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Early Australian History, by Charles White. Title: Early Australian History.
Convict Life in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, Parts I & II] Author: Charles White * A Project Gutenberg Australia eBook * eBook No.: 1204081.txt Language: English Date first posted: November 2012 Date most recently updated: November 2012 Produced by: Maurie Mulcahy Project Gutenberg Australia eBooks are created from printed editions which are in the public domain in Australia, unless a copyright notice is included. We do NOT keep any eBooks in compliance with a particular paper edition. Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this file. This eBook is made available at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. GO TO Project Gutenberg Australia HOME PAGE. Convicts and colonisers:the early history of Australia. Thomas Barrett was sentenced to death three times.
His first capital offence was in 1782 when, as a young boy, he was found guilty of stealing a silver watch in London. Barrett’s sentence was commuted and he was despatched instead to the North American colonies. However before his ship had left Britain there was a convict uprising that enabled Barrett to escape. His freedom was short-lived. Barrett was recaptured and the death penalty was again handed down for his actions. Barrett’s story illustrates a key idea to emerge from Australians, the first part of Thomas Keneally’s epic history of a continent and its people. Having been deprived of American colonies following the emergence of the United States, Britain in the 1780s was desperate to find an alternative territory for its miscreants.
Who were the people who landed on what Keneally describes as “a sunstruck dungeon at the end of the world”? Australian History : Convicts. During the period between 1788 and 1868, about 160,000 convicts were sent to Australia.
What happened to them when they got to Australia depended on their skills or education, how they behaved themselves and some luck. The First Fleet carried 780 British convicts who landed in Botany Bay, New South Wales. Two more convict fleets arrived in 1790 and 1791, and the first free settlers didn' arrived until 1793. During this period, the colony of New South Wales was officially a penal colony comprising mainly of convicts, marines and the wives of the marines. Who were the convicts? Low on food - Just after landing the food situation in the colony became scarce as the land wasn't fertile enough to produce any food yet. Good Behaviour - Good behaviour meant that convicts rarely served their full term and could qualify for a "Ticket of Leave", Certificate of Freedom, Conditional Pardon or even an Absolute Pardon.
Life on a Convict Ship - Western Australia. Convicts To Australia ... Research Guide - Life at Sea. Convicts were housed below decks on the prison deck and further confined behind bars.
In many cases they were restrained in chains and were only allowed on deck for fresh air and exercise. Conditions were cramped and they slept on hammocks. Very little information seems to be available about the layout of convict ships but a few books do contain artists impressions and reproductions of images held in library collections. Convicts To Australia ... Research Guide - Timeline. The colony of VAN DIEMEN'S LAND was established in its own right and its name was officially changed to TASMANIA on 01/01/1856.
The first settlement was made at Risdon on 11/09/1803 when Lieut John Bowen landed with about 50 settlers, crew, soldiers and convicts. The site proved unsuitable and was abandoned in August 1804. Lieut-Col David Collins finally established a successful settlement at Hobart in February 1804 with a party of about 260 people, including 178 convicts. (Collins had previously attempted a settlement in Victoria.) Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812-1853 and over the 50 years from 1803-1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania.
The convict system. Between 1788 and 1868, 165,000 convicts were transported to Australia.
Transportation in New South Wales officially ceased in 1840, although there was a short-lived revival in 1849. During that period there were gradual changes in living conditions for the convicts. Under Governor Phillip and the early governors most convicts were employed on public works constructing roads, bridges and public buildings and cultivating government farms. Female convicts were generally employed as domestic servants to the officers.
As the colony developed and free immigration increased, convicts were assigned to work for free settlers and small landholders. "Convicts" letter writing at Cockatoo Island, NSW, "Canary Birds", 1849, by Phillipe de VigorsInk and watercolour. Until 1810 the government issued convicts ordinary civilian clothing or 'slops'. A convict Story. Convict Facts. Convict tokens. At a glance Coins engraved with convict details and messages of affection World's largest collection Created between 1762 and 1856 Left behind by convicts with their loved ones in England A rare personal and emotional memento from prisoners On show in the Journeys gallery Rare personal convict mementos Smoothing and engraving a coin with a message of affection was one of the few ways a convict transported to Australia could leave a memento behind with loved ones in England.
These small tokens are also known as 'leaden hearts'. They record personal and emotional responses from convicts whose lives are more often represented by official government records. The National Museum of Australia holds the world's largest collection of convict tokens, with more than 310 in its collection. Tracing the lines The tokens often include the names of the convict and their loved one, the length of the convict's sentence and popular phrases and rhymes of separation. James Godfrey Thomas Lock Abraham Lawley Journeys. Meet a convict. Browse Convicts. Browse By Surname Browse convicts by their surname.
Select the first letter of the surname below to get started. Or Try A Search Just enter the name of the person you are searching for. If you prefer, try searching this website with a Google search. Pictures - Convict portraits, Port Arthur, 1874 [picture] Convicts To Australia ... Some Tales. Profiles. | <urn:uuid:74cc6ae1-17c0-4cf5-b6ae-7c0643e28935> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.pearltrees.com/vbunce/convicts/id13747993 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123142513-20171123162513-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.971793 | 1,328 | 3.328125 | 3 |
|UPPER (TOP) OF A PARTIAL LOG REPLACED BY MICROCRYSTALLINE QUARTZ (PETRIFIED WOOD) WITH VARIOUS INTRUDING STRUCTURES. ARE THESE TUBES PRIMARY OR SECONDARY?|
In a blog on August 11, I reported on the existence of a quite large piece of mammillary chalcedony observed during a trip to South Park Basin, Colorado. The blog also contained information about the geology/formation of the Park so that will not be repeated here.
The northern part of the Park (north of US 24) has numerous mountain ranges in the east such as the Kenosha and Tarryall Mountains where the bed rock is generally Precambrian in age. On the western flank rocks of Paleozoic age front the Mosquito Range. South of the highway the landforms are more subdued and a wide variety of Cenozoic, volcanic-related rocks overlie Mesozoic bedrock; however, the Mesozoic rocks often crop out in north northwest trending ridges (easily seen near Hartsel and extending north) (Scarbrough, 2001 ). My interest, in various collecting trips to South Park, has generally been in the southwestern part of the Basin where Scarbrough (2001) has outlined the Cenozoic history as follows:
Middle Tertiary erosion, then deposition of lake beds, volcanism in the form of lavas and extensive airfall deposits, igneous intrusions, and fluvial deposits.
Deposition associated with Holocene fluvial systems.
One of the best-known volcanic-associated units is a formation usually mapped as the Florissant Lake Beds. These beds crop out near Lake George and represent deposition is a basin partially occupied by a late Oligocene Lake. Thousands of fossil plants and insects (and various other vertebrates and invertebrates) have been extracted from these beds and have produced a wonderful snapshot of life during this time period. Today, Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument preserves several of the outcrops.
Heading south from Hartsel on CO 9 and 53 Rd, the Antero Formation of Oligocene age (probably equivalent to Florissant Lake Beds) crops out. However, good exposures are somewhat rare since the rocks are highly weathered at the surface; the landscape is a gently rolling surface. But, a little prospecting and walking will likely produce specimens of petrified wood. In fact, I was able to even locate wood in ditches along a gravel road. However, a word of caution---the land ownership situation in South Park is a jumble of Colorado State land, BLM land, and private land. In fact, a representative from a federal agency told me that the only way for a novice (like me) to determine land ownership was to take my GPS, get a latitude and longitude reading, and compare such with a federal data base. An easier way is probably to visit with the ranchers and request permission to prospect.
The Antero Formation is a clastic and volcaniclastic unit that contains water-laid ash, air-fall tuff, siltstone, sandstone, and algal limestone and …contains fossil plants, insects, mollusks, and vertebrates (Epis and others, 1979; Scarbrough, 2001). A number of writers have noted the presence of petrified wood in South Park, perhaps beginning with Orvando Hollister in 1867: This Park has salt springs, beds of gypsum, coal shales, veins of chalcedony, carnelian, and other curious stones and minerals. It has not been thoroughly explored and no one fully knows its resources or curiosities. Silicified wood abounds in its lower portion, and at one point, about 30 miles west of Pike’s Peak, there is a small patch of petrified stumps still standing, one of which is fifteen feet in diameter [now Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument].
Although I saw much wood in the area, one particular partial log really attracted my attention, mainly for its seemingly internal structures—as seen on the photo. I don’t know what these structures represent but could guess they might be some sort of activities related to insects. I am hoping that someone in cyber world will notice these structures and help me out!
A more detailed account of South Park geology, and the petrified wood and chalcedony, will appear in the CSMS Pick & Pack (probably September)
Epis, R.C., Wobus, R.A., and Scott, G.R., 1979, Geologic Map of the Guffey Quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1180.
Hollister, O. J., 1867, The Mines of Colorado: Samuel Bowles & Company, Springfield, MA. reprinted 1974, Promontory Press, New York.
Scarbrough, Jr., L. A., geology and Mineral Resources of Park County, Colorado: Colorado Geological Survey Resource Series 40.
Wallace, C. A., J. A. Cappa and A.D. Lawson, 1999, Geologic Map of the Gribbles Park Quadrangle, Park and Fremont Counties, Colorado: Colorado Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-3 (with map). | <urn:uuid:84c89b9f-023b-4c0b-9c36-b88bcbd41f29> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://csmsgeologypost.blogspot.com/2012_08_27_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174167.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00548-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928162 | 1,124 | 2.984375 | 3 |
On March 4, 1945, a Naval Air Transportation Service plane took off carrying blood, medical supplies and the first flight nurse ever to set foot on an active Pacific battlefield.
Ensign Jane Kendeigh was just 22 when her plane broke through the clouds of volcanic dust and smoke to land on Iwo Jima. She and her fellow flight nurses evacuated nearly 2,400 wounded Marines and sailors between March 6 and 21.
When she was later asked how men reacted to seeing a woman on the battlefield she had a quick-witted response. “The same as other places—they whistled.”
After completing her work on Iwo Jima, she was sent stateside to participate in a war bond drive. But she asked to go back to the Pacific. Her request was granted and she landed on Okinawa on April 7, 1945, just six days after the invasion. After the war, Kendeigh and her husband, Navy Lieutenant Robert Cheverton, had three daughters. She passed away in 1987.
Though medals may have been appropriate for Kendeigh and her fellow nurses, she required nothing as formal as a medal. “Our rewards are wan smiles, a slow nod of appreciation, a gesture, a word—accolades far greater, more heartwarming than any medal.”
We honor you, Jane Kendeigh. | <urn:uuid:fbe3258c-bd7c-4fc5-9cca-95c57b0c3312> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://honor365.org/index.php/2018/01/01/ens-jane-kendeigh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371604800.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405115129-20200405145629-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.978852 | 279 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Computers have become a basic appliance in many households. Computer and the internetwork back to back to help you with work and research, your kids with their school assignments, and the whole family with entertainment. So the question goes: which one is better, a desktop or a laptop?
Both have really the same functions in terms of basic software capacities, but there are a few factors to consider before deciding which one is best for you. Allow us to help you make that decision.
- Desktops relatively have a longer lifespan than laptops – hardware or software comparatively. Mostly, this is due to the power supply of both types, where desktops are directly connected to power while laptops mostly operate on batteries. With this, the battery life of laptops may have limits. WiFi connection also makes laptops prone to software issues and can easily catch viruses.
- You may notice that gaming systems prefer desktops more than laptops and this is due to a few factors. For one, desktops can be easily upgraded to higher resolution and definition specs to carry out gaming technologies that require higher specs. Another thing is that these upgrades, although may also be done with laptops, are relatively cheaper when it comes to desktops.
Because a desktop has more parts as compared to a laptop, it also means that desktops have more upgradeable parts that can be bought for better functionality of the gadget. From mouse to keyboards to hard drives, desktop parts can be interchangeable that can best suit your taste.
- If you are the type who mostly stays at home or does not bring out gadgets that much, this can be the perfect set up for you.
- Desktops, as it is designed, are not portable. They may be moved around the house or transferred around, but not in a convenient way as laptops can be. A desktop consists of several basic parts for it to fully function and in most cases, requires a computer desk for comfortable use. This means, more often than they are, desktops can only stay in one place for longer periods of time.
- Because of its nature of use, desktops require a constant power supply for it to be turned on. This means it should always be connected to power when you use it, unlike laptops that can operate on battery life for a few hours. This also means desktops may not be used in the event of power outages unless you have a power supply which may still be limited.
- The best and most sellable feature of a laptop is because this type of computer is portable and can even be fit in your purse. You can carry it around with you and transfer to any part of the house without much effort.
- A laptop can come in many shapes, sizes, and designs. It can even be externally designed that may best suit your taste. If you prefer a design that represents you, laptop stickers are also available.
- Softwares and software upgrades are relatively easier on laptops, mostly because the applications that can run on this type of computer may have lower resolutions and specs as compared to desktops. This makes it user-friendly and software updates can be as simple as a few clicks, which can be done by all ages.
- External storage can help you protect your files and organize them at your convenience. With a laptop, you can connect devices of external storage anytime and also remove it anytime.
Younger generations prefer laptops because of its light and portable feature. Nowadays, laptops are also getting more and more upgrades that can make it compete with the best features of a desktop.
- In terms of memory and storage, laptops have smaller memory capacities than that of desktops. If you have many files or store large files, apps, and such on your computer, this may not be the best option for you. Even when you have external storage devices, it would be much convenient to have the files within the device itself, accessible anytime.
- Laptops have a lower lifespan as compared to desktops mostly because it is more prone to viruses, battery life issues and hardware problems brought about by it being portable.
Although some apps, resolution-related and high-def features of laptops can be upgradable, as with desktops, it is much expensive when done with laptops because of its limited capacity – at least for now.
Both options have their pros and cons and it’s really up to your list of needs to decide which one is best for you. If the budget permits, and if you have more than one user at home, you might want to consider buying one of each. | <urn:uuid:b59fc586-4a7f-42a5-8312-4cc13c063ab4> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://importanceoftechnology.com/desktop-or-laptop-which-one-is-best-for-me/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573189.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524173011-20220524203011-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.968465 | 947 | 2.59375 | 3 |
As the holidays draw near, most families will probably visit a mall or two to do a little shopping. Unfortunately, you aren’t just exposing yourself to great sales when you visit your local mall; you are also visiting a breeding grounds for germs, ranging from the flu to E.coli. Wondering what you can do to help make your trip a little healthier? Check out Health.com’s 8 Germiest Places in the Mall.
Moms tend to freak out when their children are exposed to germs, but are those germs really as bad as we think? From poop to the dog to that pacifier that spent a few secondson the floor, Parenting.com takes a look at some germy situations and explains whether or not it’s gross enough to freak out or something that you might be able to overlook.
Do your kids like to hit the playground when you go to McDonald’s or Burger King? If so, you might want to take a look at this: Fast Food Playgrounds are Riddled with Poop. After one mom discovered fecal matter while playing with her son on a fast food playground, she decided to see just how many others were equally dirty. The findings: 8 out of 9 playgrounds tested were “riddle with poop.”
Could dirt be good for your child? According to Dr. Mary Ruebush, author of the book Why Dirt is Good: 5 Ways to Make Germs Your Friends, it is. Ruebush insists that your immune system needs to get a little workout every now and again to keep itself healthy. So, next time your child decides to dig in the dirt, you might not want to rush them off to the bathtub so quickly!
Having your kids wash their hands on a regular basis not only helps prevent sticky handprints from getting on furniture, it also prevents illness. This is why getting children into the habit at a young age is so important. But, often children are resistant and find hand washing to be a chore that intrudes on their playtime. Making hand washing a fun activity helps teach kids how and when to wash their hands, and makes it a habit. | <urn:uuid:e53c9c79-0eee-4d65-8fd2-4f5985a93125> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.personalizedstorytimebook.com/blog/tag/germs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637905860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025825-00148-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962035 | 447 | 2.609375 | 3 |
By early August 1777, John Burgoyne was beginning to feel the pinch of supply shortages and the rigors of traversing the forests of western New York. In particular, the army needed horses for transporting cannon and providing maneuverability for the heavy-booted Brunswick Dragoons. Further, cattle were needed to feed the increasingly hungry troops of all stripes.
On August 11, a largely German force was dispatched under Colonel Friedrich Baum. Their target was clear — the rich Connecticut Valley to the east — but the specific orders were confusing. The expedition was to gather horses, saddles and cattle, and also spread the word to all they encountered that Burgoyne would soon be on the road to Boston; the latter was clearly intended as misinformation.
This foray deep into the countryside was risky. The soldiers would plunge into deep forest, remove themselves from the safety of the main army and likely expose themselves to a hostile populace. Resistance was encountered from the beginning, but Baum pushed on toward the prosperous community of Bennington.
Meanwhile John Stark, an American hero at the Battle of Bunker Hill and other early encounters, had raised a brigade of New Hampshire militiamen. Still seething from being passed over for promotion by Congress, he refused to submit to the authority of the generals in the Continental Army. Nevertheless, Stark and his men headed toward Bennington under orders from the New Hampshire legislature.
On August 16 the opposing forces met outside of Bennington. The outnumbered Germans occupied high ground and put up a spirited fight against overwhelming odds. The battle was not decided until Baum fell mortally wounded; only a handful of his men escaped and the remainder had either been killed or captured.
At this moment of seeming triumph, the battle was reignited with the arrival of a German relief column under Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich von Breymann, which threw the contest into doubt. Shortly thereafter, the fortunes turned once more, this time with the appearance of Seth Warner commanding a combined force of regular army and Green Mountain Boys. Breymann’s soldiers were routed and fled into the darkness at day's end.
Burgoyne had committed a significant error of judgment by sending forces to Bennington. The Americans were still leery of confronting a major British army in open battle, but they were much more confident about meeting smaller detachments on familiar terrain — exactly the conditions that were present at the Battle of Bennington.
The British sustained more than 800 casualties in the day’s fighting, about 15 percent of Burgoyne’s force.
British spirits were further dampened by the slow progress made by Burgoyne’s main army, sometimes as little as one mile a day. Instead of being supplemented by local Loyalists, as they had anticipated, the British were constantly harassed by hostile farmers who willingly burned their crops, destroyed roads and toppled bridges as Burgoyne approached.
---- Selected Quotes ----
Quotes regarding Battle of Bennington.
By General John Stark
My men, yonder are the Hessians. They were bought for seven pounds and ten pence a man. Are you worth more? Prove it. Tonight, the Americna flag floats from yonder hill or Molly Stark sleeps a widow.
Off-site search results for "Battle of Bennington"...
Battle of Bennington
... Wars > Revolutionary War > Major Events and Battles > Battle of Bennington- 1777 Battle of Bennington- 1777 The British suffered a major defeat when New England militia men ambushed a large force of British soldiers attemptiBattle of Bennington- 1777 Battle of Bennington- 1777 The British suffered a major defeat when New England militia men ambushed a large force of British soldiers attemptiBattle of Bennington- 1777 The British suffered a major defeat when New England militia men ambushed a large force of British soldiers attempting to forage for ...
The Battle of Bennington
... as you know about your ancestor First Name: Last Name: Location: The Battle of Bennington August 16 , 1777 at Bennington, Vermont Americans Commanded by Brig. Gen. John Stark ForcesKilledWoundedCaptured 7,00065218- British CoBattle of Bennington August 16 , 1777 at Bennington, Vermont Americans Commanded by Brig. Gen. John Stark ForcesKilledWoundedCaptured 7,00065218- British Commanded by Lt. Gen.
Bennington Battle Monument - www.HistoricVermont.org/Bennington
... August 19 Living History March to the Monument August 20 Reenactment of the Battle of Bennington "There are the Redcoats; they will be ours or tonight Molly Stark sleeps a widow." General John Stark In the late sumBattle of Bennington "There are the Redcoats; they will be ours or tonight Molly Stark sleeps a widow." General John Stark In the late summer of 1777, the ... | <urn:uuid:64e52102-fe96-4640-9dfe-6868519258f5> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1302.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215105142-20181215131142-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.952093 | 1,003 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Weight loss comes down to the simple formula of calories in calories out, right? Not so fast. For many of us, weight loss is not that simple. There may be an underlying issue hindering weight loss that we need to address, such as a low functioning thyroid or an imbalance in hormone levels.
Research is now suggesting we need to look more closely at vitamin D as a potential weight loss inhibitor. Vitamin D is beyond a vitamin; it actually functions as a hormone and is referred to as “Hormone D.”e. The active form of vitamin D is structurally similar to other steroid hormones in the body, and it can be produced in the skin as long as sunlight exposure is adequate.1 This sets vitamin D apart from other vitamins.
Vitamin D deficiency
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Vitamin D’s benefits go beyond calcium absorption and bone health. Several other organs and tissues in the body use vitamin D: the heart, stomach, brain, liver, skin, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, immune system cells, and the adrenal glands.1
Research has clearly shown that an insufficient level of vitamin D alters many cellular functions and is associated with chronic conditions including type 1 diabetes, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, and several types of cancers (breast, prostate, and colon). Vitamin D deficiency may predispose one to type 2 diabetes. 2
So, what about weight loss?
In a study done by McGill et al. it was shown that there was an inverse relationship between serum (blood level) vitamin D3 and weight, body mass Index, and type 2 diabetes.3 Thus, a lower vitamin D level was related with a higher body weight.
Other studies done on adults have shown an association between low vitamin D levels and higher body fat. Lenders et al. conducted a study on adolescents which revealed that a higher fat mass percentage was associated with a lower vitamin D level.4
It is thought that higher body fat leads to more sequestering of vitamin D in fat tissue (vitamin D is fat-soluble), and thus less vitamin D is available to be used by the cells of the body. Additionally, optimal functioning of the thyroid is needed for metabolism and weight loss. If a low vitamin D level is predisposing one to insulin resistance and diabetes, then the thyroid function can suffer.
The insulin surges that occur with insulin resistance (the cells are no longer responsive to insulin so the body secretes more and more) contributes to an inflammatory response that starts to destroy the thyroid gland. This then affects the production of the thyroid hormones.
Simply put, vitamin D helps balance blood sugars and insulin levels, which is one way to help the thyroid gland stay in top shape to support your weight loss!
What can you do from here to ensure your vitamin D level is sufficient?
Get your vitamin D level checked
The standard range for Vitamin D, 25-OH for most labs is 30-100 ng/mL. However, please keep in mind that the optimal range is between 50-70 ng/mL, which is the range for being in the best of health. Between 70-100 ng/mL is usually recommended for those with cancer or heart disease.
Assess whether you are getting in enough vitamin D through food and sunlight
Sunlight exposure is one way you can meet the vitamin D requirements, however, sunlight exposure is limited by several factors: weather, geographic location, the use of sunblock, and skin pigmentation.
Those with darker skin will need to be out in the sun for a longer period of time to absorb enough sunlight to produce vitamin D. From late October to early March, the UV rays are too weak to synthesize vitamin D north of 42 degrees latitude, which is about where Chicago is.
Even north of Atlanta, there are certain times of the year where sunlight exposure will not be strong enough to synthesize vitamin D.5 Some vitamin D can be obtained from the diet, but few foods naturally contain vitamin D.
Food sources mainly come from animal products such as liver, egg yolks, and saltwater fish such as sardines, tuna, and salmon. Be sure you are eating a well-balanced diet that is composed of healthy fat, protein, and carbohydrates (I recommend consuming double the amount of vegetables than fruits and grains for the day to help keep blood sugars from soaring). For weight loss (and health!), it is important to keep your blood sugars stable and prevent a blood sugar-insulin roller coaster ride throughout your days.
Vitamin D supplements
You may want to discuss supplementation with your practitioner to see if that is an appropriate option for you.
Thacher TD, Clarke BL. Vitamin D insufficiecy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(1):50-60.
Palomer X, Clemente-Gonzalez JM, and Blanco-Vaca F. Role of vitamin D in pathogensis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2008;10:185-197.
McGill A, Stewart JM, Lithander FE, Strik CM, Poppitt SD. Relationships of low serum vitamin D3 with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity. Nutrition Journal. 2008;7:4.
Lenders CM, Feldman HA, Von Scheven E, et al. Relation of body fat indexes to vitamin D status and deficiency among obese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:459-67.
Wang L. Vitamin D. NYCC MSACN Program; Fall 2012. | <urn:uuid:3b0821f2-0b45-43f9-a611-764a5cfbb34d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://watchfit.com/general-health/vitamin-d-deficiency-weight-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216165437-20181216191437-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.913043 | 1,158 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Thomas F. Nemec, PhD|
Department of Anthropology
Memorial University of Newfoundland
For publication in The Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, Vol. II, J.R. Smallwood and R. Pitt, eds.
Students of the coming of the Irish to, and settlement in, Newfoundland face a formidable task: primary data is scattered along both sides of the Atlantic, no book-length treatments of the subject have been published, and archaeologists have not yet unearthed material evidence which sheds light on the initial connections between the two islands. A similar view was expressed by the noted cleric, historian and toponymiste, M.F. Howley (1888:167-8) who wrote "that while It should be an interesting study to trace the origin and progress of this silent but ever on flowing stream of immigration...as yet no records have been found to throw light upon it."
Likewise, almost a century later, F.W. Rowe (1980:211) writes that "The origin of Irish settlement in Newfoundland is a matter of speculation and controversy."
Lacking firm evidence and a definitive treatment of the subject, what can be said of the initial connections between the two islands, the later migrations, and eventual settlement? If we scrupulously avoid unsubstantiated statements by amateurs and deal exclusively with data supplied by reputable scholars, the results, although more meagre, are far less contentious. In this regard, special recognition must be given to the works of two Memorial University professors, Keith Matthews, a maritime historian (hereafter K.M.), and John Mannion, a cultural geographer (hereafter J.M.). Beginning in the 1960s their primary research has led to significant revisions of the historical record vis-a-vis Ireland and Newfoundland.
Ireland and Newfoundland: Initial Connections
As an adjunct of the Age of European discovery, reconnaissance and exploitation Newfoundland cod began attracting fishing fleets of several western European nations by circa. 1500 A.D. Although the Irish were closer (less than 1,800 nautical miles) than any continental European population, for various reasons they did not participate in the Newfoundland trade until late in the 1600s, and even then Irish traffic was a mere "trickle" in comparison to English activity (K.M., 1968: 334). In 1681, for example, one ship embarked from Dublin and Limerick to pick up saltfish at Newfoundland for sale to markets overseas (K.M., 1968:181). Similarly. Mannion states "there is no evidence of any regular Irish involvement...until after around 1675" (1977a:1). Likewise, Grant Head states that "The earliest notice of the Irish in Newfoundland was probably the Irish sack ships there in 1679 (1976:97). Apparently, therefore, traffic between the islands prior to the late seventeenth century was virtually nil (Prowse, 1895:44, 58; Lounsbury, 1934:34-5; Innis, 1934:37).
The meagre amount of Irish commerce with Newfoundland can be attributed primarily to English domination. At the same time, a number of secondary factors, as Matthews points out, played a significant role. These included: civil unrest; insufficient private capital, suitable shipping, and local markets for saltfish; and lack of a skilled class of artisans, which in turn, denied Ireland the opportunity of meeting the manufacturing needs of the trade.
Although Irish trade and commerce with Newfoundland initially was of meagre proportions, large numbers of Irish themselves were directly involved in the Newfoundland fishery. After 1675, as Mannion points out, fishing vessels from England's West Country began calling in the spring of each year at the Irish ports of Youghal, Cork, New Ross, and Waterford in particular on their way to Newfoundland (J.M., 19 71:33; 1980:27). Besides taking aboard cheaper 'wet' provisions (salt pork and beef, butter, cheese and porter), tallow and woolens than could be obtained in England, they also availed themselves of a ready source of cheap manual labour -- Irish 'youngsters' as they were called -- for employment in the fishery at Newfoundland (Howley, 1888:168; Prowse, 1895: 200-1). Following Irish usage, the term, "youngster," simply meant that the labourer or servant was usually unmarried and not that he was in fact a child or adolescent. Because of the cost of transatlantic passage, "youngsters" normally worked for two summers and a winter in Newfoundland before returning home. While Prowse indicates that Irish "youngsters" were commonly oppressed and ill-used by their masters, the English "planters, " Matthews suggests that this was an intrinsic attribute of the master-servant relationship - -regardless of their respective nationalities.
By the eighteenth century the number of Irish "youngsters" or servants involved in the Newfoundland fishery had increased considerably. Lounsbury attributes this largely to passage in Great Britain of the Newfoundland Act of 1699 (1934:301). For according to the legislation, masters of English ships sailing to the island were required to employ a certain percentage of "green men" or apprentices. Since the latter were more readily available in Ireland, the Act could have resulted in increased use of Irish labour. In Matthews' opinion, however, since there was no machinery in operation for enforcing the Act it was rendered ineffectual.
The proportion of Irish did increase, though, for other reasons. To begin with, queen Anne's War with France resulted in a shortage of Englishmen in the fishery, as many were either pressed into naval service or fled inland from the seaports and coasts for fear of impressment. Another contributing factor was the depression in the Newfoundland fishery between 1711 and 1728, which led English fishermen to seek elsewhere for employment. Lacking such alternatives, though, the number of Irish "youngsters" at Newfoundland increased markedly. But since the fishery was an especially risky economic venture at this time, it was not uncommon for fishermen to be abandoned without pay on the island by ships' masters, some of whom went bankrupt. Left to their own devices, the Irish often had to make the best of difficult conditions, including lack of gainful employment each winter, harsh climatic conditions, inadequate shelter, disease, malnutrition, prejudice and religious persecution.
Although Irish involvement in the fishery may have increased during the early eighteenth century, it does not follow, as some have suggested, that Irish settlement of the island necessarily ensued. For regardless of whether a fishermen was English or Irish, the fishery itself was still largely migratory in character, and as such, its personnel were transient: residing on the island just for the duration of the summer fishery. This migratory adaptation coupled with poor census data makes any estimation of the size of the resident population extremely difficult.
Certain isolated references, however, are made to the presence of Irish settlers on the island beginning in the seventeenth century. Thus, Rogers (1911:79) mentions in passing an Irish "inhabitant" of St. Mary's Bay who was discovered "poaching" beavers with some Indians near Cape St. Mary's in 1662. And Rowe (1980:11) maintains that "there were some Irish settlers in St. John's prior to 1675...." However, it should be noted that Matthews in 1968 (p. 335) dates Irish in St. John's no earlier than 1705. But he also refers to an Irish presence at Ireland's Eye, Trinity Bay by 1675. Additional early references to the Irish can be found in the diary of the French missionary priest, Abbe' Daudoin, who accompanied the D'Iberville expedition in 1696-7 (Howley, 1888:150-156) He mentions in passing Irish at Brigus [Brigue], Heart's Content [Havre Content] and Carbonear [Carbonniere].
How these Irish settlers became established in Newfoundland is still a matter of considerable speculation and debate. The list of possible causes includes labour shortages, abandonment, severe economic and political conditions in Ireland, defunct colonial enterprises in Newfoundland, and the long-standing custom of some ships' masters of leaving behind a portion of the crew every winter to maintain or build cookrooms " (bunkhouses) , " stages, " "trayne vats" (for cod oil),wharves, and boats (Prowse, 1895:59).
Irish Settlement in Newfoundland
If Matthews (1968:335) is correct, the "first great inflow of Irishmen" to Newfoundland followed the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and the subsequent cessation of hostilities between Great Britain and France. The first influx of Irish came, therefore, not as a result of the seventeenth century colonial adventures of Baltimore, Kirk, Falkland or Vaughan (Gnomic, 1972:17 ; l975:182-4) but as an adjunct of the expansion of the West of England Newfoundland Ship fishery. Two factors in particular contributed to the influx: first, the inability of planters to recruit sufficient English servants to satisfy the growing needs of the fishery and second, the increasing desire of many Irish to flee their homeland (K.M., 1968: J 335-6). Although it is difficult to say now which of the two factors was more important, it should be noted that the Irish at this time could not ignore any opportunity such as Newfoundland which presented itself. As J.H. Plumb in England in the Eighteenth Century (1966:180) describes the plight of the Irish:
"It is bitter but true that the English were responsible. They had invaded Ireland; conquered it, and, in spite of repeated rebellion, mastered it. Each rebellion had been followed by harsh retribution. The land had been taken away to compensate the victims and to pay for the alien administration which the conquerors had imported. Its economy had been rigidly and absolutely subordinated to England's".
It is not surprising to learn then that (Plumb, 1966:179)
"Thousands shipped themselves to the plantations on terms little better than slavery, which were preferable to the slow starvation at home".
As if English oppression was not enough, several major crop failures in Ireland between 1726 and 1741 resulted in widespread famine (Head, 1976:92-4). And last but not least, transportation to, and cheap American foodstuffs were available at Newfoundland.
By 1720 sufficient members of Irish were arriving to alarm at least the British convoy commander. He felt the Irish might side in some future conflict between the English and French with the latter (K.M., 1968:337); just as thirty Irish servants in Conception and Trinity Bays had joined the French in 1697 after having been mistreated by their English masters (J.M., 1977a:2)
By 1729 reports indicate that the Irish comprised the ethnic majority at Placentia, the former French "capital" on the southern Avalon. Elsewhere, except for the southern Avalon, the Irish were still a minority (J.M.:, 1971:35; 19771:1). According to the first reliable census, that of 1732, the Irish comprised a mere ten per cent of the resident population and less than forty per cent of the seasonal migrants (J.M.,:19 71:3 5) . Indeed, if Mannion is correct, Irish residents in Newfoundland between 1730 and 1740 numbered no more than five hundred (1973:2). Lounsbury states that while some "Irishmen came as members of fishing crews, others arrived as passengers to seek employment from planters and by boat keepers" (1934: 301). Matthews, however, differs with Lounsbury on this matter. He believes the Irish operated primarily as inshore fishermen and "shore men" who fished inshore or worked ashore curing or "making" fish. Ships' crews, on the other hand, continued to be manned, in his opinion, largely by West Countrymen until the late eighteenth century when the demand for fishermen and seamen exceeded the supply available from the West Country. As a consequence Irishmen, including those from the hinterland who lacked experience, were hired to meet the increasing demand.
If the increasing rate of Irish migration to the island in the eighteenth century can be taken as a reliable indicator, the inshore fishery itself was an increasingly worthwhile economic pursuit. But while many Irish were no doubt attracted because of this seasonal activity, many nevertheless experienced severe hardship due to the almost`complete lack of gainful employment in Newfoundland during the remainder of the year. Matthews provides an eloquent description of their introduction to the island and subsequent plight (1968:336-41).
"Many were (like English servants) brought out in response to 'orders' placed by planters with their merchant suppliers, but others came out 'on speculation'-tricked by fast-talking Irish or English captains into believing that Newfoundland was a paradise. The latter found little difficulty in obtaining employment during the season but were often 'cast adrift' in the winter, when starving and 'naturally prejudiced against Englishmen and Protestants' they had no choice but to riot and plunder".
This process of entrapment, however, began to diminish after 1750 when Justices of the Peace on the island began to exert pressure on planters and merchants not to abandon servants. Acting in the public interest, winter justices sought to ameliorate the immediate, although not underlying, cause of civil disturbances a growing, rootless class of abandoned servants. A further development by 1760 saw acceptance of a "common law" which stated that fishing servants had first lien on their bankrupt employers' effects. At the same time planters and merchants alike sought to encourage their best servants to remain behind on the island. Labour shortages aggravated the need for skilled and experienced servants, especially those prepared to enter into long term agreements with their employers. And in many cases where servants had gone into debt with their masters, they had no legal choice but to remain.
Although the rate of Irish migration to the island continually increased throughout the eighteenth century, British interests voiced little alarm--at least to begin with. Luckily for the Irish, English entrepreneurs thought more of their profits than of any potential threat posed by the Irish influx. Ship captains and merchant adventurers in particular profited directly from the "carriage" or passenger trade between the British Isles and the "western plantations" and colonies (K.M., 1968: 336-41). In addition to Irishmen, they also recruited unmarried Irish girls to come over. While they were not charged passage directly, the planters who bought them as "wives" paid the ship captains in fish. Accordingly, they were loathe to sacrifice profits from the passenger trade unless forced to do so by the Crown.
Planters likewise found profit in the Irish since they constituted a cheap and readily available source of labour. Similar to the merchants, they were usually quite willing to defend their servants as "loyal and hardworking subjects" of the Crown (K.M., 1968:336-41). The only discordant note was sounded by planters in St. John's, who felt threatened possibly by the growing population of Irish in the port. Forming approximately fifty per cent of the resident population of St. John's in 1742, the Irish by this time also "outnumbered English winter residents in almost all harbours between Placentia and St. John's," i.e., the southeastern Avalon.
Although merchants, adventurers and Planters employed the Irish and were evidently satisfied with them, certain naval governors during the latter half of the eighteenth century expressed considerable outrage over their behaviour. Indeed, they held them responsible for a good deal of the disorder committed in the winter" (Lounsbury, 1934:301). In addition, they were opposed to their Catholicism and the potential political disaffection it implied. Fishing fleet commodores also condemned the practice of bringing out Irish labour from "inland places and gaols" when they were intended for work in the fishery (K.M., 1968:336-41).
Their views, though, were offset by merchants like Saunders and Sweetmans of Placentia, who wrote in a "Letter Book":
"I would advise you "ever to send out more English youngsters than will just clear the vessel...they never, any of them stick to the place or have any attachments to it. As for hard labour, one Irish Youngster is worth a dozen of them".
With the establishment of a resident Population by the mid-eighteenth century, certain areas of the Southeast coast came to be numerically, and later culturally, dominated by the Irish. St. John's, though, formed an ethnic boundary as it was not only comprised of roughly equal proportions of West Country English Protestants and southeast Irish Catholics, but it stood at the geographic mid-point between the respective areas of concentration of the two groups: for northwest of St. John's, along the relatively well populated shores of Conception and Trinity Bays in particular, the Irish constituted only twenty per cent of the resident population in 1742, according to one estimate [Lounsbury, 1934:301; K.M., 1968:339). Even following the "precipitous rise" in Irish migration to the island in the mid-eighteenth century the essential pattern of distribution did not change: the English clustered together in the harbours and coves along the Island's east coast northwest of St. John's and the Irish located along the extreme southeast coast between St. John's and Placentia (J.M., 1971:35). Up to the present time, this demarcation, despite exceptions, has not only endured but become even more pronounced. But before any such demarcation occurred, the Irish made substantial inroads into former Protestant English strongholds, such as Harbour Grace in Conception Bay, which for awhile at least was to become the main centre of Irish mercantile influence on the island. In time, however, Irish communities northwest of St. John's, with the prominent exception of the east coast of Conception Bay, diminished, and in some cases entirely disappeared. Eventually, only a few scattered settlements of Irish northwest of St. John's were to survive into the nineteenth century, just as the English fishing "capitals" along the southern Avalon were eventually transformed into predominantly Irish communities.
The actual distribution of both English and Irish along the old English Shore (east coast and Avalon) as of 1758 is detailed on a map drawn by Mannion for his doctoral dissertation (1971).,
Large-Scale Irish Migration to Newfoundland
The number of Irish passengers coming to Newfoundland, as Mannion points out (1980:27), ...grew gradually, from around, 1,000 persons in the 1730s to 2,000 in 1750 and on to a peak of more than 5,000 a year in the late 1770s and 1780s, when the total summer population was around 30,000. By this time the Irish comprised more than two-thirds of the total number of annual passengers to Newfoundland from the British Isles.
This continually growing influx coincides with the introduction and development of local industry. In essence, with the advent of new or expanding primary, secondary and tertiary industries on the island in the latter half of the eighteenth century, its economic "carrying capacity" increased and it became capable of absorbing much larger numbers of Irish, as well as English and Scottish, immigrants. This increased carrying capacity soon came to function as a "safety valve" for the excess population, which in turn had resulted from the increasing inability of the Irish economy to employ its own manpower. In other words, to properly understand the sizeable influx of Irish to Newfoundland, prevailing conditions in Ireland, as well as Newfoundland, must be considered. This is apparent from a number of sources, including Dillon's description of conditions in Ireland at this time (1968:32-3)
The Irish at home were living under the most wretched conditions. They tried to survive by cultivating small parcels of the most unproductive land, meted out to them by the English land owners. This bit of land amounted to what O'Faolain calls "a quarter acre of rotten sod." Under the old Irish system the Irish and had been freeholders, holding their land incontestably for three generations at least. Under the new system, they were leaseholders, that is, they held their land from year to year and paid heavy rents to the landlords. They had become mere tenants or peasants on land which had once been their own. They had little hope of improving their lot, and they were starving to death by the thousands. They also suffered religious persecution....
The question arises, however, whether Dillon's description is universally applicable to all parts of Ireland, and in particular to the southeastern counties which provided the great majority of migrants to Newfoundland. Mannion maintains to the contrary that southeastern Ireland was "the least densely populated portion" and that its "peasant farms were far more substantial and rural wealth far greater than over most of the rest of the country" (1973:9-10). He believes instead that migration was stimulated by a combination of less dramatic but more complex factors: (1) the unwillingness of peasant farmers to subdivide commercially viable farms for their sons' use, (2) lack of sufficient alternative employment due largely to increasing mechanization and industrialization, and (3) the inability of towns and cities to absorb unprecedented population growth. In addition, he maintains that migrants were recruited from amongst the sons of the more successful farmers, rather than the impoverished. Also, he takes issue with the popular notion that there was an immediate upsurge in immigration to Newfoundland following the "Wexford Rebellion" (the unsuccessful uprising of the "United Irishmen" in 1798) and the Act of Union in 1800.
As a result of the factors Mannion mentions, in combination with new opportunities which were emerging in Newfoundland, Irish began migrating to the island on a considerably greater scale in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Any estimate, however, of the numbers or rate of migration is well nigh impossible by its very nature. For the emigration to Newfoundland was still in part a continuation of the migratory adaptation effected earlier by fishing servants or "youngsters" (J.M., 1971:36) Accordingly, although examination of the available fishery censuses will provide figures on migratory fishermen and winter residents, these figures inevitably conceal any distinction between genuinely permanent residents and the variety of transients who resided for a time on the island: annual visitors (e.g., ship fishermen), servants who resided for the duration of their indenture, planters who spent their working lives on the island but then retired to their homes across the sea, and so forth. Mannion (1971:35) estimates that seasonal migration of Irish from Waterford during the second half of the eighteenth century "rose to a steady stream sometimes exceeding 4,000 persons per year." His estimate coincides with that of archbishop Howley (1888:402-3), who in turn was repeating an estimate made originally by Arthur Young, an English traveller in Ireland between 1776 and 1779. As Howley recapitulates Young's description:
"The staple trade in Waterford is the Newfoundland trade...the number of people who go as passengers in the Newfoundland ships is simply amazing, from sixty to eighty ships and from 3,000 to 5,000 persons annually. They come from most parts of Ireland, from Cork, Kerry, etc. Experienced men will get 18 to 25 pounds for the season, from March to November. A man who never went will have from 5 to 7 pounds and others rise to 20 pounds, the passage out they get, but pay home 2 pounds. An industrious man will bring home 12-16 pounds with him, and some more."
Additional impetus for Irish emigration stemmed from British legislation passed in 1803 which specified much more stringent requirements for passenger vessels (Dillon, 1968:32-3). Henceforward ships were required to carry specified quantities of food, a doctor, and to provide adequate space for passengers. Previously, according to Prowse (1895:404), passengers had been transported like cattle.
Their sufferings in crossing must have been terrible, only exceeded by the horrors of the middle passage on board an African slaver.
Apparently, it was not uncommon for them to be subjected to disease, starvation and exposure. Implementation of the new legislation resulted, however, in a fare increase from ten shillings (K.M., 1968:599) to much higher prices which few could afford. However, since the Act's provisions applied to all vessels travelling between the British Isles and North America, with the exception of those bound for Newfoundland, its immediate effect on Irish emigration can be readily appreciated. Another factor which worked in favour of emigration to Newfoundland was the fact that with the exception of New England, the North American mainland, including what were to become the Maritime Provinces, was still relatively undeveloped.
While certain of the causes of the Irish emigration to Newfoundland in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries now seem clear, its actual scale and magnitude has not been clearly defined. What does seem clear, though is that between 1803 and 1831 relatively large influxes of Irish came to the island and an as yet undetermined percentage established permanent roots. Mannion estimates' that between 1797 and 1836 the island's Irish population quintupled (1973:2).
The trickle of emigration increased in the 1770s and '80s, but the eighteenth century flow was completely dwarfed by the influx after 1800....in the first three decades of the nineteenth century, 30-35,000 Irish arrived in Newfoundland. The flow was punctuated by two major spurts: 16,000 arrived between 1811-16, and 8,000 between 1825-31. Not all stayed, of course, but by 1836 there were roughly 38,000 Irish living here, more than five times the number in 1800. They now comprised roughly 50 per cent of the total population of the Island.
Throughout this period St. John's was the principal port of disembarkation for the immigrants. It is not surprising to learn, therefore, that the City's Irish element increased from 2,000 in 1794 to 14,000 in 1836 and that as a result it became "the first substantial immigrant Irish urban ghetto" (J.M., 1971:39). These estimates corroborate a traditional figure repeated by E.B. Foran to the effect that over 10,000 Irish migrated to the island between 1805 and 1815, the majority of whom disembarked in St. John's (1937:253). Since the period of the greatest influx was concentrated between 1811 and 1816, it coincided almost exactly with the War of 1812. Following Prowse (1895:404) possibly, K. Matthews (1968:599) estimates that in 1814 alone over 10,000 immigrants arrived, the bulk of whom were from Ireland. According to Howley (1888:402-3) 3,026 men and 373 women arrived in St. John's in 1815, but William Adams states that 5,000 arrived (1932:71)
Many immigrants apparently landed at "ancient fishing capitals," such as Trepassey (Nemec,l973a: 15-24), and then dispersed along the coast. In the process of dispersal, exposed headlands, offshore islands, small coves, and dangerous bights which hitherto were unoccupied because of their relatively unfavourable topography were permanently settled. It may well be that many of the island's smaller outports were established in this way in the early nineteenth century. But just how many Irish immigrants bypassed St. John's in this fashion remains an entirely open question. For even the widely accepted estimates of disembarkation at St. John's have been questioned by the sociologist, Ralph Matthews (1970:29). He is particularly sceptical and uncertain of the evidence upon which various authors have based their estimates. He questions, for example, Prowse's figure of 10,000 immigrants landing in 1814 and any unsubstantiated estimates, such as that of A.H. McLintock, who states that between 1811 and 1830 24,000 Irish came to the Island (1941:126-7). However, since R. Matthews himself adduces no new evidence to the contrary, estimates by scholars such as Prowse should not be rejected out of hand merely because no source is cited.
It is generally agreed that the great majority of Irish immigrants stemmed from southeastern Ireland. Monsignor Flynn, for example, states that eighteenth century immigrants originated primarily from the extreme southeastern counties: Wexford, Waterford, Kilkenny, Cork and Tipperary (1937:274). Research by Mannion, however, into Irish migrations to North America indicates that this perspective must be revised (1971:23ff). For not only did the great bulk of the emigrants embark from the ports of Waterford, Wexford and New Ross, but they were for the most part natives of Counties Wexford and Waterford. The single most important source was Waterford. In fact, according to Mannion, over ninety per cent of Newfoundland's Irish came from an area within forty miles of Waterford City (1971:6) It is interesting to note that Virginia Dillon arrived independently at similar findings in her research on the "Southern Shore" of the Avalon Peninsula. After: surveying some of the existing graveyards along "the Shore," she concluded that "all these Irish origins are on the rivers served by New Ross in County Wexford and Waterford" (1968:54)
But despite the fact that the great majority of Newfoundland Irish emigrated from essentially the same region in Ireland, Seary, Kirwin and Story as of 1968 had found no evidence of families from the same or neighbouring localities joining together to form communities in Newfoundland (1968-11). Keith Matthews, on the other hand, suggests evidence to indicate that there were two cases at least in which migrants settled near former neighbours: (1) the Irish population at Placentia in the eighteenth century which was derived apparently en masse from Waterford and (2) the feuds and rivalries brought over from Ireland which characterized relations between Wexford and Waterford men in Conception Bay settlements in the early nineteenth century. While additional evidence could be marshalled in support of Matthews' contention (Foran, 1937:253; J.M., 1971:37), it is nevertheless curious that many Irish apparently did not resettle near former friends and neighbours.
Irish Adaptive Adjustments in Newfoundland
While Newfoundland's economic carrying capacity and concomitant ability to absorb immigrants had increased considerably by the turn of the century, even greater capacity developed during the War of 1812. For during the war years from 1812 to 1815 the island found itself in the unprecedented position of virtually monopolizing the saltfish trade. This can be attributed to the fact that the island's usual competitors on both sides of the Atlantic were either at war or else prevented by blockades from marketing their fish. As a direct consequence of the war, therefore, Newfoundland became the major supplier. Subsequently, demand exceeded supply and fish prices in Newfoundland increased from a pre-war range of ten to fourteen shillings per quintal (112 pounds) to twenty and as high as thirty-two shillings by 1814 (Rogers, 1911: 154-5). These price increases had a greater impact on resident or sedentary, as opposed to migratory, fishermen in Newfoundland due to the demise of the West of England-Newfoundland ship fishery which had disappeared, according to Matthews, before the war by 1810 (1968:598)
But inflated prices for fish benefited not only local planters and their servants, they also attracted migrants to the island. In addition, the growth of local industry provided settlers, both new and old, with a more secure economic base upon which to build their lives. Thus, for example, with the emergence and expansion of the seal fishery in the eighteenth century, a boat-building industry grew correspondingly. Henceforward, settlers could augment their traditional income from the summer fishery with further gainful employment in the winter. In essence, settlers could now look forward to year-round, full-time subsistence production (fishing, hunting, trapping, gardening and etc.), plus supplementary employment in those secondary industries such as boat building which derived from expanding primary industries. All in all, the island was never more ready to absorb a large influx of immigrants than during the War of 1812. But even greater numbers of immigrants were attracted than can be adequately explained by the growth of industry on the island. An additional factor, which should be considered, therefore, is the fact that during the war vessels from the British Isles could not enter American ports. Thus, while many migrants were attracted to, and had decided to settle in, Newfoundland, many others simply had no choice since ships travelled no further west.
In the aftermath of the War of 1812 Newfoundland's prosperity came to an abrupt end (Rogers, 1911:154-5) Norwegian and French saltfish once again began to appear and compete on the world market, and in the Mediterranean area in particular. As a consequence, not only did the price of fish fall to pre-war levels but traditional rivals once again began to displace Newfoundland in European markets. In a short time, increasing competition, in combination with high import duties in consumer countries, led to a severe economic depression on the island. Short-term factors such as the withdrawal of English military forces from the Iberian Peninsula also contributed to the initial severity of the depression, as they had been heavy consumers of saltfish while in the field. But the depression still might not have struck the island so hard had it not been "spoilt by war." For as Rogers describes the island's plight (1911:154-5)
...bankruptcy was universal, writs of execution fell like leaves in vallombrosa, and starvation was imminent. Peace, which brought ease, plenty, and blessing elsewhere, brought hardship, penury, and despair here.
With the onset of the depression, the tide of Irish emigration diminished considerably. Those Irish unfortunate enough to emigrate to the island in the immediate post-war years found the residents in dire economic straits that rivalled those which forced the emigrants themselves to leave Ireland. Browse tells us, for example, that near Renews on the "Southern Shore" a group of "...Irish emigrants left their ship at the edge of the ice, and crawled on shore on their hands and knees, to add more sharers in the already inadequate rations" (1895:406). Their emigration reached even more tragic proportions as many were brought out under false pretences. This is made clear by the Chief Magistrate in a letter to Governor Pickmore in 1816 (Pedley, 1863: 307)
There were heartless men in Ireland, who, for no other gain but that of passage money, put out attractive advertisements setting forth what a Goshen in Newfoundland [sic] invited a wretched peasantry, and having crowded their vessels with miserable dupes, and exposed them to the storms of the Atlantic turned them ashore at St. John's to shift for themselves, without any possible means of subsistence or getting employment.
Because of a coincidental combination of factors stemming from the unrelenting depression and harsh climatic conditions, the size of the island's population, especially in the larger centres, came to exceed its carrying capacity. This situation reached its peak in 1817-18 during the "Winter of the Rals." Prowse provides a graphic description of the crushing chain of events which led up to that famous winter (1895:404-5)
In the winter of 1815 the capital and all the outports were in a state of actual starvation...losses and insolvencies... had ruined the credit of our merchants. Importations of provisions were quite inadequate, and, to add to the general misery, emigrants were flocking in from Ireland. By Christmas 1816, when communication with the outside was virtually shut off, the dread spectre of famine threatened our unfortunate Colony...in the terrible season of 1817-18, known...as the 'Hard Winter,' and...as the 'Winter of the Rals?' In the former season, starvation alone had to be contended with; now famine, frost, and fire combined, like three avenging furies, to scourge the unfortunate Island.
As a consequence, many of the Irish immigrants who arrived during the immediate post-war period continued on to the mainland, if at all possible. Indeed, it is more than likely that the majority of the 1,100 people that were transported from the island by the British government to Ireland and Nova Scotia in order to ease conditions were of Irish origins (Rogers, 1911:154-5) Of those who remained, a large number probably relocated from disaster-struck St. John's to the outports, especially where individuals or families could mobilize bonds of kinship, friendship and former co-residence in Ireland in order to facilitate resettlement.
Although Prowse (1895:406) records a brief respite in 1818, Matthews maintains the depression which began in 1816 did not relent for fifteen years. Nevertheless, 8,000 Irish migrated to the island, according to Mannion, between 1825 and 1831 (1973:2). In part they may have been goaded on by the famine of 1821-2 plus other conditions in Ireland as reported by E.P. Thompson (1972:472).
The mass eviction of peasant 'freeholders' between 1828 and 1830 swelled the numbers travelling on the crowded boats to Liverpool and Bristol. But England was 'far from being their Mecca, and is indeed the last place they would willingly approach'. The more fortunate, who could save the passage money, were emigrating to America or Canada....
Contemporary descriptions of conditions in Ireland at the this time were not unlike those which were published as a consequence of the infamous famines of the 1840s. Assuming the following description is not exaggerated, one can appreciate, therefore, why depressed economic conditions in Newfoundland in the post-war era did not deter some Irish from settling (1836, as quoted by Thompson, 1972:472)
Their habitations are wretched hovels, several of a family sleep together upon straw or upon the bare ground... their food commonly consists of dry potatoes, and with these they are... obliged to stint themselves to one spare meal on the day....They sometimes get a herring, or a little milk, but they never get meat except at. Christmas, Easter, and Shrovetide.
But whatever the causes of the post-war influx the result, as Mannion points out, was that "as late as 1828 there were probably more Catholic Irish in Newfoundland than in any other province or state in North America" (1973:1)
From 1831 onwards Irish migrants increasingly bypassed Newfoundland and disembarked at the east coast ports of mainland North America. This shift was linked in turn to a shift in the main shipping lanes of North Atlantic commerce (K.M., 1971:45). As Mannion describes the situation, timber had displaced cod in the war's aftermath as the primary component of British North American trade with the British Isles. Consequently, St. John's, Newfoundland was replaced as chief disembarkation point by Saint John, New Brunswick and Quebec, since thousands of Irish now sought cheap transport on the`timber ships travelling to those ports. Because this shipping bypassed American ports, at least initially, what was to become the mainland of Canada (in 1867) attracted more Irish immigrants than the United States until after 1840.
By approximately 1831, therefore, the limits of Irish settlement on the island, which had been roughly set in the latter part of the eighteenth century, were firmly fixed. This also takes into account the considerable English emigration to the island, which until recently, had been effectively masked by the greater magnitude of the Irish influx (K.M., 1968:600; W.G. Iiancock, 1977:32). For the English (and to a much lesser extent, the Scots) who arrived in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries continued to settle, at least initially, along the east coast northwest of St. John's. Consequently, they did not as a rule impinge on the Irish, who likewise continued to cluster principally along the southern Avalon. The only areas of significant ethnic overlap were the "North Shore" of Conception Bay and the St. John's region. This basic geographic distribution has never changed, despite continued dispersal by both major ethnic groups throughout the nineteenth century. Thus, while the English dispersed to Labrador's South Coast and Newfoundland's Northern Peninsula, West and South Coasts following the withdrawal (by no means total) of the French from the "French Shore," many Irish moved west from the Avalon Peninsula probably via Placentia Bay, to the Burin Peninsula on the South Coast. In essence, therefore, the Irish clustered along the island's extreme southeast corner, while the English concentrated on the east coast and in addition formed scattered settlements elsewhere.
Although the island's population was not substantially increased by immigration following 1831, its size nevertheless continued to soar upwards. Following the official census returns, the sociologist, Ralph Matthews, estimates the total population in 1822 at 52,000 (1970:31). By 1836 it rose to 73,618 and the Irish component by itself constituted 38,000 or over half this total (J.M., 1973:2). The total population made an even greater jump to 96,295 in 1845 and by 1857 it had climbed to 122,638. The last major increase in the nineteenth century occurred between 1869 and 1884 when it rose from 144,368 to 193,124. While it climbed even further to 217,037 by 1901 this was hardly as great an increase. Following the lead of Rogers (1911:240), R.Matthews maintains that the dramatic upsurge in the island's population, which took place principally in the nineteenth century, was due simply to natural increase (1970:32). While it is obvious that "the population quadrupled itself " (Rogers, 1911:240), there were no major economic or technological changes taking place which might explain the considerable increase. After reviewing the extant labour force figures, R. Mathews likewise concludes that "the character of the island did not change much during this period" (1970:31). An alternative hypothesis which might explain the population increase is that the ecological and cultural adaptations (which includes technological, economic, social, political and ideological adaptive adjustments) of outport settlements along the island's coasts achieved a level of efficiency or refinement in the nineteenth century sufficient to allow not only larger-scale populations, but in addition, a much larger number of settlements themselves, Besides explaining gross population increase, this hypothesis also explains the growth in the number of settlements--approximately 1,350 by 1900--a point R. Matthews does not discuss.
