string band, he performed mostly at Lincoln and National Park. They were soon joined by Johnny Dodds on clarinet, when Ory offered him enough money for him to quit his day job working for the local streetcar company. At the same time, his violinist switched to cornet, and the band's instrumentation changed to resemble the current traditional jazz template. The band quickly became one of the most successful in New Orleans and sustained Ory for another seven years.
In 1914, Ory and Dodds left for Chicago, where he recruited Joe Oliver to play cornet in his new band in New Orleans. Ory said he was the first to dub Oliver "King," which he later explained was a promotional strategy. He billed Oliver as the "King of the Cornet" and featured him in all the band's numbers. When Oliver left the band in 1916 to return to Chicago, Ory replaced him with local cornet prodigy Louis Armstrong.
Three years later, Oliver offered Ory a position with his band in Chicago. Ory accepted the offer, but planned a vacation to California in the intervening months. During his time in Los Angeles, he was offered a job at the Cadillac Cafe, and since the money was better than what Oliver was offering, he stayed. In California, he had his first music lessons and began to learn to read music. His new group also played regular engagements in San Francisco and Oakland.
In 1922, Ory made a historically significant set of recordings in Los Angeles. Ory recorded "Ory's Creole Trombone" and "Society Blue" for Reb Spikes under the pseudonym "Spikes Seven Pods of Pepper Orchestra." The two sides were the first ever recorded by an African-American jazz group.
Ory's music continued to find success in California until 1924, when he disbanded the group and moved to Chicago to join Louis Armstrong at the Dreamland. A few months later, he left Armstrong to finally joing King Oliver in the Erskine Tate band. While in Chicago, he began taking trombone lessons regularly with renowned classical trombonist Jerry Chimera.
Ory continued working with Oliver and his associates in Chicago, and in 1926 was recruited by Armstrong to record on the OKeh label with a group Armstrong called his Hot Fives.
Ory's recorded work with the Hot Fives, which includes "Heebie Jeebies," "Savoy Blues," "Hotter Than That" and "I'm Not Rough," has since become recognized as some of the finest in early jazz. "Struttin' With Some Barbecue" features a solo by Ory which typefies his style at the time.
Ory performed and recorded extensively with Oliver's Dixie Syncopators, Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers, and other prominent ensembles. Examples of his work with Oliver include "Snag It" and "Wa Wa Wa," both recorded in 1926. "Original Jelly Roll Blues," "Doctor Jazz," "Black Bottom Stomp," and "Dead Man Blues" are examples of his work with Morton. "Steamboat Stomp" features a solo by Ory where he employs some of his signature tailgate effects.
The trombonist made his first trip to New York City in 1927 with Oliver's band, where they perfromed at the Savoy Ballroom. Ory soon returned to Chicago, where he performed with Dave Payton. A year later, he returned to the Savoy in New York, this time with Clarence Black.
Ory did not take well to New York, however, and yearned to return to California. Late in 1929, Ory returned to Los Angeles to perform with his longtime associate Mutt Carey. Afer a few months of various club dates around Los Angeles and San Diego, and San Francisco in 1930. As the depression deepened, however, making a living in music became more difficult. After a frustrating encounter with bandleader Freddie Washington regarding payment issues, Ory decided to leave the music business altogether in 1931.
Ory instead chose to invest some of his earnings from music into a chicken farm near Los Angeles, and he remained out of the public eye for most of the 1930s. He ran the farm with his brother until 1939.
Interest in Ory's brand of traditional jazz began to revive in the late thirties, and he decided to leave the farm to resume his music career. His musical comeback was in full swing by 1942. Based in Los Angeles, Ory convinced some of his fellow Dixieland-era musicians to join him. With the help of Crescent Records producers Marili Morden and Neshui Ertegun, Ory's group got their big break working for Orson Welles's radio broadcasts in 1944. In 1946, Kid Ory and his Creole Jazz Band began performing in San Francisco as well as Los Angeles.
Ory was a very astute marketer for his ensemble, and played into the developing notion of traditional jazz as "New Orleans Folk Music." For example, Ory booked the band to play at the Lifelong Learning Folk Music Festival at the University of California, Berkeley in 1948 to a packed hall.
His centrality in the Dixieland revival movement, however, made Ory a lightning rod for criticism from other areas in the jazz community. Dixieland's newfound success as folk music coincided with the emergence of bebop, a very different style with different musical aesthetics. The emerging debate between bebop fans and proponents of Dixieland caused a schism in the jazz community immortalized by Leonard Feather's derisive moniker for Ory and his fellow Dixieland musicians: "moldy figs."
Still, Ory was supportive of modern music and did not criticize his bebop contemporaries. "I don't condemn modern musicians," Ory said in a 1956 interview with Down Beat magazine. "I don't condemn any style of music. I love to see any style go over." Ory even shared the bill occasionally with modern jazz outfits, such as a concert in 1950 with Bill Russo in Chicago.
Despite the criticism, Ory managed a long and fruitful second career as one of the main exponents of traditional jazz and the tailgate trombone style. He led his own bands in California for nearly two decades, but health issues forced him to stop recording in 1961 and he retired completely in 1966 and moved to Hawaii. He did record one final time in New Orleans in 1971. He died from heart failure on January 23rd, 1973.
As a Leader:
As a Leader:
King of the Tailgate Trombone (American Music AMCD-20)
A general overview of Ory's career. Unlike many musicians, his later work does not depart dramatically from his earlier style.
Kid Ory '44-'46 (American Music AMCD-19)
Features Ory at the beginning of his Dixieland comeback, reviving interest in some of his older classics.
Kid Ory 1922-1949 (Classics 1069)
An overview of Ory's career through 1949, featuring most of his standards including "Ory's Creole Trombone" and "Muskrat Ramble."
Live at the Newport Jazz Festival (Verve, 1957)
One of Ory's last recordings, he can still be heard as the exuberant exponent of the tailgate style that made him famous.
With Louis Armstrong:
Louis Armstrong and His Hot Fives, Vol. 1 (Columbia, 1988)
Louis Armstrong: The Complete Hot Fives and Hot Sevens (Columbia, 2000)
These are the recordings for which Ory is best known: as the original trombone sideman to Armstrong. Ory also wrote some of the songs, including the hit "Muskrat Ramble."
With Joe "King" Oliver:
King Oliver and His Dixie Syncopators (Decca/GRP GRD616)
This recording also features Ory during his most prolific recording period, the late 1920s, this time with Oliver's band.
With Jelly Roll Morton:
Jelly Roll Morton 1924-1926 (Classics 599)
Jelly Roll Morton 1926-1928 (Classics 612)
Also recorded around the same time as his work with Oliver and Armstrong. Ory is much more of a sideman on these recordings, which feature Morton's virtuosity much more prominently.
Contributor: Alex W. Rodriguez | <urn:uuid:fc068f3e-7820-48e6-a81d-237f93b47a77> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.jazz.com/encyclopedia/2009/7/17/ory-kid-edward | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300472.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00000-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980235 | 2,058 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Marine fish and invertebrates feeding
The most common sounds associated with feeding fish are simply a result of chewing and ingesting food items. The diets of many fishes include the skeletons of crustaceans and other fishes, and the calcium carbonate skeleton of corals. Crunching sounds are produced when the fishes’ teeth chew on these hard objects. Even fishes that eat seaweeds, algae and seagrasses may produce sounds in this way. Sounds produced while feeding may be detected by other fishes and used as cues to indicate feeding opportunities. These sounds can be quite obvious even to people. For instance, the queen parrotfish biting chunks of coral reefs are often heard by divers.
Hydrodynamic sounds produced by fishes may also provide information on feeding opportunities. For example, large schools of fish such as jacks (family Carangidae) or ladyfish often begin voracious feeding frenzies when they locate areas abundant in prey items. During these feeding frenzies, rapid changes in swimming velocity produce low frequency hydrodynamic sounds that may attract other fish to the area, including predators such as sharks. Scientists believe that sharks are attracted to naturally occurring, rapidly pulsed, low frequency sounds. Sources of these pulsed sounds include quickly swimming, schooling fish (like that of a feeding frenzy), schooling fish being attacked at the surface (and leaping out of the water), other sharks that are actively feeding, as well as wounded or struggling fish. These attractive signals are thought to indicate to sharks the presence of available prey. Sounds that may be used to deter other predators and competitors have also been observed during feeding frenzies.
In some cases sounds may be intentionally produced during competition over resources such as food. Researches have described in detail the sounds made by streaked gurnards while competing for food. Aggressive chasing behavior accompanied by low growling sounds were emitted by these fish when competing for prey items. Similar growling sounds are also produced by rockfish species (Family Scorpaenidae) during competitive interactions.
Little is known about how marine invertebrates use sound to feed. Invertebrates usually scavenge for their food using chemical cues produced during the decomposition of organic matter. However, many marine invertebrates have specialized mechanoreceptors know as chordotonal organs, that enable them to detect vibrations associated with sound. There are circumstances where these organs may alert invertebrates to potential food sources. For example, the northern shrimp may be able to detect food falling to the seafloor with its chordotonal organs. The impact of a sinking carcass coming in contact with the seafloor may create vibrations that could clue the shrimp to the possibility of a newly available food source. Once alerted to this possibility, the shrimp may then be able to use chemical cues to locate the food.
Similar to sounds produced by feeding fishes, marine invertebrates produce stridulatory sounds while feeding. These sounds are made by the movement of appendages or mouth parts used while feeding. Sounds produced while feeding may be detected by other marine organisms alerting them to the possibility of a near by food source.
- Banner, A. (1968). Attraction of Young Lemon Sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, by Sound. Copeia, 1968(4), 871. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441861
- Schrope, M. 2002, Deep-Sea Creatures Hear Food Coming. Discovery News. January 28, 2002.
- Myrberg, A. A., Jr., Ha, S. J., Walewski, S., & Banbury, J. C. (1972). Effectiveness of acoustic signals in attracting epipelagic shark to an underwater sound source. Bulletin of Marine Science, 22(4), 926–949.
- Myrberg, A. A., Jr. (2001). The Acoustical Biology of Elasmobranchs. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 60(1–3), 31–46.
- Banner, A. (1972). Use of Sound in Predation by Young Lemon Sharks, Negaprion Brevirostris (Poey). Bulletin of Marine Science, 22(2), 251–283.
- Amorim, M. C. P., & Hawkins, A. D. (2000). Growling for food: acoustic emissions during competitive feeding of the streaked gurnard. Journal of Fish Biology, 57(4), 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02200.x
- Klages, M., Muyakshin, S., Soltwedel, T., & Arntz, W. E. (2002). Mechanoreception, a possible mechanism for food fall detection in deep-sea scavengers. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(1), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00047-4
- Myrberg, A. A., Jr., Gordon, C. R., & Klimley, A. P. (1976). Attraction of free ranging sharks by low frequency sound, with comments on its biological significance. In A. Schuijf & A. D. Hawkins (Eds.), Sound Reception in Fishes (pp. 205–228). New York, NY: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
- Tavolga, W. N. (Ed.). (1977). Sound production in fishes. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. | <urn:uuid:91596a14-f6e1-4a12-8a4f-3807129dfe86> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://dosits.org/animals/use-of-sound/marine-fish-and-invertebrates-feeding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419101239-20190419122151-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.914897 | 1,166 | 4 | 4 |
The Seton Hill University community and holocaust survivors came together to commemorate “The Night of Broken Glass” with an interfaith remembrance service.
SHU’s National Catholic Center for Holocaust Education held its 30th annual Kristallnacht interfaith remembrance service last night. The service is a commemoration of Kristallnacht, an anti-Jewish riot, which took place Nov. 9-10 in 1938.
Kristallnacht, also known as “The Night of Broken Glass,” receives its name from the shards of shattered glass that lined the streets of Germany following the night that is often unheard of in the remembrance of the Holocaust. German rioters destroyed 267 synagogues and looted nearly 7,000 Jewish-owned businesses, many of which the windows were shattered. The anti-Jewish riots resulted in the arrest of 30,000 Jewish men who were sent to concentration camps, and the death of 91 Jews.
Since the announcement of the Holocaust Center in 1987, SHU has marked the anniversary of Kristallnacht with the interfaith service, consisting of a series of readings each followed by the lighting of a candle until the final candle, the peace candle, is lit. Beginning and following the lighting of the candles, Holocaust survivors shared small glimpses of their survival stories and life since then.
Ruth Drescher, a Jewish child in Germany during the Holocaust, survived Kristallnacht and many other nights, living to tell her story. Drescher was alongside two other childhood survivors, Shulamit Bastacky and Yolanda Willis, who spoke during the remembrance service in St. Joseph’s chapel.
Following Drescher’s reflection, James Paharik, coordinator of genocide and holocaust studies at SHU, presented the 2017 recipients of the Ethel LeFrak Outstanding Student Scholar of the Holocaust Award. Kierhan Boyle and Brandon McNeill, both graduates of SHU, were awarded for their research papers that demonstrated an “advanced understanding of the lessons of the Holocaust.” Abstracts of their papers were published in the November issue of the Setonian, which hit stands Nov. 2 and can also be found online. | <urn:uuid:1763d320-9704-4416-b9c7-4b46cbb68996> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://setonianonline.com/2017/11/08/faiths-and-communities-come-together-at-kristallnacht-remembrance-service/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711394.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209080025-20221209110025-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.957044 | 448 | 2.625 | 3 |
Water plays an important role in keeping you hydrated and help your organs function smoothly. However, there are a number of factors that you need to check in your drinking water such as the TDS level. The purity of water that you drink is very closely associated with the TDS level. The water you drink needs to stable amount of minerals to avoid any health problems. Excess amount of minerals in water can overload your body and make you unhealthy. In this blog, we discuss in detail about TDS level in water and its impact on your health. Read on.
Table of Contents
What is TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)?
TDS shows the total concentration of dissolved substances in the water that you drink. Inorganic salts and organic matter are the two main components that make up TDS present in water. The minerals present in soil and ground dissolve with the fresh water. Pesticides, waste water from home and harmful toxins released from factories, solids of metallic pipes pollute the water that you receive. The mixture of these dissolved impurities in water is known is TDS, which is measured in mg per unit volume of water and is referred as ppm (parts per million).
What is the Minimum Level of TDS in Drinking Water?
According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the ideal TDS for drinking water needs to be below 300mg/L whereas the maximum permissible limit is 600 mg/L. The lack of clean drinking water, which is one of the major problem in India, is one of the main reasons people drink water with high TDS level. The drinking water TDS Chart mentioned below will provide you with a better idea about the TDS of drinking water and its quality.
|TDS Level (mg/l)||Rating|
|Less than 300||Excellent|
However, people suffering from kidney problems need to drink water with a TDS level of 100 mg/L. The reason is TDS level of 100 is beneficial for their health problem. Water with very low levels of TDS is not appropriate for consumption as a result of its bitter taste and absence of minerals necessary for our health.
What are the Side-Effects of High TDS level in Water?
Though it is not very harmful to drink water with high TDS level, there are some reasons it is undesirable to drink high TDS water. Some of the reasons are:
- High level of TDS in drinking water makes it bitter, salty and metallic. The water also has unpleasant odours.
- Water with high TDS level doesn’t quench your thirst.
- High TDS level in water also interferes with the taste of foods, beverages.
- Some of the salts present in water such as nitrates, sodium, barium, calcium and fluoride lead to a number of health problems.
You May Also Read: Top 10 Best Water Purifiers for Domestic Purpose
What are the Side Effects of Drinking Low TDS Water?
Some of the reasons to avoid drinking low TDS water are:
- Low TDS or demineralized water leads to loss of minerals from body tissues leading to harmful side effects.
- Low TDS level may affect the functioning of some of the vital organs of your body
- Water with low TDS level lacks potassium and sodium
- Low TDS in water also leads to muscular cramps, headaches, tiredness, and weakness
- Drinking water with low TDS level can also lead to water intoxication
What can you do to Regulate Water TDS Level?
One of the most effective ways to regulate the water TDS level is by installing a water purifier. RO purification process is one of the best ways to control the TDS of drinking water. However, before installing a water purifier, it is necessary to get the water quality tested to know the TDS level in water. RO filtration processes remove all dissolved solids present in water, including harmful minerals such as salts and lead. However, at times, it may also remove essential mineral from water which the reason why you need a water purifier with TDS Controller. Water purifiers from renowned brands such as KENT RO come with TDS controller which helps in regulating the TDS level in drinking water so that you drink healthy and safe. | <urn:uuid:e8902d07-4c11-4ce3-bb8d-a80b9297357e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://water-purifiers.com/tds-level-water-need-maintain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648343.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013221144-20191014004144-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.953231 | 882 | 3.140625 | 3 |
What is install for the Latrobe Valley? A rural community centred around coal mines and power stations, there is growing angst that the Hazelwood Power Station will eventually close down, resulting in major problems in the community. Many are concerned about the future of the 1000 employees working at the plant, in a town already significantly affected by high unemployment.
Read the full article here.
This week we were informed that the Uniting Church Synod of Victoria and Tasmania became a founding partner of the Victorian Government’s TAKE2 program. This is a great initiative that encourages organisations and businesses to take global warming seriously and to strive to keep the earths warming below two degrees.
Find out more about this here.
Solar hot water systems are a great way to save money on your electricity bills. Rather than solely using electricity or gas to heat your water – you can rely partly on the sun. They are extremely efficient in the sunnier months and can be boosted by gas or electricity in the cooler months.
Solar hot water systems are definitely worth considering if your old hot water system is due to be replaced and/or if you are finding your electricity/gas bills are significantly high.
Find out more here
It is very likely that climate change and rising sea levels will see many mountains in the United Kingdom disappear.
Scientists have indicated that due to rising sea levels many mountains will simply become smaller – consequently losing their ‘classification’ as a mountain.
Mountains are calculated from mean sea levels and must be at least 609.6 metres above sea level. As sea levels increase – the height of many mountains decrease.
Read more on this here.
Most of us agree, climate change is here and it is real. We are all experiencing the effects of global warming through extreme weather events and natural disasters. When it’s hot now – it gets really hot. And, when it’s cold – if it’s not snowing it’s flooding or pouring rain. Sometimes it feels as though there really is no middle ground. Globally, things are heating up and the statistics don’t look good.
There is no doubt that those living in rural parts of the world or in developing countries are seeing a massive increase in extreme weather conditions. Whether it’s flooding, drought, tornados or bushfires, it seems that those copping it the hardest are the farmers. The biggest pressure on our Aussie farmers at the moment is the ‘unknown’. In an instant, an entire years worth of work can be wiped out by an extreme weather event. This costs lives, jobs, communities fall apart and many hearts and souls are shattered.
Read more about the struggles our farmers are facing here.
A recent survey conducted by the Climate Institute has found that 77 per cent of Australians believe that climate change is occurring. Of the 2000 survey participants, 90 per cent believed the Federal Government has a responsibility to drive action on this issue.
The results from this survey were the strongest in eight years because citizens are actually witnessing first hand the changes in weather and the increase in weather related natural disasters. Continue reading
New research into the health of our waterways suggests the fibers in our clothing could be making their way into our water and various food chains.
As our items are washed tiny microfibers are shed and these end up in our waterways. Studies have found an abundance of fibres and fabric on shorelines.
Research indicates that many small fish consume these microfibers and they are eventually eaten by larger fish. Ultimately, the fish that we consume may also contain microfibers and this is a serious concern.
To read more on this issue click here
In 1975 there were four billion people globally. Now, in 2016 we have over seven billion! With the increase in population growth so too are the increased pressures on our natural resources. Over time animals and many different types of flora have become extinct. Many are working hard at saving those on the critically endangered list – but this isn’t always a success.
In September, the 17th World Wildlife Conference will convene in Johannesburg, South Africa. Here, they will consider changes to trade controls of up to 500 species of plants and wild animals.
Read more here.
Posted in Stories
There is no better time than now to make those changes to your home, congregation, agency or school in preparation for the warmer summer months to come.
Whether this is a traditional garden/grounds clean up in preparation for the bushfire season or tackling the installation of better water storage systems in your garden – now is the time.
Before the weather gets too warm and things seem too tough to manage in the heat, start thinking about and actioning the bigger jobs that can save you loads on your energy and water bills.
Here are some simple guides to help you get started on your energy reduction initiatives this spring.
This idea is brilliant and will hopefully become a global trend in the future. The Library of Things is a new initiative in London where people can walk into a shop and borrow anything for a small fee. The aim is to ultimately reduce our overall consumption of ‘stuff’. Especially items that are used sporadically and are costly.
The Library of Things is a social enterprise that was developed in response to peoples consumption of ‘things’. The idea is relatively simple in that, people join up for free and pay a small fee for any item they would like to borrow. Items are checked to ensure they are safe to use and pricing is based on their value and their demand. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:7792340a-013d-4baa-968e-e7eea1925066> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sustainability.victas.uca.org.au/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00522-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957336 | 1,150 | 2.734375 | 3 |
House of Bëor
The House of Bëor was the name given the first of the three Houses of the Edain to cross the Ered Luin into Beleriand after travelling west, driven forth by the terrors wrought by Morgoth in the east. From the House of Bëor would come many famous lords and heroes, most notably Beren Erchamion who claimed a Silmaril from Morgoth's Iron Crown.
The Men of the House of Bëor descended from the tribes of Men who abanoned Hildórien for the West. They were at war with the Men who fell under the Shadow, and were pursued by them. They followed a road around northern Rhûn where they met some Dwarves. At the shores of the Sea of Rhûn a small part was separated, which would later become the House of Bëor. The Greater Folk, the ancestors of the House of Marach, came later in the north-east woods near the shores. They crafted boats and could sail the insland Sea, and seemed to had been related to the ancestors of the Northmen.
Under the leadership of Balan (later called Bëor), they crossed over the mountains into Thargelion in F.A. 310 and there were discovered by Finrod Felagund, thus they were the first men to encounter one of the Elves. Finrod befriended the House of Bëor and persuaded Thingol, overlord of Beleriand to grant the new arrivals lands which to inhabit. Thingol gave to them (and the other two Houses that followed) Estolad in the realm of Amrod. In 402, Orcs attempted to break through the Pass of Aglon, but the people of Bëor helped Maedhros and Maglor throw back the invaders. This was the first time Men fought on behalf of the Eldar.
In the reign of Boromir as Lord of the House of Bëor, great grandson of Bëor himself, the Bëorians were granted Ladros in Dorthonion (ruled by Finrod's brothers Angrod and Aegnor) as a feifdom of their own which they inhabited until the Dagor Bragollach in 455 when Dorthonion and Ladros included were swept away by Morgoth's offensive and Bregolas, the third Lord of Ladros was slain, leaving the leadership of the ruined house to his brother Barahir.
Barahir did what he could to ensure the House's survival, sending the women and children to safety under the leadership of his wife Emeldir. They went to the forest of Brethil where some merged with the Haladin, but others (including Rían and Morwen) continued on to Dor-lómin and joined with the people of Galdor. Meanwhile Barahir remained in Dorthonion with his son Beren, Bregolas' sons Baragund and Belegund, and a dwindling company of men. Pressed by Sauron from Tol-in-Gaurhoth this company was eventually betrayed by one of their members Gorlim the Unhappy, revealing Barahir's hideout at Tarn Aeluin. All the company were destroyed save Beren who was away scouting when the attack happened. None the less, from that point on the House of Bëor ceased to be an independent entity and its people joined the surviving Houses of Men.
Physical Characteristics
The Bëorians were noted as being very akin to the Noldor in their appearance. They were dark of hair with grey or brown eyes and skin ranging from fair to swarthy. Men among them as tall as those of the Folk of Hador were rare, and most were of a stocky build.:308
Many of those descended from Bëorian stock had the traits most akin to those of the Noldor, such as Túrin Turambar whose mother Morwen Eledhwen was Bëorian. He was mistaken for one of the Noldor, inspiring his name Adanedhel, meaning 'Man-elf'.
The Family Tree of the House of Bëor
Showing the descendants of Bëor, the First House of the Edain. All information in the tree is from The War of the Jewels, (i) The House of Bëor, unless otherwise specified. The figures after the names are births and deaths where recorded (when only one figure is shown, marked as 'b.', it indicates a date of birth). All dates shown are from the First Age; when no dates are shown then that person was not of the House of Bëor. A dagger symbol '†' signifies those who did not die of old age. A name preceded by '#*' indicates a ruler of the house, with the number specifying the order. Names in italics indicate women.
House of Bëor Notes
- ↑ Balan became a vassal of King Felagund and took the name "Bëor", meaning "vassal". Later, since he lived to the age of 93, the epithet "the Old" was appended to his name.
- ↑ Bereg led a thousand followers out of Beleriand; his fate is unknown.
- ↑ Bregolas died in the Dagor Bragollach.
- ↑ Barahir was slain in the Massacre of Tarn Aeluin.
- ↑ Beleth's distant descendant in the Second Age was Beregar, the father of Queen Erendis of Númenor.
- ↑ Baragund was a member of Barahir's outlaw band in Dorthonion after the Dagor Bragollach and was slain by Orcs in the Massacre at Tarn Aeluin.
- ↑ Belegund was also a member of Barahir's outlaw band and was slain by Orcs in the Massacre at Tarn Aeluin.
- ↑ Beren died from wounds received from the bites of Carcharoth, the Wolf of Morgoth. However, he returned to Middle-earth and lived with Lúthien before dying again.
- ↑ Morwen, spent from years of wandering in the wilderness, died upon the mound that held her son Túrin, which was also a memorial to her daughter Nienor.
- ↑ Rían made her way to the Haudh-en-Nirnaeth after the Nirnaeth Arnoediad where she laid herself down and died.
- ↑ Dior died in Menegroth when the sons of Fëanor attacked to take the Silmaril that had been set in the Nauglamír.
- ↑ Eluréd was seized by Celegorm's servants during the Second Kinslaying and left in the forest to die of starvation. [In The Silmarillion, Eluréd was renamed from "Eldún".]
- ↑ Elurín was seized by Celegorm's servants during the Second Kinslaying and left in the forest to die of starvation. [In The Silmarillion, Elurín was renamed from "Elrún".]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "Of Dwarves and Men"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels, "Part Two. The Later Quenta Silmarillion: Concerning the Dwarves (Chapter 13)"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels, "Part Two. The Later Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Coming of Men into the West (Chapter 14)", (i) The House of Bëor | <urn:uuid:40fadf32-4aee-475a-8a04-3e0a147436a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.tolkiengateway.net/wiki/House_of_B%C3%ABor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830091.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00087-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97641 | 1,671 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Pets can be feel-good factors, since companion animals offset stress, fend off loneliness, help us socialize and much more.
When Barbara D. is so down she can’t get out of bed, her 14-year-old Himalayan cat, Elmo, literally gets in her face.
“He will walk up, in a very pushy way you can’t ignore,” says Barbara, 54. “He’ll stick his face right into my face like, ‘Here I am—don’t forget about me. I need you.’ It pulls me out of my depressed thinking.”
What’s most amazing about Elmo’s behavior is that the feline is usually aloof. He only gets physical when his owner becomes immobilized by the depression she has experienced for more than 30 years.
Barbara also shares her apartment in Grand Rapids, North Dakota, with Phoebe, a joyful Yorkshire terrier. The little dog jumps on her lap to be petted, then licks her face, hands and arms. Since bringing Phoebe home two years ago, Barbara has reduced her psychotherapy appointments from weekly to monthly. She credits “the emotional support—the love and affection” Phoebe gives her.
“It cuts down on some of the loneliness,” Barbara explains.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the company of a pet can help people who are living with depression. Maybe it’s because cats, dogs and other companion creatures offer unlimited affection and nonjudgmental companionship. They lift our spirits and lower our stress. They counteract symptoms such as isolation, rumination and lethargy.
“All people report feeling less lonely in the presence of animals—even birds,” says Alan Beck, director of the Center for the Human-Animal Bond at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. “Animals are good for everyone, but particularly for anxious and depressed people.”
For one thing, pets keep us anchored in the present and distract us from negative or anxious thoughts, says Beck.
“If you can focus on the present in positive ways, it makes you less anxious,” he says. “Much anxiety and depression comes from the thoughts of past or future that you are worried about.”
For another thing, caring for another creature bolsters self-esteem and provides purpose and a sense of being needed. Bonnie R., 36, of Randolph, New Jersey, has recurring anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. No matter how bad she may be feeling, she pulls through for her little cockatiel, Patches, who has chronic liver disease.
Companion animals not only boost self-esteem, but also provide empathy, initiate social encounters and serve as substitute or additional family members.
“Even if I don’t feel well, I have to get up to feed him and give him his meds twice a day,” she reports.
In fact, “building self-empowerment” is one of four ways pets assist in recovery from serious mental illness, according to a 2009 study published in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry.
Jennifer P. Wisdom, PhD, an associate professor of clinical psychology at Columbia University Medical Center and a research scientist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, and her colleagues surveyed 177 individuals with mental illness to determine what factors affect the recovery process. For pet owners, the researchers concluded, companion animals not only boost self-esteem, but also provide empathy, initiate social encounters and serve as substitute or additional family members.
