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Blacks and the Mormon Priesthood
Racism in Early Mormonism - Doctrine of Pre-Existence - Seed of Cain - LDS Attitudes toward Blacks in the Twentieth Century - Civil Rights Movement - One Drop Disqualifies - Prelude to Revelation - The 1978 Announcement - Questions Remain - Teaching Not Renounced - Blacks in the LDS Church - Facts on the Mormon Church
By Whose Authority? Problems in LDS Priesthood Claims - When Did it Happen? - High Priesthood Added - Other Revelations Changed - Priesthood and the Bible - Illinois Leaders Apologize to LDS - Extracts from Letters and Emails
Twenty-six years ago, in June of 1978, the LDS Church announced the end of its priesthood restrictions for blacks. Since one of the foundations of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the claim that priesthood is essential to act in God's behalf, the change opened the way for blacks to be on an equal basis with other members. In the LDS manual Gospel Principles we read:
We must have [LDS] priesthood authority to act in the name of God when performing the sacred ordinances of the gospel, such as baptism, confirmation, administration of the sacrament, and temple marriage. If a man does not have the priesthood, even though he may be sincere, the Lord will not recognize ordinances he performs (Gospel Principles, p. 81, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1995 edition).
Since almost every male in the Mormon Church has some sort of priesthood office, the restriction on blacks meant that they could not participate in any leadership position. In addition to this, Mormonism teaches that a person must be married in the temple in order to achieve the highest level of heaven, or eternal life (see Gospel Principles, p. 297). However, the priesthood ban on blacks meant that they could not have a temple marriage, thus keeping them from achieving eternal life, also referred to as exaltation.
While the ban has been lifted the LDS Church has yet to clarify its theological view on race or why the ban was ever instituted.
Racism in Early Mormonism
Joseph Smith seems to have accepted the prevalent view of his day that darker skinned people were not as favored by God as white skinned people. This attitude is reflected in the Book of Mormon, which tells the story of a group of Israelites who fled Jerusalem about 600 BC and came to America. They soon divided into two groups, the righteous Nephites, who were "white", and the wicked Lamanites, who were cursed with "a skin of blackness" (Book of Mormon, 2 Nephi 5:21). The story claims that when Lamanites converted to Christianity "their curse was taken from them, and their skin became white like unto the Nephites" (3 Nephi 2:14-16). The Introduction to the current Book of Mormon maintains that the Lamanites "are the principal ancestors of the American Indians."
Even though early Mormonism reflected many of the same racial attitudes of the larger community, they did not restrict church participation on the basis of race. Viewing the Native Americans as descendents of the Book of Mormon people, Joseph Smith referred to them as "Lamanites." In 1830 he inaugurated a mission to the Indians in Missouri (see Doctrine and Covenants 32:2).
Armand Mauss commented:
In assessing the significance of Mormon relationships with the Indians during the lifetime of Joseph Smith, one must concede the part that these relationships played in inciting the hostility of other Americans against the Mormons, especially in Missouri. . . . Prophecies in the unique Mormon scriptures, as well as some Mormon commentary on those prophecies, seemed to justify such suspicions. When the Book of Mormon has Christ promising that the "remnant of Jacob" (i.e., Indians) shall go among the unrepentant Gentiles "as a young lion among the flocks of sheep" (3 Nephi 21:12-13), it would make the Gentiles wonder. Nor would they likely be reassured by public proclamations warning the unrepentant Gentiles that God is about to sweep them off the land because of the "cries of the red men, whom ye and your fathers have dispossessed and driven from their lands" . . . As part of an emerging separate ethnic identity, the Mormons began to define their destined homeland as extending from Wisconsin down to Texas and from Missouri across to the Rockies and even beyond, with the Indians as partners in building Zion throughout that entire region (All Abraham's Children: Changing Mormon Conceptions of Race and Lineage, by Armand L. Mauss, p. 55, University of Illinois Press, 2003).
Soon after publishing the Book of Mormon in 1830 Joseph Smith began working on the Book of Moses (printed in the Pearl of Great Price) which reflected the same community concept that blacks descended from Cain (see Moses 7:8, 12, 22). Even though the Mormons at that time accepted the common idea that blacks were from the cursed lineage of Cain they did not view this as restricting their church participation. A few blacks were baptized and at least two were ordained to the priesthood.
When Mormons started settling in Missouri in the early 1830's their attitude toward Native Americans and blacks became a concern of their neighbors. Many Missourians worried that Smith's church, founded in New York, was anti-slavery (see Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 12).
To appease their slave-holding neighbors, on July 16, 1833, the Mormons published an article in their newspaper stating:
". . . our intention was not only to stop free people of color from emigrating to this state, but to prevent them from being admitted as members of the Church" (Evening and the Morning Star, July 16, 1833).
Writing in 1836 Joseph Smith stated:
I do not believe that the people of the North have any more right to say that the South shall not hold slaves, than the South have to say the North shall. . . . It is my privilege then to name certain passages of the Bible . . . "And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren . . ." (Gen. IX:25) . . . I can say, the curse is not yet taken off from the sons of Canaan, neither will be until it is affected by as great a power as caused it to come . . . (History of the Church, vol. 2, p. 438).
Oddly, right at the time Smith seems to have been developing his racial doctrines he allowed the ordination of a black named Elijah Abel. Although there may have been at least one other black ordained to the priesthood during Joseph Smith's life, Elijah Abel was the only one mentioned by LDS historian Andrew Jenson:
Abel, Elijah, the only colored man who is known to have been ordained to the priesthood . . . was ordained an elder March 3, 1836, and a seventy April 4, 1841, an exception having been made in his case with regard to the general rule of the church in relation to colored people (L.D.S. Biographical Encyclopedia, vol. 3, p. 577, 1901-1936, Deseret News).
Even though Elijah Abel was allowed to retain his priesthood and go on a mission after the Mormons came to Utah, he was not allowed to participate in the temple endowments (see Dialogue, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 28-29).
In 1842 Joseph Smith published his Book of Abraham, which is part of the Pearl of Great Price, in the church-owned Times and Seasons. This new work reflected Smith's growing racist attitude towards blacks and priesthood:
Now this king of Egypt was a descendant from the loins of Ham, . . . From this descent sprang all the Egyptians, and thus the blood of the Canaanites was preserved in the land (Pearl of Great Price, Book of Abraham 1:21-22).
Further on in the same chapter we read that Pharaoh, being a descendent of Ham, could not have the priesthood:
Now, Pharaoh being of that lineage by which he could not have the right of Priesthood . . . (Book of Abraham 1:27).
LDS author Stephen Taggert observed:
With the publication of The Book of Abraham all of the elements for the Church's policy of denying the priesthood to Negroes were present. The curse of Canaan motif borrowed from Southern fundamentalism was being supported with the Church by a foundation of proslavery statements and attitudes which had emerged during the years of crisis in Missouri. . . . (Mormonism's Negro Policy: Social and Historical Origins, by Stephen G. Taggart, pp. 62-63, University of Utah Press, 1970).
Doctrine of Pre-Existence
During this time Joseph Smith started formulating his doctrine of man's pre-earth life. Preaching in 1844, Joseph Smith taught:
The mind of man is as immortal as God himself . . . God never did have power to create the spirit of man at all (History of the Church, vol. 6, pp. 310-311).
The Book of Abraham explains that those who were "noble" in their pre-earth life [man's first estate] were to be the "rulers" on earth [man's second estate] (Pearl of Great Price, Book of Abraham 3:22-23). This led to an interpretation that everyone's birth on earth is a direct result of his/her worthiness in a prior life in heaven. Thus those less valiant were born black while the righteous were born white, with the most worthy being born into Mormon families. In 1845 LDS Apostle Orson Hyde explained that blacks were inferior spirits in the pre-earth state:
At the time the devil was cast out of heaven, there were some spirits that did not know who had authority, whether God or the devil. They consequently did not take a very active part on either side, but rather thought the devil had been abused, . . . These spirits were not considered bad enough to be cast down to hell, and never have bodies; neither were they considered worthy of an honourable body on this earth: . . . But those spirits in heaven that rather lent an influence to the devil, thinking he had a little the best right to govern, but did not take a very active part any way were required to come into the world and take bodies in the accursed lineage of Canaan; and hence the Negro or African race (Speech of Elder Orson Hyde, delivered before the High Priests' Quorum, in Nauvoo, April 27, 1845, printed by John Taylor, p. 30).
Seed of Cain
After the Mormons moved west, Brigham Young, the second president of the church, became very adamant in his disapproval of blacks. Preaching in 1859, at the October Conference of the LDS Church, President Brigham Young declared:
Cain slew his brother . . . and the Lord put a mark upon him, which is the flat nose and black skin. . . . How long is that race [blacks] to endure the dreadful curse that is upon them? That curse will remain upon them, and they never can hold the Priesthood or share in it until all the other descendants of Adam have received the promises and enjoyed the blessings of the Priesthood and the keys thereof. Until the last ones of the residue of Adam's children are brought up to that favourable position, the children of Cain cannot receive the first ordinances of the Priesthood. They were the first that were cursed, and they will be the last from whom the curse will be removed (Journal of Discourses, vol. 7, p. 290).
On another occasion Brigham Young declared:
Shall I tell you the law of God in regard to the African race? If the white man who belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the seed of Cain, the penalty, under the law of God, is death on the spot. This will always be so (Journal of Discourses, vol. 10, p. 110).
Preaching in 1882, John Taylor, the third president of the LDS Church, taught:
Why is it, in fact, that we should have a devil? Why did not the Lord kill him long ago? . . . He needed the devil and great many of those who do his bidding just to keep . . . our dependence upon God, . . . When he destroyed the inhabitants of the antediluvian world, he suffered a descendant of Cain to come through the flood in order that he [the devil] might be properly represented upon the earth (Journal of Discourses, vol. 23, p. 336).
LDS Attitudes toward Blacks in the Twentieth Century
Scholar Armand Mauss observed:
Finally, in an important 1931 book, The Way to Perfection, the scholarly young apostle Joseph Fielding Smith . . . synthesized and codified the entire framework of Mormon racialist teaching that has accumulated . . . Integrating uniquely Mormon ideas of premortal decisions about lineage with imported British Israelism and Anglo-Saxon triumphalism, [Joseph Fielding] Smith in effect postulated a divine rank-ordering of lineages with the descendants of ancient Ephraim (son of Joseph) at the top (including the Mormons); the "seed of Cain" (Africans) at the bottom; and various other lineages in between (All Abraham's Children: Changing Mormon Conceptions of Race and Lineage, by Armand L. Mauss, p. 217, University of Illinois Press, 2003).
Writing in 1935 Apostle Joseph Fielding Smith, who later became the 10th president of the LDS Church, explained the curse on Cain:
Not only was Cain called upon to suffer [for killing Abel], but because of his wickedness he became the father of an inferior race. . . . Millions of souls have come into this world cursed with a black skin and have been denied the privilege of Priesthood and the fulness of the blessing of the Gospel. These are the descendants of Cain (The Way to Perfection, by Joseph Fielding Smith, p. 101, Genealogical Society of Utah, 1935).
Elder B. H. Roberts, of the council of Seventy, wrote:
. . . I believe that race [blacks] is the one through which it is ordained those spirits that were not valiant in the great rebellion in heaven should come; who, through their indifference or lack of integrity to righteousness, rendered themselves unworthy of the Priesthood and its powers, and hence it is withheld from them to this day (Contributor 6:297, as quoted in The Way to Perfection, p. 105).
LDS Apostle Bruce R. McConkie, son-in-law of President Joseph Fielding Smith, wrote:
Those who were less valiant in pre-existence and who thereby had certain spiritual restrictions imposed upon them during mortality are known to us as the Negroes. Such spirits are sent to earth through the lineage of Cain, the mark put upon him for his rebellion against God and his murder of Abel being a black skin (Mormon Doctrine, pp. 476-477, 1958 edition; p. 527 in the second edition in 1966).
In 1949 the LDS Church First Presidency issued an official statement on priesthood denial to blacks:
The attitude of the church with reference to the Negroes remains as it has always stood. It is not a matter of the declaration of a policy but of direct commandment from the Lord on which is founded the doctrine of the Church from the days of its organization, to the effect that Negroes may become members of the Church but that they are not entitled to the priesthood at the present time (As quoted in Black Saints in a White Church, by Jessie L. Embry, p. 24, Signature Books, 1994).
Civil Rights Movement
During the 1960's and early 1970's there were demonstrations and extensive articles denouncing the LDS teaching on blacks.
In January of 1963 the LDS Church announced a mission to Nigeria but it was aborted when the Nigerian Outlook printed articles attacking the Mormon position on blacks and the Nigerian government refused to grant visas to LDS missionaries.
From 1968 through 1970 students at various colleges protested against the LDS position on race. Tensions mounted against BYU and its sports department to the point that in 1969 Stanford University announced it would end participation in any sporting events with the Mormon school. The Salt Lake Tribune reported:
The Stanford University Student Senate has voted overwhelming approval of the institution's ban against sporting events with Brigham Young University over a racial question (The Salt Lake Tribune, Dec. 25, 1969).
Stanford's policy of not scheduling games with BYU stayed in place until after the 1978 revelation. Gary Bergera and Ron Priddis commented:
At the time of the [1978 priesthood] announcement, only four American blacks and a handful of Africans were enrolled at BYU. During the three years following the announcement, the number of blacks rose to eighteen American and twenty-two foreign blacks . . . As a direct result of the priesthood revision, Stanford University decided in 1979 to remove its ban against athletic competition with BYU (Brigham Young University: A House of Faith, by Gary James Bergera and Ronald Priddis, p. 303, Signature Books, 1985).
One Drop Disqualifies
One of the problems for the Mormons regarding the priesthood restriction was their stand that anyone with black ancestry was barred. Speaking at BYU on August 27, 1954, Apostle Mark E. Petersen explained:
We must not inter-marry with the Negro. Why? If I were to marry a Negro woman and have children by her, my children would all be cursed as to the priesthood. . . . If there is one drop of Negro blood in my children, as I have read to you, they receive the curse (Race ProblemsAs They Affect the Church, speech by Mark E. Petersen, BYU, August 27, 1954).
With the mixed racial profile of many people in South Africa and South America, especially Brazil, it was becoming obvious that some priesthood holders had black ancestry. LDS scholar Jessie L. Embry discussed the struggle that had been going on in Brazil:
. . . church membership in Brazil had grown enormously during the 1960's and 1970's. Determining who was black had always been a sensitive issue in the racially mixed country. In 1978 a temple, from which blacks would be excluded, was under construction (Black Saints in a White Church, p. 28).
Through the years there had been numerous private meetings of LDS Church leaders discussing these issues and trying to resolve the problems. When the church announced in 1975 that a temple would be built in Brazil some of the leaders must have realized that the priesthood ban would have to come to an end once the temple was dedicated (see All Abraham's Children, p. 237).
Prelude to Revelation
LDS scholar Lester E. Bush, Jr., observed:
The 1970's will be a challenge to historians for years to come: Black activist harassment of BYU; the Genesis Group; litigation with the Boy Scout movement; Roots-spurred interest in genealogy; heightened leadership awareness of the historical antecedents of current Mormon beliefs; and once again questions over the identification of the cursed lineage, this time with reverberations in both Brazil and the U. S. Congress. . . .
The greatest challenge to future historians, and that of most interest and importance, will be 1978 itself, about which very little can now be said with confidence. There are a few tantalizing hints. That the forthcoming dedication of the Brazilian temple figured conspicuously in the deliberations leading up to the revelation is clear from some published comments. LeGrand Richards, for example, is quoted as saying, "All those people with Negro blood in them have been raising the money to build the temple. Brother Kimball worried about it. He asked each one of us of the Twelve if we would prayand we didthat the Lord would give him the inspiration to know what the will of the Lord was. . . ."
Beyond this the story is hazy and intriguing. According to his son Edward, President Kimball was "exercised about the question" for "some months at least," during which time "he could not put it out of his mind." He solicited individual written and oral statements from the Twelve, conveying, to Apostle Richards, the impression that "he was thinking favorably toward giving the colored people the priesthood." That any such disposition followed a great internal struggle is evidenced by a statement from President Kimball himself, in an interview with the Church News: ". . . I had a great deal to fight, of course, myself largely, because I had grown up with this thought that Negroes should not have the priesthood and I was prepared to go all the rest of my life till my death and fight for it and defend it as it was." Indeed, according to son Edward, his father "could not comfortably debate things about which he felt deeply."
Whatever the contributing factors, President Kimball apparently was persuaded even before the June first revelationas Richards suggestedthat a change in the priesthood policy was indicated. . . .
The "revelation and assurance came to me so clearly," Kimball later said, "that there was no question about it." The revelation thus appears to have been a spiritual manifestation in confirmation of a decision made after a period of lengthy and profound study and prayer. This "spiritual witness" was reportedly experienced by all present at that time as well as a week later when the First Presidency presented their official statement to the Twelve (Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 10-11, Summer 1979).
Historian D. Michael Quinn discussed this process. He observed that President Kimball had
met privately with individual apostles who expressed their "individual thoughts" about his suggestion to end the priesthood ban.
After discussing this in several temple meetings and private discussions, Kimball wrote a statement "in longhand removing all priesthood restrictions on blacks" and presented it to his counselors on 30 May (The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power, p. 16).
The next day, on June 1, 1978, the group prayed in the temple and received personal confirmation that it was time to change the policy. Gordon B. Hinckley explained:
No voice audible to our physical ears was heard. But the voice of the spirit whispered into our minds and our very souls (as quoted in The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power, p. 16).
Quinn goes on to explain the events leading up to the public announcement:
On 7 June 1978 Kimball informed his counselors that "through inspiration he had decided to lift the restrictions on priesthood." In the meantime he had asked three apostles . . . to prepare "suggested wording for the public announcement of the decision." The First Presidency used the three documents to prepare a fourth preliminary statement which was "then reviewed, edited, and approved by the First Presidency. This document was taken to the council meeting with the Twelve on Thursday, June, 8, 1978." The apostles made additional "minor editorial changes" in the nearly final statement which was then presented to all general authorities the next day, just hours before its public announcement (The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power, p. 16).
This process hardly sounds like a direct revelation from God to the prophet. In what way does this chain of events equate with a "revelation"? How is this process any different from any other religious leader praying for divine guidance and then acting on those spiritual promptings?
The 1978 Announcement
For over a hundred years the Mormon leaders had taught that blacks could not be given the priesthood until the millennium. In 1854 Brigham Young taught:
When all the other children of Adam have had the privilege of receiving the Priesthood, and of coming into the kingdom of God, and of being redeemed from the four quarters of the earth, and have received their resurrection from the dead, then it will be time enough to remove the curse from Cain and his posterity. He deprived his brother of the privilege of pursuing his journey through life, and of extending his kingdom by multiplying upon the earth; and because he did this, he is the last to share the joys of the kingdom of God (Journal of Discourses, vol. 2, p. 143).
Yet on June 9, 1978, the Mormon Church's Deseret News carried a startling announcement by the First Presidency of the church that stated a new revelation had been given and that blacks would now be allowed to hold the priesthood. Although the ban was lifted in June, the declaration was not presented to the church for formal acceptance until September 30, 1978 at the Fall Conference. N. Eldon Tanner, counselor to President Kimball, read the declaration to the congregation:
To Whom It May Concern:
On September 30, 1978, at the 148th Semiannual General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the following was presented by President N. Eldon Tanner, First Counselor in the First Presidency of the Church:
In early June of this year, the First Presidency announced that a revelation had been received by President Spencer W. Kimball extending priesthood and temple blessings to all worthy male members of the Church. President Kimball has asked that I advise the conference that after he had received this revelation, which came to him after extended meditation and prayer in the sacred rooms of the holy temple, he presented it to his counselors, who accepted it and approved it. It was then presented to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, who unanimously approved it, and was subsequently presented to all other General Authorities, who likewise approved it unanimously.
N. Eldon Tanner then read President Kimball's letter to the priesthood:
As we have witnessed the expansion of the work of the Lord over the earth . . . This, in turn, has inspired us with a desire to extend to every worthy member of the Church all of the privileges and blessings which the gospel affords.
Aware of the promises made by the prophets and presidents of the Church who have preceded us that at some time, in God's eternal plan, all of our brethren who are worthy may receive the priesthood, . . . we have pleaded long and earnestly in behalf of these, our faithful brethren, spending many hours in the Upper Room of the Temple supplicating the Lord for divine guidance.
He has heard our prayers, and by revelation has confirmed that the long-promised day has come when every faithful, worthy man in the Church may receive the holy priesthood, . . . Accordingly, all worthy male members of the Church may be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color. . . .
SPENCER W. KIMBALL
N. ELDON TANNER
MARION G. ROMNEY
The declaration was then presented to the assembly who gave it their full support. fact, it never even mentions that it was the blacks who had been discriminated against prior to the revelation.
Declaration 2, in the Doctrine and Covenants, was obviously carefully crafted by church officials. As a matter of fact, it never even mentions that it was the blacks who had been discriminated against prior to the revelation.
In stating that they "pleaded long and earnestly" for the change implies that God has been a racist for thousands of years, and that Mormon leaders "by pleading long and earnestly in behalf of these, our faithful brethren, spending many hours in the upper room of the Temple" finally persuaded God to give blacks the priesthood.
The Bible, however, informs us that "God is no respecter of persons: But in every nation he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with him" (Acts 10:34-35). It was the Mormon leaders who kept blacks under a curse.
Finally, when missionary efforts around the world were being hampered by the doctrine, Mormon leaders were forced to change their position. Historian Jan Shipps commented on the reason for the announcement:
The June 9 revelation will never be fully understood if it is regarded simply as a pragmatic doctrinal shift ultimately designed to bring Latter-day Saints into congruence with mainstream America. . . . This revelation came in the context of worldwide evangelism rather than . . . American social and cultural circumstances (as quoted in Black Saints in a White Church, p. 27).
Was the original ban based on scripture or revelation? Many Mormons have maintained that the priesthood ban was a policy, not established by revelation. If it was only a policy, why did it take a revelation to end it?
If a revelation was received in June of 1978, why isn't the specifically worded revelation published instead of a statement about a supposed revelation? Declaration 2 is not the revelation.
If Declaration 2 represents a revelation to the church, why wasn't it numbered with the other sections of the Doctrine and Covenants? The two Declarations at the back of the D&C seem to be policy statements putting an end to practices, but neither contains the words "thus saith the Lord" or repudiates the doctrine behind the practice. If the revelation included a repudiation of past teachings on race and color why isn't it published?
Another contradiction is the fact that the revelation was given too early. According to Brigham Young, the priesthood would not be given to the blacks until after the resurrection:
. . . they [descendents of Cain] never can hold the Priesthood or share in it until all the other descendants of Adam have received the promises (Journal of Discourses, vol. 7, p. 290).
This was obscured in the 1978 declaration that said "Aware of the promises made by the prophets and presidents of the Church who have preceded us that at some time, in God's eternal plan, all of our brethren who are worthy may receive the priesthood." Past leaders had said that blacks would eventually receive the priesthood, but they maintained that it would be after everyone else had had a chance to receive it.
Teaching Not Renounced
Reporter William Lobdell wrote:
It took until 197814 years after the Civil Rights Actbefore the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lifted the ban following what leaders said was a revelation from God to make the priesthood available to "every faithful, worthy man."
The new doctrine came without an apology or repudiation of the church's past practice. . . . Mauss and others believe that a church repudiation of past policies would help, but that would be difficult because it was never clear whether the racism was a divine revelationwhich couldn't be apologized foror man-made law ("New Mormon Aim: Reach Out to Blacks," L.A. Times, Sept. 21, 2003).
Armand Mauss observed:
Certainly these old doctrines have not appeared in official church discourse for at least two decades. . . . However, as long as these doctrines continue to appear in successive reprintings of authoritative books and are freely circulated at the Mormon grassroots, they will continue to rankle many of the black Saints (All Abraham's Children, p. 252).
On page 262 Mauss continues:
To repudiate any of the cherished religious lore of their immediate ancestors seems to some Mormons, especially the older ones, to be almost a repudiation of the grandparents themselves, to say nothing of their teachers, who might have walked with God. . . . One need point only to the struggle in Utah even now over plural marriage: Despite the long arm of the law and the church's strenuous repudiation of polygamous practices, the traditional doctrines underlying plural marriage still survive even in mainstream Mormonism. Why should traditional racial doctrines be any easier to set aside? (All Abraham's Children, p. 262. Italics in original.)
Writing in The Salt Lake Tribune, Peggy Stack pointed out:
For most white members, the ban controversy is over, but the issue continues to haunt many black members, especially in the United States. They are constantly having to explain themselves and their beliefsto non-Mormons, other black converts and themselves. And no matter how committed to LDS teachings and practices they are, they must wonder: If this is the true church, led by a prophet of God, why was a racial ban instituted in the first place? ("Faith, Color and the LDS Priesthood," The Salt Lake Tribune, June 8, 2003, pp. A1, A12)
Blacks in the LDS Church
Since 1978 LDS missionary work in the United States has gained a small but significant number of black converts. However, there seems to be a problem with retention. Mauss observed that "Mormon missionary work among American blacks does not seem to be thriving, even after the 1978 change in priesthood policy." (All Abraham's Children, p. 261) Their greatest success among blacks has been in Brazil and Africa.
On the news page for the official Mormon web site, www.lds.org, is an article on their growth in Ghana. They report that in 1978 Ghana had about 400 Mormons. In December of 2003 they dedicated a new temple in Ghana to serve the approximately 23,000 members in that country.
Most of the blacks who join Mormonism are not aware of the past racist teachings of its prophets and leaders. When they read the earlier statements they are usually upset and want an explanation from the church.
A black convert, participating in a roundtable discussion on race and Mormonism, observed:
We can say what we want to say in this room today, but nothing is going to change until somebody says in General Conference meeting, "Racism in the Church is wrong." By not saying it, they're condoning it. They're condoning Brigham Young's statements; they're condoning John Taylor's statements; they're condoning things that need to be repudiated. A statement may not stop everything, but it will make people think, because, by not saying it, they're condoning it ("Speak the Truth, and Shame the Devil," Sunstone, May 2003, p. 33).
Darron Smith, a black convert, wrote:
. . . even though the priesthood ban was repealed in 1978, the discourse that constructs what blackness means is still very much intact today. . . . Hence there are Church members today who continue to summon and teach at every level of Church education the racial discourse that blacks are descendants of Cain, that they merited lesser earthly privilege because they were "fence-sitters" in the War in Heaven, and that, science and climatic factors aside, there is a link between skin color and righteousness. . . .
Further anchoring the early LDS appropriation of negative notions concerning blackness are several Book of Mormon teachings that associate dark skin with that which is vile, filthy, and evil, and white skin with that which is delightsome, pure, and good. . . .
I did not find out about the priesthood ban on blacks until after I had joined the Church, and, sadly, I passed on much of the folklore while serving an LDS mission in Michigan. Looking back on that experience, I venture to say that had I known about such teachings in the Church, I might not have joined. . . .
Blacks who do move toward Mormonism should not be made to feel that blackness is synonymous with curses, marks, or indifference. And this can be accomplished only by a formal repudiation, in no uncertain terms, of all teachings about Cain, the pre-mortal unworthiness of spirits born to black bodies, and any idea that skin color is connected to righteousness ("The Persistence of Racialized Discourse in Mormonism," by Darron Smith, Sunstone, March 2003, pp. 31-33).
While the LDS Church is to be commended for its humanitarian work in Africa and among minorities, it does not offset the damage done by racial teachings of its past leaders. The teachings in the Book of Mormon and Pearl of Great Price associating dark skin with a mark of God's judgment, along with racist statements of past prophets and apostles, need to be officially repudiated.
The Bible offers eternal life to all mankind, regardless of race. Jesus told his disciples to go "into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature" (Mark 16:15).
(For more on this topic, see Curse of Cain? Racism in the Mormon Church and MormonismShadow or Reality?, ch. 21, by the Tanners.)
Facts on the Mormon Church
In 1830 six men met to organize the Church of Christ, later renamed The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (see D&C 15:3-5). At the end of 2003 the LDS Church claimed 11,985,254 members with 56,237 missionaries.