In conclusion, it seems clear that the great majority of Irish emigrants arrived at Newfoundland long before the infamous famines of the 1840's drove a million or more Irish to North America, and the United States in particular. In essence, the Newfoundland Irish were ensconced as fishermen and subsistence producers in outport settlements along the coast of the southeast corner of Newfoundland long before the major waves of nineteenth century European emigration reached the shores of North America' (J.M., 1973:2)
The Irish In Newfoundland
The Irish In Newfoundland 1623-1800
In 1623, Lord Falkland, who planned on founding a colony on the Southern Shore of the Avalon around Renews, had a book published for him in Dublin, inviting Irishmen to participate in his venture. According to the early seventeenth century poet of Harbour Grace, Robert Hayman, some of Lord Falkland's settlers came, but there is nothing to indicate for certain that they were Irishmen. There is an oral tradition, however, among the people of St. Mary's Bay, that their ancestors were Irish settlers brought out by Falkland who, being hounded from the Renews area, made their way to St. Mary's Bay, where supposedly their descendants live to this day. Information available, however, does not support such tradition, as St. Mary's appears to have been under the control of the French from 1662 until 1713, and there does not seem to have been any regular inhabitants there until after the Treaty of Utrecht. It is true that there is mention that the French captured the bailiff from the Ferryland colony on his way to arrest an Irish inhabitant, who with the aid of Indians was trapping in the St. Mary's area in 1662 and it is possible that he had come from Lord Falkland's colony, but there is no supportive evidence for this contention. All that can be said is that this appears to be the first positive reference to the Irish in Newfoundland.
by Michael J. McCarthy
Many theories have been advanced concerning the Irish in Newfoundland in the early seventeenth century, but there is very little evidence to substantiate them. It would appear that there was little if any Irish involvement in Newfoundland in the first half of the century, but that towards the end of the century the Irish were coming to Newfoundland. In 1696, M. Baudouin, the chaplain to D'iberville during the raids on the English settlements in Newfoundland, reported the presence of Irish servants at Brigus, where eight were taken when the French burnt the town. At Heart's Content an Irishman was in charge of the defences of the community, but surrendered without a fight to the superior French forces. Baudouin also reported that the English masters treated their Irish servants like slaves, and that some of the Irish joined with the French in attacking the English settlements. Baudouin stated that the Englishmen were ordinarily willing to exchange prisoners on a one to one basis with the French but demanded three Irishman for each Frenchman released. From this report it would seem that by the end of the seventeenth century there were a number of Irishman either migrant or settled in the island. Evidence indicates there were Irish settlers at Ireland's Eye, Trinity Bay, in 1675, and in 1676 an Irish merchant from Waterford was reported to have visited the French colony at Placentia. However, until the middle of the eighteenth century, the Irish population of Newfoundland (although growing steadily, as expressed by the concern of various convoy captains and early governors) did not really make its presence felt. The majority came as 'Irish Youngsters' --the term 'youngster' in this sense meaning an unmarried man shipped as a servant for usually two summers and one winter and others as soldiers in the various regiments stationed from time to time in Newfoundland. At Placentia, the first English soldiers to take over f rom the French in 1714 were four companies of Irish soldiers raised in Ireland by Colonel Moody, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Placentia.
It is also worthy of note that for the first half of the eighteenth century, despite the alarm expressed by the authorities at the rapid increase in the number of Irish coming to Newfoundland, no special laws were passed against them, and they were treated like all other members of the community. By 1749, the Irish servants were beginning to take their complaints of ill-treatment and non-payment of wages to the Governor or his surrogate, finding that here they could obtain the justice often denied them in the local courts, where more often than not the Justices of the Peace were the very employers that they were petitioning against.
Thus, in 1749, two Irish servants at Carbonear, Michael Mooren and David Careen, petitioned the governor for redress against the cruel treatment they had received from the servants of John Pike. Both the men had been seized and dragged aboard a galley belonging to John Pike which was anchored in Carbonear Harbour. Here they were stripped and tied to the shrouds of the galley and whipped by John Pike and his servants -- Thomas Fling, James Poor, Edmund Redman and George Pierce. Mooren was given forty lashes and Careen eighty, all this (the two men claimed) without any provocation on their part. The governor, Rodney, ordered John Pike and his servants to appear in court to answer the charge, but they did not appear. The governor then issued a warrant for their arrest and sent a very stiff letter to the local Justices of the Peace at Carbonear:
Your behaviour in this affair has obliged me to reprimand you in this manner, for remember gentlemen I am sent to administer justice to rich and poor alike without favour or partiality You likewise by the oath you have taken as Justices of the Peace are obliged to do the same, in the neglect of which you will not only forswear your self but be liable to be severely punished according to the law AND YOU MAY DEPEND UPON IT, I AM NOT TO BE TRIFLED WITH IN THE EXECUTION OF MY OFFICE.
Pike appeared in the St. John's court and paid damages of twenty and fifteen pounds
respectively to Mooren and Careen.
We find that the Irish had gained control of property about that time, for in 1750 Margaret Reardon (otherwise known as Whelan's widow) on returning to Waterford, Ireland, had sold to Ed Cockran of St. John`s, a half meadow near Freshwater on the North side of the town. The sale was registered by order of the governor.
However, the violent nature of some of the Irish fishermen and their hatred of England is best illustrated in the actions of one Patrick Poor. While fishing off Cape St. Francis, Poor threw a stone and broke the arm of Thomas Parr who was fishing in a boat nearby, without any provocation from Parr, saying as he threw the stone: "Damn you, the King, and your country". Parr then brought suit against Poor for the assault and was awarded damages by the governor and the court. In the same year, 1750, an Irish servant at Harbour Main named Lawrence Kneves appeared at a court of Oyer and Terminer at St. John's for the murder of a fellow Irish servant, James Kelly. Witnesses attested that Kneves and Kelly had been drinking at the room of James Moores with a man named John Cuddy. Cuddy told Kelly to go home, and he was going, when Kneves called him back to have a mug of "Rip" -- a mixture of rum and spruce beer. Kelly and Kneves had words and got into a fight. Cuddy tried to separate them, but another Irish servant at Harbour Main named Darby Callaghan came up and encouraged them to fight saying that if anyone interfered, he, Callaghan, "would knock him down". Then Cuddy went home, but returned fifteen minutes later and found Kelly dead on the ground. The chief masters at Harbour Main visited the body and drew up and signed a statement which was produced in court.
"This is to certify to whom it may concern that we the under named persons being informed of the death of John Kelly, servant to Mr Philip Enco, went on Friday the 27th. and examined strictly into the cause thereof and by all just circumstances and appearance do find that said Kelly was barbarously murdered and abused, his head being battered severely and his handkerchief so taut about his neck that it was impossible to put a knife point between the flesh and handkerchief. Given under our hand in Harbour Main. July 27th, 1750"
Roger Balte X his mark
John Woodford X his mark
James Moore X his mark
It was proved that Kneves and Kelly had been good friends up to the time of the drunken quarrel, and Kneves was found guilty of manslaughter. As a result, Kneves (who came f rom County Kilkenny, Ireland) was sentenced to be burnt in the hand with the letter "R", and to be returned to Ireland.
In the same year the governor heard the petition of two men from Trepassey, Maunce O'Toole who was charged with a debt of eleven shillings and six pence, and Cornelius McAulift who claimed he had money due from his voyage. The governor was able to settle both cases. At Placentia John Clarey petitioned the governor to help him obtain his wages from William Welsh, a merchant of the town, which was done; and Stephen Delaney petitioned against Samuel Springling for his passage back to Ireland, but this was settled out of court to the mutual satisfaction of both parties.
From the available records it would appear that at the mid point of the eighteenth century there was little or no serious trouble with the Irish population, which in 1753 greatly outnumbered the English in the majority of communities, but from the available accounts it would appear that they were taking a more active role.
Women were scarce in Newfoundland and were often the cause of rivalry that sometimes ended in violence. A case from Trepassey in 1751 illustrates this point. John Rose of Trepassey complained to the governor that on March 3, 1751 five men -- Matthew Kennedy, Robert Wheeler, James Ward, John Mahar and James Stafford -- entered his house by breaking down the door, then beat his servants Patrick and Simeon Fennessey, 'to the effusion of their blood'. The evidence indicated that a woman from Trepassey, Ann Stephens, had been the cause of the trouble, and had been in the company of the men during their attack on Rose's house. The governor ordered each of the men to receive thirty-nine lashes, and for Ann Stephens to have someone act as security for her good behaviour or she too would taste the lash.
Between the years 1750 and 1755 an ever-increasing number of Irishmen appeared in court either seeking redress from the oppression of their masters, or their rightful wages of passage home to Ireland. Irish masters showed no more mercy in their treatment of Irish servants than did English masters, and as a case in point, we find in 1753 that John Flannigan of St. John's petitioned against Thomas Flannigan for non-payment of wages or passage home. Irish servants often tried to avoid paying their lawful debts just as did their masters. Thus, in the same year at Placentia a group of Irish servants (William Bryan, Michael Sullivan, Daniel King, Edward King and John Bryan) petitioned against paying the captain of the brig that had brought them to Placentia because of his cruel treatment of them. Their complaint was proved to be false by the testimony of two other passengers on the same voyage -- Captain Hogg, and Richard Welsh, a merchant of Placentia. The court ordered that the money be deducted from their wages to pay the captain for passage out to Newfoundland.
Although some historians would have us believe that the Irish in Newfoundland at this time and those coming out were 'hungry destitute Irish peasants', the records prove otherwise, for it appears that as in the case quoted earlier of Flannigan, some of the Irish at least, were masters who hired servants for the fishing voyage. Others were agents for English firms, as was the case with a prominent Irish resident of Harbour Grace, Mr. Felix McCarthy, who besides having ships and crews of his own acted as agent for English firms in the collection of debts in Newfoundland. At St. John's in 1754 the assistant constable of the town was a William Murphy, and at Placentia in 1753, licences to keep a public house were given to Timothy O'Keefe and Mary Clarke, and to Thomas Kennedy and Edward McCarthroy. From this evidence it would appear that by the middle of the eighteenth century some of the Irish had risen to the lower middle class social position in the island, and that up to this time the Irish inhabitants and migrant population suffered under no laws other than those which applied to all the residents of Newfoundland at the time. However, in the Fall of 1754, an incident occurred which was to result in special persecution for the Irish Catholics, and in laws and regulations designed to curb their growth in the island. This was the brutal murder of a St. John's plantation owner and magistrate, Mr. William Keene, Sr. Involved in the robbery and murder were ten persons (including a woman and three young solders -- all of them Irish) and with the exception of the soldiers, all residents of Freshwater Bay near St. John`s. After the robbery and murder of Mr. Keene, one of the party, Nicholas Tobin, an Irish resident of Freshwater Bay, turned King's evidence, thus escaping prosecution. His evidence was very alarming to the authorities, for it showed the casualness with which the group planned the murder and the impunity with which they put the plan into execution.
According to Tobin's evidence, about two weeks before the robbery and assault on William Keene he had come from Freshwater Bay in a skiff with Robert Power and Eleanor his wife, Matthew Halleran, Edmund McGuire, Paul McDonald and Lawrence Lambly. On the way, Eleanor Power asked Tobin if he knew where they were going. He said he did not, and she told him that they were going to take William Keene's money, as she knew where he kept it. At this point, Lawrence Lambly asked Tobin to join in the robbery and Tobin agreed. They went to the King's wharf, where they landed, and were joined by Hawkins, one of the soldiers. They continued to Mr. Keene's summer house where they were joined by the other members of the group involved in the robbery. Here the robbers swore to be true to each other and sealed the oat by kissing a prayer book. The time was midnight.
Then, before proceeding to Keene's house, three of the robbers (Halleran, McGuire and Lambly) went to see if the coast was clear. They came back and reported that there were people in the fish stages near Keene's house, splitting fish. As a result it was decided that no attempt on Keens's house was possible that night, so they returned to Freshwater Bay.
A few days later they came back, this time walking overland to St. John's. They met at the summer house, where the soldiers joined them. They had two muskets and two bayonets which the soldiers had brought and Halleran carried the top of a scythe blade, as he had done the first time. Halleran was sent to Keene's house to spy out the land, and came back and reported that again they would have to change their plans, as the boat of William Keene Jr. had just arrived at his father's wharf, and there would be too many in the Keene house for them to attempt the robbery that night. Before leaving the summer house they agreed to meet again at the first opportunity and carry out their plan.
On the morning of September 9, 1754, Tobin went to Freshwater Bay to Robert Power's house, and it was agreed that the attempt should be made that night. He returned to St. John's about three o'clock, and informed the soldiers. They went to Keene's place about ten o'clock and by twelve all the members of the party had arrived. They then proceeded to arrange their forces.
Tobin was appointed watchman near Mr. Squarry`s room, close to Keene's house. He was given a musket and told to fire on anyone who might seek to examine him too closely. Robert Power was stationed at the corner of Ed Whealand's house with orders similar to Tobin's. Denis Hawkins also stood guard for those who went in to rob the house. They were Eleanor Power (dressed in men's clothing), Ed McGuire, Matthew Halleran, Lawrence Lambly, John Moody, and John Munshall; Paul McDonald keeping guard at Mr. Keens's door.
The party appointed to enter then broke down the door to Keene's house, went in and brought out a case that Eleanor Power said contained the money. Lambly and Halleran also took a number of silver spoons that they had found, and the robbers assembled at the summer house to divide the spoils. McGuire broke open the case and it was found to contain nothing but liquor. Tobin then described the events that followed in this way:
" Then Eleanor Power and Lawrence Lambly both went from us. This deponent further saith that on being disappointed he and Denis Hawkins were for going from the others but John Munshall took hold of him and said we should all of us go down to Mr Keene's a second time, and Ed McGuire said that he would shoot any that went from them, and that he was sorry that he had not shot the woman. John Munshall told this deponent to take one of the bottles out of the case and drink a dram. The deponent further saith that Edmund McGuire said that he would be revenged upon Mr. Keene for something that had passed before, and the said Ed McGuire and Matthew Halleran said if they could not get the money, and if Mr. Keene would not tell them where the money was they would punish him. Then, we all except Eleanor Power and Lawrence Lambly went down a second time to Mr Keene's house. Denis Hawkins and this deponent were placed at Edward Whealand's door, each of us with a gun in our hands to keep Edward Whealand in his house that he might not come and make a noise, Robert Power stood in the main path with a gun in his hand and Paul McDonald stood at Mr Keens's kitchen door. Edmund McGuire, John Moody and John Munshall and Matthew Halleran entered the house, and this deponent further saith that Matthew Halleran told him that he and Edmund McGuire went from the kitchen up stairs into Mr Keene's room where they found him in bed, and that he, Halleran, took out a box from under the bed and that Mr. Keene waked upon which Edmund McGuire put the quilt over Mr. Keene's head. Mr. Keene then rose up in his bed and with his hands put out the candle, which the said McGuire had in his hands and caught hold of Halleran by the leg and cried out "murder" and that the said Halleran told him he struck Mr. Keene twice with the scythe which the said Halleran had in his hand, and that he had done his business and he could not recover. And this deponent further saith that Edmund McGuire told him that he gave Mr. Keene a stroke with the butt end of a musket and that he had some of Mr. Keens's blood on his hands, and that the said McGuire took a pair of knee buckles and one single buckle, and this deponent further saith that Robert Power say'd when they were disappointed the first time of getting Mr. Keene's money that the best way was to go down the second time and if Mr. Keene would not show them where his money was they should punish him in a way that he would not recover. This deponent further saith that he never saw John Moody at anytime at their meetings before that the robbery and the murder was committed and further saith not.
Following the testimony of Tobin, two other persons gave evidence, the two surgeons, Thomas Allan and John Burton, who had attended Mr. Keene from the night of the attack until his death on September 29. They gave as their opinion that Mr. Keene had died as a direct result of the wounds inflicted on his body on the night of September 9. There being no other witnesses the prisoners were asked if they had anything to say in their own defence.
Edmund McGuire testified that he had nothing to say in his own defence -- but declared that only he and Halleran had been in the room when Mr. Keene had been wounded, that he had had a gun and Halleran a piece of an old scythe with a sharp point, that he, McGuire, had given Mr. Keene a blow in the breast with the gun. He identified all the members of the group and said that he had seen Halleran strike Mr. Keene with the scythe. He also said that Robert Power had proposed murdering Mr. Keene but he had refused.
Robert Power, Eleanor Power and Paul McDonald stated that they had nothing to say in their own defence but that they were not guilty of murder. John Moody told how on the night of September 9 he had been doing guard duty when McGuire approached him and after swearing him to secrecy had persuaded him to come on the adventure with him. He had not been a part of the other two attempts but had come on the spur of the moment, and he begged the court, not to take away my life. Then John Munshall said that he too had been recruited by Edmund McGuire, that he had had no part in the murder but together with John Moody had guarded the servants' door in the kitchen, that McGuire had come down covered with blood and that Robert Power had first said they should kill Mr. Keene, but then said he would not go in the house if he thought they intended to kill Mr. Keene, and that it had been Halleran who had cut Mr. Keene. The others pleaded in a similar way. They did not try to deny being at the house to rob but excused themselves from being actually involved in the murder, and begged that the court would spare their lives.
Then the charge was given to the jury, who retired for half an hour and brought in a verdict of guilty for all charged on the two counts of felony and murder. The prisoners were asked again if there was any reason sentence should not be passed on them, and they replied there was not, throwing themselves on the mercy of the court. Sentence was then passed in the following manner:
That you Edmund McGuire, Matthew Halleran, Robert Power, Eleanor Power, Lawrence Lambly, Paul McDonald, John Moody, John Munshall and Denis Hawkins, be sent back to the place from whence you came and from thence to the place of execution and there be hanged by the neck until you are dead, dead, dead, and the Lord have mercy on your soul.
And that you Edmund McGuire and Mathew Halleran after being dead and taken down, are to be hanged in chains on some public place when and where the Governor shall be pleased to appoint.
On the tenth of October, 1754, McGuire and Halleran were hanged and their bodies were hung in chains. On the following day Eleanor Power and her husband Robert were hanged at noon, but their bodies were buried near the place of execution.
The other prisoners were then ordered by the governor to be confined to the 'brig' of the fort, until His Majesty's pleasure should be known concerning them. Two years later three of them were still in irons at the fort; two others had either escaped custody or died. They were later pardoned by the king, but transported from the island.'"
However, the affair was not ended. The following summer, William Keene Jr. obtained a declaration from a James Kennedy (who was fishing at Greenspond) concerning the plan to rob his father, and it appeared that other persons had had knowledge of the planned robbery but had not notified the authorities nor warned the threatened person. The declaration given by Kennedy was as follows:
The declaration of James Kennedy says that sometime in the month of March in the year 1754 as he was coming from the River of St John's, he met Lawrence Lambly and Matthew Halleran above George Jacques house, who asked him if he would go with them to rob Mr. Keene's house, for they were informed by Robert Poor's wife that he had a great deal of money by him and that if he would go with them to rob Mr. Keene's house he should have a part as they and Poor's wife would go and rob the said house. He answered them he would not go, then they charged him not to discover them to any person which he promised them he would not, and sayeth he never had any other discourse with them or any other person about the affair afterwards. Taken before me in Greenspond this 8th. day of September, 1755.
On the fifteenth of September, 1755, Kennedy appeared at a court of Oyer and
Terminer and gave the following evidence:
The following declaration taken at the Court House 15th September 1755. The witness James Kennedy further confesses that at some time before the mentioned Lawrence Lambly and Matthew Halleran asked him to go with them to rob Mr. Keene's house, Lawrence Kavanaugh met him in he path and told him he kept bad company and mentioned Matthew Halleran and Lawrence Lambly, and that Halleran and Lambly said they would go about Easter and rob Mr Keene's house, if the said Kennedy would go along with them, who answered that he never would and that he never kept company with the two men afterwards, but the latter end of May went to Witless Bay and
took service with John Carey and did not return to the place until after the said Halleran and Lambly were executed.
Kennedy was found guilty of being an accomplice to the crime and was sentenced to be burnt on the right hand with the letter 'R' and then to be transported. However, what really made this incident affect the attitude of the English towards the Irish was the fact that although persons who would not take part in the crime had fore knowledge, they would not betray their fellow countrymen, as in the case of Kennedy. (Kennedy's statement that Lambly was executed is not correct).
Another fact that struck fear into the hearts of the English was the fact that Keene was murdered in part because he was a justice of the peace, for in his testimony, Tobin (the robber who turned King's evidence) had revealed that McGuire had wished to be revenged on Keene for something which had passed between them previous to September 9. The same Edmund McGuire had in February of the year of Keene's murder, been found guilty of assaulting the constable and his assistant Andrew W. Murphy, and it had been recommended that he should be closely confined to the fort and then sent out of the island. In the meantime he had planned and carried out the robbery and murder of Keene. As a result, the English authorities decided that something would have to be done to check the growth of the Irish population.
It should be pointed out that murder in the mid-eighteenth century was not an uncommon crime among the Irish in Newfoundland. The difference in the case of the Keene murder was that here it was not the result of a quarrel between Irish servants who were drunk or in temper, but rather a well planned robbery, ending in the assault on and death of a prominent citizen. A typical murder of the age was the case of William Murphy, a fisherman at Fermeuse, who murdered a fellow servant named William Quinn over some criticism of his fishwashing. The Quinn murder took place on July 6. 1752, on a fishing room. The affair started when four men, William Murphy, William Quinn, Bryan, and Maurice Haggerty, the owner of the room, were washing fish. Quinn found fault with the way Murphy was washing the fish and proceeded to slap Murphy across the face with a wet fish that he had in his hand. Murphy in turn slapped Quinn across the face with a wet fish. Quinn then took the mop handle and hit Murphy over the head with it. Having done this. Quinn went to find Haggerty, who had left the stage, to complain about Murphy. Murphy pried loose one of the flake loungers and waited for Quinn to return. When he did, Murphy beat him about the head, killing him. At his trial Murphy had to have Edward Cockeran of Fermeuse as a translator as he, Murphy, spoke only Gaelic. He was sentenced to be transported, but received a Royal Pardon and was set free in 1753.
Another case which would have been considered a typical Irish murder took place in 1754, on Christmas night at Bay Bulls. Around eight o'clock in the night Martin Doyle got in a scuffle with his servant Robert Garmar, and killed him. Doyle's testimony at the time of the court hearing gives some insight into how the Irish inhabitants celebrated Christmas in the mid eighteenth century,
I, Martin Doyle do hereby say that on the 25th day of December, at night, I came into my house and found Milos Keef, Martin Doyle Jr., and Robert Garmar seated on a settle, the latter with a mug of flip in his hand. Milos Keet took the mug of flip out of his hand and threw it on the fire, and observing that I lift my finger beconing of him for so doing, the said Milos Keet then forced against me and throw me in the fire. I took no notice of that but the said Milos Keef being intoxicated in liquor, used my apprentice in the same absurd manner and at the same time abused my wife by striking her on the soft eye which bruised, on sight of which I laid hold of Milos Keet to put him out. I acknowledge myself somewhat in liquor at the time having been drinking at William Dunne's, and in the scuffle with him someone took hold of me from behind my back, with his hand on my handkerchief, whom I thought to be Milos Keef, but not knowing the person or who also, I by shrift made an advantage of gaining my knife and cut my handkerchief by which means I cleared myself of Milos Keet, and at the same time I heard them say Robert Garmar was cut, and then mention I had cut him, I said, if I had cut him, I would cure him if I could. We left off our scrimmage then and there and they sent for the Doctor. I intending to go to bed having then partly undressed, when at the same time Milos Keef advanced to me with a pair of thongs in his hand, and struck me over the right eyebrow which smothered me in blood I called out to my son and said I was murdered, and no further have I to say, so help me God!
John Bourke was called as a witness and testified that he had been at Doyle's house about seven or eight o'clock on Christmas night, having come from James Glyn's house, where he had drunk four mugs of flip. He testified that Garmar was seated with Ellis Layman on a settle in front of the fire. Robert Garmar was in liquor but had a mug of flip in his hand, from which witness took a part. Layman did not share the flip. At the same time there was in the house Martin Doyle, his wife, Milos Keet and Martin Doyle, an apprentice of the said Doyle's son, who were amusing themselves in frolicking about the house. Bourke said that Garmar got up and went out to make water and wind, and when he came in he was wounded and all bloody. The witness said he saw a cutlass in Martin Doyle's hand, which he took and gave to Doyle's son or the apprentice, and then he went home.
Called as witness. Martin Doyle stated that they had all sat by the fire and amused themselves with liquor, after he had fetched Martin Doyle Sr. home from Dunne's, and that he was too drunk to know what had happened until his master took him with him, to fetch the surgeon, Doctor Spry, who came and dressed Doyle's head wound, as well as Garmar's wounds, and he had nothing further to say. Then John Doyle, the son of Martin Doyle Sr., gave testimony that:
I, John Doyle, son of Martin Doyle Sr., do hereby declare on solemn oath that on the 25th day of December, my father was up to William Dunne's and there passed away the time until towards evening when I went with my father's apprentice to fetch him home. I found him much in liquor, he came with us about the hour of six or seven o'clock to his own house, but when I went after him there remained in the house only my mother and children and the deceased, Robert Garmer, but on my return with my father and his apprentice there was Milos Keet dancing about the house and seemed to be drinking, who acknowledged that he had been up to James Glynn's house, and Robert Garmar sat at that time on the settle, but with no visibly signs of hurt. I was employed in various errands about the house afterwards but in the several intervals came in John Bourke, Ellis Layman, and James Ryan. They fell to their humour of dancing and disputes arose among them, particularly while I was helping the children to bed and my mother retired to a bedroom to lake care of an infant she had in her arms, at the same time I came out I found John Bourke going away which he did in about a quarter of an hour afterwards but Ellis Layman was gone before any dispute arose. Yet Milos Keef was there and continued though much in liquor before and after the fatal strife wherein the deceased suffered, and he was by the strenuous forms of my father and mother, though he really wanted the bed, was turned by them out of doors, after he had voluntarily rose again Milos Keef did with a pair of tongs strike my father on the head and my mother likewise did receive a blow on her head but unknown to me from whom I was so incapacitated and frightened in the fray that happened that other particulars might have occurred which I am a stranger to, but I have this further to add that I was not present when the fatal blow was struck. .
After the doctor had testified (and it appeared that Garmar was not killed instantly but died later of his wounds), the jury gave their verdict: that Doyle was innocent by reason of the fact that none had seen him strike the fatal blow and that he was to be discharged from the court after paying the court charges -- an unusual verdict since a person found not guilty normally did not have to pay the court charges.
From the murder cases examined it can be seen that when bloodshed was between Irishmen the court tended to be lenient, especially if drinking was involved. In the Keene murder, however, the motive was different, the planning had been done for several months prior to the crime, and the victim had been one of the establishment. The following year the new governor, Dorrill, took strong measures to curb the Irish.
In mid-August, the governor wrote to the magistrates of Harbour Grace:
Whereas I am informed that a Roman Catholic priest is at this time at Harbour Grace, and that he publicly read mass which is contrary to law, and against the peace of our sovereign lord the king. You are hereby required and directed on the receipt of this, to cause the said priest to be taken into custody and sent round to this place (St. John's) and in this you are not to fail.
The magistrate answered on August 22:
Hr. Grace August 22, 1755
As there is but little prospect of catching more fish this season, the scheme of the fishery shall soon be filled up and sent you, as concerning the Roman Priest of whom you were informed that he read public mass in Hr. Grace, 'twas misrepresented to you, 'twas at a place called Caplin Cove somewhat below the Hr., for if he read mass in the Hr., I should have known and would have secured him. After he was informed I had intelligence of him he immediately left the place and I was yesterday informed he was gone to Harbour Main.
To His Excellency Richard Dorrill Esq.
Governor and Commander in Chief
Over the Island of Newfoundland
Sir Your most obedient servant George Garlandl'
Troops were sent to Harbour Main to catch the priest, and an oral tradition says that
the priest was surprised, but made his escape over the hills to the neighbouring harbour of Conception Harbour (then called Cat's Cove) where he was hidden. Several of the older residents were supposed to have known the name of the person who reported the presence of the Irish priest to the authorities, but kept the name secret because there were still descendants of the informer living in Harbour Main in modern times.
The priest was not taken, but the persons who attended mass were punished, and even those who had had their property used without permission had their property destroyed. The first court concerned with those charged with the crime of attending mass was held at Harbour Grace on September 15, 1755:
By Thos Bumell Esq. Deputy of Surrogate to Governor Dorell Esq:
Whereas it has been represented to me at court held this day at Hr. Grace, at which you George and Charles Garland were present at which time it did appear that public mass was celebrated according to the Church of Rome in one of Mr Stretches storehouses on Sunday, July 26, 1755. Although it appeared he was not in the harbor that day but most of his men and women servants was there and the door was being locked to prevent any such congregation to assemble for which neglect in him we think proper to fine him the sum of ten pounds sterling and the said storehouse to be burnt down to the ground. Which fine is to be made use of towards defraying the expenses the governor shall be at in sending his deputy in the Nonhern Circuit of the island.
I do hereby require and direct you George and Charles Garland HM Justices of the Peace to see the said sentence put in execution tomorrow morning by eleven o'clock, 16th of September 1755, Given under my hand at Harbour Grace .
It would appear from this court case that the governor's information had been correct. Despite Mr. Garland's denial, public mass had been said at Harbour Grace.
The following day, September 16, the Irish were in trouble for their patriotic activities and their threats of violence and general terrorizing of the Protestant citizens of Harbour Grace, whom they appear to have greatly outnumbered at this time:
Whereas it has been represented to me at a court held at Harbour Grace at which time did appear by evidence that George Tobin, master of the brig 'St. Patrick', had Irish colours and sometimes hoisted at the ensign staff, and his English colours hoisted on his jack staff to bid defiance to
the English and Jerseymen of the Harbour, and it did appear that all this was done to stir up a spirit of rebellion among the Roman Catholics of this Harbour, they being so far superior in number to the Protestants, in so much that it is a difficult matter for them (Protestants) to bury their dead, and they have been obliged to make use of all the force they could assemble to prevent their insolence whilst they were burying their dead. We therefore think proper to fine the said George Tobin the sum of ten pounds for his insolent behaviour.
At the same court it was also proved that Anthony Fitzgerald, master of the ship 'Simile Snow', also hoisted Irish colours with Tobin with a similar intent of stirring up sedition and mutiny. He too was found guilty and fined five pounds. The court then moved to Harbour Main and again the full force of the law was levied against those who had permitted or attended the mass offered by the itinerant priest. The first case was against Michael Katem (Keating) who by his own confession had permitted the priest to say mass in his fish store, and he himself attended. He was fined fifty pounds, his fish store was to be demolished and he himself was ordered to quit the harbor after selling all his possessions, and this was to be accomplished before the twenty-fifth of November ensuing. At the same court Michael Landrigan was fined twenty pounds and had his house and stage burnt down for the same crime. Also fined for attending mass were Darby Costley, Robert Finn, Michael Mooring and Ronald McDonald, their fines varying from ten pounds to two pounds ten shillings, all in sterling. All concerned were ordered to 'quit' also the island of Newfoundland at the same time as Keating. It would appear that Keating turned informer, for the court sat again on the same day to hear the same charge which was levied against another group of Harbour Main men:
At a court held at Harbour Main, September 20, 1755, at which you Charles Garland was present, one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace, at which time did appear before us Martin Donnelly, John Sennon, John Devereaux, Robert Tobin, John Gusho, William Welsh, Tom Ryan, Mick Hanlon, William Murphy, Michael Hannigan, Thomas Connolly, George McDonald, John Rossena, Tom Hoiden. John Welsh, John Clancy, Robert Breman, all of which are Roman Catholic and servants to Michael and did all join in celebrating public mass in his fish store for which we think proper to fine viz: M Donnelly one pound, John Sennott two pounds, Deveraux two pounds, Tobin one pound, Wm Welsh, Ryan, Hanlon two pounds each, Wm. Murphy three pounds, Connolly one pound, McDonald two pounds, Holden three pounds, J. Welsh three pounds, Clancey three pounds, which fines the above persons do pay to Michael Katen or order, towards making good the damage he received by demolishing of his fish room.
To Michael Katen, Harbour Main, given under my hand at Harbour Grace
20th. of September, 1755
The fines collected from Keating and the first group of men were to go towards 'the
building of a gaol at Harbour Main in order to secure any vagabonds that shall desert
from any port of this island.
On September 22. 1755, the governor of Newfoundland issued new regulations governing Irish Roman Catholics coming to Newfoundland:
Whereas a great number of Irish Roman Catholics are annually brought over here, a great part of which have but small wages, so that after paying their passage to this place and the charges of clothing etc. during the fish season, their whole wages are spent and they have not the wherewithal to pay their passage home, or purchase provisions for the winter by which means they not only become chargeable to this place, but many robberies and felonies are committed by them to the great loss and terror of His Majesty's Loyal subjects in this island. This is therefore to warn and give notice to all masters of ships or vessels which bring passengers to this island that after the fishing season they carry from hence the whole number and same passengers they bring here except such as may have my order to remain in this island, and hereafter they are not to fail, as they will be proceeded against with the great severity the law in such cases will admit.
Given under my hand
at St. John's September 22, 1755
The 'robberies and felonies' included the Keene robbery and murder of the year before. However, the charges against the Roman Catholics in Conception Bay, for attending mass, were not yet finished. A court was held at Carbonear on September 25, 1755:
Whereas at a court held at Carbonear the 25th of September at which you Mullins and Garland were present at which time it did appear that public mass was celebrated according to the Church of Rome in William Pike's house which was then inhabited by Morthaugh McGuire and Morgen Hogan. Neither of them appearing to answer the charge laid against them, we think proper to fine McGuire twenty pounds and Hogan fifteen pounds and they to quit this place and this island on or before October 10th ensuing, and the said house to be demolished and said fines after paying ten pounds for court fees, the remainder to go towards paying for the damage to the house.
Sept Crawley of Carbonear was convicted of the same crime and had his house demolished. It was cold comfort for Pike to have the remainder of the thirty-five pounds levied as fines against McGuire and Morgen as it was obvious they had fled the community or they would have been compelled to appear in court. The Kennedys from Crocker's Cove did not escape either. Not only had they attended the mass but Kennedy and his wife had been married by a priest:
Whereas at a court held at Crocker's Cove September 25, 1755, at which you R. Mulms and Thomas Garland was present at which time it did appear before us that public mass was read in Terrence Kennedy's house and the said Kennedy and his wife married by the priest which does appear from the confession of Mary Kennedy, his wife.
We therefore think proper to fine said Kennedy the sum of ten pounds sterling money for payment of court fees and to burn his house down to the ground and that he quits this place and likewise this island of Newfoundland on or before October ensuing. Given under my hand at Crocker's Cove September 25th., 1755.
This sentence to be put in execution by R Mullins and T. Garland HM's JP's for Conception Bay.
Kennedy, however, like Keating before him, seems to have involved his neighbours, or at least to have profited from their involvement, for a further group of his servants were also fined:
Whereas at a court held at Carbonear September 25th. at which R. Mullins and C. Garland were present at which time it appeared that J. Whelan, Nick Leoline, Ed. O`Brien, Darby Conners, Wm. Kennedy, Wm Hennessey, John Power, Mick Hickey, Pat Whelan and Nish Scanline, all which are servants to Terrence Kennedy and were at mass with him for which we think proper to fine them eighteen pounds ten shillings .. which fines are to go to Terrence Kennedy towards defraying the damages he sustained in burning his house.
Given at Carbonear. September 25th.. 1755
To Terrence Kennedy
This persecution of the Irish Catholics in Conception Bay shows clearly that Irishmen like Michael Keating at Harbour Main, Terrence Kennedy at Crocker's Cove, and Felix McCarthy at Harbour Grace, were already established as large planters with a number of servants under them.
The people at Harbour Grace were at this time dismayed by the settlement of Irish at Riverhead, and a petition was sent to the governor:
The Humble Petition of the Principal traders and inhabitants of Harbour Grace:
That your petitioners have for some time past been greatly injured by losing their cattle, sheep etc., which they suspect have been stolen by persons which inhabit the same place but revendousing in several little houses lately erected in the upper end of the said Harbour. That the persons who dwell in the said huts or houses are people of loose and bad character harbouring numbers of idle persons which from their not entering service make them suspect of being guilty of said crime. Signed:
Nicholas Tynt, Stephen Wittle, William Dawson, Philip Payne, Nick Juer, Ed. Coombs, Tom Parsons, Robert Andrews, M. Streetch, Henly Wethers, Mary Martin, Ed. Snow, William Martin, Francis Sheppard, John Martin
The petition was accepted by the governor, but nothing happened and the population of Riverhead today is descended from these Irish settlers. The religious persecution continued and on September 26, 1755, John Kennedy was tried in absentia for being an Irish Catholic:
John Kennedy is a Roman Catholic and an inhabitant of this island contrary to law and being summoned several times to appear before us and he not appearing to the said summons, we think proper to fine the said John Kennedy the sum of six pounds sterling for payment of court fees -- and he to quit the island before the tenth of October ensuing.
This was the last trial in this series of active persecutions against the Irish Roman Catholics. Though restrictions were passed from time to time, they were never again so severely enforced as by governor Dorrill in 1755. It seems obvious that the Keene murder had really stirred up the English authorities to make things a bit hot for the Irish in Newfoundland.
The records also show that the Irish population was not confined to the Avalon Peninsula, but that (both settled and migratory) they were scattered around the various communities in the Island. Trinity, Bonavista and Fogo Island had Irish settlers and servants by the mid-eighteenth century.
In 1759 David Lacey of Trinity petitioned the governor that he had supplied John Doyle and his brother (both of Trinity) with provisions to the amount of five pounds sterling, which John Doyle refused to pay. The governor ordered Mr. William Reeves, Doyle's master, to stop this money from his wages and pay it to David Lacey. In the same year Andre Churchwood, one of the main planters of Petty Harbour, was ordered by the governor to pay his Irish servant, Patrick Power, the amount of seven pounds and ten shillings plus his passage from Ireland, which was the amount agreed to by Churchwood in Power's shipping papers, or to appear in court at St. John's to show why he did not pay. At Tilting Harbour on Fogo Island there were complaints also in the same year. First, Patrick Murphy of Tilting was ordered to pay to William Keene the sum of one hundred and two pounds one shilling and three pence. Francis Fleming of the same place complained that his master William Chalk had paid his wages in fish and had then taken the fish back. The governor ordered Chalk to pay Fleming sixteen pounds less three pounds ten shillings, which was Fleming's account with Chalk.
In 1759, five men, the servants of Samuel Intsham, appealed their destitute condition to the governor. They were Martin Fennin, Patrick Currity, Richard Poley, John Lynch and Patrick Walsh. The governor ordered their master or his agent to look after them until they found a new master or passage to Ireland. At Trinity, Matthew Hennessey, who had been servant to Michael Tracey and John Welsh, complained of the treatment he had received from his masters. He said that without any provocation, Michael Tracey came behind him when he was at work and beat
him most inhumanely, stripped him of his clothing and took his shipping papers from him. The man begged Tracey to return his shipping papers, but Tracey would neither give him his papers nor take him back in his employ. The governor ordered the master to pay his servants. At Oderin in Placentia Bay, John Roach seized a plantation called the 'Blue Beach' from the mother of Jack Crawley. Richards: the governor ordered Roach to return it to its rightful owner.
In 1762, a merchant of Trinity, John Lemnon, fled for fear of a French attack on the community and then refused to pay the wages of his Irish servants who had fished for him. The governor ordered Lemnon to pay his servants the amounts due them according to an agreement signed in the spring: Philip Murphy, twenty-three pounds; John Connoll, ten pounds; and a similar amount to Pat Coffee, William Keefe and Edward Walsh. At the same time Pat Whelan sued Pat Ducey for non-payment of his wages, and was successful in having the governor rule in his favour.
In the same year there was an interesting case at Harbour Main where Robert Finn, a master in poor circumstances, offered Nicholas Welsh thirteen pounds for his summer wages or a boat with masts and oars, if the fishery miscarried, and five pounds fourteen shillings in "truck" for his winter wages. Finn had neither paid the wages nor given the boat at the end of the season. The governor ordered him to pay the just wages due the man concerned. On the same date, John Keating, of Ochrepit Cove, CB, also petitioned against his master John Way for non-payment of wages, which the governor also supported, and ordered Way to pay his servants.
At Tilting Harbour also there were complaints from the Irish servants. William Sullivan of that place presented a petition to the governor that he had served John Power of that community from September 29, 1761 to August 1, 1762, at which time he was obliged to leave his master (Power) for want of provisions. Sullivan offered to discount for the time lost, but Power would not accept it, and further refused to honour a note of hand for three pounds five shillings and eight pence. The governor did not make an immediate decision in his favour, but ordered an investigation into the complaint.
At St. John's, in the same year, an Irishman, John Stacklhaid, appeared at a court of Oyer and Terminer charged with the rape of a Torbay woman, Esther Merrifield, wife of William Merrifield, who had also been present at the time the rape was committed. The rape took place on July 26 in the common path about halfway between St. John's and Torbay.
Three witnesses were called, the first being the victim, Esther Merrifield, who had appeared before Michael Gill and given her evidence as follows:
Appeared before me, Michael Gill Esq., one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the District of St. John's, Nfld., Esther Merrifield the wife of William Merrifield of Torbay in Nfld., being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists declared that on the 2nd. of July last, John Stacklhaid, an Irishman did in the common path about halfway between this place and Torbay, when in company with other Irishmen, forcible commit a rape on the body of the said Esther Merrifield. The said John Stacklhaid did also at the same time threaten to murder the complainant, Esther Merrifield, after having by threats driven the said William Merrifield from his said wife, some distance, she also further declares that one of the other Irishmen did also forcible commit rape on the body of the complainant but she does not know his name.
In the court she reaffirmed her statement, adding only that Stacklhaid had threatened her with a great stick, and had carnal knowledge of her body twice. She added that she had been unable to report the crime earlier because at the time of the rape the French had been in possession of St. John's.
Her husband, William Merrifield, testified that he had been present when the rape was committed, but had been driven away by Stacklhaid and his companions, though he could see what was happening. A third witness was a sixteen year old Irish youth, John Chanter, the third companion of Stacklhaid, who said he also was present at the rape.
There being no other evidence, the jury withdrew, and after two hours returned with a verdict of guilty. Stacklhaid was then sentenced to be hanged. He confessed that he had the Friday night previous set fire to the gaol to engender his own escape.
On the ninth of November, Governor Graves ordered his execution, on the grounds that not only was he guilty of rape, and setting fire to the gaol, but it had also been shown that he had co-operated with the French during their occupation of St. John's, and was thus guilty of treason, so that the governor did not as was usual with rape cases request clemency from the crown, but had the sentence of the court carried out immediately.
The actions of such Irishmen as Stacklhaid gave a bad name to all the Irish, though the number appearing in the courts for violent crimes was very small. The majority of the Irish lived peaceably with their neighbours, and their fights were usually the result of the consumption of too much liquor. Except when the governor intervened, they were usually at the mercy of their masters, being aliens in race and religion to those in power Yet, it should be pointed out to the everlasting credit of these all-powerful governors, that when cases of injustice to the Irish regarding their
rightful wages came to the governor's attention, his decision was usually with the fishermen, and the statement made to the magistrates of Harbour Grace by Governor Rodney in 1749 would also apply to most of the later governors. Even when they were framing rules and regulations to limit their number, the Irish were still entitled to justice as regards their rightful wages.
It seems from the records that some of the masters attempted to use the excuse of the French having captured St. John's to defraud their servants. One case has already been given from Trinity. Another occurred at St. Mary's in 1762, when John Ryan of that place was accused by Thomas Townshend of having seized some property from Townshend knowing that the French were in possession of St. John's. The governor ordered the Fishing Admiral at St. Mary's to help Townshend get his property back. The following year another Irishman, William O'Brien, was ordered to repay Thomas Keates of the same place for the wet and dry fish he had taken from him, as well as for the salmon that O'Brien had stolen at Salmonier. O'Brien had also taken bread and other goods that Keates had had in his store at Salmonier. O'Brien had taken all these goods without giving any account to Keates, with the exception of
four tierces of salmon that O'Brien had given to Keates' servant, Maurice Aherne. The thought that Newfoundland might be in the process of changing leaders seems to have brought about a fair amount of stealing and open robbery.
In the same year, 1763, an Irishman named John Dunien, who was fishing at St. Juliens, became involved with a French captain over the right of the English to fish on the 'Treaty Coast". Dunien, it would appear, had fishing premises at St. Juliens, but a French captain claimed the room, under the "fishing Admiral's right to first choice of fish room in a community". Dunien became so obstreperous in his altercations with the French that Governor Falliser ordered him deported, and to be whipped if he returned. On finding out that Dunien had escaped being deported, Palliser ordered that anyone giving him employment should be fined fifty pounds. This is an example of an Irishman helping to assert the claim of Newfoundland to the ..French Shore" as early as 1763.
On the thirty-first of October, 1764, Governor Palliser issued a new set of orders designed to cut down on the number of idle persons, especially Irish Catholics remaining in Newfoundland.
The orders were:
The better for preserving the peace, preventing robberies, tumultuous assemblies and other disorder of wicked and idle people remaining in the country during the winter, ordered:
All Justices of the Peace for Newfoundland were to carry these orders into execution and copies were to be posted and read in all courthouses.
- That no Papist servants, man or woman shall remain at any place where they did not fish or serve during the proceeding summer.
- That not more than two Papist men shall dwell in one house during the winter except such as have a protestant master.
- That no Papist shall keep a public house or vend liquor by retail.
- That no person shall keep dyeters during the winter.
- That all idle and disorderly men and women be punished according to law and sent out of the country.
The following year, Mr. Felix McCarthy and his men at Harbour Grace were in trouble with the magistrates. Mr. Justice Garland of Harbour Grace complained to the governor that when he went on board a ship captained by one O'Brien, and owned by Felix McCarthy, to arrest a man under a warrant to charge him for being concerned in a riot at that place, the crew of the ship rose up with muskets and other weapons to keep the magistrate from doing his duty. The governor ordered the ship's crew seized with the exception of the captain, and the owner was advised to get a new crew.
On September 18, 1765, Mr. Felix McCarthy and his servants, Denis Neal, Aty Nagle, Dan Sherridan, Dan Leary, James Rodrigues, Mick Dunne, Andy Latmore (all crew of the ship "St. Charles"), James Maheny, James Welsh, Darby McCarthy and William Cantwell appeared in court to answer to the charges of riot, and of helping rioters escape. The last five were charged with having rioted in order to prevent Mr. Justice Garland from entering the ship "Francis and Elizabeth" to arrest Nagle and the others. All were found guilty and were sentenced as follows: Denis Neal three dozen lashes on bare back at St. John's and the same at Harbour Grace, all the others with the exception of Mr Felix McCarthy to receive one dozen lashes on the bare back at Harbour Grace. Mr. Felix McCarMy was ordered to pay all the charges of the court and a fine of thirty pounds towards building a jail at Harbour Grace. William Cantwell was ordered to be remanded until a second charge against him by Mr. Ebezsn Ward was further investigated. Here again apparently there is clear evidence that there were two classes of Irishmen in Newfoundland, fishing servants or sailors like Denis Neal and the others who could be lashed, and upper class persons, as in the case of Mr. Felix McCarthy who could be fined, but not whipped.
At Harbour Main, in 1765, an Irish woman Mary McDonald was given the governor's permission to hold a fish room until someone with a better claim than she came forward with proof of a better title, and no person whatsoever was to turn her from the fish room she occupied. In the same year the question of price difference between St. John's and the outports was brought to the governor's attention by Thomas Murphy, who complained that he had been charged exorbitant prices for goods supplied him outside St. John's. The governor's solution was simple, Murphy had to pay only at St. John's prices.
At Toad's Cove on the Southern Shore, in the same year, a man named James Cockeran, in a fight with his servant James Fling maimed Fling's hand so badly as to prevent his fishing. Fling appealed to the Governor, who ordered Cockeran to appear in court. There it was shown that Fling had started the fight and nothing was allowed by the court for loss of wages or time. Two doctors had treated Fling, and the governor, who scolded them soundly for presenting an exorbitant bill, said they would get nothing for their services as a result. The court did order, however, that Cockeran pay six pounds ten shillings, and three pounds ten shillings be given Fling for his passage home.
At St. John's another case of a master trying to avoid paying his servants on the excuse that the French had occupied St. John's came to light in 1765. The governor after an investigation, found that Maurice Welsh the master, had received no hindrance from the French occupation of St. John's and ordered him to pay Michael Healey and John Healey their just wages as they had in all ways been faithful servants. However, it had taken three years for the men to receive Justice.. At the same time the governor had the master of the brig 'Good Intent' before him for carrying sixty fishermen to New England, which was contrary to law. As punishment, the governor, who was trying to reduce the number of Irish in the island, ordered him to carry sixty persons home to Ireland. At the same court, another interesting case appeared when a fisherman named Joy petitioned against his wrongful dismissal for being drunk, when he claimed the liquor was supplied by his master, a gentleman named Pelter. The governor ordered his deputy, Dan Burr, to investigate the matter, and if it was proved that the master had got drunk with his servant on liquor supplied by the master then Mr. Burr would judge the matter according to law and the custom of the island.
In the Newfoundland of the eighteenth century, women masters proved to be no different from their male counterparts. Thus, in 1766 we find the governor ordering Mrs. Ann Woodford to pay immediately the passage from Ireland of her servant Denis Cahill, which was set down in his shipping papers or she would "answer the contrary at her peril."
At the same court there was a case involving a row between two servants of Mr Will Ousley of St. John's. In the row, John Cummings cut off two fingers of Pat Alwand's hand, leaving him unable to work. The court ordered that Cummings' wages be paid to Alward, so that he could take passage to Ireland and retain the remainder for damages.
James Kelly and James Walsh of Trepassey, servants to James Jackson, also appeared in court in 1766, complaining that their master had brought them from Ireland to Newfoundland, and supplied them with goods to the full amount of their wages, so that they were now destitute, with no money to pay their passage home to Ireland nor to buy food and lodgings for the winter in Newfoundland. The governor was very angry with Jackson, as this was contrary to the orders he had issued, and would, he felt, if practices like this were permitted, result in the country being filled with rogues and vagabonds. As a result, the governor ordered the justice at Trepassey to sell sufficient of Jackson's property to maintain the two men during the winter.
In the same year, 1766, the governor became aware of a murder on the Labrador, at a place called Forteau, where in a fray between a ship's crew, an Irishman named Nugent was barbarously murdered. There was also reason to believe that the same crew had murdered another man at the island of Bois during the same summer. The majority of the crew, with the exception of Nugent and a man named Dillon, appear to have been British. They were arrested and brought to trial at St. John's.
Another interesting sidelight on the customs and manners of the time, which shows how men were punished for being slack in their master's work, is shown in the case of Mr. John Lewington against his servants. He brought his men to court on a charge that they had neglected a whole day's work, when other boats on that day had had a good catch. The governor had the day's catch averaged and then made the crew of Mr. Lewington pay double the amount as a lesson for neglecting their duty. Thus Thomas Sully, the boat's master, was fined two pounds and his crew members, Pat Kelly and Martin Power, one pound each.
Another case which involved the appearance of the French on the Southern Shore, occurred at Brigus South in 1766. Fearing a French attack, James Keating and Cornelius Conner of that community fled, leaving their fish and oil on the flakes and in their stages. However, Thomas Molloy of Bauline came, and seeing the fish and oil unprotected, seized it and carried it away without giving any acknowledgement to the owners. He was ordered to give a proper account of what he had taken and to compensate the rightful owners.
Another problem for the merchants in the various communities was made known to the governor. It seemed that some people had contracted debts with a merchant and then moved to another settlement to avoid payment. In a letter to William Welsh, a merchant in Placentia, the governor said that he had issued an order that no person would be allowed to live in a new settlement unless he had a pass signed by a justice of the peace that he was free of debt in the settlement he had left. A new problem presented itself in 1766 to the English authorities: the arrival of a great number of poor women from Ireland, and the governor issued the following regulations to deal with it:
Whereas great numbers of poor women are frequently brought into this country and particularly this port [St John's] by vessels arriving from Ireland who become distressed and a charge to the inhabitants and likewise occasion much disorder and disturbance against the peace of Our Sovereign Lord the King, Notice is hereby given to all masters of vessels arriving in this country that from the first day of April next, no women are to be landed without security being given for their good behaviour and they shall not become chargeable to the inhabitants.
Hugh Palliser. July 2, 1766
This edict from governor Palliser probably originated with the case of Thomas Pendergrass, who had been refused payment of his wages by his master John Blackney at St. John's because of his being involved with a woman servant of the same master. Palliser wrote:
Nathaniel Brooks Esq. being ye merchant who receives ye voyage of John Blackney is hereby ordered to pay to ye petitioner Thomas Pendergrass, on or before the 16th, inst., the wages due to him for service performed to his shipping papers in proportion to the time he served, without any deduction on account of his intercourse with a woman, servant to the said Blackney, or appear before me on or before the 20th. inst., as he will answer the contrary at his peril. Mr. Justice Brooks is also to order the woman who occasioned this disturbance to leave the country, and oblige the master of the ship who brought her to carry her away." Palliser was obviously a believer in the old Newfoundland proverb: "it's a man's place to try and a woman's right to deny", and so the woman servant was the one punished.
In 1766, the main merchant at Conche, White Bay, was Andrew Pinson. He, like Jackson at Trepassey, had given his crew enough liquor so that all their wages went to pay for it, leaving them destitute. The majority of the men were Irish. One crew was made up of Mick Kelly, William Mahany, Tom Tidman and John Lyon. As they had been left destitute by their master's supplying liquor the governor ordered one of his boats sold to pay their passage to Ireland. The next day, having observed the verdict in favour of these four, ten more of Pinson's men appealed their destitute condition for a similar reason. These were Pat McNamara, Andrew Cufford, Andrew Sullivan, Mick Power, Mick Whalen, Dennis Cunningham, Pat Lyons, William Hayes, John Bryan, Don Dehen. The governor also found in their favour, and Pinson's agent was ordered to pay their passage home.
By 1766, smuggling with St, Pierre was a new problem for governor Palliser, and the Irish in the vicinity of St. Pierre were, like their English counterparts, involved. Among those caught and charged was Bryant Flaharty of Long Harbour, Fortune Bay, who was sentenced to have his property sold to pay his creditors, the remaining amount to be used to pay his passage back to Ireland.
In 1767, John Foot brought a complaint against his boat crew members for neglecting their duty, in not doing according to their agreement the best of their endeavours for the good of his voyage. He proved in court that his voyage was short ninety four quintals of what his neighbours had, due to the lack of endeavour of his crew. The crew argued that they had a poor boat, and the governor in making his decision took this into consideration but found that they had been guilty of not doing their duty and cut their wages accordingly in the following amounts :George Johnson six pounds, Mick Hickey two pounds, Moses Cavanaugh two pounds, James Burn six pounds, Ed. Flaherty three pounds, William Burke three pounds and Ed Burke three pounds. Although the name of the community is not given it would appear to be at Fortune where Foot was an English form of Faut, one of the original French colonists of Fortune prior to the Treaty of Utrecht.
In 1767, it came to the governor's attention that two Irishmen had taken possession of a fishing room at Tilting on Fogo Island. He promptly issued the following edict:
Whereas it hath been represented to me that Cornelius Lenehan and Maurice Power hold and possess a fishing room at Tilting Harbour, with sundry fishing works thereon, not erected by themselves, nor at their expense, that the said two men, Lenehan and Power, are not qualified to hold a fishing room according to the act of the 10th.and of the 11th.of William III, which require that every fifth man shall be a new or "Greenman" from Britain yearly, besides the coast to the northward of Bonavista being held by the King's orders, declared all ships rooms for concurrent fishery of English and French ships. I thereby authorize any British fishing ship qualified as such with the usual fishing certificate to take possession of and use said room at Tilting Harbour and the said Power and Lenehan on sight hereof are immediately to quit same to any fishing ship that may claim the use of it or accommodate themselves otherwise as they may agree.
In the same year an Irish fisherman, Thomas Grant, appeared in court at St. John's, and told the magistrate that he had come from Ireland in the spring to serve in the fishery, but being old, he had not been able to find a master to employ him, and now too old and infirm to work he wanted to return to Ireland. The governor ordered that as he had been brought out by a ship's captain who had not bothered to see if the old man could get a position in Newfoundland, Grant was not liable for his passage out. The governor also had him sent back to his own country. At the same court, John Cahill's order of execution was given to take place on October 17, 1767 between the hours of ten and eleven in the morning.
The intention of a merchant at Greenspond to defraud his Irish servants was also disclosed by the court. It seemed that James Hayward of Greenspond had hired an insolvent debtor, Pat Duncey, and supplied him with a craft and provisions for the fishery. Duncey then engaged thirteen fishermen. Hayward signed a note that he would be responsible for the servants' wages. However, when the voyage was done he collected the main part for payment for supplying Duncey, leaving Duncey with no money to pay the servants' wages. The men (Jeremiah Daniel, Pat Ducey, John Carey, Ed. Pendergrass, Maurice Mulchey, Richard Maugher, Tom Kearnich, William Calimon, Pat Bryan, Matt Power, John Higgins, Lawrence Bryan and John Daniel) petitioned the governor, who counteracted Hayward's plan, by making him responsible for the passage of these men to Ireland, and giving the men the authority to enter Hayward's house and take up lodgings, eating sufficient food to sustain them without any fear of the law.
A similar case also appeared at Harbour Grace, where Felix McCarthy did exactly the same thing. by using Thomas English as Hayward had used Duncey. McCarthy too was ordered to pay the wages of the men: John Fowler, William Nugent, Matt Kennedy, Maurice Walsh and John Mead, and their passage home to Ireland. An order was sent to Justice Garland that if McCarthy or his agent did not provide passage home, then the men were to quarter themselves on McCarthy or his agent for the winter and they were to see that the men had sufficient food. He was to do likewise for the servants of Morgan Sherridan, whom McCarthy had used in a similar manner.
Before leaving in the fall of 1767, Governor Palliser turned his attention to the activities of the Irish settlers at St. John's and sent the following notice to the magistrates of the town:
To The Magistrates of St. John's:
Whereas a great number of huts are erected, possessed and inhabited by Irish Roman Catholics in this Harbour who entertain and keep in the country a great quantity of rogues and vagabonds to the great disturbance of the peace and danger of his majesty's subjects' lives and to the exceeding great prejudice of the fishing trade. You are hereby authorized and directed immediately to pull down such huts or houses and suffer no more to be erected.
Hugh Palliser October 23, 1767
In 1768, the following Irish people resided at Ferryland:
John Brien, Edward Murphy, Garrett Fitzgerald, Mary Shea, Mick Power, Con. Morrissey, Joseph Morey, Mike Shea, Paul Kelly, Stephen Moores and Mick Shea.
At Petty Harbour, in July of 1768, an Irishman named John Dunne assaulted Captain Pins, the fishing admiral at that harbour. An Irishman from Ferryland was hanged at St. John's. At Fogo, the following Irish servants were left in distress by their master and had to be sent home by the naval officers: Tom Conners, Ed Murphy, Tom Tracey, William Kennedy, John Cull, Mick German, Barry Denoly, Robert Brennan, Robert Supple, and William Drakes.
In 1770, Governor Bryon re-issued the laws regarding Irish Papists with a slight change. They now read:
The masters of Irish servants shall pay their passage home. No man or woman who is a Papist and did not fish or serve in this harbour during the summer shall be permitted to remain here during the winter. That only two who are Roman Catholics be permitted to dwell in the same house except such as shall have a Protestant master. No Roman Catholic shall keep a public house or vend liquor by retail. That the children of Roman Catholics born in this country be baptized according to law.