Scientists are still trying to figure out why animals affect us so powerfully. It may be that communing with a pet exercises our emotional muscles, so to speak.
“Our relationship with animals brings intrinsic rewards, separate from those we have with people,” says Leslie Irvine, PhD, associate professor of sociology at the University of Colorado at Boulder and author of If You Tame Me: Understanding Our Connection With Animals (Temple University Press, 2004). “They stretch our emotional capacities. We can’t tell animals we love them, so we have to communicate through touch, eye contact, and other nonverbal [means].”
Many pet owners speak of the unconditional love their pets shower so generously upon them—the cat purring by your computer, the dog that enthusiastically bounds to meet you at the door even if you’re returning from a five-minute errand.
“They are not going to say your hair isn’t pretty enough, or your clothes aren’t nice enough,” notes Barbara D..
For people who tend to self-isolate, have social anxiety, or are simply shy, having a pooch along can be an ice breaker. In a 2000 study conducted by researchers at the University of Warwick in Coventry, England, 65 strangers stopped to speak with a man or woman out walking a dog, while only three people stopped to talk to that same person walking alone.
“If you are out walking your dog, you are considered more approachable,” explains Irvine, who lives with two cats and a dog.
She sees a similar effect even through images decorating her clothes: “Whenever I wear cat socks or T-shirts or earrings, it always starts up conversations.”
Barbara says she now knows many of her neighbors thanks to Phoebe the flirt—including some who assumed she’d just moved in.
“When Phoebe meets a neighbor, her little tail starts wagging. She starts acting like they are her favorite person in the world,” Barbara explains. “If it weren’t for her, I wouldn’t know anyone in the building.”
Pets keep us anchored in the present and distract us from negative or anxious thoughts.
Having to walk the dog also guarantees that you’ll get out for daily exercise, no matter what your mood. Studies show that dog owners do walk more frequently. The benefits of regular exercise are well-documented, including cardiovascular fitness, mental alertness, weight control and improved sleep quality. And walking at a brisk pace will release endorphins, which can leave you feeling happier and more relaxed, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Apart from the exercise factor, there is growing evidence that people who live with animals have lower blood pressure and heart rates and decreased levels of cortisol—known as the “stress hormone.”
“Just petting a dog, or even looking at fish, gives you a relaxation response,” explains Alan Beck.
Bonnie R. says Patches, her cockatiel, somehow knows when she’s upset and will fly across the room, sit alongside her and begin chirping.
“He’ll cock his head down so I can rub his head,” Bonnie says, “which calms both of us.”
Stroking and touching an animal has “a calming effect,” agrees Irvine, adding, “We don’t know exactly how this works.”
Cheryl Krause-Parello’s research supports the theory that being around animals combats stress and reduces anxiety by lowering our cortisol.
“When you’re anxious, your cortisol level kicks in,” explains Krause-Parello, RN, an associate professor and director of the Center for Nursing Research at Kean University in Union, New Jersey—and the owner of two dachshunds.
In one recent study, she compared pet owners with individuals who did not own pets. Each group spent 20 minutes with Autumn, a trained therapy dog. The pet owners had lower levels of cortisol overall, but members of the other group experienced a significant drop in cortisol levels after their visit with Autumn.
Joseph Lancia, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Rochester Medical Center, has his own theory for why being around animals helps us feel better. When we bond with another creature, he says, “it connects us to nature in a deeper sense, which so many people find healing. The more we move away from nature, the more we feel distressed.”
Lancia raises Arabian horses and practices equine-assisted therapy at his farm in Hilton, New York. There’s no riding involved; instead, Lancia assigns patients an exercise, such as getting a horse to jump over an obstacle or stand still on a tarp, then observes the interaction to gain insights that will be useful in his therapy sessions.
“Is the person focusing on the task, or on how the horse is feeling, or is there some balance between the two?” he says. “Just stepping into a pasture with a 1,200-pound animal is a metaphor for overcoming the fears in your life.”
When clients are having difficulty speaking about a traumatic experience or emotion, Maggie will come over… and nuzzle them….[She] has the ability to be connected in ways I don’t understand.
The literature on animal-assisted therapy dates back to 1962, with researchers concluding that having a dog, cat, rabbit or horse present during counseling helps engage the client, reduce anxiety and create a sense of safety that is vital to the emotional work of therapy. The practice has gained wide acceptance; for example, the counseling center at Utah State University has been using dogs in individual and group therapy sessions since 1997.
Maggie, a mixed-breed dog owned by Jason E. Mihalko, PhD, seems to make the Boston psychologist’s clients feel welcome, safe and understood.
“She goes out and wags her tail,” he says. “Then, she’ll poke them in the back of the knee with her cold nose and herd them into the office. It’s a nice way to say hello to someone.”
During therapy sessions, Maggie provides comic relief by licking clients, bringing them toys or stealing choice items from a purse.
“I had someone tell me, ‘I picked you because I wanted to have a dog to pet when I’m scared.’ Sometimes I wonder if people come to see me or Maggie,” he jokes.
More importantly, the dog somehow detects when a client is becoming upset—before either human realizes it.
“When clients are having difficulty speaking about a traumatic experience or emotion, Maggie will come over, place her paws on the person’s shoulder and nuzzle them,” says Mihalko. The psychologist has learned to take that as his cue to ask, “Are you feeling sad about something and don’t know how to say it?”
“Without fail, clients have started to cry and disclose something important,” says Mihalko. “Maggie has the ability to be connected in ways I don’t understand.”
Just petting a dog, or even looking at a fish, gives you a relaxation response.
Numerous small-scale studies suggest that even brief visits with a pet improve psychological well-being for residents of nursing homes, hospitals and jails.
The residents at Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center and Hospital in Baltimore include fish, cats and birds. Several dogs drop by during the week to spend time with the human residents—including a soulful-eyed dachshund named Brutus. “If we have a patient who is very anxious and won’t cooperate with therapy, we take Brutus as an incentive,” says his owner, Beverly Carbonilla, a registered nurse. “When someone is upset, he can sit on their lap and their blood pressure comes down.”
Michael K. of Toronto sometimes brings his lovebird, Baby, along to his part-time job providing peer support at a residence for people with mental health issues.
“Baby is great at breaking the ice,” says Michael, who has major depression, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. “They all come out to hold and pet her.”
On his own account, having Baby means he no longer comes home to an empty apartment.
“I [used to] feel very isolated—in my own little world. She makes me feel less alone,” says Michael, adding that his depression has eased since Baby moved in a few months ago. “As soon as I come home, she gets excited, moving from side to side. She flies to my finger or shoulder.”
The little bird sits on Michael’s shoulder when he watches his favorite TV programs. When he’s at the computer, she’s there pecking at the keys. And she makes him laugh by hanging upside down on her perch or sitting on his big toe as he lies in bed.
“She’ll dive inside my shirt sometimes,” he says. “I think she thinks she’s a person.”
Borrow the benefits
If owning a pet just isn’t your thing, or if severe depression makes it difficult for you to care for another creature, there are other ways to reap the mental-health benefits of being around animals. Alan Beck, director of the Center for the Human-Animal Bond at Purdue University, has these suggestions:
Visit a zoo. Farms that open their barns to visitors and even petting zoos can also be an entrée into the animal world.
Put up a birdfeeder in your backyard or outside your apartment window. You could also get out to a park to enjoy birds, chipmunks and other critters in their natural setting.
Set up a home aquarium. It may take a little work to get the pH levels balanced, but an established fish tank is fairly easy to maintain.
Some other ideas:
Walk a friend’s dog. You could also offer to pet-sit for dogs, cats, fish and so forth when friends and family members go on vacation, but be sure you’re ready to take on the responsibility.
Volunteer at an animal shelter. This is a win-win-win. The shelter gets extra hands to groom, play with or clean up after their charges; you get the feel-good effects of being around animals, and the abandoned pets benefit from your attention.
One partner’s depression can affect both people in a relationship. Thriving together depends on good communication skills, mutual compassion, curiosity, and a true commitment to teamwork. Making a Relationship Work, Even with Depression Depression makes an unwelcome third wheel in a relationship. Emotional support, household help, even income—in the grip of depression, all that and...
Whether as a form of moderate exercise or as an uncomplicated mindfulness practice, the simple stroll has amazing powers to relieve stress and improve your mood. Letting Go of Stress With a stressful full-time job and a young child at home, Stephanie doesn’t have much time during the week to exercise. She’s discovered the perfect...
The sitcom actor shares tips on how she deals with her depression and manages to laugh in the face of stigma. Editor’s Update: Wendi McLendon-Covey is best known for her breakout role in Bridesmaids and her portrayal of family matriarch Beverly on the sitcom The Goldbergs (2013–present). The two-time Critics’ Choice Award–nominated comedic actor, writer,...
The code of masculinity says to handle problems on your own, but that is not a winning strategy when it comes to fighting your depression. Keeping Quiet about Depression Stereotypically, women are more “in touch with their feelings”—and more comfortable expressing them—than men are. When they’re sad, they show it. When strong emotion overwhelms them... | <urn:uuid:340ff68e-067d-46b5-83f8-461d3a49ccba> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.hopetocope.com/pets/the-power-of-pets-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301730.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120065949-20220120095949-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.954047 | 3,331 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In a prior post, I said it was not clear whether the Speaker of the House of Commons was required to be a member. A couple of scholars have now supplied evidence that strongly suggests that the Speaker was required to be a member.
Andrew Hyman in a comment to my prior post noted the following from a 1708 law dictionary:
Speaker of the Parliament, is an officer in that High Court, who is, as it were, the common mouth of the rest: and as that honorable assembly consists of two houses, so there are two speakers, the one termed the Lord Speaker of the House of Peers, and is most commonly the Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England. The other (being a member of the House of Commons), is called the Speaker of the House of Commons; both whose duties you have particularly described in a book entitled, The Order and Usage of Keeping the Parliament.
Also, Seth Barrett Tillman writes with the following evidence:
At the opening of a new Parliament “the lord chancellor confers first with his majesty, and then in his name commands the commons to assemble in their house, and to choose one of their members to be their speaker.”
Henry Elsynge, The Manner of Holding Parliaments in England 155 (London, printed by Richardson and Clark for Tho. Payne 1768) (First print 1660). And:
At the opening of a new Parliament “the Lord Chancellor confers first with his Majesty, and then in his Name, commands the Commons to assemble in their House, and to choose one of their Members to be their Speaker.”
George Petyt, Lex Parliamentaria: or, A Treatise of the Law and Custom of Parliaments 265 (London, Henry Lintot, Third Edition, 1748).
To make the historical point as strong as possible, however, one would also want evidence that the Speakers of the legislative houses in the states during the period from 1776 to 1787 were also required to be members. But assume that was shown as well.
Then the question is whether the term Speaker, in a legal context, would have been understood as containing this provision. When a term historically included certain characteristics, one may understand it as including those characteristics. That is especially the case in a short document like the U.S. Constitution.
But terms do not necessarily include all of the historical characteristics. Even if Speakers were required to wear wigs in England, that does not mean that the Constitution required it. Rather, to determine whether the historical characteristics are required, one would normally consider the whether they accord with the purpose of the provision. As I noted previously, it is not clear that the context and purpose of the Speaker provision was to deny the House the discretion to decide whom to appoint. | <urn:uuid:34dd03b7-e2ce-4892-a9a2-06b0e6064ef2> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://staging.lawliberty.org/the-speaker-of-the-house-of-commons-appears-to-have-been-required-to-be-a-member/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107872686.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020105000-20201020135000-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.975201 | 581 | 3.25 | 3 |
What does underpinning a house mean exactly?
Whatever type of foundation you have, underpinning a house means transferring the structure’s load to soil that can support it. The piers used in underpinning go deep down past weak soil until they reach the load-bearing strata. Transferring the building’s load to strong soil stops not only settlement but also adds supplemental support to the foundation. Underpinning a house also preserves its value.
When is underpinning a house necessary?
Underpinning a house is necessary when the home’s foundation is no longer able to support it. This usually isn’t a problem with the foundation itself but with the soil underneath it. There are different soil types, and not all of them are strong enough to support a heavy foundation and the house built on top of it. Problems with soil under a foundation include,
- Expansive soil – This is soil that contains a lot of clay. It swells when it gets wet and then shrinks by that same amount when it dries out. This swelling-shrinking cycle – which usually happens on a seasonal basis – creates movement in the soil, which puts stress on the foundation. It can also cause voids to form under the foundation.
- Soil that wasn’t adequately compacted before construction – Soil that’s removed from a construction site and then backfilled needs to be well compacted before anything is built on top of it. If this isn’t done, the structure will almost certainly experience differential settlement, which means the structure is settling into the soil unevenly. Differential settlement puts tremendous stress on a foundation and can lead to severe structural damage.
- Soil erosion – This can happen when there’s poor drainage around the home.
- Large trees around the home have slurped up all the moisture – This can dry out and shrink the soil, creating voids under the foundation. If the foundation starts to sink into these voids, you’ll have trouble.
- Soil creep – Soil creep is a phenomenon where soil at the top of a hill gradually makes its way down the hill. Soil creep can cause lateral movement in homes built on hillsides.
Other problems that might make underpinning a house necessary include,
- Natural disasters – Earthquakes, floods, drought, and sinkholes can all cause structural damage.
- Poor construction – Sometimes, the problem isn’t the soil but the way the house was built. Perhaps the contractor built the house without taking into consideration the soil type.
- Renovations – Adding a story to a house will add significant weight to the foundation. This may require underpinning a house before the new construction starts.
Types of underpinning
There are various methods for underpinning a house. The most commonly used are:
Heavy-duty steel push piers (also called resistance piers) are driving deep down into the load-bearing soil using hydraulic pressure and the building’s weight. Once they’re in place, synchronized hydraulic jacks lift the house back up. For more information, see Resistance Piers.
Helical piers get their name because they have helices and look something like giant corkscrews. They’re turned down into the ground until they reach load-bearing soil. (The torque necessary to drive them into the soil determines load-bearing capacity.) Synchronized hydraulic jacks then raise the building. For more information, see Helical Piers.
Homes built on hillsides are susceptible to a phenomenon known as soil creep. Over time this can cause lateral movement in the home resulting in structural damage. Drilled concrete piers go deep down into the bedrock, stop this lateral movement, and stabilize the foundation.
Slab piers are installed through a small hole in the slab and can be either push or helical piers. Anchors are inserted into the hole until they reach the load-bearing strata. Steel brackets then attach the anchors to the foundation.
Signs underpinning a house might be necessary
Signs your home might need underpinning include,
- Windows and/or doors that no longer open and close properly – Maybe they stick or don’t open or close all the way, etc. If it’s just one window or door, it’s probably not a foundation problem. However, if multiple windows and/or doors behave strangely, it’s more than likely a foundation issue.
- Sloped floors – Even slightly uneven floors can be a sign of foundation trouble.
- Ceilings and/or floors that have separated from the wall – The separation doesn’t have to be very large to be a sign of structural damage.
- Cracked floors – Look for cracks that go across the floor, wall to wall. Cracks limited to one or two tiles were probably caused by something falling on them.
- Torn wallpaper – There might be a cracked wall behind the torn wallpaper.
- Wall rotation – This happens when the soil on the outside of your home’s foundation gets oversaturated with water that can’t drain off. Eventually, the outside foundation wall starts to sink into the soil while the inside part of the wall lifts because it’s on drier ground. This will cause the wall to rotate.
- Moldings detached from the ceiling and/or floor – Even small detachments can signify foundation trouble.
- Stair step cracks in brickwork – This is a sure sign of foundation problems.
- Chimneys and/or porches separating from the house – The problem might be related to the foundation under the chimney or porch. However, there’s a possibility your home’s foundation has a problem.
Cost of underpinning a house
Without an in-person inspection, we can’t say how much it will cost to underpin your house. This is because there are so many variables involved, including the cause and extent of the damage, how easy it is to access the foundation, whether or not we’ll need to remove/replace landscaping or concrete, the chosen repair solution etc. We don’t publish prices for this reason.
The only way to know for sure how much underpinning a house will cost is to contact a foundation repair contractor in your area and ask for an inspection. Most will inspect your home’s foundation for free and then offer a repair estimate.
Because underpinning a house can be expensive, homeowners should learn to spot the signs of foundation trouble early before there’s significant structural damage. If you’re in our service area in northern California, contact us today for a free inspection and estimate. | <urn:uuid:2030878a-f67b-4cfa-b31d-8f00d0c86438> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://bayareaunderpinning.com/underpinning-a-house-what-every-homeowner-needs-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.917198 | 1,397 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Description: 1. Flowering shoot with long peduncled many flowered male catkins (a - c) and female flowers enclosed by a four lobed scaly cupule (d - f); stipules at n. - 2. Branchlet with developed shoots, closed (a), open (b), and empty cupules (c), as well as fully developed vegetative buds (k). - 3. Ripe, three angled one seeded fruits (nuts). - 4. Seedling with cotyledons (c) and first ordinary leaves opposite in position. - 5. Winter-branchlet with vegetative buds (k). - 6. Branchlet with a spur with series of short internodes terminated by a vegetative bud (k). - 7. Winter-branchlet with fertile-buds (b). After Hempel & Wilhelm, 1889. Photos and explanations from the book: Zelimir Borzan. "Tree and Shrub Names in Latin, Croatian, English, and German, with synonyms", University of Zagreb, 2001.
Image type: Illustration
Image location: , Croatia
Specimen in collection: No
Name: Zelimir Borzan
Organization: University of Zagreb | <urn:uuid:962ed863-d5dd-4892-bf2f-a4c38ae6ef38> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1379020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633972.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00023-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864818 | 254 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Growth of the Frozen Fish Industry in Newfoundland
In spite of government assistance and market demand, by 1939 only a few Newfoundland companies, including Job Brothers and Company, and Harvey's Limited owned frozen fish plants or fishing trawlers. In that year, Newfoundland produced 1.5 million pounds of frozen groundfish. With the outbreak of World War II, however, the industry took off.
There was an instant demand from Great Britain, which needed new sources of food, not only to feed its own population but to support the war effort. It quickly turned to North America for a supply of frozen fish, including Newfoundland. The steady British demand encouraged other companies to move into the frozen fish business. By the end of the war Newfoundland had 12 fish plants and was producing 35 million pounds of frozen groundfish annually. The companies involved in this early period included Job Brothers, Harvey's, and Fishery Products Limited of St. John's, John Penny and Sons of Ramea, and North Eastern Fish Industries of Harbour Grace. Many of the earliest plants were located either in St. John's or on the south coast of the island, mainly because ice-free harbours made it easier to use trawlers.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the frozen fish industry continued to grow. Production rose steadily and the number of processing plants and offshore trawlers increased. Almost all of Newfoundland's frozen groundfish was sold to the United States. Saltfish production did not drop off immediately.
Many inshore fishers did not live near a frozen fish plant and continued to salt their own fish. Fewer people, however, chose to make the light-salted, hard-dried, "shore cure" fish as they had in the past. By the 1960s, the majority of salted fish was sold "green," packed in barrels as "saltbulk." Fishing companies with mechanical drying machines bought the saltbulk and used it to make saltfish. | <urn:uuid:e6c5cdde-b18e-468e-91d9-909c37658af9> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/economy/frozen-fish-growth.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232261326.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527045622-20190527071622-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.977784 | 401 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Smith River, known for its trophy-size fish, is a major route for migrating fish to their native spawning grounds. When a 1964 flood destroyed much of the spawning population, a need for a fish hatchery arose. In 1968, the Kiwanis Club in the town of Smith River raised enough money to sponsor the construction and operation of the first privately owned fish hatchery in California. Today, this nonprofit hatchery is open for daily tours. The goal of the Rowdy Creek Fish Hatchery is to increase and perpetuate runs of steelhead and Chinook salmon. The hatchery operates 365 days a year, and is open to visitors from 9am to 4pm weekdays. Fish are present at the hatchery year-round, but spawning season is when the hatchery is most active. Fall (usually November and December) brings busy excitement to the hatchery with the spawning of Chinook salmon. Monday and Thursday mornings, which are spawning days, offer the best chance to see the process. Steelhead return to the hatchery from January to March. The hatchery raises more than 100,000 steelhead each year. A “catch and release” fishing derby is sponsored by the hatchery every spring. | <urn:uuid:8d8f6398-092a-49d7-8aa4-889978e8f22c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://101things.com/delnorte/rowdy-creek-fish-hatchery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.950067 | 247 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Montessori method is rich with materials and lessons to provide preschool and kindergarten aged children with a solid personal and academic beginning. This book is a collection of games to play with your child using the Montessori materials, items around your house, or included printable materials. Full game playing instructions are provided, including many examples and extensions. Even if you don’t own any Montessori materials, suggestions or printables are included for all activities. Each game includes a list of skills that your child will be working on during the activity and a few key presentation tips for yourself.
Index of Games
Knock, Knock Game
Race to 100 (Available separately in our TPT store)
Walk the Line | <urn:uuid:438d683c-38d3-49ac-9ce2-cc169765e08f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Montessori-Games-to-Play-E-Book-2796177 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104636.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818121545-20170818141545-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.925794 | 146 | 2.96875 | 3 |
There were 15 countries in the Soviet Union from 1956 until its collapse in 1991. They were formally known as Soviet Republics. When the Soviet Union was dissolved, they each became independent countries.
You can see a map of these Soviet Republics here (a detailed list with more information can also be found further down this article):
The Russian SFSR was, by far, the largest of the Soviet Republics. The other republics were made up of parts of the former Russian Empire.
Although the Soviet Union was mostly governed from the centre, each republic had its own administration and, with the exception of the Russian SFSR, had its own branch of the Communist Party. They also had their own flags and anthems. According to its constitution, the USSR was a federation of all of its republics. And, technically, any of them could leave the USSR at any time if they wished.
This nominal independence proved a two-edged sword in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Across much of the Soviet Union opposition gravitated towards nationalist movements and almost all of the republics had an movement arguing for independence. In some republics, particularly in the Caucasus and Central Asia, those tensions were exacerbated by historical decisions to draw boundaries that divided peoples between two or more republics. Examples of conflicts during the 1980s include the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, and the riots of 1990 which took place in the city of Osh, in Kyrgyzstan.
Here is a list of all of the Soviet Republics, the date they joined the USSR, and the name of their successor country.
|Soviet Republic||Formed||Successor State|
A number of other republics were also briefly a part of the USSR. They included:
- The Abkhazian SSR
- The Transcaucasian SFSR
- The Khorezm SSR
- The Bukharan SSR
- The Karelo-Finnish SSR
Most of these states were formed in the early days of the Soviet Union, and few lasted for more than a couple of years. The longest surviving was the Karelo-Finnish SSR which existed for 16 years, between 1940 and 1956, before being re-incorporated in the Russian SFSR. During that period, the Soviet Union had sixteen republics. | <urn:uuid:9fa542e3-f789-4625-bd18-08d09af65b16> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://historyofrussia.org/countries-in-soviet-union/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463458.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00056-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963423 | 491 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The technique of comparing the abundance ratio of a radioactive isotope to a reference isotope to determine the age of a material is called radioactive dating.
Many isotopes have been studied, probing a wide range of time scales.
This is different to relative dating, which only puts geological events in time Most absolute dates for rocks are obtained with radiometric methods.
Sedimentary rock is made of particles derived from other rocks, so measuring isotopes would date the original rock material, not the sediments they have ended up in.
However, there are radiometric dating methods that can be used on sedimentary rock, including luminescence dating.
Others measure the subatomic particles that are emitted as an isotope decays.
Some measure the decay of isotopes more indirectly.
Geologists often need to know the age of material that they find.
They use absolute dating methods, sometimes called numerical dating, to give rocks an actual date, or date range, in number of years.
For example, fission track dating measures the microscopic marks left in crystals by subatomic particles from decaying isotopes.
Another example is luminescence dating, which measures the energy from radioactive decay that is trapped inside nearby crystals.
The man's body was recovered and pieces of tissue were studied for their C content by accelerator mass spectroscopy.
The best estimate from this dating technique says the man lived between 33 BC. From the ratio, the time since the formation of the rock can be calculated.
Each original isotope, called the parent, gradually decays to form a new isotope, called the daughter. | <urn:uuid:63b53eb9-163e-45fe-9ea1-1d81b76830f2> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://coworking-club.ru/3503is-carbon-dating-a-type-of-radiometric-dating.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.944559 | 329 | 4.375 | 4 |
Why wait until four months to start your baby on solid foods?
Why is it that everyone tells you not to start foods before four months of age? My grandmother fed me when I was two weeks old.Question:
Breastmilk was designed by nature to meet the needs of a baby for at least the first six months of life.
The American Academy of Pediatrics stated, "Exclusive breastfeeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for approximately the first six months after birth. Infants weaned before 12 months of age should not receive cow's milk feedings, but should receive iron-fortified infant formula. Gradual introduction of iron-enriched solid foods in the second half of the first year should complement the breast milk diet. It is recommended that breastfeeding continue for at least 12 months, and thereafter for as long as mutually desired ... In the first six months, water, juice, and other foods are generally unnecessary for breastfed infants."
The nutritional and medical sciences have come a long way since the days of our grandparents. Feeding solids in the first few weeks of life began in the 19th century, not as a response to meeting the appetite demands of babies, but because the industrial revolution was starting and nursing mothers needed to get back to the factories, leaving their babies for someone else to feed. That practice lasted well into the 20th century and only now is beginning to change as we learn more about what is best for baby.
What we have learned is that babies swallowing ability is not matured enough to swallow solids. Also, their digestive systems are not capable of handling the solute load that many of the solid foods put on it. In other words, babies are born with some growing up to do before being able to best swallow and digest solids.
Developmentally, by four months, most infants will be able to sit with support and will have good control of their neck and head. This allows the baby to indicate a desire for food by opening his mouth and leaning forward and to indicate disinterest or fullness by leaning back and turning away. Until baby can express these reactions, feeding solids may end up being a forced feeding situation.
Another objection to introducing solids before four months is based on the possibility that it may interfere with establishing sound eating habits and will contribute to overfeeding. If a baby is to be encouraged to stop eating as soon as they are full, it must be possible for them to communicate in some way with the person who is feeding them.Answer: | <urn:uuid:9601ed2a-31d0-420e-a3d0-36ad83e0c4d6> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.ivillage.com/why-wait-until-four-months-start-your-baby-solid-foods/6-n-137625 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223201753.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032001-00098-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972646 | 514 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Red Clover Tea
Red clover tea is the beverage prepared by crushing the flowers of red clover herb which grows in the meadows of Europe and Asia. The dried or fresh blossoms of the herb are used in the preparation of the tea. The tea prepared from crushed red clover flowers is revered due to its medicinal values. In ancient times the tea was served as a medical potion rather than a refreshing drink. The oral and external uses of tea are mentioned in many of the medical texts produced around the world. Today the red clover is cultivated in much of Australia and America as nitrogen fixing herb.
Origin of Tea Prepared Using Red Clover
There are not much historical evidences to corroborate the birth of red clover tea, but it is believed that this tea has been an integral part of the food culture since time immemorial. It was normally served to ward off different ailments. The mention of red clover as a detoxification herb can be found in many of the ancient Chinese medical texts. Other than that the red clover has served as a cattle herb since time immemorial. During middle ages it was tied on the corners of the home to ward off the evils. People believed that the two leaf clover had immense powers and it allowed the maiden to see her suitor.
Red Clover Tea Recipe : Ingredients Used and Method of Preparation
Red clover flowers and water are the ingredients required for preparing red clover tea. The dried or fresh clover blossoms are steeped in the boiling water, strained and served in cups. They can be sweetened according to taste preferences. The tea can also be prepared without boiling the water, in which case the red clover is added to the pitcher of water and further refrigerated until the time before serving.
Red Clover Tea Benefits
The red clover is found to be rich in phytoestrogens called isoflavone. This phytoestrogen is known to aid in curbing the severity of many diseases. The tea is normally recommended for women attaining menopausal age because it supplies natural estrogens to the body and relieves them from painful menopause symptoms. The antioxidants in red clover help to prevent diseases and aid in fight against premature aging. The red clover tea is also considered as an effective remedy for curing respiratory ailments like cough , cold and bronchitis. | <urn:uuid:36b461e2-1008-4ee1-b60d-2c15cc53ca2d> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://ifood.tv/tea/red-clover-tea/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246643088.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045723-00050-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966008 | 483 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Natural Science in LAS
Saint Paul College-A Community and Technical Col
Website Content Contributions
Liquefaction Live! activity part of Cutting Edge:Introductory Courses:Activities
In this activity, students are provided with equipment and instructions for creating a simulation of liquefaction. The activity is great for students because it first asks them to reflect of what they know about ...