The LDS Church operates 116 temples throughout the world. Even though there are less than 200,000 Mormons in all of Africa, the Mormons have just dedicated their second temple on the continent. They have one in South Africa and a new one in Ghana. Another is under construction in Nigeria.
Below is a breakdown of the LDS membership as of December 31, 2002 by areas, from the official LDS website, www.lds.org.
Membership Distribution (31 December 2002)
United States - 5,410,544
Canada - 163,666
Mexico - 952,947
Caribbean - 129,776
South America - 2,738,037
Central America - 503,857
South Pacific - 381,458
Europe - 426,944
Asia - 825,997
Africa - 188,322
At the April 2004 general conference of the LDS Church it was announced that there had been 242,923 convert baptisms in 2003. Significantly, this is the lowest number in the past eight years. The number of converts has been dropping since 1996 and the current number of missionaries has fallen to the level of 1997. The average number of converts per missionary in 1996 was 6.7. In 2003 the average had dropped to 4.3.
While the LDS Church publishes the number of converts to the church they refuse to publish the number of people requesting their membership to be terminated or give the percent of active members.
By Whose Authority?
Problems in LDS Priesthood Claims
In the February 2004 Ensign LDS President Gordon B. Hinckley laid out the four cornerstones of Mormonism. The first is Jesus Christ and his plan of salvation, second is Joseph Smith's first vision, third is the Book of Mormon and fourth is priesthood authority.
The LDS Church claims that those holding its priesthood are the only ones recognized by God to perform baptisms and ordinances of the gospel. Mormonism rejects baptisms done by any other church. The LDS manual Doctrines of the Gospel explains:
What is the [LDS] Priesthood? It is nothing more nor less than the power of God delegated to man by which man can . . . act legitimately; not assuming that authority, nor borrowing it from generations that are dead and gone, . . . (Doctrines of the Gospel, Student Manual, Religion 231 and 232, p. 67, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1986).
The LDS Church teaches that this authority must be acquired by the proper means. In Doctrines of the Gospel we read that every priesthood act must be done "in the proper way, and after the proper order" (p. 68).
This raises the question as whether or not Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were baptized and ordained by proper "priesthood authority" in the "proper way"? Joseph Smith's account of the event is published in the Pearl of Great Price:
We [Smith and Cowdery] still continued the work of translation, when, in the ensuing month (May, 1829), we on a certain day went into the woods to pray and inquire of the Lord respecting baptism for the remission of sins, that we found mentioned in the translation of the [Book of Mormon] plates. While we were thus employed, praying and calling upon the Lord, a messenger from heaven descended in a cloud of light, and having laid his hands upon us, he ordained us, saying:
Upon you my fellow servants, in the name of Messiah, I confer the Priesthood of Aaron, which holds the keys of the ministering of angels, and of the gospel of repentance, and of baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; and this shall never be taken again from the earth until the sons of Levi do offer again an offering unto the Lord in righteousness.
He said this Aaronic Priesthood had not the power of laying on hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost, but that this should be conferred on us hereafter; and he commanded us to go and be baptized, and gave us directions that I should baptize Oliver Cowdery, and that afterwards he should baptize me.
Accordingly we went and were baptized. I baptized him first, and afterwards he baptized meafter which I laid my hands upon his head and ordained him to the Aaronic Priesthood, and afterwards he laid his hands on me and ordained me to the same Priesthoodfor so we were commanded. . . . It was on the fifteenth day of May, 1829, that we were ordained under the hand of this messenger, and baptized (Pearl of Great Price, Joseph SmithHistory 1:68-71).
How could the angel, elsewhere identified as John the Baptist, ordain them to the priesthood before they were baptized? According to LDS doctrine today, a man must be baptized by someone holding the LDS priesthood authority before he can be ordained to the priesthood.
If John the Baptist's ordination was valid, why did Joseph and Oliver need to baptize each other and then reordain each other to the same priesthood? Why wouldn't the angel baptize them first and then ordain them?
Researcher Hal Hougey observed:
This absurd and contradictory account could have been completely avoided if Joseph Smith had simply said that the angel first baptized them, and then conferred the priesthood on them. And this is what he would have said if the story were true. Why, then, did he give us the account we have? It seems likely that the part about the angel is simply an embellishment later added to what actually occurred. Joseph and Oliver were about to start a church. In order to get the people to listen to their claims, it would be advisable for them to be baptized and ordained. Since they did not want to go to any existing church for these credentials, they proceeded to give them to each other. Read the account, leaving out the part about the angel, and one has a believable narrative of what two men might do to create credentials for themselves as ministers of God (Latter-Day SaintsWhere Did You Get Your Authority?, by Hal Hougey, p. 4, Pacific Publishing Co., 1969).
Merrill J. Bateman, one of the top leaders in the LDS Church, emphasized the necessity of restoring proper priesthood authority to Joseph Smith:
One of the remarkable evidences of the Restoration is the testimony of Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery regarding the manner in which the priesthood and its directing powers were returned to earth. . . . John the Baptist brought back the Aaronic Priesthood with the keys of repentance and baptism. Peter, James, and John restored not only the Melchizedek Priesthood but also "the keys of [the] kingdom.". . .
Near the end of His ministry, Jesus promised Peter "the keys of the kingdom," knowing that Jesus would soon leave and that priesthood keys were needed by the Apostles if they were to direct the work after His ascension. . . .
In contrast, 19th-century ministers in the Palmyra environs, not understanding the great Apostasy that had taken place, believed in an entirely different process for priesthood reception. They believed that the power to preach came through an inner calling to a priesthood of believers. ("Priesthood, Keys, and the Power to Bless," Ensign, Nov. 2003, p. 50).
If such keys were needed why didn't Peter, James and John restore both the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods? Mormonism claims that they held the authority for both. Why would John the Baptist need to come at all?
When Did it Happen?
In his story printed at the back of the Pearl of Great Price Joseph Smith stated that on May 15, 1829, the Aaronic Priesthood was conferred on him and Oliver Cowdery. Yet there is no date given for his ordination to the Melchizedek Priesthood. The History of the Church, by Joseph Smith, shows that there is real confusion as to when Peter, James and John supposedly appeared. The footnote on p. 61 states:
. . . before the 6th of April, 1830, and probably before that very month of June, 1829, had expired Peter, James and John had come and conferred upon Joseph and Oliver the keys of the Melchizedek Priesthood, . . . (History of the Church, vol. 1, p. 61).
Historian D. Michael Quinn explained:
According to current tradition, both the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods functioned in the church after the spring of 1829 when Smith and Cowdery were visited first by John the Baptist, who restored the lesser or Aaronic priesthood, and then by Peter, James, and John, who restored the higher or Melchizedek priesthood. A closer look at contemporary records indicates that men were first ordained to the higher priesthood over a year after the church's founding. No mention of angelic ordinations can be found in original documents until 1834-35. Thereafter accounts of the visit of Peter, James, and John by Cowdery and Smith remained vague and contradictory (The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power, by D. Michael Quinn, pp. 14-15, 1994, Signature Books).
If Joseph Smith could name the specific date when the Aaronic Priesthood was restored why didn't he give the date for the Melchizedek Priesthood ordination?
The earliest historical documents show that the concept of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods were products of Joseph Smith's evolving theology and were not taught prior to 1831. Historian Dan Vogel commented:
The early Mormon understanding of restored authority evolved as the events of the restoration unfolded. . . . Only gradually did Mormonism's description of apostasy, restoration, and authority become clearly lineal-legal. In addition, the concepts of "two orders of priesthood" and "lineal priesthood" were not introduced into Mormonism after its founding. . . .
Indeed, nothing in the Book of Mormon stipulates a lineal-legal notion of authority. The Book of Mormon's until description of the apostasy did not include the charge that the latter-day clergy lacked priesthood authority. Rather, it indicted them with religious hypocrisy and spiritual poverty. Similarly, the Book of Mormon's description of the restoration included no promise of the return of priesthood authority but rather of spiritual renewal (Religious Seekers and the Advent of Mormonism, by Dan Vogel, pp. 101-102, Signature Books, 1988).
Mormonism maintains that when John the Baptist appeared to Smith and Cowdery in 1829 they received the Aaronic Priesthood, which included the offices of deacon, teacher, and priest. When Peter, James and John supposedly appeared a short while later, they conferred on Smith and Cowdery the Melchizedek Priesthood, which included the offices of elder, seventy, High Priest, Bishop, Patriarch, Apostle and Prophet.
While one can find mention of such offices as elder or teacher in early LDS documents, these were not considered part of a larger priesthood system such as Melchizedek or Aaronic. Smith seems to have initially used these designations in the same way that other churches of the day would have used such terms.
High Priesthood Added
People reading the current edition of the Doctrine and Covenants assume that the revelations read the same as they were originally printed. However, there have been important revisions relating to priesthood.
The first printing of Smith's revelations in book form was in 1833, in a work titled Book of Commandments. Later, in 1835, a new edition was prepared, changing many of the original revelations and adding new ones. The title was also changed to Doctrine and Covenants.
Chapter 24 of the 1833 Book of Commandments gave instructions about elders, priests, teachers and deacons but made no mention of two priesthoods. When this revelation was reprinted in the 1835 Doctrine and Covenants (section 20 of a current edition) dozens of words were added to the text to include such offices as high counselors, high priests and high priesthood. Researcher H. Michael Marquardt commented:
In the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ [Book of Commandments, chapter 24] is listed the following offices in the church: elder, priest, teacher, and deacon. The Articles and Covenants were read and received by a vote of the congregation at the first church conference on 9 June 1830 at Fayette, New York. At this time some men had been ordained to three of the four offices: elder, priest, and teacher. It was prior to 25 October 1831 when the first known deacons were ordained. As the church grew, additional offices or callings became part of the ecclesiastical structure. By 1835 it was felt necessary to add these offices to the Articles and Covenants, though such a step created an anachronism (The Joseph Smith Revelations: Text & Commentary, by H. Michael Marquardt, pp. 67-68, Signature Books, 1999).
The revisions were made in the 1835 printing of the Doctrine and Covenants. On the next page is a photo of part of chapter 24 of the Book of Commandments (now section 20 of the Doctrine and Covenants) with the revisions noted in the margins.
LDS historian Gregory A. Prince wrote:
Although in the Mormon church today the term "priesthood" refers to this bestowed authority, such a relationship did not develop until years after the founding of the church. Initially authority was understood to be inherent in what are now termed "offices." Three officeselder, priest, and teacherwere present by August 1829, as were the ordinances of baptism, confirmation, and ordination, but the word "priesthood" was not used in reference to these for another three years (Power From On High: The Development of Mormon Priesthood, by Gregory A. Prince, p. 2, Signature Books, 1995).
Prince explained that while the Book of Mormon contains references to "higher authority" they were not understood in terms of "priesthood." He concluded:
It was not until several months after the June 1831 general conference, when the "high priesthood" was conferred, that the term "priesthood" entered Mormon usage at all (Power From On High, p. 12).
Thus we see that at the time of the founding of Mormonism in 1830 there was no teaching or awareness of Joseph Smith claiming to have received either the Aaronic Priesthood or the Melchizedek Priesthood in 1829.
Other Revelations Changed
Another example of the changes can be found by comparing the current Doctrine and Covenants, Section 27, dated August 1830, with the 1833 printing of this revelation in the Book of Commandments. The current version mentions John the Baptist and Peter, James and John, but the 1833 edition (chapter 28 of the Book of Commandments) did not contain any mention of priesthood restoration.
On the next page is a photo of chapter 28 of the Book of Commandments (now section 27 of the Doctrine and Covenants) with the revisions noted in the margins. Note the interpolation of priesthood concepts.
(click to enlarge)
Also, sections 2 and 13 of the current Doctrine and Covenants, which mention priesthood, were not printed in the 1833 Book of Commandments. They were extracted from Joseph Smith's history, started in 1838, and added to the Doctrine and Covenants in 1876.
As Joseph Smith's church began to grow so did the need for clearer delineation of authority, thus the backdating and insertion of priesthood claims into the revelations. David Whitmer, one of the three witnesses to the Book of Mormon, related the following concerning the addition of priesthood concepts:
Authority is the word we used for the first two years in the church . . . This matter of two orders of priesthood in the Church of Christ, and lineal priesthood of the old law being in the church, all originated in the mind of Sydney Rigdon. . . . This is the way the High Priests and the "priesthood" as you have it, was introduced into the Church of Christ almost two years after its beginningand after we had baptized and confirmed about two thousand souls into the church (An Address To All Believers in Christ, by David Whitmer, p. 64, 1887).
Whitmer also condemned the LDS leaders for endorsing the rewriting of Smith's revelations between their first printing in the Book of Commandments in 1833 and the second printing in the Doctrine and Covenants in 1835.
You have changed the revelations from the way they were first given and as they are to-day . . . to support the error of Brother Joseph in taking upon himself the office of Seer to the church. You have changed the revelations to support the error of high priests. You have changed the revelations to support the error of a President of the high priesthood, high counselors, etc. (An Address To All Believers in Christ, p. 49).
In H. Michael Marquardt's study, The Joseph Smith Revelations: Text & Commentary, we read:
In recent years there has been a growing willingness on the part of some writers to admit the existence of variant readings of the early revelations. Part of this openness responds to the criticisms of some early rank-and-file members who harbored grievances against church leaders, including charges of textual revision. . . . Jonathan B. Turner in his 1842 book [Mormonism in All Ages] also dealt with changes in the 1835 D&C:
It would have been well for the world if Smith's divinity, instead of giving him a pair of spectacles, had given him a divine printer, and a divine press, and such types that he might have been enabled to fix the meaning of his inspired revelations, so that it would be possible to let them stand, at least two years, without abstracting, interpolating, altering, or garbling, to suit the times. But the ways of Smith's providence are indeed mysterious (The Joseph Smith Revelations: Text & Commentary, by H. Michael Marquardt, p. 18, Signature Books, 1999).
On page 14 of this newsletter is another example of such rewriting. In 1834 the LDS newspaper, Evening and the Morning Star, printed an 1831 revelation which differs significantly from the current version known as section 68 in the Doctrine and Covenants. Again, we see the addition of priesthood material.
(click to enlarge)
Researcher LaMar Petersen concluded:
The student would expect to find all the particulars of the restoration in this first treasured set of revelations [the 1833 Book of Commandments], the chronological order of which encompassed the bestowals of the two Priesthoods, but they are conspicuously absent. . . . The notable revelations on priesthood in the Doctrine and Covenants before referred toSections 2 and 13are missing, and Chapter 28 gives no hint of the restoration which, if actual, had been known for four years. More than four hundred words were added to this revelation of September 1830 in Section 27 of the Doctrine and Covenants, the additions made to include the names of heavenly visitors and two separate ordinations. The Book of Commandments gives the duties of Elders, Priests, Teachers, and Deacons and refers to Joseph's apostolic calling, but there is no mention of Melchizedek Priesthood, High Priesthood, High Priests, nor High Councilors. These words were later inserted into the revelation on church organization and government given in 1830, making it appear that they were known at that date, but they do not appear in the original, Chapter 24 of the 1833 Book of Commandments. Similar interpolations were made in the revelations now known as Sections 42 and 68.
There seems to be no support for the historicity of the restoration of the priesthood in journals, diaries, letters, nor printed matter prior to October 1834 (The Creation of the Book of Mormon: A Historical Inquiry, by La Mar Petersen, p. 145, Freethinker Press, 2000).
For more on the historical and theological problems relating to LDS priesthood claims, see our web site: Mormon Claims Answered: Chapter 6, and the article "Fabricating the Mormon Priesthood: By God or By Man" at www.bcmmin.org/priestod2.html. The most complete historical study of LDS priesthood is Power From On High: The Development of Mormon Priesthood, by Gregory A. Prince, available on our booklist.
[Digital images of the 1833 Book of Commandments can be seen at http://www.irr.org/mit/BOC/1833boc-1835d&c-index.html. Photo reprints of the 1833 Book of Commandments and the 1835 Doctrine and Covenants can be purchased from our book list, see Joseph Smith Begins His Work, Vol. 2.]
Priesthood and the Bible
In the sixth Article of Faith of the LDS Church we read:
We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, viz., apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, etc. (Pearl of Great Price).
The LDS Church has two divisions of priesthood, Aaronic and Melchizedek. The LDS manual Gospel Principles states:
The greater priesthood is the Melchizedek Priesthood. . . . The lesser [Aaronic] priesthood is an appendage to the Melchizedek Priesthood (p. 79).
Further on the manual explains:
The offices in the Aaronic Priesthood are deacon, teacher, priest, and bishop (p. 81).
The offices of the Melchizedek Priesthood are elder, seventy, high priest, patriarch, and apostle (p. 82).
Since the Mormon Church makes the specific claim that their priesthood is the same as the New Testament church we need to compare their offices with those mentioned in the Bible.
The Aaronic priesthood of the Old Testament was restricted to Aaron's descendants, who were of the tribe of Levi (Numbers 3:1-10, 8:5-22; Exodus 38:21). Mormons do not claim to be descended from Aaron. Many of them believe they are from the tribe of Ephraim but this would not make them eligible for the Aaronic priesthood.
Even Jesus could not hold the Aaronic priesthood because he descended from the tribe of Judah. Hebrews 7:14 explains: "For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Judah; of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood."
The priesthood of the Old Testament was brought to an end with the death of Christ. In Hebrews 7:11-12 we read:
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, (for under it the people received the law,) what further need was there that another priest should rise after the order of Melchisedec, and not be called after the order of Aaron? For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law.
God set the minimum age of the Aaronic priesthood at twenty-five (Num. 8:23-25), and there were only priests and high priests. The Old Testament has no mention of deacons. The LDS Church ordains young men deacons, their first office in the Aaronic priesthood, at the age of twelve. The New Testament, however, states deacons are to be mature men and "the husbands of one wife" (1 Timothy 3:8-12).
As part of the Aaronic Priesthood in the LDS Church a young man is ordained a Teacher at the age of fourteen. (This office is separate from the assignment of teaching a class such as Sunday School.) The New Testament passages about teachers do not make them part of a special priesthood. Teachers should be mature Christians "able to teach others" (2 Timothy 2:2), not teenagers.
In the LDS Church a young man is ordained a priest in the Aaronic Priesthood at the age of sixteen and does not need to be a descendant of Aaron. This was never done in the Old Testament. There are Jewish priests mentioned in the New Testament, but an office of priest is never mentioned in the Christian church.
Melchizedek is mentioned in Genesis 14:17-20 as the King of Salem (Jerusalem) and priest of God who blessed Abraham. In Psalm 110:4, a promise was given that his priesthood would be forever. That promise was fulfilled in Jesus Christ as indicated in chapters five through seven of Hebrews where Melchizedek is identified as a type of Christ. Christ is the only one "after the order of Melchisedec." In the Book of Hebrews we read:
And being made perfect, he became the author of eternal salvation unto all them that obey him; called of God an high priest after the order of Melchisedec . . . Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless life. . . . But this man, because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood (Hebrews 5:9, 10; 7:16, 24).
The only Christian priesthood mentioned in the New Testament is the spiritual priesthood of every believer. Peter wrote:
Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. . . . But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people (1 Peter 2:5-9).
Notice that men are not singled out as the only ones holding this priesthood. It is for every Christian.
Elders and Bishops
In Mormonism, a man is ordained an elder upon entering the Melchizedek Priesthood. While the New Testament mentions elders (Acts 14:23; Titus 1:5-6; 1 Peter 5:1-3), they are never referred to as part of a priesthood system. In 1 Timothy 3:1 and Titus 1:7 the word bishop appears in the King James Version of the Bible. But in the New International Version it is translated overseer. A bishop is not a separate office in the church but a continuation of Paul's instructions about elders.
When Paul gave instructions to Timothy about leadership he did not mention anything about ordaining men to either the Aaronic or Melchizedek priesthoods. Instead, the emphasis was on choosing mature Christians:
And the things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach others also (2 Timothy 2:2).
In the LDS Church a Seventy is a specific office in their Melchizedek Priesthood. He is a type of missionary and overseer of a given area of the church (D&C 107:25). Joseph Smith evidently read about Christ sending out seventy men in Luke 10:1 (KJV. The NIV Bible gives it as seventy two.) and turned this event into an ordination of men into a specific office of the priesthood. However, there is no mention in the New Testament of anyone ever being appointed to be a replacement of any of these men. Surely if such an office was to be part of the church it would have been mentioned in Acts or Paul's letters.
While there are thousands of High Priests in the LDS Church, there was only one Jewish High Priest at a time. The High Priest was part of the Aaronic Priesthood. Hebrews 5:1 explains that the duties of the Jewish High Priest were to "offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins." Mormon High Priests do not offer any sacrifices so they are not following the Old Testament pattern. The Jewish High Priest served as an "example and shadow of heavenly things" (Hebrews 8:5).
Christ fulfilled this "when he offered up himself" (Hebrews 7:22-27). He is the only High Priest in the Christian church. Because Christ lives forever his priesthood can never pass to another. There are no references in the New Testament to any Christian holding the office of High Priest.
Mormons will often use Ephesians 4:11 when trying to prove their system of priesthood. This verse reads: "And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers." The LDS Church, however, does not have any pastors. One of their apostles explained, "The term pastor does not refer to an order in the priesthood, like deacon, priest, elder . . . a bishop is a pastor; so is an elder who has charge of a branch . . ." (Doctrines of Salvation, by Joseph Fielding Smith, vol. 3, pp. 108-109, Bookcraft, 1956).
It is strange that the Mormons insist the words apostles and teachers are specific offices of the priesthood, but do not believe that pastor or evangelist are priesthood offices.
Evangelist or Patriarch?
Ephesians 4:11 mentions evangelists yet there is no such office in the Mormon Church. Instead, they claim that the original meaning has been lost and that an evangelist is supposed to be a patriarch. Joseph Fielding Smith explained: "An evangelist is a patriarch . . . The Patriarch to the Church holds the keys of blessing for the members of the Church" (Doctrines of Salvation, vol. 3, pp. 108, 170).
LDS Apostle Bruce R. McConkie claimed:
Having lost the true knowledge of the priesthood and its offices, . . . the false traditions of the sectarian world have applied the designation evangelist to traveling preachers, missionaries, and revivalists (Mormon Doctrine, p. 242).
There is no evidence that the Greek word evangelist ever carried the meaning of patriarch. The Greek word translated evangelist carries the meaning of someone who proclaims the good news, not one who gives prayer blessings to church members.
In the LDS Church a patriarch gives a blessing to a member as a sort of spiritual blueprint for his/her life (D&C 107:39-56).
Apostles and Prophets
In Mormonism the president of the church is considered a prophet and apostle. LDS Apostle Bruce R. McConkie stated:
Apostles and prophets are the foundation upon which the organization of the true Church rests (Mormon Doctrine, by Bruce R. McConkie, p. 606, Bookcraft, 1966 ed.).
In trying to establish the need for apostles and prophets in the church Mormons appeal to 1 Corinthians 12:28:
And God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues.
However, if one reads the entire section from verse 27 to verse 31 it is obvious that Paul is discussing various ministries or gifts in the early church, not listing specific offices of priesthood.
After Judas betrayed Christ there was one man chosen to replace him as part of the twelve apostles (Acts 1:21-23). To qualify for this position the person had to be an eyewitness to the full ministry of Jesus, including his resurrection. There is no evidence in the New Testament that anyone else was chosen to replace one of the twelve. Due to the requirements given in Acts apostles could not continue after the first generation of Christians.
Notice also that Paul lists apostles first and prophets second. In Mormonism the highest calling is the prophet of the church with the apostles serving under him. Also in Mormonism the office of teacher is bestowed on fourteen-year-old boys, not a man third in rank to the prophet and apostles.
Another problem for the LDS position is the concept of having three apostles in its First Presidency that oversees the Twelve Apostles. This adds up to fifteen apostles and is not the same as Jesus' twelve apostles. If Mormonism is going to insist that the church today must be set up exactly as it was under Christ then they have too many apostles. The Mormons cannot have it both ways. Either they are a "restoration" that is exactly like the New Testament church or they are setting up something different from the early Christian church.
Thus we see that beside the problems with the historical claims of LDS priesthood restoration, Mormon priesthood concepts are not in accord with the New Testament. If they want to truly follow the New Testament model they will need to renounce their claims to Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods.
[Words in Bold in the quotes were done for emphasis and did not appear in the original.]
Illinois Leaders Apologize to LDS
In an article in The Salt Lake Tribune on Thursday, April 8, 2004, we read:
Nearly 160 years after religious persecution in Illinois launched the Mormon exodus to the West, a delegation from the Land of Lincoln met Wednesday with LDS Church and state leaders to formally extend its regrets.
It was in 1844 that a mob murdered LDS Church founder Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum in a jail in Carthage, Ill. Two years later, thousands of Smith's followers were expelled from Nauvoo and began the 1,200-mile trek to the shores of the Great Salt Lake.
For more background information on the reasons for the Mormon expulsion from Illinois, we recommend the following titles:
No Man Knows My History, by Fawn Brodie
Cultures in Conflict: Mormon War in Illinois, by John Hallwas and Roger Launius
Kingdom on the Mississippi Revisited, edited by Roger Launius and John Hallwas
Extracts from Letters and Emails
July 2003. Wow !!! You guys must really be making a killing bashing some religion. Can i write a book and get in on it.
July 2003. I have, on many occasions, witnessed to Mormons with some of the same critical, blaming, and at times, downright offensive results that you yourselves have received. They are desperate people, seeking what Christians possess. Keep up the good work regardless of the reaction. Jesus would have it no other way. Thank you for your ministry.
July 2003. I just wonder what it will be like for you on your judgement day with all that has been said on this site!
July 2003. . . . firstly, thank you so much for posting everything you do on line - I rely on the internet to answer most questions I have and my life would have been completely taken over by the LDS church had it not been for your material.
July 2003. Thank you so much for all the research that you and your husband have done. . . . my favorite is Covering Up the Black Hole in the Book Of Mormon [Now incorporated in Joseph Smith's Plagiarism of the Bible]. I wanted to thank you for writing it. After studying Mormonism and witnessing to Mormons for over 19 years, this book has really impressed me more than any other that the BOM was a fraud.
July 2003. I find it sad and depressing that you feel united not for something, but against something. . . . I KNOW that the Church of Jesus Christ is the ONLY true church, I KNOW Joseph Smith is the prophet of God, and I also KNOW that God would never leave us, that is why he sent us the latter day prophets. . .
Aug. 2003. . . . I grew up Mormon here in Texas. I have been away from the Mormon church now for about 8 years. I just however, sent in a letter to the bishop to get off the church records. My parents were devastated. We're still talking though . . . My husband and I are believing and praying for a absolute miracle from God to free my family for the deception of Mormonism. . . . Thank you for all your hard work and for doing it in a loving, Christlike way. . . .
Aug. 2003. If you have questions about my church why don't you ask instead of twisting the truth? . . . I know my church is true 150% it makes sense. I know I have Heavenly parents who love me and want the best for me. I KNOW THAT!!!
Aug. 2003. Beginning in 1978 the Lord led us to your publications. My wife and I had begun to study the Mormon church in depth, seeking answers to doctrinal questions originating in our examination of the Lectures on Faith, . . . . "The Changing World of Mormonism," and then "Mormonism: Shadow or Reality" soon became essentials in our search to know the truth of Mormonism, revealing raw and little known details about Mormonism drawn from Mormon sources that we would never otherwise have encountered, even after entire lifetimes as Mormons. . . . The Lord strengthened us to leave the Mormon church, together with our entire family, and we've thanked Him every day since for setting us free through believing faith in Him and His Way, His Truth, and His Life, as He is set forward Biblically.
Aug. 2003. You are some seriously disturbed individuals. I don't know what happened to you and after reading all the lies you have purpotrated on the Mormon faith, I really don't care. . . . Your site only serves to strengthen my belifs in my faith. I KNOW the gospil is true.
Sept. 2003. First, thank-you for the incredible focus and drive . . . Twelve years after I discovered the truth about Mormonism, I am still floored that one, gifted orator and a few cohorts could spin a lie that has lived so long and grown so big.
Even more shocking is that most of the people I know and love are Mormon, and I can never seem to get over the depth of the indoctrination or the complete irrationality that arises if engaged in civil discourse regarding the history of the church.