Despite such regulations, the Irish continued to reside in the country and to migrate yearly for the fishery. In 1771, an Irish family brought themselves into the notice of the law at Fogo. The fishing admiral of that community and several of the principal inhabitants complained to the governor of the disorderly conduct of one Mary Bond, lately wife of one Joseph Bond, bye-boat-keeper at Fogo. They petitioned that the governor send Mary Bond back to Ireland, her native country. The governor, however, gave her another chance. He advised the admiral at Fogo to admonish Mary and to tell her to stop her disorderly conduct. If she did not obey, she was to be placed on the first ship bound for Ireland.
In the same year an Irishman at Bonavista committed the unpardonable crime of marking of someone else's property. The governor wrote to the magistrate at Bonavista :
Whereas you have represented to me that an Irish Papist, a servant, a man without wife or family has put up mark posts on a fishing room within your district with an intent to build a stage and flake thereon for possession of same as his RIGHT OF PROPERTY, which proceeding is contrary to the Act of William III.
I do hereby authorize you to immediately cause the mark posts above mentioned to be taken down and warn the person offending not to presume to mark out any other fishing room again as his property or he will answer to the contrary.
The next year a list of persons too indolent to work was compiled by the Justices of the Peace of the St. John's district. The persons named had no visible means of support, and the governor ordered them to provide themselves with passage to their homeland. If any were to be found after the last passenger ship sailed for Ireland, the Justices were ordered to punish them to the utmost severity of the law. This order was given on October 20, and the people named in the list were: Pat Walsh, Power and Taylor, Peter Kelly & his wife, Joan Power , Widow Rawrns, Robert Whylay (alias Walsh) Pat Clancey , Eleanor Power, McDonald and his wife, Thomas Matthews, Old Nugent, Peter Blade, cobbler Robert Fling, James Fling, John Sinnot,Wm. Bishop (either to separate from Mary Hutchingson or be sent home) James Walsh (for opposing constables in the execution of their duty) Cahill's wife and Children [Cahill had been hanged in 1767]
The governor, besides issuing a list of those who had to return home or endure the full power of the law, also ordered that all planters and others had to pay the passage home, at the end of their service, of all their servants. Also, all masters of passenger ships were directed to take on such persons. If men remained in the country, their previous masters were responsible for any violent act or robbery they might commit.
Pat Walsh in 1772 petitioned against the cruel treatment he had received from his masters, Martin Neale and William Fitzpatrick, of Placentia. He had been shipped for a guaranteed wage of 17 pounds for the season, plus his passage from Ireland. On July 6 he was taken sick His master turned him away and abused him, and would not pay his wages. The governor ordered that Walsh should be paid according to his shipping papers.
In 1774, the magistrates of Bonavista discovered that a group of Papists had settled at Bird Island Cove near Bonavista, and here offered in the words of magistrate Keene, 'assistance when they flee from the law to all evil persons.. where stolen goods have been conveyed and which is become a pest to society". They reported the same to the governor and asked for the removal of these Irish papists. The governor ordered the magistrates to use all legal means to drive them out and send them home to Ireland.
At the same time in St. John's an Irishman named Timothy McCarthy fell into debt to the tune of sixty-four pounds. As a result, he had to give up to John Keith, and permit him peaceful occupation, of the place commonly known as Cowell's Plantation. "to have hold and enjoy the said dwelling houses," etc., until the sum sixty-four pounds nine shillings and four pence was fully paid to John Keith or assignee.
Not content with setting up a Papist Irish community at Bonavista, the Irish were also violent towards the women at that community, and Daniel Hogan, Will Maney and John Linegar were arrested and brought to St. John's to be tried for rape of Ruth Parrot and Margaret Ryan. The cost of the trial and keeping the prisoners amounted to forty pounds, nine shillings and three pence, which had to paid by the imposition of a small tax on the residents of the Bonavista district.
In St. John's in 1774, we find one of the few occasions when a person of an Irish name supported the Anglican church. The record for July 12, 1774 shows Catherine Fitzpatrick paid one pound two shillings for a pew in the new Anglian church. Also we find that Catherine and James Fitzpatrick were included in the New Anglican church board. The following year Mrs. Fitzpatrick was rewarded for her church activities by being given a new piece of land in lieu of a piece that had been taken from her when the fort expanded.
In 1775, there was trouble among the Irish at Caplin Cove on August 14, for on that day, James Walsh, a fisherman, was murdered by William Keefe, also of Caplin Cove. The magistrate at Bay Bulls had Keefe taken into custody and sent to St. John's for trial. There was also trouble in Bonavista, for the property of William Keene had been broken open and goods taken by John Burke, Wilfred Ryan (alias Burke) and John Sweeney. They were sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to transportation. First, however, halters were placed around their necks and they were made to walk under the gallows. At Bonavista, Patrick Welsh was ordered to be punished for scandalous behaviour not specified.
At Harbour Grace and Carbonear a number of servants who had been shipped in Cork, Ireland, petitioned the governor that they be returned, as their masters would not pay their way, the governor ordered them sent -- the cost to be paid by their masters. At Chapel's Cove CB, John Terry, a boat-keeper for some years, had a debt of one hundred twenty six pounds six shillings and six pence with George Davis of Carbonear. Terry, however, left his premises and went to the USA. Davis was given possession of his property until the debt was paid.
In the same year, 1775, three servants to James Jackson of Trepassey enlisted in the Nova Scotia Volunteers. They were John Barren, Martin Brennan and Larry McDonald. Jackson complained that he had advanced them money towards their fishing wages. The governor ordered them to return to finish out their contracts at Trepassey. Three other Irishmen in St. John's were in trouble also, John Doyle over a plantation and Lawrence Hallahan and Lawrence Dalton for forgery. The first was held at the King's pleasure, the second was given a pardon by the governor.
In 1776, there was another "Fray.. between some Irish in St. John's and as a result John Cahill, a merchant, was murdered. A witness said that there had been a lot of drinking at Cahill's house that day, and many visitors. About eight or nine o'clock some men looked in the front window of Cahill's house. Cahill was heard by the witness George Keating to say: 'Damn you, you rascals, how dare you look in the window," and then he went out and there was a sound of fighting. Later he saw some men coming with sticks in their hands. Another witness, Sam Jutsham, saw seven persons go out of Cahill's house, and saw them fighting on the path, saw two boys or "low men" stoop and pick up stones, and hand them to the men. Then the witness heard Cahill say, "if you can't get sticks, get stones , to his boys. He heard one boy say, "Master, they are Quigley's men".
The prisoner said he was passing by the house and the shutters were open with a great noise within. He stopped to look and out came Cahill and struck him with a stick, as did Samuel Power, who came out with Cahill. The prisoner was found not guilty and discharged.
In 1777, the governor issued an order regarding Irish women coming to Newfoundland:
Whereas it has been represented to me that the ships and vessels that come from Ireland frequently bring unmarried women and young girls who are destitute of friends and come over with no other view but to be hired as indentured servants that on their arrival and having hired themselves to masters have proven to be with child, which is attended with difficulties to the master and is the cause of bringing many incumbrance upon the inhabitants of this island and of this place in particular.
These are therefore to forbid all masters of vessels from bringing any women as servants from Ireland on pain of forfeiting ten pounds for every person so found on board or that can be proved by information to have been brought over by them and I do further declare if any woman be hired to a master on shore and she proves to be with child at the time she was hired her master shall not pay her passage, and if discovered after he pays then he shall be refunded the money.
Oct 10, 1777 J. Montague
The Irish continued to keep things lively at St. John's, and in 1780 there is an account of a complaint by William Clancey that Denis Power forced entry into his room when he was going to bed "on Monday last.., and beat both him and his wife". Power's defence was that he was drunk.
John Mahany of St. John's was also brought into court on the charge of breaking the peace by keeping a "disorderly house.., and having arms belonging to the king in his possession and publicly proclaiming his intention to resist arrest if any one came to take him. This information was given by Corp. Alex Cambell of the Forty-Second Regiment, who had gone to Mahany' s house to buy tobacco. He asked Mahany if he feared the press gang which was roaming the streets of St. John's at this time. Mahany's answer was that he was..afraid of no bugger that would try to take him, while he had three loaded muskets and a hanger. Cambell examined one musket but found it empty. He also reported to the court that Mahany went abroad at night with a cane with a sword in it. When the soldiers went to investigate Cambell's complaint, they found the muskets and ammunition belonging to the fort Mahany could not account for. Mahany was fined twenty pounds and imprisoned in the fort. Here, he got into further trouble for telling his guard, John Ellis the constable that he would get it when Mahany got out of jail, which frightened the constable and got Mahany into more trouble.
John Doyle, an inn keeper of St. John's, was committed to the gaol for suspected murder of his wife, Catherine Doyle. At Renews, John Murphy was appointed agent of James Sutton Esq. & Co to recover from Robert Eustace sum of 7,000 pounds sterling.
At Petty Harbour, Patrick Dawson found out what it was like to have a suspicious master. He saw a dog running across a flake with a piece of beef in its mouth, He took the meat from the dog and was carrying it back to the cook room when his master John Nagle, accused him of stealing it and dismissed him from his service pay. Nagle was ordered to take Dawson back and pay him his wages.
On September 29, 1780, Michael Darrington, Thomas Burke, John Mahor and Jack Crow (all Irish and labourers), and Patrick Crow, a tailor, late of Trinity, attacked and beat to death a man named Gallin using shovels and a cutlass at the house of John Mahany, who was later imprisoned for keeping a "disorderly house".
Darrington was imprisoned on H M. Cygnet in irons, but succeeded in breaking free. He was captured quite by accident at Bay Bulls, but was armed and considered dangerous. He was sentenced to be hanged: the other men were transported back to Ireland.
Two Irish women are also mentioned in the records for conduct unbecoming ladies. They were Catherine Connol and Mary Power, who went on board a vessel called the "O'Sean", which was berthed in the harbour of St. John's, under the pretext of being paid for washing they had done for the sailors and to sell bread. However, they brought liquor to the sailors contrary to the law and the governor's edict. At their trial they were described as 'bad people, having kept disorderly houses for a considerable time", and were fined ten pounds each. In the same year three Irish soldiers, Corporal Jeremiah Connell and privates Maurice Murphy and John Gleeson were condemned to be shot for desertion. The governor, however, after studying the verdict, tempered justice with mercy, saying that it was a new regiment and that the men could do useful service elsewhere. He pardoned them on condition that they enlist in another regiment for seven years' service on the coast of Africa.
In 1784, the Irish population received freedom to practise their religion. The edict granting religious toleration was published by the governor, J. Campbell, on October 28, 1784, and reads as follows:
Pursuant to the King's instructions to me, you are to allow all persons inhabiting this island to have full liberty of conscience and the free exercise of all such modes of worship as are not prohibited by some; provided they be content with a quiet and peaceful employment of same, not giving scandal to the government.
It appears, however, that a number of Irish priests had been in the island and a Father Kena, an Augustine friar, had been ministering to the Irish Catholics at Placentia from 1776 until 1783, whe he returned to Ireland. He was succeeded by another Irish priest, Father Landergan. Following the edict of toleration in 1784, Father Landergan became more demanding on his parishioners and, as a result, complaints were sent to the governor, who dispatched the following letter to the magistrate at Placentia:
October 19, 1785
Mr William Saunders having represented to me that there is a Romanish priest named Landergan at Placentia of a very violent and turbulent spirit, who has given interruption to Mr. Burke, a regular sober man of the Roman Catholic persuasion, and that unless the former is sent out of the country, the peace of the place is in imminent danger of being disturbed. I desire you will cause the said Landergan to be put on board the first vessel that may sail for England or Ireland.
To the magistrates at Placentia
I am Sir Your Humble servant
Father Landergan, however, did not wait to be transported but left Placentia and travelled to the North East Coast of Newfoundland to minister to the Irish Roman Catholics of Fogo Island. Dying in poverty in a fish room, he was buried in Tilting Harbour, where his grave can still be seen. He too was succeeded by another Irish priest at Placentia. The granting of religious freedom did not mean, however, that the Irish were welcome in Newfoundland. A letter from the governor of the day to the first Roman Catholic bishop of Newfoundland states this very clearly: The governor wishes to acquaint Mr. O'Donnel that so far from feeling disposed to allow an increase of places of religious worship to the Roman Catholics of this island, he very seriously intends to lay those already existing under very particular restrictions. Mr. O`Donnell must be sensible that it is not in the interest of Great Britain to encourage people to winter here and he cannot be ignorant that many of the lower order of those who stay now would it were not for the convenience with which they obtain absolution here go home for at least once in two or three years, and the governor has been misinformed if Mr. O'Donnel instead of advising them to return to Ireland does rather encourage them to winter in this colony.
In an effort to cut down crime and violence in St. John's the governor in 1786-87 attempted to reduce the number of public houses in St. John's from twenty-four to twelve. On October 17, 1787, the principal merchants of St. John's protested pointing out that as a result of the reduction in the public houses at a time when servants had finished their work and were awaiting passage home to Ireland, many of them would be around the streets as they would have no place to congregate and this could well result in civil disorders. Two years later in a report to the British authorities the governor suggested that the merchants may have been right.
The year 1789 is an important date in the history of the Newfoundland Irish, for in the summer of the year the populace of St. John's, or at least the non-Irish populace, was very alarmed by what appeared to be the dumping of a cargo of Irish convicts in Newfoundland. In a letter to W. W. Grenville in London, dated Sept. 20, 1789, Governor Millbanke stated that the peace of the island was disturbed by a number of Irish convicts who were landed at Bay Bulls and Petty Harbour and soon after made their way to St. John's and the other principal harbours, where they committed various depredations upon the fishermen and other inhabitants. Describing in rather naive terms the state of the island before the landing of the convicts, the governor wrote:
Until the arrival of these wretches in the country, open and professed villainy was it seems totally unknown among the lower order of people employed in the fishery, but since their arrival frequent punishment for crimes unknown before their arrival, had taken place.
In the same letter the governor described how on July 20, 1789, a number of men and women came into St. John's by land from Bay Bulls and Petty Harbour. After close examination, it appeared that these were convicts from Ireland who had been put ashore at Bay Bulls and Petty Harbour from a vessel named the 'Duke of Leinster' from Dublin, and the number appeared to be 102 men and twelve women. No satisfactory account could be obtained of the supposed destination. The merchants agreed that the convicts should be taken into custody and confined to a place away from the town. This was probably the first concentration camp in Newfoundland. In the absence of the governor, Lt. Governor Elford helped by supplying guards to the camp, and the merchants supplied the food. For ten days all went well. Then the food stopped coming from the merchants, and the hungry convicts were very angry and there was fear of mutiny in the camp. Elford saved the day by supplying the convicts from the army stores until the arrival of the governor and his party later in the summer. In the meantime the St. John's magistrates organized an investigation to obtain as much information as possible about the occurrence. A sailor, Richard Robinson, who not having signed articles, and not liking the way things were going, escaped from the ship at Bay Bulls while convicts were being landed. He said that the men and women were convicts because they had been brought to the ship under guard and chained. He said that they had left Dublin on June 14 and landed at Bay Bulls on July 15. One of the convicts, James McGuire, said that about three days out from Dublin, one of the convicts, (a priest, named Father Tee) who had been convicted of forgery, was put on a ship bound for England. He also said that except for the convicts with money, they had been chained in pairs on the voyage from Ireland to Newfoundland.
The magistrates also compiled a list of the convicts and their crimes from those who were being held in the camp outside St. John's. The convicts were as follows: John O.Neil, aged 20, Dublin convicted of stealing waistcoats, sentenced to 7 years transportation. Remarks: the best shoplifting in Ireland. James Wyler, aged 20, Donaghadee, County Down, convicted of robbing a man's watch in Stephen's Green, sentenced to death (reduced to transportation) Matt Dempsey, aged 21, Conslee, King's County, convicted of picking a lock and stealing a pawnbroker's ticket, sentenced to death (reduced to transportation)Denis Newehan, aged 19, Dublin, accomplice to Dempsey, sentenced to death (reduced to transportation). [Far a complete list of convicts, crimes and sentences, please see appendix].
On the arrival of the governor, a committee of merchants and traders applied to him to consider the dangerous state of the island from the persons now in it, particularly the persons who had been landed at Bay Bulls and Petty Harbour. These persons were under guard at St. John's, and the committee wished the governor to consider finding a way of raising money to send the supposed convicts back to either England or Ireland.
The committee suggested that a special tax of ten shillings per ship engaged as a
merchant ship or banker, four shillings per shallop and two shillings per skiff, be imposed on all ships in the colony. From the money raised, St. John's would bear half the cost and the rest of the island the remainder.
This plan from St. John's was rejected by the other communities and the governor then gave orders that each district was to raise "such sums as they think proper". Ferryland gave ninety pounds on October 20, 1789, and the other communities agreed to pay their share, thus agreeing with the governor's plan to send the supposed convicts home, or as many of them as could be found. The governor ordered all magistrates to send to St. John's for this purpose all suspected escapees from the convict ship or the camp at St. John's.
On September 17, 1789, the following advertisement was issued by the governor's office in St. John's:
Masters and Owners of ships willing to take on board as passengers and convey to England between sixty to eighty men and women and find them with 21/2 Ib. of bread, 2 lbs. of flour, 3 Ibs. of pork, 3 pints of peas, and 1/2 Ib. of butter and seven gallons of water each per week, are desired to deliver tenders in writing sealed and addressed to the governor at the secretary's office between the hours of ten and eleven in the forenoon. The vessel to be discharged 14 days after her arrival at Spitehead or to be allowed demurrage, which is to be mentioned in the tender.
By Command of the Governor
A Graham, Sec. 17 Sept 1789
The contract was awarded to Captain Robert Coysh of the brig "Elizabeth", and the final terms of the agreement were that seventy-four men and six women were to be returned. The governor was to provide the irons to shackle the prisoners, and the captain the guards. The convicts were received on board the ship on October 8, 1789. The captain was ordered to treat them well and to see that their needs were provided for as laid down in the contract. However, only seventy-three men were embarked, together with the six women.
The names of those who were listed on the ship's passenger list were:
John Welsh ,William Thilson ,Patrick Neale,Thomas Taylor, John Killan, John Nugent, John Moors, James Moore, John Neal, Man Dempsey, John Coyle, Tom Ellis, James Bailey, Pat Mulloney, Pat Leigh, John Grant, Mick Murphy, Nick Carpenter, John Mahoney, William Butler, Patrick Nugent, William Warpole, John Sales, James Murphy, Nick Pendergrass, Tom Lindsay, John Trilly, John Gainford, Tom Lahey, John Smith ,Charles Byant ,John Vinn ,Joe Poley, John McGuire, Dan McElles ,Mick Flinn, Abe Pellate, Robert Fisher, John Bryne, Bah Maney, Patrick Dunne, Pat Sullivan, John Crook, Tom Kelly, Mick Delaney, John Mansfield, John Burke, John Halfpenny, Patrick Hart, Patrick King, Michael Ryan, Tom Shannon, Tom Dunne, John McCarthy, David Hagis, Nick Sullivan, Tom Ryan, Con Brisseham, John McDornret, Mark Kelly, William Franklin,Tom Byme,Dan Carew, John Horley, Tom Conners, Anthony Young, Tom Cahill, Patrick Healey, Patrick Leonard, Robert Robinson, Don Stirid, William Linehan,Charles McCarthy,
Mary Maloney, Mary Ar, Judith Kelly, Eleanor Watson, Mary Connoll, Nancy Farrell
Received on board the Elizabeth and Clare
October 8th. 1789. Robert Coysh, Master"
From this account it would appear that twenty-nine men and six women of the total who landed from the convict ship remained in the island.
A few more of the 'convicts' were apprehended after the ship sailed, and a greater interest was evidenced in sending back as many Irish fishing men as could be sent. Thus, John Regan and Peter Menegna were to be sent from St. John's to Fermeuse to Ireland by their former master, "if he could be prevailed upon to do so". Also there is a notice that Thomas Walsh, James Ryan, John Freeman and Patrick Lawlor escaped from the "convict prison.on October 23, 1789. The Sheriff's records for the same year show that a number of men had their passage paid to Ireland by
the Sheriff. On October 22, the following account was given:
Mick Quirk... passage to Ireland .....2 pounds
Thomas Halleran...passage to Ireland.....2 pounds
For whipping, and then her passage to Ireland,one of the Women convicts ..... 18 Shillngs
Morris McCarthy... passage to Ireland.....3 pounds
Ed Mahoney...passage to Ireland.....3 pounds
Walter Dunphy ... passage to Ireland.....3 pounds
Lundrigan...passage to Ireland.....3 pounds
William Malone ... passage to Ireland.....2 pounds
Peter Dwyer... passage to Ireland .....2 pounds
Thomas Martin .. passage to Ireland.....2 pounds
Paid Thomas Waksham for the passage of 17 men, women and children sent back to Ireland by order of the Justices.
Another Irishman was transported from the island in 1789, in the person of Thomas Power of the City of Waterford, Ireland, but in 1789 a resident of St. John's. He had broken into the house of William Thomas and others and had stolen goods to the value of ten pounds. He pleaded guilty and threw himself on the mercy of the court. At the trial it was proven that William and Margaret Penney had received the stolen goods from Power. They were sentenced to seven years transportation with Power
The problems with the Irish in 1789 made them even more dangerous in the eyes of the authorities, who were convinced that the Irish priests in the island were not to be trusted. Thus, Governor Milbanke wrote to the magistrates at Ferryland:
As I am authorized by my commission to administer and give or cause to be administered or given the oath mentioned in the act passed in the first year ..to the security of His Majesty's person and Govt, to all and every person as I shall think fit who shall at any time or times pass into this island or shall be resident or abiding here, I must desire you that you will not on any account whatsoever suffer either of the R C. Priests at Ferryland to exercise the duties of their function until they shall have taken and submitted to the same oath of which you will not fail to provide me with a copy."
At Bonavista there was trouble in 1789 with an Irish servant. Sam Desney, a planter of Bonavista, had an Irish servant named John Hurley, who, when he drank, became very violent and abusive. Desney had words with his son, and Hurley took the son's part against the father. Desney ordered him out of doors, and told him not to come back again in his service. The next day, Hurley had sobered up and Desney took him back and gave him "meat and bread". In the evening of the same day, Hurley had words with a fellow servant, John Flearty, and in anger tried to hit Flearty with the fire tongs. According to a witness, William Malone, Hurley was always making ..an oration and disturbance". Malone took the tongs away from Hurley and Desney turned him outdoors again.
Then Desney latched the door of his bedroom, and Hurley came back in the house and called from without that if he did not unlatch the bedroom door he would blow his brains out. Malone was also in the bedroom with Desney. They heard Hurley go to the gun rack in the kitchen, and he came back to the bedroom door and said: "By Jesus, you buggers, if you don't open the door I'll blow your brains out!" Desney told him that if he tried to break down the bedroom door, he would fire at him through the door.
Hurley then attempted to break down the door and Desney fired through the door killing Hurley, who was found lying in the hall, a gun by his side. Malone went for the constable, Michael "Kearty," and Desney gave himself up. At the trial in St. John's, the verdict was manslaughter in self-defence, and Desney was released. The case, however, shows the dangers that attended in having Irish servants, and their reaction when they were in liquor.
The following year, 1790, an Irish servant murdered his master on the fishing grounds, disposed of the body with the aid of his companions, and attempted to flee to the mainland. The affair began when Captain Henry Brooks and his crew were getting bait in Trepassey Bay. Brooks had words with one of his crew, Cornelius Bryan, who killed the captain with an axe. Having killed Brooks, Bryan made the rest of the ship's crew swear to help him or at least not to give him away when they came to port. With the help of another member of the crew, he tied the body of the captain to a grapnel and threw it overboard.. They then sailed the boat to Burin, St. Lawrence and St. Peter's, and from St. Peter's went to Nova Scotia. In the night, however, one of the crew changed course and brought the ship back to St. Peter's where Bryan was betrayed to the authorities. For his crime, Bryan was sentenced to be hanged and his body suspended in chains, while the crew members who aided him were transported. On October 25, 1791, two other Irishmen, Patrick Murphy and John Noddy, were convicted of forgery and sentenced to be hanged on October 26, at the time Bryan was hanged.
In 1788, the Irish 'youngsters' received a compliment from a business firm at Placentia, but the business firm was Irish too, so this may have coloured the opinion. The firm was Saunders and Sweetman, and Sweetman wrote in the firm's letter book.
We have been vary lucky in having no runaways this spring, we have lost but two men and an English boy. I would advise you never to send out more English youngsters than will clear the vessels. The most of all that ran away from here, the winter before this were English youngsters and boys. They never care any of them to stick to the place, or have any attachment to it: but for hard labour an Irish youngster is worth a dozen of them.
In a similar vein, the Newman and Hunt Company wrote to their agent, James Downing, at Sligo, Ireland about recruiting Irish "youngsters.':
Consult with Mr. Hume how you are to proceed to get youngsters. Endeavour to ship for our use twenty healthy, strong men, to whom you may give from six to eight pounds, and their passage out to be clear now, and if you can get them to ship for two summers and one winter, that is to be clear, November 1798, you may give them fifteen pounds, which we prefer to one year's service. If you can meet with such people as a carpenter or mason or blacksmith, such people as are worth two pounds more, the same by coopers but they must ship to be employed in the fishery not confined to their trade. If any choose to go out as passengers, take them at five pounds each.
Among the names that appear on the lists of "youngsters" and sailors on the ships of
Newman and Hunt, are Hynes, McCarthy, Mitchell and Clarke, names which are found in Fortune Bay to this day. In 1796, there is a note that Captain James Rich was loading salt at Cork for St. Lawrence but that no carpenter or supplies would be included for the voyage, or "winter passage" as it was called.
In1800, an officer making a tour of the South Coast reported few Irish in Fortune Bay, but one of them named Kinsella brought attention to himself, and the naval officer reported to the governor as follows:
The people in this bay seem pretty quiet, no complaints of magnitude. There is one character troublesome however in the bay (an Irishman) it appears that when he drinks he seems very dissatisfied, and behaves in a disorderly way and fakes great pains to get others to join him, but there being few Irish in the bay and he about fifty years old with a wife and two children.
The name of the man was Owen Kenchely (Kinsella), and Captain Falks, the naval officer, sent him a letter threatening him with transportation from the island if he created more public disturbances.
In 1792, some Irishmen were convicted of the crime of destroying birds in Conception Bay and of stealing feathers (proclaimed a crime by the governor in 1787 on the grounds that the birds not only supplied food, but also acted as warnings of approaching land to ships. The men convicted were Joseph Barbour, Daniel Coffee and John Shea. They had killed birds, stolen feathers and eggs, and were sentenced to be whipped publicly.
All the magistrates were ordered to place the names of the defendants and their punishment in a conspicuous place in each District."
On October 18, 1794, some of the Irish inhabitants became involved in attempt to rescue prisoners taken by a press gang from HMS "Boston', a warship then in port. It happened because Captain J. N. Morris of the "Boston' received orders to proceed with the trade (ships) bound to Portugal and Spain (as convoy guard) His crew was fourteen men, less than needed to man the ship. He requested permission from the governor to post bills for volunteers, and the governor expressed surprise and told him to get his men by any means in his power. On October 24, no volunteers having offered, and, expecting to sail the next day, he ordered Kerr and Lt. Lawry on shore in the evening to bring off such men as they might find idling about, which service they performed without interruption or riot.
The following morning, he gave up such men as were claimed by their masters. Eight men remained, who seeing that they were to serve in the ship anyway, volunteered to be eligible for the bounty. After the ship's company had refused, the commanding officer sent Lt. Lawly with two men in the employ of Mr. Noble to get the wages due to them and their clothing.
Lawry went in a cutter, with no arms except a dirk, accompanied by four of his crew and the two new "recruits" to get the men's clothing. On the way back they were met by a large mob of people with wattles and clubs, who came by a lower road, and attacked the lieutenant and his party in an attempt to rescue the two "pressed" men. In the scuffle, Lt. Lawry was killed.
Soldiers were dispatched to the scene, and two of the ringleaders, Garret Farrell and Richard Power, were arrested. A third man, William Burrows, evaded arrest, and fifty pounds was offered for information leading to his capture. St. John's was in turmoil over this riot, led it appeared, by Irishmen. The inhabitants, according to one report, exhibited great alarm and disquiet, and businesses were shut down, for fear of what might happen. The ringleaders were to be tried, but if the governor (who was on the point of leaving) left on schedule, although they might be tried they could not be executed until the next summer when the governor returned. As a result, the Grand
Jury asked Governor Wallace to remain a few extra days to see that punishment was swiftly imposed as a warning to other would-be rioters.
Action swiftly followed. The governor agreed to delay his sailing, and the wheels of justice turned swiftly. On October 30, 1794, the Chief Justice, D'Ewes Coke, informed Governor Wallace that Farrell and Power had been tried, found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged. On the same day, (and, it has been suggested, before the trial), the governor's order of execution was given, adding that the bodies of Farrell and Power were to be given over to the surgeons for dissection and anatomization, the only case of men being "hanged, drawn and quartered" in the history of Newfoundland. Pedley in his History of Newfoundland described it thus:
Addition to the capital penalty was made in this case for the first time in Newfoundland. The Sheriff was ordered to deliver the bodies to the surgeons to be dissected and anatomized. Here was an instance of swift retribution The criminals had been full of lusty life and riotous liberty on the Saturday evening. On Tuesday they stood in peril before the tribunal of justice. On Wednesday they heard the sentence of death passed on them. On Friday they were danging lifeless from the gallows and on Saturday -- all within a week -- they had probably become the mangled offensive material of the dissecting room.
From this account it would appear that Pedley was unable or unwilling to admit to the
savagery of the sentence of "hanging, drawing and quartering". The result of the swift retribution that overtook the ringleaders of the riot was that the principal inhabitants, meaning the English settlers of St. John's, were able to rest more comfortably during the winter.
While the Irish at St. John's in 1794 were rioting and being "hanged, drawn and quartered", the Irish population was flocking to join the militia at Placentia to defend their harbour against any attacks. A list of the inhabitants who subscribed their names contains many Irishmen, for the majority of settlers at Placentia in 1794 were Irish. The volunteers were:
James Downs, William Colbum, James Oakley, Clement Nicollee, Josiah Blackbum, Pat Devine, Edmond Power, Lawrence Barren, James J. Squires, Thomas Vicquers, William Rogers, Hany Paul, Frank Linnard, William Rose, John Mackleroy, Richard St. Croix, John St. Croix ,John Vicquers, Sam Collins, John Collins, William Collins, Thomas Collins ,Pat Mooney, John Hunt, James Connolly, Cornelis Collins, William Newman, Robert Mooney, William Lambe, William Miller, Pat Miller, William Masters, Ambrose Parnell, Thomas Breen, Owen Carroll, Mick King John German, Richard Cormick, John Couch, Charles Cook, William Hooper, William Peddle, William Redmond, James Martin, James Maddoke, Thomas Blanch, James Walker, Martin Foley, John Green, James Bryan ,Thomas Payne, Daniel Lee, Edmond Walsh, Jeny McGrath, Philip Hearne, Mike Blanch, John Gibbons, Tom Mullowney, James Walsh, William Devine, Tom Grant, Pat Murphy, John Lambe, Robert Green, John Lambe Jr., John Fitzpatrick, Charles St. Croix.
In 1798, there was no change in feeling towards the military when Captain O'Kennedy of the Sixth Regiment was stationed at Placentia, even though he had to quarter his men on the citizens because of the condition of the barracks at the fort. There was a change in feeling towards the military though, when O'Kennedy's 'Sixth" was replaced by the "Royal Nova Scotia Fencibles" This regiment attempted to bring its ranks up to full strength by "trepanning local men who were under the influence of liquor". One Irishman, Pat Donahue, was fined forty shillings for making the assertion:. "They must be hungry Sons of Bitches to trapann a man for three dollars", this being the amount paid for each new recruit.
In 1789, the year of the Wexford Rebellion in Ireland, the Governor, Admiral Waldegrave, wrote to the Duke of Portland concerning the Irish population and the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, which was largely composed of men of either Irish descent or natives of Ireland:
May I be permitted to represent to your Grace that no such indulgence (the granting of leave to the Chief Justice to leave the island for a period of lime) can be granted for the present, without a risk of its being attended with the most fatal consequences to the island of Newfoundland. Your Grace is well acquainted that nearly nine-tenths of the inhabitants of this island are either natives of Ireland or immediate descendants from them and that the whole of these are of the Roman Catholic persuasion. As the Royal Newfoundland Regiment has been raised in the island it is needless for me to endeavour to point out the small proportion that the native English bear to the Irish in this body of men. I think it necessary to mention this circumstance, in order to show your Grace how little dependence could be placed on the military in case of any civil commotion in the town of St. John's.
The governor's words were to prove prophetic, for within a year the "United movement was established in Newfoundland, and soon found willing men among the Royal Newfoundland Regiment. The members of the association joined by an oath, which seems to have consisted of three parts:
1st. 'By the Almighty Power above I do persevere to join the Irishmen in this place: then he kissed the book."
2nd. 'I do persevere never to divulge the secrets made known to me.: ..kissed the book."
3rd 'I do persevere to aid and assist the heads of the same, of any religion':..kissed the book."
The Wexford Rebellion seems to have had some effects in Newfoundland, for the parish priest at Placentia, Father Bourke, was afraid to remain in Newfoundland where he was known and went to Halifax, because he was involved in some way with the uprising.
The movement grew in Newfoundland and by February 1800, the leaders of the group felt strong enough to plan a rebellion that envisioned the murder of all the Protestant or English merchants of St. John's and their supporters, the looting of the city, and the escape of the men involved to the United States. A letter from J. Odgen, dated July 2, 1800, describes the plot and the resulting consequences to the plotters.
St. John's, Newfoundland
July 2, 1800
I am sorry to inform you, that a spirit of disaffection to our government has manifested itself here last winter and in the spring. The first symptoms made their appearance about the latter end of February, by some anonymous paper posted up in the night, threatening the persons and property of the magistrates, if they persisted in enforcing a proclamation they had published regarding hogs going at large, contrary to a presentment of the Grand Jury. We advertised a hundred guineas reward for the discovery of the author or authors and the inhabitants viewing it in a very proper light, as the commencement of anarchy and confusion and destruction of all order, handsomely came forward in support of the magistrates, and offered two hundred guineas more, but I am sorry to say without effect. The next step, still more alarming, was a combination of between forty and fifty of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, to desert with their arms, with a declared intention, as appeared by a leger left behind them of putting every person to death who should try to oppose them. This they put in execution on the night of the 24th. April. Their place of rendevous was the powder shed, back of Fort Townshend, at 11 at night, but were not joined in time from Fort Townshend or Fort William. We know not the reason why the party from Fort Townshend did not join them, but at Fort William, Colonel Skinner happened to have a party at his house very late that night, presenting the possibility of their going out unperceived at the appointed hour, and the alarm being made at Signal Hill for those who quitted that post, the plot was blown, when only nineteen were met who immediately set off for the woods, but from the vigilance and activity used in their pursuit, in about ten days or a fortnight, sixteen of them were taken, two or three of whom informed against the others, and implicated upwards of twenty more, who had not only agreed to desert, but had also taken the oat of the United Irishmen, administered by an arch villan, Murphy, who belonged to the Regiment, and one of the deserters who with a sergeant Kelly and a private have not as yet been taken. We do not know nor was it possible to ascertain, how far the defection and the "united oath" extended through the Regiment. General Skerret ordered a general court martial upon twelve of those taken, five of whom were sentenced to be hanged and seven to be shot; the former were executed on the spot where they met in the powder shed, the other seven were sent to Halifax to be further dealt with as his Royal Highness should think proper. Those also implicated by the King`s evidence were sent in irons to Halifax and the Duke of Kent has at length removed all the regiment, except two companies of picked men to headquarters, and has relieved them by the whole of the 66th Regiment who are now here. Various have been the reports on this business: the town to the amount of 2, 3, or 400 men mentioned as privy or concerned in this business, and of acting in concert with them, at least so far as to destroy and plunder, and set off for the States, but no names have been particularly mentioned, so as to bring the proof home. In fact we were at one time in such a situation, as to render the policy of acting very doubtful, until more force should arrive, as we knew not whom we could depend upon for support in case of resistance, having every reason to believe the defection was very extensive, not only through the regiment. but through the inhabitants of this and all the out harbours, particularly to the southward [Southern Shore almost to a man have taken the United Oats, which is 'To be true to the old cause, and to follow their heads of whatsoever denominations". Although these heads are not to be known to them till the moment a plan is to be put in action, all this one of the evidences has declared originated from letters received from Ireland. Although a United Irishman, he was yet but a novice and was not so far let into the secret as to know who the letters were addressed to, or who from. Although we are at present without any immediate apprehension of danger we have no reason to suppose their dispositions have changed or that their plans of plunder, burning & c., are given up, but only waiting a proper opportunity to break forth. The most probable time for such an event would be towards the close of the winter, when the ships of war are absent, the peaceable well disposed part of the community off their guard, and no possibility of succour for two or three months, or even conveying intelligence of our situation.
To the honourable
Vice Adrmral Waldegrave & etc.
I have the Honour
to be Sir J. Odgen
A young officer, William Adams, wrote to his father in England concerning the conspiracy. He said that all were to have been assassinated, that is, the officers and the merchants, "by some hundreds of Irish inhabitants" who were involved in the plot. Only fifty soldiers in his Regiment, he stated, were involved. He claimed that he had been suspicious and had said so to the governor.. In his opinion, all the vagabonds should be sent out of the colony every autumn. He claimed that oaths were secret and that they were sworn to betray their dearest friends to support the United Irishmen. The pass word on the 24th. was to have been "Liberty or Death". His letter was dated April 30, 1800."
Another young officer, Thomas Tremlett, wrote to his father at the same time:
Since the rebellion began in Ireland their emissaries have been administering oaths to the Irish in every part of the island ... if the miscreants go to extremities you shall have no cause to blush for me'.
And he added a postscript to the effect that if they came through and got help Halifax, then "Pat in town will be quiet in future'
One question concerning this conspiracy is how the men involved were betrayed. None of the official letters are clear on this point, though the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Newfoundland, Bishop O'Donel, seems to have been involved, and there is a vague mention of a young woman from Ferryland having been the betrayer. Podley gave the credit to Bishop O'Donel for informing Major General Skerret of the impending danger:
As the time for the projected crime drew near, Major-General Skerret at the head of the mutinous regiment, and holding chief authority in St. John's, in the absence of the governor (for it was in April -- months before the usual time of the arrival of His Excellency), had information given to him of what was in preparation. How that information first leaked out there is no authentic evidence to show. It is said to have been conveyed from Ferryland. But all the testimony on the matter concurs in assigning to the Roman Catholic Bishop Dr. O`Donel, the credit of acquainting Major-General Skerret of the danger which was impending and of cordially and most usefully aiding to counteract the plot and to prevent the outbreak, urging on the Major to deal with the soldiers and undertaking himself to deal with the misguided populace.
A little further on Pedley speculates on the Bishop's source of information:
The ultimate aim of the conspirators was not made known, as their guilty enterprise was nipped in the bud. And as the knowledge of the Bishop concerning it was doubtless derived from the confidential communications of the confessional, it was not to be expected it would be published by him"
The Bishop himself in writing to try and obtain a pension from the British Government
spoke in not so favourable terms of his Irish flock:
Loyalty and services have been approved of, and fully acknowledged by every governor and particularly Major-General Skerret who found himself under great embarrassment in 1799/1800 as having no force by land or by sea to oppose a most dangerous conspiracy formed against all the people of property in this island. Petitioners was fortunate enough lo bnng the maddened scum of the people to cool reflection and dispersed the dangerous cloud that was ready to burst on the head of the principal inhabitants.
The question that intrigues is: Did the Bishop violate his confessional oath to save the community? He certainly stood well with the English authorities following the breaking of the threat and was awarded a pension by the British Government on his retirement to Ireland for the good services he had rendered to the crown. Bishop Howley quotes it as 'a beggarly pension of 50 pounds per annum'.
However, the question of how the news of the proposed mutiny came to Bishop O'Donel is likely to remain forever unanswered. That the good bishop had a horror, bordering on the fanatical, of revolution can clearly be seen from his reaction when French officers, prisoners at St. John's, but at liberty to move freely around the town, came to mass at his church:
We had 300 French prisoners here during the summer. Their officers were at liberty and I must own that I did not like to see them coming every Sunday to my chapel with large emblems of infidelity and rebellion plastered on their hats it was much more pleasing to see three companies of our volunteers headed by their Protestant officers, with fifes and drums, coming to chapel to be instructed in the duties of religion and loyalty
This was indeed a strange choice for an Irishman, even making allowance for his being a bishop. In fact, so well did Bishop O'Donel and his priests instruct in the duties of religion and loyalty, that the Irish population of Newfoundland formed "Priest Conscience", and were at the sway of their religious leaders even in the field of politics in the years to follow.
Despite the threat of rebellion and mutiny, however, it is apparent that the Irish had risen to places of prominence in their adopted homeland. A glance at the list of persons licensed to operate public houses in 1797 gives some idea of the growth of the Irish. The persons licensed in St. John's from Michaelmas 1797 to Michaelmas 1798 were:
Michael Little, John Cox, John Bolan, Sarah Martin, John Cahill,William Power, Patrick Flannery,
A. McNamara, William McCarthy, William Welsh, Patrick McDonald, Andrew St. John ,Peter Lyons, Michael Mara, James Maher, John Flood, John Brophy, George Shepherd, David Power, Michael Welsh John Nevean Phil Harrahan Thomas Murphy Daniel Delaney William Pendergrass
Mark Codney, Dominic King, Michael Welsh, John Widdicombe, Edmond Doyle, Michael Hanlon, Patrick Redmond, John Power, Thomas Murphy.
From this information it is obvious that at the turn of the century many of the Irish were prominent middle class citizens. In the decades to follow, their numbers were again to be swelled by greater waves of immigrants from the homeland who in their turn would face the trials and tribulations of trying to settle in a strange land. They would also meet with oppression from those in power, but would survive and mingle with their Newfoundland born Irish cousins, their English and Scottish neighbours and the occasional French to form the common ancestors of our present Newfoundlanders. | <urn:uuid:03f156e6-50a3-429a-bbac-26b1eb41d9e3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://nl.canadagenweb.org/links_irish.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997886087.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025806-00234-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983753 | 36,779 | 3.21875 | 3 |
1881 to 1885 - President Chester A. Arthur (Republican)
Following his death on September 19th, 1881 President Garfield was succeeded by his Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur. Born in Fairfield, Vermont in 1829, the son of a fervent anti-slavery Baptist minister who immigrated to America from Ireland, Chester A. Arthur rose to become an attorney in New York City.
Admitted to the bar at age twenty-eight, Arthur’s first case was the Lemmon Slave case. Working alongside of William M. Evarts they contended that eight slaves formerly owned by Jonathan Lemmon were legally free. They successfully argued that by voluntarily bringing the slaves into New York state they had, in effect, set them free. Later, in 1856, working as a partner in the law firm of Culver, Parker, and Arthur, the future president won a case for a black woman, Lizzie Jenkins, who had been illegally expelled from one of the era’s horse-cars because of her race. Jenkins’s and Arthur’s victory secured the right of blacks to equal treatment on public vehicles in New York. During the Civil War he won acclaim as the Quartermaster General for the state of New York recruiting tens of thousands of soldiers, organizing the logistics of supplying and quartering the troops. Arthur hoped for a war confined to maintaining the Union, not one committed to ending slavery.
President Arthur continued Garfield’s policies that were designed to foster national reconciliation in large part by turning a blind eye to the systematic violation of black human rights in the South that had been tolerated by his predecessors, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, and Garfield. Allying himself with the Readjuster Democrats —who were independent of the mainstream Democrats— in an attempt to establish a Republican foothold in southern politics, President Arthur’s inaugural address justified the disfranchisement of African Americans by pointing to the extent of illiteracy among the recently emancipated people.
Increasing African-American Discontent with Arthur and Republicans
After the Right Reverend Daniel Alexander Payne, then head of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) was expelled from a Florida train because he insisted that his first-class ticket be honored by the segregated train he was forced to walk five miles in blistering hot weather with his heavy baggage. The treatment received by the seventy-one year-old distinguished cleric who presided over Wilberforce University led to angry meetings of African Americans in Jacksonville and New York City with the finger being pointed directly at the Arthur administration. Frederick Douglass, accompanied by top officials of the African Methodist Episcopal church met with President Arthur’s attorney general, Benjamin H. Brewster to seek action on the case but they received only a promise to investigate--a promise which was not kept.
President Arthur’s refusal to respond positively after Supreme Court overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875 also led to widespread protests among blacks. Frederick Douglass said that the move would make blacks vulnerable “when on a steamboat or railroad or in a theatre, restaurant or other public place, at the mercy of any white ruffian who may choose to insult them.” Yet, Arthur refused to support any of the Republican-sponsored legislation in Congress to restore the intent of the original civil rights legislation. In response the National Convention of Colored People condemned Arthur in September 1883 for his administration’s failure to enforce laws that would protect the civil rights of blacks. The Louisville convention refused to endorse Arthur effort to win the 1884 Republican nomination for president. Following the 1883 overturning of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by the Supreme Court, Arthur failed to support legislation designed to substitute for it. All of the efforts to restore the civil rights legislation failed.
In Washington, D. C., in a speech at the 15th Street Presbyterian Church, African American leader John Mercer Langston called the Supreme Court's decision “a stab in the back”. These developments spurred a movement among African Americans to form an independent political party. Black discontent with the Republican Party reflected anger at this ongoing betrayal of their interests, and was only heightened by President Arthur’s January 1883 decision to effectively endorse black disfranchisement by not reducing southern representation at the upcoming Republican convention. Douglass, writing from abroad, summed up Arthur's legacy upon the occasion of his death. While he “regretted that he has fallen in the midst of his years,” Douglass said that “there is nothing in his career as President of the U. S. that proves him to have any sympathy with the oppressed colored people of the South.” | <urn:uuid:bf5dc04a-11b9-4bb5-8b9b-5cb7ae6dccbe> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.vickiematthew.com/single-post/2012/02/19/1881-president-chester-a-arthur-republican | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946535.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326204136-20230326234136-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.968034 | 985 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The Rough Diamonds
By Abraham Zapata , Friday, March 16, 2012 3:59 AM
The thought of diamonds usually evokes ideas of necklaces, earrings, rings and other brilliant jewelry glittering and scintillating to the eye. However, it takes a very long time to get diamonds ready to be set in such exquisite designs. The building block to all of this is a rough diamond – and rough diamonds take an amazing journey to end up around someone’s neck, wrist or finger.
A rough diamond is one that is uncut and unpolished. Uncut rough diamonds are sourced from the earth in one of two ways: Pipe Mining or Alluvial Mining. Pipe mining refers to extracting diamonds from volcanic fissures or “pipes”. Near the surface of these pipes an initial collection of diamonds can be found but once this is exhausted, tunnels are made to reach the deeper sections of the pipe. When diamond pipes are formed, some diamonds are occasionally whisked away long distances along rivers and in rare cases to oceans. Alluvial mining is the process of finding and collecting these diamonds from riverbeds and coastal beaches. The work in either process is laborious and exhausting – but will yield rough diamonds to be examined and prized.
After the rough diamonds have been collected, they are scrutinized to determine how they should best be cut to ensure the maximum amount of volume, or carat weight, while maintaining the best shape possible for the final diamond. With this in mind, most diamonds in rough are sought to be cut in a round shape, as this provides the highest possible brilliance and fire, while preserving much of the carat weight. Early Egyptians discovered that diamonds could be cut and polished by rubbing them against each other. Now however, with the strides of technology, rough diamonds can be scanned to determine the best cuts available. These advances also ensure cuts to be more precise and effective as ever to ensure a diamond’s brilliance regardless of the cut or style.
Once cut, the diamond is then polished – in this step the facets are added. A facet is any flat surface of a stone that helps add depth and make the diamond sparkle and flash. Most round brilliant diamonds have 58 facets (or 57 if the culet is excluded) to help make the diamond dazzle.
Now the diamond is ready for analysis from one of the diamond grading laboratories in the world. Two of the most notable grading facilities are the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) and the American Gem Society Laboratories (AGSL). The diamond’s color, clarity and carat will be assessed by one of these groups and then it will be distributed to fine diamond dealers and jewelry manufactures.
After all of that… the diamond is ready for wear and setting for you! It’s amazing how diamonds are desired for their strength, durability and beauty – and usually worn by women who share the same attributes. So the next time you consider buying a new piece of diamond jewelry, think about how it began as an uncut rough diamond. Consider all the time, people, history and work done to bring this beautiful gem to you. Display it with the pride worthy of all that time and effort. You’ve earned it.
For more specific questions ask our experts | <urn:uuid:3e7e7a46-49bc-40ea-b894-4b18a4ff714f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.whiteflash.com/about-diamonds/diamond-education/the-rough-diamonds-1156.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700438490/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103358-00087-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938722 | 674 | 2.671875 | 3 |
"And a happy 27th of October to you all. Perhaps a birthday – an anniversary – the maths extension 1 exam.This was the introduction to an interview (that can be found here) in which Dr Harwood (from Creation Ministries International) did a reasonable job of defending his position as a Young-Earth creationist despite some fairly belligerent interviewing by Adam.
Well for some creationists, Oct 27 4004bc is the day of creation itself. I chatted with Dr Mark Harwood from Creation Ministries about what underpins creation theory. Interesting stuff indeed. Hmmmmmmmmmmm."
After hearing the interview I checked the facts about Archbishop James Ussher (Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, 1625 - 1656). Adam should have checked his facts, because Archbishop Ussher calculate that the earth was created about nightfall before October 23rd. 4004 BC. According to Wikipedia:
After a 1647 work on the origin of the Creeds, Ussher published a treatise on the calendar in 1648. This was a warm-up for his most famous work, the Annales veteris testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti ("Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world"), which appeared in 1650, and its continuation, Annalium pars postierior, published in 1654. In this work, he calculated the date of the Creation to have been nightfall preceding 23 October 4004 BC (According to the Julian calendar).
Now, leaving aside Adam's error, how important is this date? Should we celebrate it as the birthday of the world? Do we have to accept that the world is about 6000 years old if we want to uphold the authority of the Bible as the Word of God (as Dr Harwood implied)?
I would suggest that Archbishop Ussher made an overly literalistic interpretation of the date of the creation. Even if the ages given in the genealogies of the Bible can be calculated accurately to give dates for Noah or for Adam, this still does not imply that we can calculate the date of the creation of light to six days before. I would argue that the first two chapters of Genesis are intended to tell us more about the purpose of creation and the nature of the creator rather than the exact order and date. I am therefore prepared to accept the label of 'Old-Earth Creationist' and to accept a possible date for the creation of the earth at over 13 billion years ago.
Of course I would still want to argue that the Bible is the word of God that should be read literally. Yet I find the Young-Earh creationists to be a little disturbing in their dogged adherence to such an early date in the face of very significant scientific evidence.
While we should not accept everything that scientists claim as 'proven fact', neither should we be scared of science when done within its proper bounds. While the YEC's claim to have rebuttals to much of the 'scientific evidence' for an old earth, it does appear to me to be 'special pleading' bound by a dogmantic and literalistic reading of Scripture. These are the kind of arguments that are usually called 'fundamentalist'.
A helpful article by Michael Jensen on 'Fundamentalism' was also released this week on the ABC religion website. Michael warns against the person who claims that their view is purely objective and rational - whether based on Scripture or something else (like Science). Such a person is not prepared to consider the alternative argument. A humble Christianity will always be prepared to consider the merits of the alternative argument - even when it might contradict certain cherished presuppositions or conclusions.
Unfortunately the conversation on the radio this morning sounded like a conversation between two different kinds of 'fundamentalists' - although I do think that the Christian was a bit more polite. | <urn:uuid:e36bf636-3601-46fb-927a-cb7fb0c5f62f> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://richardblight.blogspot.com/2010/10/archbishop-ussher-and-birthday-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741569.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114000002-20181114022002-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.955728 | 789 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The common cold is a viral infection of your nose and throat (upper respiratory tract). It’s usually harmless, although it might not feel that way. Many types of viruses can cause a common cold.
Children younger than 6 are at greatest risk of colds, but healthy adults can also expect to have two or three colds annually.
Most people recover from a common cold in a week or 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. If symptoms don’t improve, see your doctor.
Symptoms of a common cold usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus. Signs and symptoms, which can vary from person to person, might include:
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Sore throat
- Slight body aches or a mild headache
- Low-grade fever
- Generally feeling unwell (malaise)
The discharge from your nose may become thicker and yellow or green in color as a common cold runs its course. This isn’t an indication of a bacterial infection.
When to see a doctor
For adults — seek medical attention if you have:
- Fever greater than 101.3 F (38.5 C)
- Fever lasting five days or more or returning after a fever-free period
- Shortness of breath
- Severe sore throat, headache or sinus pain
For children — in general, your child doesn’t need to see the doctor for a common cold. But seek medical attention right away if your child has any of the following:
- Fever of 100.4 F (38 C) in newborns up to 12 weeks
- Rising fever or fever lasting more than two days in a child of any age
- Symptoms that worsen or fail to improve
- Severe symptoms, such as headache or cough
- Ear pain
- Extreme fussiness
- Unusual drowsiness
- Lack of appetite
Most people with a common cold can be diagnosed by their signs and symptoms. If your doctor suspects you have a bacterial infection or other condition, he or she may order a chest X-ray or other tests to exclude other causes of your symptoms. | <urn:uuid:3f3f96e3-c59d-4105-a2c4-be28ac01c9cc> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.fiaturgentcare.com/commoncold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605014501-20200605044501-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.931913 | 451 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Harvesting and storing melon seeds is an important part of growing a successful crop. Knowing how to harvest the seeds, properly store them, and ensure that they remain viable for future planting is key to long-term success in growing melons. This guide will provide information on harvesting melon seeds, seed preparation for storage, and the terms of seed storage.
When to Harvest Melon Seeds
Melon seeds are typically harvested when the melon is ripe or overripe. The seed should be firm to the touch. To ensure that the seeds remain viable, it is important to harvest them before they begin to dry out.
Harvesting Melon Seeds
When extracting melon seeds, the process should be handled with care. To start, slash the melon in two and delicately scoop out those succulent seeds using a spoon. Then they need to be rinsed off before being evenly spread over a well-ventilated surface area for drying at warm temps between 95°F – 104°F; anything higher could result in ruined results!
Some gardeners leave unwashed seeds with pulp “fermenting” in water for 3 or 4 days. They say that this increases germination. However, there is not enough data to come to a definite conclusion on this matter, so everyone chooses the method of preparation for storage himself, based on his own experience or preferences.
Preparing Melon Seeds for Storage
To ensure lasting shelf life, dried seeds should either be placed in paper or linen bags if they are to remain stored for less than one year. Plastic bags can trap moisture and lead to mold growth on the seeds so it is best practice not to use them at all. For more extended storage times, glass jars with lids that have been sealed tightly should be employed instead. It’s essential to always label each container of seed stock indicating both the type of crop as well as when they were harvested.
Shelf Life and Storage Conditions
The shelf life of melon seed will depend on both the variety and the conditions in which it is stored. Heat and humidity determine how quickly metabolic processes will take place in the grain because the seed remains alive and breathes, just all life processes are slowed down by the lack of these basic components – heat and moisture. So, the humidity in a closed container with seeds should be no more than 6%, so that a full-fledged plant could then develop and grow from them. The room in which the seed is stored should be ventilated, the air temperature should be maintained at 57-61°F degrees, and the humidity should be no more than 60% (even better if it is 50%). If the humidity rises to 75%, it will certainly have a detrimental effect on the quality of the planting material, it may well rot at such humidity.
As the storage time of seeds increases, the rate at which they germinate rapidly decreases; see below for a visual representation of this phenomenon.
- 1 year – 92%
- 2 years – 90%
- 3 years – 88%
- 4 years – 86%
- 5 years – 77%
- 6 years – 56%
- 7 years – 36% | <urn:uuid:54024e9a-cff4-4332-af02-1f0e17bdc2b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.seedcontainers.net/how-to-save-melon-seeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.935165 | 654 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the Vibrio cholera (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905. He is considered one of the founders of microbiology—he inspired such major figures as Paul Ehrlich and Gerhard Domagk.
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was born in Clausthal, Germany as the son of a mining official. He studied medicine under Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle at the University of Göttingen and graduated in 1866. He then served in the Franco-Prussian War and later became district medical officer in Wollstein (Wolsztyn), Prussian Poland. Working with very limited resources, he became one of the founders of bacteriology, the other major figure being Louis Pasteur.
After Casimir Davaine showed the direct transmission of the anthrax bacillus between cows, Koch studied anthrax more closely. He invented methods to purify the bacillus from blood samples and grow pure cultures. He found that, while it could not survive outside a host for long, anthrax built persisting endospores that could last a long time. | <urn:uuid:10b07714-5afd-4ece-bc7a-13c394fc1a51> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.upi.com/topic/Robert_Koch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626465.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617011001-20210617041001-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.968526 | 295 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Comics Golden Age: (1930’s – early 1950’s)
By 1935 many comic book publishers started to release their first comic strips as a weekly collection. The popularity of the format quickly led to publishers realising the full potential of this genre. This led to writers and artists coming together and creating original full length storylines and comics establishing themselves as an independent form away from the free supplements delivered within newspapers.
This era would also see the birth of the superhero. DC comics where first in line with Superman (created by artist, Joseph “Joe” Shuster and writer, Jerome “Jerry” Siegel) debuting on the front cover of Action comics. Superman quickly established himself as a must read character and would in turn spur other artist and writers to create some of the most iconic American superhero’s we know today, including: Batman (and later Robin) Flash and Wonder Woman to name but three. Read more | <urn:uuid:132305ce-171e-4cce-ab8b-7d8ad6645cee> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.thebrightonwriter.co.uk/tag/the-reign-of-the-super-man/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517485.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517130706-20220517160706-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.959596 | 194 | 3.015625 | 3 |
You’re likely referring to results of a study from Canada’s McMaster University showing that you can get an effective workout in 10 minutes, provided that one of those minutes is “all-out” very high intensity exercise.
For some time, the McMaster team has been researching the effects of interval training – high intensity exercise spelled by intervals of lighter effort. Now, they may have come up with an answer for people who avoid exercise because of time constraints. Here’s the story:
The team recruited 27 sedentary young men and randomly divided them into three groups. The first group was assigned to act as controls by changing nothing about their non-existent exercise regime. The men in the second group agreed to exercise moderately on stationary bikes for 45 minutes three times a week. Those in the third group did the interval training. Their workout consisted of a two- minute warm-up on a stationary bike, then pedaling all out, as fast as they could for 20 seconds before slowing down for 2 minutes. Then they did another intense 20-second sprint, followed by two minutes of slow pedaling. Lastly, they resumed sprinting for 20 seconds and then cooled down for three minutes. The entire workout lasted 10 minutes, but the men spent a total of only 1 minute pushing themselves as hard as they could in the 20 second increments. Like the other group of cyclists they worked out three times a week for 12 weeks.
Before the trial began, the researchers evaluated the volunteers’ aerobic fitness and the ability of their body to use insulin properly to regulate blood sugar levels.