Physical Geology part of Cutting Edge:Introductory Courses:Courses
This course introduces students to rocks and minerals, geologic time, global tectonics and other earth processes. Field simulations and exercises provide students with the framework for rock and mineral ... | <urn:uuid:68e61d4a-134a-4877-9a11-4c722733e3fd> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://serc.carleton.edu/person/3038.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660628.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00148-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854965 | 132 | 3.046875 | 3 |
India is an incredible land- a land of festivities and celebrations. Being a country of diversity, India witnesses countless festivals each month. What makes India incredible is the spirit of its people. From a small kid to the oldest member in a family, every human celebrates the festivals, regardless of religious or ideological differences. A celebration of the uniqueness of the country glues the people together. People from different ethnicities, cultures, and traditions participate in every festival as a community. Festivals that celebrate unity, religion, and even trade tell the true story of India. Some of them being a holiday, festivals raise the spirits of the people.
Recognizing the day India became a Republic, 26th January is a day of saluting the national martyrs. It is a day to celebrate the achievements of the nation. All the citizens of the country celebrate the day through dancing and singing in the cultural programs. Folk dances, patriotic songs, and flag hoisting fill the streets of India with a sense of unity and nationalism. A huge parade is organized at Rajpath that displays the different hues of Indian culture and democracy. The fighter planes of the Air Force soar in the sky, making every Indian proud. A ceremony called “Beating Retreat” is held at the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi.
Marking the end of British rule in India, the 15th of August is celebrated as Independence day. It is a day of celebration and remembrance of the brave soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the freedom of the country. Every year, the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India hoists a flag on the Red Fort and addresses the nation. People show their patriotism by singing the national anthem.
A celebration of the end of winters and welcoming of the spring, Holi is one of the most vibrant festivals of India. It is a two-day festival celebrated majorly in the North of India. Holi is a festival of colors where people smear different color powders on each other’s faces. The sweet fragrance of homemade dessert and cuisines in every household add to the merry of the day. Tourists from all around the world visit Mathura and Vrindavan to immerse themselves in the colors of India.
Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated to mark the day Lord Ganesha was born. The elephant-headed god, Ganesha is a symbol of new beginnings and auspiciousness. Ganesh Chaturthi is a 10 days long event. The devotees bring idols of the deity to their home as a guest. The hosts pray and serve “bhog” to the deity. Friends and family gather to ask for blessings from Lord Ganesha. On the last day of the festival, the idols are immersed in water with the hope that all bad luck goes away with Him.
Durga Puja is an important festival for the people of West Bengal. Celebrated across India, it is a day of worshipping the Goddess Durga. Singing, dancing, and feasting are an integral part of this festival. On the day of the puja, people dress up in traditional outfits and visit Durga temples to pray for their well being.
It is a grand festival in India as it is the day Lord Rama defeated Ravana. Dussehra is celebrated to signify the victory of good over evil. On this day, a huge figurine of Ravana, Kumbhkaran, and Meghanath is burnt. Actors dress up as the characters of Ramayana and enact the whole story. The celebrations usually begin a week before Dussehra. Fairs are also organised where people eat street food and enjoy the epic. Generally, a big ferris wheel can be found in the Mela.
After spending 14 years in exile, Lord Rama, Laskhman, and Sita came back to Ayodhya on this day. And to welcome the trio, the people of Ayodhya lit up the whole city with lamps. The tradition continues to this day and clay lamps are lit in every household. The houses are cleaned and decorated. Rangolis are made in the verandah to make the occasion colorful. People also dance, sing, and exchange gifts with families and friends. Every house and street in India is illuminated on this day.
India celebrates the festival of joy and love with great fervour. It is a day when people are filled with hope and affection. Carols are sung, and people get together to dive into the spirit of the festival. Christmas trees and decorations put people in the mood for parties. The chilly winters add to the charm of the festival.
Pushkar Mela is one of the largest camel fairs in the world. Pushkar becomes a cattle trading ground for 12 days. The true essence of the Rajasthani culture can be observed in Pushkar. Folk dancing, music, hot air balloon rides, safaris, and many more activities take place at the fair. Devotees take a dip in the lake of Pushkar on Kartik Purnima and pray at the Brahma Temple.
Festivals in India bring immense joy to the lives of people. The days are filled with zeal and merry. Vibrant colors, music, festivities, and playful rituals make the subcontinent a country of culture. The Deccan Odyssey passes through the land of these diverse festivals of India. It offers a part of the celebration to the passengers. | <urn:uuid:6eca8dbd-9fac-4bca-8b5e-dcef1a91a185> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.deccan-odyssey-india.com/festivals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.946579 | 1,122 | 2.921875 | 3 |
How to chart your menstrual cycle
Cycle charting is an effective way to increase the chances of conception (or avoid conception!) by carefully observing and charting fertility signs with the goal of understanding at which point in her cycle a woman is fertile and most likely to conceive. Using these mathods can also help identify potential fertility related barriers to achieving pregnancy.
The 3 primary signs of fertility:
1. Basal body temperature
2. Cervical fluid or mucus 3. Cervical Position
You’ll need: 1. An ovulation or basal metabolic temperature thermometer: This is a particular type of thermometer designed exactly for the purpose of fertility charting. You will find this at a chemist or online. 2. A fertility tracking App or paper chart: I like to use kindara as an app as it doesn’t predict anything it allows you to make your own obsvivations. Or you can use a paper chart (click here to download)
Your temperature readings confirm whether you have ovulated.
This is most accurately taken with a proper fertility thermometer from a pharmacy.
Your temperature is taken under your tongue or vaginally, first thing in the morning, before getting out of bed or even sit up. We are testing your basal temp at rest, the more you move the more it can disrupt your temps. Enter the temp into your app or mark on your paper chart place a dot in the box which corresponds to your temperature and day of cycle. Day 1 is the first day of your period.
Your temperature needs to be taken at the same time each morning, because generally, temperatures rise gradually throughout the day until about 2.00 pm.
Temperature needs to be taken after at least 3 hours solid sleep to be valid.
Conditions affecting your temperature may include things like a late night, fever, a cold, broken sleep or alcohol. These may cause abnormally high or low temperatures, resulting in inaccurate chart interpretation if not noted down.
You temp will stay around the same temp but when you see a temp rise of around .2-.4 of a degree combine with fertile mucous (see below) this is ovulation.
You need to have three temps after this that are raised temps to confirm ovulation.
The nature of your cervical mucus tells you when you are approaching ovulation.
Check your mucus every time you go to the toilet, before urination, although you only need to record your most fertile reading of the day. Record the external sensation, the amount and the texture on your chart before going to bed at night. e.g. mucus may be dry, creamy with a small amount in the morning, but by evening it may be moist, creamy and increased in amount. Record the latter interpretation only.
Between the thumb and forefinger collect the mucus from the vaginal opening.
External sensation – use one of the 3 following to describe the external sensation: dry, moist/damp, or wet. The wetter the sensation, the more fertile you are.
Amount – this will increase as you get close to ovulation. It is best recorded in a bar graph form which is easily read.
Texture – this can vary from none or pasty in the non-fertile phase, then creamy or milky in the stages around ovulation, to clear, stretchy or like raw egg white at ovulation. Each woman is different and mucus can vary from cycle to cycle. Whats you’ll expect to see… when your about to ovulate you’ll have a creamy/pasty CM, then it will go watery then be like raw egg white that is stretchy, the raw egg white like CM is the fertile mucous! That day you have this is your ovulation day.
This step is optional. Fertile signs include softening (feels like your lips, when harder feels like the tip of your nose) and opening of the cervical os.
You may find this a little overwhelming at first, however, after about 3 cycles you will start to see an obvious pattern and be much more aware of your fertility. Your practitioner can help you to interpret your cycle to enhance conception attempts. | <urn:uuid:ee0a5ee2-d40f-402d-89ad-e5fda656a9a9> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.darwinnaturopathics.com/single-post/2019/06/07/how-to-chart-your-menstrual-cycle-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911792.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030212708-20201031002708-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.91978 | 867 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Living off the grid brings a dangerous reality.
Whether I finally end up converting a school bus into a camper / RV, or building a shipping container home in the deep countryside, the chances are that I will need to generate my own electricity. Luckily, these days this isn’t as difficult as you might think. However, modern living uses a hell of a lot of electricity, especially in America. We may be looking at an electricity usage of 30 kWh, (kilowatt-hours), every day. However, with a little bit of arithmetic, (math), you can calculate your own likely electricity consumption, and your generating systems should be installed with that usage in mind.
There are three main ways to generate your very own off-the-grid power:
- A generator powered by an internal combustion engine. Generators come in a huge variety of sizes, capacities, and prices, but a 6 kW (kilowatt), generator might set you back £1,500, ($1,800). Other than capacity, the choice boils down to petrol, (gasoline), or diesel power. Generally speaking diesel is better, (but may be noisier). With a little work you can also run generators on gas, (propane, methane, natural gas), wood alcohol, (methanol), and paraffin, (kerosene). With some work, diesel generators will run on cooking oil.
- Solar Power. Stick some solar panels on the roof, or in the yard, and you have electricity while the sun is shining. Typically, solar power systems for a camper / RV, (and perhaps a shipping container home), produce 12 volt electricity, which is then used to charge a big battery, from which power is taken when anything electrical is switched on. To step up 12 volt direct current to 110, or 230 volt alternating current you need an inverter. These come in a huge variety of capacities and prices. You can buy them at Home Depot. Larger scale solar power systems, such as may be required by a decent sized shipping container home, usually need specialist installation. You will probably need to find an appropriate contractor.
- Wind Power. Wind power for a school bus camper / RV /motorhome would be very small scale and probably part of a 12 volt system. A wind turbine for a container home would be bigger, but in the scheme of things, still very small scale. A free standing wind turbine on a mast may need various regulatory permissions before you erect the thing. Most likely you will also be digging holes and trenches, so I hope you can use a mini-digger, (tiny backhoe).
Typically, the ‘belt and braces’ type of guy, (that’s me), would install both wind and solar power systems for his Camper / RV / Motorhome, or shipping container tiny home, perhaps with a diesel generator as back-up for both.
If you haven’t realised from the above, then off-the-grid electricity comes in two flavours;
- 12 volt DC, (direct current). This is the same as you get from an ordinary car battery. 12 volt DC systems can be installed by anyone competent in DIY.
- 120 volt (USA), 230 volt (Europe), and 240 volt (UK), alternating current. This is what you get from the sockets in your home, and is often known as mains electricity. Working with AC systems is normally not a DIY job, and at some point you will most likely need to employ a fully qualified electrical contractor.
So, you are generating your own electricity. That’s only half the story. Your camper / RV / motor home, and / or your container home will have to be wired to make use of all that lovely power. Basic wiring is well within the scope of a person very competent in DIY, and 12 volt DC lighting is dead easy. Mains electricity 110 volt and 230 volt AC is more complicated and you would do well to have your circuitry checked over by a properly qualified contractor before you use it.
Of course, these days you can actually buy a fully kitted out container home, complete with connections for all services, so all the wiring would be done for you. That sort of misses the point, doesn’t it? Amazon will sell you everything else you need to generate your own electricity.
click to buy the turbine
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You don’t need more space, you need less stuff.
Back when I owned a trailer park, shipping containers often made instant buildings which could serve a myriad of purposes for me, from simple storage units, through a workshop, to a pretty nice office.
(not my office, a home made from shipping containers)
What I have never yet attempted is to use a shipping container to make a tiny home, or more likely, use several shipping containers linked together to make a decent-sized home. The place to start is to learn something about shipping containers, and then buy the right units.
Shipping containers are usually strong steel boxes with doors at one end, but they actually come in lots of versions. The standard width is 8′ (eight feet), the standard height is 8’6″ (eight foot six inches), and the two standard lengths are 20′ (twenty foot), and 40′ (forty foot). There are a whole raft of non-standard lengths starting at 5′, but a 10′ container is the more common of the non-standard lengths. The internal floor areas work out at 150 sq ft for a 20′ container and 305 sq ft for a 40′ container.
Given that most people regard 1000 sq ft as a decent size for a home, (plus a garage), then we are talking of at least a couple of containers to make anything that approximates a ‘normal-sized’ house. Container architecture is a discipline all of its own.
You obviously need a plot, the appropriate permissions from whatever building authority is responsible for all the regulatory stuff, and you may / or may not need to lay a concrete slab on which to stand the container(s) you’re going to turn into a home. (Whether or not you need to lay a concrete pad depends on the ground, and how long you expect the container home to stand there.)
It’s no good just buying a plot, plonking a used shipping container there and expecting to live in it. Shipping containers are steel boxes, and that means they are damn hot inside in summer, and bloody freezing inside in winter. To make a home you will have to line out the inside, and perhaps even clad the outside. Even if you just buy one 40′ container and are going to be happy living in 305 sq ft, you will still need to do a hell of a lot of work to make your steel box habitable.
One of the first things you need to learn is how to cut steel plate. Your box needs more than a big door at one end, you need windows, (at least), and maybe another door, and perhaps holes so you can link one container to another to make a bigger home. Luckily, shipping containers are mostly made of steel that’s only between 1.5mm and 2mm thick, so it’s easy to cut. Realistically there are 3 ways to cut steel on site, (using an ordinary hacksaw will take you aeons and you’ll hurt your wrist and hands).
- Oxy-acetylene cutting torch. These things are dangerous, and unless you’ve done this kind of cutting before, you would be best getting instruction before attempting to use an oxygen / acetylene torch. However, a cutting torch is fast and it’s easy to cut complex shapes. If you want circular cut-outs for round windows / portholes in your tiny container home, then oxy-acetylene could be for you.
- Electric jigsaw. The sides of steel shipping containers are pretty easy to cut, so an ordinary electric jigsaw will chop out your doors and windows. And, you can cut curves in steel with an electric jigsaw. This is possibly the best choice for the averagely skilled person.
- Stihl cut-off saw. STIHL is a trademark, but what we are talking about here is a big power saw of some description. Cutting lots of big holes in your containers, on site, you may well want something like a petrol powered Stihl saw, (and make certain you have the right disk for steel).
The benefits of using steel shipping containers to make a tiny home, (or something bigger), is that it’s pretty fast and inexpensive to get a weatherproof structure on site, they’re strong and durable, and you can put them down just about anywhere. A shipping container is probably the start of the ultimate off-the-grid home.
I can and have lived off-the-grid in a log cabin I built myself, (from a kit), but I would strongly caution anyone thinking of doing this concerning water. You will need a constant supply of potable water, either from the mains or from your own well / borehole. The average American uses between 80 to 100 gallons of water every day of the year. It’s possible to finesse around all the other services; sewage, electricity, gas, heating, telephone and internet, but shipping water in a small bowser on a regular basis is an absolute non-starter.
Once you have a weatherproof structure with the doors and windows installed, and you’ve made a start on connecting your services, then you can start on the really fun stuff, which is fitting out the interior to suit your tastes. The only limit to your imagination is the dimensions of whatever containers you have bought.
click on the book for more
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Environmentalists are killing the planet, destroying the economy, and stealing your children’s future.
A bunch of rabid environmentalists have forced the British Government to announce that all petrol and diesel cars will be banned from the year 2040. Nobody ever accused rabid environmentalists of being intelligent, or having any common sense. Banning diesel and petrol cars, (or will it be all cars that have exhaust emissions?), has staggering implications that the officials, politicians, and environmentalists haven’t properly thought through.
In Sweden, Volvo has announced that from 2019 all of its new models will be either completely battery powered or hybrid vehicles. There’s a couple of interesting points here. Firstly this move will put a whopping premium on the price of all new Volvo’s. And secondly, hybrid cars still have to have a petrol or diesel engine that will produce nasty polluting exhaust fumes.
Diesel exhausts are killing us all, allegedly.
Across Europe several major cities, (Paris, Madrid, Athens), say that diesel cars will be banned from entering their environs from 2025. The Hell-Hole that is Mexico City has followed suit ~ ha! The mayor of London, Mad Sadiq Khan, wants to ban Petrol and Diesel cars from London by 2050.
These headline grabbing moves will achieve absolutely nothing except to cost consumers and taxpayers trillions of Pounds / Euros / Dollars. Banning diesel and petrol cars in the UK will impose vast costs on drivers for little environmental benefit.
There is no conceivable way that the British electricity generating and distribution systems will ever be able to provide enough power for all those battery powered cars, (and vans and busses, and trucks?). Just where will all the extra power come from? The back of an envelope estimate is that all these electric vehicles will add an extra 30 gigawatts to UK peak demand, and that means we would need 50% more generating capacity. That’s equivalent to another half-dozen huge nuclear power plants like Hinkley Point, or another 20,000 wind turbines, (which only work some of the time). I have no idea how many acres of solar collectors it would take to generate that amount of power, but they don’t work at night, which is when most people will be charging their electric vehicles.
The British Government says it will install a fast charging point every 20 miles on major roads ~ imagine how many holes in the road and road works delays that will mean.
The British Government are also considering slashing the maximum speed on our motorways to 60 mph, and what is that supposed to achieve except more fines from speeding tickets?
This all seems a bit rich considering that the whole man-made global warming agenda has been exposed as nothing more than a massive fraud. The best estimate is that if all the trillions of dollars Obama proposed to spend on his Clean Power Plan to tackle non-existent man-made global warming was actually spent, then global temperatures would perhaps be reduced by 0.057 degrees Fahrenheit ~ one five-hundredth of a degree.
Climate change is a normal, natural, and perpetual process which occurs, and has always occurred, with sublime indifference to man’s puny input. ~ James Delingpole.
There are a few inconvenient truths that politicians and environmentalists would rather the public didn’t wake up to;
- Man-made global warming / catastrophic anthropogenic climate change doesn’t actually exist in any meaningful form ~it’s nothing but a fraud, a massive scam designed to give politicians back control over an increasingly independent populace.
- There is no such thing as completely clean power. Green Energy produces nastier and longer term environmental pollution than does burning fossil fuels. Nuclear Energy is a case in point, look at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Wind turbines have a massively negative impact on the environment, are bad for wildlife, and a blot on the landscape. All batteries are inherently polluting, expensive, and dangerous.
- Switching to electric-powered private transport will require at least a 50% increase in electricity generating capacity in any country that tries it.
- A vast investment in an infrastructure of new charging points to support all these new electric vehicles will be needed.
- Electric vehicles cost a hell of a lot more than an exactly equivalent bike / car / van / truck / bus powered by an internal combustion engine.
- Electric vehicles are less capable, and have a shorter life-span, (about 5 years), before major maintenance is required, (new batteries), than do ‘conventional’ cars, trucks, and busses.
- There aren’t enough qualified mechanics to maintain the huge increase in the number of electric vehicles the politicians propose.
- Disposing of all of the ‘dead’ batteries will require a huge investment in a recycling technology that, as yet, doesn’t actually exist.
- The value of used vehicles powered by petrol and diesel engines will plummet, destroying the economies of the developed world. There is a vast investment in lending to finance vehicle purchases.
- Internal combustion engines don’t have to run on either petrol or diesel fuel. Is a ban on ethanol / methanol / vegetable oil / propane / butane fuelled vehicles also proposed?
- Are politicians also proposing to ban aircraft / railway engines / ships / electricity generators powered by fossil fuels ~ otherwise what’s the point?
- If Politicians think the backlash against Hillary Clinton was an isolated aberration, they’ve got a big surprise in store after all this banning cars crap.
In my life I’ve seen some insane ideas put forward by politicians at the behest of special interest groups, but a total ban on the internal combustion engine running on fossil fuels has got to be maddest thing I’ve ever heard. But then, politicians, special interest groups, and bureaucrats have never been known for putting much thought into anything.
Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is probably the reason why so few engage in it. ~ Henry Ford
At least I have the personal benefit of being able to totally and completely ignore all this banning petrol and diesel fuelled cars crap. Not only that, because I live in a democracy I can cast my vote in ways designed to discomfort the current crop of lightweight, insane, political pygmies. (And that’s an insult to pygmies and the mentally ill.)
Meanwhile, the Lotus 7 is 60 years old this year. Now that’s a great car.
read about the Seven
Burning coal is the most efficient and cost-effective way to produce large amounts of electricity. Unless you happen to live in an underpopulated country that is also blessed with many large lakes, mountains, and rivers, or Iceland.
However, apart from in the industrial powerhouse countries like China, Germany, and India, the idea of burning coal is an anathema to politicians, left-leaning media, and the metropolitan elite. They all
believe profess to believe that burning coal causes global warming, and unless every country in the world stops burning coal we are all going to die / drown / choke / starve.
We’re going to put a lot of coal miners and coal companies out of business. ~ Hillary Clinton
In that one sentence Hillary Clinton conclusively demonstrated that she is unfit to hold the office of President of the United States. Either she in scientifically uneducated, or a liar, or both. She shows that she cares far more for the few fashionable metropolitan elite than for the vast majority of real Americans. She demonstrates that she has no grasp of day-to-day economics, hard science, or industrial strategy.
Hillary Clinton doesn’t like coal or coal miners. Next to coal, the most cost effective way for Britain and America to generate large amounts of electricity is to burn natural gas obtained by fracking.
By the time we get through all of my conditions I do not think there will be many places in America where fracking will continue to take place. ~ Hillary Clinton
The really sad thing is that the other candidate for president is probably even worse than the harsh voiced harridan, albeit in different ways.
Where do the proponents of catastrophic anthropogenic climate change think the carbon in that coal came from in the first place? Outer space? (Well actually, it did, but that’s another matter.) It came from the carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. Plants turn carbon dioxide into more plants, then over millennia that turns into coal.
It’s an inconvenient truth that predictions of doom by the man-made global warming alarmists, like Hillary Clinton, just have not come true.
If anyone bothered to learn some real hard science they would know that the only way mankind can possibly change the Earth’s climate is through all-out and total nuclear war. There is no empirical or hard scientific evidence that burning coal, oil, or gas can ever change the Earth’s climate. There is plenty of empirical and hard scientific evidence that burning fossil fuels in cities causes stinking smog ~ just look at London before the Clean Air Act, and Los Angeles, and any number of cities in China today.
Climate change is a normal, natural, and perpetual process which occurs, and has always occured, with sublime indifference to man’s puny input. ~ James Delingpole
Smog is not climate change. And, the ultimate cause of smog today is cars, buses and trucks. If some of the bone-idle, lazy, and indolent people would get out of their cars once in a while and actually walk places for a change, then there wouldn’t be anything like as much smog either.
Do yourself a favour and stop looking stupid by banging on about non-existent anthropogenic climate change. Learn some hard science, or just take a walk instead.
(By the way, the stuff coming from those ‘chimneys’ in the pictures is steam, not smoke.)
these opinions are mine and mine alone
Electric automobiles have been around since the 19th century, Englishman Thomas Parker built the first production electric car in 1884. The land speed record was held by en electric car until 1900. Not much has changed since The Electric Construction Corporation’s car to today’s Tesla. (Nikola Tesla was a Serbian physicist.)
ALL electric cars have 5 main systems;
- The Vehicle. Since the early days this has standardised around 4 wheels, a chassis, and something to keep the rain off. The modern Tesla is maybe better looking and a hell of a lot more sophisticated than a 19th century dog-cart.
- The Electric Motors. These convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, (and nowadays they also convert mechanical energy back into electrical energy via braking regeneration). Again these are far, far better and more sophisticated than they were in Victorian England, but the basic principle hasn’t changed at all. Electric motors as used in cars have one huge advantage over the internal combustion engine ~ massive torque at low rpm, so no separate gearbox is needed.
- The Control System. Modern methods of controlling the amount of electricity that gets to and from the electric motor / dynamo are light years ahead of how it used to be done, which was basically a variable resistor. The Tesla has computerised Intelligent Motor controllers.
- The Batteries. This is the Achilles Heel of electric cars. Batteries are bulky, heavy, expensive, can burst into flame, and have a limited life. Early electric cars had a lot of damn heavy lead-acid batteries, of exactly the same type as a normal car has at the heart of it’s electrical systems. The Tesla uses a hell of a lot of lithium-ion batteries, of exactly the same type that powers your mobile phone and laptop / tablet…
- The Power Source. Electricity doesn’t appear for free out of thin air, it has to be generated from a primary energy source. For pure electric cars, like the Tesla Model S, this means plugging them into mains electricity to charge the onboard batteries. Hybrid cars also have an onboard internal combustion electricity generator. (Which makes one wonder why all the batteries and other complicated stuff? Why not just connect the petrol engine directly to the wheels? Oh, we’ve done that, it’s called a normal car.)
The Weak Point of any electric car is battery life. This comes in 2 flavours;
- Range. How far can one drive on one battery charge? The Tesla Model S is supposed to do either 230 miles, or 320 miles, on one charge. (Depending on how big a battery you’ve bought.) That’s assuming a constant 55mph, (and that you’re not killing the A/C). Also, charging a battery at a normal plug in socket will take 30 hours. In normal, everyday, long-distance motoring, that’s as much use a cell phone in a lifeboat, in the middle of the Atlantic ~ no damn use at all.
- Total Battery Life. How long will the vastly expensive lithium-ion battery pack last before it’s only so much junk? All batteries have a finite life, so how long will the battery in a Tesla last? If you drive it every day, then my guess is performance will start to fall off, (a lot), after 4 or 5 years. Total usable life? I have no real idea. Hey, I know the theory of making baked Alaska, but any real attempt by me would be just embarrassing. (If you want to be an expert start with Arrhenius’ Law.)
Tesla make great looking, technologically advanced cars, with one huge flaw ~ all batteries eventually die, even sophisticated rechargable batteries die eventually. One day the battery pack in your Tesla will reach the end of its usable life. But the Tesla is a fashionable throw-away product, made for fashionable throwaway people. (It’s also very unethical and environmentally damaging. Recycling lithium-ion batteries is damn difficult. You get toxic waste, not wildflowers.)
I would drive an electric car, if I had to. I would not choose any electric car for a cool road trip. The Tesla is very sexy looking, but it’s got no soul. For the price of a Tesla, I could buy a really cool car instead.
For the Backwoods / Backstreet Engineer interested in becoming ‘greener’ self sufficient and possibly going off grid, there are some serious problems with the two common types of combustion engine.
- Steam Engines. It is perfectly possible to build, operate and maintain your own steam engine, and you can power it using wood, (or practically any other combustible material come to that). However, you will soon come up against the problem of the high-pressure boiler, (leave aside how many psi constitute high pressure). Very hard to make, requiring official inspection, and a big bomb waiting to go off.
- Internal Combustion Engines. Basically your car / truck / tractor engine. Doesn’t matter what shape you choose the problem you have is making clean fuel. You can make your fuel from just about any type of vegetable matter, including wood, and you can make either a gas or a liquid. But making methanol from wood is fraught with issues. Gasification of wood is a bit easier, and you can even buy a small-scale gasifier in kit form.
The Stirling Engine solves many of the issues raised by the two more common combustion engines. And, here we get into the realm of the impossible. To a lesser engineer a Stirling Engine looks like a perpetual motion machine because it operates on a closed cycle. For an engineer who properly understands heat a Stirling Engine makes perfect sense. Heat = Energy = Work
The good part is that we probably get to explore our pyromania and build a fire.
The Stirling Engine works because a gas takes up more room when it’s hot than it does when it’s cold. If there isn’t any more room ~ as in a container ~ then the pressure increases. Cool the gas and it will take up less room ~ the pressure drops.
Therefore a the operation of a Stirling engine is exactly like the essence of a woman, she will blow hot and cold, and it’s a man’s job to harness and control her.
To make a Stirling Engine 5 elements are needed:
- A temperature difference. This is the essence of a good heat engine. It’s not raw heat that’s needed, it’s a temperature differential. If you have a source of cold ~ (OK physicists can shut up) ~ you can make a Stirling engine run on sunshine.
- A working fluid. A gas is best, you can use everyday air. For the sake of argument our working fluid is any gas, (NOT Gas as in Petrol).
- An expansion cylinder. This is where the hotter part of the gas gives up work.
- A compression cylinder. This is where the colder part of the gas gives up work.
- The mechanical linkages turning lateral motion into rotary motion.
There are two basic models for the Stirling Engine:
- Alpha ~ two cylinder engine
- Beta ~ one cylinder engine
For me, the two cylinder engine is far, far less complicated to build and operate than the one cylinder engine. That is counter-intuitive, but I told you the Stirling Engine is like a woman, the logic is a little twisted, but it’s there all the same.
The benefits of a Stirling Engine are:
- Low noise.
- Very energy efficient
- Simple in operation
- Very low maintenance
- Very scalable ~ you can make a little one or a huge one
- Can use any combustable crap as a fuel
- Can utilise coldness as a fuel
I could design, draw, fabricate, build, operate and maintain an Alpha type, 2 cylinder Stirling Engine using basic tools and techniques. I probably wouldn’t need a machine shop, but access to one would simplify things.
Do some more internet research and you will find some resources to get you started.
But I would caution you NOT to use a pellet system unless you are allergic to hard work. Pellet systems tie you to going on buying your fuel from the outside. The thing about a Stirling Engine is that it should run on any old wood. To get your free power, you need to get away from the bad idea of buying fuel.