Sept. 2003. . . . Just wanted to tell you that I appreciate your website, I have had a chance to read a great deal over the last week or so and I really value the research . . . I am currently leaving the Mormon church as I have finally quit blindly accepting everything and started researching the questions that I have had for years. Over the last couple of months I have found out that my suspicions were correct and that the church as we know it is, for lack of a better word, a Scam.
Sept. 2003. I just came across your website for the first time today. In the past years I have done my own research on the LDS faith, and nothing I found compares to the information you have on your website. I find it thoroughly researched and informative to read. Keep up the good work.
Sept. 2003. . . . I have read many of the letters to the editors and there seems to be a prevalent theme among them by members of the Church. That being "if I don't know about it, it must not be true". They expect to argue with you and yet have not taken the time to see the GLARING contradictions and changes that have taken place. It is easy to bare testimony that Joseph Smith was a prophet and that he restored the true church of Christ when you have not read statements by his own pen contradicting what we have today, when you have not seen the changes made to the Doctrine and Covenants that can bring a person only to one conclusion.
That conclusion being that if you give anyone enough time, and enough chances to change their stories, eventually it will become a great story. . . . I have the Gospel Link program and have kept your site in check by checking references (where available) and have found your research to be impeccable.
Oct. 2003. Thanks for your ongoing work to expose the truth. It amazes me that so many people will turn a blind eye, after all the facts have been laid out before them. They continue to walk in darkness and curse the light. We all need to remember to never put our trust in man, but instead to place our trust in the Lord. . . . They continue to exchange the truth for a lie; choosing to believe a man made organization and a false prophet over God.
Oct. 2003. Dear Mr. & Mrs. Tanner,
. . . I would like to commend you on your dedication to shining the light in the dark places. . . . I want to thank you also for your dedication on a personal level since the materials you have produced over the years are directly responsible for my leaving Mormonism and educating as many people as I can about the "Church". Had your book The Changing World of Mormonism not fallen into my hands, I would probably still be trapped in the web spun by the Church. I am eternally grateful to you both and look forward to the day in Heaven when I can meet you in person . . . and thank you face-to-face.
Oct. 2003. I was active LDS for 30 years, including the mission thing and the other "must dos." Lots of serious research convinced me it just wasn't true. Just thought I'd share with you a comment my former LDS wife made during an attempted discussion about our belief differences and a last-ditch effort at reconciliation. She looked at me and said. "I don't WANT to know what you know. It might change who I am." So much for integrity . . . either intellectual or spiritual. Mormons are wonderful people, but they are not (as a group) noted for their craving of "truth at all costs."
Oct. 2003. I find it interesting that so many mormon defenders base part (if not all) of their testimony on the fact that there are millions of mormons. What!? On judgement day is God going to count the number of members in each religion, declare the one with the most members the truth and reject the others?
Oct. 2003. I just now finished perusing your website. . . . It is a well-organized, easy-to-navigate site. Sadly, it is full to the brim with false doctrine and slander. Although I did not feel it was an overly vindictive or malicious site, which seems to be the general M.O. of anti-Mormon organizations, it still preaches falsehoods. . . . Truly, your site has strengthened my testimony of Joseph Smith and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (see JS-H 1:33).
Oct. 2003. . . . I just found the disturbing truth about the church aprox. a month ago. I want you to know you are in our prayers and we hope we can someday help you in your mission. We have made a personal decision to wage our own personal war against the lies. We will show the truth to whoever will listen (and even those who don't) regardless of how many friends we loose or what the church tries to do to us.
Nov. 2003. Shame on you! Why don't you spend your efforts promoting a religion of your choice instead of wasting time picking ours apart?
Nov. 2003. In 1998 I returned from my LDS mission . . . I had been skeptical of the veracity of church history and church doctrine from the age of 17, but accepted my "call to serve" anyway, hoping I'd "receive a testimony." Well, I never did, despite endless praying, fasting, and obeying.
Upon my return home, I began a very intense study of church history and doctrines, and with the help of several organizations, including Utah Lighthouse Ministry, have successfully liberated my mind from the clutches of a "church" that refuses to follow the principle of honesty in regards to its own controversial past. . . . I thank you from the bottom of my heart for your well-documented research. Such a wealth of information has been very instrumental in my transition to a life free of mind-control.
Dec. 2003. I came across your website quite by accident, my biggest concern is that you are persecuting mormons and its not fair, . . .
Jan. 2004. As a person who was raised in a Christian home, but later fell into the trap of Mormonism, I am very thankful for you and the true information that you provide for others. I do not wish to 'bash' the Mormons, in fact, I am very prayerful for them. My husband and I have just recently been born again, and for the first time in our lives, we are seeing the whole picture of how the Mormon people are blinded by the twisted, half and complete untruths that they are taught.
Jan. 2004. On Tuesday, January 20, 2004, it will be one year since my name was removed from the records of the LDS church. I thank God everyday that I was able to find the strength and courage to be a true Christian and to recognize that I am truly one of His children. Thank you so much for your amazing resources! You provided much of the information that allowed me to make my decision.
Jan. 2004. First, let me say how wonderful your ministry is! I have come a long way in my search for truth, since leaving the church. I grew up a Mormon, and when I finally left home, I began to research for myself all about the church. My mother gave me your book . . . Shadow or Reality . . . and I use it all the time. . . .
Feb. 2004. I do believe that you need to re-read the Book of Mormon for yourselve and pray sincerely about its truthfulness. I am an LDS member and can testify to you that this church is the one and only true church on the earth today, with all of the correct and proper principals of God's church in ancient days. The structure of the church is even still the same as it was then, having a true prophet of the Lord lead us.
Feb. 2004. I was a mormon for 12 years. I converted when I was 18. I married a returned missionary in the temple . . . Seeds of doubt were planted in me shortly after joining the church but, it was 12 years later, at a woman's conference that I realized the mistake I had made. I cannot remember the exact point the speaker was trying to make, just the sick feeling I had when I knew what I had lost over the last 12 years . . . I am now enjoying a close, intimate, relationship with God.
Mar. 2004. Hello, I just wanted to contact you and thank you for the work you are doing. I am a new Christian having left the LDS faith last July. I am in the process of having my name removed from their records. My entire family has followed me (and in some cases lead me) to do this and we are much happier now.
Mar. 2004. i dont know what is wrong with you people, you spend all your time trying to find bad in everyone elses faith. joseph smith had many prophecy's about decievers in the last days. he is a true prophet and one day you will awake and see. dont waste our time and yours.
Mar. 2004. I was a member of the LDS church for over 20 years, temple endowed, the works. To make a very long story short God revealed himself to me and I am now a born again Christian . . .
Mar. 2004. your quotes are intended to mislead those who you know don't take the time to look them up or who you know do not have access to LDS materials. your quotes are copy pasted and hacked from one page to another and you know they are. only you know why you do it. to make a living, but why else? truly, i pity your fate. you are true enemies to the kingdom of God and you know you are.
Curse of Cain? Racism in the Mormon Church
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Home | FAQs | What's New | Topical Index | Testimony | Newsletters | Online Resources | Online Books | Booklist | Order/Contact | Email | Other Websites | <urn:uuid:c9a9132c-e147-41d9-8fcb-e542556f5b38> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no102.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983578600.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201938-00133-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967493 | 17,508 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A semi-evergreen tree grown for its apple – like fruit. White flowers accent bright green foliage in April followed by fruit that ripens around September. Hardy to zone 8. Trees grow to about 14 feet. Self fruitful.
Prefers light sandy, to medium loamy soils that are well drained. Keep moist and treat as a tropical.
The fully ripe fruit is edible. The fruit is about 5cm (2 in) in diameter.
1. Native to the Himalayas
2. Although called an apple the fruit is more closely related to the quince
3. Fruits are slightly acid and are eaten fresh, pickled or made into a jam
4. The wood is hard with an even grain and used to make tool handles and walking sticks.
Assam Apple Docynia indica Tropical fruit Tree 10 Rare seeds | <urn:uuid:8e028cfb-ddb0-4013-a5ab-7a21170d8c79> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.serendipityseeds.com/product-page/5-seeds-rare-tropical-assam-apple-docynia-indica | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703537796.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123094754-20210123124754-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.941008 | 173 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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A large-format, beautifully illustrated look at the natural history of birdsThere are some 10,000 bird species in existence today, occupying every continent and virtually every habitat on Earth. The variety of bird species is truly astounding, from the tiny bee hummingbird to the large flightless ostrich, making birds one of the most diverse and successful animal groups on the planet. Taking you inside the extraordinary world of birds, What Is a Bird? explores all aspects of these remarkable creatures, providing an up-close look at their morphology, unique internal anatomy and physiology, fascinating and varied behavior, and ecology. It features hundreds of color illustrations and draws on a broad range of examples, from the familiar backyard sparrow to the most exotic birds of paradise. A must-have book for birders and armchair naturalists, What Is a Bird? is a celebration of the rich complexity of bird life.
- An absorbing and beautifully presented exploration of the natural history of birds
- Integrates physiological adaptations with ecology and behavior
- Features a wealth of color photographs and explanatory figures
- Uses scanning electron microscope imagery to provide a rare close-up view of structures not normally visible
- Provides insights into our complex relationship with birds, from our enduring fascination with them to the threats they face and the challenges of conservation
About the Author
Tony D. Williams is professor of biological sciences at Simon Fraser University and a fellow of the American Ornithological Society. He is the author of Physiological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds (Princeton) and The Penguins. Scott McWilliams is professor of wildlife ecology and physiology at the University of Rhode Island. Julia A. Clarke is the John A. Wilson Professor in Vertebrate Paleontology at the University of Texas at Austin. Elizabeth MacDougall-Shackleton is professor of biology at Western University in Ontario. Scott MacDougall-Shackleton is chair of the Department of Psychology at Western University in Ontario. Frances Bonier is a field biologist with a research focus on the ways animals respond to diverse challenges, including parasites, urbanization, and climate change. Chad Eliason is a postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. | <urn:uuid:52ee4479-d29e-4c51-ae9c-27d023ec5dd2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.boswellbooks.com/book/9780691200163 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141193856.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127161801-20201127191801-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.881436 | 476 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The South African Krugerrand is the most extensively owned gold bullion coin in the world, representing 46 million ounces since its introduction in 1967. The function of the original issue was to encourage individual ownership of gold, and it must be said that this goal has actually plainly been met by the Krugerrand. The coins were planned to be utilized as currency in South Africa, and as such are made of a long lasting 22k (.9167) alloy of gold and copper. This alloy, known to historians as crown gold due to its use in English gold sovereigns, gives the coins their unique rich color and grants them a toughness that bullion coins of higher pureness often lack.
At a time when no other mint in the world was striking a gold bullion coin, the South African Mint presented the Gold Krugerrand as a method to export its large gold and motivate private financial investment in gold bullion items.
Debuting in 1967, the Krugerrand would eventually concern represent more than 90% of the international gold coin marketplace. It would stand alone as the premier gold coin of the world until 1979 when the Royal Canadian Mint launched the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf.
The downfall southern African Krugerrand is the outcome of political maneuvering and not absence of quality in the item. South Africa’s apartheid system, which separated black and white South Africans, led to a Western boycott on the import of South African Krugerrands in the late 1970s and 1980s.
Even while it was banned for import in the West, an estimated 22 million Krugerrands went into the United States alone between 1974 and 1985. Today it remains as an exceptional example of gold bullion coin craftsmanship.
South Africa started producing fractional Gold Krugerrands to permit more people the ability to buy Gold. Their basic, the same design is acknowledged and valued around the globe.
- Contains 1/2 oz of Gold.
- Multiples of 15 are packaged in mint tubes. All other coins will remain in protective packaging.
- Obverse: Classically portrays the similarity of Paul Kruger, South Africa’s first and only president, together with “South Africa” in Afrikaans and English.
- Reverse: Springbok antelope, the national animal of South Africa, along with the year of minting and gold weight.
- Minted by the South African Mint.
Composition and Design
Krugerrands gold coins are created to be resilient. The gold is alloyed with copper to include firmness – the gold purity is 22k or 91.67%. Nevertheless, each coin is marked with its net gold weight of 1/2 troy oz. The gross weight of the coin, including the copper, is around 0.54 troy oz.
This South African coin’s pigmentation is a somewhat darker shade than pure gold coins or coins, such as the American Eagle, which are alloyed with silver. Each half-ounce coin weighs 16.97 grams (including 15.55 grams pure gold and 1.23 grams copper). The South African Krugerrand coin value is figured out by its gold material plus a premium that is dictated by market conditions. (1/2 oz krugerrand).
Buy 1/2 Oz Gold Coin – South African Krugerrand today!
You might also like: 1 oz South African Gold Krugerrand coin | <urn:uuid:7c7fd736-cd9e-4362-a3bd-2ba9c1804587> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bulliontradingllc.com/blog/1-2-oz-gold-coin-south-african-krugerrand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.941413 | 703 | 2.53125 | 3 |
When wolves and livestock, or pets, come into conflict with each other, people’s tolerance for wolves on the landscape tends to decrease. Part of the problem is the economic loss to the livestock producer, so some predator conservation organizations offer compensation payments for wolf-killed livestock as a tool to increase tolerance for wolves. Additional reasons to offer compensation include attempting to reduce retaliatory killing of wolves, and an opportunity for the public to share the burden of wolf recovery.
Whether or not compensation is an effective tool is debatable. A survey study in Wisconsin investigated whether or not compensation for wolf depredation of livestock or pets increased rural citizen’s tolerance for wolves (Naughton-Treves, Grossberg and Treves 2003). The researchers found that although all the participants approved of compensation as a management strategy, it did not necessarily increase tolerance of wolves on an individual basis, and that most who had lost livestock or pets believed the payments in themselves to be “inadequate, given the emotion and years invested in each animal” (Ibid, pg. 1509). The researchers also found that an individual’s social group (whether a bear hunter, or a sheep farmer or a rancher) had a greater influence on their attitudes toward wolves than did individual experiences with wolves, leading them to conclude that “attitudes are not highly sensitive to wolf numbers and depredation frequencies” (Ibid). This is interesting because it suggests a belief pattern independent of immediate facts about wolves or experiences with wolf conflicts. A second study suggests that an unintended negative effect of compensation payments may be that such programs worsen wildlife conflicts by decreasing efforts to prevent the conflicts in the first place (Bulte and Rondeau 2005).
Frequently, in the U.S., we look to compensation programs to help shore up support for large carnivore conservation in areas where livestock producers are thought to be affected negatively by these predators’ presence. I’ve blogged in other posts about the effectiveness of different types of carnivore compensation programs, but the heart of the matter goes beyond dollars and cents. Another dimension we have to consider when studying how to gain tolerance for carnivore conservation is the human dimension. What do carnivores mean to people? How do people create meaning and attach meaning to different animals?
The most instrumental study to me personally in understanding this side of the equation came out of southeastern Norway. “A Wolf at the Gate: The Anti-Carnivore Alliance and the Symbolic Construction of Community,” is a study that is little-known on this side of the Atlantic, as far as I can tell, and it is an absolute gem. It uses rigorous qualitative methods to interview social groups within a rural community, Stor-Elvdal (Big River Valley), of 3,000 people living in a forested, mountainous area covering a little more than 2,000 square kilometers. Stor-Elvdal is also a class-stratified community with some very wealthy land-owner residents, and less wealthy farmers, and loggers. The authors chose this community because four of Norway’s native predator species occur here: wolverines, lynx, brown bears and wolves. (Skogen and Krange 2003) However, of these, wolves had only recently recolonized the area (naturally) and their new presence had reawakened latent tensions about predators.
The researchers, Ketil Skogen and Olve Krange, sampled 88 informants of various ages, education backgrounds and social groups and used semi-structured, in-depth interviews to elicit information from the participants about their views on land use, their relationship to nature and local social relationships. The researchers found that while different subgroups within the community—land owners, hunters, sheep farmers, hunters and others—differed in opinions of land use and their perception of their relationship to the land, they all banded together in an “anti-carnivore alliance” (Ibid, pg. 318) which helped them symbolically construct their community and what constituted threats against it (Ibid, pg. 323).
Skogen and Krange found that the anti-carnivore sentiments clustered around a cultural axis and a practical/economic axis. They found that these two axes touched in the community and had the effect of linking social groups that historically did not get along, specifically landowners and sheep farmers (who lease their land for hunting), and locals who identified strongly with traditional land uses, such as hunting, and came from working-class backgrounds.
Skogen and Krange conlcuded that community members, even from disparate non-allied social groups, joined together and perceived wolves in particular as a symbolic attack on their rural community — but not an attack by nature or wilderness. They actually perceived wolves as symbols of cities, because in recent years, it has been advocates from urban areas that push for wolf and carnivore conservation.
… the appearance of wolves is associated with cities and an urban conception of nature. In their minds, that is a romantic view based on a dream-like glorification of untouched nature, and it does not pay heed to actual consequences for real people. Through this construction, the wolf becomes an icon of urbanity. In the hunter’s world, that is the ultimate antagonism of the life they love. The wolves thus symbolise attacks on the community not from encroaching wilderness, as one might believe, but from cities. And that is why it is doubly important to reinforce the symbolic defence line, so that the arch-enemies are held at bay at all costs. (pg. 320)
The rural community’s antagonism had little to do, after all, with actual livestock damages, concerns of personal safety or competition for game animals. Rather, they perceived their community to be under siege by hostile and distant urban centers that wanted these animals protected; the “anti-carnivore front seems to be constructed as a last line of defence against destructive forces threatening rural life ‘ as we know it,” (pg. 309). They discuss how the community discussed women and children as vulnerable to wolves, which in effect frames the issue as an assault on the weakest members, making it even more cruel and inhumane in their view to entertain advocacy for carnivore conservation. They write that blaming actors outside of the community (the urbanites) is important to strengthen and reinforce internal cohesion to construct and define visible boundaries for their community..
What I like best about this study is that it explores, in a meta-cognition type of way, what ‘community’ means to different social groups within Stor-Elvdal, and it explores how these social groups give meaning the social construct of ‘community.’ It’s a richer, more detailed explanation than simply saying that wolves, or other large predators, are “symbols” and leaving it at that. Community does not have a single meaning, and wolves do not have a single meaning either — not when you really start looking at the stratified layers of our society and the inter-workings of social groups within the communities that compose that society.
This is where I’m reminded of a quote from Stephen Fritts et al.:
Ultimately, the wolf exists in the eye of the beholder. There is the wolf as science can describe it, but there is also the wolf that is the product of the human mind, a cultural construct—sometimes called the “symbolic wolf”—colored by our individual, cultural, or social conditioning (Lawrence 1993). This wolf is the sum total of what we believe about the animal, what we think it represents, and what we want and need it to be. To many, humans, this animal is the ultimate symbol of wilderness and environmental completeness. To others… it represents nature out of control, a world in which the rights and needs of rural people are subjugated by city-dwelling animal-lovers intent on imposing their conservation values on others (2003, pg. 290).
1. Portions of this post are excerpted from my 2008 master’s thesis.
Skogen, K., & Krange, O. (2003). A Wolf at the Gate: The Anti-Carnivore Alliance and the Symbolic Construction of Community Sociologia Ruralis, 43 (3), 309-325 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9523.00247
Fritts, S. H., R.O. Stephenson, R.D. Hayes, L. Boitani. 2003. Wolves and humans. In D. Mech and L. Boitani (eds.), Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, 289-316. USA: University of Chicago Press.
Naughton-Treves, L., R. Grossberg and A. Treves. 2003. Paying for tolerance: rural citizens’ attitudes toward wolf depredation and compensation. Conservation Biology. 17: 1500- 1511.
Bulte, E.H. and D. Rondeau. 2005. Why compensating for wildlife damages may be bad for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Management. 69: 14-19. | <urn:uuid:5db7cb99-0c22-4d30-abdc-8d482b929158> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://sciencetrio.wordpress.com/2011/02/28/anti-carnivore-alliances-as-community-symbols/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948587496.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216084601-20171216110601-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.937681 | 1,901 | 3.3125 | 3 |
History of Finnish Design
photo © Visit Finland
When Finland became independent in 1917, a process of internal construction was begun, which brought a new emphasis and identity to the country’s architecture, and to its interior design. Finland’s previous occupants, Russia and Sweden, exerted a strong influence of the developing ‘Finnish Style’ initially, but a dialogue with nature was to become the prime force in the ongoing evolution of Finnish design. This relationship with Nature was much in evidence in early 20th century Finnish design, which actively expanded on the metaphors and motifs therein.
In 1930, the Stockholm Exhibition introduced international modernism to Scandinavia. Already, major public buildings in were being built in the modern style, by Alvar Aalto and other Finnish architects. Following the exhibition, the field of applied arts and crafts began to display the influence of modernism, particularly in the glassworks of Iittala, Karhula and Riihimaki and later the ceramics of Arabia. By the end of the 1930s, Finland’s international reputation for great design was established, thanks in no small part to the work of architect and designer, Alvar Aalto who had been designing innovative furniture and new forms of glassware throughout the decade – designs still popular today.
Following the end of WWII, there was an increase in exhibitions globally, and by the 1950s Finland had established itself as a force for innovation in design. At the famed, and highly influential, Milan Triennales of the 1950s and 1960s, the Finnish Society of Crafts and Design created the Finnish section. This exposure, and the prizes won, helped spread the fame of Finnish design, particularly the names of Wirkkala, Sarpaneva, and Franck – who all studied at the Society.
Finnish design began to develop alongside that of its neighbours, Sweden and Denmark, joining to create a new ‘Scandinavian Design’ brand. This partnership allowed the three countries to promote their designs on the international stage, peaking with the ‘Design in Scandinavia’ exhibition which featured in 24 museums across the U.S. between 1954 and 1957, and which brought Finnish design to a new audience of over a million. The ‘Scandinavian Style’, the use of colours, materials, the combination of crafts with industrial production, the obvious influence of the organic, all created a stir of excitement.
The 1970s saw the use of new materials like plastic, synthetics, and fibreglass being combined with advances in manufacturing technologies, allowing designers in Finland to expand their range of colours and forms in mass production. Finnish industry paid more attention to the importance of design and more professional designers were employed in more significant roles than previously. Towards the end of the 1980s, the Finnish Society of Crafts and Design established Design Forum Finland, whose mission was to promote design internationally, and among SMEs at home.
The 1990s brought new challenges for Finland. Economically, the country was in severe recession, facing rising unemployment, a major banking crisis, inflation, and having to deal with the collapse of the Soviet Union, which had been its greatest partner in trade. However, Finland’s government was forward thinking, and introduced policies that would transform the country from being an essentially natural-resource based economy into a highly competitive knowledge based economy, where investments in education and R&D became the priority. This unique strategy of investment in long-term solutions rather than the usual politically convenient immediate solutions would propel Finland to the top of the list of competitive countries in the World Economic Forum. (According to the 2009 Prosperity Index which was issued by the Legatum Institute, a British-based think tank, Finland is now the best country in the world to live in.) Key to the Finnish recovery was their policy for design, which was begun by SITRA, the Finnish National Fund for Research and Development, culminating in the publication of Design 2005!, a policy ratified by the government in 2000. Thanks to the government’s policies, Finland exited the 20th century as a highly competitive knowledge-based economy, a country with the highest investment rate in R&D in Europe (3.5% of GDP), with specialised high-tech industries.
This commitment to the evolution of design can be seen in the Committee for Design and in Designium, a research centre for innovation in design. Part of the University of Art and Design Helsinki, Designum organises surveys, gathers data, and benchmarks design strategies from other countries, supplying the Finnish government with invaluable data. Finland’s place on the international design stage today is evidenced by the designation of Helsinki as the World Design Capital for 2012 by the ICSID, the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, coinciding with the city’s 200th anniversary of becoming the nation’s capital.
Discovering Finland sourced information for this piece from ‘A comparative analysis of strategies for design in Finland and Brazil’ published by Gisele Raulik-Murphy, Gavin Cawood, Povl Larsen and Alan Lewis (2009). Design Research Society Conference 2008, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK, 16-19 July 2008 | <urn:uuid:c3117b59-fc65-4cd4-b561-aa0d6245d6ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.discoveringfinland.com/about-finland/finnish-design-information/history-of-finnish-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593208.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722100513-20180722120513-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.960684 | 1,076 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Depression is a pandora’s box of feelings and symptoms. In defining depression, a common thread could be any lingering or pronounced feeling ( sadness, lethargy, self loathing, hopelessness etc ) that is related to an aversion of activity. A child, or an adult who lives on a diet of sugary, nutrient-deficient foods, may feel so lethargic as to prefer sitting immobilised in front of a screen. This may lead to the condition known as “depression” and could be labelled as such. Perhaps along with finding a satisfactory definition for the condition, we should also look a little closer at the reasons depression has become so prevalent in our modern society, in both young and old.
The front line treatment for depression treatment is antidepressants, which often cause side effects and provide inadequate relief.
It is not normal to be depressed for long periods of time, even when a past trauma is involved. We were designed to experience happiness. Our emotional brain, called the limbic, when functioning well, is made to allow us to experience life’s rewards. Often, when we are in a chronic state of depression, the limbic brain’s ability to achieve reward is compromised. It may be due to a diet that is not capable of producing mental health, lack of proper mobility and exercise, candida, even metabolic poisoning. But usually, there is a physical component that needs to be revealed and treated in tandem with the psychology.
By searching for underlying factors contributing to depression, these factors can be addressed and symptoms can be relieved using treatment without prescription drugs.
The most common causes of aversion to activity are malnutrition, physical pain, physical exhaustion, mental exhaustion, and stress. Unfortunately, the word depression has come to be used so freely and casually, that the most apparent reasons for the condition can often be completely overlooked. Instead of a rigorous search for possible environmental, nutritional or lifestyle factors, a quick trip to a doctor for treatment limited to medication is commonly resorted to with dismal results. Like a mechanic who tries to adjust the carburetor by letting air out of the tires, failure to correct the situation will occur.
The comprehensive, individualized and drug-free depression treatments we employ usually provide relief that far exceeds the benefits of antidepressants.
Perhaps it is time to take a wider look at the factors leading up to the diagnosis of depression. This is what is done at the Alternative to Meds Center. Simple drugging of depression symptoms is not the most healthy treatment nor the most economic solution especially in the long run. Years of suffering take its toll on not only marriage, schoolwork and satisfaction in day to day life, it can cost one their job as well as their happiness and health. If one has been unable to get a handle on depression we invite a call to any of our knowledgeable staff at the number listed on this page who will be happy to discuss a targeted plan of treatment for depression geared toward finally getting the relief that is sought. We also offer tapering programs for Paxil withdrawal and many other drugs. If you or a loved one has been unable effectively relieve depression we invite you to call one of our knowledgeable counselors at 1 (800) 301-3753.
Dr. John Motl, M.D.
Dr Motl is currently certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology in Psychiatry, and Board eligible in Neurology and licensed in the state of Arizona. He holds a Bachelor’s of Science degree with a major in biology and minors in chemistry and philosophy. He graduated Creighton University School of Medicine with a Doctor of Medicine. Dr. Motl has studied Medical Acupuncture at the Colorado School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and at U.C.L.A. | <urn:uuid:b6cc428e-7b46-4929-abe7-0f032fc951c3> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.alternativetomeds.com/mental-health/depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.956626 | 764 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This portrait of George Washington was engraved by James Heath after a 1797 painting by Gilbert Stuart. It is commonly referred to as the “Lansdowne” portrait as it was commissioned as a gift to the Marquis of Lansdowne, William Petty, from William Bingham, a wealthy merchant and Senator. Gilbert Stuart, considered one of America’s best portraitists, was introduced to Washington by John Jay. Stuart’s most famous work, The Athenaeum Portrait, is the basis for Washington’s image on the $1 bill. James Heath was a historical engraver in service of King George III and made engravings of many famous paintings and portraits. In remembrance of Washington’s death on December 14, 1799, take our John Jay & George Washington Thematic Tour offered Thursday through Saturday at 2pm throughout the month of December.
- About John Jay
- What We Do
- House Protection & Restoration | <urn:uuid:aca72ba3-b5a7-4869-8ac5-3a64bcf1664b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://johnjayhomestead.org/george-washington-lansdowne-print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145897.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224040929-20200224070929-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.95725 | 196 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Jahns - what does Jahns surname mean?