Afterward, when they compared the fitness and health of the men in the interval group with those who performed the traditional 45-minute workout, the researchers found similar improvements. These included increased endurance of more than 19 percent, significantly reduced insulin resistance, as well as positive changes in muscle, reflecting increased energy production and oxygen consumption.
This study was larger and was conducted over a longer timeframe than earlier investigations of the effects of interval training, and unlike earlier studies, this one included a comparison group.
If you’re looking to cut back on the time you devote to exercise but don’t want to lose out on the health and fitness benefits, interval training might be your answer. And if you have been avoiding exercise entirely because of the time commitment involved, 10 minutes 3 times a week shouldn’t be a major sacrifice – if you’re willing and able to push yourself as hard as you can for a total of one minute. Bear in mind that the men in the McMaster study were in their 20s and 30s. (The researchers plan to study the effects of interval training in women soon.) If you want to try interval training, I suggest starting out at a gym under supervision.
Andrew Weil, M.D.
Martin J. Gibala et al, “Twelve Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Improves Indices of Cardiometabolic Health Similar to Traditional Endurance Training despite a Five-Fold Lower Exercise Volume and Time Commitment.” PLOS ONE, April 26, 2016, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154075 | <urn:uuid:7d19c9e5-3c44-4913-85df-343f5912f333> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/balanced-living/exercise-fitness/will-a-shorter-workout-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528220.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722201122-20190722223122-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.961923 | 650 | 2.8125 | 3 |
As adults, and especially teachers, we use a lot of questions!
“What colour is it?”
“What are you doing?”
“Where are you going?”
“What is he doing?”
The list goes on.
How much of an interrogator are you? Try to monitor how many questions you are using when talking to children.
Questions are important. They do have their place. However, children also need to hear models of good language structures and vocabulary. As well as questioning, we can also comment, repeat back what the child has said, expand the child’s utterance and explain things.
When we stop questioning and start commenting, the interrogation stops. This will ease the pressure on the child and should actually encourage them to speak more. Try it! Instead of asking a question, make a comment and then…. WAIT. The child will often fill the pause themselves and then you can continue the conversation.
Children with communication difficulties will particularly benefit from this. These children may struggle to understand the question or struggle to express an answer (or both!). They might know they need to give an answer, so just say anything that comes into mind. When they are not questioned, they are given the time to put across their own ideas and aren’t pressured into saying something if they don’t know what to say.
A good phrase to use is: “I wonder….”
“I wonder what’s for dinner today…..” Then WAIT. The child may answer, but if not, you can give the answer for them.
“I wonder what you’re going to play with today” Then WAIT. The child may answer, but if not, you can comment on what the child does (eg. “oh you’re playing with the car. That looks fun!”
Questions come very naturally to us, so this is going to be hard. However, the more you practise, the better you will become! Get into the habit of describing things around you – what you can see, what you can hear, etc. And don’t forget to….. WAIT. Those pauses are the opportunities for the children to talk and share their ideas. | <urn:uuid:baef8ab7-bd8e-49ce-8eae-821387d9770d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.chatterboxes.org/stop-questioning-start-commenting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337663.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005172112-20221005202112-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.96271 | 487 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The Greenland Ice Sheet–The Facts v The Myths
Written by Paul Homewood
I came across the Statista website a while ago, as it had some useful graphics at the time, so I am now on their email address list. Each day they send a couple of random charts, with the hope I might subscribe!
They certainly seem a reliable outfit and offer a wide variety of stats, but today I received this from them:
For a company that prides itself in infographics, this disingenuous example is shocking.
The webpage it links to is little better:
The whole thing revolves around taking a handful of impressively big-sounding numbers out of context, then extrapolating them using dodgy assumptions.
The claim “enough water to cover Florida in five inches of water” is particularly fatuous, as it assumes that all of the extra water goes there!
I may not have a fancy art qualification to replicate their info chart, but here is what a proper Greenland factsheet should include:
1) Mass gains and losses of 12bn tonnes a day are not unusual. Over the year, the ice sheet grows by about 600bn tonnes in winter, and loses a similar amount in summer:
2) While billions of tonnes sounds like a lot of ice, the total Greenland ice cap contains roughly 2.6 million, billion tonnes. To melt all of it at the current rate would take some 25000 years, by which time the next ice age would probably have started!
3) Sea levels have been steadily rising since the mid 19thC, at a rate of about 200mm per century. About 25mm of this has resulted from the melting of the Greenland icesheet.
According to official data from DMI, Greenland is currently contributing about 60mm of sea level rise per century. In other words an extra 35mm.
4) Temperatures in Greenland now are no higher than they were in the 1930s and 40s, a period when sea levels were rising just as fast as now. It is therefore likely that ice mass loss was as great then, although there were no satellites to monitor it.
5) For most of the last 10000 years, Greenland has been much warmer than present. The Little Ice Age, ending in the 19thC, was the coldest period since the end of the Ice Age.
In other words, forget the hype, and look at the facts instead!
Read more at notalotofpeopleknowthat.wordpress.com
PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. | <urn:uuid:8923e047-6707-4728-9b3f-4c9bcf8a19cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://principia-scientific.org/the-greenland-ice-sheet-the-facts-v-the-myths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517156.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209013904-20191209041904-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.968298 | 555 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Network ports are a mild abstraction of TCP sockets. They are a subtype of ports.
This proposal depends on SettingsListsCowan. Settings lists passed to procedures in this proposal MUST NOT contain the path key, but MAY contain the keys host and port defined below.
The procedures in this section take a specification for a TCP socket and return a input/output port connected to the socket.
Returns an input/output port connected to the host and port specified by settings-list.
Returns an opaque listener object (which may be of any type) that will accept connections to the port and host (which must be a local address) specified in settings-list. If the host is not specified, the listener will accept connections that are made to port on any local address.
Waits for a client to connect to listener, and returns an input/output port connected to that client. When the port is closed, this procedure may be invoked again on the same listener.
Close listener and abandon any further attempts to listen for collections.
Implementations MUST support the following keys:
Specifies the host as a string. It may be an IPv4 dotted-decimal address, an IPv6 colon-hexadecimal address if supported by the operating system, or a host name to be looked up according to whatever operating system conventions exist, if any. Appropriate strings may refer to broadcast or multicast addresses.
The host can also be specified as a bytevector of length 4 or 16.
Specifies the port number as an exact integer or the port name as a string. The meaning of a string is implementation-dependent, but is intended to be a standardized service name.
Specifies both the host and the port number in the form of a network endpoint object. See NetworkEndpointsCowan. | <urn:uuid:7e532879-870d-4ccc-b221-ca096876f551> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://trac.sacrideo.us/wg/wiki/NetworkPortsCowan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678704980/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024504-00022-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8473 | 371 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Nelson Mandela: Beloved in Boston
Brian Wright O’Connor | 12/11/2013, 11:18 a.m.
In the mid-1980s, maverick political activist Andrew Jones launched a campaign for the black neighborhoods of Boston to secede and form the new municipality of Mandela in honor of the imprisoned leader. The campaign generated a welcome debate but fell short at the polls. It did, however, leave one indelible mark: The word “Mandela” in white letters running vertically down the brick façade of a re-christened housing development along Washington Street in Lower Roxbury.
Down in Washington, U.S. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts was the author of the historic Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, forbidding U.S. companies from doing business in South Africa. The measure was enacted over President Reagan’s veto by a vote of 78-21 in the Senate and 313-83 in the House.
Two decades earlier, U.S. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy had travelled to South Africa to directly and very publicly challenge white rule. He sought to meet with Nelson Mandela on Robben Island and was denied. Flying out of Cape Town after delivering his famous “Ripples of Hope” speech, he ordered the pilot to fly over the rocky outcropping and dip the plane’s wings in tribute to the imprisoned African National Congress leader.
Kennedy cited the courage of the Robben Island prisoners in a LOOK magazine essay, titled “Suppose God Is Black,” published weeks after his return from the apartheid nation.
Boston activists led the campaign to suppress the sales of Krugerrand gold coins from South Africa in the U.S., staging protests in front of the Deak-Perera foreign exchange and precious metals office in Downtown Boston until it shuttered its doors.
When plans for an eight-city U.S. tour were drawn up shortly after Mandela’s release, Boston figured high on the list.
A quarter million people showed up on the Esplanade to see Mandela. When he stepped to the podium at the Hatch Shell, the song “Free Nelson Mandela” came blaring over the loudspeakers. Tall and elegant, the white-haired revolutionary in a gray suit and Windsor tie began dancing. The crowd roared its approval and waved flags with the yellow, green and black stripes of the ANC.
Mandela praised Bostonians for their leading role in the anti-apartheid struggle and spoke of a special affinity between the Hub and the ANC.
“Your pioneering role in taking positive measures against apartheid portray the deep feeling of kinship you hold towards our people and the just cause that they are so vigorously fighting for,” said the 75-year-old future president. “It was you who rallied around our cause at a time when we had to stand on our own all by ourselves and thus you became the conscience of American society, a treasured beacon within and beyond the boundaries of this great nation.”
Mandela also cited the historic parallels in the fight for freedom between South Africa and Boston. “It was here that the Boston Tea Party served notice that the citizens of this country would not live under domination by the British,” he said. “And that was the establishment of a fundamental principle which has inspired democracies, democrats, freedom fighters and revolutionaries all over the world.” | <urn:uuid:1c2cd398-784b-4a95-a19b-cab79697a97a> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://baystatebanner.com/news/2013/dec/11/nelson-mandela-beloved-boston/?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737961332.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221921-00239-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95312 | 714 | 2.53125 | 3 |
GUIDED PROJECT Introduction to the Process of Design:
Many definitions have been proposed for design - In essence, designing is providing a set of prescriptive rules for reorganizing the elements of the environment according to some purpose. The environment can be physical, economic, social, political, bios pherical, mental, spiritual etc... The environment is as vast and diversified as human reach and beyond! Engineering design generally has strong physical, economic and biospherical components but has elements pertaining to these other dimensions also. Design is an activity that begins with an idea and results in a product, though the product itself is not the end. While designing the product, thought must be given to the distribution, use, maintenance, operation, eventual recycling and the probable e ffect of the product on the environment.
Design is not just "making things"; design is fundamentally a "way of doing things", which is applicable to all purposeful, "thought-out" activities. It is characterized by decision making. A philosophy of design is therefore, eventually, a philosophy o f human action.
No matter the field of application, design is a process of interaction between a number of factors. First there has to be a need, a desire by someone somewhere (the client or recipient) for something that the design process can bring forth. If no one wa nted homes, architects and builders would soon be out of work. Second, there has to be an agent who can meet these needs, understand them and satisfy them. If there are no builders and architects around, no amount of wishing will make the houses appear. When both agent and client come together, through dialogue (communication), they establish the specifications for the design (Functional Requirements FR's)
Of course, both agents and recipients have their own viewpoints to start with. Their viewpoints are determined by their backgrounds, training, interest in the project, etc. Viewpoints may change as levels of awareness and understanding change, as those involved see the project in relation to themselves, their families, companies or communities, etc. The interchange between agent and recipient will establish the common ground which will result in an agreed-upon set of specifications or Fundamental Requ irements for the design. Having agreed on the specifications, the agent will go to work figuring out various ways in which (s)he can satisfy them and trying to select the best one. This is the level at which decisions regarding the matching or mapping o f the concepts onto the physical reality takes place. It requires a great deal of interaction and communication, and of iteration.
Note an important point here, namely that the interchanges between the three design factors (agent, recipient and mapping) are constrained by a number of elements:
human constraints and is symbolized by the base of the triangle.
2. between agent and mapping we have another set of constraints. The agent is not free to choose any solution (s)he pleases but is limited by a set of external (or extrinsic) constraints such as natural laws (physical, biological etc.) or laws and regula tions imposed by some external authority (e.g. if you want to build a house there are zoning laws, environmental regulations, building codes which have to be followed as well as fundamental principles of statics). Most of these constraints are, to a gre at extent, the result of what has gone on in the past. They are not easily changed. To remind us of their origin we draw a line labeled "Past" out from the center (FR's) to the left side of the triangle. The left side of the triangle itself will symbol ize all these extrinsic constraints.
3. Between Recipient and Mapping, constraints also spring up. We refer to them as internal or intrinsic constraints because they are imposed by the design itself. For instance, if the design calls for a frame type of house, we shall have to a ccept certain limitations on height, sturdiness, fireproofing, etc. These intrinsic constraints are directly related to the Recipient because the solution resulting from the mapping operation best represents the wishes of the recipient as embodied in t he agreed-upon specifications. It can also be seen that these constraints, symbolized by the R.H. side of the triangle, govern the future of the design. That is why we draw a line so labeled out from the center to the triangle R.H. side.
The human constraint between Agent and Recipient is always subject to change from moment to moment (within limits, of course) since it ultimately depends on the states of consciousness of both parties. It is therefore reasonable to see it as connected w ith the present. The space within the triangle symbolizes therefore the design space, the space within which any possible solution satisfying the specifications or functional requirements (FR's) will lie.
It is within this triangle of constraints that the standpoint of the agent is established. The standpoint governs the reach of the agent's authority or the sphere of action. The standpoint characterizes what the agent can do. The viewpoint governs what the agent can see and understand. It is obvious that we often may envisage a multitude of possibilities but are constrained by circumstances to precious few, as the five feet between our eyes and our soles remind us.
Obviously all the sets of constraints react upon one another. This is shown through the double counter circulations in the triangle of constraints and the outer circle respectively establishing three main feedback loops.
The ideal solution, embodied in a set of design parameters (DP's) specifying actual physical dimensions, numbers, material choices etc. in the case of an artifact, or statements and procedures in the case of a software for instance, is symbolized by the i nner circle tangent to the constraints. Tangency indicates that the constraints are met but not exceeded, the circular form symbolizes the optimality of the solution. The external circle represents the process as a whole.
This simple diagram can represent any design process, any thought-out action. It represents in fact the structure of a sentence when the agent stands for the nominative; the recipient, the dative; the mapping, the instrumental; the FR's, the ablative; th e DP's the accusative; the constraints, the locative; the action as a whole, the verb governed by the appropriate tense: past, present or future.
If this apparent coincidence surprises you, reflect on the nature of language and of design. Language being the articulation of thought, is at the core of the design process. The fundamental rules of language must therefore be the fundamental rules of d esign. The creative process is essentially the same in all human activities. That the product of the design be a sound time-series as in a poem, or a report, a two-dimensional display of graphical clusters as in a visual display, a three-dimensional obj ect or any kind of system or process is not essentially relevant. In all cases, it is a re-ordering of the elements of the environment according to some purpose as previously noted; and though the superficial properties of the object involved, and of the ir relationships, may differ according to their respective natures, in each case, the "deep structure" of the design act remains the same.
In this course you will have to complete a project, to design a report, an oral presentation, a set of visual displays and do and execute many other actions. It may help you to understand that the underlying structure of all this is essentially the same. If you are perceptive and attentive you will learn a great deal by remembering this structure. If not, you will happily and heedlessly follow the fate of the American bison galloping with the herd over the cliff. The point is that you are given four chances to experience the design process in four different circumstances while completing your project. Appreciate what is specific in each case and what is common to all.
Report writing, oral presentation, and visual display, like Engineering Design, require synthesis - bringing together disparate elements. So that you (the agent) wear your engineerıs hat, your writerıs hat, your partnerıs hat or your visual artistıs hat, you have in all these cases to figure out:.
- what is needed in terms of artifacts, words, or visuals (design parameters);In all these activities you proceed and iterate through similar phases which may be simplified to:
for whom (recipient, client, audience);
- why (functional requirements);
- in what form or language (extrinsic constraints);
- in what shape (intrinsic constraints, document design).
gathering informationA more elaborate listing would include for engineering (with suitable modification for the other areas) the following phases:
testing, evaluating, getting feedback
revising and editing
The purpose of the design format used in this course is to provide a number of benefits and to satisfy numerous objectives, namely:
Process 1 The Problem
- Defining the Problem
- Setting objectives
- Determining Constraints
- Nature, Kind and Sources of
- Information Needed
- Information Gathering
2 Options and Solutions
- Establishing Design Criteria
- Generating Options and Solutions
3 Options Evaluation
- Evaluation of Options
- Ranking of Options
- Selection of Preferred Option(s)
- Knowledge Base for Preferred Option(s)
4 System Analysis
- Feasibility Study of Preferred Option(s)
- Detailed Analysis of Preferred Option(s)
- enables the students to work on practice-oriented projects;
- provides a heuristic problem-solving methodology and a systematic approach which is generic to all engineering problem-solving;
- emphasizes team work - allows the student to work as an individual in a team and at the same time to assume a leadership role;
- offers forums for the students to communicate both orally and in writing to their supervisor, instructor, colleagues, co-workers, and occasionally to their clients;
- naturally presents the need for a broader and thorough knowledge base, scientific or otherwise, which has to be acquired to complete the project successfully;
- teaches the students the skill of literature search and information gathering procedure;
- imbues in the student the need to include technical, environmental, socio-humanistic, political, and economic factors into the decision-making process, and particularly to consider the implications of the non-technical factors in a presumably ³technical ² problem;
- allows the student to work collaboratively and cooperatively in a team and to interact with other people outside of the team; and
- imbues the student with a sense of time - it requires that the students budget their time and work under the pressure of deadlines.
A pedagogical team consisting of:
your engineering instructorThe dates at which these consultants will be available are attached.
a consultant for written presentation from the Writing Center
a consultant for visual display
a consultant for library utilization
will assist you with various aspects of your project, working with groups in a studio setting.
Course Structure Groups Design Project Schedule Research U Online Tutorials Frontispiece | <urn:uuid:2e6dcafb-ae14-45d4-ab0d-a622b899920d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://lemeestudies.com/Misc/7.Guided_Design/design.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487612537.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614135913-20210614165913-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.935493 | 2,281 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Latitude / Longitude:
36°44′41″N 96°39′41″W / 36.74472°N 96.66139°W / 36.74472
1,122 ft (342 m)
Central (CST) (UTC-6)
Carter Nine was an unincorporated community in Osage County, Oklahoma, United States, located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of Shidler. Carter Nine had a post office, which opened on August 14, 1928. Carter Nine began as a company-owned town to house workers for an oil refinery operated by the Carter Oil Company. The company originally planned to build housing in Burbank, but decided the cost would be too high. Instead it created its own town in 1922, known as Carter Nine. The name Carter Nine was derived from a combination of the Carter Oil Company and the community’s location in Section 9 of Township 26 North, Range 6 East.
The fenced and gated town initially contained fifty houses. As the community grew during the 1920s, another 50 private homes were built outside the fence. The community had its own school, with a faculty of eight teachers. It also had a post office, general store, service station, company offices and a large naphtha plant.
The refinery was transferred to Skelly Oil Company and then to Phillips Petroleum Company before its permanent closure in 1945. The high school closed in 1942, and thereafter students attended high school in Shidler. The town was abandoned after the plant was closed in the 1950s, when only 39 houses remained, compared to a peak of 300. None of its buildings currently remain standing. | <urn:uuid:5751ce9a-73e9-4ba5-8095-e8c1196b4ea1> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://unitedstatesghosttowns.com/oklahoma/carter-nine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.98044 | 347 | 2.625 | 3 |
Although men are more likely to have heart attacks than women, unhealthy lifestyles such as smoking, diabetes and hypertension increase the risk of heart attack among women.
A recent study found that the risk of heart attacks increased among women with high blood pressure and diabetes in the first and second patterns, with the suffering of a high body mass index.
"In general, more men suffer from heart attacks than women, but many of the major risk factors increase the risk of infection of women compared to men," said Dr. Elisabeth Millett, professor of epidemiology at George University in the United Kingdom. Thus, women suffering from these factors suffer from a relative disadvantage.
Stroke patients generally suffer from chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in the arms, back, neck, jaw or stomach.
Women are likely to experience additional symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, cold sweating, nausea and vomiting in an unusual way.
For the study, published in the journal BMJ, researchers examined 4.72,000 participants aged 40 to 69 years, 56% of whom had high blood pressure, diabetes and smoking, increasing the risk of convulsions Very cordial
According to the study, smoking increased the risk of heart attack by 55 percent more than men, while hypertension increased the risk of heart attack in women 83 percent compared to men. Associated with unhealthy eating habits and lifestyles, it has a 47% greater effect on women's risk of heart attack than men. | <urn:uuid:6f0426e3-5616-411d-a93c-b550f8162722> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.archynewsy.com/smoking-diabetes-and-blood-pressure-increase-the-risk-of-heart-attack/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527865.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419161226-20190419183226-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.946674 | 298 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Cell-free protein expression offers a rapid, reliable technique for synthesis of proteins. Successfully synthesizing large quantities of high-quality product requires finding the optimal protein expression conditions, such as the type of cellular extract used. Lysate choice for the cell- free reaction can affect expression feasibility, yield and cost. Which extract gives the best results? Here, we compare two of the most common: E. coli and wheat germ.
Cell-free systems are mainly used for in-vitro protein synthesis and can be considered as a powerful tool in genetic code reprogramming, involving the amber codon. In this use, the non-proteinogenic amino-acids are incorporated into proteins by charging them to suppressor-tRNAs molecules that reprogram the existing codons. However, cell-free systems are also used to engineer genetic circuits with applications for in-vitro biology or metabolic engineering. | <urn:uuid:ec7a9811-eb07-43d7-81ee-76d34916e666> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blog.synthelis.com/tag/biotech | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.934267 | 185 | 2.625 | 3 |
Considering the potential catastrophic impacts of climate change, it is well understood that we cannot continue releasing CO2 into the atmosphere in such vast quantities. But the problem is we’re still dependent on fossil fuels globally and are likely to be so for decades to come. So if we’re going to continue producing enormous quantities of CO2 but also agree that the CO2 shouldn’t go into the atmosphere, then what are we going to do with it all?
This question would be much easier to answer if CO2 was thought of not as a waste product but as a valuable commodity. But is there a business case to be made for using CO2?
Incentives for CO2 capture
In a perfect world, we would simply capture CO2 emissions and store them underground, an approach known as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). But this isn’t a perfect world, which means that large scale emitters of CO2 such as coal-fired power stations, require incentivising before they will change existing processes to prevent CO2 entering the atmosphere.
So far at least, the risk of mass climate-induced immigration, the significant loss in biodiversity, sea level rise, crop failures and an increased occurrence of extreme weather events has not provided a good enough motivation for many global companies to change their operations within the current market structure.
Another issue is that industries producing large amounts of CO2, such as cement production, oil refining, and coal-fired power, will find it difficult to lower emissions without relying on capturing a proportion of the CO2 before it enters the atmosphere.
Different countries also face unique challenges. For China, it is capturing the CO2 emissions from its coal sector, which may rise to 1,100 gigawatts by 2020 (although coal use may peak earlier). Unabated, these emissions will make reducing the country’s greenhouse gas emissions to its internationally agreed levels near impossible.
For the UK, which now has few coal-fired power stations left, the deployment of carbon capture technologies to all industrial sectors is limited primarily by the lack of CO2 pipeline infrastructure and the political and economic case for undertaking such a significant project.
Control of CO2 emissions in China depends on political and economic support from the government, too, and also finding suitable storage sites within a reasonable distance of where CO2 are being produced. For example, the IEA estimate that approximately 310 gigawatts of China’s existing coal power capacity meet the right criteria for a CCS retrofit, which is a third of current coal capacity.
China has been ramping up its CCS capacity but many of its larger projects are yet to begin operation. These include PetroChina’s Jilin Oil Field EOR Project (Phase 2), Sinopec’s Qilu Petrochemical CCS Project and Shengli Power Plant CCS Project, and the Yanchang Integrated Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Project.
The financial incentive for these projects to capture CO2 is to help extract more fossil fuels through Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR). This approach to capturing CO2 is obviously not a solution to climate change though because the additional fossil fuels recovered by the process are burned.
This means that captured CO2 is helping to extract more oil and gas… which is not a solution to climate change
There are, however, potentially better ways of using the carbon. Through Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU), CO2 could be used to create useful products rather than for the recovery of oil and gas – hopefully without releasing more CO2 in the process.
Currently the main CCU options include using CO2 in carbonated drinks, mineralisation, enhanced weathering of silicate rocks into carbonates for aggregate material, methanol, urea, dimethyl ether for secondary chemicals, fertilisers and liquid fuels, polycarbonate and polyurethanes polymer production, dry ice, and fire extinguishers. Many of these CCU options only “lock up” the CO2 for a short period of time and therefore cannot be considered climate change mitigating technologies.
Urea production makes up half the current market for CCU, utilising approximately 132 megatonnes of CO2 per year. However, it has one of the lowest CO2 utilisation growth rates of all CCU technologies (5% per year) because the process is well established, meaning that new plants are mostly replacing ones that are being retired.
Since 2013, algae for biodiesel production has seen a phenomenal year-on-year CO2 utilisation growth rate of more than 6,000% and carbonates and polycarbonates have also seen sharp increase in CO2 utilisation of 3,000%. But despite the high growth rates, in total these three technologies only represent about 1% of the CCU market. CCU technologies would be best applied and provide the most benefit in processes where captured CO2 replaced an existing fossil derived source.
To limit the global temperature rise to no more than 2C above pre-industrial levels we will need to reduce global CO2 emissions by 42 gigatonnes CO2 per year (cumulatively 800 gigatonnes CO2 between now and 2050).
As figure 1 shows, the potential for long term CO2 sequestration from all CCU options accounts for no more than 0.5% of the required reduction in CO2 emissions (cumulatively only 3.86 gigatonnes CO2 between now and 2050).
In general, CCU technologies should not be considered as a method to reduce CO2 emissions as this will only defer investment and deployment of CCS and technologies that can make a genuine difference to our emissions targets.
This is based on the fact that CCU, in general, does not provide a long term storage of CO2 and the potential market size of CCU technologies is limited, despite recent growth.
Given that CCU has limited potential to make an impact on our global emissions targets, governments must focus their attention on CCS and other climate mitigation technologies. China is the world’s largest emitter of CO2 and has great potential to be the world leader in CCS. In doing so it would encourage other countries like the UK and US to follow suit and do more.
Given that our main global climate targets are set for 2050 and it takes 10 years to design and build a new CCS plant, to make a sizeable impact in our emissions we needed CCS yesterday.
The transition to a world devoid of CO2 emissions will require all industrial sectors to make significant changes to their processes and operations. Regulatory policy will be required in all countries, building on the Paris Agreement that action on CO2 is required.
Governments must also provide economic support to kick start these CCS projects as they require significant initial investments in pipelines and transportation facilities, and furthermore reassurance to the operators of CCS plants that they will not become economically uncompetitive in the global market.
A well-recognised incentive for CCS and CCU is a carbon price in which CO2 emissions are taxed to dissuade particular operations and favour others. China (working with Germany) has also taken the step of introducing several trial emission trading schemes (ETS) in five of its largest cities and two provinces, which is informing the deployment of a nationwide Chinese ETS later in 2017.
Conversely, for all its good intentions the European ETS has failed to provide an adequate motivation for industrial decarbonisation due to the way the scheme functions and has resulted in some industries increasing their output of CO2 emissions. A global CO2 pricing agreement or entirely alternative system is required to reduce CO2 emissions in an economically sustainable way which doesn't disadvantage entire national economies.
What’s the solution?
If governments want a fix for reducing CO2 emissions CCS is a great option but it does require a large capital investment. Supplementary policies must reduce the risk of a country’s industrial assets becoming uneconomical in a global market rather than raising them.
CCU should only be applied if it is directly replacing an existing source of CO2 from fossil fuels (such as urea production) and if it doesn't lead to more CO2 being emitted than without the carbon capture.
Business cases for CO2 utilisation will probably only be successful for enhanced oil and gas recovery based on current global political and economic policies, but it is paramount that industries consider the full life cycle of their CO2 utilisation process to avoid doing more harm for the sake of gaining “green credentials”. | <urn:uuid:461550d0-7a8a-4608-8efa-f72070acaa70> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/9820-Is-there-a-business-case-for-carbon-capture-beyond-oil-recovery- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204857.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326054828-20190326080828-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.944063 | 1,748 | 3.484375 | 3 |
A 23-year-old pregnant gravida 2, para 1 woman is being seen for ultrasound because of her uncertain dates. Her best recollection of her last period gave her an estimated gestational age (EGA) of 19 weeks. Her vital signs are normal and her fundal height is 20 cm. Figures 80-1, 80-2, 80-3 are still images taken from her ultrasound examination demonstrating an EGA of 21 weeks and 6 days by measurement of the baby's biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). All four measurements allow the computer to calculate an estimated fetal weight of 431 g. The pregnancy proceeded without complications, and the patient delivered a healthy boy at 403/7 weeks based on the ultrasound-calculated estimated date of delivery. No interventions were needed for postdates because of the ultrasound calculations earlier in the pregnancy.
Transvaginal cervical length of a 24-week uterus. The hyperechoic line identifies the glandular tissue of the cervix and correct positioning to include the entire cervix. Measurement is from the internal os traced out to the external os. The fetal head is visible in this shot but not necessary for the measurement. (Reproduced with permission from Danielle Cooper, MD.)
Ultrasound examination of a 21-week estimated gestational age (EGA) fetus showing measurement of the baby's biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC). Note the presence of the falx cerebri and the thalamus (TH) to ensure the measurement is at the right anatomic level. (Reproduced with permission from E.J. Mayeaux, Jr., MD.)
Ultrasound examination of a 21-week estimated gestational age (EGA) fetus showing measurement of the baby's abdominal circumference (AC). Note how the stomach (St), spine (SP), and portal vein (PV) are all visible to ensure that the measurement is at the right anatomic level. (Reproduced with permission from E.J. Mayeaux, Jr., MD.)
The ideal time to perform an anatomic survey is between 18 and 20 weeks' gestation. The fetus has developed all of its organ systems and is large enough that these can be visualized in detail. Fetal biometry can be obtained to calculate a gestational age and has an accepted error margin of ±7–10 days. If resources are limited or patient costs are an issue, the second trimester ultrasound provides the most bang for the buck.
INDICATIONS FOR ULTRASOUND
Second and third trimester ultrasound examination can be used to determine fetal number and presentation, and for documentation of fetal cardiac activity, placental location, and amniotic fluid volume.... | <urn:uuid:977c42ea-714a-48ca-bc6b-c11bd2f4d3a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dermatology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2547§ionid=206784258 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100287.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201120231-20231201150231-00881.warc.gz | en | 0.895299 | 572 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Some leaders are born while others are made. The statement is argueddifferently using the trait theory and skills approach. Trait theoryargues that leaders are born with their leadership characteristics.Contrary, skills approach support that leaders acquire theirleadership characters from studies and through life experience. Thepaper will discuss chapter six questions about leadership skills.
Leadership has shifted from traits to skills in the past ten years.Due to modernization, there have been changes in leadership whereleaders are considered more competent depending on their level ofeducation.
Most important leadership skill group is conceptual. A leader withthese skills can plan, solve problems and strategize activities,which are essential characters when leading a group of people.
In administrative skill group, the most important characteristic of aleader is the ability to manage people. Once a leader can managepeople, they will help in managing other resources that willeventually portray a leader as competent.
Leaders can improve their interpersonal skills through developing ahabit of been socially perceptive. In so doing, the leader will knowthe problem facing others and how they get motivated hence provideeffective leadership.
Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand personal emotionsand that of others. It helps leaders to understand the variousresponse from their followers, when in agreement or disagreement.
When working with a virtual team, the most important skills areadministrative skills.
Leadership skills are exhibited the same in men and women. However,older people show better leadership skills than younger workers dueto their high experience. Similarly, people from different cultureshave different leadership skills depending on their culturalbackgrounds.
Both leadership skills and leadership styles show how leaders shouldgive direction, implement plans and motivate their followers.
All the leadership skills are important in every leadershipsituation. However, their relative importance might change dependingon the cultural habits of the individuals, type of people ruled andthe type of situation being solved.
Other leadership skills that can be added include communicationskill. The leader should be able to communicate and convince theirfollowers. Proper communication improves trust among leaders andtheir supporters.
In conclusion, leadership skills are essential characters that everyleader should embrace. The skills enable sound management ofresources and managing people. In addition, leadership skills showsthe competence of the leader | <urn:uuid:8dc0c2cc-7a38-4615-b84b-3a120279545d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://abeatenpathbb.com/discussion-on-leadership-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141729522.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203155433-20201203185433-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.947736 | 460 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Tagged With: college and career
- I can’t afford it
- I can’t get in
- It’s too hard
- I have a good job
- It isn’t worth it
Whatever is to blame, the result is that students increasingly take on the complicated economics of working and raising families without the knowledge, maturity, or experience to succeed at those. High schools are attempting to fill that gap by offering financial literacy classes that teach how to balance finite income from a job against infinite needs and wants.
Since April is Financial Literacy Month, I want to share my favorite online options, all age-appropriate for high school students and financial literacy classes:
I really like the recent trend away from presenting college as the goal for all graduating seniors, opening that up to include a wide variety of careers. Our job as educators is to encourage students in whatever their choice of post-school employment is, be it more education, a technical school, or a job. If we try to force students into a future not of their own choice, they disengage from learning. Ask a Tech Teacher contributor, Bryce Welker, has some ideas on that I think you’ll find interesting:
One way school districts are ensuring this is by introducing career topics and studies to middle school students. According to the Association for Career and Technical Education, middle school is the time when students are the most likely to become disengaged from learning.
This is in part due to them going through puberty, trying to form their own personal identity, and overcoming other challenges that come with navigating new environments. So this is a vital time to introduce courses that teach students about various career opportunities.
Let’s take a look at how educators around the country are helping middle school students plan and direct their future careers.
Sara Stringer, Ask a Tech Teacher contributor, has a list of great websites for high school students. I don’t post enough about high school so I’m thrilled with her article:
Some students study more productively in groups, working with their peers. Online groups and forums allow them to ask questions and learn from each other outside the traditional classroom in a space where they typically turn to for studying anyway. Some of these tools give them the chance to share their own knowledge, while others let them search through published questions and answers to help them find the information they’re looking for.
Because there are so many study guides and websites available to students, we’ve asked the teachers and staff at CalPac to share their favorite online collaborative resources for high schoolers. Here are 10 of the most helpful forums and study group websites that encourage students to work and learn together.
Physics Forum began as a high school extra credit assignment in 2001, and since then, it’s developed into one of the most popular and helpful science forums on the web. The site provides a community for students and professionals to discuss all areas of science, although it does primarily focus on physics, as the name suggests.
World Literature Forum is an online discussion board that examines all forms of literature and literary news. It’s a place to discuss specific books (fiction and non-fiction) and discover new authors. Categories include general discussions, literature by continent, literary translation, and literary prizes.
In a world where college fees go up every year, where the cost of campus-based classes invariably includes expensive extras, where the time commitment to complete college classes often can’t be balanced with work and family needs, Study.com stands out. These web-based classes offer motivated students a self-paced, self-directed path to achieving their college dreams in an affordable, flexible, quality ecosystem that prepares them for future careers in fields they love.
Study.com (formerly called Education-Portal) is a distance learning portal that provides over 70,000 lessons in fifteen subjects (including algebra, calculus, physics, chemistry, macro- and microeconomics, and more) aligned with popular textbooks. The engaging video summaries of textbook material provide access to more than a thousand full-length college courses.
Students sign up for a Study.com membership (there are three options) and take as many classes as they’d like each month. Depending upon the level of service subscribed to, students can view videos, take practice quizzes and exams, and get credit for classes passed through a proctored exam. All they need is an internet connection and a webcam (for proctored exams). Each course has about a hundred videos, each 5-10 minutes in length. In the College Accelerator membership, subscribers earn college credits that can be transferred to any one of over two thousand participating colleges and universities.
Study.com also offers a special (fee-based) Teacher Edition where educators can set up five virtual classrooms with up to 50 students in each, share class-themed videos, assign lessons and quizzes as homework, grade student work, print out worksheets, and get detailed reports on student progress. Lessons can be pushed out to the entire class or specific students. They can be uploaded to Google Classroom, Schoology, Blackboard, and a selection of other LMSs. Students join with a free Study.com account that can be accessed with mobile apps (with the exception of proctored exams).
Clutch Prep calls themselves “the video version of textbooks” but really, that doesn’t give you the full flavor of what they offer. Their academic how-to videos are textbook-specific so you pick the ones used in your classes, even by your teacher. Videos cover each chapter and can be used as a preview or review. Practice questions monitor understanding to see if you’re ready for summative tests. Answers include an explanation of how to reach the correct answer. Every student is assigned a tutor who is available to answer questions if needed.
So, yes, it’s academic video tutorials–Plus.
Clutch Prep was founded on the idea that students would prefer to re-learn a concept from scratch rather than patch the holes in their knowledge. Geared for college-level classes, this also works well for high school AP classes. With over 348,000 students answering 14,5000 discrete practice problems, 90% of whom improve their grades, it seems like a no-brainer. You can sign up for free to watch a limited number of videos. The full program requires a fee that varies depending on how many classes you take and how you pay.
When students graduate from high school, a majority enter the working world where they are expected to balance budgets, pay bills, and submit rent and car payments on time. All of these expenses must be paid from whatever money they get from the job(s) they find after graduation. The world expects them to pay these critical bills before eating out, buying clothes, or entertaining themselves.
That’s not as easy as it sounds. Most new jobholders never had to think about costs vs. revenue, instead relied on parents to keep a roof over their head, heat and AC turned on, and gas in the car (and a car in the driveway). Needless to say, paying these essential bills may be daunting, even confusing.
The good news is: Half of the nation’s schools require a financial literacy course. The bad news is it’s not mandatory.
Last year, I published a list of eight great financial literacy sites for grades 3-12. Now, just in time for April’s Financial Literacy Month, the business world has released an impressive list of additional resources to help teens see through the murkiness of financial independence. During April, give students at least a few hours to visit one or more of these excellent sites:
Taking the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) has become a right-of-passage for high school students as they leave formal education and enter the next phase of learning. Over seven million will take SAT tests in 2018 in January, March/April, May, June, October, November, or December. Some will take it for the first time; some for the umpteenth time. For many, it represents a last desperate attempt to qualify for the college of their dreams.
In an earlier article, I focused on preparation for the essay portion of the SAT. This time, I’ll discuss some of the great online sites that help students prepare for the math and reading portions. I’ve based my selections on the following criteria:
- ease of use — accounts are easy to set up with access to both the site and materials quick and intuitive
- well-rounded — nicely differentiated tools that address varied student learning styles
- quantity and quality of available prep materials — materials are both in-depth and in a variety of formats (written, online, video, live/chat) with explanations of answers
- cost vs. value — free is nice but if students get good value for fee-based resources, that’s just as important
- time commitment — students can spend as much or little time as they have on any given day
Here are eleven options for SAT preparation, from my Top Five choices to six Honorable Mentions. All are easy to use, differentiated, up-to-date on the recent changes to the SAT, and represent a good investment of both time and money:
When I first visited UWorld’s College prep site, I expected what usually is included on free SAT/ACT prep sites–questions, answers, and a lot of cheerleading.
I should have known better. UWorld is a leading provider of question bank materials for professional licensing exams like USMLE, ABIM, and ABFM, considered by many to be the gold standard in test preparation. Now, UWorld has expanded into SAT prep (as well as ACT and AP prep). The site includes over 1200 questions written by experienced educators and designed to be similar to what students will find on the real SAT. With each question is a rigorous explanation, step-by-step instructions, and helpful images about the logic behind answers.
- Choose your difficulty level–low, medium, hard.
- Get hints to help you find a starting point for the answer.
- Customize practice tests to focus on mastering specific concepts within subjects.
- Create your own flashcards for quick review.
- Track your time and performance to improve your pace.
- Monitor progress with reports and graphs.
- Compare your results to peers as a gauge of performance. This includes questions they got correct, how much time they took answering individual questions, and the types of questions they are struggling with.
- Identify weaknesses and improve strengths.
- Flag questions that you’d like to review later.
- Define difficult words from within the app (for reading prep).
Registered students can access questions at the pace they’d like, take full timed tests to build test-taking stamina, pause during testing, flag questions they want more work on, save generated tests to finish or retake later, and more.
When kids read that America’s $18 trillion+ debt is accepted by many experts as ‘business as usual’, I wonder how that news will affect their future personal finance decisions. Do they understand the consequences of unbalanced budgets? The quandary of infinite wants vs. finite dollars? Or do they think money grows on some fiscal tree that always blooms? The good news is: Half of the nation’s schools require a financial literacy course. The bad new is: Only half require a financial literacy course.
If your school doesn’t teach a course about personal economics, there are many online sites that address the topic as mini-lessons. Some are narrative; others games. Here are eight I like. See if one suits you:
Banzai is a personal finance curriculum that teaches high school and middle school students how to prioritize spending decisions through real-life scenarios and choose-your-own adventure (kind of) role playing. Students start the course with a pre-test to determine a baseline for their financial literacy. They then engage in 32 life-based interactive scenarios covering everything from balancing a budget to adjusting for unexpected bills like car trouble or health problems. Once they’ve completed these exercises, they pretend that they have just graduated from high school, have a job, and must save $2,000 to start college. They are constantly tempted to mis-spend their limited income and then must face the consequences of those actions, basing decisions on what they learned in the 32 scenarios. Along the way, students juggle rent, gas, groceries, taxes, car payments, and life’s ever-present emergencies. At the end, they take a post-test to measure improvement in their financial literacy.
Seven million students took the SAT test last year. While it traditionally is an assessment tool for college-bound seniors, more and more high schools are choosing it as an exit exam for graduating seniors (such as these changes in Ohio and the State of Washington). Driven in part by the educational imperative to minimize student testing, what better solution than a test already heavily vetted as being inclusive and cross-cultural that many students are familiar with.
In this article, I’ll focus on preparation for the SAT essay portion. General preparation hints include:
- practice good writing with every school essay students write
- use academic-specific vocabulary whenever possible
- take practice tests
- read a lot — and let that inform your writing
Here are three different approaches to preparing for the essay portion:
- Khan Academy — work on the students’ unique writing problems experienced in their PSAT or earlier SATs
- Revision Assistant — practice writing over a long term and receive targeted feedback to improve skill
- Mindsnacks SAT vocabulary — develop depth in academic vocabulary that improves not only student writing but their understanding of what they’re reading | <urn:uuid:4efd183f-3828-4bf7-9cfb-78ea79fe88c9> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://askatechteacher.com/tag/college-and-career/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620004625-20190620030625-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.95409 | 2,880 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Does your dog have the behavior of burying food and now wondering if it is the norm? Yes, it is ok. There is no problem when your dog buries food. Your loved one is following what her ancestors used to do. The burying of food is a behavior that should not surprise you. Your hunting dogs have inherited the behavior from their predecessors in the wild. For the canines to reserve food for the mortal days, did the burying of food. However, modern breeds do not have to store food. Capable owners guarantee that the dog has enough to eat regularly. On the other hand, dogs have been tamed for millennia, but despite everything, they have the inalienable behavior of burying food. Ok let us see some of the reasons that are making your best dog food
Reasons why dog bury food
To understand why dogs bury their food, I will use the example of how wolves hunt in nature. Wolves hunt small to large preys. For example mice, the successful hunt ends with a quick jump and an immediate kill that is followed by feasting just on the spot. If it is a surplus, then the burying comes in.The burial activity consists in digging a gap with the front paws while still holding the meat in the jaws. At the point where the hole is sufficiently large, the wolf only opens the jaws and gives the meat a chance to fall into it. At this point, he uses his nose to push the earth over the dog food. Unlike a cat, she never uses her forefeet to fill the food she has buried. When it is time now to feast, divulges the flesh with fore paws, snaps it into the pines, gives a fantastic jerk to shake off the earth accumulation, and then rests to feast.
Why wolves do that?
This protects food from other preys, especially birds such as crows, ravens, and vultures. In the sultry summer climate, the meat is additionally protected from flies and slimy parasites.
What about for the dog?
Now for the dog, it is easy to deduce what conditions must be in place to urge him to bury food. And here are some of the reasons that might drive your loved to bury food.
1. Surplus food
In the primary case, there must be a food surplus. An eager dog, like his wolf predecessors, would eat whatever he could. Only if there was something left that could not be eaten is when burying takes place for future consideration. Your dog might not bury the commercial food. The nature of most commercial food sometimes makes it difficult for the canine to hold in his/her jaws while digging the hole. Also for the dry puppy dog food, it is not common to see the burying behavior.But in case of something hard like bones, you will notice such behavior manifesting itself. So this gives us the next reasons why dog buries their food.
2. Hard to process food
The reasons why your dog is burying its food might be because she wants it to decompose until the point when she can easily have a bite. For sure, regardless of whether the canines are not overweight and have no real food surplus, a huge bone that is hard to cut and eat is likely to be buried. It is not a surprise, even if there is it is not a surplus. Nature is forcing her to do so.
3. Raw food
When the dog is served with too much raw food, there is a likelihood of burying behavior. Why? It is only because the burying means some time before feasting. This will give the raw food some other taste.
The above are some of the three reasons why your dog is burying food. So, in case you notice such behavior in your dog, don’t be surprised. It is blood flowing from his ancestors. But if your breed is not displaying anything related to burying, as well don’t worry. It is not a must for every dog to bury the food. She knows that you are capable and you will do everything. So, she is predicting less in the future.
Nevertheless, you can consider our best canned puppy dog food | <urn:uuid:bc4e516b-69cd-48b7-917e-1406fe58f765> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://petlabhouse.com/why-do-dogs-bury-their-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710192.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127041342-20221127071342-00846.warc.gz | en | 0.968719 | 851 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, is a precursor to the active form of vitamin D, known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Your body produces vitamin D3 when sunlight reacts with your skin. Small amounts are also found in egg yolks, fish and some plant oils. Insufficient levels of vitamin D3 can lead to a variety of detrimental effects on your health.
You may not notice symptoms of a vitamin D3 deficiency until the deficiency becomes severe, notes New York University's Langone Medical Center. Bone and muscle pain, hip pain, fractures and difficulty standing up and walking characterize significant lack of vitamin D3. Similarly, breast cancer patients who take a type of drug called an aromatase inhibitor may experience bone loss and muscle and joint pain, according to a study published in the January 2010 issue of the journal "Breast Cancer Research and Treatment." The study found that supplementing with 50,000 international units of vitamin D3 per week relieved the patients' muscle and joint pain. Researchers recommend vitamin D3 supplementation as a safe way to prevent vitamin D3 deficiency associated with aromatase inhibitors.
A high prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiency among Alzheimer's disease patients indicates cognitive functions of the vitamin, say researchers of a study published in the November 2011 issue of the "American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias." Vitamin D3 deficiency causes mood disorders and impaired cognitive function in the elderly. A genetic link has been found between vitamin D and increased Alzheimer's risk, and non-genetic components of vitamin D3 metabolism, such as pathways that control inflammation and oxidation, also affect Alzheimer's disease incidence and progression. Researchers recommend supplementation with calcitriol, an active form of the vitamin, as it is most effective for keeping the brain and central nervous system adequately supplied.
Symptoms of heart disease, including elevated low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, the bad form of cholesterol, and blood vessel inflammation and heart attack may signal vitamin D3 deficiency, according to Dr. Sarfraz Zaidi, author of the book "Power of Vitamin D." Vitamin D3 helps prevent LDL cholesterol from being deposited in the linings of arteries and forming the blood vessel-narrowing plaques associated with atherosclerosis. The vitamin also decreases insulin resistance, a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease. A vitamin D3 level above 30 nanograms per milliliter may reduce your heart attack risk by half.
Your oral health, including strong bones and teeth, as well as healthy gums, rely on vitamin D3 for proper growth and development, and deficiency can lead to a host of dental health problems. A study of periodontal surgery patients published in the August 2011 issue of the "Journal of Dental Research" found that participants who were deficient in vitamin D3 at the time of their surgery showed delayed healing for up to one year, indicating that the vitamin plays a vital role in wound healing.
- Linus Pauling Institute: Vitamin D
- Breast Cancer Research and Treatment: Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D Levels, Joint Pain, and Fatigue in Women Starting Adjuvant Letrozole Treatment for Breast Cancer
- American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias: The Beneficial Role of Vitamin D in Alzheimer's Disease
- Power of Vitamin D: Sarfraz Zaid
- Journal of Dental Research: The Impact of Vitamin D Status on Periodontal Surgery Outcomes
- Colorado State University: Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
- Vitamin D image by DSL from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:1f249d69-8686-4517-8428-57eea4aabac9> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/symptoms-low-vitamin-d3-5312.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171608.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00525-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892696 | 747 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In 2015, Britain was 24th out of 49 high income countries. Croatia, Poland and Czech Republic all have better stillbirth rates than UK.
Around 2.6 million stillbirths occur each year - 98% of these deaths take place in low-income and middle-income countries.
For every 1,000 babies born in Britain, 2.9 are stillborn (based on at least 28 weeks of gestation) – more than twice the rate of 1.4 in Iceland.
- Around 1 in every 200 births ends in a stillbirth in the UK.
- Around 1 in every 240 pregnancies ends in stillbirth in the UK.
- In women with a BMI over 30, the risk rises to 1 in 100.
- 9 babies were stillborn every day in 2015.
- Around half of all stillbirths are linked to placental complications.
- Other causes include bleeding before or during labour, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, a problem with the umbilical cord, obstetric cholestasis, a genetic physical defect in the baby, pre-existing diabetes, and infection in the mother that also affects the baby.
- Reduced fetal movement is a good indicator of stillbirth, with slowing down of movement noticed by the mother in around half of stillbirths.
- Around 7200 stillbirths occur every day globally.
- Worldwide, the number of stillbirths has declined by 19.4% between 2000 and 2015
- An estimated 4.2 million women are living with depression associated with previous stillbirth
|9 babies stillborn every day in 2015|
|Around 2.6 million stillbirths occur each year|
Flenady V, The Lancet. Ending preventable stillbirths 4 recall to action in high-income countries. London. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
NHS Choices. Overweight and pregnant. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/overweight-pregnant.aspx (accessed 2 February 2016).
Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, et al. Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030. Lancet 2016;S0140–6736(15)00837-5. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837–5. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)00837-5.pdf (accessed 2 February 2016).
Flenady V, Wojcieszek AM, Middleton P. Stillbirths: recall to action in high-income countries. Ending preventable stillbirths 4. Lancet 2016;387(10019):691–702. Available at: http://press.thelancet.com/Stillbirths4.pdf (accessed 16 February 2016).
NHS Choices. Stillbirth. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Stillbirth/Pages/Definition.aspx (accessed 19 February 2016).
Tikkanen M. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2011;90(2):140–9.
Harmon QE, Huang L, Umbach DM, et al. Risk of fetal death with preeclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;125(3):628–35.
Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. Reduced fetal movements. Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_57.pdf (accessed 2 February 2016).
The Tommy's Rainbow Clinic is part of the Tommy's Stillbirth Research Centre at St Mary's Hospital in Manchester. It provides specialist antenatal care for women who have suffered a previous stillbirth or neonatal death.
The Placenta Clinic, run as part of the Tommy's Stillbirth Research Centre at St Mary's Hospital in Manchester, is the largest placenta-focused research group in the world.
Tommy’s research centre in Manchester is based at St Mary’s Hospital. It was opened in 2001 and now houses 88 clinicians and scientists, researching the causes of stillbirth and finding treatments to prevent it.
When a baby dies after 24 weeks of gestation it is called a stillbirth. Incredibly, over 3,500 babies are stillborn every year in the UK and many of these deaths remain unexplained. Tommy’s research is dedicated to improving these shocking statistics.
In honour of National New Friends and Old Friends Week, Sam from Storms and Rainbows shares her advice on supporting a loved one through baby loss, based on her own experience of what helped.
CRY explores a father’s denial after his baby daughter is born sleeping. It is great to see this project defying the taboo around baby loss and showing that dad and partners grieve too.
'Pregnancy after loss is full of quiet excitement and joy that is often strangled by crippling anxiety and fear. The Rainbow Clinic go along way to helping lift an element of that burden.' | <urn:uuid:4a32fa71-2fa0-43b6-aafc-5aad0fbd60c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.tommys.org/our-organisation/why-we-exist/stillbirth-statistics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320685.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626064746-20170626084746-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.898489 | 1,109 | 3 | 3 |
Obverse: Head of Ancus Marcius right, wearing diadem; lituus behind, ANCVS below
Reverse: Aqueduct on which stands equestrian statue, flower at horse’s feet; PHILIPPVS to left, AQVA MAR ligate within arches of aqueduct
This denarius was minted in 56 BC by Lucius Marcius Philippus, step-brother of the future Emperor Augustus (who was just seven years old when this coin was minted). The obverse features the bust of Ancus Marcius (the fourth Estruscan king of Rome) whom the Marcia family claimed descent from. The reverse commemorates the building of the Aqua Marcia aqueduct in 144 BC by another ancestor; the consul Quintus Marcius (likely depicted by the equestrian statue on the arches of the aqueduct shown on the reverse of the coin). The moneyer of the coin is therefore honouring two of his illustrious ancestors and their great contribution of the water supply to Rome. In his book Roman Republican Moneyers and their coins Harlan explains that the portrait of Ancus Marcius is not a realistic one, but what the Romans imagined he looked like. His thin diadem is characteristic of the portraits of Hellenistic monarchs and also reinforces his royal nature. Below the arches of the aqueduct on the reverse we see AQUA MAR, with ‘MAR’ ligate within the final arch; a clever technique often used by Roman moneyers to cram as much information into a small space. Interestingly, Pliny described the Aqua Marcia’s waters as the coolest and most rejuvenating of all the aqueducts in Rome, and the whole city regarded the Aqua Marcia as one of the gifts of the gods. Not a bad thing to associate yourself with on a coin...
Crawford 425/1; RSC Marcia 28; Sear 382 | <urn:uuid:d6d9f5e4-0e4a-4e7e-8201-6fe6c4cce779> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.ancientcoingallery.net/categories?Ruler=L.%20Marcius%20Philippus&Category=Roman_Republican | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655894904.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707173839-20200707203839-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.936014 | 402 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Manufacturers of cleaning products are often more concerned about the ability of products to get the job done than their dangers to human health. Some products contain toxic ingredients that are potentially harmful to human health. When people come into contact with these ingredients, they can experience symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
Here are six ingredients to avoid in cleaning products, and their negative effects on human health
This is a very common ingredient in products used for cleaning glass and polishing jewelry, sinks, and other bathroom fixtures. While it does a spectacular job at leaving a sparkle, it’s also a respiratory irritant. Ammonia can cause shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. People who experience a lot of exposure to it will often develop respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic bronchitis. People at a higher risk of developing complications from this ingredient include the elderly and people with any existing respiratory issues
2. Perchloroethylene (PERC)
This chemical ingredient is also known as tetrachloroethylene. PERC is a solvent used in dry-cleaning and degreasing. It’s also found in some spot removers, furniture polishes, and carpet cleaners. It can cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, and even unconsciousness. According to numerous studies, prolonged exposure to PERC has been linked to cancer
This is a common ingredient in many household cleaners, including dishwashing soaps, laundry detergent, and disinfectant spray. Exposure to formaldehyde can cause watery eyes, nausea, burning sensations in the eyes and throat, and difficulty breathing. This ingredient has been linked to cancer, specifically myeloid leukemia
This is an ingredient found in mildew removers, laundry whiteners, scouring powders, tile cleaner, and toilet bowl cleaners. Exposure to it can be through skin contact or fumes. This chemical ingredient is a respiratory irritant that can cause coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure to chlorine can also lead to asthma, bronchitis, chronic dryness, and a disrupted thyroid
5. Glycol ethers
Glycol ethers are found in air fresheners and cleaning products. They are often used in the composition of oven, glass, floor, and carpet cleaners. These ingredients can cause skin irritation, rashes, swelling of the face or throat, nausea, and vomiting. Prolonged exposure to these chemicals may also lead to liver damage
These are chemicals found in lemons, oranges, and pines and are used in cleaning products as solvents or for a particular fragrance. They are often used to make furniture polishes, shampoos, and carpet cleaners. When terpenes react with ozone, they produce harmful compounds. Exposure to these chemicals can cause skin irritation and stomach pain, or cramps. Prolonged exposure may lead to liver damage
In conclusion, it’s always important to read the labels of cleaning products before purchasing them and before using them. People should avoid using any products that contain ingredients they are concerned about without further research on these chemicals and their impacts on human health. Empty cleaning products should also be disposed of safely in a garbage bag to avoid contamination. It is also recommended that people with asthma and other respiratory issues avoid exposure to these ingredients altogether. | <urn:uuid:64d5742d-7563-492e-9efd-8150f87120de> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.glowliness.com/lifestyle/6-ingredients-to-avoid-in-cleaning-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545548.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522125835-20220522155835-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.951169 | 706 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Confined placental mosaicism (CPM) is a condition in which the placenta and the fetus each have a different chromosomal makeup. This condition is sometimes discovered via CVS testing. Confined placental mosaicism is a rare and often inconsequential condition which only affects about 1-2% of pregnancies.
What is CVS Testing?
CVS, of chorionic villus sampling, testing involves taking a sample of tissue from the placenta in order to screen for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. It is usually conducted between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy, and is sometimes recommended for patients with a family history of genetic diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, or metabolic disorders, patients over 35 years old or at increased risk for a agenetic abnormality on screening tests, or those who have had an abnormal or concerning ultrasound finding. The procedure can be completed through a transcervical method, in which a catheter is inserted through the cervix to retrieve placental tissue, or using a transabdominal method, in which a needle is inserted through the abdomen and uterus to retrieve the placental tissue.
How is Confined Placental Mosaicism Diagnosed?
When women undergo chorionic villus sampling (CVS), the sample is analyzed to examine the fetus’ karyotype, or a visualization of the number of chromosomes present. Usually, the karyotype results come back normal, with 46 normal–appearing chromosomes. Sometimes, unfortunately, the karyotype is abnormal, with an extra or missing chromosome. However, approximately 1% of the time, the results will show two populations of cells, some normal and some abnormal, which is referred to as Mosaicism.
When performing a CVS, it is assumed that the karyotype of the placenta will be identical to the karyotype of the fetus, since the tissues from both originate from the same blastocyst (the structure that forms early in development which later becomes the embryo). However, approximately 1 to 2% of all placental karyotypes do not match the fetus, meaning that the placenta could have an abnormal or mosaic karyotype, but the fetus does not. This can be due to a mutation in the placental cell line only, or an aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes) that was present in the blastocyst originally, but was corrected in the fetus through a helpful mutation.
In either case, the placenta will have an abnormal mosaic karyotype and the fetus will have a normal karyotype. This condition is referred to as Confined Placental Mosaicism and is suspected when there is a healthy appearing fetus with a CVS result showing an aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes in the cell) often not compatible with life. For example, if the fetus appears to be healthy and abnormal but the CVS test shows that the placenta has a karyotype that would usually be associated with a miscarriage or stillbirth, a doctor may assume that this is a result of confined placental mosaicism.