A small Stirling Engine is an ideal power generator for anyone going anywhere near the green / self-sufficiency / off grid lifestyle. And, you probably get to use up a hell of a lot of that wood you just happen to have lying around. | <urn:uuid:c0f17cdc-2049-46d1-a72a-539183ac04c1> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://jackcollier7.com/category/utilities/electricity-utilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999298.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624084256-20190624110256-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.938635 | 6,006 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Most math teachers say they love math. And the best ones make a determined effort to inculcate their students with that same sense of the divine. How often do they succeed in this? We all know the answer is “not very often.”
And why not? Well for one thing as math professor Manil Siri recently said, “Math gets a bad rap.” Before we get to school our parents have already told us about math--and what they’ve told us about it wasn’t good. Math’s hard, it isn’t very useful in real life; and besides, you need a special mental aptitude for it to be successful. For another, even those teachers otherwise capable of making students fall in love with math are limited by their curriculum; or as high school math teacher Dan Meyer complains, to simply “memorizing procedures and performing them accurately and quickly.” A method requiring lots of boring homework far from that inspiring, charismatic teacher.
Do students need to fall in love with math to be good at it? Well, it certainly makes a teacher’s life easier if the students are enjoying what they are doing. This is true of every discipline from language to physics. But in the absence of ‘Love!’ most teachers would settle for students simply realizing how beautifully an understanding of math can help them interact with the real world.
Robots are one way of achieving this understanding. First of all, robots are math anthropomorphized . For another, teachers with robots in their math classes find it easy to keep the students attention. Kids seem to instinctively like robots. Many come to love the things.
Can students be taught to love math? Maybe, but only if teachers can find away around the negative influences so common in our culture. Robots might be the way to do it.
Learn how to teach quadratic equations using a quad-copter robot: | <urn:uuid:bbb1860d-a136-4386-b2cc-266e7d133a31> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.robotlab.com/blog/finding-the-beauty-in-math | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.954546 | 400 | 3.15625 | 3 |
AAA World Magazine, January 1, 2017
"Before popular legends of the Old West, before the pioneers and before the pre-statehood Bleeding Kansas confrontations, Kansas was home to several Native American Indian tribal nations, and Native American culture continues to thrive in the state today. Tucked throughout the Sunflower State in museums, cultural centers and parks graced with statues is evidence of the history and culture of the state's first people.
Even the state's name is derived from the Kaw Nation--also known as Kansa or Kanza, meaning People of the Wind. Kansas cities, too, took names originating from indigenous people's languages--Wichita, Lenexa and Olathe, to name just a few."
Click the link below to see the full article: | <urn:uuid:c7393069-578e-433b-be2c-647d70f613bc> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.visitwichita.com/articles/post/native-american-roots/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527866.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419181127-20190419203127-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.962283 | 159 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Not at all stubborn
The donkey originally comes from Africa and is extensively used as a working animal worldwide. Donkeys are primarily used as draught or pack animals, and jennets are milked. Like so
many other domestic animals, there are many breeds with different coat colours. The grey donkeys with a dark
stripe along their back and on the shoulders and legs are related to the African wild ass, which is becoming
extinct. Donkeys are reputed to be stubborn, but this is not true at all – they are just a bit careful. | <urn:uuid:8ade2ac8-e557-456d-8042-5e3852104147> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.knuthenborg.dk/en/donkey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653247.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014124230-20191014151730-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.974726 | 116 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Art is an expression of creativity, a conveyance of beauty, and for naturalists, it is a way to process, remember and interpret nature.
Many branches of nature art are popular, such as photography, painting and sketching. The UC California Naturalist Regional Rendezvous in October introduced an old but uncommon method for documenting natural objects – cyanotype.
At the CalNat Rendezvous at the Pepperwood Preserve, Santa Rosa artist Jessica Layton taught the cyanotype process to volunteers certified by the UC California Naturalist program, giving them a new tool to use in educating and engaging children and adults in conservation organizations they work with around the state.
The cyanotype process begins by mixing two chemicals - ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide – to create the blue photo reactive solution. The chemicals may be purchased at art stores and online by searching for cyanotype solutions.
Once blended, the chemicals are painted on paper or cotton cloth and allowed to dry. Leaves, grasses, seeds, pine cones, flowers, stones – any number of natural objects collected outside may be artfully arranged on the blue background and, if needed, held in place with a pane of glass.
The project is then set out in bright sunlight for 5 to 7 minutes, brought back inside to be washed in clean water and allowed to dry. The areas of the paper or cloth exposed to the sun are a radiant lapis blue; the areas that were shaded by the natural objects appear in silhouette.
“I have come to appreciate art as a way to improve observation skills and deepen an appreciation for nature,” Merenlender said. “We offered this session to our volunteers for them to improve their capacity and become better naturalists.”
If there's any flower that should be crowned "Autumn's Majesty," that would be the Mexican sunflower (Tithonia rotundifolia), aka "Torch."A member of...
"The bee hive is the ultimate home sweet home," Amina Harris, director of the UC Davis Honey and Pollination Center, told the crowd at the...
Years ago, I purchased a Kadota fig tree, also known as a honey fig, from a local nursery here in Solano County. Although it took a few years before the tree became established and started to produce, it is now one of the most productive trees I have in my backyard. The Kadota fig tree is pest- and disease-resistant, hardy to 15 degrees Fahrenheit, self-pollinates, requires very few chill hours to set fruit, and minimal pruning; in other words, the Kadota fig tree will reward you with great returns for a minimal amount work and a few years' worth of patience. Kadota fig trees generally ripen from August to October in Solano County, Although I have not independently verified this, I have been told that Kadota fig trees will tolerate container planting if space is an issue A Kadota fig tree will provide you with a steady supply of fresh fruit for eating, canning and baking.
Knowing the names of trees is a point of pride for many California Naturalists. So a walk among the diversity of oaks at the Pepperwood Preserve left many feeling humbled.
The three-hour excursion was part of the UC California Naturalist Regional Rendezvous in October at the 3,200-acre nature preserve nestled in the foothills between Napa Valley and Santa Rosa.
Excursion leader Steve Barnhart, academic director emeritus at Pepperwood, said there are 500 oak species in the world; 21 in California. But cohabitating on the rolling hills and valleys of the Golden State, many oaks have produced hybrids that combine characteristics, making identification challenging.
Doctoral candidate Phrahlada Papper, who is studying oak tree genetics, said, “I'm of the mind that you shouldn't ever name an oak.”
Even the tan oak, long thought to be misnamed, is coming under new scrutiny.
“It's not an oak,” Barnhart said. “It has acorns, male and female flowers on the same stalk, but tan oaks are insect pollinated. True oaks are wind pollinated. Tan oaks are closer to chestnuts.”
But Papper raised his hand. “Genetically, it might be an oak,” he said.
Barnhart laughed. “So tan oak is up in the air. That's why it's so much fun to be in science,” he said. “I learned something today.”
In popular culture, oaks are thought to be majestic, towering trees, with wide spreading branches. However, Barnhart said, most California oaks are shrubs, including the leather oak.
Leather oaks grow in serpentine soils and have the ability to produce two types of flowers, one in the spring and another quite different in the fall. Leather oaks are monoecious, they have both male and female flowers on the same plant. On a particular leather oak at Pepperwood, Papper was surprised to find male and female flower parts in one bract and surmised that weather patterns may be responsible.
“California has weird weather and with climate change, it's getting even more weird,” Papper said.
Papper believes tracking phenology, the cyclic and seasonal changes in plants, is an ideal citizen science project for California Naturalists. One such project underway at Pepperwood is led by Wendy Herniman. A University of Edinburgh, Scotland, master's student, Heniman is documenting the phenology of 10 Pepperwood oak trees: 2 blue oaks, 3 coast live oaks, 2 black oaks and 3 Oregon oaks.
“Pepperwood is looking at climate change. It's a designated sentinel site. We're monitoring fog, we have soil probes, and we're collecting all weather and climate information. We can tie that to phenology,” she said. “We're trying to find out if phenophases are changing.”
Understanding the changing phenophases is important, Barnhart said.
“Everything is connected,” he said. “If acorns are produced early, animals species that depend on the food source will be disrupted. You have imbalances in the timing of the natural world. With climate change, what are the effects we'll be seeing?” | <urn:uuid:ea5364fa-2f9b-4247-bde8-27d1bf6b09ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://cecapitolcorridor.ucanr.edu/?blogstart=6&blogasset=84198 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.954707 | 1,336 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Shariff, Shaheen. Confronting Cyber-bullying: What Schools Need to Know to Control
Misconduct and Avoid Legal Consequences. Cambridge UP, 2008.
An Article Found in a Library Database:
Meyer, Richard, et al. “Multiple Visions for Literacy.” Language Arts vol. 83, no. 5, 2006, pp.451-453.
A Web Page:
“Understanding Bullying.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016.
The Full MLA Citation Guide along with other in-text reference & citation examples can be found at the Library's Cite Your Sources page.
If you need assistance with citations contact the Library Reference Desk. | <urn:uuid:f855ec90-3462-4c44-96e2-5d3a0e409cd8> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://researchguides.plattsburgh.edu/c.php?g=262032&p=1751786 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886739.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116204303-20180116224303-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.746287 | 151 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pillars of Islam Pillars of Islam are five and are also called as arkan-al-Islam or arkan ad-deen. In this series, Sheikh Abu Usamah will walk you through each of these pillars to help give a clear understanding of each of the pillars. The 5 Pillars of Islam. Muslims may fast throughout the year, but all adult Muslims of sound body and mind must fast during the month of Ramadan each year. Why Are Only Muslims Allowed to Visit the Holy City of Mecca? Why do we say that Islam has pillars even though Islam is not a building? These pillars consist of: Belief in Allah Of course the first pillar is the belief in the All-Powerful, Most Beneficent. The difference between the five pillars and the six beliefs are that the five pillars are all acts whereas the six articles of belief are just that, beliefs. The five pillars of Islam include the Shahadah, the prayer, the fasting, zakat and Hajj. The 5 Pillars of Islam is one of the most important basic Islamic studies that every Muslim must learn & understand very well.. It is one of the five pillars of Islam, The Hajj literally is to intend a journey and according to Islam is annual Islamic pilgrimage to Makkah, the most holy city of the world. Prayer (salat).Muslims pray facing Mecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark. Our goals will be to work towards enlightening Muslims & the general Australian public with true knowledge about Islam… Read More; Restaurant. The Five Pillars of Islam are the system of Muslim life Islam’s solid foundation is the five pillars, forming the basis of Islamic teaching as taught by Prophet Muhammad (SAW). In the Quran, they are not outlined in a neat bullet-pointed list, but are rather dispersed throughout the Quran and emphasized in importance through repetition. Charity at any time is recommended, but there is also a set percentage required for those who reach a certain minimum net worth. Pillars of Islam The five pillars of Islam (arkan al-Islam; also arkan al-din, “pillars of religion”) comprise five official acts considered obligatory for all Muslims. By using Learn Religions, you accept our, Shahaadah: Declaration of Faith: Pillar of Islam, The 5 Muslim Daily Prayer Times and What They Mean, Key Differences Between Shia and Sunni Muslims, The Benefit of the Ramadan Fast for Muslims, The Stages of Hajj, the Islamic Pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah), Lesson Plans for Eid al Adha, an Islamic Celebration, The Architecture and History of the Kaaba. The Five Pillars of Islam are an important part of Muslim life. Huda is an educator, school administrator, and author who has more than two decades of experience researching and writing about Islam online. Contact Your Sales Rep. Higher Education Comment Card. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to faith. It is the expression of belief, which differentiates a believer from a non-believer. As the literal word of God, the Qur’an makes known the will of God, to which humans must surrender (lending the name Islam, meaning ‘surrender’). Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This declaration is the foundation and essence of Islam. Pillars of Islam The five pillars of Islam define the basic identity of Muslims – their faith, beliefs and practices – and bind together a worldwide community of over a billion believers into a fellowship of shared values and concerns. The religious routine with regards to Islam, which actually signifies “to submit to God“, depends on precepts that are known as the Five Pillars, arkan, to which all individuals from the Islamic (Muslim) people group, Ummah, ought to follow. See more. 5 pillars of islam or five pillars of islam These kinds of issues arise between men and women, because it is left to human to give reason to elaborate the nature of men and women and what are the roles they are supposed to do in the society. For Sunni Muslims, the Five Pillars are the core duties of Islam. The “five pillars of Islam” are religious duties that provide a framework for a Muslim’s life. Y1 - 2013. Games. Questions: What does ”pillars” mean? They are five things that a Muslim must do so they can live a good and responsible life. These duties are performed regularly and encompass duties to God, to personal spiritual growth, to care for the poor, self-discipline, and sacrifice. They’re practical as well as simple, and the wisdom and blessings behind them are many. In such a case they may be thrown into the hellfire. The first pillar of Islam – Shahadah. Pillars of Islam, Arabic Arkān al-Islām, the five duties incumbent on every Muslim: shahādah, the Muslim profession of faith; ṣalāt, or prayer, performed in a prescribed manner five times each day; zakāt, the alms tax levied to benefit the poor and the needy; ṣawm, fasting during the month of Ramadan; and hajj, the major pilgrimage to Mecca, if financial and physical conditions permit. Islam has a foundational 5 pillars. DOLLAR A DAY FOR PGCC. The Five Pillars of Islam are core beliefs that shape Muslim thought, deed, and society. The Five Pillars of Islam are: Daily confession of faith (shahada) Shahada is the first of the five pillars. In Ismā'īlī doctrine, God is one and the true desire of every soul, creator of everything. The Five Pillars Of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam Five Pillars of Islam. If you have been looking for the fundamental beliefs of Islam or five pillars of faith… The 5 Pillars of Islam are the foundations of Islam and represent the core of Islamic practice. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam, The Metropolitan Museum of Art - The Five Pillars of Islam. The most important Muslim practices are the Five Pillars of Islam. 5 pillars of Islam – the precepts of Sharia, which form the basis of Islam and is mandatory for all Muslims. The movements of prayer – standing, bowing, sitting, and prostrating – represent humility before the Creator. 1 – Shahadah. AU - Dogan, Recep. While pillars of Islam teach us about the religious action should Moslems perform, in the six pillars of faith (Iman) teach us to believe everything that taught in Islam by our Messenger. T1 - Five pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam refers to "the five duties incumbent on every Muslim," consisting of the shahadah (profession of faith), salat (ritual prayer), zakat (alms tax), sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). 5 Pillars Pillars Of Islam Islam For Kids Islam Quran Kids Songs A Blessing Trust God One And Only Ramadan SoR - Pillars of Islam song Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Muslims also strive to say or hear these words as their last, before they die. In Arabic, “arkan” (pillars) provide structure and hold something steadily in place. The five pillars of Islam are not listed in Quran: they are known from the … The Five Pillars of Islam are the framework of the Muslim life. The pillars are acknowledged and observed by all sects of Muslims, including the largest sect of Sunni Islam, although Shias add further obligatory duties, including: jihad, payment of the imam's tax, the encouragement of good deeds and the prevention of evil. It is one of the five pillars of Islam, The Hajj literally is to intend a journey and according to Islam is annual Islamic pilgrimage to Makkah, the most holy city of the world. The pillars of Islam have their own rules, conditions and adabs that apply to them. People who want to convert to Islam do so by simply reciting the shahaadah aloud, preferably in front of two witnesses. As in the five pillars of Islam, the faith must place in order. 3. Contain a number of informative PowerPoint presentations, as well as activities on each of the Five Pillars of Islam. Prayer includes a recitation of the opening chapter of the Qur'an, and is sometimes performed on a small rug or mat used expressly for this purpose … They are the belief or testimony of faith, prayer, giving zakat (support of the needy), fasting during the month of Ramadan, and the pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime for those who are able. Five Pillars of Islam. Definition: Literally, Hajj means to intend or to intend to visit. The Smartphone application of Five Pillars of Islam is a must have educational mobile tool for all the Muslims as it consists of necessary information about all 5 Components of Islam, i.e. Circleall the pillars that youcan find in the picture below! Shahadah is the testimony of faith. If he performs the Five Pillars but does not remain in the faith, he will not be saved. As Winfried Corduan lays out the five Pillars of Islam as confession, prayer, fasting, almsgiving and pilgrimage to Mecca (Winfried Corduan, 2012). The Profession of Faith. Five Pillars of Islam proper noun The five duties expected of every Muslim: profession of the faith in a prescribed form, observance of ritual prayer, giving alms to the poor, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and performing a pilgrimage to Mecca. The god of Islam does not have a son that can make atonement for the sins of his people. Muslims also spend the time in additional worship, refrain from bad talk and gossip, and share in friendship and in charity with others. This work, first published in Arabic in 1968, represents the rich Islamic literature on the subject of worship by scholars of the past. The word shahaadah literally means “to bear witness,” so by professing faith verbally, one is bearing witness to the truth of Islam’s message and its most fundamental teachings. The pillars of Iman are those things that are believed in, in Islam. The Prophet Muhammad did mention the five pillars of Islam in an authentic narration (hadith): The first act of worship that every Muslim performs is a confirmation of faith, known as the shahaadah. Islam has a foundational 5 pillars. We will learn about each one of these words below. It is the affirmation of believing that there is no other divinity other than Allah. Quran. Iman in Arabic means faith or to strongly believe in something. The Five Pillars of Islam are major guides for any Muslim’s life and people pay great attention and put effort in to be a part of the higher order of existence. Videos. Prayer is the name for the obligatory prayers that are performed five times a day, and are a direct link between the worshipper and God. Islamic teachings about the Five Pillars of Islam are found in the Quran and the Hadith. Unlike the other “pillars” of Islam, which are performed on a daily or annual basis, the pilgrimage is required to be done only once in a lifetime. Test your knowledge of Islam with this quiz. We will learn about each one of these words below. PILLARS OF ISLAM! The Five Pillars of Islam are the framework of a Muslim’s life. 4. Obligatory everyday throughout the lunar month of Ramadan. Pillars of Islam, Arabic Arkān al-Islām, the five duties incumbent on every Muslim: shahādah, the Muslim profession of faith; ṣalāt, or prayer, performed in a prescribed manner five times each day; zakāt, the alms tax levied to benefit the poor and the needy; ṣawm, fasting during the month of Ramadan; and hajj, the major pilgrimage to Mecca, if financial and physical conditions permit. The confession of the faith of a Muslim is in the pronouncement of Shahadah. The Five Pillars of Islam . More. Islam, major world religion that emphasizes monotheism, the unity of God (‘Allah’ in Arabic), and Muhammad as his final messenger in a series of revelations. Why are the pillars of Islam … N2 - Islam aims to bring happiness to the lives of human beings in this world and the afterlife by providing them with the most suitable lifestyle for the human condition. Islam is a way of life whereby one takes upon oneself what Allah Has ordained and His Messenger practically demonstrated and conveyed to the mankind. Zakat: paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy. They are the shahadah, salat, zakat, saum, and hajj. Shahada Declaration of Faith. The belief that "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to Islam. 2. Every Islam in the world is expected to follow the five pillars of Islam, which is the foundation of religion for the Muslim life. All Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... How much do you know about the Prophet Muhammad? Pillars of islam definition, the five bases of the Islamic faith: shahada (confession of faith), salat (prayer), zakat (almsgiving), sawm (fasting, especially during the month of Ramadan), and hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca). The shahaadah is repeated by Muslims several times each day, both individually and in daily prayer, and it is a frequently-written phrase in Arabic calligraphy. The articles of faith provide a foundation, answering the question of “what do Muslims believe?” The Five Pillars of Islam help Muslims to structure their lives around that foundation, answering the question of “how do Muslims affirm their faith in daily life?”. In Shari’ah, Hajj is the act of going to the House of Allah, circumambulating the Ka’bah, and staying in the field of Arafat in order to perform the necessary acts of worship and rituals in certain ways at certain times. How about holy cities? The 5 pillars of Islam have been made by Allah, and every Muslim is needed to have faith and act according to these pillars. Within Islam, there are compulsory duties that Muslims must try to carry out. Thus, God is the center of a Muslim's belief. The Five Pillars of Islam . In Islam, fasting helps us to empathize with those less fortunate, helps us to reprioritize our lives, and brings us closer to Allah in strengthened faith. A great video for children to learn about the 5 Pillars of Islam with Zaky. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It is the pillars of Islam and Iman that form the foundation of Islam. Five Pillars of Islam. Ismā'īlī pillars. Such is the impact of the experience and the hardship that it entails. In the daily practice of the Islamic faith, followers adhere to the five Pillars of Islam as the foundation of their religious obligation, as it is essential to their faith. There is no hierarchical authority in Islam and there are no priests. There are six (6) pillars of faith. Words of prayer include words of praise and thanks to Allah, verses from the Quran, and personal supplications. The same is the case with the other pillars of Islam and Iman. Shahadah is the first pillar of Islam. …God imposes on him the five daily prayers of Islam.…, …“to refrain”), one of the pillars of Islam (the five basic tenets of the Muslim religion). Prayers are led by a learned person who knows the Quran and is generally chosen by the congregation.Prayers are said at dawn, mid-day, late-afternoon, sunset and nightfall, and thus determine the rhythm of the entire day. Zakat reminds wealthy Muslims of their duty towards the poor and strengthens feelings of brotherhood among Muslims. The Five Pillars of Islam help Muslims to structure their lives around that foundation, answering the question of “how do Muslims affirm their faith in daily life?” Islamic teachings about the Five Pillars of Islam are found in the Quran and the Hadith. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: (The superstructure of) al-Islam is raised on five (pillars), testifying (the fact) that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is His bondsman and messenger, and the establishment of daily prayers, payment of Zakat, Pilgrimage to the House (Ka’ba) and the fast in the month of Ramadan. Which part of a house is the most important part, and why? Daily prayer is a touchstone in a Muslim’s life. The Five Pillars of Islam are: Daily confession of faith (shahada) But the most important thing for us is to know and remember the five pillars, constantly remind ourselves of them, and share information about the five pillars with others. The shahadah means there is no other god except Allah(one God) and Prophet Muhammad is the messenger/prophet of Allah. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. This signifies that Allah is only One and there is no pl… In the Quran, giving in charity to the poor is often mentioned hand-in-hand with daily prayer. 4- Fasting Fasting is the fourth pillar of Islam, which is abstaining from eating, drinking, and intercourse from dawn until sunset to approach God Almighty. The Hajj pilgrimage occurs during a certain set month every year, lasts for several days, and is only required of those Muslims who are physically and financially able to make the journey. There are five acts of worship that are so fundamental that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) grouped them together as the Five Pillars of Islam. The 5 pillars … Visa fler idéer om islam, islamisk, ramadan. The Five Pillars consist of : The Shahadah (declaration of faith) - Trusting and understanding the words of the Shahadah. Many communities observe fasting as a way to purify the heart, mind, and body. Shahadah is the first pillar of Islam. In this series, Sheikh Abu Usamah will walk you through each of these pillars to help give a clear understanding of each of the pillars. Just like regular pillars hold up a roof, the 5 pillars of Islam … A comprehensive lesson pack for RE teachers to use with your middle and high school students. The Five Pillars of Islam are the five obligations that every Muslim must satisfy in order to live a great and responsible life according to Islam. Pillars of Islam The five pillars of Islam (arkan al-Islam; also arkan al-din, “pillars of religion”) comprise five official acts considered obligatory for all Muslims. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. In Islam, it’s important for every Muslim to Learn The 5 Pillars of Islam.Through this article, we’ll get to know the main five obligations of a Muslim in Islam. the appointed du'āt lead believers to the right path. The Pillars of Islam. It also discusses how each of these pillars of Islam … Shahadah. Omissions? https://www.khanacademy.org/.../islam-apah/a/the-five-pillars-of-islam It can be mental, physical, spoken or otherwise. Islam means Submission and obedience (to Allah), Humility, submissiveness and conformance (to the Laws of Allah), Safety, security, immunity or freedom from evil, Peace. There is no other requirement or prerequisite ceremony for embracing Islam. In Islam, the term ‘worship’ covers any action that one does in accordance with the will of Allah. A Muslim who fulfills the Five Pillars of Islam remains in the faith of Islam, and sincerely repents of his sins will make it to Jannah (paradise). Although. Walayah "guardianship" denotes love and devotion to God, the prophets, the scripture, the imams and the du'āt "missionaries". The pillars of Islam explained in kid-friendly language, this lesson will introduce the 5 pillars of Islam with videos, audio, games, and a quiz. It is important to define the term ‘rukn’ at the outset. Blog. Sometimes exceptions are made to some of these duties in exceptional circumstances. Surah Ikhlas says: True unity of Allah means that He is unique in person. All such actions will be rewarded. Pillars of Islam: Islamic Beliefs. We will write a custom Essay on The Five Pillars of Islam Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page. Muslims take time out five times each day to direct their hearts towards worship. The Five Pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam: Profession of Faith ( shahada ). In Ismā'īlī doctrine, God is one and the true desire of every soul, creator of everything. The Five Pillars of Islam. Updates? It means that this issue is very necessary to explain and understand. Faith alone is not enough. Corrections? Islam is among the largest religions in the world that is built on strong religious beliefs for all Islamic faithful. | <urn:uuid:49a4d570-3f6f-4f7f-a22c-516d2ee1868f> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.schconsultores.com/lemon-basil-xfeiek/pillars-of-islam-82c6f7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487614006.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614232115-20210615022115-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.933954 | 4,582 | 2.984375 | 3 |
- know the differences between carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
- know that there are 8 carpal bones
- identify all 8 carpal bones
- Identify the metacarpal bones
- know that the phalanges are divided into proximal, middle and distal sections (except the 1st)
- know how to number and identify the digits in order (thumb - pinky)
This packet covers the bony anatomy of the wrist and hand
There are 8 carpal bones that are arranged in two rows, proximal and distal. The proximal row articulates with the forear and forms the wrist joint. The metacarpals articulate with the distal row of carpal bones.
The metacarpals articulate with the distal row of carpal bones and form the palm of the hand. Then on the distal aspects of the metacarpals the phalanges begin.
Remember the fingers/digits are numbered in order from thumb to pinky. Here is how it goes: 1 thumb, 2 pointer, 3 middle, 4 ring, 5 pinky.
Source: Mind of Aaron
This video covers the bony anatomy of the wrist and hand
Source: Self made with Netter
Source: Self made | <urn:uuid:37411cec-4ddb-45d7-b73f-16ba67981c41> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/gross-anatomy-of-the-wrist-and-digits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00463-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889475 | 266 | 3.75 | 4 |
Europe, one of the world’s seven continents, is home to an unparalleled selection of cultures, history, and scenic beauty. Europe, which is Earth’s second smallest continent in geographic terms, has a population of approximately seven hundred and thirty three million residents. Europe saw the birth of Western culture, and was the center of many colonial empires during the Imperial Age. Europe’s human history dates back more than one and a half million years ago, when early hominids arrived on the continent. Modern humans arrived approximately forty thousand years ago, and rapidly supplanted the Neanderthals who had previously dominated European territory. Over the next several millennia, Europe experienced the copper, bronze, and iron ages, and constructed such monuments as Stonehenge and the Megalithic Temples of Malta. About three thousand years ago, ancient Greek civilization began to arise on the mainland and offshore islands of the Aegean Sea. The next great civilization to arise on the European continent was the Roman Empire, which dominated much of Europe’s land for several centuries. Eventually, Europe passed through the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages, when the continent’s political power was much more fragmented than in previous eras. Modern day Europe began to take shape during the Renaissance and the Industrial Ages, until the continent took its approximate modern day form during the middle of the twentieth century.
Europe and its islands have a generally temperate climate, although northern archipelagos tend to have lower temperatures than southern areas. Geographically speaking, Europe is an extremely diverse continent. European islands range from relatively flat to highly mountainous. Europe’s physical shape has changed substantially over the history of the earth, taking its current form approximately five million years ago. Europe and its islands have a spectacular range of biodiversity, ranging from cork oak forests and conifers to coniferous and beech trees. Europe’s animal life includes creatures ranging from polar bears, brown bears, and wolves to roe deer, bison, and marmots. Europe is one of the most politically integrated and economically advanced continents. Europe has a powerful economy, encompassing nearly forty trillion dollars in GDP. Despite this economic strength, Europe has faced some difficulty maintaining current population levels. In recent years, Europe’s more developed countries have faced negative growth rates, although the number of immigrants has increased substantially.
Europe has an extremely diverse religious and cultural heritage, manifesting itself in different types of architecture, festivities, and historical sites. Nearly every European nation with a coastline has a few offshore islands, and some, such as Greece and Italy, count archipelagos as a substantial portion of their landmass and significant contributors to their population. For the most part, European islands derive their cultural heritage and economic status from their mother countries, although they also develop unique characters over the years. Many European islands are vacation destinations for the continent and the rest of the world. Europe’s islands have great beaches and stunning views in addition to hidden gems and historic sites. Some European islands, such as Crete and Malta, were instrumental to the history of western culture, while others have become a fusion of different influences over the years. Others are a persistent reminder of authentic European culture, tucked away from the urbanization and modernization of the continent and dedicated to the preservation of the simple life. | <urn:uuid:e14b9fd1-dc06-44e2-93e0-a15bf8b849ed> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.island-search.com/europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651873.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00114-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95193 | 678 | 3.53125 | 4 |
In order to report an occurrence, trash or perhaps a break down, it’s essential that you can explain precisely what your location is.