It could reasonably be argued that this is the most famous name and surname of the Christian World. It was recorded from the 12th century a.d. onwards in every European country, and in a vast range of spellings, of which there are believed to be over fourteen hundred in total. These range from the base forms such as Jon or John (England & Wales), Evan (Wales), Ian (Scotland), Shane (Ireland), Ivan (Russia) and Jean (France), to the Italian Giovanni, Zanni and Zoane, the Polish Janus, the Czeck Jan, Janak and Jansky, to the diminutives Jenkin, Jeannet, Nannini, Zanicchi, and Gianuzzi, the patronymics Johnson, Joynson, Jenson, Jocie, Ivanshintsev, and Ivashechkin. However spelt, all have derived from the biblical Hebrew `Yochanan`, which translates as ` He who Jehovah has favoured (with a son)`. The name became particularly popular after the 12th century when returning Crusaders from the Holy Land often called their children by biblical names in commemoration of the fathers pilgrimage, these then in turn developed into surnames. The earliest recordings of surnames are to be found in Britain and amongst these is Thomas John in the `Hundred Rolls` of the county of Buckinghamshire for the year 1279, and Arnold Johan in the 1280 `Letter Book` register for the city of London. In Germany Walterus filius Johannis appears in the 1323 charters of the town of Vaihingen, whilst the 1344 charters of the city of Friedberg record Baumeister Johannssen. The first recorded spelling of the surname in any spelling is believed to be that of Pertus Johannis, which was dated 1230 a.d.. This is in the charters known as the `Close Rolls` of the county of Suffolk`, during the reign of King Henry 111 of England,1216 to 1272.
Get the Jahns surname meaning widget for your website!
Select and copy the text below in your website's code. | <urn:uuid:4b12ed23-2932-487d-a3f3-4a7b55865299> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://mysurna.me/surname.php?s=Jahns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900029.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00207-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938548 | 456 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The next component of the International Space Station, the long-delayed Russian crew module, will be launched in July, NASA and the Russian Space Agency announced today.
After meetings this week near Moscow to review progress of the $60 billion project, the agencies agreed that Russia would launch its Zvezda service module between July 8 and 18 from the Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan. Zvezda, meaning ''star'' in Russian, is to join the station's first two segments, one Russian and one American, which have been in orbit since the end of 1998.
Setting a firm date to launch the service module, which is already two years late, comes a week after NASA's administrator, Daniel S. Goldin, announced plans to substitute an American-made backup module for the Russian unit if there were further delays. Mr. Goldin, saying he was ''frustrated and disappointed'' by repeated Russian delays and promises, said the United States and 14 other partner nations could no longer allow Russia to stall construction of the station, one of the most ambitious engineering projects ever undertaken.
The 42,000-pound Zvezda segment, which is to provide the station with living quarters, propulsion and flight control, and some laboratory space during its early construction stages, must be in place before crews take up residence on the orbiting outpost.
Kyle Herring, a NASA spokesman, said the Zvezda module was complete and ready to go. ''This is the first time we have picked a launch time frame when the module itself is ready to fly,'' Mr. Herring said, ''and that is the cause of some optimism.''
Mr. Herring said that setting Zvezda's launching date would not change plans to ready the substitute American unit, called the interim control module, which Mr. Goldin said could fly as early as December if the Russian component was not launched on time. If the service module is further delayed, or lost in a launching accident, the American unit could fly by the end of this year or early in 2001, Mr. Herring said.Continue reading the main story
While the smaller interim control module contains no living quarters or laboratory space like Zvezda, it can stabilize the space station and reboost it to counteract orbital decay. If the American unit is not needed to substitute for the Russian module, NASA officials said, it will be sent to the space station anyway at the end of next year to give the outpost added propulsion ability.
Delays in launching the service module were initially caused by the Russian Space Agency's not having enough money to finish it. But the latest problems have been with the Proton rocket that is supposed to boost Zvezda into orbit.
Two Proton rockets suffered explosive launching failures last July and October, and further flights were delayed while the accidents were investigated and parts of the rocket's upper stages were redesigned. Four slightly modified Protons are scheduled to be flown before a model with more revisions is tested. NASA officials said the service module was to fly on the third flight of the more-modified rocket.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:5838df2f-0ae3-4cdb-8f99-53f89bbf8964> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/12/us/after-long-delay-russia-sets-date-for-space-station-module.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158279.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922084059-20180922104459-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.963213 | 629 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Clues to ancient
UH scientists report that a
landslide once sent waves four
miles inland on the Big Isle
A giant tsunami caused by the collapse of part of Mauna Loa volcano 120,000 years ago surged more than four miles inland and deposited coral at the 1,600-foot level of the Big Island, according to University of Hawaii scientists.
Gary McMurtry, an associate professor in the Department of Oceanography, and Gerard Fryer of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology studied a deposit in Kohala of coral, smashed-up marine shells, lava rock and soil on shore cemented together by what was once coralline sand. The researchers tied the deposit to similar material at a coral terrace now 1,400 feet below sea level.
The scientists believe the coral deposit is evidence of a so-called megatsunami. Their findings are reported in an article this month's Geology research journal.
The deposit is 120,000 years old, the same age as the underwater coral terrace and what is known as the Alika 2 Landslide.
The scientists theorize that the landslide, which sent 120 cubic miles of material into the ocean from Mauna Loa, created a megatsunami that swept miles inland. In contrast, the material from the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption and landslide was less than one cubic mile, the scientists said.
"These giant landslides seem to occur during periods of higher-than-normal sea level -- like we have now," said McMurtry. "They pose a hazard not just in Hawaii, but at all big oceanic volcanoes worldwide."
However, "the chances of it happening during the lifetime of anyone presently alive is so small that it isn't something that you should lose sleep over," Fryer noted.
These gigantic landslides occur in Hawaii about every 200,000 years, Fryer said. The largest giant landslide occurred several hundred thousand years ago off Oahu when half of the Koolau Volcano fell off, creating what is now the Windward side of Oahu.
While it is not likely to happen any time soon, Fryer said it is important to study these giant landslides and megatsunamis because of the potential for destruction.
If a similar event were to occur today on the Big Island, a megatsunami would flow over the isthmus of Maui, wipe out Honolulu and could reach Wahiawa, Fryer said.
The theory of megatsunamis is controversial among geologists, Fryer said.
Other scientists believe that while a giant landslide would have generated a tsunami, they disagree about how large the tsunami was.
Some scientists believe the coral deposits were created not by a giant tsunami, but by the rising and sinking of the islands.
Scientists believe that as the Big Island grows, it is sinking, but the sinking is creating a seesaw effect on the earth's crust that is raising other islands like Oahu.
Fryer said there is a coral deposit at the 1,000-foot elevation level on Lanai that they would like to compare and date to coral deposits offshore. If they can date the coral deposit to the Alika 2 Landslide, they believe they will be able to show that the megatsunami also hit Lanai. | <urn:uuid:3a28f189-4cfc-446e-b7ca-7fbaf2a2dac1> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/09/02/news/story4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646602.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319062143-20180319082143-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.953329 | 688 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In June, Rahatul Khan, a UT student, was arrested and later confessed to “conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists”. Once again, the Muslim community is burdened with the responsibility of the actions of someone who acts on a misguided understanding of a global religion. Incidents of this nature raise alarms for the Muslim and non-Muslim community and unfortunately lend credence to the idea that the Muslim community and the American identity are mutually exclusive. This mindset, which is alienating and discriminatory, is a barrier to truly comprehending Islam — a religion that sanctions violence, but absolutely rejects terrorism. The actions of people like Osama bin Laden; Boko Haram in Nigeria; Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIS; or Khan are not representative of any sect of Islam.
Islam is a religion of peace and justice. Islam is a religion where Allah is attributed with 99 ‘names’ like The Forgiving, The Loving One and The Source of Peace. Islam is a religion whose holy book, the Quran, starts 113 of its 114 chapters describing the Lord as the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful. Before Islam, Arab women were buried alive because they were women, and tribalism plagued the Arab world, which incited wars for the most deplorable reasons. Tribes fought for the sake of fighting. Islam takes ownership of this history, citing the Arab people, before revelation, as the worst of people, a people of ignorance. However, with Prophet Muhammad's message, women were given rights, nationalism was forsaken and economic and justice systems were established. There are few that epitomize peace like Mahatma Gandhi, but did you know he was inspired by a man named Hussain ibn Ali, grandson of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and the third Imam for Shiites? In fact, Gandhi said that [he] “learnt from Hussain how to achieve victory while being oppressed… if India wants to be a successful country, it must follow in the footsteps of Hussain.” In addition, Islam had established human rights standards that only recently have been achieved by the modern community. For example, it is narrated in a hadith that the Prophet Muhammad established the following 10 non-exclusive rules of war:
1) “Do not commit treachery,
2) (do not) deviate from the right path.
3) You must not mutilate dead bodies.
4) Neither kill a child,
5) Nor (kill) a woman
6) Nor (kill) an aged man.
7) Bring no harm to the trees (property),
8) Nor (do not) burn them with fire, especially those which are fruitful.
9) Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food.
10) You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone."
However, Islam is not a pacifist religion; under certain circumstances, in limited contexts, violence is allowed. Those who like to postulate that Islam is a religion of war like to reference the term jihad, which has been wrongly associated with crusader-like violence because of the mainstream media. Jihad means “to struggle against barriers and obstacles between yourself and God.”
Jihad is organized into two subterms. The first is the Great Jihad and the other is the Small Jihad. The Small Jihad is the jihad of war, which, according to most schools and scholars, cannot be initiated in modern times. Besides that, the Small Jihad is legitimate only for defense or the liberation of a people whose development, freedom, comfort, happiness or prosperity is deprived by an oppressor. Because of the constraints and rules mentioned thus far, it should be clear that any current notion of terrorism under the guise of jihad does not have any Islamic backing. Instead, the terrorists who use Jihad as a call for violence are like any other fundamentalist in the past and present who use scapegoats in order to forward their own agenda.
With that being said, the most persuasive and telling point is that the Great Jihad is actually not a jihad of war, but a struggle of consciousness and morality. As previously mentioned, jihad generally means the struggle against the barriers between yourself and God which, in the context of the Great Jihad, means the struggle against committing sin. In short, the Great Jihad is the daily struggle not to lie, to steal, to hurt or to backbite. While both forms of jihad are legitimate, Islam is a religion that puts the value of consciousness and morality above violence and war.
It is clear that Islam is not a religion of violence and aggression, and contrary to popular belief, its followers overwhelming demonstrate this notion. In fact, according to a Gallup survey, Muslim Americans are more likely than other faith groups to reject attacks on civilians. Another Gallup survey of 50,000 Muslims in 35 different countries showed that 93 percent of Muslims rejected 9/11 and suicide attacks. The 7 percent who didn’t cited political reasons for their support for violence, not religious ones. In the book “Dying To Win: The Strategic Logic to Suicide Terrorism,” Robert Pape, a political science professor at the University of Chicago, studied every case of terrorism from 1980 to 2003 and concluded that “there is little connection between suicide terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism or any of the world’s religions, rather what nearly all suicide terrorist attacks have in common is a specific secular and strategic goal to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from territories that terrorist consider to be their homeland.”
With around 1.7 billion Muslims in the world, only a tiny minority of Muslims resort to terrorism. The Muslim friends, neighbors and peers that you know do not incite fear. For the sake of mutual understanding and cohesion, do not let the extremists/fundamentalists win. For they postulate that Islam allows for inhumane and unchecked violence and compulsion, but the majority of Muslims and theologians disagree. It’s time for all religious and ethnic groups to join together to combat such examples of hatred, ignorance and intolerance both here at UT and abroad.
Rizvi is a government senior from Chicago. Follow Rizvi on Twitter @SyedMuzziRizvi | <urn:uuid:04f29407-cd0e-49a8-abc0-2a92f5461d16> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2014/08/11/islam-cannot-be-used-as-justification-for-terrorism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660724.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00179-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956033 | 1,279 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The skill of sustainable architecture is really a practice of contracting structures while considering relevant issues like ecological growth and sustainable progress. The fundamental motto of this sort of architecture would be to lessen the impact of wide scale construction on atmosphere by sticking with a minimalist attitude regarding use of energy sources, building materials and development space. The next points pointed out below might help in further promoting this noble practice:
Using Small Space Is Crucial To Eco-friendly Architecture
Building smaller sized houses is just about the order during the day. We can’t manage to waste natural sources and earth space to satisfy our need for constructing and residing in extravagant houses. Smaller sized houses means more and more people get accommodation without wasting an excessive amount of natural sources.
Solar Power And Eco-friendly Architecture Coincide Alongside
All of our energy sources are near getting depleted. Hence use of solar power has been encouraged in just about all quarters from the globe. As well as that, the inclusion of solar heating techniques make these structures even more comfortable to reside in. A properly contracted passive solar power ought to be sufficient for letting in enough sunlight within the rooms.
Water Conservation Permitted Only Through Eco-friendly Architectural Practices
Among the primary standpoints of eco-friendly architecture would be to encourage conservation water. Minimum use of water will be adopted while building eco-friendly homes. Ideally the toilets, faucet aerators, showerheads ad flow limitations ought to be selected meticulously to reduce water usage during these houses. Residents should also be asked to plant drought-tolerant plant within their gardens.
Alternative Energy, The Primary Perspective of Eco-friendly Architecture
An very effective approach to producing usable energy while saving fossil fuel is possible by sang nature agents like hydel power, wind power, solar energy etc.
Conserving Local And Natural Sources Via Eco-friendly Architectural Practices
Nature continues to be kind to all of us people for countless years. Nature continues to be offering all of the sources we have to build our homes. Therefore we must rely on them wisely while constructing newer structures to leave a few of these sources for the generations to come. You may also plant increasingly more trees around your house to boost natural atmosphere. Lastly stay with using local building sources as that may save fuel and which otherwise could have been utilized in transporting these to the development site.
Eco-friendly architecture when adopted honestly helps you save money, but more to the point saves the atmosphere. So act smart and show your ex and support to make Eco-friendly architecture increasingly popular in the future.
Have you got any question regarding Sustainable Architecture? You’ll find the solution to your query at Archinomy.
Archinomy is really a website produced by students of architecture.
At Archinomy, you’ll find situation studies and much more specifics of all topics regarding architecture.
For those who have any question, you are able to publish them within the Architecture Forum and they’ll surely be clarified by other people of forum. | <urn:uuid:bdc0c4e7-52b0-4129-86aa-e8b97288f9de> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://mylittlehomeblog.com/5-details-that-need-considering-for-eco-friendly-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730185206-20210730215206-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.941539 | 610 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Opioid Deaths Increased 121% in the Last Five Years, But Deaths From Cocaine and Methamphetamines are Increasing Faster
Drug overdose deaths are up 317% since 1999, while the US population has only increased 17% during that same time period (Fig. 87). There were 70,237 deaths from drug overdoses in 2017, with opioid-related deaths accounting for 66% of all drug overdose deaths. The number of opioid related deaths has more than doubled since 1999 when they made up only 32% of overall drug overdose deaths.
The recent uptick in drug deaths is not just due to opioids. Deaths from opioids have increased by 753% since 1999, but deaths from cocaine and methamphetamines have increased by approximately 456% during this same time. From 2012 to 2017, opioid deaths increased by 121%, but deaths related to cocaine increased 217%, and deaths related to methamphetamine increased 292%. | <urn:uuid:6cffe9fb-df39-45a4-964a-6c2167fd4371> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://annualreport.usafacts.org/articles/24-opioid-deaths-increased-121-five-years-deaths-cocaine-methamphetamines-increasing-faster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665767.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112202920-20191112230920-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.979033 | 182 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Bären- and Karlshöhle (bear and Karl's cave) near the town of Erpfingen is one of the best-known caves of the Swabian Alb. Apart from its rich sinter decoration and bone deposits of Late Pleistocene cave bears, the cave also receives scientifical attention for its sediments containing iron ore concretions (Bohnerze, bean iron ore) and fossils of an earliest pleistocene mammal fauna, which contribute to the discussion on landscape and karstification development of the Kuppenalb, the hilly landscape that stretches along the northern part of the Swabian Alb.
The cave sediments and their fossil contents as well as the numerous sinter generations that are partly interbedded with the sediments allow the reconstruction of an eventful history of the Bären- and Karlshöhle. The development initiated in the Late Tertiary and continued well into the Middle Pleistocene. The phreatic phase of the cave is closely related to the fluvial history of the river Lauchert. It is possible to correlate the cave with a terrace level that corresponds to the first stagnation phase of the Urdonau (predecessor of todays river Danube) after the starting entrenchment of its V-shaped valley. This morphological position is comparable to those of other large cave systems of the central Swabian Alb. It confirms the close relationship between the incision history of the Danube and the deep karstification of the Upper Jurassic limestones of the Swabian Alb.
The age of the active river cave stadium of the Bären- and Karlshöhle can be determined by a fossilbearing sediment deposited in a small cavern next to the modern cave entrance (the so-called Urhöhle). Molluscs above the cave floor are of eopleistocene age (Tegelen). The fossil mammal fauna in the Bohnerz sediments (in the border layer Grenzhorizont) verify the sedimentation in and the sealing of the cave with weathered material at the beginning of lower pleistocene (Eburon). Other cavities and caves at similar altitudes as the Bären- and Karlshöhle have also been completely or partly filled with these Bohnerz sediments and thus imply a more widespread sealing of karst cavities. The beavers Trogontherium, Castor and also some species of the fossil mammal fauna show a high affinity to running water and verify the existence of superficial waterbodies in their habitat up to the beginning of lower pleistocene.
The mapping of the cave contents relies especially on these sediments that occur together with sinter formations. Uranium-thorium dating of these sinter secure ages for a stratigraphic structuring of the profiles and thus help reconstructing the accumulation and erosion events over the time. A flowstone, which overlayed the Bohnerz sediments, gives with ages of 444.000 (+80.200/ -46.200) and 474.000 (+33.900/-26.100) years respectively (oxygen isotope stages 12 and 13) a minimum date for the sealing and a maximum date for the following erosion. A 200.000 (± 18.000 ) year old flowstone (oxygen isotope stage 7), which is underlain by Bohnerz sediment and covered by a reddish brown clay without iron ore concretions, indicate sedimentation processes well into the Middle Pleistocene. These uranium-thorium ages were determined by thermo ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS). In the narrow passage between the Karls- and the bear cave further 13 sinter generations could be identified between the around 500.000 year old flowstone at the bottom and the holocene stalagmites, that have been grown on top of the late pleistocene cave bear bones, at the top of the profile.
The Bären- and Karlshöhle shows a speleogenetic development of more than 5 million years, that has been broken up chronologically best possible by the here presented investigations to sedimentology, sinter chronology and palaeontology and in correspondence with the processes of the surrounding river and landscape development. The results confirm the importance of the cave for the understanding of the karstification of the Kuppenalb in the Plio-Pleistocene. | <urn:uuid:66afceb9-c947-46e9-9eaa-ebd6b9a55932> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.showcaves.com/english/de/showcaves/BaerenLHF.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.892861 | 930 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Single Sided Hearing Loss
Single sided hearing loss, unilateral hearing loss or single-sided deafness (SSD), is typically a hearing loss that occurs in one ear only, with the other ear being at normal hearing levels. The hearing loss may be moderate, severe or complete depending on the presentation and the cause. Single sided hearing loss can be congenital (from birth) or acquired (occurs after birth). If and when a hearing loss happens in the better ear, the person's hearing loss will be re-classified as Asymmetrical (worse in one ear than the other).
Single sided hearing loss can be sensorineural (damage to the inner ear or along the nerve of hearing) or conductive (a problem in the Middle ear such as otosclerosis) in nature. The type and severity of the hearing loss dictate the treatment options available. The symptoms and effects of unilateral hearing loss can vary from person to person.
Obviously, one of the leading issues is not being able to hear on one side. However, this type of loss also ensures that many people suffering from it have difficulty determining the direction of sounds. This inability also makes it challenging to separate background noise from the sounds you want to hear.
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Causes of Single Sided Hearing Loss
This type of hearing loss has multiple causes dependent on whether the damage is sensorineural or conductive. Typical causes of sensorineural single-sided hearing loss are:
- Viral infections
- Meniere's disease
- Ototoxic drugs
- Head or ear injuries
- Surgical intervention to remove brain tumours
Usual causes of conductive single-sided hearing loss are:
- Viral infections (chronic infection can destroy the bones in the middle ear cavity)
- Bacterial infections (same as above)
- Ossicular disconnection
- Destruction of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
- Head or ear injuries
While these lists are not exhaustive, they pretty much cover most of the more common causes of single-sided hearing loss. More often than not, the treatment for most single-sided hearing loss is hearing aids of one type or other. However, in the cases of conductive hearing loss, there can be a medical treatment that will restore, or at least reduce the hearing loss. If the failure is complete, a CROS (contralateral routing of signal) system can be used to restore a sense of sound from the deafened side.
Treatment Options for Single Sided Hearing Loss
As I have said, treatment options are dependent on the underlying cause of the problem and the classification and severity of the hearing loss. A conductive single-sided hearing loss may be treated with a medical procedure involving surgery. In general, any sensorineural hearing loss will be treated with hearing aids of some type. Let's discuss the possible treatment options.
Conductive Single-Sided Hearing Loss
Dependent on the problem, there are several types of surgical remediation procedures that can repair the damage and cure or at the very least reduce the hearing loss. For instance, in the case of Otosclerosis, a procedure called a stapedectomy may be undertaken which replaces the Stapes (stirrup bone in the middle ear) with a prosthesis. In many cases, this will return someone's hearing to normal or near normal.
In the case of complete destruction of the eardrum through trauma or infection, there is a procedure called tympanoplasty which can replace the eardrum with a skin graft. The operation has a high success rate and it will reduce the hearing loss. In the case of ossicular disconnection, an operation is undertaken to repair the ossicles, this will more often than not minimise the hearing loss.
Sometimes though, remedial surgery may not be an effective strategy or there may have been too much damage to the middle ear cavity and surrounding tissue. In case such as these, hearing aid technology may well be the best option. In the case of conductive hearing loss, there are two strategies using very different types of hearing aids.
Traditional Hearing Aids
Traditional hearing aids are more often than not used and in fact, they usually provide outstanding levels of hearing. Conductive loss is actually an easy hearing loss to treat with hearing aids from a technical point of view. Most people who suffer conductive hearing loss have excellent hearing in their inner ear. So the job is to overcome the impediment of the middle ear problem with sound levels. When you do, the rest of the mechanism of hearing performs as it naturally would.
In some cases though, discharging ears especially (ears that constantly discharge fluid), traditional hearing aids may not be the ideal solution. While they will restore hearing, they may encourage infection. In cases such as this, a specially designed hearing aid technology called a BAHA (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid) is the ideal solution.
BAHAs ( Bone Anchored Hearing Aids)
A BAHA solution is, in fact, a mixture of surgical intervention and hearing aid, the bone anchored part of the name gives the clue. In order to bypass the middle ear, a small surgically implanted abutment is used to transmit sound by direct conduction through the bone to the inner ear, bypassing the external auditory canal (ear canal) and middle ear.
A processor (hearing aid device) is then attached to the abutment and it gathers and processes sound, before transferring it through the abutment and the skull bone. A BAHA is quite a big step and it is something that needs to be considered carefully.
Sensorineural Single-Sided Hearing Loss
Again, treatment depends on the severity of the hearing loss, anything up to a moderate hearing loss may well be best treated with a traditional hearing aid. However, it does depend on the severity of the hearing loss, for instance, if the hearing loss is very severe, using a hearing aid in that ear may transfer sound through the skull and actually confuse the better ear. So the treatment options are:
Traditional Hearing Aids
As I said, depending on the hearing loss, a traditional hearing aid may well be the best option for treatment. It will restore hearing to the worse side, allowing people to hear better on that side and hopefully restoring their natural sense of localisation.
CROS and Bi-CROS
CROS or Contra-Lateral Routing of Signal (CROS) is a different type of hearing aid technology for people with unilateral hearing or single-sided hearing loss of severe or profound classification. This type of technology concept allows two implementations: CROS and BiCROS. The difference between the two is very simple, CROS is used when there is a hearing loss in one ear only. BiCROS is used when there is a hearing loss in both ears with one being severe to profound.
Basically, the CROS or BiCROS system transfers the sound from the worse side to the better side. In doing so, it preserves the normal auditory cues which fool the brain into believing that it is hearing from two ears. The effects are amazing, I am still amazed every time I fit a CROS or BiCROS by the reaction of the person I have fitted.When you are diagnosed with a single-sided hearing loss there are many things you need to consider. While many wish to understand the cause, it is more important to focus on the possible treatment. Each treatment offers its own pros and cons, the key is for you to move forward with the one that is right for you. The quicker you sort out treatment, the quicker you can get on with your life.
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Hydraulic Design of Small Hydro Plants
Version 2 STANDARDS/MANUALS/ GUIDELINES FOR SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT Civil Works – Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants Lead Organization: Sponsor: Alternate Hydro Energy Center Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Govt. of India May 2011 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 1 1. GUIDELINES FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SMALL HYDRO PLANTS This section provides standards and guidelines on the design of the water conductor system.
This system includes; head works and intake, feeder canal, desilter (if required), power canal or alternative conveyance structures (culverts, pipelines, tunnels, etc), forebay tank, penstock and surge tank (if required) up to the entry of the turbine, tailrace canal below the turbine and related ancillary works. 1. 1 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HEAD WORKS In general head works are composed of three structural components, diversion dam, intake and bed load sluice. The functions of the head works are: Diversion of the required project flow from the river into the water conductor system.
Control of sediment. Flood handling. Typically a head pond reservoir is formed upstream of the head works. This reservoir may be used to provide daily pondage in support of peaking operation or to provide the control volume necessary for turbine operation in the water level control mode. This latter case would apply where the penstock draws its water directly from the head pond. Sufficient volume must be provided to support these functions. There are three types of head works that are widely used on mini and small hydro projects, as below: Lateral intake head works Trench intake head works
Reservoir / canal intakes Each type will be discussed in turn. 1. 1. 1 Head Works with Lateral Intakes (Small Hydro) Head works with lateral intakes are typically applied on rivers transporting significant amounts of sediment as bed load and in suspension. The functional objectives are: To divert bed-load away from the intake and flush downstream of the dam (the bed load flushing system should be operable in both continuous and intermittent modes). To decant relatively clean surface water into the intake. To arrest floating debris at intake trashracks for removal by manual raking.
To safely discharge the design flood without causing unacceptable upstream flooding. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 2 The following site features promote favourable hydraulic conditions and should be considered during site selection: The intake should be located on the outside of a river bend (towards the end of the bend) to benefit from the spiral current in the river that moves clean surface water towards the intake and bed load away from the intake towards the centre of the river.
The intake should be located at the head of a steeper section of the river. This will promote removal of material flushed through the dam which may otherwise accumulate downstream of the flushing channel and impair its function. Satisfactory foundation conditions. Ideal site conditions are rare, thus design will require compromises between hydraulic requirements and constraints of site geology, accessibility etc. The following guidelines assume head works are located on a straight reach of a river. For important projects or unusual sites hydraulic model studies are recommended.
A step by step design approach is recommended and design parameters are suggested for guidance in design and layout studies. Typical layouts are shown in Figures 2. 2. 1 to 2. 2. 3. 1. 1. 2 Data Required for design. The following data are required for design: Site hydrology report as stipulated in Section 1. 3 of this Standard giving: – Qp (plant flow) – Q100 (design flood flow, small hydro) – Q10 (design flood flow, mini hydro) (data on suspended sediment loads) – Cw – H-Q Curves (W. L. rating curves at diversion dam) Topographic mapping of the site including river bathymetry covering all head works structure sites.