When these differing results occur, amniocentesis is used to obtain the fetal karyotype. Amniocentesis refers to the testing of amniotic fluid to diagnose any chromosomal abnormalities. The cells tested through amniocentesis originate from the fetus directly and not the placenta. If the test results are normal, confined placental mosaicism is the most likely diagnosis, indicating that the abnormal CVS result was placental only and the fetus is most likely not affected.
What Do Confined Placental Mosaicism Diagnoses Mean?
When confined placental mosaicism is diagnosed, there are several other considerations:
- Although a normal amniocentesis result generally suggests a normal fetal karyotype, there is still a small chance that an actual fetal mosaicism is present (some cells in the fetus are normal, such as those found in the amniotic fluid, and other cells are abnormal, such as those in other fetal tissues). Fortunately, this is unlikely especially when there is a normal appearing fetus on anatomic ultrasound. Further invasive fetal testing may be recommended to reduce this likelihood.
- In particular chromosomal abnormalities, confined placental mosaicism is associated with uniparental disomy (UPD). UPD occurs if both fetal copies of a chromosome come from the same parent. Genetic counseling is recommended as further testing to diagnose these conditions.
- Placental mosaicism is associated with fetal growth restriction, so serial growth ultrasounds are recommended for women with this condition.
Carnegie Imaging for Women blogs are intended for educational purposes only and do not replace certified professional care. Medical conditions vary and change frequently. Please ask your doctor any questions you may have regarding your condition to receive a proper diagnosis or risk analysis. Thank you! | <urn:uuid:b12fb301-23dc-4c42-b7c3-ff5a9b7ec80d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.carnegieimaging.com/blog/confined-placental-mosaicism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.936884 | 998 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The spreadsheet is an analogy for many design decisions you make during development. Consider the data on a spreadsheet, as shown in Figure 3-1. If you were to store the data in a linear manner in a file, you would need to decide whether to store the data by row or by column. Perhaps storing it by row seems most natural. What if programs that require the data in column order access it later? Row order makes that access inefficient.
If you knew that future programs were going to use column order, you should have considered that in your initial code. However, if you cannot reasonably foretell in what order data will be accessed, you cannot worry too much now how it should be stored. Just document your assumptions and later on, if you have to change your approach, you will at least know why you did it the other way.
Many facets of programs parallel the spreadsheet. For example, string resources and languages form a spreadsheet such as that shown in Figure 3-2.
Typically the data in Figure 3-2 is stored with strings stored sequentially for each language. If you will be adding more languages, having the data stored in that manner makes sense. However, if ... | <urn:uuid:1e63fc98-1e2b-4f24-ac00-c280a42937b9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/prefactoring/0596008740/0596008740_prefactoring-CHP-3-SECT-11.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219242.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822010128-20180822030128-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.966141 | 242 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How do I stop my 3 year old son from using bad words?
When I was teasing him about how he was pronouncing Blue's Clues (calling it Boos Coos) he got mad and called out, "It's Blue's Clues, you dumb a**hole!". It shocked me, but I know exactly where he picked it up and that's where the problem is. He heard it from an older cousin that's autistic. The older cousin knows what it means and how to use it, but doesn't quite grasp why it's inappropriate. Especially around his younger cousins. I put my son in a time-out and explained why he doesn't use that word, but what can I do to keep him from using language like that in the long term? His cousin is 17 years old and is prone to outbursts. He's in therapy to keep certain behaviors under control. We're over at his fathers house a couple times a week and usually have little to no problem with the 17 year old. But he said the "A" word the night before when he was frustrated at his father. Any advice from other parents who have had similar problems?
Posted: 03/02/2013 by nbmom0056
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At three years old, he may be old enough to start learning that other people have different rules than he does. Like, at Bobby's house you can eat dinner on the couch, but in this house we eat dinner at the table. And things like adults are allowed to drive cars, but children can not. You may be able to make a game of it. If he can learn the difference now, it will help not only with inappropriate words, but with many other things.posted 03/06/2013 by Llimi
Answer this question | <urn:uuid:05493649-6526-45ff-a174-9bda7ca2f22e> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.babycenter.com/400_how-do-i-stop-my-3-year-old-son-from-using-bad-words_14337873_158.bc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166222.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00129-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983639 | 380 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The protesters in northern British Columbia had camped out for days amid bitter cold and deep snow, manning a checkpoint to prevent construction vehicles from entering the territory of the Wet’suwet’en nation. Their demonstrations, part of a fight against a multibillion-dollar natural gas pipeline, galvanized supporters across the country and at his town hall meeting, the prime minister was forced to content with a barrage of angry questions.
A green dot. That’s the symbol the federal government uses for this First Nation in the Gatineau River Valley. An online map that tracks one of the Liberal administration’s signature pledges — to rid First Nations of warnings that their tap water is dirty and unsafe — marks Kitigan Zibi with a green dot, like a traffic signal, indicating Mission Accomplished. | <urn:uuid:27ec4b01-2251-4ff6-9dce-ee0a790189a1> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.safewater.org/news/tag/Justin+Trudeau | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528433.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420000959-20190420022959-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.92125 | 168 | 2.625 | 3 |
It's an Interstellar Ramjet, not to exact scale, but sufficiently so to give some idea of what such vehicles may be like. Perhaps a diagram might help. Don't let the fact that it's facing in the opposite direction to the one in the original pic put you off :-
1. The two white cylinders are each O'Neill-type habitats, about 20 miles (32 km) long. Between them, with recycling, they'd house and provide ground-space to feed up to 10 million future space settlers. In planetary orbit they'd spin in opposite directions to provide artifical gravity, but in transit between stellar systems the ship would either be accelerating or decelerating at 1g, so the internal floor plans would automatically reconfigure their positioning and acceleration or deceleration would substitute for gravity.
2. Ablative shields to give some protection against any interstellar rocks which escape...
3. Laser-gun shields each formed of a spinning cone of lasers with varying angles, thus enabling the beams to spiral outwards cutting any incoming space debris into its constituent sub-atomic particles.
4. Intakes and exhausts. There'd be one of each at each end to facilitate changes in direction of acceleration - with automatic internal floor-space reconfiguration. The intakes would consist of a laser-gun cone and a cone of magnetic field projectors and generators. The laser-guns would protect in the same way as before, but the magnetic fields would then direct the incoming particles down into their tubes...
5. Interstellar Ramjet tubes running the entire length, would feed incoming particles from bow to stern where nuclear heat engines would give them a parting boost out of the exhaust, thus propelling the ship. Within the central pipe the tubes would be well insulated, and there would be space for storage, gymnasia and other recreational pursuits, laboratories etc., all of which would be a zero-g area when in planetary orbit.
It has been shown that providing such a ship can be accelerated up to around 100,000 kph within a stellar system, by chemical rocket or other means, then interstellar gas and dust should generally be sufficiently dense to make such ramjet propulsion possible. Travelling time will depend on distance, and to some extent this may depend on distribution of suitable planets for human habitation. Various estimates have been made, but if they average 20 light years apart, for example, usual travelling time might average around 150 years. Generations, yes, but not too many of them. A trip from our solar system to that of Proxima Centauri may take around, or less than, 30 years.
A Challenge for the Inventive and Innovative among
To keep the passengers healthy, an interstellar ramjet would have to travel at an acceleration of 1G or at least a reasonable portion thereof, but at an acceleration of a G you'd reach light-speed within a year. Generally around a 6th of the speed of light is considered for various reasons, to be the maximum achievable in real life. So our ramjets would have to accelerate at a G or good part thereof until they reached a velocity approaching that, then spend some time slowing down before accelerating up again, making their journey in hops or jumps. There are various ways of slowing down, but one thing you can't do, is put an interstellar ramjet in reverse, because that way no fuel would be coming in. What then, is the best way to slow down, and in a controlled manner, and how do you do it so that the deceleration is kept at around a G or a good portion thereof?
Further, if possible, we don't want to carry much in the way of fuel. Interstellar ramjets use intersteller gases as their fuel, their advantage is that they don't need to carry fuel, so if we have to carry it anyway for slowing down, we cancel out the advantage of using this method in the first place. How's your physics? Know anything about the Zero Point Field? Can you think of a way we could tap it - perhaps doing away with the need for interstellar ramjets altogether? Send us an e-mail if you come up with any good solutions. We'll publish any that seem reasonable on our Space News pages.
For a more serious look at Interstellar Ramjets, take a look at Dr Andrew Collin's article on these that begins on the next page.
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In this groundbreaking book, scholar Kate Crosby illuminates the once-dominant traditional Theravada meditation system known as boran kammatthana. Theravada Buddhism, though often understood as the school that most carefully preserved the practices originally taught by the Buddha, has in fact undergone tremendous change over time. Prior to Western concerns with the separation of science and religion that influenced Asian Buddhist modernizers, there existed a tradition of embodied, esoteric, and culturally regional Theravada meditation practices. These meditation systems differ radically from the reformed, text-based meditations that are now taught in Theravada Buddhism, including vipassana, or insight meditation. Drawing on a quarter century of research, Crosby offers the first holistic discussion of boran kammatthana in the context of historical events and cultural processes by which the practice has been marginalized in the modern era. Readers of Esoteric Theravada will never see Theravada Buddhism in the same light again. | <urn:uuid:9a5d7e27-9576-4406-8f22-adf9454b0e87> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://shop.watkinsbooks.com/products/esoteric-theravada-by-kate-crosby | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.933808 | 197 | 2.75 | 3 |
Essential Safety Technologies for Fleets
Photo showing an avoidance collision system courtesy of iStockphoto.com.
Since the invention of the vehicle, driver and passenger safety have been a major concern. Vehicle safety technology such as air bags and adaptive headlights has improved and ensure safer driver experiences for consumers and fleet drivers alike.
Now in the era of vehicle connectivity, the future of this technology can take just about any turn. Above all, it’s important to know what’s out there.
Designed to avoid or reduce the severity of a frontal collision, the frontal collision system first monitors traffic in front of the vehicle. Sensors, radar, and cameras measure the distance and speed between vehicles.
Systems like this were first introduced to OEMs’ luxury vehicle lineups, but have been steadily integrated into commercial vehicles. Now, virtually all automakers have a variation on the system.
Frontal collision avoidance systems are especially helpful for fleets that travel in urban areas with stop and go commutes; where there is a lot of foot traffic.
Radar-based collision avoidance systems are a broader term used to define the technology that helps drivers avoid frontal or rear-end collisions. These systems rely on radar and automatic braking technology. Frontal collision avoidance systems pair up with automatic braking, which also warns the driver and tries to avoid collisions with another vehicle, person, or obstacle.
These collision avoidance systems are recommended for fleets of all vehicle types, because they can be the key to saving lives and preventing major car pileups.
Automatic braking systems are activated when the vehicle senses that there will be an imminent collision whether it is with another car, a pedestrian, or an obstacle.
Automatic braking is the first part of the collision avoidance system, because is stops the car from colliding with whatever obstacle is in front of it before it happens.The same sensors located in the front of the vehicle as part of the frontal collision avoidance system aid in the detection of potential hazards, which alert the vehicle.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in 2015, 10 automakers agreed to install automatic braking systems as a standard vehicle safety feature in new vehicles.
Automatic braking systems rely on radar or laser-based ranging (LIDAR), which operate on a similar concept, sensors in the front of the vehicle send out signals to analyze potential obstacles ahead. LIDAR works in the same manner, but it works best in a short range radius.
The benefits of having automatic braking systems integrated into a fleet vehicle:
- Reduction in overall crash rates.
- Reduction in stopping distance.
- Potential preservation of life.
Automakers are pushing to make automatic braking standard. To solidify the need for automatic braking systems as standard equipment is a recent study from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). According to the study, vehicles equipped with both forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking reduce rear-end collision rates by 39% and also reduce rates of rear-end crashes with injuries by 42%.
NHTSA and IIHS reported that approximately 20 automakers are committing to making automatic braking systems standard in all new cars sold in the U.S. by September 1, 2022.
Automatic braking systems are highly recommended for all fleets, as with collision avoidance systems, they minimize the risk of severe damage or loss of life.
Side view mirrors help fleet drivers catch any vehicles or pedestrians passing behind them as they try to switch lanes or back out of a parking space.
With further advancements and testing, there are now blind spot monitoring cameras and sensors that serve as a secondary line of defense, when side view mirrors are rendered obsolete.
The cameras are small and usually under the side view mirror.
When a vehicle is trying to change lanes, the blind spot monitoring technology kicks in, and if it senses cars coming up in the fleet driver’s blind spots, it warns the driver. Warnings can be visual, audible, or tactile (driver’s seat may vibrate).
Blind spot warning help provide a holistic coverage of the area surrounding the vehicle. Blind spot warning is a short-range detection system.
This safety technology is ideal for delivery and service trucks and vans that operate in urban areas.
Similar to blind spot warning, cross traffic alerts warn the fleet driver about vehicles they may collide with.
With this safety technology in place, the fleet driver would be notified of vehicles approaching his or her side.
Cross traffic alert systems rely on the same sensors as blind spot detection systems. When both systems are put in place, they are the safety net that protects the car almost entirely.
And, it is important to note that cross traffic alerts only inform drivers of other vehicles they may collide with. Cross traffic alerts do not detect objects (e.g., walls, poles, trees, etc.), people or animals.
This safety technology is useful for vehicles that navigate parking lots or must back out of tight spaces.
While navigating a dark, winding road, a fleet driver wants the guarantee that they can see far ahead of their vehicle so they avoid hitting a jogger or a deer. Adaptive headlights expand the scope of view for the driver.
They follow the direction of the vehicle, and they change their view of focus to accommodate the environment where the vehicle is being operated. They may also accommodate to the speed of the vehicle.
For instance, a fleet driver is about to get on a freeway on-ramp and there’s minimal visibility in front of the vehicle, with adaptive headlights, the lights would follow the curves and turns the driver makes.
The driver doesn’t have to worry about manually adjusting the direction or strength of the lights; the headlights control that.
Similar to the majority of safety technologies outlined, adaptive headlights rely on sensors to detect the speed of the car, and how the driver is turning the steering wheel. These sensors operate small electric motors in the headlights that help change the angle at which the light beams out or the strength.
The lights will not activate if and when the vehicle is not in motion or when it is in reverse.
This safety technology is especially useful for fleets that operate in more rural areas.
Rear view cameras, also known as backup cameras, help fleet drivers see the back of the vehicle, which is especially important when the vehicle is backing out of a space or maneuvering into a parking space.
With blind spot warning, cross traffic alerts, and rear view cameras, the driver has assurance — aside from their safe driving practices — that their blind spots are in view.
The rear view camera activates when the transmission is set to reverse. And, the video or image of the vehicle’s rear is filtered into either a screen on the center console of the vehicle or the rearview mirror.
Rear view cameras will become standard equipment by 2018, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation.
All fleet types would benefit from this safety technology, especially those fleets with light-duty trucks.
With the increase in distracted and drowsy driving, it is especially important to have warning systems when a fleet driver starts to veer out of his or her lane.
The lane departure warning (LDW), which originates from lane keep assist, allows the vehicle to correct itself if it’s veering off-side or reaching the lane markings.
When the driver is drifting out of their lane, the LDW is activated and the driver will see a warning on the dashboard, hear a sound or feel the steering wheel or seat vibrate.
This technology relies mainly on cameras that detect lane markings ahead of the vehicle. The camera is usually placed on the windshield. LDW would not work for fleet drivers in rural areas, where roads aren’t always marked. Also, this safety feature would not be reliable in inclement weather.
Fleet drivers need to be aware that the LDW will not be activated if the turn signal is on.
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is known by many names, including intelligent cruise control and autonomous cruise control. It is the next evolution of cruise control.
The system of radar and sensors allows the fleet driver to maintain the vehicle at a pre-set speed and have a set distance between itself and the vehicle in front.
Adaptive cruise control is easy to operate; the fleet driver must first reach the desired speed. Most vehicles available in the market have a button that the driver would push, and from there, the driver usually picks the desired speed parameters, and the space desired between vehicles.
When this feature is engaged, there is typically an icon illustrating that this feature is in use. The sensors and radars on which ACC relies on are located in the front of the vehicle.
Similar to lane departure warning, ACC is not reliable during inclement weather.
ACC is ideal for delivery fleets that frequently stop-and-go, as they deliver or pick up packages.
It’s scary to think that vehicles once existed without air bags. It wasn’t until the 1980s, when the first commercial air bags were integrated into vehicles. Before airbags, there were seat belts.
Seat belts are the true first line of defense. They protect drivers, especially during collisions, from being ejected from their vehicles and into oncoming traffic.
The main goal of this rudimentary safety feature is to slowdown a fleet driver as his or her body is propelled forward during a collision. The air bag prevents the driver from ramming into his or her steering wheel and severely injuring him or herself.
With the latest recall in Takata air bags, it is now more important than ever to understand what the components of the typical air bag and how they are activated.
The bag is made from nylon fabric and comes out from the steering wheel or dashboard for the front passenger seat.
Sensors, of course, play an integral role in the deployment of air bags. When the vehicle collides with an object or another vehicle at a speed equivalent to running into a brick wall, the air bag inflation is triggered.
With more advances in safety, has come the addition of side curtain air bags, knee air bags, and even inflatable seat belts.
Seat belts work in tandem with air bags. The seat belt puts opposite pressure on the fleet driver and ensures he or she is securely in their seat. And, if a collision occurs, the driver is not jolted out; the seat belt keeps the driver in place and increases the effectiveness of the airbag.
Seat belts are considered primary restraint systems (PRS).
As fleet drivers and vehicles enter a new age of safety and technological innovation, there are other helpful components to be integrated into vehicles to increase driver safety, and, in some cases, eliminate the driver’s need to look at or search for his or her mobile phone.
The head-up display (HUD) is a relatively new technological advancement; it’s a transparent display of data that pops up on the windshield of the vehicle, in the driver’s line of sight.
Information like vehicle speed or navigation and even night vision can be readily seen if the vehicle is equipped with HUD.
Some automakers already have versions of HUD installed in their vehicles, but it has yet to be seen if it will become standard equipment in certain vehicle segments.
Third-party companies are developing their own versions of HUD to help drivers get rid of the need to check their phones. Through hand gestures, HUD could help drivers answer calls or turn off alarms while the driver keeps his or her eyes on the road. Similar to voice-command infotainment systems, HUD could even be voice activated.
There are potential drawbacks to the full integration of HUDs into vehicles, leading to questions such as how much technology does my vehicle need to have or can that call or text message wait?
HUDs are recommended for fleets where the vehicle operates as a mobile office, because it would help the fleet driver safely multitask as he or she travels from one place to another.
Vehicle safety has come a long way; from seat belts to air bags and most recently the development of automatic braking systems.
And, with the improvements in safety technology, naturally, the next step is a fully autonomous vehicle that integrates all these advancements.
And many automakers aren’t far off from having one in the market.
As some safety technology becomes standard equipment in vehicles, surely vehicle pricing will increase. But, that shouldn’t deter fleets from spending a little more if it means the driver; the vehicle and the product will arrive safely to each destination. | <urn:uuid:d7f60c01-bf2e-4187-ab8a-e2496b1e3bbf> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.automotive-fleet.com/channel/safety-accident-management/article/story/2016/04/essential-safety-technologies-for-fleets.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823350.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019160040-20171019180040-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.953915 | 2,583 | 3.078125 | 3 |
As many people today understand that autism is not one thing, it can present itself in a variety of manners, with differing levels of severity, and presenting a variety of symptoms. This is why the affliction has, in the last decade or so, has been referred to by the all-encompassing term “Autistic Spectrum Disorders,” or ASDs, which now affects one of every 68 children in the country, and rising. Some blame the increase on environmental contaminants, others blame childhood vaccinations, while many think the increasing numbers are due simply to better medical detection and increased awareness of the disorders.
People diagnosed as “being on the Spectrum” can have relatively mild symptoms be high functioning, intelligent individuals that present unusual, often obsessive, behaviors, and/or limited social interaction, generally referred to as Aspergers Syndrome. Others can display negative reactions to physical contact or loud noises. On the most severe end of the Spectrum, children that seemed to be developing normally suddenly lose their ability to talk or communicate, and, to one degree or another, the ability to control their body movements, some so severely that they end up wheelchair-bound. These nonverbal autistic individuals become trapped in a body they can no longer control, a physical prison with, seemingly, no possible escape. Some, however, have found a path out of isolation through a variety of therapies and the use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) supports, and devices like the iPad and computer keyboards.
You don’t have to be autistic to be nonverbalHowever, not all nonverbal persons suffer from an ASD. The loss of the ability to speak or otherwise communicate can be caused by a variety of other factors, such as severe brain injury, dyslexia or other learning disabilities, or medical issues like epilepsy or stroke. One such affliction is known as Locked-in Syndrome (LIS,) a condition in which a patient is aware but cannot move or communicate verbally due to complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles in the body except for the eyes. LIS can be the result of a wide variety of causes, from snakebite to overdose of medications to multiple sclerosis. For example, let’s look at the story of Martin Pistorius.
Martin grew up in South Africa, a normal, happy child until, at the age of 12, he began losing voluntary motor control and fell into a coma for three years. When he regained consciousness at 16, he was completely paralyzed and unable to speak. Eventually, his caregiver, Virna van der Walt, noticed that he could use his eyes to respond to things she said. She sent him to the University of Pretoria for testing, where they confirmed he was conscious and aware of his surroundings. Upon learning of these findings, his parents got him a speech computer, and he began slowly regaining some upper body functions and the ability to communicate with the outside world.
Today, while still unable to speak and confined to a wheelchair, Martin is married, works as a freelance web designer/developer, and is the author of the 2011 New York Times best-selling book Ghost Boy: The Miraculous Escape of a Misdiagnosed Boy Trapped Inside His Own Body., in which he describes living with locked-in syndrome.
Recently, as he sat in his wheelchair, alone on stage, Martin presented a TEDx talk about his experiences, using his MacBook and voice synthesizer technology to address the crowd. His story is one marked by abuse, neglect, love and despair. An expert on what people do when they think no one is looking, Martin has become well versed on human nature and self-determination.
Watch the Video: Martin Pistorius | My Way Back to Words | TEDxKC
TED is a nonprofit organization devoted to spreading ideas, usually in the form of short, powerful talks (18 minutes or less). TED began in 1984 as a conference where Technology, Entertainment and Design converged, and today covers almost all topics — from science to business to global issues — in more than 100 languages. TED is a global community, welcoming people from every discipline and culture who seek a deeper understanding of the world. Meanwhile, independently run TEDx events help share ideas in communities around the world. TEDx was created in the spirit of TED’s mission, “ideas worth spreading.” It supports independent organizers who want to create a TED-like event in their own community. Visit the TED website for more information. | <urn:uuid:79d4dc2a-db1a-47b0-a3f3-d033396beedf> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://savedbytyping.com/not-all-autistics-are-nonverbal-nor-all-nonverbals-autistic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057913.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926175051-20210926205051-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.960827 | 916 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Writer: Jane Moorman, 505-249-0527, firstname.lastname@example.org
During drought, having cattle that can tolerate poor nutritional forage is the difference between a cow and calf operation going under, or staying in business.
Pregnant cows have a harder time during drought because they are eating for two. If they are not able to consume and digest the required nutrients during pregnancy, calf development can be negatively influenced, which in turn has an impact on the dollars in the cattle producer’s bank account.
To help the cows’ digestive systems to be more efficient in harvesting nutrients from poor-quality forage, New Mexico State University Assistant Professor Eric Scholljegerdes is developing an amino acid feed supplement and studying the influence it has on fetal programming.
“This particular amino acid has been shown to stimulate blood flow by increasing the number and size of blood vessels going to the placenta,” said Scholljegerdes, beef cattle nutritionist. He is conducting research on cattle at NMSU’s Corona Range and Livestock Research Center.
“This increase in blood flow should stimulate the overall nutrients supplied to the fetus. By giving the amino acid supplement to the cow 40 days into gestation when fetal organs are developing, in particular the digestive tract and associated organs, it should help the digestive system function better after birth.”
The first generation of calves, born during the fall of 2013, is currently being monitored to assess the impact of this feeding program.
“One of the first questions we hoped to answer is how it was going to influence the birth weight. The answer is that the offspring of the amino acid supplemented cows did not have higher birth weights, and that is important to cattle producers,” he said. “We are now conducting performance tests on the calves to determine if their digestive system is more efficient than the control group of the mothers who did not receive the amino acid.”
A second part of the study is looking at the impact of the amino acid feed supplement administered 200 days into gestation, during the last trimester of the pregnancy.
“During the third trimester, the calf is pretty well developed and it is growing,” Scholljegerdes said. “However, our thought is that if we can improve blood flow to particular tissues, we could see an improvement in meat quality.”
“Overall, we hope that we can improve females’ longevity by enhancing the digestive system,” Scholljegerdes said. “So when the cow is pregnant and we are in a drought, we are hopeful that through this feeding program she will be able to tolerate poor forage and extract the nutrients she needs for her developing fetus.”
The downside to this work, he said, is that during the early period of gestation when this program may have the greatest impact, grass is starting to grow and is typically of high quality. Many cattle producers do not want to supplement cows because quality of the grass is sufficient to meet their needs.
“I don’t disagree with that at all, but if we can come up with a 30-day nutrient supplement program that’s going to stimulate the calf’s future abilities to thrive, then I would argue the ends may justify the means,” Scholljegerdes said.
For more information on this, and other NMSU stories, visit the NMSU News Center. | <urn:uuid:d24ed805-aee5-4a5b-8531-bf9279ecdf13> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://nmsu.scienceblog.com/2014/08/26/nmsu-developing-food-supplement-to-improve-cattle-digestive-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704824728.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127121330-20210127151330-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.958137 | 720 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Woody fuels reduced even when fuel reduction was not primary management objective
Harvesting fire-killed trees is an effective way to reduce woody fuels for up to four decades following wildfire in dry coniferous forests, a U.S. Forest Service study has found.
The retrospective analysis, among the first to measure the long-term effects of post-fire logging on forest fuels, is published in the journal Forest Ecology and Management.
“Large wildfires can leave behind thousands of acres of fire-killed trees that eventually become fuel for future fires. In the past, post-fire logging has been conducted primarily to recover economic value from those fire-killed trees,” said David W. Peterson, a Wenatchee-based research ecologist with the Pacific Northwest Research Station who led the study.
The study shows that post-fire logging also provides a tangible long-term fuel reduction benefit, giving forest managers another tool for managing woody fuels in dry forest landscapes.
“In comparing logged and unlogged stands, we found that logged stands had higher fuels thanunlogged stands, on average, during the first five years after fire and logging, but then had lower fuels from seven to forty years after fire, with the greatest differences being found for large-diameter woody fuels,” Peterson said. “This study provides a sound scientific basis for forest managers to consider fuels management goals along with recovery of economic value and wildlife habitat concerns when deciding when and where to propose post-fire logging.”
The researchers’ analysis revealed that, in unlogged stands, surface woody fuel levels were low shortly after wildfire, peaked 10 to 20 years after wildfire, and then declined gradually out to 39 years past the wildfire. In logged stands, small- and medium-diameter fuels reached their highest levels shortly after the wildfire and then declined in subsequent years, but larger-diameter fuels changed relatively little over the entire time range.
Peterson and his co-authors sampled woody fuels on 255 coniferous forest stands that were killed by wildfires in eastern Washington and Oregon—the region’s most fire-prone areas—between 1970 and 2007. Their sample included 96 stands that were logged after wildfire and 159 that were not, an approach that allowed the researchers to test the effects of post-fire logging on forest fuels. The researchers accounted for pre-fire stand differences by measuring standing and fallen dead trees and stumps in each stand. They did not consider the effects of post-fire logging on sediment, wildlife habitat, or aesthetics.
The Pacific Northwest Research Station—headquartered in Portland, Ore.—generates and communicates scientific knowledge that helps people make informed choices about natural resources and the environment. The station has 11 laboratories and centers located in Alaska, Washington, and Oregon and about 300 employees. Learn more online at http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw. | <urn:uuid:8ec9ed75-f29e-42ab-bb62-941d01d86ecd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.forestindustry.com/features/post-fire-logging-can-reduce-fuels-for-up-to-40-years-in-reg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00230-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956338 | 594 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Endometriosis is a common condition that involves uterine-like tissue growing in other areas of the body besides the uterus itself, especially in the ovaries. This can cause a lot of different symptoms, including severe pain during or around menstruation, pain while ovulating, when having sex, etc. Women with endometriosis might also experience abdominal bloating, heavy or irregular bleeding, fatigue, and infertility is also common.
There is currently no way to cure endometriosis through conventional medical treatment methods, and the main reason for this is because most medical doctors don’t know what the actual cause of endometriosis is. As a result, they usually just treat the person with pain medication, and they may give some hormonal treatments to reduce the production of estrogen, or in some cases might perform surgery to remove the endometriotic lesions.
What Is The Cause Of Endometriosis?
In order to cure endometriosis, it’s important to understand how this condition develops. In the past I have spoken about a condition called estrogen dominance, which involves an imbalance in the ratios of estrogen and progesterone. Although this can be caused by an excess in estrogen, the most common cause is a deficiency of progesterone.
In any case, estrogen dominance can cause many problems, and endometriosis is potentially one of these conditions that can develop due to this hormone imbalance. Some doctors think that this condition is due to an excess of estrogen, which is the reasoning behind the hormonal injections to reduce the amount of estrogen. But while these injections might help someone who has estrogen dominance due to an excess of estrogen, it won’t help women who have a progesterone deficiency, which is the problem with many people.
So rather than just randomly giving women with endometriosis hormone injections or performing surgery, it makes sense to at least try to determine the actual cause of the condition. And our friend, the Female Hormone Panel, will frequently reveal a hormone imbalance that has caused this condition to develop. So whenever I see a patient who has endometriosis, this is the first step I recommend in trying to determine what the actual cause is. If the test shows a progesterone deficiency, then I recommend a certain protocol for the patient. On the other hand, if excess estrogen is the culprit, then I’ll recommend a completely different protocol. And if estrogen dominance isn’t the cause, then this of course will be ruled out as a cause and I’ll need to do some additional detective work!
This is just further proof of how most medical doctors don’t use common sense, not only with endometriosis, but with most other conditions as well. After all, this condition doesn’t just spontaneously develop. The fact that it only happens in cycling women is a big hint that it has something to do with hormones. So it just make sense to begin with a hormone panel to confirm that there is an imbalance of hormones, and give us the necessary information to correct it.
Dealing With Endometriosis And Infertility
Since infertility is such a common problem, you might wonder whether providing a cure for endometriosis through natural treatment methods will correct the infertility problem and allow the woman to get pregnant. In many cases following a protocol to cure endometriosis will indeed also correct the infertility problem. Obviously there are no guarantees with any type of treatment, but since a natural treatment protocol is non-invasive and has a high level of success, in my opinion this should be the first option. Then if all else fails you can of course always choose to receive the conventional medical treatment.
In summary, if you or someone you know has endometriosis, you might want to consider following a natural treatment protocol. If you have already started receiving medical treatment then that’s fine, as you can always switch to natural treatment methods. As usual, just try to keep an open mind and realize that there is a cause of endometriosis, and by determining the cause, in most cases this condition can be cured. | <urn:uuid:f34bf454-ae97-4b60-8299-adc0a1cfa490> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/archives/how-to-use-natural-treatment-methods-to-cure-endometriosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890771.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121135825-20180121155825-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.937982 | 848 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Earth Overshoot Day 2011 Is September 27 - By Mid-Century We'll Need Two Full Planets For Us All
Every year towards the end of summer the folks at the Global Footprint Network release their calculations on when Earth Overshoot Day will be for the year. In 2011, September 27th is the day when humanity as whole begins using more resources than the planet can perpetually regenerate annually. We've covered this, as it were, event a number of times, so check out what was written in 2008, 2009, and 2010 for some context.
As for a more basic definition of what Earth Overshoot Day is, and why it's critically significant--if not as a day itself, but conceptually--here's what the Global Footprint Network says:
For a vast majority of human history, humanity has used natures' services - to build cities and roads, to provide food and create products; and to absorb the CO2 generated by human activities - at a rate that was well within the means of what nature could regenerate. But, sometime in the mid 1970's, we crossed the critical threshold. Human demand on nature began outstripping what it could renewably produce, a condition known as ecological overshoot.
Global Footprint Network's preliminary 2011 calculations show we are now using resources at a rate that would take between 1.3 and 1.5 planets to sustainably support. Our research shows us on track to require the resources of two planets well before mid-century.
Put simply, Earth Overshoot Day shows the day on which our total Ecological Footprint (measured in global hectares) is equal to the biocapacity (also measured in global hectares) that nature can regenerate in that year. For the rest of the year, we are accumulating debt by depleting our natural capital and letting waste accumulate.
As for the variations in date (2010 was over a month earlier than previous calculations), the Footprint Network last year stated that rather than being a marked increase in consumption, results from variations in accuracy of available data.
Remember though, as the graph above shows, the trend is solidly upwards, resulting in no small part from increases in consumption levels and increases in human population. | <urn:uuid:84cb2f88-8985-4be6-95ef-96deb485a7c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.treehugger.com/culture/earth-overshoot-day-2011-is-september-27-by-mid-century-well-need-two-full-planets-for-us-all.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828009.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00260-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949179 | 454 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The red hexes with fat borders shown on the board are the castles of the players. The object of the game is to move a piece into the opponents' castle, thereby capturing it.
There are three types of pieces: Pawns, rooks and bishops.
A pawn (P) can move to a neighbouring hex either up-left or up-right (up being away from the home castle). If a pawn enters one of the two red hexes in the penultimate row that do not have any hexes above them (neither up-left nor up-right), they may move one hex sideways. Unlike in normal chess, pawns capture the same way that they move, nor may they move two hexes in their first move (and hence there are no en-passant captures). There is no promotion of pawns.
A few examples of pawn moves are shown below. White moves up the board and black down the board.
A rook (R) can move any number of hexes in a straight line in any of the six primary directions (left, right, up-left, up-right, down-left or down-right).
An example of rook moves is shown below.
A bishop (B) can move to any of the six nearest hexes in the secondary directions (along the edges separating two neighbouring hexes). Hence, they always stay on the same colour. Bishops are not blocked by pieces in the hexes they move alongside. They are thus somewhat of a cross between bishops and knights from normal chess.
A few examples of bishop moves are shown below.
The initial set-up is shown below.
A player that has no pieces left that can legally occupy the opponents' castle (i.e, only blue and green bishops) loses.
A position may not be repeated. A move that would repeat a previous position is hence illegal.
The no-repeat rule above means that no game can end in a stalemate. However, I don't think it will happen very often that games are lost by the inability to make a new position. After all, pawn moves and captures are irreversible.
I have concentrated on making the game simple, which is one reason for the small number of different pieces and the relatively simple movement rules. The only exception is the special case for pawns in the red hexes of the penultimate lines, which I introduced to avoid pawns being stuck there.
Making the object of the game the capture of a special hex rather than a special piece was prompted by the shape of the board. Initially I did have a king piece starting in the castle, but I wanted to have a bishop of each colour and the castle seemed like a logical place to put it. And I don't think a king will add anything of value to the game.
The red bishop is much more valuable than the green or the blue. Not only is it capable of entering the opponents castle, there are also has three more red hexes than blue or green.
If playing with pieces from a single normal chess set, you will be one bishop short. In view of the higher value of the red bishop, I suggest you use the queen piece for that. | <urn:uuid:cc992e25-2d38-47cc-9fe4-fe2f16351782> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://hjemmesider.diku.dk/~torbenm/hex39/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998600.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618003227-20190618025227-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.959884 | 659 | 2.75 | 3 |
Hay fever; Nasal allergies; Seasonal allergy; Seasonal allergic rhinitis; Allergies - allergic rhinitis; Allergy - allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is a diagnosis associated with a group of symptoms affecting the nose. These symptoms occur when you breathe in something you are allergic to, such as dust, animal dander, or pollen. Symptoms can also occur when you eat a food that you are allergic to.
This article focuses on allergic rhinitis due to plant pollens. This type of allergic rhinitis is commonly called hay fever or seasonal allergy.
An allergen is something that triggers an allergy. When a person with allergic rhinitis breathes in an allergen such as pollen, mold, animal dander, or dust, the body releases chemicals that cause allergy symptoms.
Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is a collection of symptoms, predominantly in the nose and eyes, to allergens such as dust, dander and pollen. The sensitized immune system produces antibodies to these allergens, which cause chemicals called histamines to be released into the bloodstream, causing itching, swelling of affected tissues, mucus production, hives, rashes, and other symptoms. Symptoms vary in severity from person to person.
Hay fever involves an allergic reaction to pollen.
Plants that cause hay fever are trees, grasses, and ragweed. Their pollen is carried by the wind. (Flower pollen is carried by insects and does not cause hay fever.) Types of plants that cause hay fever vary from person to person and from area to area.
The amount of pollen in the air can affect whether hay fever symptoms develop or not.
Hay fever and allergies often run in families. If both of your parents have hay fever or other allergies, you are likely to have hay fever and allergies, too. The chance is higher if your mother has allergies.
Symptoms that occur shortly after you come into contact with the substance you are allergic to may include:
Symptoms that may develop later include:
An allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to substances (allergens) that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response. Antibodies are formed by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen such as pollen, mold, dust or dander.
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. You will be asked whether your symptoms vary by time of day or season, and exposure to pets or other allergens.
Allergy testing may reveal the pollen or other substances that trigger your symptoms. Skin testing is the most common method of allergy testing.
If your doctor determines you cannot have skin testing, special blood tests may help with the diagnosis. These tests, known as IgE RAST tests, can measure the levels of allergy-related substances.
A complete blood count (CBC) test, called the eosinophil count, may also help diagnose allergies.
LIFESTYLE AND AVOIDING ALLERGENS
The best treatment is to avoid the pollens that cause your symptoms. It may be impossible to avoid all pollen. But you can often take steps to reduce your exposure.
You may be prescribed medicine to treat allergic rhinitis. The medicine your doctor prescribes depends on your symptoms and how severe they are. Your age and whether you have other medical conditions, such as asthma, will also be considered.
For mild allergic rhinitis, a nasal wash can help remove mucus from the nose. You can buy a saline solution at a drug store or make one at home using 1 cup (240 milliliters) of warm water, half a teaspoon (3 grams) of salt, and pinch of baking soda.
Treatments for allergic rhinitis include:
Medicines called antihistamines work well for treating allergy symptoms. They may be used when symptoms do not happen often or do not last long. Be aware of the following:
Allergy shots (immunotherapy) are sometimes recommended if you cannot avoid the pollen and your symptoms are hard to control. This includes regular shots of the pollen you are allergic to. Each dose is slightly larger than the dose before it, until you reach the dose that helps control your symptoms. Allergy shots may help your body adjust to the pollen that is causing the reaction.
SUBLINGUAL IMMUNOTHERAPY TREATMENT (SLIT)
Instead of shots, medicine put under the tongue may help for grass and ragweed allergies.
Most symptoms of allergic rhinitis can be treated. More severe cases need allergy shots.
Some people, especially children, may outgrow an allergy as the immune system becomes less sensitive to the trigger. But once a substance, such as pollen, causes allergies, it often continues to have a long-term effect on the person.
Call for an appointment with your provider if:
You can sometimes prevent symptoms by avoiding the pollen you are allergic to. During pollen season, you should stay indoors where it is air-conditioned, if possible. Sleep with the windows closed, and drive with the windows rolled up.
Cox DR, Wise SK, Baroody FM. Allergy and immunology of the upper airway. In: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 35.
Milgrom H, Sicherer SH. Allergic rhinitis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 168.
Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Lang DM. Pharmacologic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: synopsis of guidance from the 2017 joint task force on practice parameters. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(12):876-881. PMID: 29181536 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29181536/. | <urn:uuid:ac854fe8-31be-41dd-ad84-f326aca7f25c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.healthing.ca/diseases-and-conditions/allergic-rhinitis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363327.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206224536-20211207014536-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.90404 | 1,329 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Why Yogurt is Good for You
A cup of yogurt (yoghurt or yoghourt) gives you at least 47.5% of your daily recommended calcium requirement. That’s more than the calcium in milk.
Yogurt is also rich in protein. Protein helps build and repair body tissues. The presence of additional milk solids in yogurt makes it a more concentrated source of protein compared to milk. And since protein in yogurt is pre-digested by good bacteria, it is also easier to absorb, delivering 30% more than milk protein.
Good Bacteria from yogurt offers many benefits for your digestive and immune systems. But with a limited lifespan of only a few days, not many good bacteria remain live and active by the time you eat that chilled yogurt from the supermarket. That’s why fresh is best. And nothing can be fresher than the yogurt you make!
Read 1679 times! | <urn:uuid:17fa921e-4f06-488c-97ab-e36497fb65e4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.goldoven.com/why-yogurt-is-good-for-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371807538.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408010207-20200408040707-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.958794 | 189 | 2.71875 | 3 |
During the years of Japan's invasion of China but prior to the entrance of the European forces into a general World War, the American government under Franklin Roosevelt began putting pressure on the Hirohito military regime to cease all hostilities in China and southeast Asia. However, American forces did not officially enter the Asian theater of war until after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. In 1937 however, Japanese military forces attacked another American naval force, the gunboat USS Panay on the Yangtze River. In OTL the American people paid little attention to the event and the US government accepted the Japanese explanation of an accident in a warzone. However in TTL, the reaction will be far greater. The article will only focus on the Pacific theater of the World War.
Second Sino-Japanese War
In 1931, Japanese soldiers staged an event (an explosion on railroad tracks) in Manchuria and used this event as a pretext to the invasion of Manchuria. The next year, an agreement was settled that recognized the state in Manchuria and also demilitarized Shanghai. The League of Nations then started imposing economic sanctions on Japan and the United States began uselessly chastising the Japanese government for it's invasion. In 1933, Japan attacked the Great Wall and established the Tanggu Truce, adding more Chinese land to the Japanese empire and another buffer state as well. In mid-1937 Japanese forces launched a full-scale invasion of China by taking Beijing and the port city of Tianjan before deciding to fully commit to the war Chinese forces attampted to regain Shanghai, and forced the Japanese to commit over 200,000 troops to try and retake the city. In three months the Japanese held the city once more and moved on to take the National Capital at Nanking. On December 12th 1937, Japanese aviators bombed the US Navy gunboat Panay on the Yangtze River near Nanking. The next day, the news reached the American bases in the Philippines and then was relayed to the mainland. President Roosevelt then presented the nation and Congress with a speech, calling December 12th a "Date which will live in Infamy". The American people then called for immediate action against the Japanese government for a technical undeclared act of war.
Lead Up to War
In response to the attack on the Panay and the subsequent American reaction, the US government demands an apology and reparations be paid to all the families of the dead sailors. On December 15th, news of the atrocities being committed in Nanking reached the United States and raised an even greater uproar for the American government to repspond with greater force. Hirohito asserts that the bombing was an accident and that Japan owed nothing to America. On December 21st ,Roosevelt begins to discuss War plans with Admiral Chester Nimitz and General Douglas MacArthur for scenarios of attacks and counterattacks against Japan in the event of a war. Roosevelt then secures an act from Congress beginning the implementation of a trade embargo on Japan that restricted the sales of aviation gasoline, scrap metal and any other essential airplane parts. This reduces Japan's ability to grow its much needed air force and naval air squadrons, and reduces Japan's ability to control its imperial holdings. Meanwhile, President Roosevelt, while still not wanting to risk a major war but believing one will inevitably come, asks Congress to appropriate $100 million to build up and upgrade the Pacific naval fleet and to move the fleet from San Diego to Hawaii in order to better respond to any Japanese aggression. Nevertheless, Japan continues to advance into the inland portions of China and atrocities continue to take place in Nanking so much so that by mid-January 1938, over 300,000 civilians have been slaughtered. The after inland forces are defeated by heavy guerrilla fighting and mass bombing of cities is economically difficult due to the fuel and parts shortages, Japanese forces halt the advance into China to focus on seizing oil rich areas in the Pacific islands (namely areas off the Australian coast, the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines). Knowing that this will cause a war with the US, the Japanese prepare for a massive naval attack on major US naval bases using what remains of their strategic gasoline reserves. This attack is planned for three months, from February to April 1938 with the attack scheduled for June of 1938. By April, another aircraft carrier with 70 planes has been added to the already sizeable US Pacific Fleet thanks to the appropriations bill campaigned by Roosevelt bringing the total to four carriers.
The War Begins
On June 1st, 1938 Japanese forces began landing Imperial Army forces with naval support in the Philippines with the US naval forces in Manila being quickly bombarded into submission by the numerically superior Japanese Imperial Navy | <urn:uuid:03475779-8e5a-41da-905d-d0388c655fda> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Early_Pacific_War | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171781.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00060-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957333 | 949 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Inclusion and SEND
The aims of Scientia Academy are guided by the Code of Practice for Special Needs and Disabilities and link with these key values:
- To reach high levels of achievement for all
- To be an inclusive school
- To ensure the identification of all pupils requiring SEND provision as early as possible in their school career
- To meet individual needs through a wide range of provision
- To attain high levels of satisfaction and participation from pupils, parents and carers
- To share a common vision and understanding with all stakeholders
- To give transparent resourcing to SEND
- To provide curriculum access for all
- To work towards inclusion in partnership with other agencies and schools
- To achieve a level of staff expertise to meet pupil need
We recognise that many pupils will have special needs at some time during their school life. In implementing this policy, we believe pupils will be helped to overcome their difficulties.
WHAT ARE SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS?
Definitions of special education needs taken from section 20 of the Children and Families Act 2014.
A child has special educational needs if he or she has learning difficulties that call for special educational provision to be made.
A child has learning difficulties if he or she:
Has a significantly greater difficulty in learning than the majority of children of the same age.
Has a disability which prevents or hinders the child from making use of educational facilities of a kind provided for children of the same age in other schools within the Local Authority.
Scientia Academy values the abilities and achievements of all its pupils, and is committed to providing each pupil with the best possible environment for learning.
Our SENCO is Miss Clare Wood, she can be contacted by
email: [email protected]
Telephone: 01283 248100 | <urn:uuid:f7636fbd-8fc9-4af0-aa10-0b5a641ff052> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.scientiaacademy.co.uk/inclusion-and-send/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.946756 | 364 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Bloomberg: Antibiotic pulled from dirt ends 25 year drug drought
Bloomberg - 01/07/2015
Scientists have discovered an antibiotic capable of fighting infections that kill hundreds of thousands of people each year, a breakthrough that could lead to the field’s first major new drug in more than a quarter-century.
The experimental drug, which was isolated from a sample of New England dirt, is called teixobactin. It hasn’t yet been tested in people, though it cured all mice infected with antibiotic-resistant staphylococci bacteria that usually kills 90 percent of the animals, according to a study published today in the journal Nature. Bacteria appear to have a particularly difficult time developing resistance to the drug, potentially overcoming a major problem with existing antibiotics. | <urn:uuid:a5f1b4b3-c529-4730-8337-0b7f4ea4273b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://news.northeastern.edu/in-the-media/bloomberg-antibiotic-pulled-from-dirt-ends-25-year-drug-drought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.943118 | 159 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What is Ping & ping commands examples
ping is a network utility program. Its full form is packet internet groper. Ping utility is in a the command form. And with the help of ping command, any user can check the existence of an IP address or domain name as well as track its speed. When you test a Hostname and IP by giving a Ping command, it checks whether the given IP or domain exists with Ping and if it exists, then how much response comes from it.
With help of ping command you can detect. Remote device in network like website, computer and current machine is reachable(connected) or not. If is available. So, how much is latency (latency means how much response comes from it). When ping to host with any machine. So it sends a data packet to the remote machine. And if it gets back to the data packet, it means that the connection between the two devices is correct.
ping is the reaction time of your network connection – how fast you get the response after sending your ping request. The faster the response will be, the faster and better network connection will be considered. Measure ping in milliseconds (ms).
Ping command syntax
ping [-t] [-a] [-n] [-l] [-f] [-i] [-v] [-r] [-s] [-w] [-R] [-S] [-p] [-4] [-6]
NOTE = -f, -v, -r, -s, -j, -k, -4 work with ipv4 address. and -r, -6 work with ipv6 address.
- “ping -h” this command for help.
- “ping wikhack.com” this command for ping any network.
3. “ping -n 10 wikhack.com” this command for send 10 echo requests to send any network.
4. “ping -l 64 wikhack.com” this command for send Buffer size .
if you like this article. comment your suggestion.
watch practicle video. | <urn:uuid:c3cb928a-6909-4188-b008-a5d5c08997a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://wikhack.com/ping-command/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.916532 | 433 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The campaigns of 1755 began when Britain’s ranking military leaders in North America met in Alexandria, Virginia with the colonial royal governors of Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, at the home of prominent Ohio Company member, John Carlyle. On April 14-15, 1755, in what became known as the “Carlyle House Congress,” the newly minted commander in chief of His Majesty’s Forces in North America, Major General Edward Braddock, presented London’s military objectives for that coming spring and summer. The Crown’s strategy, on paper, was simple: capture and hold key French fortifications within the boundaries of New York, Nova Scotia, and Pennsylvania before the enemy could concentrate his strength. This plan was intended to oust the French from His Majesty’s colonial possessions on the continent before a large-scale conflict could commence.
The task of subduing the French, Canadians, and their Native American auxiliaries in these regions fell upon a mixed contingent of British Regular soldiers, colonial provincial troops, and British-allied Native American warriors. How each group would be utilized depended upon how the respective expeditionary field commander chose to execute his orders by moving, supplying, and fighting his men.
In the orders laid out by the Captain-General of His Majesty’s Forces, the Duke of Cumberland, Edward Braddock was to capture Fort Duquesne, located at the Forks of the Ohio River. William Shirley, the royal governor of Massachusetts and second-in-command in North America, was to advance to Lake Ontario and besiege Fort Niagara. “[Shirley] express’d the greatest Readiness to engage in it …,” Braddock recorded following the Alexandria meeting, “I therefore order’d him to take his own Regiment [50th Regiment of Foot] which is compleat, and Sir William Pepperell’s [51st Regiment of Foot] … and to proceed upon it as soon as possible with my orders to reinforce the Garrison at Oswego … and put the Works in such Repair as to preserve the Garrison and secure his Retreat and Convoys.” William Johnson, of New York, was tasked with securing Lake George in the Adirondack Mountains and subsequently moving north and ousting the French from Crown Point along Lake Champlain. Finally, Lt. Col. Robert Monckton’s orders destined him to rid Nova Scotia of French influence by targeting forts along the Chignecto Isthmus. William Shirley had been working closely with Nova Scotia’s royal governor, Charles Lawrence, on this piece of Britain’s strategy for 1755. They had settled on an expeditionary force consisting predominantly of New England provincial troops to undertake the operation “for repelling the French from their new Encroachments on the Bay of Fund[y],” Braddock remembered, “which I approv’d of, and immediately sent orders to Lt. Colonel Monckton to take upon him that Command and carry it into execution.”
Braddock’s army of over 2,400 men was the centerpiece of the four-pronged offensive during the summer of 1755. The colonies of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were ordered to raise volunteer companies to assist Braddock. His campaign was to be a tremendous logistical undertaking. The 300-plus mile advance west through Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia was something not accomplished by any fighting force on the continent up to that point in history. Once his army had captured Fort Duquesne, its job was not yet complete. The Duke of Cumberland’s orders for the general represent the unrealistic approach to waging war in North America that the British carried with them overseas during the first full year of the French and Indian War. Following the capitulation of Fort Duquense, the Captain-General advised Braddock:
If you should find, that the two British Regiments [Braddock’s 44th and 48th Regiments of Foot] will be sufficient for performing the service at Niagara, you may, then, employ the two American Regiments [the 50th and 51st Regiments of Foot with Shirley], at the same time, in dispossessing the French from their Post at Crown Point, on Lake [Champlain], which is the next point you will endeavor to gain; But no positive instructions can be given you, upon this head, as you can only judge, hereafter, whether such a separate operation can be undertaken, at the same time, that you are making yourself Master of that most material one, at Niagara. However after you shall have possessed yourself of the Niagara Forts, and shall have opened a safe communication betwixt that, and Oswego (which will not only secure the Back settlements, but likewise, bring back those Indians, who have fallen off from Our interest, and joined the French); It is our will and pleasure, that the next service upon which you shall proceed, shall be … The reducing of the Fort at Crown Point, and entering another upon the Lake [Champlain], in such place as you shall find most effectual for bridling the French Indians in those parts and for securing and protecting, our neighboring colonies.
These orders to Braddock involved a tremendous amount of moving pieces, which seemingly relied solely on the success of his army’s expedition against Fort Duquesne. As asserted within the proposed plan, when Braddock secured the Forks of the Ohio River he was then to advance his army north to assist William Shirley in capturing Forts Niagara and Frontenac (if the former surrendered without much inconvenience). If Braddock’s two regular regiments proved “to be sufficient for performing the service,” then the two units already with Shirley were to march to reinforce Johnson at Lake Champlain or Lake George. Not taken into account by the Duke of Cumberland were the hundreds of extra miles that would need to be traveled in order for Braddock’s and Shirley’s men to reach their secondary destinations. It was an unrealistic approach to the great logistical undertaking necessary to move armies and supplies in North America, more specifically in regions where roads did not exist. Braddock did not reach the Forks until July, Shirley’s vanguard did not arrive at its jump-off point, Fort Oswego, until the middle of August, and Johnson’s force did not begin encamping at the southern end of Lake George until the end of August and the beginning of September. The idea that Braddock could capture Fort Duquesne, advance to Lake Ontario, drive the French from the region, dispatch the 50th and 51st Regiments to Lake George, and then capture Crown Point all before the changing seasons ended campaigning for that year is inconceivable. This was a prime example of Britain’s initial ignorance toward the true nature of warfare in North America and the continent itself as a whole.
An interesting aspect about Braddock’s orders was the focus placed on the importance of the Native Americans. Securing a foothold along Lake Ontario and establishing communications with western Pennsylvania (again, after Fort Duquesne capitulated) was believed to be a prime method of persuading the Native Americans of those occupied regions, such as the Shawnee, Delaware, Ottawa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi, to open diplomatic talks with the British. Further east, once the French at Crown Point had been subdued, Braddock was ordered to search for “such place as you shall find most effectual for bridling the French Indians in those parts …..” This, of course, implied the construction of a fort as a show of force to pry the Native Americans away from the French, giving the British complete control of and influence over the tribes south of New France’s border. William Johnson had been appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern Colonies by Braddock, so it was his duty to obtain military assistance from the Natives or see to it that they should remain neutral. He succeeded in securing the help of over 200 Mohawk warriors under Theyanoguin, the sachem known to the British as “Chief Hendrick,” for his expedition against Crown Point. However, Braddock was only able to muster the support of less than a dozen Ohio Iroquois for his own campaign.
It has been argued by historians that the British failed to appreciate the impact of the Native Americans during the first few years of the war. While they did struggle to expand their alliances and enhance their influence among the Native Americans, the evidence in Cumberland’s written orders demonstrates that London understood that the French held the advantage in the contested regions, and that it was imperative to sever the ties between the enemy and his Native allies.
The objectives for the spring and summer of 1755 had been laid out in their entirety. It was only a matter of each respective commander fulfilling his duties and successfully executing his orders. It began with Braddock and his march to destiny near the Forks of the Ohio River.
Stanley Pargellis, ed., Military Affairs in North America, 1746-65: Selected Documents from the Cumberland Papers in Windsor Castle (New York, NY: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1936), 82.
Ibid., 81.
E.B. O’Callaghan, ed., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York, vol. 6 (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1853), 116. . | <urn:uuid:0a32683e-eccc-4921-930b-ddbe763ea2b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/2018/04/11/the-carlyle-house-congress-and-britains-military-objectives-for-1755/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187899.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918124116-20200918154116-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.965315 | 1,974 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Clemson Spineless Okra
Clemson Spineless Okra is An All American Selections winner in 1939 and still known as the best open pollinated green okra available.
Clemson Spineless Okra History
Clemson Spineless Okra is an allopolyploid of uncertain parentage. However, proposed parents include Abelmoschus ficulneus, A. tuberculatus and a reported “diploid” form of okra. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins. The Egyptians and Moors of the 12th and 13th centuries used the Arabic word for the plant.
The plant may have entered southwest Asia across the Red Sea or the Bab-el-Mandeb straight to the Arabian Peninsula, rather than north across the Sahara, or from India. One of the earliest accounts is by a Spanish Moor who visited Egypt in 1216 and described the plant under cultivation by the locals who ate the tender, young pods with meal. From Arabia, the plant spread around the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and eastward. The plant was introduced to the Americas by ships plying the Atlantic slave trade by 1658, when its presence was recorded in Brazil.
How To Grow Clemson Spineless Okra Seeds
Okra grows best at temperatures between 75 and 90 °F. When planting okra, gardeners want to ensure that the soil temperature is warm enough so that seeds germinate and begin to grow, as cool soils can lead to slow growth and seedling diseases. The optimum soil temperature for seed germination lies somewhere between 70 to 95 °F, so gardeners will want to check the soil temperature at a depth of 4 inches before planting. If soil temperatures are less than 65 °F, at a soil depth of 4 inches, gardeners should hold off on planting until soil temperatures are warmer. The crop can be grown on all soil types, although sandy loam soils high in organic matter are the most desirable. Plant in full sun for best productivity.
Preserving And Storing Clemson Spineless Okra Plant
The optimum conditions for storing fresh okra are a moist environment and temperatures of 45 to 50 °F. If properly harvested, handled, not washed, and stored correctly, one can expect to keep good quality pods in the refrigerator for about seven days.
Heirloom Clemson Spineless Okra Recipes
As a good Southern gardener, I find myself bringing in okra by the armload nearly every other day. Stewed okra is great, but for a little variety, we like to roast ours from time to time. This is so simple and easy and the okra tends to not be nearly as gummy or slimy when roasted. Chopped tomato makes a great addition when we have some handy. Click here to get this tasty recipe
Clemson Spineless Okra Nutrition Facts
Okra is rich in many nutrients and particularly high in vitamins C and K. This fruit is unique, as it provides protein, a nutrient that many other fruits and vegetables lack. Animal research suggests that okra may bind to cholesterol in your gut and lower blood cholesterol levels. It’s also rich in polyphenols, which fight harmful inflammation and protect your heart. Okra contains a protein called lectin, which is being studied for its role in cancer prevention and treatment. Yet, some research suggests that it may interfere with common diabetes medications. Eating okra may help pregnant women meet their daily folate needs. Folate is important for preventing neural tube defects. Okra can become slimy when cooked. To prevent this, follow the simple cooking methods above. Click here to learn more.
Packet (250 seeds), 1 Ounce, Eight Ounces, 4 Ounces, One Pound
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Chapter 22-24 How to Read Literature Like a Professor
It seems like it's never just a symptom of life that we are reading about it has to be that something is read into what they are saying. It's never just blind, it's never just heart disease and it's rarely just illness. What makes a good story is what is told not what we have to search for, if you ask me.