Driver location sign, now traditionally used throughout the motorway and A–road system inform you, and explain, precisely what your location is when an incident occurs.
The signs are made to be noticeable on the highway whilst you’re travelling and also to establish your exact spot which means you (by using a hands-free system) or perhaps your passenger can record an event precisely without needing to stop.
Make use of the info on the sign to share with the emergency services as well as the breakdown/recovery services or Highways Organization Traffic Officer concerning the position.
Direction of journey:
The letter to the 2nd line of the signs informs the emergency services or even the Highways Organization which way you happen to be going in.
For the M25, ‘A’ signifies clockwise for the primary carriageway and the ‘B’ anticlockwise.
On the other Motorways ‘A’ is usually utilized to show northbound direction or ‘Away’ from Greater London and ‘B’ southbound direction or ‘Back’ to Greater London.
On spur highways or motorway slip roads you will notice J, K, L or M determined by course and placement.
Distances are correct to within just 20 metres and tend to be quoted from the start of the motorway. Around the M25 distances are calculated clockwise starting from the Dartford river crossing.
Drivers location signs are going to be positioned to the nearside verge on the road at intervals of 500m although this might be reduced in certain locations to prevent locating a sign beneath a bridge for instance where it wouldn’t be easily seen. | <urn:uuid:d4d33847-44a3-41b1-a716-30b0d64e79e2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://the-bmw-specialist-register.com/tag/motorway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989690.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516044552-20210516074552-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.944775 | 379 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Product #: CTB04602BBP|
DAILY MIND BUILDERS SCIENCE GR 5-12
In addition to waking up sleepy brains for the day's lessons, these short, fun daily activity pages develop the most important reading comprehension skill found on all standardized reading tests. Synthesizing disparate information and using the result to produce a reasonable conclusion is an essential skill assessed on standardized reading tests. This comprehension skill usually determines a child's reading score--and every Daily Mind Builders™ page develops this skill.
Each daily activity page includes two puzzles. The first puzzle is a short, true mystery. Its solution requires careful reading, inferential reasoning, and deductive thinking. The second puzzle involves a process of elimination involving the meanings of words or relationships between words.
Submit a review | <urn:uuid:45dc22ad-5531-4a97-bee2-f3eba1b32e31> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.schoodoodle.com/page_49706_1166/daily-mind-builders-science-gr-5-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102393.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816191044-20170816211044-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.884784 | 163 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Amid the growing concerns for this life-threatening condition, researchers discovery that MRSA cannot develop a resistance to Manuka Honey the way it has been able to with antibiotics.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics, such as methicillin and other common antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin and amoxicillin. MRSA is usually transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with shared items or surfaces that have come into contact with someone else's infection, such as towels or used bandages. If entered into the blood stream, MRSA infections can become fatal.
When treating MRSA, taking antibiotics is not enough to destroy the bacterium or heal a Staph infection. Even though some medicines may help the boil to go away, the germ is still all around you, and you will most likely get it again if proper prevention measures are not followed. This dilemma has doctors and other medical professionals scurrying for an alternative to antibiotics.
Why don't antibiotics work? Antibiotics are medicines that help to fight bacterial infections. However, bacteria have the ability to mutate and become resistant to elements attempting to destroy them, such as antibiotics. Bacteria quickly develop new traits through mutations that help protect them against antibiotics. The mutated organisms survive and reproduce, passing along the mutation to their offspring. Eventually, antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria will outnumber the non-resistant ones under the constant pressure of antibiotic use.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. The bacteria survive and continue to multiply causing more harm. In more simple terms, when a bacteria becomes resistant to an antibiotic, it means that it has come up with a way to keep the antibiotic from working against it. It has been noted that more than 70% of the bacteria that cause infections are resistant to at least one antibiotic used to treat them.
What's the solution? Manuka Honey has the ability to destroy bacteria by drawing moisture out of the bacterial cells, making it impossible for the bacteria to survive. This is different than the way antibiotics kill bacteria. There has been countless clinical studies that have proven Manuka Honey's ability to completely wipe out the superbugs associated with MRSA-related Staph infections. As a result, Manuka Honey is now being used in wound dressings as a powerful antibacterial agent. To date, there have been no reported cases of any bacteria being able to develop a resistance to Manuka Honey.
What is Manuka Honey? There is a unique type of plant that is indigenous to New Zealand and certain parts of Australia called the Manuka Tree (Leptospermum scoparium). Honeybees gather the nectar of the flowers that grow on the Manuka Tree and take it back to their hives where they add enzymes to it to form honey. It is this unique nectar that possess special antibacterial properties which makes Manuka Honey different than other types of honey.
This medical grade honey is now being used in wound care products as a healing agent. Honeymark is a manufacturer of skin care products that utilizes Active Manuka Honey as a main ingredient. Honeymark's First Aid Antiseptic Lotion is an effective topical solution when treating MRSA. In addition to Active Manuka Honey, this product also contains Benzalkonium Chloride which is an FDA approved antiseptic. The chloride is, in essence, salt which has the ability to absorb moisture, similar to the way Manuka Honey does. Anyone who has ever poured salt over a slug has watched the slug shrivel up and die. The same thing happens to bacteria when it comes in contact with chloride.
"Honeymark has taken the sticky mess out of using plain Manuka Honey on the skin," says Frank Buonanotte, CEO of Honeymark International. "Our First Aid Antiseptic Lotion contains UMF Active Manuka Honey which has the ability to diffuse into the depth of tissue, healing wounds below the surface of the skin. This has become our best selling product because of its ability to effectively heal Staph infections."
For more information or to purchase Honeymark's First Aid Antiseptic Lotion, call 1-866-427-7329 or visit www.HoneymarkProducts.com. | <urn:uuid:443a5475-4ba7-4301-a363-4b5f6be0ec4f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://manuka-honey.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-to-treat-mrsa-and-staph-infections.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00172-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944804 | 914 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Chronic heart failure
Chronic heart failure affects around 300,000 Australians. Some of the symptoms and treatments of this condition can contribute to bladder and bowel problems.
Incontinence in people with dementia is mostly related to the inability to recognise the toilet, coordinate toileting actions, and cleaning themselves after going to the toilet.
People with diabetes commonly experience problems with bladder and bowel control. This can involve accidental leakage, incomplete emptying, passing urine (wee) frequently, or feeling the need to rush to the toilet.
Parkinson’s is a progressive neurological condition that can affect bladder control and cause constipation.
Difficulty with bladder and bowel control is common after stroke. While it can be frustrating, it can be better managed and even cured.
Arthritis does not directly affect the bladder or bowel for most people. It is the loss of mobility and joint stiffness that prevents a person from reaching the toilet in time.
People with mental illness may experience problems associated with bladder and bowel control, but the cause may not be due to their illness. | <urn:uuid:194ebf06-1d3b-4bd8-a681-3b96ab52e58b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.continence.org.au/incontinence/medical-conditions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104141372.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702131941-20220702161941-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.912378 | 239 | 2.8125 | 3 |
From Taboos to Traditional Tolerance
INDONESIAN HERITAGE SOCIETY
The literary works of women-writers during the Reformasi were breaking many taboos in Indonesia. They spoke about sexuality, politics, and religion in open ways as never happened before. However, the promise of freedom of expression is
not fulfilled as Indonesia now faces increasing radicalism. How do traditional and modern taboos develop and interact? Why does Indonesia, famous for its cultural heritage of spiritual diversity, seem to become more intolerant precisely within democracy?
Ayu Utami is an award-winning Indonesian author. Her first novel, Saman, has been translated into ten languages. She was a journalist and a press freedom activist during the military regime.
Time: March 20 2018, 7:00 pm
Place: Auditorium Erasmus
Huis, Jln. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. S-3, Kuningan Jakarta Selatan
Entrance: Rp 50.000 (Rp 30.000 for students)
More info: www.heritagejkt.org, email: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:f70f218b-2c75-4049-bb4c-58307cd8870b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.ayuutami.info/438963380 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662540268.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521174536-20220521204536-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.925034 | 247 | 3.03125 | 3 |
By Trustee Rowena Akana
September 8, 1994
Hawaii is a diverse, multifaceted culture, one that is distinct from that of the Mainland. Solutions to many of the problems concerning Hawaiian voters require a historical knowledge and cultural sensitivity that those who are not kamaaina simply do not have.
The unconstitutional procedure by which Hawaii was annexed to the United States of America offers Hawaii a unique opportunity to lead a renewed battle for the resurrection of the powerful principle of state sovereignty. The Constitution allows for the annexation of new territory by two means and by two means only, conquest and a treaty ratified by Congress. McKinley knew that he did not have the votes of 2/3rd of the Congress that he needed to ratify a treaty of annexation. Rather, he chose to pass a Joint Resolution calling for annexation. Although creative, this method is not provided for anywhere in the Constitution.
To the great l9th century orator, Stephen Douglas, states incorporated legally into the Union were co-equal and sovereign unto themselves. In his celebrated debates with Lincoln (echoing the Declaration of Independence which states that, “these United States are, and of right ought to be Free and Independent States”), Douglas said,
“This government was made upon the great basis of the sovereignty of the states, the right of each state to regulate its own domestic institutions to suit itself, and that right was conferred with the understanding and expectation that inasmuch as each locality had separate interests, each locality must have different and distinct local domestic institutions, corresponding to its wants and interests.”
In another speech during the debates Douglas added that “the (Founding Fathers) provided that each state should retain its own legislature, and its own sovereignty with the full and complete power to do as it pleased within its own limits.”
Despite these and many other ringing endorsements of state sovereignty, Article I section 8 of the Constitution (the “implied powers” clause), Article VI (the “supremacy” clause) and the 14th Amendment (guaranteeing equal protection under the law) are interpreted today as defensive of a strong Federal prerogative.
Hawaii, on the other hand, has a uniquely tenuous constitutional status as a member of the Union, which could conceivably make its exercise of state sovereignty very feasible. If enacted, Hawaii’s success or failure could serve as a model for the 49 other states. Our experiment could tell them whether or not they too wish to control their own destiny.
Too many of our hard-earned tax dollars are squandered annually supporting top-heavy Federal bureaucracy. Think of how much more we could do with that money if we kept it here, in Hawaii. Instead of wasting our money on pork barrel spending, we could fund projects that more accurately reflected the needs of local residents.
Increased state sovereignty for Hawaii would benefit all residents, Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians alike. The Sovereignty Movement would benefit from this new political relationship with Washington D.C. in a number of important ways. For instance, sovereign initiatives would not need to wait for recognition from the Federal government before they were considered “validated.” Furthermore, such perennially sticky questions such as the nature of the Federal government’s trust responsibility to Hawaiians and the Hawaiian’s right to sue for breach of trust would be moot.
The time has come for us to formulate a new political relationship that would enable these changes to take place and keep our kala where it belongs – at home. First and foremost, this means altering Hawaii’s relationship with Washington D.C. Federal power must be substantially weakened in favor of significantly broadened state power. This would increase both our fiscal independence and the autonomy of our legislation. With increased state power, local issues can be addressed by local people with local knowledge. | <urn:uuid:a0b746d7-ca19-4c0b-9553-546c9fcdc2f2> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.rowenaakana.org/tag/supremacy-clause/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.965432 | 796 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Because archaeologists have been able to decode the written language of its people, the Aztec Empire is one of the best understood of the ancient civilizations. The Aztec pyramids played a central role in the polytheistic society, and several are still standing in archaeological parks throughout Mexico, where travelers can explore the symbolism and architecture of these ancient structures.
The Aztec pyramids date back to the 1400s, when the Aztec Empire, a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual kingdom that occupied whit is now south-central Mexico, was heralded as the most powerful empire in the New World. The Aztec reign began sometime around 1428 and lasted until the Spanish, led by Hernando Cortes, conquered the civilization in 1521. During the nearly 100 years that the Aztecs ruled the land, they built many cities, and the central point of the cities was a temple sitting atop a pyramid, where religious ceremonies and human sacrifices occurred.
According to Aztec writings and religious artwork found at archeological sites, the Aztec pyramids were central to the civilization’s religion. The pyramids housed temples, and religious sacrifices were made in front of the temples. Human sacrifice was the most common type of sacrifice. The priests would sacrifice the victim by cutting out her heart, offering that to the deity, and then throwing the body down the steps. Voluntary bloodletting was another type of sacrifice performed on the pyramids.
The Aztec pyramids served as religious centers. Aztecs had a polytheistic society, with three head gods: Huitzilopochtli, Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca. Each temple was dedicated to a one of these deities. Typically, the temple housed a shrine to the deity, in addition to schools, dormitories, altars, gardens and sacred pools. Some temples also had arsenals and ball courts. In 2009, archaeologists found what they believe to be the tomb of an Aztec king in Templo Mayor, which indicates the pyramids may also have served as burial grounds.
Five archaeological parks currently have Aztec pyramids open for exploration. These include Teotihuacan, Templo Mayor, El Tajin, Monte Alban and Mitla. Of these sites, Teotihuacant is prominent, as it has two of the world's largest pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. Mexico City's Templo Mayor also draws many guests, as it is in Tenochtitlan, the site archaeologists believe to be the capital of the Aztec empire. At most sites, visitors can climb to the top of the pyramids and explore the surrounding ruins.
Aztecs built three main types of pyramids. Twin stair pyramids, such as Temple Mayor, have two temples on the top, each dedicated to its own deity, and a double staircase. These pyramids feature a square base shape. Round pyramids, which were dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, the god of wind, were less common. Finally, smaller cities built later in the Aztec history had pyramids with just one temple and one set of stairs. Like the twin stair pyramids, the single stair pyramids also have a square base.
- La Pelota en Chichen image by Mr.Papeete from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:78247925-818d-45f8-ad83-695b03fa154d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://traveltips.usatoday.com/information-aztec-pyramids-1103.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737899086.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221819-00146-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965283 | 685 | 3.921875 | 4 |
last week and you can understand how a good cover of vegetation helps hold the soil together in extreme weather events such as flooding or high winds, or conversely, how in dry times, covered soil full of organic matter remains moister for longer than exposed bare ground.
Healthy soils also support production – and not just for this or next season, but with the right investment, sustainably for the long term.
Isn’t soil formation a natural process? Why do we have to manage it?
Through the soil’s natural formation process, pedogenesis, it takes around 2000 years to build 10 cm of fertile topsoil ( 1). However, soil erosion due to traditional agriculture is occurring at a rate between 10 and 100 times faster than this formation process (2,3). Although the lack of good data makes predictions highly uncertain, at the current rate of topsoil loss, indications are that the earth may only have around 50 years of topsoil left (4).
The first Global Soil Week, last week in Berlin, looked at issues such as the how it is a combination of environmental/climatic conditions and political-economic processes (both past and present) that have brought about land and soil degradation. Global Soil Week brought together stakeholders from around the world to translate land and soil knowledge into societal action – an international version of what we’re trying to do here at Soils for Life!
What we try to focus on here at Soils for Life, is that it’s not all doom and gloom. Yes, globally, landscape degradation is extensive and has the potential to lead to many challenges – particularly in producing sufficient food and fibre to support a growing population. But solutions do exist now.
Innovative farmers and land managers are fighting the trend – building, not degrading their soils – by restoring natural pedogenesis processes. These farmers are delivering sustainable production on fertile landscapes, and providing a model for all farmers and land managers to follow.
What can we do to look after soil health?
The Soils for Life case studies demonstrate a range of ways Australian farmers and land managers are already looking after soil health – with positive results.
Some farmers take action to directly address soil health, such as Greg and Sally Chappell of Shannon Vale Station near Glen Innes, NSW, who apply tailored solid organic fertilisers and liquid foliar fertiliser to target specific deficiencies in nutrient availability. Combined with their grazing management, they’ve consequently increased soil organic carbon and soil fertility, have overcome a weed invasion and now have highly productive pastures – as I’m sure all who attended the Field Day there last week could attest to!
For other case study participants, improved soil health was more of a consequence of other actions. Tim and Karen Wright of Lana, also on the NSW Northern Tablelands, use their grazing management as a farm tool as a part of a Holistic Management approach across their property. As Tim says, “We use the farm livestock as the tools to enhance the land as well as their being a source of income. The slasher in their teeth, the plough in their feet and the fertiliser equipment in the rear. Animals distribute nutrients across the grazed areas and build soil.”
As a result, due to improved soil health and a functioning soil-water-vegetation cycle, the Wright’s stock carrying capacity has increased from around 8000 to 20,000 dry sheep equivalent (DSE) and they have sustained this even through periods of reduced rainfall.
How can we encourage the wider adoption of practices such as these?
If you’re a farmer or land manager, what support do you need to adopt regenerative practices to look after your soil health?
Click on ‘Comments’ below and tell us what you think.
Over the next few weeks, we’ll take a closer look at the physical, biological and mineral qualities of soil, what our innovative farmers are doing to address each of these specific areas and the results they are achieving by doing so.
The Soils for Life Team
(2) United Nations Environment Program, 2012, UNEP Year Book 2012: Emerging issues in our global environment, www.unep.org/yearbook/2012
(3) Pimentel, D., 2006, ‘Soil erosion: A food and environmental threat.’ Environment Development and Sustainability, 8, pp119-137
(4) Marler, J.B., and Wallin, J.R., 2006, Human Health, the Nutritional Quality of Harvested Food and Sustainable Farming Systems, Nutritional Security Institute,www.nutritionsecurity.org/PDF/NSI_White%20Paper_Web.pdf , p1
Soils for Life, | <urn:uuid:a2fec620-7b5d-4fbe-9fee-a7d0585bd14e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://soilsforlife.org.au/2012/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911092.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710144305-20200710174305-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.938131 | 984 | 2.9375 | 3 |
for Thomas Edison for Kids by Laurie Winn Carlson
From the Publisher: Thomas Edison, one of the world's greatest inventors, is introduced in this fascinating activity book. Children will learn how Edison ushered in an astounding age of invention with his unique way of looking at things and refusal to be satisfied with only one solution to a problem. This book helps inspire kids to be inventors and scientists, as well as persevere with their own ideas. Activities allow children to try Edison's experiments themselves, with activities such as making a puppet dance using static electricity, manufacturing a switch for electric current, constructing a telegraph machine, manipulating sound waves, building an electrical circuit to test for conductors and insulators, making a zoetrope, and testing a dandelion for latex. In addition to his inventions and experiments, the book explores Edison's life outside of science, including his relationship with inventor Nikola Tesla, his rivalry with George Westinghouse, and his friendship with Henry Ford. A time line, glossary, and lists of supply sources, places to visit, and websites for further exploration complement this activity book.
Publisher description retrieved from Google Books. | <urn:uuid:b612d92e-3103-4a69-8b09-bdd7bb7497c5> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.teachingbooks.net/annotations.cgi?id=44821 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991812.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515004936-20210515034936-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.947645 | 233 | 3.640625 | 4 |
SITA since more then 30 years produces UV units for the disinfection of drinking water.
Water treatment is fundamental when we talk about drinking water. One of the main issues which are usually faced are bacteria chlorine resistant like for example Cryptosporidiu, and Giardia.
Usually in the past water disinfection was demanded to chlorine or other chemical products. Now-a-day small and big aqueducts are considering UV technology as an help or an alternative to the use of the chemical products.
Three different certification (DWGV, ONORM, USEPA) are able to ensure the end user about the real efficacy of the UV units. Those certification infact are given only after very strict biodosimetric test made in the most different operational conditions.
SITA's IT series has been specifically studied for drinking water and is certified under O-NORM 5873-1.
Other important certifications, like for example WRAS and ACS, ensure that SITA production is suitabke for human consumption. | <urn:uuid:9ab5d5d6-e134-47a7-a3a1-fe7dd3ffca16> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://sitauv.com/en/applications/108-potable-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866358.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624044127-20180624064127-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.935446 | 214 | 2.84375 | 3 |
By putting a huge umbrella into space, we could come closer to finding extraterrestrial life
Things are heating up at NASA as Solar Probe Plus prepares to take a plunge into the Sun
Fancy building your own Lego super-telescope?
Forget rovers, meet “Charlie” the robo-ape who’s planning on a trip to the Moon – and maybe even Mars!
Meet the future technology that could harness power and energy from a star in the most unusual way
It’s all hands on deck to Alpha Centauri aboard the interstellar Ghost Ship
Could this incredibly hostile planet support future colonies? We take a look…
Mouse over the icons for more information about the Nautilus-X spacecraft
When it comes to manned missions into deep space there are no shortage of proposals on the drawing board. People have dreamed up spacecraft with various fantastical elements, from futuristic propulsion engines to somewhat ambitious aesthetic designs, but one proposal that warrants a serious glance is Nautilus-X. It’s a spacecraft that builds largely on existing technology to make human exploration of the Solar System a realistic possibility, and at a reasonable price too.
Drawn up by NASA engineers Mark Holderman and Edward Henderson, this deep space vehicle might not be as exciting to look at as some of the other futuristic proposals being touted but its certainly one of the most promising. The full name of the vehicle is theNon-Atmospheric Universal Transport Intended for Lengthy United States Exploration (Nautilus-X), while this type of spacecraft is known as a Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV).
Nautilus-X would be capable of supporting a crew of six for missions lasting from one month to two years. Although it might look like a mini space station, the whole thing is designed to be able to travel throughout the Solar System, be it near the Moon or Mars. Although not capable of descending to the surface of another world itself, it has docking ports to which landing craft can be attached.
The intention of the vehicle is that, once built, it could remain in space for many years with several different crews utilising it. For example, one crew could travel to Nautilus-X in an Orion spacecraft and then take the entire spacecraft to Mars for a mission lasting up to a year. They would then return in Nautilus-X at the conclusion of the mission and leave the spacecraft near Earth orbit, ready and waiting for another crew, while they travel back to the surface of Earth in their Orion capsule.
Such an implementation would allow multiple rotating crews to make use of the spacecraft on a variety of missions. Solar panels would provide the spacecraft with power, while on-board farms could provide astronauts with food. At the outset of a mission, though, it’s likely astronauts would need to bring some supplies with them, perhaps on a separate spacecraft like SpaceX’s Dragon.
Another key feature of Nautilus-X is, as you may have noticed in the illustration above, the centrifuge. It is well documented that prolonged exposure to space can have a debilitating effect on an astronaut’s health, in particular their muscle and bone strength. It is estimated that as much as 2 per cent of bone mass is lost for every month an astronaut is weightless in space, so providing an artificial gravity environment could be essential for long-term exploration missions. The centrifuge on Nautilus-X would provide between 51 to 69% of Earth’s gravity, allowing astronauts to recuperate bone mass they may have lost while on other parts of the spacecraft or outside on a mission. Such a centrifuge had been suggested as an additional module for the International Space Station to test the technology, but unfortunately that now seems to be on hold due to budgetary reasons.
On the subject of money, Nautilus-X carries with it a rather alluring price tag. The brains behind the project estimate it would cost around $3.7 billion (£2.3 billion), not even twice the price of NASA’s Curiosity rover, while development could be completed in just over five years. Such figures are attractive, especially for the money-conscious top dogs at NASA, so there is a chance that after further research this spacecraft may come to fruition.
But on that note, when could we expect to see any work on Nautilus-X begin? At the moment, NASA’s manned exploration funding is tied up in a number of projects, namely Orion, Commercial Crew Development (which includes funding for SpaceX, Boeing and Sierra Nevada Corporation’s upcoming manned vehicles), the ISS and the Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket. The latter would be essential for launching and assembling the various components of this spacecraft in Earth orbit. Whether we will ever see Nautilus-X fly is up for debate, but it’s good to know that NASA has a sound proposal for a deep space exploration vehicle if it ever does decide to go down that route.
Take a look at this next-generation spacecraft that some NASA engineers believe will be capable of multiple trips to the Moon, Mars and other destinations.
Mouse over the icons for more information
One of the arguments for colonising the Moon is that it contains a lot of material that may be useful not only on the Moon itself, but also back on Earth. This includes things like helium-3, an isotope of helium that some say could be used as fuel in future nuclear fusion power plants to provide a huge new source of energy.
If we are to colonise the Moon then we could do with an innovative and low cost way to regularly send this useful material back to Earth. After all, we don’t want to have to use numerous expendable rockets to continually transport cargo to and from the Moon.
So, with that in mind, some space enthusiasts have envisioned a railgun of sorts that would be able fire projectiles from the Moon to Earth. Using magnetic levitation, the structure would accelerate a payload to the necessary speed required to escape the gravity of the Moon and return to Earth, or perhaps rendezvous with a cargo spacecraft in lunar orbit for transportation to Earth. This concept was used in the 2009 movie “Moon”, with helium-3 being mined on the Moon and sent to Earth by such a machine, known as a lunar mass driver.
A lunar mass driver is basically a long tube along which a payload is accelerated using electromagnets. Rather than relying on expendable fuel like rocket propellant, a mass driver on the Moon could run on solar power. The idea of a mass driver is that when a payload is accelerated to a speed greater than the escape velocity of the Moon (2.4 kilometres or 1.5 miles per second), it will be released from the tube and travel into lunar orbit, where it can be picked up by a larger cargo spacecraft for use in space or transportation to Earth. Rather than sending large payloads, a lunar mass driver will launch multiple small payloads, possibly several per second depending on its design.
These proposals have been considered for use on Earth, but the lower gravity and lack of atmosphere on the Moon makes it a much more desirable location. Creating a mass driver on Earth that could propel a payload into orbit around our planet would be incredibly difficult. To reach and maintain low Earth orbit, for example, a spacecraft or payload needs to have a velocity of about 7.8 kilometres (4.8 miles) per second, or 28,000 kilometres (17,400 miles) per hour, and it would also have to contend with the Earth’s atmosphere and its relatively strong gravitational pull. By comparison, the Moon has no atmosphere and much lower gravity, meaning a payload can more easily be accelerated to the speed required to escape the Moon.
A lunar mass driver is, of course, something very much still in a concept stage. Few actual experiments have been carried out on the possibility of building any sort of mass driver, but if we are to one day colonise the Moon building such a structure could be imperative for the transportation of useful material to Earth.
How a magnetic railgun could one day launch material from the Moon to Earth
Astrobotic tells spaceanswers.com how it plans to make the first soft lunar landing since 1973
Hover over the icons for more information. Illustration by Adrian Mann.
Sometimes when we envision the future of space exploration, we like to let our imagination get the better of ourselves. Today we’re seeing a new breed of rockets and space vehicles that are increasing our ability to access space like never before.
So when we come across a design like the Kankoh-maru, even though it’s blatantly obvious we won’t be seeing anything of the sort flying in our lifetimes, there’s no harm in dreaming of a future where such vehicles are commonplace, right?
The Kankoh-maru, as seen above, was a concept devised by the Japanese Rocket Society in 1993. Named after the steam-powered Japanese Kankō Maru warship, this bizarre egg-shaped vehicle would take off and land by itself, known as VTVL (vertical takeoff and landing), as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spacecraft. The whole thing is reusable and, with each launch, the Kankoh-maru could take 50 people into orbit.
In recent years a variety of tests on VTVL vehicles have been carried out, most notably SpaceX’s Grasshopper rocket, but nothing on the scale of the Kankoh-maru has ever really been considered, let alone tested.
Nonetheless, the design of the Kankoh-maru is certainly intriguing. This vehicle, weighing about 550 metric tons (1,200,000 pounds), would tower 23.5 metres (77 feet) above the ground and have a diameter at its base of 18 metres (59 feet).
The spacecraft is split into two sections, with a propulsion section at the bottom using four boosters and eight sustainer rockets providing thrust at sea level and in space respectively. Above the propulsion section is the payload section, with the cockpit sitting at the very top.
The purpose of this spacecraft would be to take a large number of crew into Earth orbit, either to a orbiting space hotel or just for short orbital trips. The ambitious goals of the spacecraft would see 700,000 passengers a year being taken into space via a fleet of 52 Kankoh-marus with a ticket price of $25,000 (£16,000) a head. Each of the 52 vehicles would be expected to fly 300 flights a year.
Maybe one day vehicles such as this will regularly take paying customers into space, offering extended stays on orbiting hotels or acting as the first leg of a journey to a futuristic lunar colony. Who knows. For now, we’ll simply have to imagine what could come to pass in a future where space travel is accessible to all, and the Kankoh-maru certainly fits the bill of affording that accessibility even if it is, you know, somewhat ambitious in its design.
You can follow Jonathan on Twitter @Astro_Jonny
The Kankoh-maru is a reusable spacecraft that would be capable of taking 50 people to and from orbit – if it can even be built, that is.