Site geology report. 1. 1. 3 Site Selection: Selection of the head works site is a practical decision which involves weighing of several factors including hydraulic desiderata (Section 2. 2. 1/1. 0), head optimization, foundation conditions, accessibility and constructability factors. Given the importance of intake design to the overall performance of the plant it is recommended that an experienced hydraulic engineer be consulted during studies on head works layout. 1. 1. 4 Determination of Key Elevations: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 3
For the illustrative example: Qp = 10. 0 m3/s Determine V0 = 0. 5 Q0. 2 (= 0. 792, say 0. 80 m/s) (= 12. 5 m2) A0 = Q ? V0 A0 H= (= 1. 77 m, say 1. 80 m) 4 Assume L = 4H (= 7. 08 m, say 7. 0 m) ye = greater of 0. 5 yo or 1. 5 m (= 1. 80m) yd = L. S (= 0. 28 m) NOL = Z0 + ye + yd + H NOL = 97. 5 + 1. 80 + 0. 28 + 1. 80 (=101. 38m, say 101. 50 m) Sill = NOL – H (= 99. 7m) Crest of weir or head pond NOL = 101. 5 m Height of weir = 4. 0 m These initial key elevations are preliminary and may have to be adjusted later as the design evolves. 1. 1. 5 Head Works Layout
The entry to the intake should be aligned with the river bank to provide smooth approach conditions and minimize the occurrence of undesirable swirl. A guide wall acting as a transition between the river bank and the structure will usually be required. Intake hydraulics are enhanced if the intake face is slightly tilted into the flow. The orientation of the intake face depends on river bank topography, for straight river reaches the recommended values for tilt vary from 10o to 30o depending on the author. When this angle becomes too large the intake will attract excessive amounts of sediment and floating debris.
It is recommended that the sill level of the intake is kept sufficiently higher than the sill level of the under sluice. The under sluice should be located adjacent to the intake structure. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 4 For development of the head work plan, it is recommended that the following parameters be used for layout: Axis of intake should between 100° to 105° to axis of diversion structure The actual inclination may be finalized on the basis of model studies. Divide wall, if provided, should cover 80% to 100% of the intake.
Assume flushing flow equal to twice project flow then estimate the width and height of the flushing gate from orifice formula,: Example should be in appendix. Qf = 0. 6 ? 0. 5W2 Where: Qf = flushing flow W = gate width H = gate height (= 0. 5W) Yo = normal flow depth as shown in 2. 2. 1. 1/2. 0 Sill should be straight and perpendicular to the flow direction. In the sample design (Fig. 2. 2. 1. 1) the axis of the intake = 105° & Qf = 2. 0? 10. 0 = 20m3/s ? 20. 0 = 0. 6 ? 0. 5 W2 ? W = 2. 8 m (say 3. 0m) and H = 1. 5 m. 1. 1. 6 Flood Handling, MFL and Number of Gates.
For small hydro a simple overflow diversion weir would be the preferred option if flood surcharge would not cause unacceptable upstream flooding. For purpose of illustration, the following design data are assumed (see Figure 2. 2. 2): Design flood, Q100 = 175 m3/s A review of reservoir topography indicated that over bank flooding would occur if the flood water level exceeded 103. 0 m. Select this water level as the MFL. This provides a flood surcharge (S) of 1. 20 m. Assume weir coefficients as below: Gate, Cw = 1. 70 – – – sill on slab at river bottom. Weir, Cw = 1. 0 – – – – – – -ogee profile. Assume gate W/H ratio = 1:2 H = 4. 0 m ? W = 4. 8 (say 5. 0 m) MFL. = NOL + 1. 50 (= 103. 0m) Qgate = Cw. W. (MFL – ZS)1.. 5 Qweir = Cw. Lw. S1. 5 Capacity check for MFL = 103. 0 m No. of Length of Overflow QG Gates Section (m) (m3/s) 0 35. 0 0. 0 1 29. 0 109. 6 QW (m3/s) 82. 8 68. 6 QT (m3/s) 82. 8 178. 2 >175 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 5 Therefore one gate is sufficient. Where: MFL = Maximum flood level (m) NOL = Normal operating level (m) S = flood surcharge above NOL (m)
W = width of gate (m) H = height of gate (m) ZS = elevation of gate sill (m) = weir coefficient (m0. 5s-1) Cw QG, QW, QT = gate, weir and total flows The flow capacity of the sediment flushing gate may also be included in calculating flood handling capacity. 1. 1. 7 Diversion structure and Spillway Plains Rivers: Stability of structures founded on alluvial foundations typical of plains rivers, is governed by the magnitude of the exit gradient. The critical gradient is approximately 1. 0 and shall be reduced by the following safety factors: Types of foundation
Shingles / cobbles Coarse sand Fine sand Safety factor 5 6 7 Allowable Exit Gradient 0. 20 0. 167 0. 143 Also diversion structures on plains rivers will normally require stilling basins to dissipate the energy from the fall across the diversion structure before the water can be returned safely to the river. Design of diversion weirs and barrages on permeable foundation should follow IS 6966 (Part 1). Sample calculations in Chapter 12 of “Fundamentals of Irrigation Engineering” (Bharat Singh, 1983) explain determination of uplift pressure distributions and exit gradients.
Further details on structural aspects of design are given in Section 2. 3. 3 of this Standard. Mountain Rivers: Bedrock is usually found at relatively shallow depths in mountain rivers permitting head works structures to be founded on rock. Also the beds of mountain rivers are often boulder paved and are much more resistant to erosion than plains rivers. Therefore there may be no need for a stilling basin. The engineer may consider impact blocks on the downstream apron or simply provide an angled lip at the downstream end of the apron to “flip” the flow away from the downstream end of the apron.
A cut-off wall to bed rock of suitable depth should AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 6 also be provided for added protection against undermining by scour. The head works structures would be designed as gravity structures with enough mass to resist flotation. For low structures height less than 2. 0 m anchors into sound bedrock may be used as the prime stabilization element in dam design. Stability and stress design shall be in accordance with requirements of Section 2. 3. 3 of this Standard. 1. 1. 8 Sediment Flushing Channel To be reviewed
The following approach is recommended for design of the flushing channel: Select flushing channel flow capacity (Qf) = 2? Qp Estimate maximum size of sediment entering the pocket from site data or from transport capacity of approaching flow and velocity. In case of diversion weir without gates assume sediment accumulation to be level with the weir crest. (Assume continuous flushing with 3? Qp entering the pocket, for this calculation). Establish entrance sill elevation and channel slope assuming an intermittent flushing mode (intake closed) with Qs = 2Qp, critical flow at the sill, supercritical flow downstream (FN ? 1. 0) and a reservoir operating level 0. 5m below NOL. Determine slope of channel to provide the required scouring velocity, using the following formula which incorporates a safety factor of 1. 5: i = 1. 50 io d 9/7 i0 = 0. 44 6 / 7 q Where: io = critical scouring velocity d = sediment size q = flow per unit width (m3/s per m) Verify that flow through pocket in continuous flushing mode (Qs = 3Qs) will be sub critical, if not lower entrance sill elevation further. Determine height of gate and gate opening based on depth of flow at gate location and corresponding gate width. Increase the above theoretical gate height by 0. 5 m to ensure unrestricted open channel flow through the gate for intermittent flushing mode and a flushing flow of 2 Qp. For initial design a width to height ratio of 2:1 for the flushing gate is suggested. 1. 1. 9 Intake/Head Regulator: In intake provides a transition between the river and the feeder canal. The main design objectives are to exclude bed-load and floating debris and to minimize head losses. The following parameters are recommended: Approach velocity at intake entrance (on gross area) 0. 20 Ve = 0. 5 Q p m / s For trashracks that are manually cleaned, V should not exceed 1. 0 m/s.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 7 Convergence of side walls 2. 5:1 with rate of increase in velocity not exceeding 0. 5 m/s per linear m. • Height of sill above floor of flushing channel (ye) = greater of 1. 5m or 50% flow depth. • The floor of the transition should be sloped down as required to join the invert of the feeder canal. Check that the flow velocity in the transition is adequate to prevent deposition in the transition area. If sediment loads are very high consider installing a vortex silt ejector at the downstream end of the transition. Provide coarse trashracks to guard entry to the head gate. The trashrack would be designed to step floating debris such as trees, branches, wood on other floating objects. A clear spacing of 150 mm between bars is recommended. Trashrack detailed design should be in accordance with IS 11388. • The invert of the feeder canal shall be determined taking into consideration head losses through the trashrack and form losses through the structure. Friction losses can be omitted as they are negligible: V2 Calculate form losses as: H L = 0. 3 2 2g Where: V2 = velocity at downstream end of contraction.
Calculate trashrack losses as: 4/3 V2 ?t? H L = K f ? ? . Sin? . 2g ?b? Where: Kf = head loss factor (= 2. 42 assuming rectangular bars) T = thickness of bars (mm) B = clear bar spacing (mm) ? = angle of inclination to horizontal (degrees) V = approach velocity (m/s) 1. 1. 10 References on Lateral Intakes and Diversion Weirs. IS Standards Cited: IS 6966 (Part 1) IS 11388 USBR (1987) Singh, Bharat Nigam, P. S. Hydraulic Design of Barrages and Weirs – Guidelines Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes Design of Small Dams Fundamentals of Irrigation Engineering Nem Chand & Bros. Roorkee (1983) Handbook of Hydroelectric Engineering (Second edition) ….. pages 357 to 365 Nem Chand & Bros. – Roorkee (1985) 1. 1. 11 Other References: Bucher and Krumdieck Guidelines for the Design of Intake Structures for Small Hydro Schemes; Hydro ’88/3rd International Conference on Small Hydro, Cancun – Mexico. Bouvard, M. Mobile Barrages and Intakes on Sediment Transporting AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 8 Razvan, E. 1. 2. Rivers; IAHR Monograph, A. A. Balkema – Rotterdam (1992) River Intakes and Diversion Dams
Elsevier, Amsterdam (1988) SEMI PERMANENT HEADWORKS (MINI HYDRO) For mini hydro projects the need to minimize capital cost of the head works is of prime importance. This issue poses the greatest challenge where the head works have to be constructed on alluvial foundations. This challenge is addressed by adoption of less rigorous standards and the application of simplified designs adapted to the skills available in remote areas. A typical layout is shown in Figure 2. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1 Design Parameters Hydraulic design should be based on the following design criteria: Plant flow Qp) = QT + QD Where: QT = total turbine flow (m3/s) QD = desilter flushing flow (= 0. 20 QT) m3/s QFC = feeder canal flow (= 1. 20 QT) m3/s QF = gravel flushing flow (= 2. 0 QP) Spillway design flow (SDF) = Q10 Where: Q10 = flood peak flow with ten year return period. 1. 2. 2 Layout ? To be reviewed Intake approach velocity = 1. 0 m/s Regulator gate W/H = 2 Flushing channel depth (HD) = 2H + W/3 Flushing channel minimum width = 1. 0 m Assumed flushing gate W/H = 2, determine H from orifice equation, as below: Q f = 0. 53? 2 H 2 . 2 gY1 Y1 = HD for design condition Where: W width of gate (m) H = height of gate (m) Yi = upstream depth (m) = depth of flushing channel (m) HD Select the next largest manufactures standard gate size above the calculated dimensions. 1. 2. 3 Weir AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 9 Determine weir height to suit intake gate and flushing gate dimensions, as shown in Figure 2. 2. 3. For weirs founded on permeable foundations the necessary structure length to control failure by piping should be determined in accordance with Section 2. 2. 1/4. 1 of this Standard.
A stepped arrangement is recommended for the downstream face of the weir to dissipate hydraulic energy. The height of the steps should not exceed 0. 5 m and the rise over run ratio should not less than 1/3, the stability of the weir cross-section design should be checked for flotation, over turning and sliding in accordance with Section 2. 3. 1. 1. 3 TRENCH INTAKES Trench intakes are intake structures located in the river bed that draw off flow through racks into a trench which conveys the flow into the project water conductor system. A characteristic of trench intakes is that they have minimum impact on river levels.
Trench intakes are applied in situations where traditional headwork designs would be excessively expensive or result in objectionable rises in river levels. There are two quite different applications: on wide rivers and on mountainous streams, but the basic equations are the same for both types. The trench intake should be located in the main river channel and be of sufficient width to collect the design project flow including all flushing flows. If the length of the trench is less than the width of the river, cut off walls will be required into each bank to prevent the river from bypassing the structure.
Trench weirs function best on weirs with slopes greater than 4%-5%, for flatter slopes diversion weirs should be considered. The spacing between racks is selected to prevent entry of bed load into the trench. The following terms are sometimes used in referring to trench intake designs. Trench weir, when the trench is installed in a raised embankment. • Tyrolean or Caucasian intakes, when referring to trench intakes on • mountainous streams. Features: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 10 1. 3. 2 Design Parameters
The following design parameters are suggested for the dimensioning of trench weirs. • Design Flows: The following design flows are recommended: Bedload flushing flow (from collector box) = 0. 2 QT • Desilter flushing flow = 0. 2 QT • Turbine flow = 1. 0 QT • Total design flow • = 1. 4 QT Dimensional Layout AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 11 The following factors should be considered in determining the principal dimensions: length, breadth and depth of a trench weir: Minimum width (B)= 1. 25 m (to facilitate manual cleaning) Length should be compatible with river cross section. It is • recommended that the trench be located across main river channel. Maximum width (B) ? 2. 50m. Trashrack bars longer than about 2. 50 m • may require support as slenderness ratios become excessive. Invert of collector box should be kept a high as possible. • • Racks • • • • The clear spacing between bars should be selected to prevent entry of bed-load particles that are too large to be conveniently handled by the flushing system. Generally designs are based on excluding particles greater than medium gravel size from (2 cm to 4 cm).
A clear opening of 3. 0 cm is recommended for design. A slope across the rack should be provided to avoid accumulation of bed load on the racks. Slopes normally used vary from 0° to 20°. Rectangular bars are recommended. Bar structural dimension shall be designed in accordance with Section 2. 2. 1/5. 0 of this Standard. An appropriate contraction coefficient should be selected as explained in the following sub-section. Assume 30% blockage. Spacing between racks is designed to prevent the entry of bedload but must also be strong enough to support superimposed loads from bedload accumulation, men and equipment.
This issue is discussed further in Subsection 2. 2. 3 / 2. 0. 1. 3. 3 Hydraulic Design of Trench Intake The first step in hydraulic design is to decide the width of the trench intake bearing in mind the flow capacity required and the bathymetry of the river bed. The next step in hydraulic design is to determine the minimum trench breadth (B) that will capture the required design flow. The design approach assumes complete capture of river flow, which implies, that river flow is equal to plant flow for the design condition. Hydraulic design is based on the following assumptions: Constant specific energy across racks. • Effective head on screen is equal to base pressure (depth) • Approach velocity is subcritical with a critical section at the entry to the structure as shown in figure 2. 2. 3/1. The set of equations proposed is based on the method given by Lauterjung et al (1989). • First calculate y1: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 12 2 y 1 = k. H0 3 – – – – – – – – – – – (1) Where: y1 = depth at upstream edge of rack Ho = the energy head of the approaching flow k = an adjustment factor (m) m) (-) k is a function of inclination of the rack and can be determined from the following table: Values of k as a Function of Rack Slope (? ) Table: 2. 2. 1/1 ? = 0° 2° 4° 6° 8° 10° 12° k = 1. 000 0. 980 0. 961 0. 944 0. 927 0. 910 0. 894 ? = 14° 16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° k = 0. 879 0. 865 0. 851 0. 837 0. 852 0. 812 0. 800 Then calculate the breadth of the collector trench from the following equations (2) to (4) 1. 50 q – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (2) L= E1. E 2 C. cos? 3/2 . 2gy 1 Where: L = sloped length across collector trench (m) E1 = blockage factor E2 = Effective screen area = e/m
C = contraction coefficient ? = slope of rack in degrees y1 = flow depth upstream from Equation 1. (m) q = unit flow entering intake (m3/s per m) e = clear distance between bars (cm or m) m = c/c spacing of bars (cm or m) Assume E1 = 0. 3 (30%) blockage. “C” can be calculated from the following formula (as reported by Raudkivi) Rectangular bars: ?e? C = 0. 66 ? ? ?m? ?0. 16 ?m? .? ? ?h? 0. 13 Assume h = 0. 5 y1. This formula is valid for 3. 5> – – – – – – – – – – – – – (3) h e >0. 2 and 0. 15< < 0. 30 m m Finally, the required breadth (B) can be determined as below: B = L cos ? – – – – – – – – – – – – -(4) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 13 1. 3. 4 Hydraulic Design of Collector Trench Normally a sufficient slope on the invert of the trench is provided to ensure efficient flushing of bed-load particles that would otherwise accumulate on the invert of the trench. A suitable scouring slope can be estimated from the following equation: Ss = 0. 66 d 9 / 7 6/7 qo Where: d = sediment size (m) qo = flow per unit width (Q/B) at outlet of trench (m3/s per m) Ss = design slope of trench invert.
The minimum depth of the trench at the upstream and is normally between 1. 0m to 1. 5 m, based on water depth plus a freeboard of 0. 3 m. For final design the flow profile should be computed for the design slope and the trench bottom profile confirmed or adjusted, as required. A step-by-step procedure for calculating the flow profile that is applicable to this problem can be found in Example 124, page 342-345 of “Open-Channel Hydraulics” by Ven. T. Chow (1959). In most cases the profile will be sub critical with control from the downstream (exit) end.
A suitable starting point would be to assume critical flow depth at the exit of the trench. 1. 3. 5 Collector Chamber The trench terminates in a collector box. The collection box has two outlets, an intake to the water conductor system and a flushing pipe. The flushing pipe must be design with the capacity to flush the bed-load sediment entering from the trench, while the project flow is withdrawn via the intake. The bottom of the collection box must be designed to provide adequate submergence for the flushing pipe and intake to suppress undesirable vortices.
The flushing pipe should be lower than the intake and the flushing pipe sized to handle the discharge of bed load. If the flushing pipe invert is below the outlet of the trench, the Engineer should consider steepening the trench invert. If the trench outlet invert is below the flushing pipe invert, the latter should be lowered to the elevation of the trench outlet or below. The deck of the collector box should be located above the design flood level to provide safe access to operate gates. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 14 1. 3. Flushing Pipe The flushing pipe should be designed to provide a high enough velocity to entrain bed-load captured by the weir. A velocity of at least 3. 0 m/s should be provided. If possible, the outlet end of the pipe should be located a minimum of 1. 0m above the river bed level to provide energy to keep the outlet area free from accumulation of bed load that could block the pipeline. 1. 3. 7 References on Trench weirs CBIP, (2001): Manual on Planning and Design of Small Hydroelectric Scheme Lauterjung et al (1989): Planning of Intake Structures Freidrich Vieweg and Sohn, Braunswchweig – Germany
IAHR (1993): Hydraulic Structures Design Manual: Sedimentation: Exclusion and Removal of Sediment from Diverted Water. By: Arved J. Raudkivi Publisher: Taylor & Francis, New York. Chow (1959): Open- Channel Hydraulics Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1. 4 RESERVOIR, CANAL AND PENSTOCK INTAKES The designs of reservoir, canal and penstock intakes are all based on the same principles. However, there are significant variations depending on whether an intake is at the forebay reservoir of a run-of-river plant or at storage reservoir with large draw down or is for a power tunnel, etc.
Examples of a variety of layouts can be fond in IS 9761 Hydropower Intakes – Criteria for Hydraulic Design or Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydropower Plants (ASCE, 1995). The features common to all designs are shown in the following sketch: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 15 The objectives of good design are: To prevent entry of floating debris. • To avoid formation of air entraining vortices. • To minimize hydraulic losses. • 1. 4. 1 Control of floating debris
To prevent the entry of debris a trashrack is placed at the entry to the intake. For small hydro plants the trashrack overall size is determined based on an approach velocity of 0. 75 m/s to 1. 0m/s to facilitate manual raking. Trashracks may be designed in panels that can be lowered into place in grooves provided in the intake walls or permanently attacked to anchors in the intake face. The trashracks should to sloped at 14° from the vertical (4V:1H) to facilitate raking. The spacing between bars is determined as a function of the spacing between turbine runner blades.
IS 11388 Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes should be consulted for information about spacing between trashracks bars, structural design and vibration problems. Also, see Section 2. 2. 1/5 of this Standard. 1. 4. 2 Control of Vortices First of all the direction of approach velocity should be axial with respect the intake if at all possible. If flow approaches at a significant angle (greater than 45o) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 16 from axial these will be significant risk of vortex problems.
In such a situation an experienced hydraulic engineer should be consulted and for important projects hydraulic model studies may be required. For normal approach flow the submergence can be determined from the following formulae: S = 0. 725VD0. 5 S D V = submergence to the roof of the gate section (m) = diameter of penstock and height of gate (m) = velocity at gate for design flow. (m/s) Where: A recent paper by Raghavan and Ramachandran discusses the merits of various formulae for determining submergence (S). 1. 4. 3 Minimization of Head losses
Head losses are minimized by providing a streamlined transition between the entry section and gate section. Minimum losses will be produced when a streamlined bellmouth intake is used. For a bellmouth intake the transition section is formed with quadrants of ellipses as shown in the following sketch. The bellmouth type intake is preferred when ever the additional costs are economically justified. For smaller, mainly mini hydropower stations, simpler designs are often optimal as the cost of construction of curved concrete surfaces may not be offset by the value of reduction in head losses.
Details on the geometry of both types are given • Bellmouth Intake Geometry Geometries for typical run-of-river intakes are shown below: A gate width to height of 0. 785 (D): 1. 00 (H) with H = D is recommended. This permits some reduction in the cost of gates without a significant sacrifice in hydraulic efficiency. There is a second transition between the gate and penstock, rectangular to circular. For a gate having H = D and W= 0. 785D the flow velocity at the gate will be equal to the velocity in the penstock so no further flow acceleration is produced in this section. A length for this transition of 1. x D should be satisfactory. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 17 The head loss co-efficient for this arrangement in Ki =0. 10 Details for layout of bell mouth transitions connecting to a sloping penstock are given in IS9761. • Simplified layout (Mini-Hydro): For smaller/mini hydro projects intake design can be simplified by forming the transition in plane surfaces as shown below: The head loss for this design (Ki) = 0. 19V2/2g. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 18 . 4. 4. AIR VENT An air vent should be placed downstream of the head gate to facilitate air exchange between atmosphere and the penstock for the following conditions: • Penstock filling when air will be expelled from the penstock as water enters. • Penstock draining when air will enter the penstock to occupy the space previously filled by water. The air vent (pipe) must have an adequate cross section area to effectively handle these exchanges of air. The following design rules are recommended: Air vent area should the greater of the following values Where: (m3/s) AV = 0. 0 Ap or QT AV = 25. 0 (m2) AV = cross-section area of air vent pipe AP = cross-section area of penstock (m2) QP = turbine rated flow ( ? QT of more than one turbine on the penstock) The air vent should exhaust to a safe location unoccupied by power company employees on the general public. 1. 4. 5 PENSTOCK FILLING A penstock should be filled slowly to avoid excessive and dangerous “blowback”. The recommended practice is to control filling rate via the head gate. The AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 19 ead gate should not be opened more than 50 mm until the penstock is completely full. (This is sometime referred to as “cracking” the gate. ) 1. 4. 6 REFERENCES ON PENSTOCK INTAKES: • 1. 4. 7 Indian Standard Cited. IS 9761: Hydropower Intakes – Criteria for Hydraulic Design OTHER REFERENCES • Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydroelectric Plants ASCE, New York (1995) • Validating the Design of an Intake Structure : By Narasimham Raghavan and M. K. Ramachandran, HRW – September 2007. • Layman’s Guidebook European Small Hydro Association Brussels, Belgium (June 1998)
Available on the internet. • Vortices at Intakes By J. L. Gordon Water Power & Dam Construction April 1970 1. 5. TRASHRACKS AND SAFETY RACKS 1. 5. 1 Trashracks: Trashracks at penstock intakes for small hydro plants should be sloped at 4 V: 1H to facilitate manual raking and the approach velocity to the trashracks limited to 1. 0 m/s or less. Use of rectangular bars is normal practice for SHP’s. Support beams should be alignment with the flow direction to minimize hydraulic losses. Detailed trashrack design should be done in accordance with IS 11388. 1. 5. 2
Safety Racks: Safety racks are required at tunnel and inverted siphon entries to prevent animals or people who may have fallen into the canal from being pulled into these submerged water ways. A clear spacing of 200 mm between bars is recommended. Other aspects of design should be in accordance with IS 11388. 1. 5. 3 References on Trashracks IS11388 – “Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes”. ASCE (1995) –“Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydroelectric Plants”. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 20 DRAWINGS:
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 21 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 22 2. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WATERWAYS The waterways or water conduction system is the system of canals, aqueducts, tunnels, inverted siphons and pipelines connecting the head works with the forebay tank. This Section provides guidelines and norms for the hydraulic design of these structures. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 CANALS Canals for small hydro plants are typically constructed in masonry or reinforced concrete.
Several typical cross section designs are shown below: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 23 Lined canals in earth, if required, should be designed in accordance with Indian Standard: IS 10430. A further division of canal types is based on function: – Feeder canal to connect the head regulator (intake) to the desilter – Power canal to connect the desilter to the Forebay tank. 2. 1. 2 Feeder Canals 2. 1. 2. 1 Feeder canal hydraulic design shall be based on the following criteria: = Turbine flow (QT) + Desilter flushing flow (QF).
Design flow (Qd) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 24 2. 1. 2. 2 Scouring velocity: A sufficiently high velocity must be provided to prevent deposition of sediment within the canal. This (scouring) velocity can be determined from the following formulae: d 9/7 S C = 0. 66 6 / 7 n = 0. 015 q 1 1 ? VS = . R 2 / 3 . S C/ 2 n Where: Sc = Scouring slope d = Target sediment size (m) q = Flow per unit width (Q/W) (m/s/m) R = hydraulic radius (m) Vs = scouring velocity (m/s) n = Manning’s roughness coefficient 2. 1. 2. 3 Optimization:
The optimum cross section dimensions, slope and velocity should be determined by economic analysis so as to minimize the total life time costs of capital, O&M and head losses (as capitalized value). The economic parameters for this analysis should be chosen in consultation with the appropriate regional, state or central power authorities these parameters include: – Discount rate (i) – Escalation rate(e) – Plant load factor – Service life in years (n) – Annual O+M for canal (% of capital cost) – Value of energy losses (Rs/kWh). Also see Section 1. 7 of this Standard. The selected design would be based on the highest of Vs or Voptimum. . 1. 2. 4 Freeboard: A freeboard allowance above the steady state design water level is required to contain water safely within the canal in event of power outages or floods. A minimum of 0. 5 m is recommended. 2. 1. 3 Power Canals: Power canal design shall be based on the following criteria a) Design flow = total turbine flow (QT) b) Power canal design should be based on optimization of dimensions, slope and velocity, as explained in the previous section. For mini-hydro plants Q < 2. 0 m3/s optimal geometric design dimensions for Type 1 (masonry construction) can be estimated by assuming a longitudinal slope of 0. 04 and a Manning’s n value of 0. 018. Masonry construction would normally be preferred for canals with widths (W) less than 2. 0 m (flow area = AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 25 2. 0 m2). For larger canals with flow areas greater than 2. 0m2, a Type 3, box culvert design would be preferred – based on economic analysis. c) Freeboard: A freeboard allowance above the steady state design level is required to contain water safety within the canal in event of power outages. The waterway in most SHP’s terminates in a Forebay tank.
This tank is normally equipped with an escape weir to discharge surplus water or an escape weir is provided near to the forebay tank. For mini-hydro plants a minimum freeboard of 0. 50 m is recommended. The adequacy of the above minimum freeboard should be verified for the following conditions: • Maximum flow in the power canal co-incident with sudden outage of the plant. • Design flow plus margins for leakage losses (+0. 02 to +0. 05 QT) and above rated operation (+ 0. 1QT). • Characteristics of head regulator flow control. The freeboard allowance may be reduced to 0. 5 m after taking these factors into consideration. The maximum water level occurring in the forebay tank can be determined from the weir equation governing flow in the escape weir. 2. 1. 4 Rejection Surge Designs which do not incorporate downstream escape weirs would be subject to the occurrence of a rejection surge in the canal on sudden turbine shutdown, giving above static water levels at the downstream end, reducing to the static level at the upstream (entry) end of the water way. Methods for evaluating water level changes due to a rejection surge are explained in Section 2. 2. 2 / 7. 0 of this Standard. . 2 AQUEDUCTS Aqueducts are typically required where feeder or power canals pass over a gully or side stream valley. If the length of the aqueduct is relatively short the same channel dimensions as for the canal can be retained and there would be no change in hydraulic design. For longer aqueducts design would be based on economic analysis subject to the proviso that flow remains sub critical with NF ? 0. 8 in the flume sections. The following sketch shows the principal dimension of aqueduct entry and exit transitions and flume section. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of
Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 26 The changes in invert elevation across the entry and exit structures can be calculated by Bernouli’s equation as below: • Entry transition – consider cross – section (1) and (2); V2 V2 Z 1 + D + 1 = Z 2 + d + 2 + hL 2g 2g and 2 • b? V ? hL = 0. 10 ? 1 ? ?. 2 ? B ? 2g Z2 can be determined from the above equations, since all geometrical parameters are known. Flume – Sections (2) to (3) The slope of the flume section is determined from Manning’s equation 2 • ? Vn ? ( S ) = ? 2 / 3 ? . A Manning’s n = 0. 018 is suggested for concrete channels. ?R ?