"You went out in the rain, three days later you had pneumonia; ergo, rain and chills cause pneumonia". This is the kind of rumor that people today still believe, if you ask my mother, but when I read it in an old novel it seems more likely that it could be true. But why is that? I am not sure but I know that they say you shouldn't always believe what you read. | <urn:uuid:f2966d5f-2e22-4943-a8c2-b575308dc032> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://blogs.setonhill.edu/MaryJaneStano/2010/11/chapter-22-24-how-to-read.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862441.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00057-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990899 | 170 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Eise Eisinga Planetarium
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
Province of Friesland
The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate harmonization of Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels.
The sole responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.
Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party
The Royal Eise Eisinga Planetarium in Franeker is the oldest working planetarium in the world. Its moving model of the solar system was constructed between 1774 and 1781 by Eise Eisinga, a Frisian wool-comber. It is still in its original state.
Eisinga built the planetarium in his own home. So that it would fit into his living-room, he used a scale of 1:1,000,000,000,000 (1 millimetre: 1 million kilometres).
Eisinga built the planetarium to disprove a contemporary prophecy that certain planets were on a collision course and that the end of the world was therefore imminent. He hoped his model would demonstrate that the planets were actually in conjunction. He was not a scientist in the formal sense but a creative genius who built the planetarium entirely on his own initiative.
The planetarium has always been accessible to interested members of the public. It has also received scientific recognition. All Eisinga's books and writings have been preserved and are accessible to the public.
Justification of Outstanding Universal Value
The Royal Eise Eisinga Planetarium in Franeker is the oldest working planetarium in the world. Eisinga was a self-taught amateur mathematician. He designed and built a model of the solar system using cog-wheels. It is still in excellent working order. The planetarium was designed to scientifically discredit contemporary prophecies that the world was about to end.
Criterion i: as early as 7 September 1783, Professor J.H. van Swinden reported to the curators of the then University of Franeker that this Planetarium is of itself unique and without equal, and there is no other known work of art in which the disposition, movements and appearance of the heavenly bodies are so numerous and so accurately rendered, as is evident from the acclaim it has received from leading scholars in other countries, and even from English journalists. The planetarium is still a unique and creative tool for demonstrating the orbits of the planets to the general public.
Criterion ii: The planetarium represents the values of the Enlightenment and of the long regional and cultural tradition of the 'lay scholar'. The trend had already been set by the mathematician Adriaan Metius (1572-1635), who taught not only in Latin, the customary language of learning, but also in Dutch. Many of his pupils went on to become scholars and engineers, but they also included a string of 'farmer-professors' as they were known. Eise Eisinga is the most famous of these lay scholars. He is also the only one to have left such a substantial technological legacy.
Criterion iv: The planetarium is an outstanding example of a technological ensemble illustrating the Enlightenment in the north of the Netherlands.
Statements of authenticity and/or integrity
The planetarium dates from 1781 and is authentic. It is in full working order and is completely intact, with regard to both form and materials. Maintenance is still carried out according to Eise Eisinga's own instructions.
The planetarium is located in Eise Eisinga's original living-room. Both the planetarium and its location are completely genuine, so the site meets the conditions of integrity and/or authenticity.
Comparison with other similar properties
The Eise Eisinga Planetarium is the world's oldest working planetarium. Eise Eisinga's original working drawings were used in its construction, as were his original Dutch spelling and typeface.
There are various planetariums in use all over the world. Originally, such constructions were purely mechanical. The first planetarium to operate with a projector dates from 1924. Most contemporary planetariums are of this kind. | <urn:uuid:6d4aae95-d160-45d9-a288-e1988ca21c40> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5629/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.965398 | 936 | 2.875 | 3 |
Simplebooklet.com. Research #3 - Primo Web 2.0 Tools. Photo by Filomena Scalise of FreeDigitalPhotos.net The following online resources are great for completing research collaboratively without having to physically meet.
Of course, it’s necessary to have some discussion so that you know what each group member is doing, but it’s possible even to do that online. Research has become considerably easier for students, but they still need to be taught what tools are available to them and how they can be used effectively. After reviewing numerous tools, I have come to the conclusion that these are the most generally useful for high school student research and group collaboration. Sweet Search – A search engine for students where every site has been evaluated by their research experts. Diigo – A bookmarking tool that you can download to use in your web browser. Awesome Highlighter – Lets you highlight a web page, like you would highlight a printed source when you are researching. Filomena Scalise’s digital portfolio. EdTech: 100 Tech Tools for Teachers and Students.
This post is #12 in DailyTekk’s famous Top 100 series which explores the best startups, gadgets, apps, websites and services in a given category.
Total items listed: 104. Time to compile: 8+ hours. Follow @DailyTekk on Twitter to make sure you don’t miss a week! This post is quite a departure from last week’s subject: 100 Tools to Develop the Next Killer iOS or Android App. Our normal audience may not get much out of this week’s roundup but don’t worry, I’ll be back with something you can use next week!
So here’s what I’ve got for all you educators our there: some random and cool EduTech tools, tech tools ... There’s more to this article! Projectsthatpop. Kevin Honeycutt. Interactive Graphic Organizer. Holt Interactive Graphic Organizers "Graphic organizers are tools that help your brain think.
" - Kylene Beers Graphic organizers are an illustration of your thoughts on paper. They can help you brainstorm, organize, and visualize your ideas. Click on a graphic organizer to download a PDF of it. Once you’ve downloaded an organizer, type in your comments and print it out. Each graphic organizer below includes Teaching Notes with lessons and tips on how to use graphic organizers in the classroom.
Help with PDF Files Generating, Identifying, and Organizing Details Determining Main Idea and Drawing Conclusions Order and Sequence Comparison-Contrast and Cause and Effect Process and Cycle Diagrams Evaluating and Making Decisions Persuasive and Supporting a Position Vocabulary Miscellaneous Organizers Graphic Organizer Teaching Notes. TitanPad. Grammar Newsletter - English Grammar Newsletter.
Graphic Organization. Over 20 Free Digital Classroom Tools… Customize… Plus No Log In. This is a site that you are bound to find useful in your classroom.
The tools are incredible and may even include items you have used on paper in the past… but can now bring digitally into the 21st century! Before this informative journey encompassing some engaging resources please take a moment and sign up by email or RSS. I enjoy sharing and I am also motivated by knowing that I am making a difference for you. Your subscription, retweet, and comments means a lot to me. I thank you in advance. What amazed me most about Classtools.net was not the valuable tools provided, but the ability for teachers to easily customize these tools and use them in any subject area. Classtools.net is the work of educator, Russel Tarr, Head of History at the International School of Toulouse, France. The Listing Of Over 20 Digital Tools For Your Classroom The tools that you can even customize are included below. Create Gap-Filling Exercises. | <urn:uuid:87f6cb4f-5dab-4013-b339-0548674dc807> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.pearltrees.com/t/class-resources/id4448742 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831770.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00253-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917898 | 810 | 2.953125 | 3 |
On the occasion of the World Asthma Day (2 May), asthma patients heated up the debate on indoor and outdoor air quality, emphasising that half of EU member states ignore their 2030 commitments.
In December 2016, the EU adopted the new National Emissions Ceilings (NEC) Directive, setting stricter limits on the five main pollutants in Europe. It is estimated that these measures will halve the negative health impacts of air pollution, such as respiratory diseases and premature death, by 2030.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), approximately 30 million Europeans have asthma, while globally the number reaches some 235 million.
In addition, the total cost of asthma in Europe is €17.7 billion per year, and productivity loss due to patients’ poor control of their asthma is estimated at €9.8 billion per year.
“Asthma and allergy are the most common chronic diseases in children and the leading cause of school absences, emergency visits and hospitalisations in Europe,” according to the European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients’ Associations (EFA).
EU countries violate air quality rules
For EFA President Mikaela Odemyr, the rise of allergies, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is intimately linked to the quality of the air people breath.
“We have been advocating for stronger air quality legislation on a European level with some satisfactory results like stricter pollution levels by 2030 for more pollutants, […] but local and national authorities should prioritise air quality compliance in their policies and respect the levels set,” she said.
She added, though, that many EU member states continue to ignore EU rules on air quality.
“Bulgaria has already been found guilty by the Court of Justice of the EU for systematically and constantly exceeding EU norms on fine particulate matter over its whole territory, and Poland is currently facing a case in front of the Court,” the activist emphasised.
Indoor air quality “problematic”
Outdoor air pollution is has a direct in peoples’ health. However, people spend up to 90% of their day indoors, at home, work or school. Thus, indoor air quality is also a factor worthy of consideration.
On an EU level, there is no legislation specifically covering indoor air quality. The only legislative initiative was the Commission’s proposal to amend the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, focusing on increased inspections and reports for heating and air-conditioning systems.
mHealth and asthma
Asthma is considered a major chronic disease, which cannot be cured. However, proper management can help sufferers enjoy a good quality of life.
In an effort to improve patients’ everyday life and increase the self-management of chronic diseases, the Commission has turned to mHealth solutions.
One of them is the myAirCoach project, a three-year project funded by the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 programme. The aim of the project is to build a mobile application that, connected to a multi-sensor based inhaler, will help patients take full control of their disease.
Its main objective is to measure symptoms in real-time as well as provide patients and healthcare professionals with information about air quality around the patient.
A recent study carried out by the myAirCoach Advisory Patient Forum found that patients and healthcare professionals increasingly back mobile health tools for the self-management of asthma.
According to the findings, patients are most frequently used to monitoring and collecting data, while healthcare professionals focus on a system for alerting patients to deteriorations in their asthma control and advising them when to seek medical attention. | <urn:uuid:dab05643-13c9-4e16-a902-a28742c27ba2> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://unmaskmycity.org/2017/05/13/asthma-patients-urge-eu-member-states-stop-ignoring-air-quality-rules/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257767.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524204559-20190524230559-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.951632 | 746 | 2.9375 | 3 |
1. What is Kafka's last name?
2. In which Japanese city does Kafka live?
3. What is the name of Kafka's imaginary companion?
4. How old is Kafka when he decides to run away from home?
5. Which of the following items is NOT something Kafka steals from his father before running away?
(a) His money.
(b) His diary.
(c) His knife.
(d) His cell phone.
6. Whose photograph does Kafka take with him when he runs away from home?
(a) His mother's.
(b) His father's.
(c) His own.
(d) His sister's.
7. Which of the following statements best describes Kafka's physicality?
(a) He looks younger than his age.
(b) He looks exactly like his mother.
(c) He looks exactly like his father.
(d) He looks older than his age.
8. What is the name of the city that Kafka runs away to?
This section contains 4,107 words
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Moses - Prince and Priest: Our Model of What It Means To Be a Child Of God
We all remember, and no doubt love Mark Twain's delightful story 'The Prince and the Pauper'. Perhaps you remember it’s a story of a young boy from the streets who finds himself elevated to a great position of power and influence simply because he looks like the Prince who has gone missing.
The story of Moses has a similar beginning; Moses is snatched from the uncaring waters of the Nile and raised in the royal palace and for 40 years he lives the life of a prince and then, when he sees his people being unjustly treated and kills an Egyptian guard, he is thrust out of that privileged life and lives the next 40 years with a price on his head. Fortunately for Moses there were no bounty hunters prepared to go as far into the desert as Moses was and so he was never brought back to face Egyptian justice.
In the book of Exodus chapter 3 it says that 'Moses… led (his) flock to the far side of the desert and came to Horeb the mountain of God.
Moses had clearly embraced his condition; he was not only living in the desert but he was prepared to go to the furthest extent of this humbling experience – he was prepared to go to 'the far side of the desert'. The Prince had most certainly become the pauper. This is the key to understanding how God works in the heart of every believer. The Lord is looking for his children to embrace the conditions that will shape their character and so make them usable in his hands.
And it was on the 'far side of the desert' that Moses came to the mountain of the Lord and to the place of the divinely scheduled encounter. Both Peter and James in the New Testament tell us that the Lord 'gives grace to the humble but opposes the proud' (James 4:6, 1 Peter 5:5) and so it was in the Old Testament; the Lord was looking for humility in the life of Moses because he had a great supply of grace that he wanted to give for the great task he wanted Moses to fulfill.
Just like with Moses, our 'desert' experiences will always produce humility and this in turn will always be the means by which God chooses to pour out a plenteous supply of grace.
Moses was to return to Egypt not as a prince but as a priest. He had encountered the Lord and now as a priest he would represent the people to God and represent God to the people. His position as priestly intercessor would prove far more significant in the life of Israel than a princely insurgent. But fascinatingly Moses clearly understood the role of priesthood – for himself and all God's people – to be something more than merely ceremonial there was still the hint of royalty about it.
When Moses had brought the people out of Egypt to meet the Lord at Mount Horeb this is what the Lord instructs him to say to the people,
'"You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt, and how I carried you on Eagles wings and brought you to myself. Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my treasured possession. Although the whole earth is mine you will be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation."' (Exodus 19:4 – 6)
Of course the conditions of this covenant – fully obeying the Lord – were never met by the people of Israel but to our great joy they have been met in the Lord Jesus. When we belong to him and he belongs to others, our covenant with him means that we receive all of the benefits that are his by right.
Moses became a prince and then became a pauper and then became a princely priest, you and I are a kingdom of priests through the saving work of Jesus and the relationships that we have with him. And we come to a greater experience of the grace of that amazing status and position as we learn the humility that is fashioned in our desert experiences.
After the Fall, the way was blocked; yet, God built a bridge, in Covenant, back to us. In Jesus, that Covenant was fulfilled, as on the cross, he offered himself as the ultimate blood sacrifice.
The Bible is meant to be read and understood. But many people struggle to interpret Scripture. I believe that Covenant and Kingdom offers the simplest framework of interpretation as we read the Bible for ourselves. These are the guiding coordinates, the latitude and longitude, that orient us as we read the Bible.
By understanding Covenant and Kingdom, we unlock the keys of interpretation that help us read the Bible for ourselves. While this approach cannot and should not replace in-depth Bible study, engaging the Bible through its largest themes remind us anew that the Bible is a book about God and us. This guide helps us begin to see and understand the double helix of Covenant and Kingdom that run throughout the Bible. | <urn:uuid:3e9de1c8-f1f2-4ac1-a2eb-3e593dd0646a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.3dmpublishing.com/blog/2018/3/27/moses-prince-and-priest-our-model-of-what-it-means-to-be-a-child-of-god | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657555.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116154927-20190116180927-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.976947 | 1,018 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Bytes of Code Online Curriculum
Cannot access a Bytes of Code camp in your community? Bytes of Code is all about giving everyone the opportunity to learn about technology. Our online curriculum offers varieties of topic which everyone can learn at their own pace. Whether you are only a beginner or an advanced student at technology, Bytes of Code offers topics that will interest everyone. Our curriculum offers numerous lessons, worksheets, and combines education with full of excitement and fun! Check out our curriculum here!
Just starting to explore technology? Use our curriculum that will build your foundation about technology and coding.
“Sphero fuses physical robotic toys, digital apps, and entertainment experiences to unlock the true potential of play and inspire tomorrow’s.” Sphero is the perfect learning tool for children to get familiar with robotics programming.
Age Range: 8-14
Want to learn the basics of app development? Thunkable is the perfect platform to learn about User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) and it is meant for anyone who wants to build their own mobile app. Available in iOS and Android.
Age Range: 10-16
Scratch is a program and an online community where you can program and share interactive media such as stories, games, and animation with people around the world. Scratch uses block coding which is the basics of coding.
Age Range: 8-16
Have a strong foundation on basic programming? Take on our Intermediate level course curriculum and learn how to create projects using real code.
Electrical Circuits (i)
Learn all about how electricity works and how to use electrical circuits to create birthday cards that light up!
Electrical Circuits (ii)
Now that you know how electrical circuits work, next let’s learn how to program circuit boards and use breadboards to build a night light.
Ready to discover some of the most difficult topics in computer science? Check out our materials to learn about advanced topics.
A data structure is a specialized format for organizing and storing data. Use our curriculum to learn about linked lists, queues, binary trees, etc! | <urn:uuid:b16e590f-b2d5-4cd0-8d00-c27d71dfca7a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://bytesofcode.org/onlinecurriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061562.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411055903-20210411085903-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.901896 | 437 | 2.765625 | 3 |
George Washington's March
Source: The Teaneck Shopper, Wednesday, October 21, 1970, page 9 - Supplement
THE TEANECK area was not as peaceful as it looked ten years before the outbreak of the Revolution. Even colonists loyal to the crown were disenchanted as a result of the Stamp Act of 1764.
THE SONS OF Liberty were being organized. Trees or poles were designated where patriots could pledge their fortunes and their honor for the cause of liberty. The first Liberty Tree was in Boston. In 1766, a Liberty Pole was set up in Englewood near the circle at Tenafly Road and Palisade Avenue. The tavern near it became Washington's headquarters later on.
CITIZENS AND freeholders (who were required to own 100 acres of land or to be worth 50 pounds) met in Hackensack on June 25, 1774 following the closing of the Boston port to remark on the calamitous condition of the people of Boston. They asserted that while it would be their greatest happiness to live under the government of the House of Hanover, they conceived it their privilege to be taxed only by their own consent and that they would join other colonies in a congress to repeal recent acts of Parliament. The resolution was signed by 328 Bergen County residents. On July 2, New Jersey adopted its own constitution. The name of King George III was dropped from the proceedings.
AFTER THE Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, Bergen County became more and more involved in the struggle for independence. The farmers in the Teaneck area were prey for the armies of both the Patriots and the Loyalists who stole cows as well as horses, sheep and produce from the hard working farmers.
As far as Teaneck was concerned, the most notable event of the war was the fall of Fort Lee on November 20, 1776, following disasters on Long Island, Brooklyn and White Plains. Fort Washington had fallen on November 16.
In a letter to General Charles Lee, George Washington wrote from Hackensack on November 21: "Yesterday morning the enemy landed a 1arge body of troops and advanced very rapidly to the fort called by your name. I immediately went over as the Fort was not tenable on this side (and we in a narrow neck of land the passes out of which the enemy was attempting to seize) and directed the troops to move to the West side of the Hackensack River as considerable quantity of stores and some artillery have fallen into their hands." Joseph A. Fitzpatrick, Teaneck attorney who has made a careful study of this area during the Revolution, provided us with a map showing the retreat from Fort Lee, including the section of Teaneck through which they passed. This route will be included in the bus tour arranged for the 75th Anniversary Celebration on October 23, 24 and 25.
Mr. Fitzpatrick describes the route as follows: Beginning at the Liberty Pole to the Southwest of the present World War II Monument in Englewood, Washington's troops, according to Judge Arthur J. O'Dea the past president of the Bergen County Historical Society, marched Southwest along the present day Lafayette Avenue, then turned right and proceeded along Forest Avenue in a Westerly direction to Teaneck Road, then called Schraalenburgh Road; Nor along Schraalenburgh Road to New Bridge Road. There the army turned left, and proceeded ina Westerly direction along New Bridge Road, crossing the Hackensack River at the New Bridge to safety.
When the British arrived at Fort Lee, the kettles of the Patriots' garrison were still boiling. Tom Paine, author of the Crisis Papers, which include the famous lines "These are the times that try men's souls," wrote from Hackensack: "Our first object was to secure the bridge over the Hackensack, which laid up the river between the enemy and river between the enemy and us. General Washington arrived in about three-quarters of an hour, marched at the head of his troops toward the bridge, where I expected we should have a brush. However they did not choose to dispute it with us and the greatest part of our troops went over the bridge, the rest over the ferry except some, which passed at a mill on a small creek between the bridge and the ferry and made their way through some marshy ground up to the town of Hackensack and there passed the river. We brought as much baggage as the wagons could contain. The rest we lost.
"According to an eye witness, it was about dusk of a cold, rainy night, "but I had a fair view of them from the light of the windows. They marched two abreast, looked ragged, some without shoe to their feet and most of them wrapped in blankets. Washington then and for some previous, had his headquarters at the residence of Mr. Peter Zabriskie, later called The Mansion House (torn down in 1946), the supplies for the general's table being supplied by Mr. Archibald Campbell, the tavern keeper.
The next evening after the Americans had passed through the British encamped on the opposite side of the river (Teaneck side). We could see their fires about 100 yards apart, gleaming brilliantly through the gloom of the night, extending some distance below the town and more than a mile up toward New Bridge."The British closed in behind Washington in Hackensack, confident that the miserable American army was disintegrated of its own accord. After retreating 90 miles in 19 days, Washington's army was in Trenton at Christmas and the memorable Crossing of the Delaware, and victory at Trenton.
Residents of the Teaneck area adjusted themselves to the severe winter and occupation by British troops, who continued to draw "voluntary supplies" from their farms. | <urn:uuid:f25febd8-973b-4f9f-817d-bba67b8499f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://teaneck.org/virtualvillage/teaneck1895-1970/march.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543316.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00182-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980334 | 1,186 | 2.984375 | 3 |
How to calculate the area between a square and an inscribed circle.
How to find the solution region for a system of inequalities.
How to derive the formula for the area of an annulus.
Trace the impact of the Supreme Court from early federalist government through Jacksonian Democracy.
How to graph inequalities in the xy plane.
How to derive the area of a segment formula.
How to graph a quadratic inequality. | <urn:uuid:de14f24c-f0a6-44fd-8b74-512dff7512e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.brightstorm.com/tag/shaded-region/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825057.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022022540-20171022042540-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.923949 | 91 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Driverless cars will be on our streets sooner than we can imagine and it’s up to society to be ready to avoid traffic and environmental chaos, warns the founder of the world’s largest car-sharing company.
The choice, says Robin Chase, a “transportation entrepreneur” from Boston who co-founded Zipcar in 2000, is between a heaven or a hell of autonomous vehicles.
“At this moment, cities have a one-time chance where the makers of autonomous vehicles are in a supplicant position,” said Chase, who was the guest speaker this week at the National Capital Commission’s Capital Urbanism Lab. “They have a one-time power position to make some demands, so I say, let’s use it.”
Ignoring the arrival of autonomous vehicles is risky, she said.
“I can imagine some cities might say, ‘Oh no, not us.’ And they’ll be rapidly be left in the dust … I don’t think we can afford to wait.”
In Chase’s “hell” scenario, driverless car owners will have their vehicles drop them off at work, then let them endlessly circle the block or drive all the way home to avoid paying steep downtown parking rates. The result is even worse congestion than before. In Chase’s nightmare, retail stores disappear because driverless cars will be so cheap to operate, companies will clog the roads with automated delivery trucks that race around offering 15-minute deliveries of the most commonly bought goods. Bus drivers, taxi drivers and workers in the traditional auto industry are all unemployed by the rise of the autonomous car.
But if well-thought-out laws and regulations are in place, along with tax incentives and disincentives, people will be encouraged to split ownership of clean, electric-powered vehicles and share rides with neighbours on their street. Traffic congestion will be reduced or disappear and electric vehicles will make for a cleaner environment.
Google and Tesla are leading the way in driverless cars. Tesla alone has driven more than 22 million miles on public roads with self-driving cars. But the big automakers are in the game too, with Ford promising it will produce an autonomous taxi by 2021. Uber has been using automated Fords (with a driver along just in case) in Pittsburgh for a month now. Even Apple is getting into the electric/self-driving car game, with some of the research being done in Kanata.
In the near future, shared ownership and shared rides in driverless cars will offer people door-to-door service “for the price of a bus ticket,” Chase said.
Chase thinks more pilot projects will begin in some fair-weather U.S. cities within a few years, although it might take a bit longer for the technology to be able to cope with a snowy city like Ottawa. But the arrival of autonomous cars will also create a huge hole in municipal revenues with the loss of fuel taxes and parking fees, and even traffic ticket revenue from non-speeding, law-abiding driverless cars. Societies will need to learn how to get along without the revenue and also manage the job losses and disruption that driverless cars will bring.
Economics will be the biggest driver toward autonomous cars, she said.
“Your car today costs you, on average, $9,000 a year. That’s 18 per cent of average household income — and it sits idle 95 per cent of the time,” she said. “People will see autonomous vehicles — faster, cheaper, safer, better — and say, ‘Why wouldn’t I want to do it?'”
But will they really? The top two selling vehicles in Canada last year were the Ford F150 and the Ram 1500 pickups — about as far from a tiny, clean-fuelled autonomous vehicles as possible.
The early adopters will be seniors and the disabled, said Barrie Kirk, an engineer and executive director of the Canadian Automated Vehicles Centre of Excellence in Kanata, followed by millennials, who studies have shown are already averse to driving and car ownership.
“It’s the middle-aged people, the people who have pickup trucks, the people for whom getting a driver’s licence (and) getting a vehicle as soon as they could was part of the culture. It’ll be a lot more difficult to get them to let go of the steering wheel,” Kirk said.
But even those people hate the drive to and from work and will eventually be won over by the advantages of autonomous vehicles, he said.
So what can regulators do to prepare? Chase said governments should insist driverless cars be electric and that the new additions to the power grid come from renewable energy sources: What benefit is there to replacing smoggy, gas-powered cars with smoggy, gas-powered driverless cars?
Chase also said no one should be allowed to own their own driverless car for at least five years after their introduction. The delay in private ownership would give time for society to get into the habit of sharing rides or sharing ownership of a vehicle.
“It seems like an incredible ask, but Google, Tesla and Ford have already said they intend to sell to small fleets. So let’s just codify that … so we have time to build in the behaviours so we can shape this potential future,” Chase said.
Finally, she would like manufacturers and fleets to share a common application to summon a ride so passengers could choose the best or most convenient vehicle, regardless of who owns it, built it or operates it. A shared information system would maximize the chance that rides would be shared, she said.
Even so, regular cars won’t disappear, at least not right away. People in rural areas won’t see the same benefits of a driverless car as city dwellers will.
“It’s not going to be illegal to drive your own car. If you don’t want to do it, don’t do it. You can continue to spend 18 per cent of your income … That’s your choice. You can keep doing it,” Chase said.
“The first generation of self-driving cars is already with us,” said Kirk, who sees driverless cars in cities by 2020. “They’re being used in the oil sands. There’s a fleet of six automated shuttle buses being used in France. You go to a showroom now and buy semi-autonomous cars. It’s coming a lot faster than people think.” | <urn:uuid:3746e77b-9dbe-41dc-9220-125c14a29ae5> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/choosing-between-the-heaven-or-hell-of-a-driverless-car-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171066.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00503-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963846 | 1,391 | 2.515625 | 3 |
“fashion revolution” consisted of two phases.
In the first, Directoire period, the old, corseted look developed into a
straight but sinuous silhouette, with an easy and often raised waistline and a
narrow skirt that in 1911 became the notorious “hobble skirt.”
In the second (but related) phase, Orientalism was in fashion.
The 1909 Paris debut of the Ballets Russes with its costumes
by Leon Bakst contributed to
both the infamous jupes-culottes
(known also as trouser-skirts and harem-skirts) and the so-called “lamp-shade
tunic” (a short tunic-crinoline worn over a long, narrow skirt), as well as
the use of brilliant colours and richly textured fabrics, turbans, aigrettes,
beads and tassels.” Vallerie
Steele, Fashion and Eroticism 1985
1910 - the “New Figure”
– From as early as 1892 fashion houses in Paris were beginning to launch the
New Figure on an unsuspecting world, but it took time to make the break with
traditional Victorian Values. The
uncomfortable extremes of the “S” Bend corset combined with high stiff
collars created a fashion climate ready for some relief from Victorian styles.
Relief came in the form of the “Harem Look.” Couturier Paul
Poiret’s Orientalism stormed Paris successfully using the latest sales pitch,
the catwalk show. Meanwhile the
Russian Ballet’s costumes, designed by Leon Bakst, were a triumph in the
theatre and so introduced Eastern harem influences that the West could live
Most would attribute the
fall of the corset directly to Paul Poiret’s fashion designs (others
additionally site Chanel or Vionnet), reminiscent of the Directoire period
(Regency or Empire look), which appealed to a youthful public looking for a
change from the matronly Edwardian look. Having
been trained at the best couture houses in Paris, those of Worth and Doucet,
Poiret saw the need for a break from the past prudishness of the Victorians and
introduced dresses styled on the exotic Far East.
Ballet had never been so popular in Europe, not since 1830,
and this was widely reflected in the work of painters like Degas.
The Ballets Russes employed a painter named Leon Bakst to create costumes
for exotic, lavish productions like “Scheherazade”, “Cleopatre” and
“Tamar” displaying bright colours in romantic settings.
The time was right for the public to be exposed to something new and to
abandon the pastels and frou frou of the old guard.
Such was the overwhelming acceptance of the sets and costumes of the
touring Ballet Russes; interior designers, dressmakers and artists and the
public were inspired and impressed. In
addition, stage stars like the dancer Isadora Duncan took the new aesthetic to
heart and happily presented herself in public without a corset, thus introducing
the audience to something shocking and exciting.
It must be said, though, the aristocracy and the nobility continued to
maintain the use of corsetry through out the 20th century as a sign
of good breeding, thought to set them apart from the lower orders.
Poiret was possibly the
first designer to see the value of shock tactics when presenting his work and
can be compared today with advant garde catwalk displays. Poiret’s designs were so colourful, draped and tubular,
they eventually influenced fashion for the masses as they “trickled down” to
the High Street shop. His harem
skirt and the hobble skirt, a floor length pencil skirt with no pleats or slits,
would only have been worn by very few women at first but it’s impact on the
rest of society was lasting with mass production and added pleating, side panels
and slits. Such narrow skirts were
adapted by many designers and the corset industry had to progress along with
them in creating long narrow corsets with less accent on the waist and more on
the hip and upper thigh areas. (fig. 44) Corsetry
design and development must move alongside fashion trends in order to survive.
In an even more youthful
market, the use of “stay bands” for children, to protect them against the
cold, had remained standard practice for about 2 hundred years.
“A flannel binder should be worn round the stomach and abdomen next to
the skin; it should be sufficiently wide to cover the whole of the belly from
hips to chest, and long enough to go twice round the body.” Dr
D.E. Lock, Medical Officer of Health for the Uxbridge Urban District Council
The use of stay bands and
other forms of stiffened or corded vests would continue until the 1920’s but
in 1908 Symingtons revolutionised children’s underwear by developing the
“Liberty Bodice.” It was an
instant success as a soft, lightweight, warm knitted cotton vest top which had
front buttons for ease of dressing and tied fabric bands or “tapes” round it
for support. No longer would
children be required to use a boned garment or tight bindings, freedom or
“liberty” of movement was the healthy way.
Over 3 million bodices were produced and sold each year, eventually
replacing children’s stay bands completely.
The Liberty Bodice remained in use in England until the 1960’s (fig. 46) Even
an adult version was introduced which can still be obtained in an orthopaedic
form for the elderly.
1914-1918, the Great War,
not only sped up the decline of the empire of the corset it also became the
mother invention when materials for corsetry began to dwindle.
Up to 75% of the metal components for corsetry manufacture were imported
into the U.K. in addition to the vast amounts of fabrics from France and
Belgium. The war forced the U.K. to
rethink its manufacturing and export industry.
Upgrading and expansion schemes were implemented to improve the financial
gains to be made from a world wide export market, starting with the British
It is interesting to note
here that during the war, when raw materials like cotton and steel became
scarce, the Germans resourcefully made use of pressed paper and twine products
for undergarments! Recycling of
materials was popular everywhere. Even
old whalebone was taken out of umbrellas and strong pressed paper “Fibrone”
was developed and used alternately with steel boning in corsets.
When the supply of raw rubber from British plantations within the Empire
became cut off, research surged forward into alternative man-made fabrics like
rayon and new forms of elasticised fabrics.
As the war pressed on, being
fashionable was not considered important when your country needed you and so the
progressive development of lingerie in the form of basic utilitarian
undergarments was hastened. The
brassier and short elastic girdle was by far more practical than any form of
tight-lacing corset. The corsolette,
which first made its appearance in America in 1919, combined the two.
“The Warner Corselette
combines a bandeau, an abdominal confiner, and four hose supporters in such a
way to give you an unbroken line from shoulder to knee.
As a corset house, we know, and as corset wearers, you know that no
figure can long dispense with a corset and keep its lines.
Yet there are figures and there are occasions which require less corsetry
than others. We have developed for
such occasions the Warner Corselette.” Contemporary
magazine Novenber 1921
The joining of a long-line
bra and high waisted girdle, with very light boning and elastic panels, was an
instant success and has been worn by generations of “full figured gals” ever
since. (fig. 47)
In her book The History of the
Corset, Emily Yooll explains,
“Some schools of thought contend that
all the control that is necessary can be exerted by means of a skilful cut, by
stitching and reinforcement. Boning
however, is the most popular method of control.
This certainly applies so far as rigid corsetry is concerned.
Elastic corsetry comes into another category, in which the varying
degrees and direction of stretch in a cloth give greater or lesser control.”
Emily Yooll was also the editor of the industry trade magazine Corsetry
and Underwear Journal
from 1935 to 1975.
Speaking about the disappearance of the corset after the
French Revolution and again after the Great War, the fashion historian James
Laver points out that, “both epochs were periods of feminine emancipation, so
that it almost looks as if the throwing away of the corset was a kind of
symbolic gesture and that is precisely what it was. But while the women of 1800 wore no corsets at all, the women
of the post-war period merely extracted the bones
- that is, they wore a foundation garment which by previous standards
would not have been considered a corset at all.”
After “The War to End All
Wars, ”the New Figure and new lifestyles constantly required new corset
designs. Vulcanised rubber cloth
was first used in 1911 to create a sports corset with less boning and in 1913 a
dance corset (called “the tango”) claimed to prevent muscle fatigue.
In peace time, between the two World Wars, dresses, corsets and
undergarments became quite flimsy once more, in a shameless display of the
natural body and glorification of youth culture much as during the Regency
period. By 1923 sheets of
rubber fabric were first used to create girdle foundations with exotic or
vampish names like the “Madame
X,” a sort of tube corset or “roll-on” girdle which no longer served to
sculpt the figure, rather control it, as a slimming aid.
This ideal did not really take off until the health and weight loss craze
of the 1930’s but even today we still see ads in the back of magazine for such
weight control garments which haven’t changed a bit. (fig.
Inevitably, during the
1920’s, traditional rigid corsetry fell out of favour with the youth market.
The fashionable figure just did not demand it.
The accent was on youth and freedom and this meant “roll-on” and
“step-in” girdles, made in the latest perforated rubber sheeting and elastic
fabrics offering a modern image of comfort and convenience. (fig. 48)
The new short, girdle-like garments
were little more than glorified garter belts doing not much more than holding
the stockings up, but in the 1930’s something a little more substantial was
required and the corselet came into its own as only it
could produce a figure worthy of the new, slinky figure hugging Jean Harlow
style dresses. (fig.
49) A smooth unbroken line was the look,
like Art Deco styling, sleek and modern. Corsetry
now had to be sold to women without really being called corsetry.
One did not wish to wear what one’s mother wore!
Anything considered to be “old-fashioned” would not stand a chance in
a young, health conscious market. Although
still known in the trade as corsetry, this term generally referred to girdles,
corselettes and brassieres. So-called real or rigid corsetry referred to garments that
laced up with boning and a steel busk. They
would also have to be made out of strong rigid fabric as opposed to the now well
established elastic fabrics like Eclast, Wondastretch, Lustercale, Gripknit,
Wondernet and Lastex. Advertising
of these new elastic foundations called for names reflecting a youthful, modern
active woman. Names like; Formfit,
Radiante, Unda-fit, Sta-up-top, Fitu, Supacut and Flexees, calling to mind the
control offered by these “miracle fabrics” with improved designs depending
on the cut and shape for figure control.
The word corset was not in
the vocabulary of the young who lived in the age of the zipper.
During the 20’s freedom and the excesses of youth took a toll on the
feminine figure, as women were now able to eat and drink without the restriction
of a rigid corset. The decadence of the 1920’s, lead directly to the 1930’s
national craze for healthy pursuits, regular exercise and fashionable suntans.
There was now an urgency to develop “healthy” designs for bras,
girdles and corselettes, frantically trying to keep up with the mass market.
New elastics could also be combined with hook and eye tape, zippers or,
occasionally, lacing and a short busk to create garments with “comfort, not
constriction,” gently moulding the figure and not the old push and pull
treatment. Aiming at the health
conscious market, surgical support was an ideal and successful sales tactic.
Suggested reasons for use were; general wear, figure control, support of
thin women, breast support, control for larger women, muscular or posture
weakness, abdominal up lift, prescription cases, post-operative, visceroptosis
(prolapsed abdomen), hernia and orthopaedic.
Many sales assistants were experts in fitting garments and some companies
even trained assistants in physiology and anatomy to reassure customers.
The main surgical supplier in Great Britain and America was Camp.
They also preached the importance of maternity corsetry for use in the
support of the abdominal wall and protection of the foetus during pregnancy.
It is quite true, however, that the use of maternity corsetry can improve
posture and alleviate backache. Yet
another corset would then be fitted for the postnatal period, to bring back the
As the craze for health
gained momentum, brands like Slimtex and Vita-flex promoted their rubber
reducing girdles made in lightweight, perforated rubber sheeting, guaranteed not
to split, peel or crack. In 1937
Corsets Silhouette Company in Great Britain advertised the “Silhouette
Radiante” corset range for about a year.
These foundation ads claimed that they were made with fabric
“impregnated with radio-active elements – uranium, thorium and radium” and
were said to “give a feeling of energy and fitness and a resistance to
The rigid lacing corset,
known for the past three centuries, was almost extinct thanks to the popularity
of the naturally slim waist, a healthy figure and loose fitting garments.
Despite all this, society still considered it to be indecent for a lady
to appear in public without a foundation garment of some sort.
The slightest hint of a “cheek cleft” under a slim fitting dress
would be classified as indecent exposure!
In 1939 there was indeed a
resurgence in back lacing corsetry caused by a brief fashion swing towards the
“nipped-in waist” thanks in particular to the Mainbocher corset.
The “Waltz Waist” was a pale pink, back-lacing corset designed by
couturier Mainbocher and was beautifully photographed in a neo classical pose. (fig.51)
This photo was the shot heard round the fashion world and many designers
took the lead to return to small waists (the new “figure of eight”
silhouette) in their Fall collections of 1939.
But as early as March 1938 the return of Victorian styling was announced.
The “New Silhouette” or the fashionable “New Woman,” again
encouraged a 21-inch waist with nostalgic, old-fashioned styled corsetry like
the Bon Ton “little laced waist corset” from the USA.
This trend may have lasted for quite a while if it had not been for the
war and the manufacturing industry’s opinion that it was only an extreme
fashion trend and merely a novelty.
Designers like Worth,
Molyneux, Balanciaga, and to a certain extent Schiaparelli, were using genuine
influences from the Victorian era to create boned, tailored suites and evening
gowns with bustles, waist cinchers and even hoops and crinolines in their
designs. The new silhouette
dictated by fashion produced a demand for some Edwardian styles to be brought
back into production, but this time made predominantly in elastic with side zip
fasteners. Designers saw a fresh
market for their product by designing foundation garments specifically to be
worn with their own gowns and suits. Mainbocher,
the first, went on to produce a stylish collection of foundation garments with
Warners in America in 1940. Dior
did the same with Lily of France in the 1950’s and Schiaparelli produced her
own through out the 1940’s & 50’s.
War soon put an end to all of this frivolity…. | <urn:uuid:907bdd7b-aaef-4ddd-9ad9-99319b26cb36> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.candsconstructions.com/pand3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701152987.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193912-00312-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947835 | 3,867 | 2.71875 | 3 |
If you happen to be looking for an interesting, musical, hands-on approach to learning science, check out www.lyricallearning.com !! Introduced to this several years ago, we have found out that there are several sets to choose from: Volume I called Lyrical Life Science, promotes scientific literacy through song. Chapters include Scientific Method, All Living Things, Intertebrates, etc. Volume II focuses on Mammals, Ecology, and Biomes. Volume III is about The Human Body. There’s also a set all about Geology.
Home Education Magazine says, “Lyrical Learning, a group with a solid grasp of science and a zany sense of humor….” Homeschooling Today says, “…a fabulous, comprehensive resource for teaching about the systems of the body…this belongs in the car where it can be enjoyed often. The quality of the music is exceptional and fun for the whole family.”
Each set comes with a CD of the songs that go along with each chapter, plus a textbook and a workbook. These aren’t overwhelming tomes but rather well put together 8 1/2 x 11″ bound books of about 40-50 pages for the workbook and 90-110 pages for the textbook.
The songs are very well done and help cement scientific terms and concepts. The tunes are well-known traditional, patriotic, and camp songs of long ago.
These are very reasonably priced and the 3 parts can be purchased separately or together.
Excerpt from Lyrical Learning. The Scientific Method.
The word science means to have knowledge of or to know, it also means the organized system of knowledge that comes from the observation, study and experimentation.
Many scientists spend their time making observations, asking questions and finding problems to solve.
We heartily recommend the Lyrical Life Science sets; however, we do add a disclaimer that in Vol. II about Mammals, Ecology and Biomes there is a chapter on pages 36-41 called Primates. We do not agree with the bent of this chapter; we believe humans are created in God’s image and are not offspring of apes.
Check out www.Lyricallearning.com and get your children hooked on science! That’s what happened with my 13 year old; she LOVES to study about God’s awesome creation! And Lyrical Learning helped a great deal!!
Our church denomination’s magazine, called New Horizons, recently had an uplifting article called “Family Devotions: Passing Down a Tradition.” The article gives many examples of families forming the habit of reading Scripture together,memorizing it, praying, singing hymns/songs to the Lord, and discussing the Lord’s work in their lives. What struck me was the evidence of God working in a covenantal way in families, from generation to generation to generation.
That could be a whole study in itself, and entire books have been written about covenant theology. What is important in this brief column today is the importance of family devotions. Deuteronomy 11:18-19 says, “You shall therefore lay up these words of mine in your heart and in your soul…You shall teach them to your children, talking of them when you are sitting in your house.”
Having family devotions does take discipline. It means keeping children at the table in order to open up the Word. It means saying no to the doorbell ringing, phone ringing, the computer clamoring for attention, a host of activities that could usurp some time to read and pray. Forming the habit takes effort and time. But we need to take advantage of these family eating times to feast also upon our Lord, too.
It’s time to announce an essay contest. The rules are simple:
1. Send a 100 or less word essay titled, “Why I Want to Win the Cello.” The cello is a 1/2 size Nagoya Suzuki , model 40 instrument with a soft case and a bow. Children and adults can enter the contest. (Cello value is $689.)
2. Postmarks accepted until May 20, 2008.
3. Send a SASE and a $10 entrance fee made payable to IX Publishing, Inc., PO Box 2578, Dearborn, MI 48123-2578.
Send cash, check or money order.
4. There must be at least 75 entries otherwise funds will be returned in the SASE you provide.
5. Winning entry will be posted on this site by June 1, 2008. (Cello will only be shipped in the continental USA.)
God is to be praised with the harp, the timbrel, the voice. In everything we are to give thanks, for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus our Lord. O magnify the Lord with me and let us exalt His name together. The steadfast love of the Lord never ceases, His mercies never come to an end, they are new every morning.
God has used music tremendously in my life and in the life of my family. God has used music to heal broken hearts, to awaken dead hearts, to give many families an overriding purpose. In our family, music has been part of who we are individually and as a family. The Psalms are laden with references to instruments, praising God, recounting His glorious works.
How has God blessed your life with music? Let me know. | <urn:uuid:6599e4e0-d446-4b89-8137-13f0521547d2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://prov31.com/category/music/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864022.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621040124-20180621060124-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.946204 | 1,138 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The common cold is a set of symptoms that result from a viral infection. Symptoms commonly include sneezing, runny nose, congestion and cough. Symptoms of the common cold may be treated with an antihistamine, decongestant or Tylenol®. Some newer antiviral drugs may reduce the duration and/or severity of symptoms from the common cold. However, the best treatment is often rest and time so that your immune system can eradicate the infection. Prolonged cold symptoms may indicate that you don’t have enough white blood cells to fight the infection.
- What causes the common cold?
- What are the symptoms of the common cold?
- Why is the common cold important for cancer patients?
- How is the common cold treated?
There are many different viruses that can cause the common cold, but often it is caused by a class called rhinoviruses. The virus is passed from other people; it is not cold weather that causes a cold, but the fact that cold weather causes people to gather together indoors, making transmission of the virus easier during the winter. The virus generally moves from someone else’s hands to your hands (either directly or through some intermediate surface like a door knob), and from your hands into your nose or eyes. The rhinovirus gets into the cells lining your nose and starts reproducing.
To fight the infection, your body’s immune system reacts to the presence of the virus by opening up blood vessels, resulting in inflammation and the feeling of congestion, and by increasing mucus secretions, causing a runny nose. The irritation caused by the virus and all of the fluid causes sneezing. If the virus makes it into the cells lining the lungs, then mucus is also produced in the lungs, which results in a cough.
There are possible causes of cold symptoms other than the common cold. For example:
- A runny nose, irritated nose or blocked sinuses may be caused by allergies.
- A sore throat may be caused by allergies with post-nasal drip.
- A sore throat may be caused by the STREP bacteria, a potentially serious infection.
- Nasal congestion and irritation may occur due to irritants, such as smoke and pollution.
- Worsening congestion and runny nose may be caused by overuse of nasal sprays, such as Afrin, to clear your nasal passages. Nasal spray should not be used longer than 3 to 5 days in a row.
- Congested sinuses may be caused by a deviated septum, where the membrane that separates the nostrils is off-center, which is usually due to a broken nose or trauma to the face.
Symptoms of the common cold may include one or more of the following:
The body’s primary defense against the common cold is the white blood cells that make up the immune system. Not everyone gets every cold. If you have a strong immune system, you are less likely to contract a cold virus, even if you are exposed to it.
Cancer patients have weakened immune systems. Specifically, cancer patients may have abnormally low levels of neutrophils in the circulating blood, a condition called neutropenia. Neutrophils are a kind of white blood cell that helps prevent and fight infections. The most common reason that cancer patients experience neutropenia is as a side effect of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia increases a patient’s risk of infection and disrupts cancer treatment.
Fortunately, neutropenia can be prevented. Prevention of neutropenia allows patients to receive their scheduled treatment and reduces the risk of infection and hospitalization. Currently, the two drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia are Neupogen® (filgrastim) and Neulasta® (pegfilgrastim), a longer lasting drug requiring less frequent injections.
For more information, go to the section on low white blood cell counts (neutropenia).
Antibiotics are not a treatment for viral infections, but you may be prescribed an antibiotic if you have the streptococcus bacteria (strep) or if your doctor wants to protect you against developing a strep infection. The main reason to treat a possible strep infection is to prevent rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever can develop from a strep infection and may involve the heart, joints, skin and brain. Rheumatic fever is responsible for many cases of damaged heart valves.
The most common antibiotics prescribed for a strep infection are Penicillin V or Amoxacillin. These antibiotics are prescribed for at least 10 days. While these are the most common antibiotics prescribed, you may receive another depending on your overall health status.
If you have had a prolonged illness and postnasal drip, you may develop a sinus infection (sinusitis). The antibiotic amoxicillin is usually prescribed for a sinus infection. Dosage is 500 mg by mouth, 3 times a day, for 10-14 days.
Antihistamines may relieve sneezing, watery eyes and itching, particularly due to allergies, and can prevent nasal congestion. The most common non-prescription antihistamines include diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton®). Side effects of these drugs may leave you drowsy and with a dry mouth. Newer prescription antihistamines are available that do not cause these side effects. These include Loratadine (Claritin®), and Fexofenadine (Allegra®). You can take one of these pills daily, every other day, or whenever you have symptoms. These medications may be prescribed alone, or in combination with a decongestant, such as Loratadine/Pseudoephedrine (Claritin-D®).
Corticosteroids (steroids) are often administered as a nasal spray and work locally to decrease nasal irritation and inflammation. With local administration, only a small amount of the steroid is distributed through your body, reducing the risk of unfavorable long-term side effects of steroids. Common topical nasal steroids include Budesonide (Rhinocort®) and Fluticasone propionate (Flonase®).
Decongestants are used to treat congestion or relieve “blockage” in the nose or sinuses, or to relieve symptoms of a runny nose. The most commonly prescribed pill to treat congestion is pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®). A commonly used nasal spray decongestant is azelastine (Astelin®).
Tylenol® (acetaminophen) may relieve joint or throat pain. Standard dosage is two extra-strength tablets every 6 hours as needed, up to 4000 mg per day. It is important not to exceed the recommended daily dose of Tylenol, as it may cause liver damage.
If you have a bleeding disorder, such as thrombocytopenia, you should avoid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil®), as well as aspirin because these drugs may interfere with blood platelets and prolong bleeding.
Copyright © 2018 Omni Health Media. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:e0b3668b-93f0-4a68-a507-3148dac1f297> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://tahoecancercenter.com/cancer-treatment/side-effects-of-cancer-treatment/less-common-side-effects/cold-or-flu-illness-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510893.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016221847-20181017003347-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.930162 | 1,529 | 3.96875 | 4 |
How to Avoid SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
Starting Now How to Stay Happy
Simple Ways to be Happier as the Season Changes
For many, summer is filled with long, fun-filled days in the sun, but come fall and winter, sunlight gets scarce and many retreat to the warmth of their homes until the spring thaw signals that it’s time to venture back outside.
During this time, the lack of sunlight and inactivity can lead to a common condition known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). About 10 percent of the U.S. population living in northern states suffer from SAD, which is characterized by a depressed mood, irritability, fatigue, anxiety, cravings for carbohydrates and weight gain. Another 30 percent suffer from a less severe form of the condition, often referred to as the winter blues.
How do You Know You Have SAD?
If you suffer from SAD, chances are you’re already familiar with the pattern; symptoms generally appear in the fall or early winter, then go away when the spring and summer come.
Typically, this occurs because winter sleep-wake cycles often have us waking up after the morning sun has been up for a while. This limits the amount of already limited sunlit hours that we are exposed to during the day. These fluctuations in the sleep-wake cycles create an increase in melatonin levels during sleep, which can increase feelings of depression.
The lack of exposure to light also contributes to a decrease in serotonin levels, which also leads to depression.
Some common symptoms you may experience if you suffer from SAD include:
If not addressed, SAD can worsen and lead to more serious problems associated with depression, including suicidal thoughts or behavior, problems at work or school and substance abuse.
Who is Most at Risk?
Anyone can suffer from SAD, however women are far more likely to be diagnosed with the condition than men. That said, when men are diagnosed, they tend to have more severe symptoms.
Also, as you might suspect, the farther north or south you live from the equator, the more likely you are to have SAD, likely because of the decreased amount of sunlight during the winter and longer days during the summer (it’s also possible, though less likely, to experience SAD in the spring and summer months).
If you have a close family member with Seasonal Affective Disorder, it may also increase your risk of the condition.
As the Summer Sun Fades, this year BEAT the Holiday SAD Stress Levels. NOW is the Time to Lessen Your Risk of SAD
SAD symptoms often hit hardest after the busy holiday season comes to an abrupt halt. But this year you can prepare yourself in advance so you stay happy and healthy all winter through, including after the holidays.
Because SAD is linked to the lower levels of sunlight many of us experience during the winter months, you can help to lessen your risk – or treat SAD if you have it – by using light therapy (also known as phototherapy). The premise is simple, a special light box such as NatureBright SunTouch Plus Light mimics the effects of sun exposure, helping to alter brain chemicals that are linked to improved mood. This high intensity of light also helps to restrict the amount of melatonin produced by the brain, and thus decrease feelings of depression
According to one meta-analysis of 20 controlled studies, light therapy is as effective as antidepressant drugs in treating SAD and other depressive disorders.
For a 10,000-lux light (a measure of intensity) such as NatureBright SunTouch, you need only about 30 minutes in front of the light daily to experience benefits. You can sit in front of the light and read, knit, or do just about any other activity while reaping the benefits of summer sun exposure on your mood.
“Dawn simulation,” which uses a special alarm clock such as the BioBrite Sunrise Clock to simulate the sunrise in your bedroom, has also proven effective in relieving SAD symptoms. Because your body is designed to naturally waken with the rising sun, using a dawn-simulator in your bedroom can help your body wake up gradually as it would during a natural sunrise.
Exercise: Another Secret Weapon for Seasonal Affective Disorder
Exercise is a natural way to increase serotonin levels. Studies have shown that one hour of aerobic exercise has the same uplifting effects as 2.5 hours of indoor light therapy.
Regular exercise is also a phenomenal way to relieve the symptoms of all types of depression, including seasonal depression. As TIME magazine recently reported:
“Molecular biologists and neurologists have begun to show that exercise may alter brain chemistry in much the same way that antidepressant drugs do — regulating the key neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine.
At the University of Georgia, neuroscience professor Philip Holmes and his colleagues have shown that over the course of several weeks, exercise can switch on certain genes that increase the brain's level of galanin, a peptide neurotransmitter that appears to tone down the body's stress response by regulating another brain chemical, norepinephrine.”
Quite simply, it is your body’s natural state to be active. Studies show, for instance, that sitting for too long actually stimulates disease-promoting processes, and may double or even triple your risk of diabetes, obesity, heart disease and premature death.
Fortunately, with at-home DVDs like the wonderful SheaNetics program from MySheaNetics.com, staying active is easy. Most exercise programs are geared only toward giving you short-term physical improvement. But SheaNetics™ understands the real goal for us all is to find total health and fulfillment that is life-lasting. This can only be achieved by creating harmony in body, mind and self, which is why SheaNetics not only works out your body – creating a leaner, more toned you – but also focuses on creating positive energy. This is “meditation in motion and thought,” a program that reduces stress and allows you to enjoy a lifestyle of fitness, personal balance and well-being no matter what the season.
You can also try doing regular stretching, as it will help you to reduce and manage stress, along with improve your mental clarity and focus. As with exercise, proper form in stretching has everything to do with achieving the maximum health benefits. We highly recommend the Stretching Toward a Healthier Life DVD for this purpose.
What Else Can Help You to Beat the Winter Blues?
Even though it’s not yet winter, or even fall, you can start making lifestyle changes to boost your mood and levels of well-being now. That way, as the days get darker and you get busy with holiday preparations, you’ll be feeling happy instead of blue. What other tips can help?
- Get outside: Even if it’s cool and cloudy, a walk outdoors can help boost your mood. Studies show it’s especially helpful to spend some time outdoors within two hours of waking up in the morning.
Try to get out in the sun, or let it shine through your windows as much as possible. Try using sheer curtains instead of blinds. If possible, go to bed earlier and use the Sleep Easy guided meditations CD to help you fall asleep faster and sleep deeper so that you can wake up earlier to get more of that morning sun.
You can also liven up your home with splashes of warm colors, such as reds, oranges, yellows. Instead of taking on any major redecorating, just add some warm-colored pillows, blankets, candles, tablecloths, etc. These colors evoke feelings of warmth and fire. And by all means, if you have a fireplace -- use it in the cold-weather months!
- Modify your diet: Carbohydrates have been shown to increase serotonin levels. To treat your body right, indulge in complex carbohydrates, such as whole-grain pasta and brown rice, or try eating healthy simple carbohydrates, like fruit, in place of high-sugar foods. Sugary foods may provide momentary relief, but will ultimately exhaust your body and make you more susceptible to illness. A healthy diet -- one full of raw fruits and veggies, lean proteins and whole grains -- is necessary for your body to function properly on every level
If you try the above lifestyle modifications and your symptoms don’t improve, or you’re suffering from signs of serious depression, such as suicidal thoughts, you should seek professional help. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, which helps you to recognize and change damaging thought patterns, has been shown to be effective in treating SAD, especially when combined with light therapy.
In fact, research by University of Vermont psychologist Kelly Rohan, PhD found an 80 percent remission rate for SAD patients treated with a combination of light therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
SixWise Says ...
“People with SAD may want to curl up on the couch and eat junk food – both are symptoms of the disorder. However, trying to get outside and take a walk can combat SAD rather than fuel it … Taking a long walk, even in winter months, can help people feel better. A half-hour walk is equal to two-and-half hours in front of a light box.”
--Dr. Raymond Crowel, Psy.D., vice president of mental health and substance abuse services, Mental Health America
Do one or the other (walk or enlighten yourself with a lightbox) each day… and when your schedule allows do both plus add a little SheaNetics to each day.
Can you just imagine how happy you will be throughout the coming Fall and Winter Seasons into Spring?! Might it just be possible to replace drugs with healthy natural walking and SheaNetics to lighten your each and every day upfront … as then there’s no need for a cure. We want you to be happy and stay healthy, and wealthy without added costs of seasonal drug expenses -- if you can help it and if not needed. First check with your physician.
Be good to yourself… enjoy!
The Winter Blues: What Can You do to Overcome This Common Cold-Weather Condition?
Depression: Some Astounding Statistics and What You Should do if You or a Loved One is Confronting It
Time.com June 19, 2010
MSNBC.com January 22, 2010
MedicalNewsToday.com April 10, 2005
American Journal of Psychiatry, April 2005, Volume 162, Number 4: 656-662
Mental Health America
MayoClinic.com Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) | <urn:uuid:55e6cb8b-83f9-4d70-acf8-22571250a559> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.sixwise.com/Newsletters/2010/August/11/How-to-Avoid-SAD-Seasonal-Affective-Disorder.htm?source=nl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00027-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939545 | 2,209 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Love of the Land - Why Cry? A Tale of Two Cities
Selections from classical Torah sources
which express the special relationship between
the People of Israel and Eretz Yisrael
WHY CRY? - A TALE OF TWO CITIES
How can a Jew weep on Tisha B'Av for the destruction of Jerusalem and the Beis Hamikdash which took place thousands of years ago, when he sees how beautifully Jerusalem has been rebuilt in our days?
Perhaps we can learn a lesson from Rabbi Gershon Kitover, brother-in-law of the Ba'al Shem Tov, who arrived in Jerusalem two and a half centuries ago with the first group of Chassidim to settle in the Holy Land. He looked around at a city which sported foreign legations and all the signs of a serene community restored, in sharp contrast to the desolation described by Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman (Ramban) in his famous letter reporting on his visit to the city some five centuries earlier.
Rabbi Gershon broke into tears. Now, he said, I fully understand the words of the prayer that Jews say at the end of the final ne'ilah service on Yom Kippur, when the gates of Heaven are about to close. As they stand at this dramatic moment, weakened in body from a long day of fasting and strengthened in spirit from prayer and repentance, they strive to send one more prayer heavenward, invoking the 13 attributes of Divine mercy. The opening lines, sounding more like a Tisha B'Av lamentation than a Yom Kippur prayer, cry out: "I recall, O G-d, and I am overcome by emotion, as I see every city solidly built on its foundation, while the City of G-d is reduced to the depth of the grave. Nevertheless, we are with G-d and our eyes are turned to G-d."
Until Rabbi Gershon saw the rebuilt Jerusalem of his day, he assumed - as we all do - that the above lament contrasts a desolate Holy City with the mighty capitals of the world, Rome, Paris, London and Berlin. But when he saw the beginnings of a rebuilt Jerusalem and contrasted it with the ruins of the Beis Hamikdash he sensed a deeper meaning in those words:
'Every city' - said Rabbi Gershon - refers to the Jerusalem of Below, the city of brick and mortar; while the 'City of G-d' refers to the Jerusalem of Above, the heavenly city characterized by the Beis Hamikdash.