Scroll over the icons for more information. Illustration by Adrian Mann.
Around Jupiter lurks Ganymede, one of the four Galilean moons and the largest natural satellite in the Solar System. In fact, with a diameter of about 5,270 kilometres (3,275 miles), it is larger even than the planet Mercury and has almost twice the mass of Earth’s Moon.
However, it is not the size of Ganymede that is of most interest. This giant moon, 640 million kilometres (400 million miles) from Earth, has an icy surface and might be hiding a saltwater ocean underground, while its atmosphere bears tantalising hints of oxygen and may even possess a thin ozone layer. For these reasons it has garnered a lot of interest for future exploration missions and one of those, Russia’s Ganymede Lander, could touch down on the surface in the next 20 years.
The Ganymede Lander would launch along with the European Space Agency’s Juipter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) spacecraft in 2022, arriving at Jupiter around 2030 after using gravitational assists to reach the giant planet. The collaboration would allow JUICE to scour Ganymede for a suitable landing site for the lander, although a separate Russian orbiter might also join the launch to provide a back-up option to find a landing site.
The lander itself would be a stationary vehicle, touching down on a region of interest on Ganymede to perform scientific analysis. A large antenna on the top would communicate with Earth, while numerous instruments including cameras and spectrometers would analyse the surrounding area. The main focus of the mission would be astrobiology.
This would be the first such mission ever attempted in the Jovian system. So far spacecraft have landed on Venus, the Moon, Mars and Saturn’s moon Titan; landing on Ganymede would mark the sixth body in the Solar System (including Earth) that humanity has left its mark upon.
The Ganymede Lander is still in a concept stage at the moment. Russia will spend up to $1 million (£650,000) on research and development for the spacecraft in 2014 to determine the feasibility of such a mission, with construction on the first prototypes to begin in 2017 if all goes to plan.
You can follow Jonathan on Twitter @Astro_Jonny
Take a look at Russia’s plan to land a spacecraft on the largest moon in the Solar System.
We spoke to the President and Chief Engineer of Planetary Resources about their plans to create a new trillion-dollar space industry.
The testing of Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo and many other similar projects in various states of development means that we are about to enter an era of commercial spaceflight.
This will bring about huge changes in the aerospace industry, which has prompted the European Space Agency (ESA) to look at how it should respond to this new environment. Being only able to help and fund commercial suborbital spaceplane projects in Europe, ESA has proposed the construction of a generic European “Cryogenic Sub-orbital Spacecraft”.
ESA looked at three different reusable spaceplane concepts that could use the Vinci rocket engine that is currently being developed as an upper stage rocket for their Ariane launch vehicle. The first had a conventional tail assembly and wings, the second had a forward canard, wings and butterfly tail assembly, and the third had a canard and winglets.
The ESA report favoured the second vehicle concept, as the design allows it to carry payloads on its back that can be launched into low Earth orbit. It would have a total weight of 13,920 kilograms (30,625 pounds) at takeoff, and would operate from an airstrip like a conventional aircraft. Using a fuel load of 7,515 kilograms (16,534 pounds), it would blast the craft to a maximum speed of 4,176 kilometres (2,595 mph).
The Vinci engine, which is capable of being fired up to 5 times on each mission, takes the two crew and six passengers to a height of 107.65 kilometres (66.8 miles) where several minutes of weightlessness can be experienced before the craft glides back down to Earth.
This vision of a potential Vinci spaceplane would use the technology currently being developed by ESA, and it would be able to use ESA’s expertise in astronaut training and space medicine. ESA is also able to help the flow and exchange of information between interested parties and to help meet the demands of European Aviation Safety Agency certification and other European legal requirements.
The Vinci spaceplane would certainly be able to send a variety of payloads into orbit at a lower cost per launch than conventional rockets, and could be equal to the commercial suborbital spaceplanes being developed in the United States. Whether any European companies are willing or able to take up the technological and economic challenges that need to be surmounted, before the Vinci spaceplane can take flight, is something only time will tell.
Our exclusive illustration gives you the world’s first opportunity to see what this new concept vehicle from the ESA could look like.
Is this the future of rocket travel? SpaceX wows us once again with a ‘hover slam’ demonstration of its Grasshopper technology.
This is not some crazy idea or ridiculous flight of fancy; inflatable spacecraft have already been tried and tested, and it will not be long until the International Space Station is joined by these rather more expandable brothers and sisters in Earth orbit.
Bigelow Aerospace flew two unmanned inflatable spacecraft, Genesis I and II, in 2006 and 2007 respectively to test this technology. They are precursors to Bigelow Aerospace’s next venture, the BA 330 (above).
In 2015, Bigelow Aerospace will dock an inflatable module with the ISS to further test the concept, with a fully-fledged inflatable space station due by the end of the decade.
For more on inflatable space stations, check out issue 8 of All About Space magazine.
You can follow Jonathan on Twitter @Astro_Jonny
Take a tour of the expandable habitat that could soon be a destination for astronauts in Earth orbit.
What would the effects be if we were able to approach, or even reach, light speed?
Absurdly ambitious or definitely doable? Let us know your thoughts on DSI’s plans to mine asteroids for valuable resources below.
Deep Space Industries has unveiled plans for a new robotic exploration fleet.
Could space travel on a Star Trek scale ever become a reality? | <urn:uuid:22cf5ad2-e4a7-43b4-b3d6-fb018b990ed0> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.spaceanswers.com/category/futuretech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171416.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00647-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94339 | 3,704 | 2.984375 | 3 |
rod(redirected from Corti's rods)
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rod:see English units of measurementEnglish units of measurement,
principal system of weights and measures used in a few nations, the only major industrial one being the United States. It actually consists of two related systems—the U.S.
..... Click the link for more information. .
(also rod cell), a photoreceptor of the human and lower vertebrate eye. The rod cells respond to faint light. They and the cone cells are located in the outermost part of the retina. The cells consist of a basal synapse (connected with deeper-lying retinal cells), the nucleus, an internal segment containing ergastoplasm, the myoid (a contractile element of the rod cells), the ellipsoid (a mass of mitochondria), and an external segment made up of disks. A connective fiber with nine pairs of threads typical of cilia and departing from a pair of centrioles unites the internal and external segments. The disks of the outer segment, which are composed partly of visual pigment, are formed by an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane. At the retinal periphery, there are more rod cells than cone cells. The retinas of nocturnal and crepuscular animals contain only rods.
REFERENCEVinnikov, la. A. Tsitologicheskie i molekuliarnye osnovy retseptsii. Leningrad, 1971.
O. G. STROEVA
in the theory of oscillations, an elastic solid body whose length greatly exceeds its transverse dimensions. When a rod is excited, for example, by an impact, free oscillations arise in the rod. The oscillatory displacements of the particles of the rod may be directed either along the rod’s axis—longitudinal oscillations—or perpendicular to the axis—torsional and flexural oscillations. For torsional oscillations, any cross section of the rod is twisted with respect to an adjacent cross section. For flexural oscillations, the points of the axis of the rod are displaced in a transverse direction, and fibers parallel to and lying on various sides of the axis undergo tensile and compressive strains.
Any oscillation of a rod may be represented as the sum of the simplest sinusoidals of the various types of natural oscillations in the rod. The frequencies f of the oscillations depend on the length l of the rod, the density p of the material, the shape and area S of the cross section, the elastic reaction to the given type of deformation, and the conditions of attachment of the rod’s ends. For example, for longitudinal oscillations of a free rod,
where E is Young’s modulus and n is an integer corresponding to the number of the harmonic component. For torsional oscillations of a round free rod,
where G is the shear modulus. In the case of flexural oscillations, the natural frequencies do not form a harmonic series, since the rate of propagation of flexural waves is dependent on frequency. For a rod secured at both ends,
where I is the moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to a neutral axis of the rod and the coefficient αn assumes the values α1 = 4.73, α2 = 7.85,. . . The form of the free oscillations of the rod depends on which of the free oscillations are found in the spectrum; this, in turn, is determined by the method of excitation.
Under the action of a sinusoidal driving force the rod oscillates at the frequency of the force f (forced oscillations). When the frequency of the force coincides with one of the rod’s natural frequencies, the phenomenon of resonance occurs.
The practical importance of oscillations of a rod is varied. Any beam in a structural design may be considered as a rod on whose natural frequencies the strength of the structure depends. Dangerous oscillations arising along a ship’s length because of an engine imbalance may be considered as oscillations of a rod. Rods are used in some musical instruments, such as xylophones. A tuning fork is a curved rod with two free ends.
REFERENCESMorse, P. Kolebaniia i zvuk. Moscow-Leningrad, 1949. (Translated from English.)
Strutt, J. W. (Lord Rayleigh). Teoriia zvuka, 2nd ed., vol. 1. Moscow, 1955. (Translated from English.) | <urn:uuid:666d0f3d-7ca2-475b-88bf-bb2e0543dd08> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Corti%27s+rods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512395.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019103957-20181019125457-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.880724 | 970 | 2.984375 | 3 |
GAḤAL (acronym for Hebrew Gush Ḥerut Liberalim (Ḥerut-Liberal Bloc)). Israeli parliamentary group established towards the end of the term of the Fifth Knesset in 1965 by two opposition parties, the *Ḥerut Movement and the Israel Liberal Party. The two parties agreed that while maintaining separate political organizations, they would act as a single parliamentary group and run in a single list in the elections to the Sixth Knesset, with Menaḥem *Begin as its leader. The new alignment moved the Herut Movement, which for 17 years had been Israel's most extreme right-wing party and had existed more or less in total political isolation, to the center of the political spectrum, providing it with legitimization in wider parts of the population. Not all the members of the Liberal Party joined Gaḥal, as its members who had previously belonged to the Progressive Party preferred to form a new parliamentary group and party under the name *Independent Liberal Party. Within Gahal, as within the *Likud later on, the Liberal Party component advanced the line of economic liberalism. At the end of the Fifth Knesset the Gaḥal parliamentary group had 27 seats. In the elections to the Sixth Knesset in 1965 it received 26 seats, losing four in the course of the Knesset's term. Upon the outbreak of the Six-Day War Gaḥal joined the coalition under Levi *Eshkol with two of its members, Menaḥem Begin and Yosef *Sapir, becoming ministers without portfolio. In the elections to the Seventh Knesset in 1969 Gaḥal received 26 seats, also increasing its strength in the municipal elections and in the elections to the *Histadrut conference. In the new government formed after the elections by Golda *Meir, Gaḥal was represented by six ministers, of whom two, Begin and Arie *Dulzin, were without portfolio. Gaḥal resigned from the coalition in August 1970 after the Meir government expressed willingness to accept the Rogers Plan, which was based on the principle of territories for peace. Prior to the elections to the Eighth Knesset the Ḥerut Movement and Liberal Party decided to establish a new list together with several other parties and groups, which was called the *Likud.
[Susan Hattis Rolef (2nd ed.)]
Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:ee3db773-23d1-4d68-a352-d99ca95b7457> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_06994.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457127.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00113-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97058 | 523 | 2.625 | 3 |
The importance of water is paramount. Life, as we know it, would be unthinkable without it. Not only that, the geology of our planet, and those of other planets, can not be properly understood without a knowledge of how water behaves. Most chemical reactions on the surface of Earth, natural or industrial, involve water molecules, one way or the other. Still, what we do not know about the microscopic behaviour of water is breathtaking.
Take, for example, the dielectric constant of water. The dielectric constant measures how much a material affects an electric field or, in other words, how the Coulomb force between two point charges in the material is decreased by the presence of the material. The dielectric constant values are usually given in relation to that of vacuum; that is why a more correct name for the dielectric constant is relative dielectric permittivity. How the dielectric permittivity depends on frequency (dielectric relaxation) is related to the fluctuations of the molecular dipoles (pairs of opposite charges present in the molecules). However, since water molecules are forming a hydrogen-bond network, the dielectric relaxation is collective in nature. Although the dielectric response of liquid water has been intensively investigated by means of different techniques, the microscopic mechanisms involved remained elusive.
Now a team of researchers from CFM (CSIC-UPV/EHU), UPV/EHU and Institut Laue-Langevin coordinated by Juan Colmenero, from DIPC and CFM, has used 1 the combination of two spectroscopic techniques to reveal, experimentally, what microscopic mechanisms are implicated in the dielectric response of water. This combination of techniques had been used before, but only with qualitative results; this is the first time that a quantitative study is produced.
The authors combine results from two kinds of measurements to figure out the dynamics of water at room temperature. On one hand dielectric relaxation experiments give information about how electrical dipoles behave collectively, what results in the macroscopic dielectric response of water. On the other hand, neutron scattering experiments have an atomic-scale sensitivity, and can follow both local atomic motions and larger-scale collective dynamics. This is possible thanks to how the the different isotopes of hydrogen nuclei interact with neutrons 2: scattering by standard hydrogen atoms is incoherent and related to the individual motions of hydrogen atoms but not to the liquid’s structure or collective dynamics; but deuterium (D) atoms produce a predominantly coherent scattering due to the collective motions. By comparing experiments on light (H2O) to heavy water (D2O) you get separate individual and collective information.
With these data, the scientists were then able to establish a relationship between molecular dynamics and the dielectric behaviour of water. They recognize the presence of two relaxational dynamic processes in liquid water, one related to the diffusion of molecules and the other to local movements associated with the making and breaking of hydrogen bonds.
This result for water at 20ºC is just the beginning of an experimental study of the microscopic dielectric behaviour of water at different temperatures. But not only that, also opens a new way of approaching water dynamics under different conditions (supercooled, confined, etc.) and that of other hydrogen-bonded liquids.
Author: César Tomé López (who acknowledges the comments and suggestions from Arantxa Arbe and Juan Colmenero in preparing this text).
- A. Arbe, P. Malo de Molina, F. Alvarez, B. Frick, and J. Colmenero (2016) Dielectric Susceptibility of Liquid Water: Microscopic Insights from Coherent and Incoherent Neutron Scattering Phys. Rev Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.185501 ↩
- J. Teixeira (2016) Viewpoint: Deciphering Water’s Dielectric Constant Physics 9, 122 ↩ | <urn:uuid:250fb21a-733f-4c25-98ee-60dd5d0a5887> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://mappingignorance.org/2016/10/27/neutrons-reveal-water-dipoles-relax/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526210.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719095313-20190719121313-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.902372 | 838 | 4.03125 | 4 |
It is hard to realize today what an epoch-making idea it was at that time to dye fabrics with a substance evolved in the laboratory and having no relation whatever to the dyestuffs then known. It was truly the spark of genius which led Perkin to investigate the dyeing properties of that dark-colored precipitate which would have been cast away by any other scientist of that period.... [Schweitzer 482]
riting the standard chemistry text book of the late nineteenth / early twentieth century, Walter Henry Perkin Jr. (1860-1929) and Stanley Kipping (1863-1949), two distinguished professors of chemistry who happened to be brothers-in-law, explained: “Although most organic compounds are colourless, some, especially certain classes of the aromatic series, are intensely coloured substances amongst which representatives of almost every shade occur; most of the principal dyes used at the present day are, in fact, aromatic compounds, the primary source of which is coal-tar — hence the well-known expression ‘coal-tar colours.’” (54). In fact, the "well-known expression" they mention here had been current for less than five decades: Perkin's own father had discovered the first of these dyes only in 1856. Inventing a new colour, or, rather, a new way of creating a colour, might not seem very earth-shattering now, but it ranks amongst the most significant scientific discoveries of the Victorian period, as the two professors would have been well aware.
Dyeing was once an expensive and time-consuming business. Natural dyes required specialised processing. In the case of one of the most sought-after, red dye from the cochineal parasite, this started with the preparation of the soil for the cactus plants which harboured them. Then the tiny, delicate cochineals had to be protected from their natural predators, harvested, and powdered in one of several ways. Thousands were needed to make even tiny quantities, with only the female ones yielding "the commercial product, or red tincturial substance on which such value is set" (Simounet 180). Aside from being complicated to make, at the beginning of the nineteenth century such "natural" dyes were only available for a small range of colours. Of this limited range, purple dye was the most expensive of all, its principal source being in the glands of certain marine molluscs. Again, thousands of these were needed to produce small amounts of dye by a costly and, in this case, evil-smelling process. Called Tyrian purple, from the place where it was first made, it was the preserve of the wealthy — of nobility, indeed of royalty.
In such a context, the discovery that the colour could be made from sludgy, oily coal-tar — a plentiful by-product of the coal industry — begins to look more important. As for making an infinite range of colours widely accessible, by straightforward factory methods, that would revolutionise the whole science and industry of colour. More than that, as Hugo Schweitzer explained on the fifty-year Jubilee of the coal-tar industry which this discovery initiated, it had enormous repercussions in almost every branch of life, from agriculture and food processing to cosmetics and, most importantly, to pharmaceuticals and medical science. As Schweitzer concluded, "it is unique in the history of civilization that the honor and credit for the creation of this enormous material and spiritual wealth is unanimously and ungrudgingly accorded to Sir William Henry Perkin" (488).
Perkin's Early Life
Sir William Perkin by Arthur S. Cope, 1906, by kind permission of the Wellcome Library, London.
William Perkin (1838-1907) was one of the fortunate few who feel drawn to a certain path from a young age. He was born in Shadwell, in the docklands area of the East End of London, at the dawn of the Victorian era. But he was not a child of the slums: his father George was a prosperous builder there, with a gift for music and a deep religious faith, both of which he handed on to his third son William. The boy was sent to private schools, entering the City of London School in 1851. He had many hobbies, from playing the violin and the double bass to model-making, photography and painting. But, as a twelve-year-old schoolboy, he was fascinated when a friend showed him some simple experiments with crystals. He was soon skipping lunch to take extra lessons in chemistry. At fourteen, he started going to listen to Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. His father encouraged him at first, but saw no prospects in chemical research and tried to interest him in architecture instead. William was not to be dissuaded. At fifteen he enrolled in the recently founded Royal College of Chemistry, to study under its director, the inspiring August Wilhelm von Hoffman (1818-1892). Prince Albert, one of those instrumental in the founding the Royal College, had greatly approved of Hoffman's appointment, and had high hopes of him, particularly in the area of agricultural advance (see Garfield 20-21).
The First Experiments
Left: Entrance to the Royal Society of Chemistry, at Burlington House, Piccadilly. Right: Sir William Perkin's bust, by F. W. Pomeroy, outside the Council Room of the Royal Society (author's photographs).
Scientists at the Royal College already knew that coal tar was potentially useful, and in Scotland Charles Macintosh (1766-1843) had found at least one use for it. Applying a rubbery solution of it to a layer of woollen cloth, and adding another layer of cloth on top of it, he had invented waterproofing. But only a few of the thousands of different chemicals in coal tar had been discovered so far. Hoffman was particularly interested in a liquid called aniline that could be separated out from the benzene in it. He had his own agenda: he hoped it would lead to a way of making quinine to treat malaria — in its natural form, quinine came from the cinchona tree in South America, and was difficult and costly to obtain. Like others at that time, in 1854 William started experimenting on this in a makeshift laboratory at home. Such experiments were risky. Benzene is very flammable, not only burning easily but giving off dangerous fumes. Another of Hoffman's most brilliant students, Charles Mansfield (1819-1855), a close friend and probably the lover of George Meredith's wife Mary Ellen (see Joukovsky), died a long-drawn-out and agonizing death from chemical burns when one of is own experiments went wrong. William, however, was careful — and fortunate. The young researcher proved his father wrong about chemistry by discovering something that would make his and his family's fortune.
A Chance Discovery?
Like many great discoveries, Perkin's was made at least partly by chance. "Chemists have always been desirous of producing natural organic bodies artificially," he explained in a published lecture (4). On this occasion, he himself was trying to make the colourless quinine from a coal-tar product called allyl toluidine. To his surprise, it produced a reddish-brown powder. At this point, curiosity — or "intuitive talent" (Garfield 36) — took over from chance. He tried again, using the simpler aniline this time. Now the residue was black. Persevering, or possibly even trying to clean up (see Dronsfield), he purified and dried the black product, and then treated it with "spirits of wine." Again he was surprised: this resulted in a rich mauve colour. As he told his audience, "this discovery did not in any way originate from a desire to produce a colouring matter, as is sometimes stated, but in experiments of a purely theoretical nature" (4). What sealed his success was what he did next: he tried dyeing a piece of silk with it, and found that it worked brilliantly. Unlike natural dyes, it had been cheap and easy to make, and now it refused to run in water or fade in the sun. It was, in fact, "the first organic dye to be made artificially" (Hart-Davis 240). The young man's friends were impressed; Hoffman was not. This hardly seemed like serious research. Once more, William Perkin followed his own instincts, and once more, he was right to do so.
Fame and Fortune
Coal Tar Works at Greenford in 1858 & 1873, by kind permission of the Wellcome Library, London.
Still only eighteen, Perkin was allowed to patent his invention, which for a while he called "Tyrian Purple." But, despite its glamorous name, no one was queuing up to try it out: the old dyeing factories were suspicious of it. By now, however, George Perkin had learnt to respect his son's judgement. In 1857, together with William's older brother Thomas, who had fulfilled his father's ambition by studying architecture, he built a dyeworks on Greenford Green, Middlesex, beside the Grand Junction Canal. By 1859, Perkin and Sons were producing and sending out the new dye all over the country, and Perkin had become "one of the first chemists to make his scientific discoveries commercially viable" (Hart-Davis 240).
Perkin was now calling it mauve, from the French word for the similarly-coloured mallow flower — a name not unknown before, but only current from around the end of the eighteenth century, and gaining new currency in this bright new form. The first definition of the noun in the Oxford English Dictionary is: "Any of a range of light shades of purple between lilac and violet; spec. the colour of the aniline dye." As a scientific term for it, Perkin used "mauveine," explaining that it was "composed exclusively of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, in the following proportions: C 27 H 24 N 4" (9), though it was only years later that its structure would be fully understood.
A fashionable gown in an illustration in Godey's Lady's Book (April 1864), np.)
But that was not important in the world of fashion. The colour had got a head start when the fashionable Empress Eugénie, consort of Napoleon III, and then Queen Victoria herself, adopted it, the latter choosing to wear it for her eldest daughter's wedding. In John Philip's painting of The Marriage of Victoria, Princess Royal, 25 January 1858, the monarch is resplendent in a delicate shade of mauve At first the colour came from France, where natural sources had been found for it in lichens (see Garfield 62). But Perkin's analine mauve soon captured the market. Indeed, he himself helped to publicize it by giving lectures on it, and was highly gratified to find Faraday himself in the audience at the Royal Society in 1859 (Garfield 80). The Oxford English Dictionary's first literary citation comes from the same year, and is a quotation from Dickens's All the Year Round. Here, an anonymous contributor praises the dye and its discoverer to the skies. As for the colour itself,
It is rich and pure, and fit for anything; be it fan, slipper, gown, ribbon, handkerchief, tie, or glove. It will lend lustre to the soft changeless twilight of ladies' eyes — it will take any shape to find an excuse to flutter round her cheek — to cling (as the wind blows it) up to her lips — to kiss her foot — to whisper at her ear. O Perkins's [sic] purple, thou art a lucky and a favoured colour!
This is all in the mock-heroic vein, making fun of the world of fashion and particularly this current fad: "We shall soon have purple buses and purple houses" (469). But it does show the extent of the fad. Also cited in the dictionary is the St James's Magazine issue of 1861, the first in a new series of the magazine, which had just been taken on by Mrs S. C. Hall. Two articles deal with it here. In the first, "Mauve and Magenta," the Keeper of Mining Records, Dr. Robert Hunt, discusses its derivation from coal-tar, and is at pains to relate both new colours to the same ultimate sources as natural colouring, that is to say, "to those mysterious forces which — we scarcely yet know how — give colour to Nature. They were produced in the very youth of the world, and have been stored until now in the earth's recesses" (46). The second article, by a Mrs Merrifield, is altogether less scientific and philosophical. Entitled "Use and Abuse of Colours in Dress," it deals with the effect of mauve on the complexion. There is nothing tongue-in-cheek about Merrifield's reference to "the fashionable and really beautiful mauve and its varieties" (292), but she does warn against placing anything of this colour right next to the face, and recommends a light shade for the fairer-skinned (see 292-93).
One special advantage of mauve was its suitability for mourning, which was worn for such long periods in those times. Thus, in 1862, the year following Prince Albert's death, even the bereft Queen Victoria was attracted by it when visiting the International Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham. In its write-up of the exhibition, the Times correspondent reported excitedly that a whole block of Perkin's mauve dye was prominently displayed in a glass case in the eastern annexe — "sufficient to dye 300 miles of silk fabric" (2 June 1862, 9). Years later, Perkin's third son Frederick Mollwo Perkin wrote to a former student and historian of the Royal College of Science, sending him a sample of his father's original mauve dye, and also "a small piece of silk which is a portion of a dress accepted by Queen Victoria at the 1862 Exhibition" (qtd. in Garfield 147n.).
Coal Tar Works at Greenford in 1858 & 1873: Plant belonging to W. H. Perkin and his bother, T. D. Perkin, by kind permission of the Wellcome Library, London.
Mauve, however, was only the beginning. Perkin's patent was not enough to prevent others from using similar methods for different colours, like the magenta mentioned above. Instead of spending all his time and energy trying to battle it out in the courts, Perkin too began to produce new aniline dyes. This was a good move, because, as the anonymous contributor to All the Year Round knew, fads by definition come and go, and even mauve would gradually lose its lustre, if not from the sun, then from the vagaries of fashion. So Perkin diversified and the plant at Greenford grew to dominate the area, and "the Grand Junction Canal turned a different colour every week" (Garfield 81). But elsewhere, too, under the impetus of Perkin's discovery, the aniline dye industry was booming.
Sir William Perkin. Source: New York Public Library. Image ID: 1808577.
The way forward was not always straight forward. Apart from patent problems, there were accusations that Perkin's now sprawling manufactory were not simply colouring but polluting the canal, local waterways and the neighbourhood. It is easy to see from the above illustrations how such criticisms were provoked. Worse, after Perkin finally sold the Greenford works at the end of 1873, he quickly became embroiled in an action brought by the new owners, who were unable to run them successfully. Their case was thrown out, but it must have left a bitter taste in Perkin's mouth. Henceforth he carried on his researches quietly at his own laboratory in Sudbury, at the house left vacant when he built a new home in Roxeth, near Harrow-on-the-Hill in Middlesex.
Having been only eighteen at the time of his great discovery, he still had a lifetime of research ahead. He made full use of it, too, and continued to make important contributions in his field, publishing over sixty new papers, "most concerned with magnetic rotary power and and the molecular architecture of increasingly useful chemical compounds (Garfield 124, emphasis added). As was recognised early on, the "thorough and incessant study of this by-product" (coal tar) to which he himself gave such impetus, and in which he himself either led the way or participated, considerably furthered the progress of his discipline in general (see Benedikt 2).
Piously evangelical, charitable, teetotal and vegetarian, Perkin was an unassuming man but was nevertheless disappointed to see how his discovery was exploited abroad as the dye trade at home diminished (see Garfield 120). Still, he continued to be fêted for his introduction of synthetic dyes, which brought hundreds of new colours to the world, brightening up everything from the clothes we wear to the food we eat. Amongst them all, it was the very first that really made his name: when scientists came from far and wide to honour him in America, on the 50-year anniversary of his original discovery, they all wore purple bow-ties. This was also the occasion of the inauguration of the Perkin Medal, first awarded to Perkin himself, then in subsequent years to the most distinguished American chemist of the preceding year.
Besides the medal, he received many other honours and awards in these years, and occupied several important offices: he was president of the Chemical Society of London (1883-85) and of the Society of Chemical Industry (1884–85), and was still president of the Society of Dyers and Colourists when he died. Knighted by King Edward VII in 1906, he passed away in 1907. His first wife, his cousin Jemima, had died of tuberculosis in 1861, but he left behind the two sons from that marriage, and a son (Frederick Mollwo) and three daughters by his Polish second wife Alexandrine, who also outlived him. After all, he was only 69 when he died.
Busts of Michael Faraday and William Perkin. These flank the doors of the Council Room of the Royal Society of Chemistry, at the head of the grand staircase.
The news about coal-tar colours was not always good. Workers in the aniline dye industry began to prove susceptible to bladder cancer. There were health scares then, as now: some of the dyes were thought harmful when used in foodstuffs, or irritating in contact with the skin. For good or ill, as Perkin himself was all too well aware, many other scientists were involved in their future development. In particular, there was huge competition from Germany, whose organic chemists had after all laid the groundwork for Perkin's discovery, and who dominated the market from the late 1870s (see McClellan and Dorn 321). This was where "analine bladder cancer" was first noted, and workers in the great dye factories there, as no doubt elsewhere, one day found themselves using their chemicals and chemical know-how to produce explosives and other materials for the war effort.