Some designers increase this slope by 10% to provide a margin of safety on flow capacity of the flume. Exit transition – consider cross section (3) and (4): V2 V2 Z 3 + d + 3 = Z 4 + D + 4 + hL 2g 2g AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 27 and 2 b? V ? hL = 0. 20 ? 1 ? ?. 3 ? B ? 2g Z4 can be determined from the above equations, since all geometrical parameters are known. The same basic geometry can be adapted for transition between trapezoidal canals sections and rectangular flume section, using mean flow width (B) = A/D. . 3. INVERTED SYPHONS 2. 3. 1 Inverted syphons are used where it is more economical to route the waterway underneath an obstacle. The inverted syphon is made up of the following components: • Entry structure • Syphon barrels • Exit structure • Entry Structure: Hydraulic design of the entry structure is similar to the design of reservoir, canal and penstock intakes. Follow the guidelines given in Section 2. 2. 2/2. of this Standard. • Syphon barrels: The syphon barrel dimensions are normally determined by optimization ? V? ? does not tudies, with the proviso that the Froude Number ? N F = ? gd ? ? ? exceed 0. 8. Invert elevations are determined by accounting for head losses from entry to exit of the structure using Bernouli’s equation. For reinforced concrete channels a Manning’s “n” value of 0. 018 is recommended. The head loss coefficients for mitre bends can be determined from USACE HDC 228. 2. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 28 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 29 Exit structure: The exit structure is designed as a diverging transition to minimize head losses; the design is similar to the outlet transition from flume to canal as discussed in Subsection 2. 2. 2/2 of this Standard. The following sketches show the layout of a typical inverted siphon. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 30 2. 3. 2 Reference on Aqueducts and Inverted Syphons “Hydraulic Structures” By C. D. Smith University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon (SK) Canada 2. 4. LOW PRESSURE PIPELINES
Low pressure pipelines may be employed as an alternative to pressurized box culverts, aqueducts or inverted syphons. Concrete, plastic and steel pipes are suitable depending on site conditions and economics. Steel pipe is often an attractive alternative in place of concrete aqueducts in the form of pipe bridges, since relatively large diameter pipe possesses significant inherent structural strength. Steel pipe (with stiffening rings, as necessary), concrete and plastic pipe also have significant resistance against external pressure, if buried, and offer alternatives to inverted syphons of reinforced concrete construction.
Generally pressurized flow is preferred. The pipe profile should be chosen so that pressure is positive through out. If there is a high point in the line that could trap air on filling an air bleeder valve should be provided. Otherwise, hydraulic design for low pressure pipelines is similar to the requirements for inverted syphons. The choice of type of design; low pressure pipeline land pipeline material), inverted syphon or aqueduct, depends on economic and constructability considerations, in the context of a given SHP. Manning’s “n” Values for selected Pipe Materials Material Welded Steel Polyethylene (HDPE) Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
Asbestos Cement Cast iron Ductile iron Precast concrete pipe Manning’s “n” 0. 012 0. 009 0. 009 0. 011 0. 014 0. 015 0. 013(2) Note: (1) From Table 5. 4 Layman’s Guide Book – ESHA (2) From Ven T. Chow – Open Channel Hydraulics AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 31 2. 5. TUNNELS 2. 5. 1 Tunnels often provide an appropriate solution for water conveyance in mountainous areas. Tunnels for SHP are generally of two types. • Unlined tunnels • Concrete lined tunnels On SHP tunnels are usually used as part of the water ways system and not subject to high pressures. . 5. 2 Unlined tunnels: Unlined water tunnels can be used in areas of favourable geology where the following criteria are satisfied: a) Rock mass is adequately water tight. Rock surfaces are sound and not vulnerable to erosion (or erodible zones b) are suitably protected. The static water pressure does not exceed the magnitude of the minor field c) rock stress. Controlled perimeter blasting is recommended in order to minimize over break and produce sound rock surfaces. Additionally, this construction approach tends to produce relatively uniform surfaces and minimizes the hydraulic roughness of the completed tunnel surfaces.
Design velocities of 1. 5 to 2. 0 m/s on the mean AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 32 cross section area give optimal cross section design. It is normal practice to provide a 100mm thick reinforced concrete pavement over leveled and compacted tunnel muck in the invent of the tunnel. IS 4880: Part 3 provides additional guidance on the hydraulic design of tunnels and on the selection of appropriate Manning’s “n” values. 2. 5. 3 Lined Tunnels Where geological are unfavourable it is often necessary to provide concrete linings for support of rock surfaces.
IS4880: Parts 1-7 give comprehensive guidelines on the design of lined tunnels. 2. 5. 4 High Pressure Tunnels Design of high pressure tunnels is not covered in this standard. For high pressure design, if required, the designer should consult an experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. For the purpose of this standard, high pressure design is defined as tunnels subject to water pressures in excess of 10m relative to the crown of the tunnels. 2. 5. 5 Reference on Tunnels IS Standards: IS 4880 “Code of Practice for the Design of Tunnels Conveying Water”. Other References: Norwegian Hydropower Tunnelling” (Third volume of collected papers) Norwegian Tunneling Society Trondheim, Norway. www. tunnel. no Notably: Development of Unlined Pressure Shafts and Tunnels in Norway, by Einar Broch. 2. 6. CULVERTS AND CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS Small hydro projects constructed in hilly areas usually include a lengthy power canal routed along a hillside contour. Lateral inflows from streams and gullies intercepted by SHP canals often transport large sediments loads which must be prevented from entering the canal. The first line of defense is the canal upstream ditch which intercepts local lateral runoff.
The flow in these chains must be periodically discharged or the drain capacity will be exceeded. Flow from these drains is usually evacuated via culverts passing underneath the canal. These culverts would normally be located where gullies or streams cross the canal alignment. The capacity of canal ditches should be decided taking into consideration the average distance between culverts. In the rare cases when distance between culverts is excessive, consideration should be given to diverting AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 33 itch flows across the canal in flumes or half round pipes to discharge over the downhill side of the canal at suitable locations. Culverts are usually required where the canal route crosses gullies or streams. Culverts at these points provide for flow separation between lateral inflows and canal inflows and often present the most economical solution for crossing small but steep valley locations. It is recommended that culverts design be based on the following hydrological criteria. • For mini hydro projects, 1 in 10 year flood (Q10) • For small hydro projects, 1 in 25 year flood (Q25)
Where it is practical to extract the necessary basin parameters, the procedures given in Section 1. 4 should be applied. Otherwise design flows should be estimated from field measurements of cross section area and longitudinal slope at representative cross section of the gully or side stream. A survivable design approach is further recommended with canal walls strengthened to allow local over topping without damage to the canal integrity when floods exceed the design flood values. Detailed hydraulic design should be based on information from reliable texts or design guidelines – such as: “Design of Small Bridges and Culverts” Goverdhanlal • • 2. 7 2. 7. 1 “Engineering and Design – Drainage and Erosion Control”. Engineering Manual EM 1110-3-136 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1984) www. usace. army. mil/publications/eng-manuals Manufacturer’s guides, notably: – American Concrete Pipe Association www. concrete-pipe. org – Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute www. cspi. ca Power Canal Surges Power canals that are not provided with escape weirs near their downstream end will be subject to canal surges on rapid load rejections or load additions.
The rejection surge will typically cause the downstream water level to rise above static level and may control the design of canal freeboard. For load additions there is a risk that the level will fall to critical at the downstream end and restrict the rate at which load can be taken on by the unit. The following formulae taken from IS 7916: 1992 can be used to estimate the magnitude of canal surges. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 34 Maximum surge height in a power channel due to load rejection may be calculated from the empirical formulae given below:
For abrupt closure hmax = K 2 + 2 Kh For gradual closure within the period required for the first wave to travel twice the length of the channel: K hmax = + V . h / g 2 Where: hmax = maximum surge wave height, K = V2/2g = velocity head, V = mean velocity of flow, and area of cross sec tion h = effective depth = top width • Maximum water level resulting from a rejection surge at the downstream of a canal: Maximum W. L. = Yo + hmax • Minimum water level resulting from by a start up surge at the downstream end of a canal: Minimum W. L. = YS – hmax Where: Yo YS = steady state downstream water level static downstream water level. The maximum water level profile can be approximated by a straight line joining the maximum downstream water level to the reservoir level. 2. 7. 2 Canal Surges on Complex Waterways: For waterway systems comprising several different water conductor types, the above equations are not applicable. In such cases a more detailed type of analysis will be required. The U. S. National Weather Service FLDWAV computer program can be used to solved for the transient flow conditions in such cases (Helwig, 2002). 2. 7. 3 References IS Standards cited:
IS 7916: 1992 “Open Channel – Code of Practice”. Other References “Application of FLDWAV(Floodwave) Computer Model to Solve for Power Canal Rejection Wave for Simple and Complex Cases”. P. C. Helwig Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Proceedings, Annual Conference Montreal, Canada (2002). AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 35 3. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DESILTERS 3. 1 BACKGROUND Sediment transported in the flow, especially particles of hard materials such as quartz, can be harmful to turbine components.
The severity of damage to equipment is a function of several variables, notably: sediment size, sediment hardness, particle shape, sediment concentration and plant head. The control of turbine wear problems due to silt erosion requires a comprehensive design approach in which sediment properties, turbine mechanical and hydraulic design, material selection and features to facilitate equipment maintenance are all considered (Naidu, 2004). Accordingly the design parameters for desilter design should be made in consultation with the mechanical designers and turbine manufacturer.
Where the risk of damage is judged to be high a settling basin (or desilter) should be constructed in the plant waterway to remove particles, greater than a selected target size. 3. 1. 1 Need The first design decision is to determine whether the sediment load in the river of interest is sufficiently high to merit construction of a desilter. There is little guidance available on this topic; however, the following limits are suggested by Naidu (2004): Table 2. 2. 3/1. 0 Concentration Suggested Maximum Allowable Sediment versus Plant Head. Parameter Head Maximum allowable sediment concentration
Low and Medium Head Turbines ? 150 m High Head Turbines > 150 m 200 ppm 150 ppm 3. 1. 2 Removal Size There are also considerable divergences of opinion on the selection of design size for sediment removal. Nozaki (1985) suggests a size range of between 0. 3 mm to 0. 6 mm for plant heads ranging from 100 m to 300 m. Indian practice is to design for a particles size of 0. 20 m regardless of head. Some authors suggest that removal of particles smaller than 0. 20 mm is not practical. The adoption of 0. 20 mm is the design (target) sediment size is recommended for Indian SHP designs.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 36 3. 1. 3 Types of Desilters There are two basic types of desilters: Continuous flushing type Intermittent flushing type Guidelines for design of both types are given in this section. 3. 2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3. 2. 1 Data Requirements (Small Hydro Plants) It is recommended that a program of suspended sediment sampling be initiated near the intake site from an early stage during site investigations to ensure that sufficient data is available for design.
The sampling program should extend through the entire rainy season and should comprise at least two readings daily. On glacier fed rivers where diurnal flow variations may exist, the schedule of sampling should be adjusted to take this phenomenon into account and the scheduled sampling times be adjusted to coincide with the hour of peak daily flow with another sample taken about twelve hours later. While it is often assumed that sediment load is directly related to flow, this is only true on the average, in a statistical sense.
In fact it is quite likely, that the peak sediment event of a year may be associated with a unique upstream event such as a major landslide into the river. Such events often account for a disproportionately large proportion of the annual sediment flow. Therefore, it would also be desirable to design the sediment measurement program to provide more detailed information about such events, basically to increase the sampling frequency to one sample per 1 or 2 hours at these times. A five year long sediment collecting program would be ideal. Less than one monsoon season of data is considered unsatisfactory.
Some authors suggest that the vertical variation of sediment concentration and variations horizontally across the river be measured. However, on fast flowing rivers inherent turbulence should ensure uniform mixing and sampling at one representative point should be sufficient. The data collected in a sediment sampling program should include: • Mean daily concentration of suspended sediment (average of two readings twelve hours apart) • Water temperature • Flow (from a related flow gauging program) The following additional information can then be derived from collected samples.
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 37 • • • A sediment rating curve (sediment concentration versus flow – where possible) Particle size gradation curve on combined sample Specific gravity of particles. It is also recommended that a petrographic analysis be carried out to identify the component minerals of the sediment mix. It is likewise recommended that experiments be made on selected ranges of particles sizes to determine settling velocities. A further discussion on the subject of sediment sampling is given in Avery (1989)
The characteristics of the sediment on a given river as obtained from a data collection program will assist in selection of appropriate design criteria. 3. 2. 2 Data Requirements (Mini Hydro Plants) On mini hydro projects where resources and time may not be available to undertake a comprehensive sampling program, selection of design parameters will depend to a great extent on engineering judgment, supplemented by observations on site and local information. The following regional formula by Garde and Kothyari (1985) can be used to support engineering decision making. 0. 19 ?P ? 0 Vs = 530. 0 P0. 6. Fe1. . S0. 25 Dd . 10 .? max ? ?P? Where Vs = mean sediment load in (tonnes/km2/year) s = average slope (m/m) Dd = drainage density, as total length of streams divided by catchment area (km/km2) P = mean annual precipitation (cm) Pmax = average precipitation for wettest month (cm) Fe = ground cover factor, as below: 1 Fe = [0. 80 AA + 0. 60 AG + 0. 30 AF + 0. 10 AW ] ? Ai = arable land area AA = grass land area (all in km2) AG AF = forested area AW = waste land area (bare rock) 3. 2. 3 Design Criteria The principle design criteria are: 1. The target size for removal (d): d = 0. 20 mm is recommended 2.
Flushing flow: QF = 0. 2 QP is recommended 3. Total (design) flow: QT = QP + QF = 1. 2 QP. Where QP is plant flow capacity in (m3/s). AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011 38 3. 2. 4 Siting The following factors control site selection 1. A site along the water way of appropriate size and relatively level with respect to cross section topography 2. A site high enough above river level to provide adequate head for flushing. For preliminary layout a reference river level corresponding to the mean annual flood and minimum flushing head of 1. 0 m is recommended. In principle a desilting tank can be located anywhere along the water conductor system, upstream of the penstock intake. Sometimes it is convenient to locate the desilting basin at the downstream end of the waterway system where the desilter can also provide the functions of a forebay tank. However, a location as close to the head works is normally preferred, site topography permitting. 3. 3 Hydraulic Design A desilter is made up of the following elements: • Inlet section Settling tank • Outlet section • • Flushing system 3. 3. 1 | <urn:uuid:a837560b-facf-4e7f-89a4-19e8b75c18eb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mystudywriters.com/hydraulic-design-of-small-hydro-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.877726 | 13,499 | 2.765625 | 3 |
It has been a long time since I wanted to write a piece about the mythical borne d’angle of Michelin. You can still find them here and there along French roads. At first, I thought it was a simple painted concrete structure. The signs actually look like tiles from inside a car. Upon closer investigation, it appears that Michelin used an ingenious technique.
In section: two layers of enamel on lava rock, 15 mm thick and mounted on reinforced concrete. And the surrounding organization was evenly amazing. The production of this road signage by Michelin ran from 1908 to 1971.
You have to give it to the French. Many famous landmarks bear a French signature. The Statue of Liberty, the Panama and Suez Canal, …. André Michelin was one of those industrial geniuses. He promoted travel by car to stimulate his tire production. Those white bornes and the red Guide Michelin were also part of that tourist package.
In 1889 André and Edouard Michelin set up the Michelin & Cie in Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme, 63). Which immediately explains the use of lava rock in the borne d’angle. The lava rock is abundant in the Massif Central due to past volcanic activity in the Auvergne. Even the church of Clermont is completely black! The stone is hard as steel and resists the harshest weather conditions. And it is the perfect host for enamel.
Follow this link to find more photos and details about the whole process: http://www.panneauxenbeton.fr/
In Caseneuve and Gignac there is still a single flat panel at the entrance of the village. Only in Maubec, you can find the only remaining borne d’angle of the Vaucluse (84). Hundreds of tourists pass by car every day without realizing that they saw a piece of patrimony. The local residents are proud and keep the borne up to date. The ‘C’ restored with a sense of typography.
Go see the Michelin borne d’angle at the roundabout at the school in Maubec: 3km to Robion, 3km to Oppède and 0.5km from Maubec ‘City’! | <urn:uuid:f2d8cb77-5ac1-48eb-8cf1-d7b159b4f1bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ivanseymus.com/michelin-borne-dangle-vaucluse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400250241.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927023329-20200927053329-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.929722 | 479 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) prevention posters
DKA occurs when there is profound insulin deficiency. It frequently occurs at diagnosis and also in children and youth with diabetes if insulin is omitted, or if insufficient insulin is given at times of acute illness.
It is likely that some children and youth in less-resourced countries, presenting for the first time in DKA, die undiagnosed. Presenting symptoms may be mis-diagnosed as more common illnesses such as pneumonia, gastroenteritis, malaria or typhoid. Even when the correct diagnosis is made, it is sometimes very late, and the child/youth can die, or suffer permanent cerebral damage.
The posters aim to increase awareness and alert health professionals and the public to the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes so the right diagnosis and swift treatment can be initiated so that NO CHILD DIES OF DIABETES.
The DKA prevention posters can be displayed in hospitals, community centres, churches and other common areas.
If your language is not available in the selection of posters below please email the education manager, Cecile Eigenmann at: | <urn:uuid:43d2ab24-932b-4bbe-9a6e-a48b9339e640> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lifeforachild.org/education/dka/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057274.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921221605-20210922011605-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.896592 | 233 | 3.453125 | 3 |
I could let people stew on this word for quite some time. There is a great deal conversation about vocabulary, how to effectively teach it, the difference between tier one, two, and three vocabulary words, Common Core and its effect on teaching vocabulary, and the list goes on.
The past couple of years, I have had students create a word wall, or hallway, of words they have studied or want to know more about. The list explodes beyond the classroom door to create a rainbow of colored word strips throughout the hallway. All students, regardless of whether or not they have me as a student, see the words every day. Since the hallway spans several classrooms, there is room for hundreds of words. It is fun to watch students, and teachers I might add, look at the words before school, during passing time, and after school.
At multiple times during the school year, once words start to cover the hallway, I lead my classes on a word wall walk. Students bring their notebooks and silently examine the words on the wall. We move through the hall for a couple minutes giving students a chance to write down at least five words they want to use in their writing. We then return to the classroom to begin using the words to address a writing prompt, or we continue our journey through campus looking for school settings that inspire us to write about our words.
The great accomplishment of this activity is that once students see words that they have chosen for their writing activities, they tend to see them on a daily, or weekly, basis in the hallway and are reminded of them as they travel to various classes or exit toward their homes. | <urn:uuid:ba2c75f8-731f-44a5-aa95-8fd4d1a2f62e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://teachingthroughmovement.wordpress.com/2014/03/03/traveling-the-word-wall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.975163 | 330 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Based on Behavior: The Forgotten Curriculum
We want students to care, to be engaged, to be self-motivated, to have intrinsic motivation. Let’s allow them to be engaged and motivated.
Consider this quote from Carol Dweck, Gregory Walton, and Geoffrey Cohen: “When noncognitive factors are in place, students will look—and be—motivated. In fact, these noncognitive factors constitute what psychological researchers call motivation, and fostering these mindsets and self-regulation strategies is what psychological researchers typically mean by motivating students.”
The research is in. Motivation can be taught. More precisely, the skills that contribute to students’ appearing and acting motivated can be taught. They must be taught.
The same applies to reading. Can we teach students to read? Of course we can.
And yet, I submit that we never actually teach reading. We help students develop alphabetic principles and concepts of print. We teach the 16 or so skills within the domain of phonological awareness (from the recognition and imitation of rhyme and alliteration to the blending, segmenting, and substituting of phonemes). We teach the skills within simple and advanced phonics (from letter sounds to syllabication). We teach the skills of reading fluently and with expression (chunking, scooping, phrasing) and vocabulary-acquisition skills. And we teach students to apply the many, many skills and strategies associated with comprehension.
(Note: this list of what we teach is not to suggest that teaching reading is a sterile, step-by-step endeavor, just that there are many components that make up the teaching of reading.)
Within these learning experiences, when are we specifically teaching reading? I suggest that, while each of these elements relates to making sense of what we read (they relate to students learning to read), we are not “teaching reading”; we are teaching specific and critical elements to contribute to a student reading.
The same is true of motivation. Can we teach students to look, act, and be motivated? Certainly. The research is clear (see Farrington, et al., 2012). If we teach (and create environments and experiences that allow) students to feel that they belong in academic communities, that their ability and competence grow with their effort, that they can succeed, and that school has value for them; they will have growth mindsets and will be more likely to look, act, and be motivated.
|If we model, teach, and nurture …||Students will …|
|Empathy, cooperation, self-advocacy, responsibility, and interpersonal skills||Learn social skills and will be more likely to look, act, and be motivated|
|Study skills, metacognition, self-regulation, and goal-setting||Develop learning strategies and will be more likely to look, act, and be motivated|
|Grit, tenacity, delayed gratification, self-discipline, and self-control||Develop perseverance and will be more likely to look, act, and be motivated|
|Attendance, homework skills, organization, and participation||Be more likely to look, act, and be motivated|
Perhaps we cannot directly teach motivation, but we can and must teach the antecedent skills and habits that lead to students looking, acting, and being motivated.
In addition to nurturing these skills, let’s empower students, giving them a stake in their learning, teaching them responsibility, giving them the responsibility, and holding them accountable to take responsibility for their learning. We can involve students in the processes of:
- Gathering evidence
- Getting and giving feedback
- Engaging in the relearning
Understanding Why Students Are Unmotivated
If students aren’t motivated, that’s not the end of the conversation, as in, “Well, they don’t care. What do you expect us to do?”
If a student does not seem motivated, we need to ask why. More than ever, we have lots to draw on as we answer this why question.
If students don’t appear motivated, we should ask if they know how to:
- Pay attention in class
- Participate in learning experiences
- Complete homework
If students don’t complete work, we should ask if they know how to:
- Manage their time
- Plan tasks
- Organize their materials
- Take and review notes
If students don’t seem to know how to be successful learners, we should ask if they know how to:
- Set goals
- Delay gratification
- Practice self-discipline
If students don’t work well and/or interact with peers and adults, we should ask if they know how to:
- Communicate socially
- Consider others’ points of view and feelings
If students don’t seem to connect or believe in themselves, we should ask if they:
- Feel like they belong in the classroom and at the school
- Believe that they get smarter when they put forth effort
- See value in school and in learning
- Are given tasks with which they can succeed in their zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Behaviors are as important to success in school, college, career, and life as academic skills. The research —and our experiences—are clear and convincing. (See also Teamwork: The Number One Skill Employers Want) Consider again the conclusions of Carol Dweck and colleagues: “Psychological factors—often called motivational or noncognitive factors—can matter even more than cognitive factors for students’ academic performance” (Carol S. Dweck, Gregory M. Walton, and Geoffrey L. Cohen).
If we are truly committed to all students learning at high levels—and if we’re willing to do whatever it takes to make that happen—then we must be willing to nurture both students’ behavioral and academic skills. And we must be committed to modeling and teaching the skills to lead to motivation; we must be committed and prepared to teach motivation. | <urn:uuid:78ceb9b1-c92f-4398-a3be-e45accc9319b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.solutiontree.com/blog/motivation-is-a-symptom-not-a-cause/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.951224 | 1,274 | 3.5 | 4 |
What is a Medial Branch Block?
This diagnostic procedure is performed to identify a painful facet joint. The facet joints are the joints between the vertebrae in the spine. They allow the spine to bend, flex and twist.
In preparation for the procedure, the patient is positioned on his stomach. The provider injects a local anesthetic. This numbs the skin and tissue around the facet joint that is suspected of causing the patient’s pain.
Contrast Dye Injected
Once this tissue is numb, the provider inserts a needle into the skin. The needle is carefully guided down to the facet joint. The provider injects a contrast solution through this needle. The contrast solution helps the provider see the area on a camera called a fluoroscope. The fluoroscope provides live x-ray images. The provider uses the fluoroscope to confirm the location of the needle’s tip.
Once the provider has confirmed that the needle is positioned correctly, the provider attaches a syringe containing an anesthetic medication. This medication is injected around small nerves called the medial branch nerves. These carry signals to and from the facet joints. The anesthetic will temporarily block sensation in these nerves.
End of Procedure
If the temporary injection relieves the patient’s pain, the provider may inject a more long-lasting anesthetic. If the temporary injection does not relieve the pain, the provider may test nearby facet joints to identify the correct one. | <urn:uuid:cdd67793-fb91-4c0e-bcaf-b3f2479b4ee3> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://pisapain.com/pain-treatments/medial-branch-block/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511806.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018105742-20181018131242-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.911077 | 296 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Dr. Souweidane’s pediatric neurosurgery research lab, which is part of the Children's Brain Tumor Project, is focused on the promise of local delivery in treating brain tumors in children. Local delivery overcomes a major limitation in treating pediatric brain tumors, which has been the inability to achieve adequate levels of a therapeutic agent within the tumor. This problem is due to the presence of what’s called the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is the body’s way of protecting the brain from toxins in the blood.
In a healthy child, the BBB forms a protective shield against blood-borne toxins. In a child with a brain tumor, though, it makes treatment difficult: Chemotherapy puts cancer-fighting drugs into the bloodstream, but the blood-brain barrier blocks most of it from getting to the tumor itself. Delivering a higher dose of medicine into the blood stream gets more of it across the BBB, but that dosage is more toxic to the child. Local delivery — getting the drug directly to the tumor without going through the bloodstream — gets high concentrations of a therapeutic agent to the tumor without risking the high toxicity of conventionally delivered chemotherapy.
Dr. Mark Souweidane’s laboratory is investigating a promising local delivery method as a potential form of therapy for children with inoperable brain tumors: Interstitial infusion, also called convection-enhanced delivery (CED). This route of delivery holds particular promise for children with the brainstem glioma called diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), a form of brainstem tumor in children that currently has no effective therapy and universally is fatal.
Dr. Souweidane’s laboratory has gained national recognition in establishing the feasibility of using interstitial infusion for treating children with brain stem gliomas, and in 2012 Dr. Souweidane received FDA approval for a Phase I clinical trial for CED. The trial is focused upon the safety, the distributive properties, and the radiographic correlates of interstitial delivery in the brainstem. (Find out more about the DIPG clinical trial.)
In addition to the mechanical considerations of local delivery, Dr. Souweidane’s laboratory is also investigating the use of a number of different therapeutic compounds. By using a variety of therapeutic agents, laboratory researchers can study the toxicity of direct interstitial. Conventional chemotherapeutic compounds, conjugated immunotoxins, and radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies are all in different phases of preclinical investigation.
Medical students, neurosurgery residents, and postdoctoral fellows have all participated in Dr. Souweidane’s laboratory, and their efforts have been critical to the function of the lab.
Children's Brain Tumor Project
Dr. Souweidane's research is a part of the Children's Brain Tumor Project at the Weill Cornell Pediatric Brain and Spine Center. More about the Children's Brain Tumor Project | <urn:uuid:018c5f46-8f8f-4bbb-af04-f81cde3b406e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://neurosurgery.weill.cornell.edu/research/our-laboratories/pediatric-neuro-oncology-laboratories-childrens-brain-tumor-project/dr-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.913334 | 618 | 2.53125 | 3 |
By reconstructing early modern fashion innovations, such as doublets or knitted stockings, we are able to investigate not only how these complex textile objects might have originally looked and felt like, but also how the garments were structured and shaped, and what the experience was of using, wearing and making these garments. We argue that, combined with visual and documentary evidence, historical reconstruction provides us with a new dynamic way to read the past and evaluate people’s experience of and involvement with the early modern culture of clothing.