It is certainly painful to contrast these ruins with the prosperity of foreign cities. But the pain is indescribably greater when one sees the contrast between material prosperity and spiritual ruin before his very eyes. Small wonder that this great man of spirit, who finally realized his lifelong dream of reaching Jerusalem, was moved to tears when he sensed the awful contrast.
The above account of Rabbi Gershon Kitover's experience and observation is recorded by one of the great halachic authorities, Rabbi Yosef Tumim, who served as rabbi of Frankfort, Germany two centuries ago. In his classic commentary on Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim, "Pri Megadim" (661a Eshel Avraham), he quotes his father as the source for this moving story about Rabbi Gershon Kitover.
A footnote to this is the sentiment expressed in the last line of the above mentioned prayer - "Nevertheless, we are with G-d and our eyes are turned to G-d." This sense of hope amidst mourning reminds us of the story of a father who took his young son to the Western Wall for the first time. It was Tisha B'Av, and the youngster asked his father why grown men were weeping.
"Here," said the father, "our Beis Hamikdash once stood. The Har Habayis (Temple Mount) on which it stood was surrounded by four large walls. Now the Beis Hamikdash is destroyed, as well as the walls around the Har Habayis. All we have left of all our sacred glory is this one wall where you see people praying. Is it any wonder that they cry when they remember what once stood here?"
"But Father," responded the son, "isn't
it true that Mashiach will soon come to redeem us, rebuild the
Beis Hamikdash and the four walls around Har Habayis?
We should take comfort in the fact that one of those walls is
already standing, and there are only three more to go!"
Written by Rabbi Mendel Weinbach, Dean, Ohr Somayach Institutions
General Editor: Rabbi Moshe Newman
HTML Production: Eli Ballon
HTML Design: Michael Treblow
© 1998 Ohr Somayach International - All rights reserved. This publication may be distributed to another person intact without prior permission. We also encourage you to include this material in other publications, such as synagogue newsletters. However, we ask that you contact us beforehand for permission, and then send us a sample issue.
This publication is available via E-Mail
Ohr Somayach Institutions is an international network of Yeshivot and outreach centers, with branches in North America, Europe, South Africa and South America. The Central Campus in Jerusalem provides a full range of educational services for over 685 full-time students.
The Jewish Learning Exchange (JLE) of Ohr Somayach offers summer and winter programs in Israel that attract hundreds of university students from around the world for 3 to 8 weeks of study and touring.
Ohr Somayach's Web site is hosted by TeamGenesis
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Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales was the better looking, more popular elder brother of Charles I. He was a staunch Protestant, something his father ensured by taking him away from his mother because of her tendency towards Catholicism. Personally, if I’d have been worried by that sort of thing I just wouldn’t have married her, but Kings do these things differently.
He was already becoming active in politics and was well thought of by the nation when he died of typhoid at the age of 18. At his funeral 1,000 people followed the coffin and many poems and songs were composed in his honour.
Next question – do you include Cromwell? He was near enough a King when he was Lord Protector, and was actually related to the Jasper Tudor, the uncle of Henry VII. He also passed the country on to his son Richard at his death, which is pretty kinglike, but they probably shouldn’t be here. Sadly, that gives me no chance to talk about Tumbledown Dick.
When Charles II died, he left 12 children by 7 mistresses and, unfortunately, no legitimate children. His brother James was his heir, and James was a Catholic. This was a major problem, as the majority of the country did not want a return to Catholic rule.
Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, who had been the youngest brother of Charles II and James II, had, at one time, been thought of as a successor to his father, being strongly Protestant after an education at the hands of tutors appointed by Parliament. He was later allowed to join the rest of his family in France, became a noted soldier and died of smallpox in 1660. If he had been alive in 1685 he might have helped to avert the Monmouth Rebellion by providing an acceptable alternative to James II.
The popular alternative was James Scott, Duke of Monmouth. He claimed his mother had been secretly married to Charles, though the King always denied it, and no proof was ever produced. Monmouth was popular in the country, had a good reputation as a soldier, and was a Protestant.
If all this talk of Catholics and Protestants seems out of touch with modern life you may like to check the Succession to the Crown Act (2013). You can now succeed to the throne if you are married to a Catholic, but you still cannot succeed to the throne if you are, or have ever been, a Catholic.
Anyway, back to Monmouth. It didn’t end well. Not only did the rebels lose a large number of men at the Battle of Sedgemoor, but more were condemed by Judge Jeffreys at the Bloody Assizes. Alice Lisle was executed for sheltering rebels (or, as some said, because her husband had signed the death warrant of Charles I), and was the last woman to be sentenced to death by beheading in the UK.
There is a story that after the execution the royal family realised that they didn’t have a portrait of Monmouth so they stitched the head back on, covered the join with a cravat and had a portrait done. Unfortunately the story isn’t true, as there are several portraits of Monmouth, and the supposed post mortem portrait probably isn’t him.
Meanwhile, on a personal note, I am probably the last man to shed blood for the Duke of Monmouth. At the 1985 re-enactment I was wielding my rubber billhook in a vain attempt to reverse the injustice of 1685 when a teacher of English, having imbibed enthusiastically for lunch and put on a red uniform, clipped me on the elbow with his sword.
It wasn’t much blood, but it was definitely shed when it would have been better left inside me..
(Sorry this has gone on so long – the final installment should be shorter.) | <urn:uuid:c550c264-708c-4e7a-94f5-b34f88b79702> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://quercuscommunity.com/tag/kings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824115.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212181507-20181212203007-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.991588 | 791 | 2.625 | 3 |
Earth-sheltered homes are exactly that, houses covered with earth. There are two main ways of doing this.
Either the house can be set into a hill with earth covering 3 exterior walls and the roof, or earth can be piled against the external walls. The latter type, known as earth-bermed, sits above ground, sometimes with earth covering the roof. For centuries people have used the earth to insulate their homes, but are they the way forward in terms of eco-housing and preserving our environment?
The UK is forever developing land in order to build homes for our ever-growing population. Although new homes are absolutely necessary, there is little consideration of how this is changing our landscape.
According to the Campaign for Rural England, “the amount of farmland, forests, gardens and greenfield land lost to housing development each year has increased by 58% over the past four years.”
With the loss of natural landscape comes threats to our wildlife, which in turn threatens the natural ecosystems that have existed since long before us.
So how can we develop land in such a way that preserves the environment? Earth bermed homes and buildings are great at insulating both heat and noise, plus various vegetation can be planted into the walls and roof. This helps the developed land to retain some elements of nature, however, is unlikely to truly reflect the landscape that was there beforehand.
Earth-sheltered homes that are set into a hill, or are otherwise beneath ground, can allow for a natural environment to re-develop above them. It is this quality that makes earth-sheltered homes far less destructive to the environment than traditional builds, as it allows nature to return once construction has ended.
A huge benefit of an earth-sheltered home is climate control. This is far more prominent in homes set into the earth, rather than earth-bermed, but it has the same effect. The layer of earth keeps the home insulated and warm in colder months and protects the home from the sun when it’s hot. The high quality of insulation is great for property owners as up to 80 per cent less is spent on energy bills than in a comparable, above-ground home. These homes are insulated not only from extreme temperatures but also noise as earth is an effective acoustic insulator.
There are many factors to consider when designing an earth-sheltered home. Lighting, air ventilation, condensation, even the condition of the soil must all be planned around during the design stage of the process.
Due to the large amount of planning needed, along with the cost of high-quality materials, earth-sheltered homes can cost substantially more than a standard home.
On top of the initial cost of the build, any repairs needed during its lifetime will likely be far more difficult to carry out. Also, if you plan on covering the building with vegetation, you have to be mindful that not all plants will be suitable.
While earth-bermed homes can benefit the environment through reduced heating bills and an increased amount of local foliage, submerged homes and buildings offer the opportunity for a natural landscape to return in time.
In an age where more and more land is being lost to construction, earth-sheltered homes may be the best compromise between our need for housing and our desire to preserve our natural environment.
If you think an earth-sheltered home may be right for you, or for help and ideas on how to preserve the natural environment of a build, get in touch with a member of the team. | <urn:uuid:2bfa11e5-1fc1-4e82-9f22-22069ee14804> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.kj-architects.co.uk/news/earth-sheltered-homes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021230549-20211022020549-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.962945 | 725 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Cel"lu*lar (?), a. [L. cellula a little cell: cf. F. cellulaire. See Cellule.]
Consisting of, or containing, cells; of or pertaining to a cell or cells.
Cellular plants, Cellular cryptogams Bot., those flowerless plants which have no ducts or fiber in their tissue, as mosses, fungi, lichens, and algae. -- Cellular theory, or Cell theory Biol., a theory, according to which the essential element of every tissue, either vegetable or animal, is a cell; the whole series of cells having been formed from the development of the germ cell and by differentiation converted into tissues and organs which, both in plants ans animals, are to be considered as a mass of minute cells communicating with each other. -- Cellular tissue. (a) Anat. See conjunctive tissue under Conjunctive. (b) Bot. Tissue composed entirely of parenchyma, and having no woody fiber or ducts.
<-- cellular telephone, a portable radio-telephone transmitting and receiving the radio-telephonic signals from one of a group of transmitter-receiver stations so arranged that they provide adequate signal contact for such telephones over a certain geographical area. The area within which one transmitter may service such portable telephones is called its "cell. -->
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:5972a590-f802-4545-a684-47148fceb396> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://everything2.com/user/Webster+1913/writeups/cellular | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823382.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210170024-20181210191524-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.92445 | 284 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Mindfulness is a meditation practice that involves intentionally paying attention to the present moment. Researchers studying the science behind mindfulness meditation have demonstrated that it can actually change the way our brains work. As more and more Americans report depression and anxiety, there has been increased public interest and scientific attention to mindfulness in recent years. Could something as simple as meditating be a realistic alternative to pharmaceutical solutions?
“The science is new on this subject, but it’s deeply embedded in the religious practices, especially in south Asian countries like India and Nepal,” said Muhammad Aadil, M.D., resident physician in psychiatry at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School.
He reviewed the latest research on mindfulness in the journal Cureus and as a physician, he educates his patients about mindfulness. We spoke with Dr. Aadil to learn whether mindfulness is a fad or the real deal, and to understand what happens to the brain during meditation.
Benefits of Mindfulness
“Our mind is always wandering and always thinking about different things and not staying in the present moment,”said Aadil. “So, if you can train your mind to stick in the present time, it can truly change your life.”
Scientific studies have demonstrated that mindfulness can help focus our thoughts. According to the University of California, Berkeley’s Greater Good Magazine, consistent meditation can improve your compassion, ability to solve problems, attention span and resiliency to stress. Mindfulness helps the mind and body recover from stressful situations. For example, researchers have found that mindfulness makes breakups and divorce easier.
In general, according to Greater Good, mindfulness is a positive influence on relationships with loved ones. For example, studies have shown that when couples discussed a conflict, the stress hormone cortisol spiked during these difficult conversations, as expected. But after the conflict was over, the more mindful participants calmed down faster and quickly returned to normal cortisol levels.
Mindfulness can be a helpful tool for parents. It has been linked to lower stress, depression, and anxiety among parents of preschoolers and children with disabilities, and mindful parenting practices can help parents be more empathetic with their children.
Scientific American reports that evidence-backed benefits of mindfulness include memory improvement, stress reduction, healthier diet and sleep improvement. One study found undergraduate students who took a two-week mindfulness class performed better on the reading comprehension portion of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) test used for graduate school admissions by 16 percentile points.
Mindfulness programs have widely been shown to help people cope with mental health such as anxiety and stress, and they can also improve physical health by helping people improve their eating and sleeping habits. For example, people who meditate with their eyes closed fall asleep faster, Aadil said.
Mental Health and Meditation Practices
Mindfulness can be part of psychological treatment called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), to help people with post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and eating disorders. In those situations, meditation can supplement, though not replace standard treatment.
“The gold standard treatment is medication,” says Aadil. He adds, “Maybe in the future, with better techniques for mindful CBT, we might be able to reduce the dosage of the medication, but I don’t see that it will completely replace medication.”
But for mild depression and mild anxiety, mindfulness practices can be very effective without medication, according to Aadil.
“If I see a patient that’s in the emergency or in the outpatient clinic,” said Aadil, “I ask if they have heard of any mindfulness techniques. And if they say no, then I just educate them on the basics of mindfulness.”
When Aadil has more time with patients, he does a guided two- to five-minute mindfulness therapy. The idea is to have the patient close their eyes, focus on breathing slowly and being only in the present moment. Depending on how technically savvy his patients are, he may also suggest meditation apps to help them continue to practice mindfulness at home.
What Happens to the Brain During Meditation
Neuroscientists have studied mindfulness and discovered that meditation actually changes the physical structure of the brain. The Observer reports that when Harvard Medical School scientist Sara Lazar was skeptical about her yoga teacher’s claims about the benefits of meditation, she used MRI technology to find proof. Surprisingly, she observed that meditation can help us stay sharper as we age. The frontal cortex, which is the part of the brain associated with memories, typically thins out as we age. The brain scans revealed that older meditators had the same amount of gray matter in their cortex as their younger counterparts.
In another study, the Harvard neuroscientists observed people who had never meditated before as they went through an eight-week mindfulness training program. The results demonstrated that mindfulness activates the parts of the brain related to memory storage, empathy and emotional regulation, as evidenced by an increase in brain volume in the hippocampus and temporoparietal junction. At the same time, meditation reduces activity in the fight or flight survival instinct part of the brain (amygdala), which triggers stress hormones.
According to Greater Good Magazine, long-term, consistent meditation makes people more resilient because it reduces the inflammatory response in people when they are exposed to stressors.
“There are certain inflammatory markers for depression and anxiety that you can measure in the blood,” Aadil explained. “For individuals who are meditating for a long time, meaning for more than a year or two years, those inflammation markers go down in the blood.”
Training the Brain
While there is science behind mindfulness meditation, some studies have shown mixed results. For example, according to Greater Good, a study showed that a mindfulness program for adults had no impact on depression or anxiety in teens. Many other studies were inconclusive about the benefits of mindfulness practices.
One big issue is that not everyone is motivated to do brain training exercises. For many people, it’s difficult to sit still for several minutes.
“One thing we can do is start teaching kids or children at a very early age, at least some basic mindfulness techniques,” says Aadil.
Even a mindfulness expert such as Aadil admitted that he sees low success rates with his patients. Most of his patients are homeless, dealing with severe financial stress and addiction problems, so it’s difficult for them to prioritize meditation when they have more urgent issues to address.
After extensively studying mindfulness practices and learning the proven benefits, Aadil still finds it difficult.
“I have read so much about meditation,” Aadil says. “I know how effective it is, I know how beneficial it is, I have multiple apps, I have a reminder for every day. But I’m still not able to practice daily.”
Mindfulness is an exercise for training the brain. It’s not only about carving out a few moments of peace in your day. Just like the benefits of physical exercise extend beyond your sweat session, mindfulness has lasting benefits. Like many other skills, meditation is easy for some people and challenging for others. But like any other skill, it takes practice and dedication.
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Top 10 Houseplants for Removing Toxins
Studies show that Americans spend 90% of their lives indoors, which means that good indoor air quality is vital for good health. Plants are the lungs of the earth. They produce oxygen that makes life possible, add precious moisture, and filter toxins. Houseplants can perform these essential functions in your home and/or office with the same efficiency as a rainforest in our biosphere.
In research designed to create a breathable environment for a NASA lunar habitat, noted scientist Dr. B.C. Wolverton discovered that houseplants are the best filters of common pollutants such as ammonia, formaldehyde, and benzene. These poisons can be released by furniture, carpets, and building material and then trapped by closed ventilation systems. This leads to a host of respiratory and allergic reactions, including fatigue, headache, nervous system disorders, sinus congestion, etc.
1. Areca Palm, aka Butterfly Palm
2. Lady Palm (great for formaldehyde)
3. Bamboo Palm (great for formaldehyde)
4. Rubber Plant
5. Dracaena "Janet Craig"
7. Dwarf Date Palm
8. Ficus Alii
9. Boston Fern (great for formaldehyde)
10. Peace Lily
Other powerful air-cleaning plants include the Spider Plant, English Ivy, Chinese Evergreen, and Golden Pothos. Gerbera daisies and English Ivy have been shown to remove benzene (a toxin in cigarette smoke), while daisies rid trichloroethylene (a toxin in in inks, solvents, and paints).
*Resource - eartheasy.com
Trish Carter, Certified EDS Technician | <urn:uuid:6cbdc831-913e-4e32-a0bc-989861102511> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.naturesalternativesohio.com/blog---tips-for-a-better-you/category/air | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656833.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609201549-20230609231549-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.870812 | 395 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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LISSA (Polish Lezno), a town in the Prussian province of Posen, 25 m. N.E. from Glogau by rail and at the junction of lines to Breslau, Posen and Landsberg. Pop. (1905) 16,021. The chief buildings are the handsome palace, the medieval town-hall, the four churches and the synagogue. Its manufactures consist chiefly of shoes, machinery, liqueurs and tobacco; it also possesses a large steam flour-mill, and carries on a brisk trade in grain and cattle.
Lissa owes its rise to a number of Moravian Brothers who were banished from Bohemia by the emperor Ferdinand I. in the 16th century and found a refuge in a village on the estate of the Polish family of Leszczynski. Their settlement received municipal rights in 1561. During the Thirty Years' War the population was reinforced by other refugees, and Lissa became an important commercial town and the chief seat of the Moravian Brothers in Poland. Johann Amos Comenius was long rector of the celebrated Moravian school here. In 1656 and 1707 Lissa was burned down.
See Voigt, Aus Lissas erster Bli tezeit (Lissa, 1905), and Sanden, Geschichte der Lissaer Schule (Lissa, 1905).
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All Hallows' Eve
Hallowe'en is a holiday that has almost ingrained itself into American life and, in turn, the global culture.
Origins and historyThe roots of what we now know as Halloween are descended from two holidays: the Catholic celebration of All Saints' Day, and the Celtic pagan festival of Samhain (pronounced "sah-win"). "Halloween" is short for All Hallows' Eve, meaning the eve (or evening) before All Saints' Day. Originally, in the seventh century, it was celebrated in May or April, right after Easter. A few centuries later, All Saints' Day was shifted to November, a change that originated in Germany before spreading through the Roman Catholic world. The Orthodox churches continue to celebrate it in April, as did the Irish for a time, for reasons that will be described below. Samhain, meanwhile, marked the last harvest, the end of foraging for livestock, and the beginning of winter in Celtic pagan culture. (Some folklorists have also claimed Samhain to be the Celtic New Year.) Celtic mythology also held it to be the day when the barrier between the mortal and spirit realms grew thin; anybody who knows anything about Halloween knows where this is going. This was why the Irish continued celebrating All Saints' Day in April years after their fellow Catholics had changed the date, as they wanted to keep the holiday free from associations with Samhain. Clearly, it hasn't worked, as most of the popular iconography surrounding Halloween is borrowed from Samhain rather than All Saints' Day. The jack-o'-lantern, for instance, was meant to ward off evil spirits and faenote , as was the tradition of dressing up in costume (or "guising"). The revival of Celtic culture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries only deepened interest in Samhain, contributing to its transformation into the modern holiday of Halloween. Nevertheless, works of fiction (and allegedly fact-based news reports about the feast) have been known to overstate the influence of Samhain on Halloween. Halloween was imported to the US and Canada in the 19th century, a time that saw substantial Irish and Scottish migration to the New World. Back in this time, Halloween in North America was more of a celebration of Irish and Scottish heritage than anything else, much like Columbus Day is for Italian Americans. It was celebrated with large feasts, apple bobbing, and divination games, as well as pranks and mischief. By the turn of the century, the "pranks and mischief" had become the defining feature of Halloween, turning it into a night of vandalism. As a result, the Boy Scouts and neighborhood groups started working to turn Halloween back into a safe celebration, organizing trick-or-treating events based around the old practice of "guising" to redirect the focus of the festivities away from violence. With Halloween now becoming a popular celebration outside of Welsh, Irish and Scottish neighborhoods, retailers seized upon a brilliant opportunity to have a new holiday to commercialize. While there was some commercialization going on before (mass-produced costumes were appearing in the 1930s), it really took off after World War II, and it hasn't stopped since. Today, Halloween is considered a major holiday in the US, Canada, Mexico (where it has a more Catholic bent, as it falls right before the Día de los Muertos celebrations), and the British Isles (where it is more strongly influenced by the older traditions, particularly in Ireland, Scotland, Northern England and Wales). It has also caught on in mainland Europe, India, the Philippines, and Japan through exposure to American media. It's that part about American media that often creates the most criticism of Halloween outside North America and the British Isles. France, for instance, has long been resistant to celebrating the holiday, seeing it as a form of American cultural imperialism, and celebrations are largely limited to the expat communities. The Australians are more accepting, especially in recent years (it helps that many Australians claim Irish or Scottish ancestry), but it is highly controversial for the same reasons that it is in France; a typical sight in newspapers around October is articles railing against the holiday and the "creeping Americanism" it represents (especially given that, in Australia, October marks the beginning of spring).
- Costumes: One of the standout features of the holiday. The Halloween costume has traditionally been some form of monster — popular choices include ghosts (particularly of the bedsheet variety), skeletons, witches, demons, vampires, zombies, and masked slashers. Big rubber masks are often a component, as is fake blood. Other popular (and less scary or supernatural) choices include police officers, firefighters, pirates, soldiers, doctors, nurses, animals, princesses, TV and movie characters, Presidential candidates in election yearsnote , and costumes that parody the year's events, often in a macabre and deliberately provocative fashion (such as a celebrity who died recently, or a victim of a recent disaster).
A recent trend has been for women's Halloween costumes to crank up the fanservice with plenty of cleavage, leg, midriff, and leather. In fact, as noted on the page for Hotter and Sexier, the "slutty Halloween costume" is almost a trope in and of itself, with entire companies specializing in making sexy costumes. Halloween has been described (most famously by Cady Heron) as the one day when women are allowed to pretty much dress like strippers without any repercussions, no matter how strait-laced they are on the other 364 days of the year, while Dan Savage has called it the closest thing straight people have to a gay pride parade, or that Americans have to Carnival or Mardi Gras. That said, it does make for good Snark Bait, with lists of the most laughable "sexy" Halloween costumes cropping up every October. And in case you were wondering, while it is less common, guys get in on this too; the usual male variation of the above is either the Walking Shirtless Scene, or something that calls attention to the guy's junk (like elephants, hot dogs, genie bottles, or "ball pits").
- Decoration: Halloween trails only Christmas as the most popular holiday for decorating one's house. The Celtic jack-o'-lantern tradition has been imported largely intact, the main difference being that pumpkins have replaced turnips as the carved vegetable of choice (pumpkins being larger, easier to carve and more common in North America). Most people carve the usual scary faces into their jack-o'-lanterns, although some will carve funny faces, words, or images. In addition to jack-o'-lanterns, people will decorate their property with scarecrows, witches, spiders, tombstones, hands reaching out of the ground, and various items (blood splatters, hand prints) in their windows. Invariably, at least one home's decorations will be too realistic, leading to the police being called about the "murder scene" and the very pleased-with-themselves owner on the news as a human interest story.
- Trick-or-treating: A practice that is mostly celebrated by children and their parents (although some will tell you that you're never too old to trick-or-treat), in which they go door-to-door asking for candy, saying "Trick or treat!" whenever the door is opened. The "trick" refers to the (mostly idle) threat of performing mischief against the homeowners or their property if no treats are given. No, most of us do not view this as extortion. A house is marked as "open" for trick-or-treaters by the presence of a lit jack-o'-lantern and porch lights. Trick-or-treating usually takes place at very specific hours of the evening (often 5-8 PM) so that kids won't stay out too late. The treats are almost always wrapped candies bought from a store, such as chocolate bars, lollipops, Twizzlers, and candy corn. Sometimes, people giving out candy, not wanting to be bothered to go to the door, choose to rely on the honor system, leaving a bowl of candy that kids are expected to only take small amounts of. Kids being kids, the bowl is usually empty, if not outright gone, halfway through the night. A similar, older tradition in Scotland and Wales is 'guising', where the children are expected to do a 'turn' (e.g. recite a poem or tell a few jokes) before they get any sweets.
Candy apples (apples coated with caramel or toffee) used to be a popular treat, but that ended due to a scare in The Eighties over people putting razor blades, needles, or poison in the apples. In reality, the only proven cases of people deliberately spiking kids' candy with poison or drugs were crazy parents who were trying to kill their own children (and one of the most famous cases involved Pixi-Stix, a "safe" wrapped candy), not strangers handing out poison at the door. Hiding pins or needles in Halloween candy has been known to happen several times, but usually as a prank by one's friends — and it can just as easily be done with a wrapped Snickers bar as with an apple. There certainly wasn't any conspiracy by Satanic cultists to murder children as sacrifices to the Dark Lord, as has been claimed.note So basically, nice job ruining our fun, assholes.
- Haunted attractions: Starting in late September, amusement parks go on a massive Halloween splurge, giving all of their attractions a horror theme, dressing the employees in spooky costumes and makeup, and putting up most of the aforementioned decorations. It helps that, north of the snow line, most amusement parks close for the winter at the start of November, making Halloween their last hurrah for the year. This practice died down for a couple of years after September 11th due to the perception that it was Too Soon to be glamorizing death and horror, but has since kicked back in with a vengeance. Some parks, such as the Universal Studios parks in Hollywood and Orlando, are famous for their big-budget Halloween attractions, which draw in millions of visitors from across America and beyond.
For those with a smaller budget than the big amusement parks, the Haunted House (or abandoned factory, prison, mental asylum, or other spooky place) is a popular attraction, as are the haunted hayride, the corn maze, the haunted airboat ride (in the southern US), and the haunted trail in less urban areas, with people jumping out of the shadows to scare the bejesus out of the visitors. The "scariness" of attractions varies widely, depending on the target audience — some may be family attractions (the haunted hayride in particular is seen as this), while others are most definitely not recommended for children or those with weak stomachs. In recent times, due to their popularity, many major haunted attractions have grown to be highly elaborate and sophisticated, with Hollywood-quality special effects and production values.
A popular urban legend claims that there exists a haunted attraction somewhere in the country that is so scary, it offers cash rewards or full refunds to anybody who can complete it — and of course, nobody ever succeeds. Sometimes, the legend claims that the reason why it's so scary is because the performers are allowed to touch and even physically restrain the guests. To the best of our knowledge, such a place does not exist, though as described above, people have tried their damnedest to come close. And in any event, direct contact with the guests can easily cause an accident that can lead to a lawsuit, which is why, usually, the performers stop just short of doing this.note
- Mischief Night/Devil's Night/Gate Night/Goosey Night/Cabbage Night/Mat Night/October 30: Whatever you want to call it, the night before Halloween is a night when many teenagers choose to go out and raise a little hell, keeping alive the tradition of Halloween as a night of pranks and mischief after the day itself became more sanitized. Pranks usually involve petty vandalism, such as throwing toilet paper into trees, throwing eggs (preferably rotten) at houses and cars, rubbing soap or wax on windows, and smashing jack-o'-lanterns.
However, in some places (most infamously Detroit and the north of England), the night is associated with far worse cases of vandalism, including arson, putting fireworks in mailboxes, breaking windows, and setting fires in the street. As a result, the police tend to step up their patrols on October 30 to deter vandals. In addition, some parts of the UK put age restrictions on buying items like eggs, flour, and toilet paper around Halloween, in order to prevent under-16s from buying such items for vandalism.
- Movies and television: While new horror flicks usually come into theaters at a steady stream year-round (about once a month), October is when the studios decide to stack their release schedule with these films, releasing a new one at least once a week. For instance, during the Turn of the Millennium the Saw franchise marketed itself as a modern Halloween tradition, with at least one entry bearing the tagline "if it's Halloween, it must be Saw", and new installments coming out every October like clockwork... at least, until Paranormal Activity blew it out of the water and took its place. Stores that sell or rent out movies will dramatically expand their horror sections, and customers are more than happy to oblige. With the rise of home video, this has also been the reason why August has become such a popular time to release horror movies — it provides ample time to get the DVD into stores in time for October without running into Summer Blockbuster season.
TV channels, particularly cable channels, run marathons of horror films for weeks, from the old classics (Dracula, Frankenstein, The Wolf Man) to modern ones (Friday the 13th, A Nightmare on Elm Street, The Exorcist, Dawn of the Dead, Scream, and of course, Halloween), as well as shows like The Addams Family and The Twilight Zone. For kids and those not in the mood to be scared, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown is usually on the air somewhere, as are other Halloween specials both classic and modern. Most long-running TV shows do at least one Halloween Episode during their run; among the most famous Halloween episodes are The Simpsons' annual "Treehouse of Horror" anthology episodes.
- Parties: As noted under American Holidays, Americans will never resist the temptation to go out and party. After trick-or-treating ends, kids and their parents usually go to their friends' houses to bob for apples, search for candy in the backyard, tell spooky stories, and compare their respective hauls for the night. Pumpkin pie may be served. Teenagers and young adults, meanwhile, often have parties of their own. Horror movies (or The Nightmare Before Christmas) are played on the TV, the guys go to check out how sexy/slutty the women's costumes are, and songs like "Thriller", "Somebody's Watching Me", the Monster Mash, and the Ghostbusters theme come on at least once during the night. These events may run the chance of turning into the Wild Teen Party, although oftentimes, they are held at bars and similar establishments that can deal with rowdiness better than the parents of a teenager. In places with a lot of countryside, Halloween parties traditionally involve bonfires and activities like snipe hunts.
- Other Traditions: In Ireland, barmbrack (a sort of light fruit cake) is made with a ring and other minor charms baked into it — the idea being that the person who finds the ring in their slice will also find their true love within a year (commercially produced brack include a toy ring.) In some Wiccan and neo-pagan religious groups, the holiday actually starts during the Autumn Equinox (September 21st or 22nd) and lasts until November 2nd or 3rd depending on the year, although it's a fairly lite practice as fewer then 3 or 4 known groups do openly admit this.
Religious viewsRemember what we said up at the top of the page about how Halloween is (allegedly) descended from the Celtic pagan festival of Samhain? Well, there are some people and places that don't take too kindly to this little tidbit. For the most part, Catholics and mainline Protestants are tolerant of the holiday, seeing any ties to paganism as having long since been buried by centuries of Christian and secular tradition — after all, does anybody, apart from Jehovah's Witnesses, complain about the connections between modern Christmas celebrations and the pagan solstice holiday of Yule? To them, it is a harmless, secular holiday built around imaginary monsters and handing out candy. Catholic schools often hold Halloween celebrations, and a Vatican exorcist has said that the day is harmless. The Catholic and Anglican Churches may emphasize All Saints' Day, the celebration that comes after Halloween, while Protestants may celebrate Reformation Day — the day when in 1517, Martin Luther started The Protestant Reformation — which falls on the same day. However, these celebrations are usually held simultaneously with Halloween, rather than in opposition to it. The laissez-faire attitude that Catholics hold to the holiday makes sense — the Catholic Church was instrumental in Christianizing the holiday, and it was Irish Catholics who brought Halloween to America in the first place. Some conservative Christians, however, feel that Halloween trivializes and celebrates the occult and is incompatible with the Christian faith. They point to its Celtic pagan connections, which they feel to be Satanic. There have been many religious challenges to and protests against the celebration of Halloween over the years, particularly in the "Bible Belt" region of the South and the rural Midwest. A recent tradition among conservative Christians has been to hold "Halloween alternative parties" in which people dress up as Biblical characters, and "Hell houses" as The Moral Substitute to regular Halloween attractions. At Hell houses, the attendees are shown scenes meant to portray the decadence of secular culture, finally ending in a room that represents either heaven, which is the reward for not behaving in the manner just witnessed, or hell, occupied by Satan, who claims that all of the characters they had seen (who usually reappear here) are now firmly in his grasp. Afterwards, in order to get out, the attendees must agree to be "saved" (become born-again Christians) or traverse the length of the building. In some cases, the Hell house is marketed as a normal haunted house, thus making it a Bait and Switch in which unwitting attendees don't realize that they're going to a fire-and-brimstone sermon until they're already through the door. The same dichotomy exists within Judaism and Islam. The Orthodox Jewish and conservative Muslim views on the holiday are similar to the conservative Christian one — it has deep pagan roots, and is therefore incompatible with observance of Judaism or Islam. It is for this reason that celebrations of Halloween have failed to gain traction in the conservative Middle East—including Israel.note On the other hand, Reform Jews and the more secular and liberal Muslimsnote in the US and Canada tend to follow the more "who cares" view of their liberal Christian counterparts, holding it to be harmless fun that lost any semblance of being any religion's holiday once the marketers got a hold of it. Meanwhile, the Conservative Jews (as usual) stand half-here, half-there on the subject. And finally, with so much controversy over its pagan history, what do actual pagans think about it? Celtic pagans (of both the neo-pagan and reconstructionist variety) consider the season to be a holy time of year, and make offerings to the gods and the ancestors. A fair number of Wiccans, however, feel that the modern, Western incarnation of the holiday is offensive — they see it as promoting old stereotypes and caricatures of "wicked witches" that serve to make people suspicious and fearful of real-life pagans and witches.
In popular culture:Comic Books
- A disproportionate number of EC Comics stories take place on Halloween. To name a few: "Halloween!", "Sugar 'N Spice 'N...", "The October Game,"
- The horror/comedy anthology film Trick 'r Treat is based around the holiday, and proudly features many of the tropes surrounding it (including the popular conception of Halloween as an old Celtic pagan holiday).
- The classic 1978 slasher flick Halloween involves masked killer Michael Myers slashing his way through his hometown on (of course) Halloween. The other films in the subsequent franchise all take place on the holiday as well.
- Halloween III: Season of the Witch was an attempt to create an anthology series, but poor response scrapped these ideas and the producers have kept using Myers for the rest of the series.
- Mean Girls has a scene where Cady goes to a Halloween party. The sluttiness of the women's Halloween costumes is both parodied and exploited for fanservice.
- A halloween party in Night of the Demons (1988) and its sequels serves as a catalyst to demonic activity.
- Kenny & Co follows a young boy and his friends' everyday lives over a few days leading up to Halloween. That gave the director some ideas...
- Hocus Pocus is set on Halloween.
- Halloweentown, of course.
- Funsize, a teen comedy which takes place mostly on Halloween night.
- The Nightmare Before Christmas, a stop-motion animated mash-up of both a Halloween and Christmas movie.
- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial takes place a few days before, during and a couple more days after Halloween.
- Arsenic and Old Lace actually takes place on Halloween, although the only real nod to the holiday comes early on when some trick-or-treaters visit (in the daytime!).
- The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad: The "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" segment takes place around Halloween.
- Left Bank features Samhain as the climactic ending night of the film when the human sacrifice is performed.
- The Dresden Files: Harry's birthday is on Halloween. Which is unfortunate, as spirits tend to get restless that night each year. A plot point in Dead Beat, as Halloween is the optimal night to set off the Darkhallow. This is justified in Cold Days as this night is when the world of Nevernever and human realm are at their closest. The result is the possibility for a mortal to become immortal and for an immortal to be killed this night. Immortals also use this night to recharge some strength by devouring mortals. It was the second or third Merlin who started the custom of dressing as creatures, so immortals would be unsure if their target was mortal or something else. And All Hallows Eve does not end at sunrise, but the first birdsong is sung.
- Claire Byrd the ghost who possesses Lori from Aunt Dimity Beats the Devil, was born on October 31st.
- Harry Potter frequently features Halloween festivities at Hogwarts, most notably in The Philosopher's Stone and The Half-Blood Prince. It is also worth noting that October 31, 1981 is the date that Harry's parents were murdered.
- In Seanan McGuire's Velveteen Vs, Autumn is an alternate universe, and Halloween is a very powerful force in it.
- The Halloween Tree by Ray Bradbury takes a group of boys through the history of Halloween as they try to save their missing friend.
- Halloween Specials and Halloween Episodes, by their very nature.
- In the Buffyverse, Halloween is a day of rest for supernatural forces (vampires, demons, etc.), who view the whole celebration as tacky. Buffy the Vampire Slayer also did its requisite Halloween episodes in seasons 2, 4, and 6, with spinoff Angel doing one in season 5.
- American Horror Story: Murder House had the requisite Halloween episode (a two-parter, actually), but notable is how the actual holiday is treated in the show's universe. Specifically, it conflates Halloween with Samhain; it is the day when the barrier between the worlds of the living and the dead is briefly lowered, allowing ghosts to go out into and interact with the outside world. Patrick is able to go out to a gay bar and, for one day, escape his loveless relationship with Chad, Moira visits her ill mother and puts her out of her misery, and Tate is able to take Violet out on a date — and is confronted by the ghosts of the classmates he killed (who had been stuck at the school).
- Helloween: "Halloween" from Keeper of the Seven Keys pt. 1.
- And, of course, their name.
- Michael Jackson's "Thriller" is a classic staple of the American Halloween tradition
- So is Bobby "Boris" Pickett's "Monster Mash".
- "Halloween" by the Dead Kennedys
- "The Haunted House of Rock" by Whodini is a Hip Hop celebration of classic Halloween motifs
- "Everyday is Halloween" by Ministry
- "Do They Know It's Hallowe'en?" by the "North American Hallowe'en Prevention Initiative" is a charity single by a cast of performers.
- "Spooky" by the Classics IV.
Just like a ghost, you've been a-hauntin' my dreams, so I'll propose... on Halloween.
- One of the more common Holiday Modes.
- Costume Quest features trick-or-treating kids trying to stop monsters that are stealing candy.
- Banjo-Kazooie features a Halloween themed world named "Mad Monster Mansion". You even get to transform into a pumpkin in this world, one of the most popular symbols of the holiday.
- Sonic Adventure 2 features Pumpkin Hill as a playable level for Knuckles. As the name suggests, it's a cutesy-horror themed stage with landmarks such as graveyards, churches, and , of course, mountains shaped like jack-o-lanterns. One of Shadow's (few) stages, Sky Rail, also takes place in Pumpkin Hill, but in daylight; a less demonic appeal.
- Death Smiles.
- The concept of Hell houses is mocked in a Something*Positive strip here.
- In Sinfest the extent of Lil' E's Amnesiac Dissonance is shown at Halloween: He goes trick-or-treating as an angel
- The Onion manages to get in a one-two punch at both the commercialization of Christmas and Halloween's alleged pagan history by asking the question, "Has Halloween Become Overcommercialized?"
- I Mockery absolutely love this holiday, and all October the site is given a change in design with articles exclusively focusing on the holiday, what candy seems to be handed out this year, impressive (along with kitschy or downright terrible) celebrations throughout America, tributes to old horror games and movies, and the usual antics of the staff getting caught up in the holiday. They have a similar celebration for Christmas as well.
- The Halloween parties at Superhero School Whateley Academy in the Whateley Universe are only a part of a hellish night for the school, covered in two novels.
- The Nightmare Before Christmas is absolutely drenched in the holiday.
- The Smurfs have "The Smurfs' Halloween Special", even though it was actually an ordinary Saturday morning episode set on Halloween, which turned out to be Jokey Smurf's and Gargamel's birthday. A similar-themed holiday called Spook-A-Smurf Eve was celebrated in "Monster Smurfs".
- The Donald Duck short Trick or Treat has a witch joining forces with Donald's nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie to get even with him after he pranks them on Halloween.
- The Bugs Bunny short Broom-Stick Bunny has the rabbit encountering Witch Hazel while trick-or-treating.
- Daffy Duck and his nephew encounter Witch Hazel on Halloween in A-Haunting We Will Go.
- Beetlejuice and Lydia celebrate Halloween in "Laugh Of The Party." B.J. lives things up with a Neitherworld product called "Party People In a Can."
- Punky Brewster had "Halloween Howlers." Glomer turns everyone who doesn't give him a treat into a jack o'lantern.
- Initially, the Danger Mouse episode "The Good, The Bad And The Motionless" tells straight away it's Halloween, and that Penfold is carving up a swede.
Colonel K: Good heavens, D.M., I didn't know he could play tennis.DM: Tenni—oh, no, sir. Not Bjorn Borg, not that sort of swede. It's the vegetable kind. | <urn:uuid:ec403717-c765-43cc-90de-b3410c6f8ec4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AllHallowsEve | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928479.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00127-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958775 | 6,025 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Top 5 Ingredients In Foods That Make You Go Blue
Many people do not realize that their moods and emotional health can be drastically affected by the food they eat.
The brain chemicals such as serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, are very sensitive and can easily be affected by other foreign chemicals that enter our bloodstreams.
Here are the five hidden chemicals that may be the reason for your emotional and mental predicament.
This class of chemicals is one of the most potent killers of life. It is used excessively in pesticides and herbicides. Some of its familiar names in agrichemicals are methyl parathion, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos methyl and azinphos methyl. A study done by Colorado State University found that neurological problems like anxiety, irritability, depression and restlessness are higher among farmers and their families who used organophosphate pesticides as compared to their peers who did not use such chemicals.
According to Professor Lorann Stallones, these farmers are six times more at risk to suffer depression in their lifetime. According to the American Journal of Industrial Medicine, there are many records of farmers who committed suicide after years of exposure to organophosphates and other pesticides.
Organophosphates affect our system by inhibiting AchE, a critical enzyme for proper nervous system function. It is easily absorbed into our bloodstream through skin, mucus membranes, lungs and intestines. Once exposed, a person will experience headaches, dizziness, profuse sweating, blurred vision, respiratory problems, nauseating, vomiting, abdominal cramps and even loss of coordination as well as reflexes.
The only sure way to avoid organophosphates is to consume organic fruits, vegetables and baby food preparations especially those made out of apples, pears and peaches.
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
If there is an awful irritation in your throat, sudden headache or dip in your mood, you may be suffering from the “Chinese restaurant syndrome”. In Asia, Chinese restaurants and food stalls use tons of MSG in the preparation of their dishes. However, to be fair to the Chinese food industry, nutritionists and health practitioners will tell you that most processed foods are also loaded with MSG. Frozen foods, canned tunas, chips, snacks, salad dressings, soups and the Asian favorite instant noodles are some of those foods that are seasoned with this common artificial flavor enhancer.
Studies have shown that MSG is notoriously linked to mild headaches, migraines, itching, nauseating, vomiting, diarrhea, mood swings as well as depression. Some people who are really allergic to MSG would experience burning sensations, facial and chest pressure as well as eye inflammations. The ingredient in MSG that causes all these adverse reactions is the processed free glutamic acid which in itself contains contaminants such as D-glutamic acid, pyroglutamic acid and others. Some processed free glutamic acid may contain carcinogenic mono and dichloro propanols. The natural occurring glutamic acid found in unprocessed and unadulterated protein does not have contaminants.
Therefore, it is best to feed your family with healthy home-cooked meals. Use herbs and spices to zest up your food. If you are a busy executive, scout for restaurants that do not use MSG as food additives. Alternatively, dine in organic restaurants as they do not use MSG or any other chemical flavoring.
Artificial Food Colorings
Many toxicologists report that artificial food colorings do adversely affect the emotional and behavioral pattern of young children. Chemical colorings such as Tartrazine (E102 or FD&C Yellow 5) are especially harmful. After consuming foods that contain such colorings, some of the reactions are instant anxiety, migraines, clinical depression, itching, outbreaks of eczema and general weaknesses as well as sleep disturbances. Countries like Norway, Austria and Germany have taken steps to ban this food dye which is made from coal tar, a by-product of the petrochemical industry. However, in USA, UK and most Asian countries, Tartrazine is one of the most common dyes used in food and medical industry.
Its bright lemon yellow color does not fade easily. Therefore it is found in many processed products such as fruit squash, fruit cordial, colored gassy drinks, butter, margarine, pasta, noodles, custard powder, canned soups, sauces, ice cream, sweets, chewing gum, jams, jelly, marmalade, mustard, yogurt, cheap honey and even the shells of medicinal capsules. The fact is that the manufacturers do have other alternatives. Our only advice to you is to opt for certified organic foods as artificial coloring is banned. They can only use beta carotene (a type of Vitamin A) for the yellow color effect.
Some people complain that they feel uneasy, heavy and having headaches after taking a particular canned food or drink. It could be due to the existence of food preservatives from the benzoates family like sodium benzoate. Another class of preservatives we have to watch out for is calcium propionate (preservative 282), which is added to prevent mold. It is widely used in large bakeries that mass-produce breads. You can also find it in dairy products like Swiss cheese. Consumed over time, you will build up the level of propionate in your body and it is well documented that this will cause reactions such as headaches, migraine, eczema, irritable bowel syndrome, tiredness, depression and fatigue.
Lead is an obvious cause for the increase of depression and aggressive behaviors in children because it directly suppresses their level of serotonin or feel-calm neurotransmitter. The same emotional and mental reaction will occur when our body is exposed to mercury. Our serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine and norepinephrine are greatly reduced and the resulting reactions would be impaired coordination, tremors, irritability, memory loss, excessive anger, depression and in more serious cases like blurred vision and muscle or joint pain. The main source of mercury exposure is dental amalgam fillings as well as seafood.
If you suspect your bouts of blues are related to chemicals in processed foods, start to be more selective in your choice of food today. Switch to organic and unprocessed foods. When your chemical burden in your body is reduced, you can kiss your chemical-related blues goodbye. | <urn:uuid:fa77d257-48e6-48ea-a604-d1c0051b4beb> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://healthy-lifestyle.most-effective-solution.com/2008/08/19/top-5-ingredients-in-foods-that-make-you-go-blue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739328.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814130401-20200814160401-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.949361 | 1,320 | 2.625 | 3 |
There are few stronger university rivalries than that of Oxford University and Cambridge University, and at no time is it more visible than in The Boat Race. First raced on the 10th of June 1829, The Boat Race is the annual rowing competition between the two universities.
Oxford University is the current reigning champion with a total of 79 wins, while Cambridge retains the advantage over the lifetime of the competition with 81 wins. There has been a single dead heat and it remains heavily disputed to this day. Since its inception, the race has borne witness to several mutinies, a number of the boats have sunk mid race, and in 2012 it was the scene of a political protest that forced a temporary halt.
This year’s race took place on Saturday the 11th of April and was notable as it was the first year that the female crew race the same course and day as the male crews. Oxford triumphed in both races, and you can read the full match report here.
Competing rowers are known as Blues, with Oxford in dark blue and Cambridge in lighter blue. Typically they endure extremely tough training six days per week for half a year in preparation. There is usually upwards of 250,000 people lining the length of the course and the race is streamed both nationally and internationally.
Tune in next year and support the crews! | <urn:uuid:26304f3e-5346-4c22-826f-21830919be44> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.oxfordscholastica.com/the-boat-race/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741340.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113173927-20181113195927-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.978115 | 276 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Color of Water
1. What framework does the author give the story?
* The author gives the story from two different perspectives one from the mother’s perspective, Ruth, and the other from the son’s perspective, James. 2. What is the ethnic background of the author?
* The ethnic background of the author is Caucasian and African-American. Chapter 1: Dead
1. Why is this chapter written in italics?
* This chapter was written in Italics because it was written from a different point of view which was Ruth’s perspective who talks about her past as a child. 2. Why is the mother reluctant to talk about her family?
* Ruth is reluctant to talk about her family because she felt that was the past and she just didn’t feel like opening up about something she felt “dead” about. 3. What do we learn about the mother’s birth?
* What we learn about Ruth’s birth was that she was born as an Orthodox Jew on April first, during the Holocaust. 4. What was her name?
* Ruth’s original birth name was Rachel Dwajra Zylska.
5. Does she use the name of Rachel as an adult?
* Rachel doesn’t decide to use “Rachel” as her name. She decides to rename herself as “Ruth”. 6. Why might Rachel’s family have mourned her when she married? * Rachel’s family mourned her when she married, because back then a Jewish woman was expected to marry another Jewish man. Also, Rachel’s father was very racist and prejudice against African-Americans. Yet she ended up marrying one. 7. How does she describe her father?
* Rachel describes her father, Fishel Shilsky, as a very “macho” man. As in no one used to mess with him since he used to be in a Russian army but ended up escaping and married Rachel’s mother. 8. How does she describe her mother?
* Rachel describes her mother, Hudis, as exactly opposite of her father. She was very pretty, sweet, polite, caring person.
Chapter 2: The Bicycle
1. Why is the bicycle an embarrassment to the author, and where did it come from? * The bicycle was an embarrassment because James felt it was already bad enough his mother was Caucasian. So he felt worse that she had an “out-of-age “bicycle. 2. How is the stepfather described?
* James’ stepfather was described as a quiet, soft-spoken man who wore old-timey clothes. He died when he was seventy-two. He was firm, strong, and seemingly infallible. 3. What were the circumstances of the marriage between the author’s mother and stepfather? * The circumstances of the marriage between Ruth and Hunter were that she had already had eight kids and he didn’t care and actually added four of his own. He once joked “I got enough for a baseball team.” 4. How did Daddy die, and what was the effect on the author? * Hunter died from a stroke and ended up effecting James in his school. He went from straight A’s to straight F’s. He ended up dropping out and started to steal, drink, and do drugs. 5. How did the mother grieve after her second husband died? * Ruth grieved about Hunter by riding her ancient bicycle and letting out what felt by riding it up and down the streets of Queens. 6. What made Mommy such a striking woman, and how did the author feel about her appearance? * What made Ruth such a striking woman was because she was the only Caucasian in the neighborhood, plus she was slender, pretty, she had curly brown hair, dark eyes, a big nose, a sparkling smile, and a bowlegged walk. James was ashamed of her when he was younger because he felt she was making a fool of herself. 7. How does the author describe the marriage of his mother and stepfather? * James describes the marriage of his mother and stepfather very happy filled with many wonderful joyous memories. 8. How does the author describe life in the household?
* James describes life in the household as a “first come, first served” or “kill or be killed” type of situation. 9. What did Mommy do to...
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At least 13 people died and dozens more were injured as recent, severe storms brought flooding and tornadoes to Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi and Texas. That sounds even worse than the one Dorothy survived in the Wizard of Oz! Just one snapshot of the havoc that tornadoes cause, this event demonstrates why tornadoes are considered nature’s most violent storms – able to level entire neighborhoods and city streets in mere seconds. Equally disturbing, in many areas of the country, the question about tornadoes is not “if,” but “when?”Subscribers to the Allied Universal Fire Life Safety Training System have access to a comprehensive tornado training module
Your community could face the wrath of the phenomenon described as a rotating, funnel-shaped cloud that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground with whirling winds of up to 300 miles per hour. I hope our community doesn’t experience a tornado. I’m not sure the doghouse would survive. Subscribers to the Allied Universal Fire Life Safety Training System have access to a comprehensive tornado training module, which explains how to be safe before, during and after a tornado hits. In our ongoing effort to help educate and keep our friends and subscribers safe, we have also assembled some valuable tornado trivia and tips:
- Damage paths can exceed one mile wide and 50 miles long. I’ve seen cats do that much damage.
- The average forward speed of a tornado is 30 mph, but may vary from stationary to 70 mph.
- Although the average tornado moves Southwest to Northeast, tornadoes can move in any direction.
- Every state is at some risk of tornadoes, although certain states are more tornado-prone. For example, in the Midwest, tornadoes are frequently reported east of the Rocky Mountains during spring and summer months.
- Peak tornado season in southern states is March through May; in the northern states, it is late spring through early summer.
- Tornadoes are most likely to occur between 3 p.m. and 9 p.m., but can occur at any time.
- Some tornadoes are clearly visible, while others are obscured by rain or nearby low-hanging clouds.
- Certain tornadoes develop so rapidly that little advanced warning is possible.
- Before a tornado hits, winds may die down and air may become still. In fact, some attribute the idiom, “calm before the storm,” to this phenomenon.
- Tornadoes generally occur near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm.
- A cloud of debris may mark the location of a tornado even when a funnel is not visible. A cloud of debris seems to follow my son, JR.
- They may appear nearly transparent until dust and debris are picked up or a cloud forms in the funnel.
- It is not uncommon to see clear, sunlit skies behind a tornado.
- A Tornado Watch means tornadoes are possible. Remain alert for approaching storms.
- A Tornado Warning indicates a tornado has been sighted or indicated by weather radar. Immediately take shelter.
Before a Tornado
- Build an emergency kit.
- Make a family communications plan.
- Consider building a “safe room.” For more about this, see Gov.
- Listen to National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio or to commercial radio or television newscasts for the latest information.
- Notice changing weather conditions. Look for approaching storms.
- Be aware of the following danger signs: dark, greenish sky; large hail; a large, dark, low-flying cloud, and/or a loud roar (like a freight train).
- If you see approaching storms or any of the danger signs, be prepared to take shelter immediately.
During a Tornado
If you are in a structure when a tornado hits:
- Go to a pre-designated area such as a safe room, basement, storm cellar, or the center of a small interior room on the lowest building level. In a high-rise building, go to a small interior room or hallway on the lowest floor possible.
- Put on sturdy shoes.
- Keep windows closed.
- Bring your pets inside.
If you are in a manufactured home or office when a tornado hits:
Immediately exit and head to a pre-identified location such as the lowest floor of a sturdy, nearby building or a storm shelter. This advice would also probably apply to doghouses.
If you are outside without shelter when a tornado happens:
If you are not in a sturdy building, there is no single research-based recommendation for the last-resort action to take because many factors can affect your decision. Possible actions include:
- Immediately get into a vehicle, buckle your seat belt and try to drive to the closest sturdy shelter. If your vehicle is hit by flying debris while you are driving, pull over and park.
- Take cover in a stationary vehicle. Put the seat belt on and cover your head with your arms and a blanket, coat or other cushion if possible.
- Lie in an area noticeably lower than the level of the roadway and cover your head with your arms and a blanket, coat or other cushion if possible.
In every situation:
- Never seek cover under an overpass or bridge. You are safer in a low, flat location.
- Don’t try to outrun a tornado in urban or congested areas, while in a car or truck. Instead, leave the vehicle immediately for safe shelter. Sounds like it might be hard to outrun tornado wherever you are.
- Watch out for flying debris. Flying debris from tornadoes causes most fatalities and injuries.
- Listen to local weather reports and officials for updates and instructions.
- Check-in with family and friends by texting or using social media.
- Watch out for debris and downed power lines.
- If you are trapped, do not move about or kick up dust. Tap on a pipe or wall or use a whistle, if you have one, to alert rescuers about your location.
- Stay out of damaged buildings and homes. Sounds like a good idea even without the tornado.
- Photograph the damage to your property to assist in filing insurance claims.
- Do what you can to prevent further damage to your property, (e.g., putting a tarp on a damaged roof), as insurance may not cover additional damage that occurs after the storm.
- If your home is without power, use flashlights or battery-powered lanterns rather than candles to prevent accidental fires.
Remember that safety is important for everyone across continents. A convenient and affordable way to make sure you are prepared for disasters and emergencies of virtually every kind is to subscribe to the Allied Universal Fire Life Training System, which has been designed to help improve and save lives. For more information about the best system out there, or to subscribe, click here. | <urn:uuid:19746365-9de3-4514-b2c0-40224ba1e595> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://rjthefiredog.com/category/tornadoes-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515313.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212095356-20171212115356-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.929721 | 1,421 | 3.515625 | 4 |
There’s an assumption that if a student in school feels threatened in any way, there’s going to be an immediate response we’ve all heard of before. Those might include “fight” (talk back to teacher, argue or even get physical), “flight” (try to get out of the situation, change seats, rooms or get out school), or “freeze” (quit participating and disconnect from learning).
However, recent research tells us there’s far more going on. In fact, you might be surprised what researchers have discovered about student emotions (and your own)…
There are many things you should know about our emotional system, but we’ll focus on just one area (the amygdala) and only the relevancy to school and your own life. Just maybe we can help out your relationships and add joy to your life!
First, there are gender differences in our emotional system.
You may have heard of the amygdala as if it’s singular, but we have two of them (on the left and right side of the brain). Technically, it should be referred to as the amygdalae (plural). Known as small, almond-shaped brain structures, they are highly involved in the fear response. These structures are located deep in the temporal lobes at the foot of the hippocampus in each hemisphere. And, they operate differently in males and females.
The male processes emotions in the right amygdala and, hence more globally. It helps you understand why those with male traits (usually boys and men) often are comfortable with the “gist” of things for an explanation of an emotional event (“That sucks!”). The female amygdala processes emotions in the left hemisphere. This results in memories encoded more in parts and sequentially. Those with female traits are more likely to want to unpack an emotional event and process it, often in some detail (“She told me…and then I…but she…”). Women are more likely to want to “unpack” an intense emotion and men are more likely to “bundle” them (Cahill et al., 2004). In the classroom, help boys write more easily by using emotional story starters, word prompts and provide opening sentences for paragraphs to help them get going. In a relationship, it might be a good idea for each person to appreciate the other’s tendencies.
Second, there are speed differences in our responses.
The amygdala can be activated fast or slow. Fresh studies provide evidence of an early survival-oriented response to threats regardless of task load or attentional focus. Super-fast amygdala processing is specific to only fear during attended processing, like when you’re feeling threatened. It can also activate slowly, like when you’re trying to fall asleep but you keep hearing strange sounds in your house. In this case, cortical processing is undiminished, and more broadly tuned to threat during unattended processing.
This initial fear activation response is an electrical and chemical process. This fast-operating high threat system is your hard-wired (fight, flight or freeze) defense activation (Pichon, et al., 2011). Once started, it cannot be stopped like flipping a switch. It’s going to “run it’s course.” If you scare someone, then tell them you were “Just kidding”, their brain may still not recover quite so quickly from the fearful reaction. It will take time to “settle down”.
Third, our amygdala is not all that automatic; it is regulated by attentional bias and personality differences.
The more scattered our attention, the less likely our amygdala is to be activated. The delayed amygdala response depends on attentional bias. This means, if we are distracted or simply don’t pay attention, we delay the secondary response.
This why our amygdala works BOTH fast and SLOW. Our emotional responses to a situation CAN work like an on-off light switch; but they more often work like a dimmer switch, slowing brewing and unfolding. In the classroom, more student engagement will increase student focus on the learning and work at hand. Students are less likely to get their “uncertainty response” activated when they’re excited.
It is also regulated by whether you are a low or high anxiety subject (Brosch and Wieser, 2011). The same stimulus does NOT always provoke a fight, flight or freeze response. Higher anxiety means stronger arousal. Originally, it was thought that our amygdala was designed only for threat detection. Today the research suggests, ‘It’s way messier than we thought.’ It actually is designed to detect uncertainty, NOT JUST FEAR. You don’t have to instill fear to provoke it, just high uncertainty. Those that have higher anxiety will likely activate their amygdala (uncertainty) more often than those with low anxiety. Do you know someone who is more fearful? A higher anxiety level will facilitate that response.
So, how do we help our kids in class better regulate their emotions while we live a life of serenity and bliss?
Let’s reveal our three immediate applications.
First, when it’s time for either oral or written assignments where males must express their emotions, you’ll often get a “gestalt effect” (meaning they are all in one “package” in their brain). Help the boys ‘unpack the emotions’ through leading comments, more structure in the writing and story starters. That means, you can put leading sentences in the text for writing such as, “The first thing I felt when I arrived was _______. Then I knew ________…” (from here on they can write).