Still, there was no stopping the advance of this branch of science. Perkin's discovery went on and on yielding good results as well, not only for the textile industry, but in areas such as food colouring, photography, perfumery, and medicine. In the food-colour industry alone, the United States Department of Agriculture's Office of Information pointed out in 1939 that there were now "altogether 49 different certified reds ... 19 different oranges, 16 yellows, 14 blues and 8 greens, as well as a few violets, a brown and a black" (Certified Coal-Tar Colours) — and these were still early days for the industry. The impact on medicine has been particularly wide-ranging. For example, it is impossible to calculate the benefits that have accrued simply from the the use of analine dyes in microscopy. Synthetic colours used in laboratory tests and experiments have also helped in the mass-production of quinine, making malaria treatment more widely available, just as August Hoffman had originally hoped. The diversity of his legacy is astonishing. A hundred years after his birth, Perkin has even been seen as "lighting the path towards rayon, synthetic rubber and other items indelibly linked with a modern age" (Garfield 163).
More generally, there was something else that Perkin could not have known — the far-reaching effect of the revolution he had brought about in the related worlds of organic and manufacturing chemistry. He might not have approved of, let alone taken the credit for, every individual development, but he would doubtless have been proud of one way in which he passed on his gifts. "Perkin the genius begot Perkins of genius," as Dr Benjamin Harrow of Columbia University put it in The Scientific Monthly of 1 September 1919 (245). All three of his sons distinguished themselves in the same field as their father. In particular, in 1912, his eldest son William, who had been a professor at Owens College, Manchester, when he collaborated with Kipping on the textbook, became Waynflete Professor at Oxford, and introduced to that university "the notion and practice of industrial research" (Morrell), sending out his students to become professors of chemistry in their turn to all corners of the country.
"The salts of mauveine are beautifully crystalline," William Perkin said in one of his published lectures (9). He never lost the enthusiasm of the twelve-year-old boy who had gazed in wonder at his friend's experiments, and he passed that enthusiasm on to others, along with the fruits of his own research. No one could believe now, as his father had once done, that this was an unpromising or unprofitable field. Like his own sons, many talented research chemists in future generations would carry on his work, some of them using (and sometimes misusing) his pioneering findings in ways that he could not possibly have foreseen.
Purple-veined flowers of the Common Mallow (author's photograph).
Benedikt, R. The Chemistry of the Coal-Tar Colours. Trans. and ed. E. Knecht. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Internet Archive. Uploaded by Google. Web. 28 August 2014.
Certified Coal-Tar Colours. United States Department of Agriculture, Radio Service. 16 October 1939. Uploaded by the National Agricultural Library. Internet Archive. Web. 28 August 2014.
Dronsfield, Alan. "Chemhistory: mauveine." The Reaction (Royal Society of Chemistry site). Web. 12 May 2014.
Garfield, Simon. Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour That Changed the World. London: Faber, 2000.
Godey's Lady's Book. April 1864. Uploaded by Community Texts. Internet Archive. Web. 28 August 2014.
Harrow, Dr Benjamin. "William Henry Perkin." The Scientific Monthly. Vol. 9 (1 Sept. 1919). Jstor Early Journal Content. Web. 28 August 2014.
Hart-Davis, Adam, ed. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. London, New York etc.: Dorling Kindersley, 2012.
Joukovsky, Nicholas. "Mary Ellen's First Affair: New Light on the Biographical Background to 'Modern Love,'" The Times Literary Supplement, 15 June 2007, 13-15.
McClellan, James E. III, and Harold Dorn. Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.
Merrifield, Mrs. "The Use and Abuse of Colours in Dress." St James's Magazine. Vol. I (April-July 1861): 289-295. Uploaded from European Libraries. Internet Archive. Web. 28 August 2014.
Morrell, Jack. "William Henry Perkin (1860-1929)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online ed. 28 August 2014.
Oxford English Dictionary. See entries on "mauve."
Perkin, W. H. On the Aniline or Coal Tar Colours (Cantor Lectures). London: Trounce (printers), 1869. Uploaded from the California Digital Library. Internet Archive. Web. 28 August 2014.
Perkin, W. H., Jun. and F. Stanley Kipping. Organic Chemistry:. New and revised ed. London and Edinburgh: W. and R. Chambers, 1908. Uploaded by the California Digital Library. Internet Archive. Web. 28 August 2014.
"Perkins' Purple." All the Year Round. 10 Sept. 1869: 468-71. Google Books. Web. 28 August 2014.
Schweitzer, Hugo. "The Influence of Sir William Henry Perkin's Discovery upon Our Science." Science. Vol. XXIV. No. 616 (19 Oct. 1906): 481-88. Jstor Early Journal Content. Web. 28 August 2014.
Simounet, M. "Importation of Cochineal into Algiers: Description, Rearing, and Propogation of This Insect." The Chemist, Or, Reporter of Chemical Discoveries and Improvements, and Protector of the Rights of the Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer. Eds. Charles Watt and John Watt. Vol. V (Vol.II, New Series). London: Alexander Watt, 1844. 179-81. Google Books. Free E-book. Web. 28 August 2014.
"Sir William Perkin and the American Jubilee of the Coal Tar Industry." Science. Vol. XXIV. No. 613 (28 Sept. 1906): 413-14. Jstor Early Journal Content. Web. 28 August 2014.
Times Digital Archive. Web. 28 August 2014.
Travis, Anthony S. "Perkin, Sir William Henry (1838-1907)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online ed. 28 August 2014.
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Tibetan Buddhist Monuments in Context
- Module Code:
- Module Not Running 2018/2019
- Year of study:
- Taught in:
- Term 1
Tibetan Buddhist monuments are known for their complexity and extremely rich artistic decoration. This course is designed to introduce into this richness by using a historically important monument or architectural complex of Tibetan Buddhism as an anchor to discuss a distinctive era of Tibetan Buddhist art from a variety of perspectives. This format allows presenting the monument in considerable detail, in relation to its geographical and temporal neighbors, and its wider relationships.
In terms of detail, particular emphasis is given to reading the architectural complex, a single monument within it, and the artistic decoration contained in their interrelationship. In addition, particular themes within the decoration are discussed in their wider cultural, religious and historical context. In terms of the wider context the monument or complex is placed within architectural history, the development of Buddhist monastic complexes and its buildings, and the purpose and usage of the buildings in relation to Buddhist practice. When appropriate, the monuments are also related to or contrasted with monuments in neighboring regions, in particular India, Nepal and Central Asia.
Regardless of the chosen key monument, the course will introduce a range of deities of the Tibetan Buddhist pantheon, and explain their function and relationship to each other using fundamental Tibetan taxonomies. It also introduces selected schools of Tibetan Buddhism in greater detail.
Objectives and learning outcomes of the module
The main goal of this course is to support the student in developing literacy in the interpretation of a Tibetan monument or architectural complex in terms of its architecture, its content, and its place within larger frameworks, such as the history of the art and architecture of Tibet, the development of Buddhism and Buddhist practice, and the cultural history of Tibet.
With this course the student gains concentrated knowledge on a particular period in Tibetan Buddhist art, its diverse visual manifestations, and its wider relationships. Thus, at the end of the course the student should be able to demonstrate the ability to:
- describe the discussed monument in architectural terms, the interrelationship of its different parts, and their respective decoration and use;
- situate the monument and the discussed artistic decoration within the wider nexus of the development of Tibetan Buddhist Art;
- reflect on and communicate the different sources pertaining to the monument and its wider historical context, the diverse research opinions discussed, and open research questions;
- evaluate scholarly positions in light of the evidence, and to articulate and justify ones own position within that debate.
- One hour Lecture , one hour Seminar
Scope and syllabus
2015/16: Temples of Lo Manthang
Built in the fifteenth century at the height of a newly established kingdom controlling much of the trade between the Tibetan plateau and South Asia, two temples of Lo Manthang in Mustang, Nepal, are used to explore one of the most intriguing questions of the history of Tibetan art, namely the role of artists from the Newar community in Nepal in its creation. While the art of the Kathmandu valley can readily be distinguished from Tibetan art, a considerable part of Tibetan art is ascribed to Newar craftsmanship. This is especially true for the period from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century and the Sakya School of Tibetan Buddhism and its sub-schools, which are also prominent in Mustang. In addition, the fifteenth century is also crucial for the establishment of new trends in Tibetan art, such as the emergence of landscape in Tibetan painting and expressive portraiture.
Method of assessment
- One 1 000 words essay (worth 30%)
- One 2 000 words essay (worth 70%) | <urn:uuid:2329acfe-04ff-4cbc-994d-1e92c1dfc641> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.soas.ac.uk/courseunits/15PARH075.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741660.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114062005-20181114084005-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.922363 | 749 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Over the last two years approximately 400 agriculturalists from around the world have been writing a report on the role of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology (AKST) in sustainable development. This is to be presented at an Intergovernmental Plenary attended by about 90 Governments and other interested parties in Johannesburg in April 2008.
The International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) has been implemented both regionally (6 sub-global reports) and globally. The task and challenge posed by IAASTD was to assess how AKST can be utilized to:
- reduce hunger and poverty,
- improve rural livelihoods,
- facilitate equitable and environmentally, socially and economically sustainable development.
This list of important outcomes indicates that IAASTD recognizes that the function of agriculture is to achieve better food production in ways that protect and even restore natural resources (soil, water, vegetation cover, biodiversity and climate), while meeting all the social and economic needs of rural communities. Against these ambitious and exacting criteria, modern agriculture does not score very highly. Encouragingly, however, our review of AKST worldwide did identify many examples, mostly implemented on a small-scale, of land use practices that have a variety of positive attributes and do act as pointers to a more sustainable future.
In the global chapter on the impact of AKST on sustainable development over the last 50+ years we examined the scientific literature and made 290 Impact Statements. These statements were analysed by Goal (6 IAASTD goals), Certainty (6 levels), Range of impacts (-5 to 0 to +5), Scale (6 scales) and the Specificity of the impact (e.g. only occurred in arid areas). From this data we identified ten major ‘lessons and challenges’, as follows:
1. The fundamental failure of the economic development policies of recent generations has been reliance on the draw-down of natural capital, rather than on production from the ‘interest’ derived from that capital and on the management of this capital. Hence there is now the urgent challenge of developing and using AKST to reverse the misuse and ensure the judicious use and renewal of water bodies, soils, biodiversity, ecosystem services, fossil fuels and atmospheric quality.
2. AKST research and development has failed to address the ‘yield gap’ between the biological potential of Green Revolution crops and what the poor farmers in developing countries typically manage to produce in the field. The challenge is to find ways to close this yield gap by overcoming the constraints to innovation and by improving land husbandry.
3. Modern public-funded AKST research and development has largely ignored traditional production systems for ‘wild’ resources. It has failed to recognize that a large part of the livelihoods of poor small-scale farmers typically comes from indigenous plants (trees, vegetables/pulses and root crops) and animals. The challenge is to promote the diversification of production systems through the domestication, cultivation, or integrated management of a much wider set of locally-important species for the development of a wide range of marketable natural products.
4. AKST research and development has failed to fully address the needs of poor people, for the wide range of goods and services that confer health, basic material for a good life, security, community wellbeing and freedom of choice and action. The challenge is to meet the needs of poor and disadvantaged people – both as producers and consumers, and to re-energize some of the traditional institutions, norms and values of local society that can help to achieve this.
5. Malnutrition and poor human health are still widespread, despite the advances in AKST. Malnutrition arises from an unbalanced diet, either due to food shortages or to over-eating ‘fast-food’. The challenge is to enhance the nutritional quality of both raw foods produced by poor small-scale farmers, and the processed foods bought by urban rich from supermarkets.
6. Intensive farming is frequently promoted and managed unsustainably resulting in the destruction of environmental assets and posing risks to human health, especially in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Many practices involve land clearance, soil erosion, pollution of waterways, inefficient use of water, and are dependent on fossil fuels for the manufacture and use of agrochemicals and machinery. The key challenge is to reverse this by the promotion and application of more sustainable land use management, including those that mitigate climate change.
7. Agricultural governance and AKST institutions alike have focused on producing individual agricultural commodities. They routinely separate out the different production systems that comprise agriculture, such as cereals, forestry, fisheries, livestock, etc, rather than seeking synergies and optimum use of limited resources through technologies promoting Integrated Natural Resources Management. The challenge is to mainstream the range of biological, ecological, landscape/land use planning and sustainable development frameworks and tools that lead to more integrated systems.
8. Agriculture has become very isolated from non-agricultural production-oriented activities in the rural landscape. There are numerous organizational and conceptual ‘disconnects’ between agriculture and the sectors dealing with (i) food processing, (ii) fibre processing, (iii) environmental services, and (iv) trade and marketing and which therefore limit the linkages of agriculture with other drivers of development and sustainability. The challenge for the future is for agriculture to increasingly develop partnerships and institutional reforms to improve connectivity across the sectors.
9. AKST has suffered from poor linkages among its key stakeholders and actors. For example, public agricultural research is usually organizationally and philosophically isolated from forestry/fisheries/environment research and thus does not adequately support the multi-functionality of agriculture. The main challenge facing AKST is to recognize all the livelihood assets (human, financial, social, cultural, physical, natural, informational) available to a household and/or community that are crucial to the multi-functionality of agriculture.
10. The ‘Globalization’ pathway to agricultural development has dominated agricultural R&D, as well as international trade, at the expense of the needs of local communities. The challenge is to scale up the more durable and sustainable aspects of the community-oriented initiatives, so improving the balance between Globalization and Localization.
Roger Leakey is Coordinating lead Author of the Global Report on the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD)
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Designing circuit boards for high speed applications requires special considerations. This you already know, but what exactly do you need to do differently from common board layout? Building on where I left off discussing impedance in 2 layer Printed Circuit Board (PCB) designs, I wanted to start talking about high speed design techniques as they relate to PCBs. This is the world of multi-layer PCBs and where the impedance of both the Power Delivery Network (PDN) and the integrity of the signals themselves (Signal Integrity or SI) become very important factors.
I put together a few board designs to test out different situations that affect high speed signals. You’ve likely heard of vias and traces laid out at right angles having an impact. But have you considered how the glass fabric weave in the board itself impacts a design? In this video I grabbed some of my fanciest test equipment and put these design assumptions to the test. Have a look and then join me after the break for more details on what went into this!
What I Mean By “High Speed”
The term “high speed design” can mean different things to different people depending on what they are used to working with, but for me it’s where the energy of the rising and falling edges of the signals dominate the behavior compared to the fundamental frequency of the signal itself. In other words a 10Mhz signal that has a 1ns rise time has a bandwidth of roughly 350Mhz as seen by the formula below. Ultimately it’s the energy in the rise/fall time of the signal that affects a lot of the design.
The relationship between the bandwidth and the rise time can be approximated as:
With regard to high speed design rules, my first rule of thumb is to be cautious about rules of thumb. I use rules of thumb as an early estimate that helps me to get an idea of how all of my design rules and goals play together.
As someone who has been doing design since the 1970’s I have seen the evolution of assumptions and design guidelines mature and it’s fair to say that there were a couple of things that we got wrong along the way, some things almost comically wrong. For example, I have heard people say that electrons slam into each other trying to turn corners at high speeds so it’s a bad thing to do, we now don’t think that way.
High Speed Design Assumptions
Some of the principles of high speed design are listed below. I can’t get to all of them in this one post but I do want to get to all of them in turn.
- At high speeds it’s all about the propagation of the Electro-Magnetic (EM) field, not electrons.
- High speed current follows the path of least impedance on a power or ground plane, not the path of least resistance.
- Due to the geometry of the glass fabric weave used in the construction of the PCB, the impedance of a signal trace may change based upon the orientation and the position in relation to the weave.
- Right angle corners in PCB traces may not be near as detrimental as often assumed.
- In a properly designed multi-layer PCB, the placement of decoupling capacitors near the loads may not be near as critical as is assumed.
- Ferrite beads in line with the various voltage traces may do more harm than good.
- Differential pairs aren’t coupled to each other like we often depict, their return current is through the ground plane, not through the other half of the pair of traces.
- Tightly coupling a differential pair may not have as good of noise rejection as two random paths provided they are the same length.
- Since the current flows on the surface of a conductor (known as skin effect) high speed PCB’s may specify smooth or polished copper traces for the inner layers so that the path is smoother and straighter.
At high speeds it’s not so much about the flow of electrons but rather the energy in the Electromagnetic (EM) field and the way those fields propagate. Yes some electron displacement occurs along the way but a simple way of looking at this statement is that all of this works in a vacuum.
If you were to picture multiple traces in the same dielectric space you can see that the fields would overlap and consequently interact with each other. This is one of the primary causes of crosstalk. Another way of saying this is that crosstalk occurs in the whitespace between the conductors where the fields overlap and interact.
A function of thinking of signals and their EM fields racing around is that the return current follows as closely to the outbound signal as possible. Last time I talked at length about the fact that the path of minimum inductance is the path that forms the smallest loop between the outbound and return currents. Consequently this means that the return current follows the path of least inductance, hence the path of least impedance (Z). Impedance is the combination of resistance(R), inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance (XC) all measured in Ohms (Ω)
The image on the left above shows the return current density follows the signal on a single layer. In real life, signals often jump layers and in order to have the return current continue to follow the signal closely (and therefore control the impedance) we have to place VIAs nearby that connect the internal reference (ground or power) planes. This is shown on the right.
To continue testing some of my design rules listed in the beginning I built a PCB to test the impedance of different PCB traces.
PCBs are constructed of layers of conductors (typically copper) and dielectrics (typically epoxy coated glass fibers). As speeds go up these materials become more and more specialized. Since the glass fibers or weave are uneven, they can have an effect based upon how the conductors interact with the weave of the fibers as shown below.
Likewise a trace in the vertical direction will see a different amount of glass under it than a horizontal trace due to the differences of the weave density in different directions. One answer is to spread the fibers out during PCB fabrication, but as you might expect, the price of the completed PCB starts going up.
One way to test the impedance of a PCB trace and to see changes along the path, is a high speed Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR). TDR’s are commonly used at slower speeds as in cable testing, [W2AEW] has a very informative video on the whole theory behind it.
High Speed Time Domain Reflectometer
Behind the technology is a fast rise time pulse. I had actually started to write this post as instructions on how to make a fast rise time generator using various techniques after reading Jenny List’s article on pulse edges. During my research I bought a pulse generator that clocked in at 32 picosecond (ps) rise time (sold as 40ps or faster) designed by an engineer named Leo Bodnar. When I received my pulse generator I saw that Leo had used a venerable piece of equipment known as the Tek CSA803/SD24 Communications Signal Analyzer (CSA) which has a 20Ghz bandwidth and a 17.5 ps rise time pulse to characterize my module. I just had to have one of these CSA’s myself and watching eBay got me a good find, though I haven’t told my wife yet. With this new-to-me piece of equipment I set off to test how easily I could see the effects of the glass fiber direction on impedance.
Horizontal vs. Vertical PCB Traces
As can be seen below there is a definite difference in the baseline impedance based upon the direction of the PCB trace. See the video for all of the fun in setting up for these pictures.
You can see a definite and measurable difference in the impedance of the traces based upon the orientation of the trace on the board, in the case of this board the Vertical trace was off by approximately five percent.
There are a couple of techniques that help deal with this effect without the cost of going to a more expensive PCB with a tighter glass weave. My CAD software supports the two main techniques shown below to help automate the process but both can be done manually as well. The first technique entails zig-zagging in a not-so-orthogonal way in an effort to statistically reduce the effects. If there is the option of laying out the PCB in a larger panel then it can be cocked to one side (I have heard 10-11 degrees but it is affected by other variables as well) so that again the sum of signals running down the worst case paths is minimal
Shocking Discovery: Square Corners Probably Don’t Matter
One of the factoids that plague the industry is the concern about what the effect of right angle corners used on PCB traces might have on the impedance of those traces. Other complaints are that the RFI emissions are higher with right angles and that acid can build up in the corners during the fabrication. I will put this board on the spectrum analyzer and check for “EMI spray” in the next video post and if your PCB fab house complains about acid in the corners then I would humbly suggest that one find a different fabricator.
I set out to see if I could detect the effects of corners myself with my new 20Ghz capability. As seen above the effects of right angle corners at 20Gz (.35/17.5ps=20Ghz) with a trace width of 5.27mil (calculated for 50Ω Impedance) on the characteristic impedance are minimal.
Square Corners Mean More Capacitance, but Not Much
At the heart of the debate over square corners vs. angled corners is the slight change in capacitance due to the change in trace width represented by a square corner.
We know the capacitance of the area of the metal since we are talking about 50Ω impedance in general. Per the equations above a 6mil trace would have an additional capacitance of 9.6fF (femtofarad), or 0.0000000096 μF, this is really small. The other thing that minimizes the effect of the corner is just how fast it goes by at the velocities we are talking about, which are sizable fractions of the speed of light. Given that a signal travels 6 inches in 1ns on a standard FR4 PCB, the signal will get through the corner in 30ps. (Which is why I have to use equipment with a 17.5ps rise time to examine it)
More about this can be seen in Eric Bogatin’s post on EDN where he comes up with a nice rule of thumb:
- If your rise time is 10ps, don’t worry about corners unless your 50O line widths are wider than 50mils.
If concerned about corners on your design, ascertain what your bandwidth is (35Ghz for 10ps rise time) and your trace features, given that 50mils is really big for a signal trace, it is more like a power trace in most designs.
Just for the Heck of It.
Just for the heck of it I ran the same test only instead of corners I had “hanging VIAs” which admittedly are worse case as they are like little capacitors and antennas hanging off the trace. I wanted to be sure to have something that would show up as an example of worse case when compared to right angle corners and this example did not disappoint.
The point I really wanted to get across is to be cautious when considering rules of thumb type advice. Question the sources of information, and do not be afraid to measure for yourself what you can when you can if in doubt. Above all else ask the question, “How do you know?”.
As these results were all demonstrated in the “time domain”, I will be demonstrating some of the aspects of the “frequency domain” as it relates to high speed design in the next installment. | <urn:uuid:49bbe012-3684-441f-8ba6-8e947ccaadbe> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://hackaday.com/2019/01/24/video-putting-high-speed-pcb-design-to-the-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406785.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529214634-20200530004634-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.950806 | 2,504 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Grass is not nearly so sustainable as you might think, for numerous reasons. This is a big problem, because grass occupies the largest area of countless American landscapes. The word “grass” has been synonymous with “green” for ages because of its color. But let’s take a look at its sustainability:
Grass is the one part of the landscape that requires maintenance every single week from spring to late fall. This maintenance requires a lot of time... either your time, or a lawn service you hire. But unlike trimming a hedge, which can be done manually, mowing grass also requires fuel. Most people use gasoline mowers, but even if you use an electric mower, the electricity is usually generated by converting some sort of fuel (coal or nuclear fuel, for example) to electricity.
But it isn’t just the mowing that’s a problem. Scraggly lawns are embarrassing to most people, while a lawn that is lush and green is usually a big source of pride to its owners. As a result, countless millions of dollars are spent each year on synthetic fertilizers to feed the grass, poisons that kill its pests, and other chemicals that cure its ills. A “well-maintained lawn,” therefore, usually causes more poisons and other chemicals to be spread across your property than anything else on your property.
That’s not the end of it, either. Grass looks great when it’s nice and clean, but it has the lowest tolerance of anything in a landscape except maybe concrete for imperfection. If leaves fall in a planting bed, nobody notices. They first become part of the mulch of the shrubs and trees in the bed, then eventually decompose to feed those shrubs and trees. But leaves (or other debris) falling on a lawn are intolerable today. Once, when our tolerance of imperfection was higher, we would simply rake the leaves in the fall, and that was that.
Today, it’s not so simple. Because everything has to look perfect all the time (almost to the point of looking plastic) we have to crank up the leaf-blower to blast all the little imperfections off the lawn. Everyone in the neighborhood knows when we fire it up because unlike the equally loud lawnmower, which usually runs at a single speed for long stretches, the leaf-blower is constantly being throttled up or down. So while you can eventually ignore the mower because of its monotone roar, the leaf-blower’s throttling means that it can’t be forgotten, making it “the nuisance heard ‘round the block.”
But the fact that leaf-blowers annoy all of your neighbors is not their worst characteristic... there’s more: Because 99% of the gas blowers are powered with 2-stroke engines, they emit tremendous quantities of greenhouse gases. As a matter of fact, they’re so bad that if you wanted to dump as much greenhouse gas into the atmosphere as an average gas-powered leaf blower, you’d need to drive a Hummer 100 miles! Put another way, the only way the Hummer could dump greenhouse gases into the atmosphere at the rate of a leaf blower would be to drive 100 miles per hour! When I first heard this several years ago, I couldn’t believe it, but I’ve checked multiple reliable sources, with very similar results. Rather than me posting a couple of them and asking you to believe it, just Google for yourself and you’ll see.
There are other issues, too. This paper from the California Environmental Protection Agency outlines several more of the problems, including health problem. Bottom line: be nice to yourself, your neighbors, and your planet; don’t use a leaf blower. Shouldn’t you spend your time outdoors listening to a fountain, to the songbirds, or to your children?
But let’s get back to grass... why use it? Grass is clearly useful for some things. If you’re looking for a play surface, for example, nothing is better because you can run on it a lot without damaging it, and can fall on it without hurting yourself (most of the time.) Countless people therefore say “I need a yard where my kids can play ball.” But the fact is, most yards are far too small to play a game of just about anything. The proverbial “baseball through the kitchen window” is testament to that. For full-scale games of soccer, football, or baseball, you need something the size of a neighborhood park, not a backyard.
So if you don’t put grass in your yard, what do you do instead? It’s somewhat more expensive in the beginning, but designing your property as a series of garden rooms is a great alternative. I did that with SmartDwelling I. Outdoor rooms that entice you to come outdoors acclimate you to the local environment and help you to live in season. There’s almost nothing you can do that has a bigger impact, because living in season means you can leave your heat pump off for long stretches, and the most efficient machine is one that is off.
I’ll blog soon about the particulars of building garden rooms instead of empty yards... there’s a wealth of really cool stuff you can do. The bottom line is that you can create a landscape full of outdoor living spaces, surrounded by lush landscape rather than just an empty lawn. Which sounds more enticing?
Sunday, March 7, 2010 - 01:20 PM
An architectural historian friend of mine told me that the French never used grass in their landscapes. Grass was for pastures and for cows to graze on, NOT for planned landscapes and gardens.
Sunday, March 7, 2010 - 05:33 PM
In the know
Meadows are a more sustainable solution. Basically, you mow at the end of the season to make sure that woody plants don't take hold of your landscape. You can plant wildflowers and native plants and they make a much more delightful place for birds to find seeds or cover.
Sunday, April 18, 2010 - 01:01 PM
Absolutely agreed. Grass is a resource hog and resource waster, particularly here in the arid Southwest. My town's water supply comes from nearby wells rather than rivers (rather unusual in this area), so the constant dumping of chemicals on urban yards is just another way the local population endangers itself. Planting an organic food garden would be a much better use of the space. If that is too much trouble, plant some native trees and ground cover plants rather than grass. They will feed the family and reduce the carbon footprint of grocery store, or shade the house and reduce the carbon footprint of the air conditioning.
Monday, April 19, 2010 - 05:57 AM
Thanks for the great comments, everyone! Agreed all around. | <urn:uuid:149bfbcf-6df6-4f7e-8fdc-879aa307f464> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.originalgreen.org/blog/archives/03-2010.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633512.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00204-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955725 | 1,454 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Is it allowed to light a fire in forests?
Is it allowed to build a campfire in forests? Who is actually allowed to light and maintain a fire in forests and what should be taken into account?
Lighting or maintaining a fire in forests
The Forest Act 1975 stipulates that lighting or maintaining fires in forests, in the timberline zone of forests, also near forests (the forest’s area of risk; where conditions prevail that favour the spread of a forest fire), by unauthorised persons as well as the incautious use of flammable items, is prohibited.
This also includes the throwing away of burning or glowing items, such as matches and tobacco products.
Who is authorised to light or maintain a fire in forests?
Authorised persons include the owner of the forest, his forest officers, forest protection and game-protection officers and forest workers as well as other persons in possession of a written permit of the owner of the forest.
In the area of risk, the owner of the land and his/her agents are considered authorised.
A person using the forest for recreational purposes within the framework of the general right of use may therefore only light a fire if he or she holds a written permit of the forest owner to do so.
For permanent tent or camping sites, the forest authority may grant exceptions from the prohibition of lighting and maintaining a fire by unauthorised persons.
Clearance burning and burning-off of plant residues as a measure of forest management
Clearance burning or other area-wise burning-off of plant residues is permitted only if this does not pose a danger to the forest, affect the quality of the soil or create the risk of a forest fire.
The intention to start such a fire must be reported to the local authority no later than before commencement stating location and time.
Persons authorised to light a fire must proceed with the greatest caution: The fire must be supervised and carefully extinguished before leaving it.
Regulations concerning areas exposed to the risk of forest fire
During periods when the risk of fire is particularly high, the authority shall prohibit any lighting of fire (even by authorised persons) for high-risk areas as well as smoking in the forest and its area of risk.