We use both historical methods and contemporary digital tools. Our reconstructions are true collaborations between a wide range of people with expertise in many different skills, methods, crafts, and processes. This includes professional craftspeople, scientific testers, conservators, volunteer citizen scientists with expertise in hands-on processes, and trained researchers. | <urn:uuid:9483a0be-405d-4a9c-987e-5377e609305f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://refashioningrenaissance.eu/research/historical-reconstructions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878879.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022024236-20201022054236-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.965318 | 169 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Aerobics for weight loss. Aerobic literally means "living in air", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time.
Aerobic exercise known as cardiovascular exercise it is any sustained, rhythmic activity that involves large muscle groups. Aerobic workouts makes the lungs work harder as the body’s need for oxygen is increased.
Benefits of aerobic exercise?
There are numerous benefits for health and general well being to be gained from regular cardiovascular exercise:
Does aerobic/cardio weight loss exercise aid weight loss?
Weight is lost by creating a calorie deficit, burning more calories than you take in, so undertaking activities that burn large amounts of calories is an excellent accompaniment to a calorie controlled diet to help shift those unwanted pounds.
For example, half an hour of low paced jogging can burn around 300 calories. This can make a substantial contribution towards achieving the necessary calorie deficit to lose weight, or alternatively it can earn you a bar of chocolate that you feel less guilty about eating.
What duration is the best?
30-45 minutes of High Intensity Cardio is essential to see significant effect. Remember the effort should be continuous. If you are just starting out, you may perform for 20 minutes. But at least 30 minutes is required to burn calories efficiently.
How often should I perform Cardio weight loss exercises?
I suggest that you perform cardio at least thrice a week. Its the minimum. If your goal is larger fat loss then as time goes on add a fourth and fifth day as well.
Calories Burnt:500–1000 cal/hr
Bicycling is one the best exercises to lose weight. Depending on how fast you go, this can be a real calorie burner. Riding outside is always enjoyable, but if you’re a little more time restricted, invest in a good quality exercise bike. This is my favorite calorie burner, because it’s so easy to do. How about riding while watching the TV? However, it is not good for pear shaped women as it targets the lower body which is a minus for this particular shape. Bicycling strengthens the calf and thigh muscles and also offers a total body workout. However, beneficial results are noticed only when one increases the amount of time spent on the bicycle and the level of resistance.
Calories Burnt:800 cals/hr
Enough cannot be said about the benefit of swimming when undertaken to lose weight. Swimming is definitely a top exercise to lose weight, especially in the summer. Doing lengths up and down the pool for an hour will burn off 800 calories. Swimming affects and exercises all the parts of the body and the water works as a natural resistance increasing the number of calories burnt. Stay motivated by giving yourself half an hour extra to make use of the Jacuzzi when you’ve finished!
Calories Burnt:800 cal/hr
Step aerobics primarily focuses on the lower body including the hips, gluteus muscles and calves. It is considered as one of the most intense cardio weight loss exercise. It works on the principle of the height of the step and on the speed of exercise.
Calories Burnt: 800 cals/hr
The side to side running involved in this is a great cardio workout, and will also help to tone your thighs and legs. I also find this aerobics for weight loss to be much more sociable, which keeps me working out for longer and stops me skipping my gym sessions!
Calories Burnt: 650-700 cal/hr
Jumping rope can be easily done within the confines of your home if you do not have the time to go to a gym in order to lose weight. Jumping rope is excellent aerobics for weight loss as it targets the entire body. It is estimated that 10 minutes of jumping rope burns more calories than running a mile within eight minutes. Remember that you will have to push yourself. Do not slacken the pace or else all the pervious effort put in, will go to waste.
6-DANCING – MOST FUN EXERCISE TO LOSE WEIGHT
Calories Burnt: 600-800 cal/hr
This targets all over your body, and is an excellent Aerobics for weight loss. In addition to being one of the top exercises to lose weight, it’s also one of the most fun! I frequently put a music channel on and dance around, as well as burning calories I also find that it’s a great stress reliever! Just make sure you stay active, and try and keep going for at least an hour!
Calories Burnt: 600 cals/hr
This is brilliant cardio, and also helps to build strong muscles, as well as toning the stomach. I personally find Elliptical Burner really great, especially if there is a TV attached to the machine or if you bring along your iPod or iPhone, so that you can listen to your favorite tunes. When entertained, you won’t believe how long you can do this exercise for losing weight. The elliptical trainer is for those who want to lose weight from their entire body. The resistance offered by the trainers impacts both the upper and lower body. The elliptical trainer also burns more calories than a treadmill within the same timeframe and it is easier on the joints and feet.
Calories burned per hour: 550 cal/hour
Jogging is touted the best aerobics for weight loss. Many people prefer jogging in the evening and some love to run early in the morning. Jogging targets the entire body and strengthens the calf and thigh muscles. When trying to lose weight with jogging, make sure that you introduce certain resistance stages such as jogging uphill. Also, do your knees a favour and get a pair of jogging shoes. A knee injury is the last thing that you want to happen.
9-BOUNCING ON THE TRAMPOLINE
Calories burned per hour: 400 cal/hour
Who knew something so fun could be such a great aerobics for weight loss? Bouncing on the trampoline will get your heart thumping, and it is a blast! See if you can do any tricks, like my favorite, the booty-bounce!
Calories Burnt: 360 cals/hr
The easiest exercise, brisk walking is a great aerobics for weight loss and will also help to tone legs, stomach and hips. Sprinting, walking across hills or walking uphill will add to the amount of calories burnt, and walking tends to be very easy to fit into daily life. Just walking to the train station has made me so much fitter, and it really wakes me up going for a brisk walk in the morning. | <urn:uuid:d9ef9397-a440-4b16-8f8c-e9f2668d5e98> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.physiotherapy-treatment.com/aerobics-for-weight-loss.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823621.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211125831-20181211151331-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.946302 | 1,417 | 2.609375 | 3 |
From Hubblesite: Hubble’s infrared vision pierced the dusty heart of our Milky Way galaxy to reveal more than half a million stars at its core. Except for a few blue, foreground stars, the stars are part of the Milky Way’s nuclear star cluster, the most massive and densest stellar cluster in our galaxy. Located 27,000 light-years away, this region is so packed with stars, it is equivalent to having a million suns crammed into the volume of space between us and our closest stellar neighbor, Alpha Centauri, 4.3 light-years away. At the very hub of our galaxy, this star cluster surrounds the Milky Way’s central supermassive black hole, which is about 4 million times the mass of our sun.
We are looking towards the center of our own galaxy. The center is around 27,000 light-years away and an incredible number of stars can be seen in this wonderful Hubble image taken in the infrared.
This infrared image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows the centre of the Milky Way, 27 000 light-years away from Earth. Using the infrared capabilities of Hubble, astronomers were able to peer through the dust which normally obscures the view of this interesting region. At the centre of this nuclear star cluster – and also in the centre of this image – the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole is located.
Here’s a “selfie” of the little rover Opportunity and dust streaks on the solar panels. Solar panels which are otherwise remarkably clean. This rover, Opportunity has set the bar to which all future rovers will be compared at least in terms of longevity. Opportunity has been on Mars over 4300 Sols and traveled more than 42 km / 26 miles.
Make me wonder what Oppy’s twin Spirit looks like. Of course Spirit stopped functioning in 2010 after over 2500 Sols and a very successful mission. Perhaps the MRO can capture a picture of it down the road.
Here’s what NASA says about the image: This image from the navigation camera on the mast of NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity shows streaks of dust or sand on the vehicle’s rear solar panel after a series of drives during which the rover was pointed steeply uphill.
The image was taken on March 21, 2016, during the 4,322nd Martian day, or sol, of Opportunity’s work on Mars. The rover’s location was on the north-facing slope of “Knudsen Ridge,” which forms part of the southern edge of “Marathon Valley.” During a forward, uphill drive on March 10 (Sol 4311), Opportunity’s tilt reached 32 degrees, the steepest ever for any rover on Mars. While the rover was so steeply tilted, accumulated dust on its deck was affected by vibrations from wheels slipping against the ground. Tilt in the same direction continued with two downhill drives in reverse between that ascent and when this images was taken.
Update: As of 21:45 UTC the odds of having conditions favorable for launch is 90 percent.
Check back for link for live coverage at 02:00 UTC 23 March 2016.
The window opens tomorrow for another launch. This launch will be the fifth resupply mission to the International Space Station for Orbital’s Cygnus cargo ship. The image shows the Cygnus encapsulated for flight at Launch Complex 41 at the Kennedy Space Center.
The Cygnus will be launched atop a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket at 11:05 p.m. EDT tomorrow – that is 03:05 UTC.
Cygnus will carry almost 7,500 pounds of science and research, crew supplies and vehicle hardware to the orbital laboratory to support dozens of science and research investigations that will occur during Expeditions 47 and 48.
The new experiments will inspire future scientists and explorers, with experiments such as an investigation that looks at the properties and behavior of regolith, or “soil” found on asteroids, comets, the moon, and other airless worlds; an instrument for the first-ever, space-based observations of the chemical composition of meteors entering Earth’s atmosphere; a technology demonstration of an adhesive device that can stick on-command in the harsh environment of space; and, the second generation of a portable onboard 3-D printer, among others.
In the event the launch does not take place as scheduled for whatever reason, the next window is 23 March at 09:45 EDT (01:45 UTC on 24 March).
Scott Kelly turns “the keys” to Tom Kopra. Kopra will assume the role of Station Commander when on the ISS Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko and Sergey Volkov undocks from the space station on March 1. Both Kelly and Kornienko have spent an entire year and Volkov 340 days on the ISS.
Congratulations and welcome home!
Here’s a run down of the activities for later today:
Tuesday, March 1
4:15 p.m. — Farewell and hatch closure coverage; hatch closure scheduled at 4:40 p.m. (21:40 UTC)
7:45 p.m. — Undocking coverage; undocking scheduled at 8:05 p.m. (01:05 UTC 02 March)
10:15 p.m. — Deorbit burn and landing coverage; deorbit burn scheduled at 10:32 p.m., with landing at 11:25 p.m. (10:25 a.m. on March 2, Kazakhstan time) (04:25 UTC)
This image of “Rosetta’s Comet” by Paolo Bacci from San Marcello Pistoiese gives us a nice perspective on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It’s almost hard to believe it is the same comet as we see below from Rosetta’s NAVCAM.
Credits: ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM – CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
Hat tip: Epic Cosmos
Here is a composite image showing the size and location of the Smith Cloud on the sky, note the scale size of the full moon. The cloud appears in false-color in this image as observed by the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia. While the cloud was observed in radio wavelengths, the visible-light image of the background star field shows the cloud’s location in the direction of the constellation Aquila.
Though hundreds of enormous, high-velocity gas clouds whiz around the outskirts of our galaxy, this so-called “Smith Cloud” is unique because its trajectory is well known. New Hubble observations suggest it was launched from the outer regions of the galactic disk, around 70 million years ago. The cloud was discovered in the early 1960s by doctoral astronomy student Gail Smith, who detected the radio waves emitted by its hydrogen.
The cloud is on a return collision course and is expected to plow into the Milky Way’s disk in about 30 million years. When it does, astronomers believe it will ignite a spectacular burst of star formation, perhaps providing enough gas to make 2 million suns. | <urn:uuid:0ec93b40-6387-4586-87f2-d7a7b214f426> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://nineplanets.org/news/category/uncategorized/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948527279.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213143307-20171213163307-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.933741 | 1,493 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A national travel survey referenced in a 2004 report (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004) concerning the community mobility of older people found that 90 percent of trips taken by older people are by automobile, either as passengers or drivers. For the remaining trips, 8 percent were walking and 2 percent were on public transportation. For most individuals, however, driving expectancy is significantly less than life expectancy. On average, men outlive their ability to drive by 6 years; women outlive their driving ability by 10 years ( Foley, Heimovitz, Guralnik, and Brock, 2002). Research suggests that more than 600,000 people 70 and older stop driving each year and become dependent on others to meet their transportation needs. Poor vision, memory impairment, and an inability to perform one or more activities of daily living are common reasons for older people to stop driving. This section examines transportation options for seniors, and discusses the specialized community mobility needs of the individual with dementia. This section is not meant to be exhaustive. Readers who wish to read more about community transportation options are referred to the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) at www.tcrponline.org.
According to a 2001 report from the National Household Travel Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics, and the Federal Highway Administration, 21 percent of seniors 65 and older do not drive. Moreover, people 85 and older are especially likely to be nondrivers (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004).
Currently, 15 Federal programs contain provisions for the mobility needs of disadvantaged seniors (see list in Appendix A). These programs are considered senior accessible if they are designed specifically for seniors, if seniors are included in the eligible population, or if they offer reduced fares for the elderly (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004). These programs are generally overseen by Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs), which can also guide States in assessing seniors’ transportation needs. However, most AAAs only modestly address senior mobility on the statewide level, citing their perception that local agencies make a higher priority of other programs for seniors.
On February 24, 2004, President George W. Bush signed Executive Order 13330 (Bush, 2004). This executive order established the new Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility, which was charged with coordinating 62 separate Federal programs in nine departments that provide funding for human services transportation. The latter is defined in the order as any of the broad range of programs designed to meet the needs of transportation-disadvantaged populations, including the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and those with low incomes. The coordinating council established the United We Ride initiative to implement the executive order. .This initiative is intended to eliminate duplication and ultimately to lower operating costs for transportation providers. People in need of transportation are also expected to benefit from enhanced transportation options and higher quality of services. The United We Ride initiative is also in the process of developing a Transportation Technical Assistance Clearinghouse, which will offer resources for transportation providers to improve their accessibility and staff training.
According to the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) (2004), the needs of older people who depend on public transportation are not being met, but there is little information about the extent of these unmet needs. Though 75 percent of nondrivers 75 and older reported satisfaction with their community mobility resources, it is believed that these seniors obtain transportation largely from family members and friends. Seniors without access to family members or those living in nonurban areas are likely to have unmet needs that are greater than those of older people who live near family members. A 2001 AARP report referenced by the GAO (2004) found that senior nondrivers accepted rides from other people more than any other transportation option.
Community Mobility for the Nondriving Older Person with Disabilities
Two Federal departments are primarily responsible for addressing mobility needs among older individuals with disabilities: the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The DOT offers targeted funding to State and local jurisdictions to develop and run transportation programs via Formula Grants for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities, Formula Grants for Other Than Urbanized Areas, Urbanized Area Formula Grants, and Capital Investment Grants. The DOT also oversees the enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) as it relates to transportation., Under the civil rights legislation, public transportation must accommodate people with disabilities. Where fixed-route bus service exists, for example, public transportation operators must also provide paratransit services. However, this applies only to areas already served by fixed-route transit and does not affect areas that have no or limited public transportation. Initiatives like United We Ride are attempting to address these shortcomings.
Medicaid provides health care benefits that include transportation to medical appointments. Approximately $1.8 billion are spent annually to provide about 110 million trips, costing about $16 per trip, according to the AARP study previously mentioned (GAO, 2004). Because Federal law permits them to do so, the States have adopted many different approaches to Medicaid access requirements. These range from comprehensive programs to those that rely on local private services. In addition, due to the new program of Medicaid waivers intended to encourage home and community-based services, two thirds of the States have implemented programs that provide for essential trips (such as for grocery shopping) to be paid for with Medicaid dollars.
It should be noted that Medicare does not provide transportation help for individuals with disabilities except for emergency transportation in an ambulance. This restriction is a source of controversy among transportation advocates, who argue that many emergency trips to the hospital could be avoided through increased access to preventive care at the doctor’s office. Similarly, emergency trips may be used inappropriately for nonemergency episodes.
The Department of Transportation has published rules regarding the scope of public transportation services in an effort to make them more accessible to people with disabilities. Nevertheless, some still cannot use these facilities or the ADA paratransit system currently in place. Because it is limited to “curb-to-curb” service, ADA paratransit rules do not necessarily specify provision of support to would-be users who have cognitive impairments. These rules do not require the availability of a responsible person to assist the disabled individual at their destination. More comprehensive services are commonly referred to as “door-through-door” services and are not generally offered directly by Federal programs. The U.S. Administration on Aging is currently conducting a study of the benefits and costs of door-through-door services.
Federal transportation programs are designed to target seniors most at risk of having unmet transportation needs related to deficiencies in six major areas: ability to drive; availability of an informal network of family or friends who drive; access to transportation provided by nonprofit community institutions; access to public transportation; adequate income; and good health. Seniors who are transportation disadvantaged are likely to have particular difficulty with transportation to multiple destinations, life-enhancing trips (e.g., visits to spouses in nursing homes or cultural events), and trips to nonurban areas (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004).
The growth of the 85-and-older population is projected to occur largely outside of centralized areas that have public transportation already in place (Koffman, Raphael, and Weiner, 2004). The majority of the growth is expected to occur in rural areas and in recently established suburbs that have yet to set up reliable and easy-to-use public transportation. Some organizations have also begun to consider the mobility and service needs of residents of “frontier communities,” so-called because they are completely removed from such direct services as respite care and adult day care. They are classified as being at least 60 miles and/or 60 minutes from the nearest market center and, thus, many critical health and social services. The Alzheimer’s Association is one organization attempting to identify and provide services for remote populations with the convening of the first “Frontier Conference” in 2005. | <urn:uuid:35474b03-6da2-49ce-bfab-3b8c2944b73f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/olddrive/CommMobilityDementia/pages/CommunityMobility.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261958.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00381-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958339 | 1,639 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Experience the Victorian country house where the world was changed. Explore the home of Charles Darwin and his family at your own pace, using Down House's innovative, handheld guides.
A handheld multimedia tour, narrated by Sir David Attenborough and Andrew Marr, guides you round Darwin's family rooms and the garden. It includes commentaries by experts, animations, an film footage and games for all the family.
A delightful place in itself to visit, Down House is also a site outstanding international significance. Here the famous naturalist Charles Darwin lived with his family for 40 years; worked on his revolutionary theories; and wrote 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection'–The book which shook the Victorian world as influence thinking ever since.
You'll find Darwin's work and personality vividly reflected throughout the house and gardens. Ground floor rooms have been recreated as they appeared when they lived here with his indefatigably supportive wife Emma and their many children.They include the 'Old Study' where Darwin wrote his most famous books, still displaying his chair, writing board and many personal items. You can also visit the family Drawing Room–with Emma's grand piano– Billiard Room and Dining Room.
Discover an award-winning exhibition on the house's first floor covering Darwin's life, his scientific work, and the controversy that it provoked. Beginning with an introduction to Darwin and the impact of his theories, the displays continue with his famous five-year voyage aboard the 'Beagle' in 1831-36, including full scale re-creation of this on-board cabin. Further displays highlight 'On the Origin of Species', a book which immediately sold out its first edition.
The Darwin's children schoolroom celebrates family life at Down House. There is also an education room available for family learning, and resources room for those interested in delving deeper.
By no means that stereotypically stern Victorian father, Darwin involves children in his practical experiments in the extensive gardens of Down House–his 'outdoor laboratory' and place where he made many of his discoveries. You can follow these via a multimedia guide, beginning with Darwin's 'weed garden' illustrating the struggle for existence and nature.
The sundial amid pretty flowerbeds highlights Emma Darwin's role as a gardener; a surviving mulberry tree recall family traditions; and a lawn experiment investigates proliferation of plant species. Visit the nearby hothouse to see some of Darwin's most fascinating experiments involving carnivorous plants and exotic orchids. In the summer there is a working observation beehive in the laboratory.
After a tour of the extensive kitchen gardens, you reach what is for many a place of pilgrimage; the wooded Sand Walk, Darwin's famous 'thinking path', which he paced for five laps a day while working out his theories. | <urn:uuid:de9d2012-8fd4-4e5b-964d-f59db49ba34e> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.museumslondon.org/museum/150/down-house | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.964527 | 571 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Is there a connection between drinking alcohol and chronic kidney disease? This is an important question. For example, 37 million people in the U.S. have chronic kidney disease. Also, many millions more are at risk. And most people in the country drink alcohol.
These are risk factors for developing the disease.
- Abnormal kidney
- Being African-American, Native American or Asian-American
- Family history of kidney disease
- Heart and blood vessel disease
- High blood pressure
- Older age
Symptoms of kidney disease may include:
- Changes in urine volume
- Chest pain
- Decreased mental sharpness
- Difficulty controlling high blood pressure
- Fatigue and weakness
- Itching that continues
- Loss of appetite
- Muscle twitches or cramps
- Shortness of breath
- Sleep problems
- Swelling of feet and ankles
Researchers studied any connection between alcohol and chronic kidney disease. To do so, they analyzed 15 cohort studies. In total, they included 268,723 participants. During the studies, 31,766 people developed chronic kidney disease.
Researchers grouped people by alcohol consumption. Those who drank less than about one drink daily were low drinkers. People who drank one to two drinks daily were moderate drinkers. Those who drank over two drinks daily were high consumers.
The researchers compared these groups to non‐ or occasional drinkers. Low drinkers had a 12% lower risk of developing chronic kidney disease. For moderate drinkers the risk was 24% lower. And for high consumers it was 21% lower.
IV. Resources: Alcohol and Chronic Kidney Disease
Li, D., et al. Alcohol drinking and the risk of chronic kidney damage. Alco Clin Exp Re, 2019, 43: 1360-1372.
NIH. Chronic Kidney Disease (CDK) and Diet. Bethesda, MD: NIH, 2015.
____. Chronic Kidney Disease: a Family Affair. Bethesda, MD: NIH, 2004.
____. Chronic Kidney Disease: What Does It Mean for Me? Bethesda, MD: NIH. 2010.
Metcalfe, W. How does early CKD progress? Neph Dial Trans, 2007, 22 (suppl 9): ix26-ix30.
Orlando, L., et al. The CKD model. BMC Med Info Decis Mak, 2011, 11:41
Quigley, R. Chronic kidney disease. Int J Ped., 2012, 2012, Art ID 943904.
Sato, K. Drinking pattern and risk of chronic kidney disease. Am J Neph, 2014, 40(6), 516-522. | <urn:uuid:933d7a12-32ba-4e6b-b51a-0b8c33f95353> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/alcohol-and-chronic-kidney-disease-review-of-the-the-evidence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881640.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024022853-20201024052853-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.907393 | 545 | 2.53125 | 3 |
For many years our VDG's have been built and serviced by the "physics teacher I wish I'd had" Fred Graff.
Please check out his website at www.physicsplayground.
He constructs wonderful products and parts, and keeps our roadshow on the road!
Jack SparX now has three sizes of VDGs from table top to seven foot tall with a 30" ball available for events.
Van de Graaff Generator
A conveyer belt for electrons!
It carries electrons to the sphere where they accumulate and become very high voltage.
Makes hair stand on end. Why?
Because charged particles build up on the outside surfaces of the person touching it, and the particles are all repelling each other.
Originally called the “atom smasher” (1929)
It was invented as a particle accelerator. How do you think it compares to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN?
Very high voltage (50,000 to 1,000,000 volts) and low current
which discharges in microseconds. It's SHOCKING, but won't kill you.
Called static electricity
Like when clothes stick together or you shock yourself from the carpet or car seat. This is caused by a property called triboelectric effect – see Wikipedia. Remember though, all Electricity is the same, just different voltages and currents.
Impacted by humidity
More humidity, bigger load, less voltage so less static electricity.
Less humidity, drier air, higher voltage so static electricity.
Don't you get shocked more indoors during the winter when the air's drier?
How it's constructed:
This Van de Graaff generator is made of:
A 1/3 horsepower motor with drive belt and pulley
Two rollers both made of nylon, one cover with felt.
A belt made from latex.
Two brush assemblies made from pieces of bronze screen.
An output terminal – the large shiny metal globe.
A discharge point – this could be YOU! | <urn:uuid:5f1379cc-f77e-40db-ba3b-7a7fe1657bec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jacksparx.com/vdg-generators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.925407 | 449 | 2.75 | 3 |
Friday, June 11, 1999 Published at 13:32 GMT 14:32 UK
Parents reassured on vaccine
MMR vaccination can prevent disabling and even fatal diseases
Medical researchers have given parents the strongest reassurance yet that the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine will not cause their children to develop autism.
And they emphasised that there is no link between bowel disease and the jab.
Two new studies published in "The Lancet" on Friday show there is no link between the introduction of the vaccine and the sharp rise in autism diagnosed in children.
Doctors and government health experts are now hoping the new findings will convince parents who have shunned the jabs that they are safe.
'Mothers must trust MMR'
Professor Brent Taylor, of the Royal Free Medical School in north London, which carried out the research, said it was important mothers began to trust MMR again.
"I do hope our results will be able to reassure parents and other concerned people about the possibility that the MMR may cause autism."
Earlier studies looking for any traces of the measles virus in the guts of Crohn's sufferers yielded nothing, suggesting the virus was definitely not responsible for the disease.
No difference in autism rates
But the new research, conducted into almost 500 children with autism in the North Thames health region, showed no difference in the prevalence of autism between those who had been immunised and those who had not.
In fact, the rise in the number of children diagnosed with autism pre-dated the introduction of the MMR vaccination in 1988.
Neither was there any statistical link between the age at which autism developed and the time of vaccination, suggesting that giving the jab did not act to hasten the development of the condition.
Worrying drop in vaccination
But new figures show the proportion of children receiving the vaccine at 16 months has fallen from 85% to 75%.
The last one was responsible for the deaths of 17 children in the UK.
She said: "If the current level of coverage continues, in three or four years time there is a risk of a serious resurgence."
Plea for missed children
She urged parents who had missed the nominal 16-month time limit to take their children to the GP anyway.
She said: "The child can be vaccinated at any time before the age of two or three."
An explanatory leaflet has been produced and will be distributed to concerned parents by GPs.
Deputy Chief Medical Officer Professor Jeremy Metters said it was impossible to completely disprove a link between MMR and autism, and conceded that medical research had no explanation for the meteoric rise in autism cases over the course of the late 80s and 90s.
Professor Arie Zuckerman, the Dean of the Royal Free Medical School, conceded that the findings of the original report had been overstated to the press, sparking the original scare.
He said: "The fact that some of the authors went beyond the original paper was a matter of concern to the Royal Free."
But some mothers are still convinced of the link between autism and MMR.
One, interviewed by the BBC, said of her own child: "He was a normal happy boy until 13 months old, when he had the MMR injection.
"After that he went downhill very rapidly." | <urn:uuid:1ce3eee0-7c46-484b-9982-e3b62a888423> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/365830.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010631.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00183-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971774 | 670 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Over the next week we will be providing you information on how muscle is built, exercise tips, and what areas to target for your age.
Let’s start with How Muscles Are Developed.
There is a common misconception that goes along with muscle building. People are generally under the belief that muscles are developing while we are working out, lifting weights or “pumping iron”, but that facts are the actual muscle building happens after the workout is over.
While we are lifting weights and getting the body to do exercises that we are not used we are actually causing small tears in the tissue. This is not a bad thing when done properly. This where the body starts to repair at the cellular level. When we are done strength training our bodies begin to repair these tears making the damaged fibers become stronger. Stronger fiber means better toned muscles. | <urn:uuid:841b6298-5595-4ad1-888c-f66f1d7fe9d9> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.naturalwellbeing.com/blog/woman-and-strength-training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767878.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00068-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954608 | 176 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When most people think of registered nurses, they are most likely picturing the work of a medical surgical nurse. Before any of the other RN jobs were developed, all registered nurses were medical or surgical nurses. They worked in hospital wards helping patients through illnesses and assisting physicians with surgery and other tasks.
Today, the medical surgical nurse is still the most common kind of nurse. It is a highly respected profession and is no longer thought of as a means for becoming a specialized nurse. It is not only the most common profession for nurses, but it is in fact the largest group of any type of practicing professional.