The second is geared towards the fight, flight, or freeze notion and the amygdala. If you, or a colleague, activate the student’s “fight, flight, or freeze” response (accidentally, we hope) here’s what to know.
First, there’ll be an automated activation of a cascade of responses. The chemicals (like cortisol) will be in the body at elevated levels for 1-2 hours. What you can do in the classroom is give your students something they can have control over immediately. Give them an object to work with or manipulate, a process to complete, a puzzle to solve, or an experience at a learning station to get their minds on action they can control. Why? The sense of control over one’s life is the best antidote to the “uncertainty experience” that triggered the “fight, flight, or freeze” response in the first place.
This is why, if you or your spouse get mad at the other, one of you will often wander off and start doing something routine, like busywork (e.g. putting away dishes, working in the garage, cleaning, fixing something, laundry). These are ‘high-control’ tasks which enhance the sense of having ‘say-so’ over one’s life. It might irritate the other spouse, but it does slowly settle the brain down.
Third, how else can you apply what we know about emotions? The key is learning how to manage and regulate your own emotions. Many books suggest ways to do this. The best chunk of research I’ve seen on positivity probably comes from the work of Martin Seligman (Learned Optimism) and Barbara Fredrickson (Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity). Both give you the lab-tested tools necessary to create a healthier, more vibrant, and flourishing life. Both are researchers you can trust.
Seligman suggests: 1) extend your existing positive states, 2) find more meaning in your life, and 3) stay more engaged in life. Frederickson suggests that experiencing positive emotions in a 3-to-1 ratio with negative ones leads people to a tipping point beyond which they naturally become more resilient to adversity and effortlessly achieve what they once could only imagine.
The beauty of both of these resources is that you are not a victim. You can learn to manage your emotions and have a great day nearly every day of your life.
Brain-based education says, “Be purposeful about it.” Now, go have some fun and make another miracle happen!
Brian Vaszily has a great site for positive emotion-building. He runs the site IntenseExperiences.com. The content below is directly from Brian’s site. This is great content and perfect for the holidays coming up. Here’s what he suggests:
1.) Embrace New Experiences. Most people suffer from merely existing versus really living. Don’t get caught in a rut; get out of it if you are. Explore. Play. Go beyond your comfort zone. Don’t lean on the excuse “I don’t have time to try new things.” It is as tragic and ridiculous as saying “I don’t have time to breathe.” New experiences are life. Live deeply.
2.) Be Who You Are. Recognize what others expect of you, including society’s expectations, your parents’ expectations, the opposite genders’ expectations, and anyone’s expectations. Recognize and clear through the guilt, anger, fear and other emotions that are sabotaging you. What are your dreams? Your goals? Your loves? Who are you? Be that person.
3.) Let Go of the Past. The past is good for two things: the happy memories, and the lessons it provides. Clinging to resentment and sadness for past events hurts one person the most: you. Don’t let the past suck the gift of the present out of you. Forgive. Let go. Be here now, and go forward.
4.) Be Kind. It is easy to act kindly to those who have been kind to you. Do so, but also remember that is not where kindness is needed most. Recall those many times where you made mistakes, where you reacted out of negative emotions instead of responding from who you really are. Recall how you felt, or how you would have felt, if others responded to your mistakes with kindness instead of harsh criticism or a cold shoulder. Negativity only breeds more negativity. Empathize, and choose to be kind. It spreads rapidly.
5.) Be Responsible for Yourself. Whatever happens, however promising or tragic, only one person is responsible for how you respond to it: you. There are no greater wastes of energy and potential than blame, envy, a desire for revenge, and wallowing in self-pity. You and only you are responsible for how you respond to anything and how you act. You wish others were a certain way? You wish the world were a certain way? Be the example.
6.) Nurture Relationships. Think of your most joyful moments. Think of all you have learned. Think of what has helped you grow. Chances are great these all involve other people, and other relations such as pets and nature, too. There are over six billion people on this earth. There are infinite relationships to be had. Everyone has something to understand and to learn from. There is infinite love to be had, and to give. You can choose to be lonely, but you are never alone.
7.) Recognize All You Have, and Be Grateful for It. If you are alive, you are fortunate. If you can read this, you are fortunate. If you can walk, talk, see, smell, taste, or feel, or all of these, you are fortunate. You are what you focus on, so if you focus on what you lack, you become that lack. Focus on all that you do have, on the gifts inside and all around you. Be grateful to be great.
8.) Do What Inspires You. Painting, singing, writing, biking, swimming, gardening, reading, dancing, walking, woodcarving … what is your flame? What ignites you, inspires you, enlightens you, and restores your life? Do it, and do it often. Do not believe your excuse of having too much work to do and too little time for what inspires you. Doing what inspires you is the very fuel that will give you the strength and motivation to do the other things you need to do, and do them well.
9.) Remember That Happiness Is A State, Not A Circumstance. Happiness is a state of being, not merely a moment of pleasure or joy. By committing to your happiness you acknowledge and accept that there will be times of challenge and suffering, but by staying true to who you are you will not just endure, but thrive. Happiness is not just the bird floating serenely on the water, and happiness is not made unhappy by the rock that falls and temporarily disturbs the water. Happiness is the water itself, always being exactly what it is.
Please pass these strategies for bringing joy to your life (and the website link at www.IntenseExperiences.com) on to family, friends and co-workers. Please pass it on to other teachers so they can share it with their students.
Your partner in learning,
CEO, Jensen Learning
Brosch, T, Wieser, MJ. (2011) The (non) automaticity of amygdala responses to threat: on the issue of fast signals and slow measures. J Neurosci. Oct 12;31(41):14451-2.
Cahill L, Gorski L, Belcher A, Huynh Q. (2004) The influence of sex versus sex-related traits on long-term memory for gist and detail from an emotional story. Conscious Cogn. Jun;13(2):391-400.
Pichon S, de Gelder, B, Grèzes, J. (2011) Threat Prompts Defensive Brain Responses Independently of Attentional Control. Cereb Cortex. Jun 10.
Posner J, Russell JA, Gerber A, Gorman D, Colibazzi T, Yu S, Wang Z, Kangarlu, A, Zhu H, Peterson BS. The neurophysiological bases of emotion: An fMRI study of the affective circumplex using emotion-denoting words. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Mar;30(3):883-95. | <urn:uuid:d4b22582-068f-4de4-a839-309a45ba9fa4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.jensenlearning.com/news/emotions-in-students/brain-based-learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189903.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00565-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944863 | 3,030 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Have you noticed that your dog’s eyes sometimes get bigger when she looks at you? Maybe she raises her eyebrows when you speak and cocks her head to the side. A new study has discovered that these doggy “facial expressions” aren’t just unconscious movements from your pet. They are signs that your furry friend is trying to communicate with you.
The study has revealed that dogs produce more facial movements when a human being is looking at them. The dogs studied exhibited fewer facial expressions when they were being ignored or even when they were presented with some tasty food. This all indicates that dogs are intentionally trying to communicate with humans via their cute faces. The findings were published in the journal, Scientific Reports.
Researchers recorded 24 dogs with a video camera and noted their various facial expressions when they were presented with a human, another animal or a tasty bite of food. They then closely examined the footage for changes in their canine subjects’ facial muscles. Their observation of the dogs’ behavior revealed that dogs were far more expressive when they were facing a human. They were, in fact, more likely to stick out their tongues and raise their brows.
Is it Manipulation Or Not?
Scientists wondered whether the dogs used their facial expressions to manipulate their owners into giving them food. But the findings say no. Their theory was that, if the dogs were trying to manipulate humans, they would exhibit the most facial expressions when they were presented with a human and some food. But this didn’t happen.
This all shines a new light on the unique connection that humans can develop with dogs.
“[The research] tells us that their facial expressions are probably responsive to humans – not just to other dogs,” said Bridget Waller, professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Portsmouth and one of the researchers behind the study. “[That] tells us something about how domestication has shaped [dogs], and that it has changed them in order to be more communicative with humans, in a sense.”
This isn’t the first time that communication between humans and canines have been studied in this way. The Guardian reported that a study published last year showed that dogs can understand the words and other nuances of human speech.
Do you think that your dog is trying to manipulate you? Tell us about your weakness for “puppy eyes” in the comments below.
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History in Las Pinas CityEdit This
Understanding the turning points in Las Pinas City history can help you decide which areas of the city you have to see to truly appreciate this area of the Philippines. Travel back to the early points of the Las Pinas City to learn how this heavily industrialized city came to be.
The earliest dominant inhabitants of the Las Pinas City area were the Malays, who immigrated into the Philippines following the Negritos tens of thousands of years ago. These natives were largely isolated until they later became heavily influenced by Arab traders in the 14th century. The Spanish invaded the Malays' land in the late 16th century and conquered the native peoples, spreading the influence of Catholicism. As the Spanish began colonizing the land over the next few centuries, Las Pinas became one of the first fishing settlements in the country.
The Founding of the Town
Historical records dispute whether or not the fishing settlement officially became the town Las Pinas in 1762 or 1797, but it did so under Spanish rule sometime between these dates. One of the most famous official National Cultural Treasures from this early period of town incorporation is the Fr. Diego Cera Bamboo Organ, which has resided in the Parish Church of St. Joseph since 1824. The organ still plays and is still featured in concerts and festivals for an audience made up primarily of tourists from around the Philippines and the world.
The Philippine Revolution
Just as the Spanish colonization influenced the culture and religion of the city, so did the Philippines' fight for independence from Spanish rule in the late 19th century. Las Pinas City is rich in history from the Philippine Revolution, particularly due to an 1896 occupation by Philippine General Emilio Aguinaldo, who would soon become the nation's first president. After the Philippines won its independence, Las Pinas became an official municipality of the newly-formed providence of Rizal in 1901.
Merging, Separation and New Providence
For a time, Las Pinas was part of its neighboring municipality Paranaque. Only two years after it was entered into the providence of Rizal, Las Pinas was merged with Paranaque, although the merger lasted only 4 years until 1907. Las Pinas remained a municipality of Rizal until 1976, when it joined a new providence, the Metropolitan Manila Area (a.k.a. The National Capital Region). Between these pivotal points in history, Las Pinas was occupied by the Japanese during World War II.
Becoming a City
Las Pinas City wasn't actually "Las Pinas City" until just 1997, when then-president Fidel V. Ramos signed a bill declaring the town of Las Pinas to be a city. A vote held by the townspeople approved this change and the town of Las Pinas officially became Las Pinas City. | <urn:uuid:c6447e65-5d70-45d0-bce1-e4a38a478c5f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.world66.com/asia/southeastasia/philippines/las_pinas_city/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886895.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117102533-20180117122533-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.963552 | 579 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Phlebotomy is a medical field that’s focused on the research and practice of venipuncture and it comes from the Greek word meaning”to cut a vein.” Phlebotomists are the people responsible of administering the recovery of blood from a patients in San Marino California. They’re trained to skillfully select the proper vein, insert the needle and draw out blood in the body part of the patient. This kind of profession entails a very significant responsibility, especially in conditions where patients’ veins are too delicate and collapsible, as in the case of infants and old-aged people.
In the past, this sort of responsibility is given to nurses and medical technologists. But oftentimes, a lot of nurses, especially the new ones, aren’t that skillful in picking the ideal vein and properly integrating the needle in it. Because of this, many individuals suffer from painful needle placement and in some cases, efforts of insertion is usually repeated a couple of times or more because it’s done as trial and error. That is absolutely a no-no in medical practice. But because of such common scenarios in the hospitals, clinics and nursing homes, this medical field has become popular now.
Fundamentally, the undertaking of a phlebotomist is to find the correct vein according to its dimensions prior to administering the needle in it. After the right vein was chosen, the needle is carefully but quickly inserted in it so that the desired amount of blood could finally be drawn out. The collected blood is then used for testing in order to find out the sort of infection or disease that a specific patient has acquired.
The result of the test will be the basis of treatment prescription and the kind of medical intervention that someone receives. At present, more and more people are getting interested at entering this kind of profession. This is because of the rising need of phlebotomists in different public and private health care facilities. The skills possessed by phlebotomists are exceptionally indispensable in every laboratory, hospital, hospital and nursing home. The existence of these professionals will give patients the confidence that they are secure in the hands of a skilled medical staff. This is because of how phlebotomists are also trained to identify any possible risky situation which may be about the sort of blood a patient has. To put it differently, they are effective at preventing any potential complications before administering the blood recovery on a patient.
How to Become a Phlebotomist in San Marino
Phlebotomy courses are an asset for the individuals who wish to learn the art of withdrawing blood sample from patient’s body for further tests. With the growing need of blood collection services at different places, the scope and exposure of phlebotomy increases concurrently. Phlebotomists being medical assistants and technicians are fairly hired by physicians and surgeons in hospitals or at blood banks for sample collection. To gain a fantastic experience from the corresponding field, each online program provides a good in-depth course. The course includes hourly obligations and an internship part for practical learning too. The specialization in the field can be acquired by anyone who’s at least a high school grad. The task doesn’t require a must have medical history.
Phlebotomy Degree Overview & Career Information
Phlebotomy, since the part of learning, doesn’t necessarily need any medical graduation or degree in the same field. Although, in many places professional doctors or nurses do phlebotomy processes but it’s not that stringent everywhere. Any individual in San Marino California who wishes to pursue the course can enrol online for the same. The enrolment depends upon the location, the individual belongs to. Online enrolment gives students a complete theoretical and practical idea about various practices involved in the process of collecting blood.
The course length ranges from less than one year to two years depending upon the capacity of the student to complete the lectures. The coursework also contains an internship part where the students are supposed to practice in a medical college campus or under a physician with their guidance. This part of course helps students develop keen abilities to get acquainted with many different issues ranging from patient coping to security measures under phlebotomy protocols. The course also entails fundamental medical nomenclatures, anatomy principles, security measures and all that is required to be a good phlebotomist.
Certificates in Phlebotomy
Online programs require users to watch and finish a fixed quantity of course duration. Depending upon the number of hours completed, the duration of course varies. It typically varies from 8 months to 15 months. Any person who is a high school graduate can enroll in the course. Some institutes before enrolling perform a background check about the pending cases and previous criminal records. Additionally, program fee has also been set to filter out the candidates who wish to apply for it.
Courses are helpful for the medical professionals who practice in various cities and wish to become proficient in this subject too. To pick the right spot to collect blood from the body, to have medical ethics regarding behavior and duties, to follow security measures so that patient doesn’t feel pain, etc. are a variety of areas covered during the course. The course also includes a practical internship or clinical visit tenure to give students a comprehensive understanding about the behavioral ethics, precautions to be taken and actual procedures. It involves contacting a community clinic or a doctor for the same purpose. It is healthy and beneficial to have a comprehensive view before actually doing it on patients.
To choose a specific school is a perplexing task. The California students should seek the courses of these schools who are accredited by a regional or national agency of the area. Accreditation is a process in which the schools and colleges elect to receive their departmental courses evaluated and the courses meet the standards to give the students a high-quality educational support. There can be a number of accreditation parameters for an institute to fulfill. The accredited bodies evaluate the faculty standards, infrastructure, laboratory instruments, quality of education, research programs etc. and tests if the institute moves the accreditation standards. It’s the general criteria for various institutes to be classified on shared grounds. Agencies like these are important to keep a check on the educational services provided by them. Institute with proper accreditation should be chosen to get course as well as the certification. Certification course from recognised institutes have greater value and are more suitable for additional courses. Sometimes, the community clinics don’t accept the certified degrees from non-accredited agencies.
Phlebotomy Certification Requirements in San Marino CA
The degree in Phlebotomy can be performed from any school or college having courses in the various fields, but the certification protocols vary from region to region. It depends on the medical institution and the regional medical guidelines about what is considered a sufficient training for them. The institutes which stipulate the course degree ask for some training criteria and so as to receive your course certified, your course must exceed that threshold. Although, these requirements change with institutions you look for but to have some idea of certification requirements ahead would save money and time. Moreover, after the classroom course is completed, so as to acquire a certified degree, you need to qualify the examination. If the course chosen does not include the syllabus and requirements of the examination, it would be tricky to get certified.
What To Expect in Phlebotomy Degree Program?
Phlebotomy programs in California are governed by many schools and colleges and the student picks the course according to their reach. The whole program involves theoretical and technical instruction. The practical portion of the course means that the student needs to practice with correct procedures under clinical advice. This may be done in a hospital or a community practice. This phase of the course is vital for the students so that they get a genuine exposure to the procedure before practicing on patients.
Typically, the course includes:
- Introduction to basic medical terminology required for any person to know before moving into healthcare related field
- Knowledge about choice of website from where the blood is to be withdrawn.
- Proper understanding about careful management of test tubes and other medical equipment.
- Information about regulations and rules to be followed governed by clinical protocols.
- Basic Chemistry and Biology necessary for laboratory works.
- Precautions related to disease and contagious diseases.
- Anatomy of human body to know the proximity and location of organs and blood vessels.
When Phlebotomy Training Is Important to Your Future in California
Phlebotomy is a profession in which the individual learns to withdraw blood from patients’ body by making a puncture and then collects blood sample. The person who performs this task is referred to as a phlebotomist. It is a career path for those men and women who are eager to enter into medical field with or without having medical history or specialization. It’s a profession, open to any frequent person with a desire to acquire a career in this field. Phlebotomy training is for such people. The training for phlebotomy primitively takes a diploma in high school. It does not need any medical history for a individual pursuing it. The training program covers the basic medical syllabus for the individual to understand and know about medical field before actually entering into it. It is a task in which individuals are taught various things associated with human anatomy, handling the medical equipment, healthcare precautions etc.. Therefore, in a broad view, phlebotomy proves out to be an asset for a person who wishes to become a medical assistant and technician to do drug tests and other lab work.
The training for the exact same can be obtained from various medical institutions which have this course. The students will need to enrol in those institutes and start the classes. In most places, the students besides their original graduation program, try their hands in this course so that they have a solid skill before they graduate. For the persons that are involved in some work away from their local place, online phlebotomy courses can be found in various institutes which give the applicants an entire training through video lectures. The term of course extends from seven months to a year depending upon the pace the candidate completes their credit hours. The practical internship program in San Marino is also attached with online courses since all of the theoretical and practical knowledge will be imparted through videos, so it’s necessary for the students to gain a practical knowledge before actually performing practice on patients. Internships like this can be done in community clinics or hospitals under physician’s guidance and within clinical protocols. It provides students a hands-on expertise on the task of withdrawing blood.
The phlebotomy procedure is a really distinct process. It also varies from patient to patient where it is performed. It’s not restricted to just puncturing the skin and collecting blood sample because the process of doing it depends on the patient. If the blood sample of an adult is accepted, this method can be chosen but for infants,”heel skin” procedure is adopted. Beyond just having courses on withdrawing blood, many important aspects of entering into medicine-field are also covered. The overall training covers following topics:
Basic Medical Terminology– Before beginning to work as a phlebotomist in San Marino, the students are taught some basic terms and are given a broad background about Medicine related terms. Since, the courses are made for a common class of people, like for everyone who wishes to become a phlebotomist but does not belong from medical background, it is necessary to incorporate some basic terminologies for people.
Anatomy– To know more about the placement of organs is an important part of training since before inserting a needle, the individual needs to know the delicate places and the repercussions of collecting blood from there.
Phlebotomy Procedures– The course and the ability don’t finish until the student is unknown of the procedural work. The skill involves step-by-step methodology telling the students about what should be done and what should not be. Also, the idea is to show people the accurate methods before they could actually practice on patients.
Site Selection– One should be aware of the correct sites on the body to collect blood from. Not any point on the body can be chosen and blood can be removed. The understanding of proper sites and the logic behind choosing the best site is very important.
Handling Medical Equipment– Following the collection of blood is completed, the next thing to learn is to handle the gear used to collect blood and other related operations. The hygiene of instruments and proper isolation techniques are also covered in the course.
Precautions– In medical treatments, the delicate part includes the steps to be taken. Although, the precautional steps might appear general at first sight but if not followed, might become a nightmare for the individual and the phlebotomist too.
Aside from the training methodology, to select a good institution for the degree is also very significant. The individuals after completing the course need to apply at healthcare centers or research laboratories for the work practice but sometimes as a result of courses from non-accredited institutes, the application process is rejected. Moreover, an institute with good reputation, Excellent faculty, good educational solutions, good equipment etc. should always be preferred to get high-quality education and other services
Once the training is complete, the student is to find the degree certified by qualifying an examination conducted by various associations.
What to Expect in San Marino’s Phlebotomy School
The choice and selection of a fantastic phlebotomy school plays a vital role in the kind of training, the student will receive. Finding a certified degree from the corresponding field is not the only criteria of being a phlebotomist. It naturally depends upon the level and the standard of education; the school or college imparts to its students. To choose a good school for phlebotomy keeps the same weightage as studying hard for it does. Following are a few criteria you can follow to find a good phlebotomy college:
Cost of Tuition– The cost of the course opted is a very important factor behind the choice of school. Not every costly course provides the best coaching. The quality of instruction is independent of the tuition fees offered by the school or college. Many cheaper courses also provide good teaching, so, selection of college shouldn’t be based on its own fees.
School’s Reputation- A proper study about the feedback and reputation of shortlisted schools is utmost important. The career exposure completely depends on the grade and goodwill of the college. An in-depth research about the college and course should be done on Internet. You can also have friendly reviews with the doctors and other phlebotomists regarding the standing of the shortlisted schools. This, if done, before registering will save a huge number of savings and capital and can let you get decent course.
Accreditation– Certification is your test of educational institution on the standard grounds. It is basically certifying the institution on the grounds of infrastructure, education provided, faculty members, laboratory equipment, etc.. Online course from non-accredited colleges might not prove out to be that authentic in legal terms. Some healthcare centres prefer students from accredited institutes over non-accredited ones.
Duration– According to the prescribed schedule, everything takes a proper time. It’s extremely necessary to understand that there is no shortcut to success. A fantastic amount of time spent in learning will always make you a fantastic practitioner. Courses with short durations might become an obstacle when applying for employment in corresponding field because every post requires a minimal training- span.
Practice– The choice of college in phlebotomy in San Marino CA 91108 should also be based on the amount and quality of practice, the course conducts. Before really minding patient’s blood, ample amount of time ought to be given to practice as you can not risk and experiment on patient’s condition. Moreover, to gain confidence before actual work, adequate practice is advised.
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Can blue light blocking glasses really help you sleep better? Seeing as 60 million Americans suffer from chronic insomnia, it's an important question to consider — especially since time spent in front of a screen might be partially to blame.
On average, Americans spend nearly half of their day looking at a screen. That’s about 10 hours every day spent staring at a computer or smartphone that emits “blue light” — a type of light that signals your brain to stay awake and alert.
In small doses, this type of light isn’t necessarily harmful — after all, sunlight is a “white light” that includes some of these same blue light rays. But simply put, our eyes and bodies are not designed to handle the amount of blue light exposure we get in the standard 9-to-5 desk job.
This is especially true when it comes to getting a good night’s sleep. Blue light exposure can lead to issues with insomnia and restlessness at night, especially if that exposure continues well into the evening hours. If you watch TV, browse Facebook on your phone or read on your iPad before bed, you might just be reducing the quality and quantity of your sleep (and you might not even know it).
There are plenty of tips and tricks to help you get to sleep at night, but special glasses designed to block blue light could be a new tool for chronic insomniacs. Is it a fad, or does it really work? Let’s take a look at the science behind these glasses and how it can help you hit the hay.
What is blue light, and why does it matter for sleep?
All light is on a spectrum, and each type of light has its own energy and wavelength. Red and orange light has lower energy with longer wavelengths, while blue light has shorter wavelengths with more energy.
Our brains rely in part on our eyes to determine when it’s appropriate to produce more melatonin, the hormone that makes us feel sleepy. When it’s light outside, your brain suppresses the production of melatonin so you can stay alert. As the sun sets, however, the reduction in natural light signals to your brain that it’s getting close to bedtime — and your brain responds by producing more melatonin.
Blue light (found in natural sunlight as well as light from screens) is partially responsible for this suppression of melatonin. So, if you are watching TV or on a computer late at night, you are unknowingly intervening in your brain’s natural sleep and wake process. The concept is simple: reduce your eyes’ exposure to blue light, and your brain can more easily produce melatonin that helps you drift off.
Aren’t blue light blocking glasses for strained eyes, and not sleep?
Yes, one of the main purposes of blue light blocking glasses (sometimes referred to as “computer glasses”) is to reduce strain on your eyes. That’s because extended exposure to blue light can contribute to lots of vision issues — including macular degeneration, digital eye strain and retina damage.
But one of the lesser-known benefits of blue light blocking glasses is its impact on your sleep quality and quantity. While your eyes aren’t the only thing responsible for signaling your brain to produce melatonin, they’re a very important part of the equation.
Adjusting how and when you are exposed to blue light can help those prone to insomnia get to sleep faster, and sleep longer through the night. This is particularly true when you combine blue light blocking glasses with other techniques like early-morning exercise, drinking tart cherry juice and dimming your lights about an hour before bed.
If I want to use blue light blocking glasses to help me sleep, what should I do?
It’s not necessary to wear these special types of lenses all day to get the sleep benefits of blue light reduction. Instead, most sleep experts will recommend swapping your normal specs for blue light blocking glasses about 3 hours before bedtime.
If they aren’t quite doing the trick, you might need to add a few other tricks to help your brain send you off to sleep. If you’re struggling to fall and stay asleep most nights, try adding these tips and tricks to your nightly routine:
1. Switch to blue light blocking glasses 3 hours before bedtime.
2. Get exercise early in the morning.
3. Drink tart cherry juice (rich in melatonin) about an hour before bed.
4. Listen to calming music designed to help slow your heart rate and reduce anxiety.
5. Wear an eye mask to block out light emitted from electronics in your home.
And if even after following these tips you still struggle to fall asleep and stay asleep, your mattress might be the issue. If you notice excessive sinking toward the middle of your bed or wake up with aches and pains, these are probably signs that you should replace your mattress.
For chronic insomniacs, highly-contouring beds like those with memory foam comfort layers can help you get comfortable and drift off. If night sweats are what’s keeping you awake, try looking for a specialized cooling mattress that helps disperse body heat so you can sleep cool throughout the night.
Getting a great night’s sleep is all about finding the right balance of a great bed, a great wind-down routine and a healthy lifestyle. It might feel like hard work, but you’ll be grateful once you feel the effects of eight hours of restful, rejuvenating sleep!
The latest news from the world of snooze.
The facts and science behind superior sleep.
Interviews and discussions with masters of sleep.
Guides for buying mattresses and sleep accessories.
Tips and tricks for the best sleep ever.
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Since 4th of July is just around the corner, you may be already looking for 4th of July craft ideas for preschoolers. Last weekend we completed this American flag wall hanging – a fun DIY project for preschoolers that does require parental involvement. First, we collected sticks and broke them into shorter 14 inch pieces. Since there are 13 stripes on the American flag, we needed 13 sticks of equal length for the project. Ideally, you would want the sticks to be as straight as possible to simplify the project assembly. As you can see in the pictures, our sticks were a bit too crooked, so it was a bit of a task to tie them together. We painted the sticks with the same Crayola washable paint we used for the Cardboard fairy house. Children can paint the sticks completely on their own after you separate the sticks into 4 groups: 3 sticks to be painted red, 3 sticks to be painted white, 3 sticks to be painted white and blue, and 4 sticks to be painted red and blue. I suggest working with one color at a time. For the two-colored sticks, have your child paint two thirds of three sticks white and two thirds of four sticks red, then finish all seven sticks with blue. Let the sticks dry, then tie them together with twine or metal wire: alternate the white and red sticks to form the American flag with red and white stripes and a blue rectangle. We used simple knots to tie the sticks together – first tie the twine around the first stick, than tie 3-4 additional knots before tying the next stick into the flag. If your sticks are pretty straight, the additional knots may be unnecessary. The final step of the project is to draw 50 white dots or stars on the blue rectangle. If you use washable paint, display the finished wall hanging indoors or on a covered porch to prevent paint from washing off.
Not ready to take on the American flag wall hanging project, here are a few other 4th of July craft ideas for preschoolers on the Web:
Also, if you have enough red, white, and blue LEGO blocks in your Lego collection, kids can make an American flag out of LEGOs. Unfortunately, we did not have enough Lego pieces to do all 13 stripes and 50 stars, but, other than that, our mini flag turned out pretty good
And if your preschooler enjoys coloring, here’s a link to American Flag coloring pages. A colored “USA with coloring key” page is featured below:
This week we are participating in these awesome link-up parties: | <urn:uuid:10f045d5-bbda-4479-8103-5792c745645f> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://parenting-today.com/4th-of-july-craft-ideas-for-preschoolers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276131.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00135-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947971 | 523 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The complete history of African American women's participation in American politics must recognize not only their involvement in traditional political acts such as registering, voting and holding office but also those nontraditional activities in which they engaged long before gaining a ballot. Because African American women are simultaneously members of two groups that have suffered the nation's most blatant exclusion from the normal channels of access to civic life, African Americans and women, their political behavior has been largely overlooked by political scientists, who have tended to focus primarily on those actions that conform to the more restrictive definitions of politics. Utilizing extant social science literature and recent survey research findings by political science scholars, the quest for African American political man will encompass a historical overview in which traditional and nontraditional political actions will be examined. The first debate is that throughout their existence of the American continent, African American women have been engaged in political activity, the nature of which has been determined by the legal and cultural circumstances they faced at the time. The second is that African American women's political activities have been directed toward altering their disadvantaged status both as African Americans and as women. Third is the observation that, historically, African American women have escalated their political activity progressively, moving from a predominance of nontraditional activity to a predominance of traditional activity, and have emerged as prime users of these traditional avenues in contemporary American politics.
As enslaved African females they were the victims of dual oppression, one issuing from race and the other from sex. Subjected to the slave status ascribed to their African male kin, they were further victimized by a body of hostile public policy dir | <urn:uuid:0369d590-36d9-4886-bcdf-b046dd3706cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/28031.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828314.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00289-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979878 | 321 | 2.671875 | 3 |
January 31, 2017
Good Health Insurance is What Counts
Having health insurance is no guarantee that medical care is affordable.
Some families, despite being covered by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or employer policies, say that high premiums and deductibles mean they can’t afford to see a doctor. This distinction – between having insurance and receiving care – will be crucial as Congress considers proposals for ACA’s replacement.
One comprehensive 2003 study demonstrates how individual medical decisions change when they receive one longstanding, and what the researchers called “generous,” type of insurance: Medicare. Their study focused on changes in the use of the health care system – more so than improved health – by comparing people who’ve recently gone on Medicare with people a couple years away from turning 65 and becoming eligible. The analysis adjusts for the fact that some, though not all, people under 65 have employer coverage and that many people also retire around this age, sometimes receiving special retiree health benefits.
Once people turn 65 and are on Medicare, the researchers found that:
- The probability of seeing a doctor at least once a year increased, based on data from the National Health Interview Surveys, which track the frequency of routine medical care.
- Medicare eligibility led to a “surprisingly large” 5-10 percent increase in hospitalizations in California and Florida, particularly among white Americans. The increase was driven by elective surgeries such as joint replacements and heart bypass surgeries.
- There were large increases in preventive care for less-educated whites, such as getting flu shots and cholesterol tests, based on analyses of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which tracks preventive care use.
- Minorities, who are at much higher risk of untreated high blood pressure, were more likely to receive this diagnosis after going on Medicare.
- Hispanic men were more often screened for prostate cancer.
- Despite the fact that health declines with age, minorities, when asked to rate their health from poor to excellent, reported improvements after turning 65. Medicare, the researchers concluded, helped to close the gap that exists between minorities’ and whites’ health. Medicare coverage did not, however, seem to reduce death rates, which are typically higher for minorities.
Similarly, a brand new study showed benefits from the federal expansion of Medicaid: the use of disease-managing prescription drugs rose 19 percent in just over one year in expansion states. The effects were largest for medications for diabetes, birth control, and heart conditions.
Medical outcomes are extremely difficult to analyze, and the Medicare researchers were careful not to overstate the strength of their findings.
But they felt comfortable concluding that improvements occurring after 65 “are driven by features of the Medicare system … rather than to the fact that coverage rises” after 65.
Squared Away writer Kim Blanton invites you to follow us on Twitter @SquaredAwayBC. To stay current on our Squared Away blog, please join our free email list. You’ll receive just one email each week – with links to the two new posts for that week – when you sign up here. | <urn:uuid:5014ca8a-1e09-4954-a618-09c574dd21d5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://squaredawayblog.bc.edu/squared-away/good-health-insurance-is-what-counts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038863420.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419015157-20210419045157-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.966598 | 636 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|Volesky, J -|
Submitted to: Crop Science Congress
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: September 1, 2000
Publication Date: September 1, 2000
Citation: Rao, S.C., Coleman, S.W., Volesky, J.D. 2000. Yield and quality of wheat, triticale and agrptricum forage in the southern plains. Crop Science. 40:1308-1312. Interpretive Summary: Winter wheat is a major source of forage for livestock in the southern Great Plains. Producers have the option to remove cattle at the jointing stage and harvest grain or continue grazing until end of April, without grain production ("graze-out"). Either option creates a forage deficit period in the spring until warm-season perennial grasses are available for grazing. We evaluated seasonal forage production patterns and nutritive value of three wheat species (winter wheat, triticale and agrotricum). Triticale and agrotricum had vegetative growth periods that were 14 and 28d, respectively, longer than wheat. At physiological maturity, agrotricum produced 22% more biomass, 3.5% less grain and 28% greater straw yield than wheat. Prolonged vegetative growth of agrotricum has the potential to provide high quality forage for 4 weeks longer than wheat, the traditional forage. Livestock producers have the option to seed agrotricum mon pastures designated for graze-out. Due to lower seed production and lack of value of agrotricum seed, agrotricum cannot be planted on acres designated for both pasture and grain production.
Technical Abstract: Abstract Hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major cool-season forage that couples with warm season perennials to provide livestock feed in the Southern Plains. Availability and quality of wheat forage declines in April, creating a forage deficit period until warm-season perennial grasse are available. Other cool-season annual grasses with different growth patterns may help fill this forage deficit. A field experiment was conducted on Brewer silty clay (Fine, mixed thermic, Pachic Argiustolls) from 1994 - 1997 to compare yield and quality of winter wheat, triticale (X Tricosecale) and agrotricum (Triticum aestivum X Elytrigia sp. Var."OK-906' bove-ground whole-plant biomass during late fall and early spring were greater for wheat than agrotricum, but this trend was reversed in late spring and early summer. Average growing degree-days to reach physiological maturity were 2500, 2670, and 3100 for wheat, triticale and agrotricum, respectively. Averaged over years, triticale and agrotricum reached maturity 14d and 28d after wheat, respectively. At physiological maturity, differences in biomass accumulation between wheat and triticale were minimal, but agrotricum at physiological maturity produced 22% more total biomass, 3.5% less grain and 28% greater straw yield as compared with wheat. Differences in straw IVDMD among species were minimal. Because of its prolonged vegetative growth compared with wheat or triticale, agrotricum has the potential to fill the late spring forage deficit period in the current production system and reduce supplemental feed cost for livestock. | <urn:uuid:270cfcf7-aa32-44aa-bc91-25658a091706> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=108274 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065464.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00026-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92591 | 722 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Definitions for practicedˈpræk tɪst
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word practiced
adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful, skilful(adj)
having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude
"adept in handicrafts"; "an adept juggler"; "an expert job"; "a good mechanic"; "a practiced marksman"; "a proficient engineer"; "a lesser-known but no less skillful composer"; "the effect was achieved by skillful retouching"
skillful after much practice
skillful, proficient, knowledgeable or expert as a result of practice
experienced; expert; skilled; as, a practiced marksman
used habitually; learned by practice
Origin: [Often written practised.]
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Obedience is only practiced by the cowardly.
I do think he practiced on us for his 'I have a dream' speech.
Leadership is practiced not so much in words as in attitude and in actions.
He does not preach what he practices till he has practiced what he preaches.
Success is nothing more than a few simple disciplines, practiced every day...
Images & Illustrations of practiced
Translations for practiced
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for practiced »
Find a translation for the practiced definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:dc47f90e-f41f-4475-adf6-26e2b538c4ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/practiced | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159031.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00271-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839992 | 296 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Born: 387 AD · Banwen, United Kingdom
Death place: Ireland
Parents: Calpurnius (Father) · Conchessa (Mother)
Siblings: Darerca of Ireland (Sister)Highlights
- 396 AD: A. B. E. Hood suggests that the Victoricus of St. Patrick’s vision may be identified with Saint Victricius, bishop of Rouen in the late fourth century, who had visited Britain in an official capacity in 396.
- 403 AD: At the age of 16 in 403 AD Saint Patrick was captured and enslaved by the Irish and was sent to Ireland to serve as a slave herding and tending sheep in Dalriada.
- 431 AD: The date 432 was probably chosen to minimise the contribution of Palladius, who was known to have been sent to Ireland in 431, and maximise that of Patrick.
- 457 AD: In 457 “the elder Patrick” (Irish: Patraic Sen) is said to have died: this may refer to the death of Palladius, who according to the Book of Armagh was also called Patrick.
- 535 AD: The death of Patrick’s disciple Mochta is dated in the annals to 535 or 537, and the early hagiographies “all bring Patrick into contact with persons whose obits occur at the end of the fifth century or the beginning of the sixth”.
- 2008: Confession of Saint Patrick written by Saint Patrick was first published on November 26, 2008.
Lived: Jun 15, 1330 – Jun 08, 1376 (age 45)
Spouse: Joan of Kent (m. 1361)
Children: Richard II of England (Son) · Edward of Angoulême (Son)
Buried: Canterbury Cathedral
Parents: Edward III of England (Father) · Philippa of Hainault (Mother)
Siblings: Joan of England (Sister) · John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (Brother) · Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (Brother) · Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (Brother) · Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of GloucesterHighlights
- 1341: In 1348 he was made a Founding Knight of the Garter.
- 1360: The Poitiers Campaign in the Aquitaine-Loire region, which crippled the French army for the next 13 years, fomenting the anarchy and chaos which would cause the Treaty of Brétigny to be signed in 1360.
- 1361: Edward gained permission for the marriage from Pope Innocent VI and absolution for marriage to a blood-relative (as had Edward III when marrying Philippa of Hainault, his second cousin) and married Joan on 10 October 1361 at Windsor Castle.
- 1367: Peter of Castile, thrust from his throne by his illegitimate brother Henry of Trastámara, offered Edward the lordship of Biscay in 1367, in return for the Black Prince’s aid in recovering his throne.
- 1372: In 1372, he sailed on an expedition with King Edward III but failed to land on the French Coast due to contrary winds.
- 1376: Edward the Black Prince contracted an illness on this expedition that would ail him until his death in 1376.
Lived: Oct 11, 1884 – Nov 07, 1962 (age 78)
Height: 5′ 11″ (1.80 m)
Spouse: Franklin D. Roosevelt (m. 1905 – 1945)
Children: Elliott Roosevelt (Son) · Anna Roosevelt Halsted (Daughter) · James Roosevelt (Son) · Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. (Son) · John Aspinwall Roosevelt (Son) · Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. (Son)
Education: The New School · Allenswood Academy (1899 – 1902)
Parents: Anna Hall Roosevelt (Mother) · Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (Father)Highlights
- 1905: Returning to the U.S., she married her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1905.
- 1905: Eleanor married Franklin on March 17, 1905 (St. Patrick’s Day), in a wedding officiated by Endicott Peabody, the groom’s headmaster at Groton School.
- 1918: The Roosevelts’ marriage was complicated from the beginning by Franklin’s controlling mother, Sara, and after discovering an affair of her husband’s with Lucy Mercer in 1918, Roosevelt resolved to seek fulfillment in a public life of her own.
- 1940: The Roosevelts’ marriage was complicated from the beginning by Franklin’s controlling mother, Sara, and after discovering an affair of her husband’s with Lucy Mercer in 1918, Roosevelt resolved to seek fulfillment in a public life of her own.
- 1954: In 1954, Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio led the effort to defeat Eleanor’s son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., in the election for New York Attorney General.
- 1962: Eleanor and Miller’s relationship is said to have continued until her death in 1962.
Lived: May 03, 1898 – Dec 08, 1978 (age 80)
Spouse: Morris Meyerson (m. 1917 – 1951)
Previous offices: Ministry of Interior (1970 – 1970) · Prime Minister of Israel (1969 – 1974) · Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1956 – 1966) · Labor Minister of Israel (1949 – 1956)
Children: Sarah Meyerson (Daughter) · Menachem Meyerson (Son)
Siblings: Tzipke Mabovitch (Sister) · Sheyna Mabovitch (Sister)Highlights
- 1913: In 1913 she had begun dating Morris Meyerson (Myerson).
- 1916: She attended the teachers college Milwaukee State Normal School (now University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), in 1916, and probably part of 1917.
- 1917: When Golda and Morris married in 1917, settling in Palestine was her precondition for the marriage.
- 1956: In 1956, she became Foreign Minister under Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion.
- 1969: Meir was elected Prime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969, after serving as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister.
- 1978: On December 8, 1978, Meir died of lymphatic cancer in Jerusalem at the age of 80. | <urn:uuid:c5c923ca-9f3c-4f0f-929d-5d41ffce0a03> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://majormike.us/subjects/1905/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120092.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00317-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92199 | 1,371 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The initiative dubbed Tsavo Climate Challenge seeks to grow and nurture 40 million trees in 12 counties in a span of three years.
The pilot phase starts this year in four counties including Nairobi, Makueni, Taita Taveta, and Mombasa. Work in Kajiado, Machakos, Kitui, Tana River, Garissa, Kwale, Kilifi, and Lamu, begins in 2018.
“The ecological biodiversity, cultural and historical heritage of these counties which fall under the wider Tsavo Ecosystem Dispersal Area (TEDA), are under threat from adverse effects of unsustainable land use, environmental degradation, inappropriate management of natural resources and the effects of climate change,” said Tsavo Heritage Foundation Founder Member Mrs Wanjala Sio, at the launch of the Tsavo Climate Challenge in
“Tsavo is a shadow of its former self. The loss of forest cover, reduced river flow and the effects of climate change had led to systematic desertification of two Parks, with devastating economic effects to the communities living within Tsavo ecosystem. We are launching this initiative to help up reclaim Tsavo and return it to its former glory,” she said.
She noted that water scarcity was a more imminent threat to both human and wildlife and “work must be urgently done to get water systems rehabilitated and conserved for the sustenance of this critical ecosystem.”
The world’s renowned ecologist John D. Liu who launched the initiative said there was hope of reclaiming the Tsavo ecosystem but relevant bodies need to act faster, adding that the process should not be left to conservationist alone.
“Ecosystem restoration camps are the best possibility because they are low cost, high impact and it allows you to engage many people in mitigation and adaptation restoring hydrological cycles, biodiversity, and growing soil.
Through these activities, these camps will be able to provide meaningful engagement to thousands of unemployed youths,” Liu said.
Working with communities
Mrs Sio said the Foundation would be working with the local communities, special interest groups and institutions including CBOs and learning institution to fast track the rehabilitation process.
“We want to work with the local communities and institutions because we want the locals to own the initiate as we move from just planting trees to growing and nurturing them, which takes longer, and the communities are in a better position to tend to the trees until they are mature enough to survive on their own,” she said.
She said the efforts of the communities will be recognized by way of various incentives including cash awards in line with rates approved by Tsavo Heritage Foundation, adding that the incentives will be based on participation, reward of effort, recognition of proportionality and concern for fairness to create a win-win situation.
The Foundation has also lined up some activities to support the Climate Challenge initiative including a marathon dubbed Tsavo Run which will allow for participation by individuals and corporate organizations; a special conference on and a cultural and award ceremony event dubbed The Beats of Tsavo to celebrate Tsavo while awarding and recognize leaders in its conservation and rehabilitation.
“This is a huge task which requires a lot of resource- monetary and otherwise. At the launch we will be appealing to corporate organisations to support the initiative through cash donations and also to be part of the Tsavo Run, the conference and cultural event,” Mrs Sio said. | <urn:uuid:d8a3c0a9-5133-448a-9f5c-629064ef891c> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://africasciencenews.org/tsavo-heritage-foundation-has-launched-an-initiative-to-reclaim-the-dwindling-tsavo-ecosystems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887746.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119045937-20180119065937-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.953069 | 712 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Charles VI of France, Duke of Aquitaine, Joan of Arc, King of England, King of France, King of the English, Kingdom of Wessex, Kings and Queens of England, styles, titles, Wessex, William Rufus, William the Conqueror
The Anglo-Saxon kings of England used numerous different titles, including “King of the Anglo-Saxons” and “King of the English. Around the mid 880s Is period in which almost all chroniclers agree that the Saxon people of pre-unification England submitted to Alfred. This was not, however, the point at which Alfred came to be known as King of England; in fact, he would never adopt the title for himself.
Initially Alfred was titled King of Wessex until 886 when in London Alfred received the formal submission of “all the English people that were not under subjection to the Danes”, and thereafter he adopted the title Anglorum Saxonum rex (King of the Anglo-Saxons). While Alfred was not the first king to claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the start of the first unbroken line of kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex.
Alfred’s son and successor His son Edward the Elder conquered the eastern Danelaw, but it was his son and successor Æthelstan who became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927, and he is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England. The title “King of the English” or Rex Anglorum in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in one of his charters in 928.
Alfred the Great, King of the Anglo-Saxons.
Variations of the monarchs title were adopted by some kings of Wessex and England; for example, Edred used “King of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, pagans and Britons”. These titles were sometimes accompanied by extravagant epithets; for instance, Æthelstan was “King of the English, raised by the right hand of the Almighty to the Throne of the whole Kingdom of Britain”.
William I the Conqueror used the simple “King of the English” and “Duke of the Normans” as his titles. His successor, William II, was the first to consistently use the style “by the Grace of God”. Henry I added “Duke of the Normans” in 1121, though he had seized Normandy from his brother Robert in 1106. In 1152 Henry II acquired many further French possessions through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine; soon thereafter, he added “Duke of the Aquitanians” and “Count of the Angevins” to his titles.
“King of the English”, “Duke of the Normans”, “Duke of the Aquitanians” and “Count of the Angevins” remained in use until King John ascended the throne in 1199, when they changed the title “King of the English” to “King of England”, along with “Duke of Normandy”, “Duke of Aquitaine” and “Count of Anjou”, respectively. John, furthermore, was already the titular ruler of Ireland; therefore, he added “Lord of Ireland” to his style.
In 1204 England lost both Normandy and Anjou. Nevertheless, they did not renounce the associated titles until 1259. French territory once again became the subject of dispute after the death of the French King Charles IV in 1328. Edward III claimed the French Throne, arguing that it was to pass to him through his mother Isabella, Charles IV’s sister. In France, however, it was asserted that the Throne could not pass to or through a woman according to the Salic Law.
Nevertheless, Edward III began to use the title “King of France” (dropping “Duke of Aquitaine”) after 1337. In 1340 he entered France, where he was publicly proclaimed King. In 1360, however, he agreed to relinquish his title to the French claimant. Though he stopped using the title in legal documents, he did not formally exchange letters confirming the renunciation with the French King. In 1369 Edward III resumed the title, claiming that the French had breached their treaty.
Henry VI, King of England, Lord of Ireland and King of France.
In 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was an agreement signed by Henry V of England and Charles VI of France, recognizing Henry as Charles’ successor, and stipulating that Henry’s heirs would succeed him on the throne of France. It disinherited the Dauphin Charles (with further claim, in 1421, that the young Charles was illegitimate). It also betrothed Charles VI’s daughter, Catherine of Valois, to Henry V. Henry V then adopted the title Heir of France instead.
Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, and Henry V’s infant son (Charles VI’s grandson) Henry VI became King of France. He was the only English king who was de facto King of France, rather than using the style as a mere title of pretense. He is also the only English monarch to actually have been crowned King of France (as Henri II, in 1431). However, by 1429 Charles VII was crowned at Reims with the support of Joan of Arc and begun to push the English out of northern France. In 1435, an end to the French civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs allowed Charles to return to Paris the following year, and by 1453 the English had been driven out of their last strongholds in Normandy and Guyenne. The only French territory left to the English was Calais which they held until 1558.
Coat of Arms of Henry VI with the Lion of England and the French fleur-de-lys.
Nonetheless the kings and queens of England (and, later, of Great Britain) continued to claim the French throne for centuries, through the early modern period. The words “of France” was prominently included among their realms as listed in their titles and styles, and the French fleur-de-lys was included in the royal arms. This continued until 1801, by which time France had no monarch, having become a republic. | <urn:uuid:4a4b5d09-e78e-48fd-89b4-243c04d02dfc> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/kingdom-of-wessex/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948965.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329085436-20230329115436-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.974476 | 1,388 | 3.984375 | 4 |
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Consecration of Firstborn. 1The LORD spoke to Moses and said: 2Consecrate to me every firstborn; whatever opens the womb among the Israelites,a whether of human being or beast, belongs to me.
3b Moses said to the people, “Remember this day on which you came out of Egypt, out of a house of slavery. For it was with a strong hand that the LORD brought you out from there. Nothing made with leaven may be eaten. 4This day on which you are going out is in the month of Abib.* 5Therefore, when the LORD, your God, has brought you into the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perrizites, the Girgashites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites, which he swore to your ancestors to give you, a land flowing with milk and honey, you will perform the following service* in this month. 6For seven days you will eat unleavened bread, and the seventh day will also be a festival to the LORD. 7Unleavened bread may be eaten during the seven days, but nothing leavened and no leaven may be found in your possession in all your territory. 8And on that day you will explain to your son, ‘This is because of what the LORD did for me when I came out of Egypt.’ 9It will be like a sign* on your hand and a reminder on your forehead,c so that the teaching of the LORD will be on your lips: with a strong hand the LORD brought you out of Egypt. 10You will keep this statute at its appointed time from year to year.
11“When the LORD, your God, has brought you into the land of the Canaanites, just as he swore to you and your ancestors, and gives it to you, 12d you will dedicate to the LORD every newborn that opens the womb; and every firstborn male of your animals will belong to the LORD. 13Every firstborn of a donkey you will ransom with a sheep. If you do not ransom it, you will break its neck. Every human firstborn of your sons you must ransom. 14And when your son asks you later on, ‘What does this mean?’ you will tell him, ‘With a strong hand the LORD brought us out of Egypt, out of a house of slavery. 15When Pharaoh stubbornly refused to let us go, the LORD killed every firstborn in the land of Egypt, the firstborn of human being and beast alike. That is why I sacrifice to the LORD every male that opens the womb, and why I ransom every firstborn of my sons.’ 16It will be like a sign on your hand and a band on your forehead that with a strong hand the LORD brought us out of Egypt.”e
Toward the Red Sea. 17Now, when Pharaoh let the people go, God did not lead them by way of the Philistines’ land,* though this was the nearest; for God said: If the people see that they have to fight, they might change their minds and return to Egypt. 18Instead, God rerouted them toward the Red Sea by way of the wilderness road, and the Israelites went up out of the land of Egypt arrayed for battle. 19Moses also took Joseph’s bonesf with him, for Joseph had made the Israelites take a solemn oath, saying, “God will surely take care of you, and you must bring my bones up with you from here.”
20Setting out from Succoth, they camped at Ethamg near the edge of the wilderness.
21h The LORD preceded them, in the daytime by means of a column of cloud to show them the way, and at night by means of a column of fire* to give them light. Thus they could travel both day and night. 22Neither the column of cloud by day nor the column of fire by night ever left its place in front of the people.
* [13:5] The following service: the celebration of the feast of Unleavened Bread now constitutes the Israelites’ service, in contrast to the “service” they performed for Pharaoh as his slaves.
* [13:9] Sign: while here observance of the feast of Unleavened Bread is likened only metaphorically to a physical sign of one’s piety that can be worn as a kind of badge in commemoration of the exodus, from ancient times Jews have seen in this verse also the basis for the wearing of phylacteries. These are small receptacles for copies of biblical verses which Jewish men bind to the arms and forehead as a kind of mnemonic device for the observance of the Law.
* [13:17] By way of the Philistines’ land: the most direct route from Egypt to Palestine, along the shore of the Mediterranean.
* [13:21] A column of cloud…a column of fire: probably one and the same extraordinary phenomenon, a central nucleus of fire surrounded by smoke; only at night was its luminous nature visible; cf. 40:38.
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nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or | <urn:uuid:1ed13b39-9671-4137-b4e8-dc2c91b1941b> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.usccb.org/bible/ex/13:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834663.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00049-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956786 | 1,178 | 2.75 | 3 |
As with all Abundance Project initiatives, a critical aspect of this program was to provide the participants with healthy eating choices and the opportunity to learn basic kitchen skills. Every week, the participants had 20 to 30 minutes of kitchen time to prepare things like fruit kabobs, muffins, and granola bars.
Each week a special story was selected and read with the group which tied into the kitchen activity. For the final week, the kids were read Stone Soup, and then went on to assist in the preparation of a vegetable soup to be served to their parents and family the final evening.
Judging by the enthusiastic response of participants and parents, it is most likely that an After School program will run again next school year. | <urn:uuid:7b0fd446-7165-4090-8fed-d34c5de306de> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://warkworthabundance.ca/abundance-after-school-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247508363.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221193026-20190221215026-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.978718 | 148 | 2.890625 | 3 |
It seems that some people refer to clones as simply specific cultivars and others mean it to suggest they’re plants arrived at through means other than selection massale.
whixh is it?
From the Prince of Pinot article: "The word clone is from the Greek word for twig. Clones are separate vines that are genetically identical to a mother plant. They have the same growth, habit, flavors and ripening time as the vine they come from. Clones are propagated asexually by taking cuttings or grafts from another vine. Seeds are not suitable for propagation since after pollination, new seeds are not genetically identical."
This is how I always thought of it/learned it.
Also, pretty cool articles on Pinot Clones:
But how is that different than massale? Propagating cuttings from the best vines in a vineyard. I ask because I've been hearing more and more interviews with Burgundians saying that massale is better than using clones. But, given the definition quoted above, that is, technically a form of cloning a plant.
I would say if they are taking cuttings that all came from the same mother plant at some point in time, they are still all clones from that mother vine. Clones mutate based on many many factors, however, it doesnt mean they arent still originally a clone from the original mother vine. | <urn:uuid:cc6dce34-7669-4b03-96e8-990dfecad043> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.guildsomm.com/4cb697f52c/discussion_forums/f/general-discussion/12150/confused-about-clones/53078 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247503249.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221071502-20190221093502-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.970741 | 293 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Course: HIST 470. The United States: The Colonial Period (3)
Investigate early North American history from pre-colonial times through the Seven Years’ War. Learn about indigenous lifeways before European contact and how native peoples contested and negotiated with colonial societies. Compare how European colonizers migrated to and within North America and how they built economies, societies, and political systems. Understand the creation of racial slavery and African-American identities. Examine the impact of empires and war on society. | <urn:uuid:a7c965d9-7d72-40b9-ac30-12e5f7117e2a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://catalog.csun.edu/academics/hist/courses/hist-470/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058415.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927090448-20210927120448-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.918172 | 101 | 3.625 | 4 |
Dams all along the Euphrates River have become an increasingly important target in the ongoing ISIS war in Iraq. The capture of dams upriver has allowed ISIS to control waterflow into government-held areas downriver. Most recent, they have closed the dams in Ramadi, dramatically cutting water levels further east.
Anbar Provincial Council Chief Sabah Karhout warned that the lower water level to the east, the last part of Anbar that is still government-held, could mean a massive humanitarian crisis across Iraq. He is calling for the US to launch airstrikes on the dam to reopen the water flow.
That’s potentially hugely dangerous, not only because Ramadi is a major city of 500,000 people, but because the destruction of the dam is liable to flood parts of the surrounding area, at least temporarily. That’s been a long-standing concern in Anbar, as control over the dams has raised the possibility of each side using flooding as a weapon, either offensively or simply as cover for attacks.
The US probably won’t launch attacks on the dam, however, as it would undercut Pentagon predictions that the city, and the dam by extension, are going to be retaken in a matter of days. | <urn:uuid:e3abbc83-69aa-4789-b2d7-918236a67192> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://news.antiwar.com/2015/06/02/isis-closes-ramadi-dam-gates-cutting-water-flow-to-govt-held-territory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.962931 | 253 | 2.53125 | 3 |
When To Worry About A Mole
A mole, also known as a nevus, is a dark spot or growth on the skin that can be raised or flat. Moles can vary in color from pink, tan, brown, black, and round or oval in shape. They can appear on any part of the body but mostly occur on the face, arms, and legs. Moles are usually benign (not cancerous) and do not cause any symptoms. However, some moles may appear atypical or abnormal, and Dr. William Long New York can evaluate these to rule out skin cancer.
It is important to monitor moles for any changes in size, shape, color, itching, or bleeding. These changes can signify skin cancer, specifically melanoma, a serious and potentially life-threatening form of skin cancer.
When to see a dermatologist
You should consult a dermatologist if you notice any changes in a mole or if you have a new mole with any of the following characteristics.
Asymmetry refers to a mole that is uneven or irregular in shape. If one half of the mole does not match the other half, it may indicate a problem. This is one of the signs of a mole that a dermatologist should evaluate. Not all moles that have asymmetry are cancerous, but it is vital to have them evaluated by a professional to be sure.
Ensure to check your skin regularly and look for any new moles or changes in existing moles. If you have a history of skin cancer or a family history of melanoma, it is especially important to be vigilant about monitoring your skin and seeing a dermatologist regularly.
The border of a mole refers to the edge or perimeter of the mole. A normal mole has a well-defined border, which is smooth and even. However, an abnormal mole may have an irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined border. This can be a sign of a problem and should be evaluated by a dermatologist.
A normal mole has a uniform color, usually tan, brown, or black. However, an abnormal mole may have multiple colors or shades, such as white, red, or blue. This can be a sign of a problem and should be evaluated by a dermatologist. A professional should evaluate a mole with a uniform color but other signs of melanoma such as asymmetry, irregular border, or large diameter.
The diameter of a mole refers to the size of the mole. A normal mole is usually smaller than the size of a pencil eraser (about 6mm or less). However, an abnormal mole may be larger than this size. This can be a sign of a problem and should be evaluated by a dermatologist. A mole larger than 6mm in diameter may indicate a serious form of skin cancer.
Evolution refers to changes in a mole over time. If a mole is evolving, it is changing in size, shape, or color. This can be a sign of a problem and should be evaluated by a doctor. If a mole is evolving, it may indicate a problem, but not all evolving moles are cancerous. A mole that is not evolving but has other signs of melanoma, such as asymmetry, irregular border, or uneven color, should be evaluated.
If you notice any changes, you should consult your dermatologist at Manhattan Dermatology. | <urn:uuid:063ef858-2e44-47df-a58f-e4bd99754df4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wwportal.com/when-to-worry-about-a-mole/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945288.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324180032-20230324210032-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.930621 | 703 | 3.390625 | 3 |
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