If there is a specific reason, the authority can prohibit persons not involved in forest management from entering areas exposed to the risk of forest fire.
The authority must announce such prohibitions of lighting fire, smoking in forests or entering forests in a suitable manner (informing the population and the owners of the forests, e.g. by advertisements in mass media, community newspapers).
Administrative offences and penalties for criminal offences punishable by a court
Unauthorised setting up or maintaining of fire places is punishable by a fine of up to € 3,630
or imprisonment for up to two weeks. Persons otherwise infringing provision § 40 of the Forest Act, which regulates the lighting of fires in forests, who for example throw away glowing tobacco products (such as cigarette butts) in a forest, are punishable by a fine of up to € 150.
If acting like that has resulted in a forest fire, this can also constitute a criminal offence which is punishable by a court according to § 169 or § 170 of the Austrian Criminal Code.
• Forest Act 1975, Federal Law Gazette No 440, as last amended by Federal Law Gazette I No 56/2016 "RIS"
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions and Water Management
Directorate III/2 - Forest Legislation, Legal Policy and Vocational Qualification
Director Mag. Katharina Kaiser
Phone: +43 1 711 00 - 606681 | <urn:uuid:356b9da5-eb32-41db-a2fe-5faaf27bdba3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://info.bml.gv.at/en/topics/forests/forest-and-leisure/behaviour-in-the-forest/is-it-allowed-to-light-a-fire-in-forests.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.9361 | 757 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Speak up if you have a question or do not understand something.
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- Do not be afraid to talk to your doctor, nurse or therapist about your medicine, your therapy or your treatment. These people are here to help you; you will not get in trouble for asking questions. You have a right to know!
- Do not be afraid to gently remind any caregiver to wash his or her hands before caring for you.
Pay attention to the care you are receiving.
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- Tell a caregiver right away if you think you have been confused with another patient.
- Make sure that the caregiver checks your I.D. band before giving you medications or treatments.
- A caregiver should knock and then tell you his or her name when he or she comes into your room. The caregiver's I.D. badge should be easy to see.
Educate yourself about your medical condition (diagnosis).
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- Get as much information as you can about your condition. Use the NRH Patient Education Center on the ground floor of the hospital and ask your caregivers for any written information they may have.
- Take notes in the patient guidebook you will receive at admission; write down important things that your caregivers tell you about your condition.
Ask a family member or friend to be your advocate.
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- An advocate is a person who speaks up for you.
- When you come to a hospital, you have many things on your mind and you may even be nervous, afraid, or in pain. Your advocate is there for you, asking questions that you might not think of during those times.
- Your advocate will also be there for you when you go home. Make sure you help this person to understand the types of care you will need at home.
Know what medications you take, the dosage as well as why and when you take them.
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- Ask your caregiver how the medication works to help you
- Ask your doctor if the medication can cause side effects-things that make you feel bad in any way.
- Make sure your doctors and nurses know if you have any allergies. Medications are made from many things, and your doctor will know if a medication is safe for you to take.
- Be sure to tell your doctor about anything you may be taking like vitamins, herbal or diet pills, and over-the-counter medications (example, for things like colds or arthritis pain). These things can cause problems when taken with prescription drugs, so your doctor needs to know about them.
Understand all documents you sign.
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- Make sure you read and understand all forms before you sign them. Your caregivers will be happy to answer questions if you do not understand.
- We respect that informed consent-meaning that you have been told about a procedure and given the right to say yes or no to it-is a federal law.
Participate in all decisions about your care and treatment.
- Remember, you are the most important part of your health care team!
- You and your doctors should agree on what will be done during each step of your care. If you are confused, do not be afraid to ask questions.
- The types of questions you must ask: Why is this test needed? What were the results of the tests? What should I do now? What should I not do?
- Never be afraid to meet with another doctor-to get a second opinion-if you are not sure about your condition or what might be the best treatment for it. | <urn:uuid:1f24adc7-5b3d-4bb8-980f-b730e791d5a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.medstarnrh.org/for-patients/patients-and-visitors/inpatient-information/patient-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400222515.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925053037-20200925083037-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.9576 | 743 | 3.359375 | 3 |
County Courthouse History
We are very proud of the fact that the Montgomery County Courthouse is on the Registry of Historic Buildings. It was built in 1907 and opened for business in 1909. The original Montgomery County Courthouse was a wood structure and was built across from the present Presbyterian Church on Washington Street in Mt. Vernon. It was not painted, and was used for quite some time in the early 1800′. Once the first county courthouse was outgrown, and the building needed quite a few repairs, a second county courthouse was built in 1857. It was a two story wooden structure, and was painted white. The 1857 two story wood courthouse was located on the land where the present courthouse now stands in downtown Mt. Vernon. In 1857 downtown area of Mt. Vernon consisted of John Wesley Morrison’s store and the courthouse. The 1857 wooden courthouse was used until 1909 when our present courthouse was put into service. In 1907 the old wood courthouse was actually moved backward a short distance so it could still be used while the new courthouse was being built. The new courthouse was built in front of it. Once the new courthouse was completed, the old wood courthouse was demolished and the court began using the present brick courthouse. Building the new courthouse in 1907 was an intense manual labor operation. Once the foundation and the second story were completed, an elevator was installed. This elevator was run by a wood burning steam engine. This steam operated elevator was used to hoist materials to the upper levels of the structure as the building began to take shape.
The opening day for the courthouse was set for July 4, 1908, even though the building wasn’t completely finished. On that day there was a heavy down pour of rain that started early and lasted for several hours. This delayed a parade that was scheduled. The parade finally started in the late afternoon. This record rainfall was known for years as the Fourth of July Rain, and was compared with big rains that followed for many years. On the opening day a guided tour was given to groups of people all day. People were taken up to the dome where the large bell was being rung continuously. Since 1907, the Brick Courthouse in Mt Vernon has been used daily. The picture shown here was taken in 1908. By the late 1980’s our courthouse was sadly in need of repairs. The structure had not had any maintenance for many years. The commissioners started a renovation project to restore the beautiful old building to its original luster.
1990s Courthouse Renovation Project
By the 1980s the Montgomery County Courthouse building was showing the signs of many decades of use, and very little maintenance other than patchwork fixes as needed. The building had gotten in very bad shape, and was desperately in need of repairs. Eye witnesses from the time were heard to say that it was in such bad shape it looked like it was about to fall down. The massive four sided clock hadn’t worked for years, the roof leaked, and the floors were in terrible shape. The upper floors had considerable water damage, caused by the leaky roof. Except for the dome, and the downward sloping areas around the sides of the top, the Montgomery County Courthouse has a flat root. Drain pipes from the roof went straight to the ground beneath the courthouse. During certain times of the year rainy weather would cause the ground under the courthouse to become. For years water had been standing in the open areas under the bottom floor in the crawl space and basement. This ever present moisture situation caused rot and termites to get into the old wood substructure.
During the renovation process most of the pine wood flooring was torn out and replaced because of this water damage and termites. In some places the floor was rotten, warped, or had large cracks between the boards. During the renovation the drain pipes from the roof were rerouted to the drains at the street. Water no longer would stand under the bottom floor. Today a sump pump keeps the area dry. The Windows were also in bad shape and the glass rattled on windy days. It was said that the courtroom was so dilapidated that if an attorney shouted loud enough during a trial, the windows would rattle. The building had so many cracks and openings in the upper levels of the building that birds sometimes flew around in the courtroom during trials. There was no air conditioning in the building, and space heaters were used for heating. When court was held in the summer months the windows had to be opened, and old fashioned handheld church fans were used for cooling. These hand held fans were stored in the backs of all the courtroom benches. A sign on the courtroom door stated “Don’t Remove Fans from the Courtroom”. In the summertime court would sometimes have to be temporarily stopped when log trucks passed the courthouse, because of the noise. The renovation addressed the heating and cooling problems by putting in central units. This stopped the noise problem and added considerably to courtroom comfort. The building’s electric power panels were located in a large open space in the basement. As new power was needed, add-on service panels were attached to the existing panels to supply power.
The building’s wiring was another matter. The old electrical wiring had paper insulation for covering. Its insulation was so old that it was getting dangerous to the point of becoming a serious fire hazard. The building electrics were redone during the renovation. The fill dirt in the substructure under the courthouse front entrance steps had started to wash out from decades of rain and excessive water from the roof to the point that the front entrance steps were in danger of collapsing. The courthouse building was in a really sad state of affairs. Something had to be done. The question facing the county commissioners at the time was whether to renovate the old county courthouse or to build a new, because there would be lots of additional office space if a new courthouse was built. But it was finally decided that the county should renovate the old courthouse, and preserve its historic beauty as close as possible. Renovating the old courthouse was approved by the voters in 1988 in the form of a one-cent sales tax to finance the renovation project. The one-cent sales tax was renewed in 1991. The renovation of this historic building was underway.
Much of the pine wood flooring was torn out, especially in the massive hallway downstairs. Wear and tear along with water damage in the hallway and entrance was found to be extensive. During renovation the stone squares in the front entrance were replaced and restored to their original look. The rotten sills and washed out dirt under the front entrance were also replaced. In addition to the massive hallway, and the stately appearance of the building, the courtroom is the building’s most impressive feature. During the restoration process, the courtroom floor was preserved, along with the balcony, and the four fireplaces. Lumber was salvaged from all parts of the building’s structure, and reused as much as possible throughout the rebuild process. The pine wood floor in the courtroom was repaired with existing flooring. Lumber salvaged from other parts of the building was also used as much as possible. These repairs brought the courtroom back to like new condition while restoring its original look.
During the renovation time period, portable trailers were used for courthouse office personnel since the renovation was so extensive. The renovation repairs of the early 1990s preserved the entire Montgomery County Courthouse complex as close as possible to its original historical details in every respect. They had put this magnificent old structure back to as near to original as they possibly could. The 1990s restoration project was complete in every detail including the short brick wall surrounding the courthouse lot. This short brick wall was erected the same time the courthouse was built in 1907. At one time a rail ran between the pillars of the wall to make a hitching post for horses. This wall was also restored, minus the rails.
Several of the offices have roll top desks. There is an old roll top desk that still sits in the downstairs hallway of the courthouse. This roll top desk is believed to have been placed in the courthouse when it was originally built. It was used up into the 1990s. The vintage items in the hallway are from the same turn of the century time period. Today the Montgomery County Courthouse is once again starting to show its age. The roof is leaking and is soon to be repaired.
Special Thanks To: Keith Hamilton and Dwight Newsome
This renovation project was completed in 1994. This renovation created a functional courthouse while maintaining the historic nature of the building. The courthouse was placed on the National Register of Historical Sites in 1981.
Historic Tourist Attraction
Before the great depression, before the roaring twenties, before world war one, even before the sinking of the Titanic, the Montgomery County Courthouse stood in Mt Vernon Georgia. The Montgomery County Courthouse is on the Registry of Historic Buildings. It was built in 1907, opened for business in 1909. Some building maintenance was done to the structure in the late 1940s. The courthouse was completely restored to its original luster in the early 1990s.
The Montgomery County Courthouse is one of the few remaining courthouses still in existence today that is complete in every historical feature. This magnificent building is a must see for any tour through South Georgia. Only 100 miles west of historic Savannah Georgia, our courthouse is one of the few courthouses in the region that still looks as it did when it was first built in 1907.
In addition to the massive hallway, and the stately appearance of the building, the courtroom is the building’s most impressive feature. The courtroom floor has been preserved, along with the balcony, and the four fireplaces, back to the way it was when it was originally built. The only addition to the courtroom is central heat and air. Even the lumber used in the restoration is original. Lumber was salvaged from all parts of the building’s structure, and reused as much as possible throughout the rebuild process. The pine wood floor in the courtroom was repaired with existing flooring. Lumber salvaged from other parts of the building was also used as much as possible. These repairs brought the courtroom back to like new condition while restoring its original look.
The courthouse clock was reworked and made to keep very accurate time during the courthouse renovation. Each of the four faces of the clock measure ten feet across. The clock was built by the E. Howard Company of Mass in 1907. It was originally entirely mechanical, using huge weights and a pendulum to keep time. It was converted to an electric clock motor arrangement with a small weight and mechanical pendulum for use during power outages, at the time of the courthouse renovation. The clock will keep correct time when the power goes off for up to twelve hours by use of this mechanical arrangement. The large clock bell chimes out on the hour.
The tile designs in the hallway floor match the tile designs in the entrance walkways. The courthouse restoration project was complete in every detail including the short brick wall surrounding the courthouse lot. This short brick wall was erected the same time the courthouse was built in 1907. At one time a rail ran between the pillars of the wall to make a hitching post for horses. This wall was completely restored, minus the rails. Several of the offices have Roll top desks. There is an old Roll top desk that sits in the downstairs hallway of the courthouse. This Roll top desk is believed to have been placed in the courthouse when it was originally built. It was used in an office up into the 1990s. Sister Roll top desks from the same time period are still being used today in some of the other offices. Other vintage items in the hallway are from the same turn-of-the-century time period.
The Courthouse Clock
It may look small from the street but the Montgomery County Courthouse Dome is a large building in itself. Inside the dome on all four sides are the faces of a hugh clock. Each of the four faces of the clock measure 6 feet across, with an 18 inch wide 1 foot deep surround beyond that. Effectively the clock (including the surround), is 9 feet wide. The courthouse clock was built by the E. Howard Company of Mass. The clock was originally entirely mechanical. Like a huge grandfather clock, this time machine was powered by a pendulum and weights. The weights were 65 pounds of iron suspended by a cable. The timing for this arrangement was controlled by a pendulum and escapement wheel. This controlled the speed of the cable drop, making it take a week for the weights to fall three floors distance. Then in order to keep the clock ticking the pendulum would have to be cranked back up to the top by maintenance workers, using a hand crank. This was a very difficult job, and was supposed to be preformed once each week, but since it was so labor intensive it sometimes was not done on time or at all. This led to the clock not showing the correct time, or sometimes being stopped all together. Over the years, the clock began to show the ravages of time, didn’t keep correct time, and began to not work at all. Several repairs were made to the old mechanical system, but it was badly worn and needed to be replaced. By the 1950s the clock had been converted to a half electrical, and half mechanical operation using two electric motors and some of the mechanical gearing for the “Time Side”.
This system of two electric motors worked fine if the power didn’t go off. But when the power went off, even for a few minutes, the clock would have to be reset, since the mechanical pendulum was no longer in service and the clock would stop. Over the years from the 1950s into the 1970s few repairs were made to the way the clock worked. Some patch repairs weren’t holding up and some of the parts were worn out and others missing. By the 1980s the clock had stopped working all together, and seemed to be lost forever. The entire courthouse itself was in very bad shape because of its age and needed repairs. A courthouse renovation project was on the commissioners agenda in the late 1980s. The old clock was included in the courthouse renovation project which was well underway in the early 1990s. The clock finally would chime once again. Bernie Tekippe and Bob Tuchow of the Classic Clock Company of Atlanta Georgia removed most of the gears from the clock’s mainframe in October of 1990. They cleaned the clockworks, repainted the frame, discarded two old electric motors, and rebuilt the main clock’s ‘Time Side’ with new gears etc., for more accurate time keeping. They reassembled the clock, and did some substantial alterations to the clock housing area inside of the dome of the courthouse. Presently, the main clock housing is inside a cabinet in the courthouse dome. In this rebuild of the clock mechanism, they brought back the pendulum, used one electric motor, and a small twelve pound weight, and small pendulum. When power would go off, the twelve pound weight would fall and keep the clock running. For momentary power interruptions, after the weight falls a few inches, a peg in its cord strikes a switch which turns on a small motor that pulls the weight back up to its starting position. Should power stay off for an extended period of time, the weight can fall as far as the floor below and keep the clock accurate for up to twelve hours.
Today the clock is run by one electric motor which sits on the top of the clock frame. This means that we still have a pendulum clock of sorts, that’s also electric. The present day courthouse keeps very good time.
A Huge Chime
The striker side of the clock is operated directly by the electric motor, so the clock will not chime the time when the power is off. But the notched mechanism which determines the number of strikes is running from the mechanical time side, so the clock would strike the correct hour after the power came back on. The striking mechanism has operated basically the same for many years, with very little changes to the way it operates. Each hour the motor runs a cog which pulls a cord from the floor below.
There a levered hammer taps the bell. Commissioner Names on Bell The large bronze bell which chimes each hour was manufactured in 1907 by the Buckeye Bell Foundry and weighs 500 pounds. It has the names of the county commissioners on it from the time period it was built. The name of the construction company is also inscribed on the bell. The Clock Project was a small portion of the renovation project undertaken at the time, (early 1990s), to restore the historic Montgomery County Courthouse. | <urn:uuid:475c53f3-64b2-45c2-820e-07c2fefa39c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://montgomerycountyga.gov/county-courthouse-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00247-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983606 | 3,422 | 2.984375 | 3 |
[Disclaimer: I am an employee of Celgene. The views expressed here are my own.]
Human genetics offers the potential to identify drug targets and to inform decision-making on the journey to an approved drug. A recent study by Ference et al in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) provides an example of human genetics in action. While most of the study focuses on Mendelian randomization to establish a relation among ACLY genetic variation, LDL cholesterol levels, and cardiovascular events, in this blog I focus on a topic highlighted in the companion NEJM editorial: human genetics to predict on-target adverse drug events (see NEJM editorial here).
First, what is the framework for the application of human genetics to predict on-target adverse drug events (ADEs)? Briefly, human genetics can predict on-target toxicity if the following criteria are met: (1) unambiguous association of genetic variant to a clinical phenotype that is a surrogate for drug efficacy and toxicity; (2) unambiguous relationship between disease-associated variant and implicated gene that is the target of the therapeutic intervention; (3) quantitative assessment of gene function and clinical phenotypes of efficacy and toxicity to estimate a “genotype-phenotype dose-response” relationship; and (4) confidence that the therapeutic intervention mimics the mechanism of action of the disease-associated variant.
[Note that I have written about this topic extensively on my plengegen.com blog (see here, here, here). My former academic lab published the first ADE PheWAS on TYK2 in 2015 (here). Subsequently, a large academic-industry consortium published a large-scale ADE PheWAS in Nature Communications in 2018 (here). I have presented on a human dose-response portal in various public forums (see recent slide deck here).]
A good historical example of human genetics predicting on-target drug toxicity is DGAT1 and diarrhea (here, here). Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol assembly. Inhibitors of DGAT1 were in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Unfortunately, dose-related gastrointestinal side effects prevented further development of DGAT1 inhibitors (here). Consistent with an on-target toxicity, a rare loss-of-function DGAT1 mutation was found to be associated with a severe, intractable diarrhea in newborns (here). As shown in the chart below, 3 of the 4 criteria have clearly been met. The fourth criteria (does the drug mimic the effect of the genetic mutation) is probably met, as the therapeutic intervention is with a small molecule that inhibits enzymatic function. However, it is worth noting that the human knockout is due to complete absence of the gene (due to a rare splice site mutation), which may alter scaffolding or other non-enzymatic functions of the DGAT1 protein, should such functions exist.
Another good example is TYK2, where all four criteria have been met (here, here). TYK2 is a tyrosine kinase that acts as an intracellular signaling molecule downstream of type 1 interferons, IL12 and IL23. Complete human knockouts of TYK2 lead to primary immune deficiency and susceptibility to viral infection. Partial loss-of-function TYK2 mutations protect from psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases without an increased risk of viral infection (here, here). An allosteric inhibitor of TYK2 mimics the effect of the partial loss-of-function mutation (here) and is in development for psoriasis (here). In terms of the four criteria, I want to emphasize that the therapeutic intervention mimics quantitatively (criterion #3) and functionally (criterion #4) the genetic perturbation. As demonstrated by Dendrou et al in 2016 (Science Translational Medicine [STM] article here), homozygous carriers of the P1104A variant have approximately 80% inhibition of TYK2, as measured by peripheral blood pSTAT assays (see Figure 2 of their STM study).
Now, let’s run through the same criteria for the ATP citrate lyase gene, ACLY. ATP-citrate synthase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA. It has a central role in de novo lipid synthesis.
(1) Unambiguous association of genetic variant to clinical phenotype that is a surrogate for drug efficacy and toxicity. The NEJM study constructed a genetic score across a 1 Mb region of the ACLY gene locus that impacted LDL cholesterol levels. This is the first report of such a score across the locus, and it is not clear from the Methods if this finding has been independently replicated. In support of a true positive, however, the ACLY genetic score was generated in a large population (654,783 participants, including 105,429 participants who had a major cardiovascular event) and was highly statistically significant for two phenotypes that are excellent surrogates for drug efficacy: LDL cholesterol levels (P=1.6×10-18) and risk of a major cardiovascular event (P=4×10-14). Hence, “probably”, in terms of the relationship between the genetic variants and clinical phenotypes of efficacy (LDL level and cardiovascular events). I would elevate this criterion to “yes” once this finding has been independently replicated. We will get to on-target toxicity later.
(2) Unambiguous relationship between disease-associated variant and implicated gene that is the target of therapeutic intervention. Here is where the story becomes particularly problematic. ACLY is a very strong candidate gene in the region, as it is a key enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway upstream of HMG-CoA reductase, the target for statins. However, there are over 30 other genes in the 1 Mb region. While ACLY is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, and while the genetic variants are linked to an intermediate phenotype, LDL cholesterol, that is on the causal pathway for CAD risk, strictly speaking there are no direct data linking the variants across this region to ACLY gene function. For example, all 9 variants are non-coding, and none have been shown to be association with ACLY gene expression or another aspect of ACLY gene function. This is in contrast to both DGAT1 (a complete human knockout) and TYK2 (missense variant that leads to 80% decrease in function), where there is a clear relationship between the disease-associated variants and gene function. Hence, “maybe”.
(3) Quantitative assessment of gene function and clinical phenotypes of efficacy to estimate a “genotype-phenotype dose-response” relationship. The 9 variants across the 1Mb ACLY gene locus are associated with LDL cholesterol, and there is a clear relationship between LDL levels and CAD risk. Indeed, the quantitation is very precise for both LDL and cardiovascular risk: “For each decrease of 10 mg per deciliter in the LDL cholesterol level, the ACLY score was associated with a decrease of 17.7% in the risk of major cardiovascular events…and a 19.4% decrease in the risk of myocardial infarction.” However, there is no evidence that the 9-variant genetic score has any impact on ACLY function, so it is not possible to establish a quantitative relationship between gene function and clinical phenotypes such as LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. Hence, “not sure”.
Note that these first three criteria are essentially the same criteria for Mendelian randomization (see JAMA review here, my blogs here and here). A Tweet highlighted several of these issues in reference to Mendelian randomization and the aforementioned NEJM study.
I will note, however, that Mendelian randomization (MR) – a casual pathway analysis that extends from a genetic variant to an intermediate phenotype (e.g., LDL) to a clinical outcome (e.g., cardiovascular disease) – is not necessary for an ADE PheWAS. MR is very valuable for predicting the relationship between a biomarker and a clinical outcome, if such a biomarker is used in a clinical trial for a therapy such as bempedoic acid. For an ADE PheWAS, an intermediate phenotype is not necessary, as long as the impact on gene function can be quantitatively determined by another mechanism (e.g., loss of function via gene knockout [DGAT1], cell signaling via profiling in individuals with the genetic variants [TYK2]).
(4) Confidence that the therapeutic intervention mimics the mechanism of action of the disease-associated variant. I don’t know the selectivity profile of the ACLY-inhibitor, so it is hard for me to comment on this last part. If the therapeutic intervention is highly selective, then I would elevate this to “probably”. But in the absence of data on functional relationship between disease associated variants and gene function (criteria 1-3), it is not possible to ever declare an absolute “yes”.
At this point in the blog, we have not even addressed the adverse event portion of the genetic analysis presented in the NEJM article. If criteria #1-4 are met, then this creates a powerful tool to explore the relationship of a genetic variant and clinical phenotypes that are surrogates for on-target toxicity. Ference et al address ADE PheWAS only briefly, as shown in Table 2 of their NEJM article. The only suggestive association was between the ACLY gene locus score and protection from lung cancer (P=0.01). Cancer was an important phenotype to consider in the ADE PheWAS, as a greater number of deaths from cancer occurred in the bempedoic acid group than in the placebo group, Given the number of hypotheses tested, I am not sure this result is a true positive result. Ference et al conclude: “Neither lifelong genetic inhibition of ATP citrate lyase nor lifelong genetic inhibition of HMGCR was associated with an increased risk of cancer.” Strictly speaking, I don’t think it is possible to make this claim for ACLY, as all four ADE PheWAS criteria have not been met.
There was one particular inconsistency between the ADE PheWAS and the observed ADEs with bempedoic acid: gout and uric acid levels. There was a striking relationship between therapeutic intervention with bempedoic acid and gout (~5-fold increase in incidence of gout) and uric acid levels (~10-fold increase from baseline in uric acid level). If gout / uric acid metabolism is an on-target effect of inhibiting ACLY, and if the 9 variants are truly acting through ACLY (rather than another gene in the region), then one would expect these variants to be associated with gout / uric acid in the general population. The observation that the ADE PheWAS did not find an association between the ACLY gene locus score and uric acid / gout would suggest either (a) that the genetic score is not acting through ACLY, or (b) that the effect of bempedoic acid on uric acid / gout is due to an off-target effect of bempedoic acid. If the latter, then it would suggest that bempedoic acid is not selective for ACLY-inhibition or there is another function of bempedoic acid that impacts uric acid metabolism.
One word that I want to underscore from the four criteria above is quantitative. To interpret a potential ADE using PheWAS, it is essential to understand the effect of the genetic on a surrogate phenotype of efficacy, as well as the effect of the genetic variant on a surrogate phenotype of toxicity. If the genetic variant has a large effect on an efficacy phenotype but a small effect on a toxicity phenotype, then it is possible that pharmacological intervention will have an acceptable therapeutic window. If, however, the quantitative genetic relationship between surrogates of efficacy and toxicity are nearly identical, a therapeutic window will be difficult to achieve with pharmacological perturbation.
In this blog, I focused primarily on the application of human genetics to predict on-target toxicity, as this was a focus of the NEJM editorial by Holmes. However, the primary point of the Ference et al article was to perform Mendelian randomization in order to connect LDL lowering via an ACLY mechanism and a clinical outcome that has not yet been tested in a clinical trial with bempedoic acid: cardiovascular events. Such MR analysis is useful in the validation of ATP citrate lyase inhibition as a genetic target. I would argue that because the 4 criteria above have not been met, it is not possible to conclude that ACLY is a genetically validated target for cardiovascular disease. Until independent replication has been performed and a connection has been made between the genetic tool and ACLY function, I would argue that ACLY is “probably” but not “definitively” a genetically validated target.
A topic that I have not discussed here, but is an interesting application of the approach described by Ference et al, is the ability to create a genetic score in the absence of existing common or rare variants associated with a surrogate phenotype of efficacy or toxicity. That is, is it possible to mine common variants for an “oligogenic” predictor that can then be used as an MR instrument when the gene encoding a therapeutic target does not have any known trait-associated common variants? Such an approach to generate a therapeutic dose-response relationship could have broad application, if generalizable.
In conclusion, I applaud the attempt by Ference et al to use human genetics to inform on decision-making in drug discovery. However, there are a number of concerns that should provide pause when interpreting the clinical data on therapeutic intervention with bempedoic acid. In particular, the 9-variant ACLY gene locus score has not been independently validated; the link between a 9-variant genetic risk score and function of ACLY function is tenuous; and there are inconsistencies between the ADE PheWAS and ADEs observed with therapeutic targeting via bempedoic acid (e.g., uric acid / gout). That said, the approach described by Michael Holmes in the NEJM editorial and the spirit of the ADE PheWAS performed by Ference et al is certain to be a powerful technique in drug discovery and development. | <urn:uuid:b0fefa25-1cbd-496e-b542-d0a3df1b6332> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.plengegen.com/blog/acly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.934151 | 3,032 | 2.625 | 3 |
Toronto's Historical Plaques
Learn a little of Toronto's history as told through its plaques
St. Michael's Cathedral
Photo by Alan L Brown - Posted March, 2004
Photo from Google Street View ©2013 Google - Posted May, 2013
Photo Source - Wikipedia
Plaque coordinates: 43.6547 -79.37745
The cornerstone of St. Michael's Cathedral was laid on May 8, 1845, by the Most Reverend Michael Power, first Catholic Bishop of Toronto. Designed by William Thomas, the building is an adaptation of the 14th century English Gothic style. It was consecrated on September 29, 1848. Though the transepts remain unfinished, St. Michael's adheres to the ancient cruciform shape of religious structures. The interior of the cathedral had undergone a number of transformations. The great chancel window, installed in 1858, was executed by Etienne Thevenot, a gifted French artist and was donated by Bishop de Charbonnel. Construction of the tower and spire began in 1867. St. Michael's is the principal church of Canada's largest English-speaking Catholic archdiocese.
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