Medical surgical nurses may work in a wide variety of settings, including inpatient care units, ambulatory care units, HMOs, home health care, urgent care centers, surgical centers, long-term care centers, clinics, military posts, nursing homes, schools, and universities. They have many tasks throughout the day. They may care for as many as seven patients at any time. They assess the medical status of the patient, administer medication and other treatments, take blood samples, offer any type of care the patient might need, and keep accurate records and documents. They may care for patients of any age, from children to the elderly. Medical surgical nurses may help patients who are suffering from long-term illnesses, or they may assist patients before and after surgery.
In order to be a medical surgical nurse, a person must possess a wide range of skills. Medical surgical nurses must be organized, quick to analyze data and make decisions, able to work with technology and complex medical equipment, and able to prioritize. They must be compassionate and physically resilient. They must keep themselves updated on the most current aspects of health care so that they can educate patients and their families on the best way to handle their particular medical issue.
Any registered nurse can become a medical surgical nurse. Medical surgical nurses make an average of $50,000 per year. A career as a medical surgical nurse can be incredibly satisfying. Nurses feel rewarded to see a patient recover to wellness due to their efforts. | <urn:uuid:9a4b2546-6408-488f-a606-2690fa3f4994> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.nclexinfo.com/medical-surgical-nurse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591481.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720022026-20180720042026-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.97817 | 421 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Allowing yourself a few minutes of downtime significantly boosts mental and physical relaxation. Research by psychologists at the University of Konstanz observed higher levels of psychological and physiological relaxation in people after only ten minutes of receiving a massage. Even ten minutes of simple rest increased relaxation, albeit to a lesser degree than massage. The findings, reported on 8 September 2020 in the journal Scientific Reports, provide the first indication that short-term treatments can robustly reduce stress on a psychological and physiological level by boosting the body’s principal engine for relaxation — the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
Stress is known to have negative consequences for health and disease. However, our bodies have an inbuilt regenerative system, the PNS, to ward off stress during times of threat. Launching a relaxation response is thus key to protecting our health and restoring balance in our body. Massage has been used to improve relaxation, yet no systematic approach exists to robustly confirm its effect on the PNS and whether or not this could be used as rehabilitation for patients suffering from stress-related disease.
Read more here. | <urn:uuid:c23678f1-5645-470f-8d30-9459a2361c59> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://afewthings.ca/2020/09/ten-minutes-of-massage-or-rest-will-help-your-body-fight-stress-sciencedaily-2020-09-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902683.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029010437-20201029040437-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.94273 | 224 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Stitched Text Effect
Here, is a quick and simple trick to make a stitched text effect using strokes in the Appearance Palette.
Type your text and go to the appearance palette. Set the Fill to white and Stoke to green. Drag the Stroke properties below the Fill. Open the Stroke Palette and set weight to 2pt and remember to tick Dashed Line to make the dotted effect. Next, set the dash to 2.
Add another thick stroke around the dotted lines. Click the options in the Appearance window (the triangle at top right corner). Choose Add Stroke. Drag it under the dashed stroke you have created just now. Set the Stroke to 8 and change it to grey colour. And get the stitched text effect. Have fun! | <urn:uuid:ec1cf9da-9bcf-4601-bbb8-6b2aedb6cde1> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.maaillustrations.com/blog/illustrator-tutorials/how-to-create-stitched-text-effect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917127681.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031207-00604-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880769 | 157 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Dupuytren's disease (also referred to as Dupuytren's contracture) is a common condition that usually arises in middle age. Firm nodules appear in the ligaments just beneath the skin of the palm and in some cases they extend to form cords that can prevent the finger straightening completely.
It is unknown, it is more common in Northern Europe than elsewhere and it often runs in families. Dupuytren's disease may be associated with diabetes, smoking and high alcohol consumption, but many affected people have none of these. It does not appear to be associated with manual work. It occasionally appears after injury to the hand or wrist, or after surgery to these areas.
Dupuytren's disease begins with nodules in the palm, often in line with the ring finger. The nodules initially can be uncomfortable on pressure, but the discomfort almost always improves over time. In about one affected person out of every three, the nodules extend to form cords that pull the finger towards the palm and prevent it straightening fully. Without treatment, one or more fingers may become fixed in a bent position. The web between thumb and index finger is sometimes narrowed. Contracture of fingers is usually slow, occurring over months and years
There is no cure and surgery can usually make bent fingers straighter, but cannot eradicate the disease. Over the longer term, Dupuytren's disease may reappear in operated digits or in previously uninvolved areas of the hand. But most patients, who require surgery, need only one operation.
It is not always needed, depending on a number of factors, including degree of contracture, speed of progression, your expectations/ needs and your general health, just to mention the most important factors. I will be more specific after I have examined you. Normally, you would need to see me when it has become impossible to put the hand flat on a table. If you have reached this stage, you will need to seek advice at the earliest opportunity. I can advise on the type of operation best suited to you and on its timing. The procedure maybe carried out under local, regional (injection of local anaesthetic at the shoulder) or general anaesthetic.
Fasciotomy. The contracted cord is simply cut in the palm, in the finger or in both, using a small knife or a needle.
Limited fasciectomy. Short segments of the cord are removed through one or more small incisions.
Regional fasciectomy. Through a single longer incision, the entire cord is removed.
Dermofasciectomy. The cord is removed together with the overlying skin and the skin is replaced with a graft taken usually from the upper arm. This procedure is usually undertaken for recurrent disease, or for extensive disease in a younger individual and helps prevent recurrence.
For the first week, your hand will be in a bulky bandage, resting in a sling. You will have to take regular oral analgesia and limit your activities to a minimum.
At the end of the first week, the dressing will be replaced with a simple one which will be kept for another week.
At 2 weeks following surgery, stitches will be removed and you will start hand therapy.
It normally takes approximately 3 months to go back to full activity.
It is not allowed during the first week postop, since the bulky bandage would be a problem and your insurance will be temporarily invalid. We will discuss this in detail during our preoperative briefing and consenting in the clinic.
I may need to prescribe a splint, to be worn at night for 6 months.
Hand therapy is a very important element in the overall management and we will have to make an early referral to your local NHS service. Private/ insured patients have additional options.
Depending on whether you are a NHS patient or private/ insured, hand therapy will be organised either by your GP or myself.
The degree of improvement achieved is variable but usually satisfactory. The final outcome is dependent on many factors, including the extent and behaviour of the disease itself and the type of surgery required. I will tell you more during our meeting in my clinic. | <urn:uuid:50a204d5-6933-4775-b661-597dd138c217> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.londonhandspecialist.com/services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727627.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203094119-20201203124119-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.95392 | 851 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Ever wonder what’s happening inside the computer while it starts up? Ever thought on what the computer is doing while the black and blue screen appears? Ever wonder why it takes so long for the computer to start?
After hitting the power button, many complicated stuff happens, this is what we call the system boot process. A user can actually see behind the scenes of the process by pressing ESC button while the computer boots up. However, it will show many complicated things that a novice computer user would not even understand.
The boot process actually consists of two forms. The cold boot, which starts from zero power supply to powering up the computer system; then the hard boot happens in which the operating system is triggered to function. A successful boot depends on what happens during the hard boot.
During the boot process the system goes through thorough events such as loading the necessary files to the computer system and performing system checks. The system boot process involves the following stages.
POST (Power-On Self Test) Stage
The first stage of the boot process is the Power-on Self Test. This is where the initial test starts. The power supply first executes a self-test to produce a signal sent to the processor that it is now clear and ready for the next process. This process is done to make sure that the volume and current levels of the system are correct. In this process, the memory is tested, as well as the other subsystems in the computer. The hardware is initially tested and checks for the occurrence of any peripheral devices. After the first stage is completed, the BIOS well then be triggered to execute series of operations by the microprocessor. If the POST stage is unsuccessful, the next stage will not be started. This means that hardware problems ware detected, and the error is noticed through series of beeps or an error message is written. This stage usually takes about 2-3 seconds of the boot process.
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) ROM Stage
The second stage of the boot process happens after POST is carried out. The BIOS or the Basic Input/Output System, located on a ROM (Read Only Memory) chip in the motherboard, is a firmware that consists of sets of instructions. During this stage, the system verifies the sequence of devices to load depending on the settings stored in the BIOS. The BIOS is now then programmed to do the boot routine where in the first sector of the first hard drive, the master boot record or MBR, is read and copied in the sector RAM. The BIOS then now enables and controls the communication between the hardware and the operating system. The BIOS screen is usually the first thing that the user would see after pressing the power button in the CPU and will only be seen during startup. The BIOS screen is a black screen with commands saying “hit DEL if you want to run setup”. The stage usually happens about 5-8 seconds of the startup process.
BOOT Loader Stage
In this stage, after the BIOS process is through, the control is now then given to the partition loader code or the BOOT Sector. The BOOT Sector is the first sector of the partition code which has the access to the partition table. The partition table contains the primary partition, extended partition and the active partition which is very important in determining and locating the file system and the operating system loader file. The operating system loader file or the NTLDR is the boot loader for the windows. NTLDR allows the addressing of memory, file system initiation, reading of the boot.ini, and boot menu loading. The boot.ini, located at the root directory, verifies the entries and location of the operating system. After the process, the NTLDR will now provide and pass all Windows registry and Boot.ini file information into the Ntoskrnl.exe. The loading stage takes up to 5-8 seconds.
OS (Operating System) Configuration Stage
The fourth stage actually consist of the operating system configuration. The NTLDR will attempt to execute NTDETECT.com, BOOT.ini, and the BOOTSECT.dos to load the proper operating system installed in the computer. NTOSKRNL.exe, loaded by the NTLDR, starts to pack up the OS system information, registry information, and the entire hardware abstraction layer. The NTLDR then now reads and run the registry, selects the proper hardware profile and now authorize the device drivers in the system. The configuration stage takes about 3-5 seconds to finish.
Security and Logon Stage
In the last stage of the boot process, NTOSKRNL.exe takes over the process and starts to execute the Winlogon.exe. The Winlog.exe activates the Local Security Administration or the LSASS.exe, which is the logon dialog interface, and prompts the user to select a user profile. The user is now then verified with necessary credentials or might ask for password before the Windows desktop is opened. The last stage actually takes about 3-5 seconds of the process.
The boot process is very complex. But this process is the most important since this is where execution and initiation happens. Boot process usually takes about less than a minute to finish. However, as the computer system gets old and applications and programs are installed, the boot time becomes longer. This is the most common problem in the computer world. On the other hand, computer companies today offers help to address the problem. MyTurboPC, a software intended to fix computer problems, is created not just to help boot time becomes faster but also to enhance the performance of the computer system. | <urn:uuid:b003afdf-0ce2-434a-b8cb-85a76f3f92dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://myturbopc.com/windows-tips-tricks/speed-up-windows-startup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813818.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221222354-20180222002354-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.935336 | 1,145 | 3.71875 | 4 |
What is the molar mass of a gas if a 0.950 gram sample of it occupies 232 mL at 95 °C and 0.985 atm?
The molar mass of the gas is
First calculate the moles of the gas using the gas law,
Rearrange the equation to isolate
(I'm keeping a couple of guard digits to reduce rounding errors. I'll round to three significant figures at the end.)
Molar Mass of Gas | <urn:uuid:78821a2f-86a0-4b5f-887b-3f3a398a0f65> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-molar-mass-of-a-gas-if-a-0-950-gram-sample-of-it-occupies-232-ml-at- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999709.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624191239-20190624213239-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.820552 | 95 | 2.71875 | 3 |
24 apr 2014 the advantages of continuous flow processing in mining and material usable materials extracted before being used to manufacture products.
gold mining and processing in south africa.pyrite on top.south africa,with a production of about 60 of the gold mined of holes at various angles into the #39;face #39; of the tunnel.these holes.the following flow diagram can be used as a nbsp;
gold had a significant historical role in australia,which had its first gold rush in 1851 most of australia #39;s gold production comes from open cut mines.the processing required to recover fine gold from crushed ore is determined by in jewellery,gold is often mixed with other metals to produce alloys of different colours.
this process can be represented by the following flowchart diagram it shows the mine at baiyun ebo china,which is the site of almost half the world #39;s rare earth element production..south africa is a world leader in the gold mining industry..you might remember some of the different methods of physical separation nbsp;
this ks3 education resource looks at copper mining,extraction and escondida in chile is the biggest copper producer in the world,accounting for 5 of global production.this diagram shows the international trade flow in copper concentrate.we can illustrate the types of process using the example of chalcopyrite nbsp;
process system gold bearing ore different product values and partly different process systems materials handling includes the technologies for moving the process flow dry.or ballast material for concrete and asphalt production..a correct sizing of any crusher is not easy and the charts below can only be used for.
its principal applications are in the production of chlorine and caustic soda,and as as part of the gold refining process to avoid environmental contamination..released by mercury mining and refining,various manufacturing operations,the nbsp;
gold mining is the resource extraction of gold by mining.as of 2016,the world #39;s largest gold it is estimated that the total gold production in karnataka to date is 1000 tons.the mining of the box is placed in the stream to channel water flow.
minerals processing plant and in recent years annual copper production has tonnes of uranium oxide,80,000 ounces of gold and 800,000 ounces of silver.
a block flow diagram of a typical cip plant for carbon.cyanide air oxygen.lime flocculant.run of mine ore.process works.project feasible.manufacture.➤ ph various parameters that influence the adsorption of gold onto carbon to be nbsp;
the metal working industries process metals in order to manufacture origin of the ore and its residual metals content,various metals such as gold.metal rods are inserted into the anodic mass as conductors for a direct current electric flow..through perforations in the trommel and drops onto shaking les for further nbsp;
always required to optimize a recovery flowsheet.the refractory ore treatment process is then followed by a conventional of the world #39;s gold production.the number of types of gravity concentration devised that have been used sluice boxes; rocker boxes; jigs; spirals; shaking les; centrifugal concentrators nbsp;
6 jan 2016 thus,a small scale gold mining franchise offers an appealing opportunity to manage,as well as diversify.a simplified process flow chart.
the main stages in mining are exploration,extraction,refining,manufacturing and marketing.for example,diamonds were found in kimberley and gold ore was found in.a number of different techniques can be used to mine gold and other the following flow diagram illustrates some of the most important steps in the nbsp;
figure 1.1 a general flowchart of processing ore to gold by utilising the gold recoveries by the cga process found for different oil types,analysis by either icp.metallic gold production electrowinning or zinc cementation ofgold from the.
31 dec 2012 the tarkwa gold mine is located in south western ghana near the southern end of various alternative processing options are currently being investigated,including an expansion of the.long term constraints on production due to climate.licence status and.cil plant flow diagram.crusher pocket.
26 results - 21 may 2013 we #39;ve analyzed the top 50 gold mines to find the cost per ounce of gold by continent.the top 50 gold mines alone contain more than 33.5 of nbsp;
gold production methods..the source water for daily need is different,but mainly they use shallow wells for drinking and cooking water.the rivers in this.shows a flow chart of gold processing applied in talawaan mining area.figure 1 nbsp;
from coal mines to gold mines mining diagram for a full portfolio of products and solutions for each process step in the value simplified inventory fewer different production in 2011.iron ore.1.92 billion tons produced globally in 2011.flow.identification.weighing.process protection.the world of mining.10 nbsp;
1 aug 2016 the innovative ore extraction techniques and how these are the rate of decline in gold production,but not enough to completely order to mine the different reef packages optimally,the location of kell process flow chart.
the processing plant alternates between treating ore from the martha mine open lime to the ore,and cyanide solution to the slurry,to leach the gold and silver into direction to the slurry flow,moving from the last adsorption tank to the first.
fourths of the 1994 silver mine production was in nevada,idaho,arizona,and.two common types of pads used in gold heap leaching include permanent heap.the tailings area for dewatering.18 a process flow diagram of carbon in pulp nbsp;
15 dec 2011 automation and machine vision technology can be found in different inefficiencies in their production plant.different processing for sorting and the sand with gold goes through the figure 8 flow chart of the process 2 nbsp;
to define the ore from the waste rock,samples are taken and assayed.this process removes 93 of the gold and 70 of the silver.bullion production
copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore when it is economically feasible,a mine may extract both types of copper.are collected and may be refined to recover other metals such as silver and gold.
mining gold from year to year is always an increase,in which the processing system explanation of the gold processing in a simple diagram above process will then be obtained concentrate processing ores containing various metals. | <urn:uuid:e153911c-dddb-4b07-b6a4-fffe55bad0c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.thedevondeli.co.uk/5627/various_flow_chart_of_production_process_gold_mining.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864364.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622065204-20180622085204-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.902651 | 1,386 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The UK has the largest generational gap of any European country in its attitude towards immigration, according to data from the latest edition of the British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA). The survey confirmed the trend which other sources have identified that one of the defining features of contemporary British society is the large and growing divide between the social views of younger, better-educated people and older, less well-educated ones, and that this difference in attitudes is most marked over the issue of immigration.
Attitudes towards immigration
The BSA is one of the best available data sources in the UK for understanding changes in public opinion over time. Since the first wave was undertaken in 1983, the BSA has provided an annual barometer of how public attitudes towards a wide variety of important political, economic and moral issues have shifted over time. The latest wave, the 34th edition, was based on questioning a nationally representative sample of 2,934 British adults, who underwent face-to-face interviews between July and October 2016 (which means, significantly, that these data were gathered after the Brexit referendum, but before any of the tragic terrorist attacks which have occurred in 2017, or the snap general election was announced).
Since 1992, the BSA has been asking people about their attitudes towards the EU. Unsurprisingly, the latest edition found the largest ever share of respondents who said they wanted Britain to leave the EU at just over 40%; as strange as this may seem now, it was under 20% for the whole of the period between 1992 and 2008. The BSA also asked people about the most important issues that determined how they voted in the referendum. In a sense, what they found was unsurprising: immigration appears to have been the most significant issue, which also helps to explain why age was so important in separating Leavers and Remainers; as the BSA’s report puts it: “the result [of the referendum] reflected the concerns of older, more ‘authoritarian’ or social conservative voters who were particularly worried about immigration. Any suggestion that immigration was not at the heart of this vote runs counter to what we have found.”
What is particularly significant is the extent of the intergenerational divide which the BSA uncovered in attitudes towards immigration. This cut across not only age, but also education as well. The BSA found that 62% of those with a degree, and 48% of those aged 18–29 now believe immigration has “a positive impact on the economy”, compared with just 29% of those with GCSEs as their highest level of qualification or no qualifications and only 29% of those aged over 70.
Most importantly, the BSA also undertook an analysis of Europe-wide data on attitudes towards immigration which showed that this social and age divide is larger than in any other European country. Comparing the percentage of UK social survey respondents who are under 45 and have a university education who say they think immigration has a positive economic impact with the share of over-65s with GCSEs or below as their highest qualification who say the same thing reveals a gap of 46 percentage points. Interestingly, the second-largest gap in attitudes between these two groups is found in Sweden (43%), followed by Slovenia (42%), France (41%) and Denmark (36%). The smallest intergenerational gap is found in Hungary, where it is only 4% (although this may be because of high hostility towards immigration among all age groups).
A growing gap?
The reason why this finding is important is because it builds on previous research, such as YouGov’s analysis of voting patterns at the 2017 general election, which show that age and education have become the two most important determinants of peoples’ attitudes and how they will vote in UK politics. Policy-makers and commentators increasingly need to be aware of this massive divide if they want to understand many of the key debates shaping British society. | <urn:uuid:404d81fa-cb7e-4eb5-85f1-60caf2b399a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.if.org.uk/2017/07/05/bsa-uk-europes-largest-generational-divide-immigration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511175.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017132258-20181017153758-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.97904 | 796 | 2.6875 | 3 |
“Why do you wish to become a nurse?” The Matron of the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, asked her new student Jean Stone in 1943. “What a strange question,” Jean thought. Later she would write that she realised the Matron had wanted her to refer to attributes like “understanding, compassion, kindness and common sense” as her reasons for wanting to join the profession. Compassion is one of a family of emotions that have, in modern times, become associated both with women and with those in caring professions.
Lists of the emotional and character traits expected of nurses can be found in textbooks dating back to the nineteenth century. In 1884, Eva Lückes, Matron of the London Hospital, listed the personal qualifications of the nurse in an introductory lecture. These included truthfulness, obedience, punctuality, loyalty, calmness, cheerfulness, forethought and “a kindly, pleasant manner to your patients”.
Listen to a short podcast about compassion
The required qualities have not stayed the same over the years, and nor has the way they’re framed and understood. Lückes did not mention “compassion” in 1884, and it is unlikely that Jean Stone would have chosen that word to describe nursing in 1943, either, as opposed to when she came to write her autobiography in 2004. So why do we associate compassion with nursing and care today?
The word “compassion” comes from the Latin, literally meaning “to suffer together”. The Greek-derived “sympathy” means the same thing. The two words have at times been synonymous – though not always. The changing emphasis laid on compassion, sympathy and the modern word empathy (introduced to English in 1908 by psychologist Edward Titchener) is an interesting one. Among emotion researchers today, compassion is usually seen as a combination of emotion and action. It is a feeling of shared suffering, and a desire to relieve that suffering. The modern concept of sympathy, however, tends to be more closely aligned with pity.
Historically, the different terms have waxed and waned in popularity. From the late Middle Ages to the seventeenth century, compassion was the favoured term for expressing an idea of fellow feeling. As the political philosopher Thomas Hobbes put it in his famous work Leviathan (1651), compassion, like pity, emerged from grief and imagination.
“Griefe, for the Calamity of another, is PITTY; and ariseth from the imagination that the like calamity may befall himselfe; and therefore is called also COMPASSION, and in the phrase of this present time a FELLOW-FEELING.”
From 1750, however, the word sympathy rapidly increased in use, eclipsing compassion in the 1830s and rising to a peak in the 1890s. Sympathy, unlike compassion, related to the pleasures as well as the pains of another. Explanations of it were increasingly related to changes in the body and mind of the person experiencing it in the work of Alexander Bain and, later, Charles Darwin.
Both sympathy and compassion could be cast in heavily gendered terms. “Sympathy and service is the province of woman,” wrote Joseph Johnson, a prolific author of late Victorian self-help books, “She turns as naturally to sorrow and suffering as the sun-flower to the sun; if she cannot aid by her hand she gives the sympathy of her heart.” A few years earlier, the artist George Frederic Watts had painted sympathy in female form. This womanly sympathy was a rather passive affair. Women sacrificed for the good of their family because they were unable to assist more actively – “aid by the hand” as Johnson put it. Men, in contrast, actively pursued humanitarian ideals for the good of civic life.
Towards the end of the nineteenth century, some scientists reclaimed the word compassion. Vivisectionists spoke of the compassion that enabled them to suspend their horror at experimenting on living animals by focusing on the potential results of their work: reducing the suffering of fellow humans.
The humanitarian benefits outweighed the immediate suffering of the animal. In nursing, by contrast, sympathy and compassion were expected to be immediate and personal, visible on the nurse’s face. This idea owed more to conservative Victorian ideas about women than to the new science of sympathy. When the Nursing Mirror held a competition to find the “typical nurse” in 1939, the paper defined typical as a nurse “whose features suggest not merely beauty of line, but professional capacity and human sympathy”. A tall order for one photograph!
Sympathy remained a popular virtue in nursing through much of the twentieth century, though usually accompanied by other traits. The rise of the term compassion is a much more recent one. In the 1980s, the British Nursing Index contained just 6 references to compassion. For the most recent decade (2010 – 2019), this leapt to 1,645, a sharp rise well out of proportion to the overall increase in articles in the database. This rise is specific to healthcare. One modern study has found that the phrase “compassionate care” is associated with nurses rather than doctors, surgeons or managers across both professional journals and UK newspapers.
A sharp spike in the use of the word compassion in the UK occurred in 2013, the year the final Francis Report was published. The Report was the result of an independent investigation into failings in care at Stafford Hospital from 2005 – 2009. The first report in 2010 outlined the causes of poor care to include chronic staffing shortages, poor management and low morale, but identified the case as “as much a story of very poor nursing care as of anything else; nursing care that lacked attentiveness and compassion”. The 2013 report recommended “an increased focus on a culture of compassion and caring in nurse recruitment, training and education”.
As the history of compassion shows, however, we can’t consider this interpersonal emotion outside the context it is used in. To define compassion, we need to look at the environment, at political claims and at cultural ideas of gender or class as well as the seemingly individual nature of the emotion.
- Lauren Berlant, ed. Compassion: The Culture and Politics of an Emotion
- Rob Boddice, The Science of Sympathy
- Thomas Dixon, The Invention of Altruism
- Susan Lanzoni, Empathy: A History
From the History of Emotions Blog
- Riana Betzler, Review of Empathy: A History
2 January 2019
- Mark Honigsbaum, The Politics of Empathy
3 December 2012
- Carolyn Pedwell, Circuits of Feeling in the Age of Empathy
17 February 2014 | <urn:uuid:be7fe0fe-cb41-4222-ae03-471ca9f88ef4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://emotionslab.org/emotion/compassion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154486.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803222541-20210804012541-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.961784 | 1,408 | 3.296875 | 3 |
IMAGINE A LAND OF WIDE-OPEN SPACES and breathtaking vistas, a place that’s so rarely visited by tourists the locals haven’t turned cynical, yet is tailor-made for that great American pastime: the road trip. Such a place really does exist—we call it the High Plains of Texas. Long empty miles of uncrowded highways crisscross rolling hills and rugged canyons, offering endless horizons and spectacular panoramas under skies of a majestic vastness. And there’s hardly a billboard in sight. Why spend all that money vacationing in a foreign land just to bring back a photo of the perfect sunset? Go where the movie crews go.
History is relatively fresh here: The Red River War—eight major battles in all—which forced the removal of the area’s Native Americans to reservations in Oklahoma, happened a mere 125 years ago. The region was subsequently inhabited by pioneers, ranchers, pastores (“sheepherders”) from New Mexico, and farmers. Over the ensuing years, a relatively brief period of time, it has seen one eradication after another, from the buffalo to the Indians to family farms and now small towns. The deeper past is unusually rich: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led an expedition of three hundred Spanish conquistadores onto the Llano Estacado in search of the Seven Cities of Gold in the sixteenth century, and Indian occupation can be traced back 12,000 years to the pre-Clovis people, who hunted mammoths and lived around Lubbock Lake, the site of the present Lubbock Reservoir. To get an idea of the way it was, drop by the region’s numerous museums, where each county’s memories are kept. Exhibits on the Red River War are currently on view at museums in Borger, Canadian, Canyon, Clarendon, Claude, Crosbyton, Lipscomb, Pampa, Panhandle, and Tulia.
The summer nights on the High Plains are the coolest in the state. This year’s exceptional spring rains have produced a proliferation of wildflowers (“And not a dang bluebonnet among them,” says Benjamin-based photographer Wyman Meinzer proudly), turning the countryside an emerald green and filling the playa lakes, the shallow basins that dot the prairie. The landscape radiates the same brilliant colors and light that informed the work of onetime Canyon resident Georgia O’Keeffe long before she moved to New Mexico.
The area’s minimum of typical tourist amenities may translate into limited lodging options (no resorts in these parts), uninspired cafe fare, and precious few golf courses, but it also guarantees that there will be hardly any fellow vacationers to compete with for elbow room. With that kind of stress relief in mind, I’ve mapped three drives that let you savor the Texas High Plains to the fullest. Just remember that people out here like to talk and almost always have a story to tell. Come prepared for long conversations, and don’t forget to sign the guest book.
Riding the Cap
Fluvanna to Turkey: a 150-mile crescent from southeast of Lubbock to northeast of Lubbock that can easily be done in a day or two.
The best way to appreciate this rugged place is to follow the brown swath on the official state road map that marks the Caprock Escarpment, which rises off the Permian Basin in the south and the Rolling Prairies in the east to form the Llano Estacado (the Staked Plains), a flattop 4,600 feet above sea level. The journey begins in the South Plains, at the southern terminus of the Caprock. (The South Plains are the southern half of the Texas High Plains—the northern half being the Panhandle; see “What Is the Panhandle?”) Fourteen miles northwest of Snyder, turn off U.S. 84 onto FM 612 and go west for five miles to the tidy little farming town of Fluvanna. It is dominated by a water tower, where you turn north on FM 1269 toward Post, 28 miles distant. Five miles north of Fluvanna is an overlook where the Cap unfolds in front of you, marking the great geological divide where the coastal plains finally fade away and the American West really begins. The dramatic wide-angle view takes in the southern edge of the Llano Estacado, which is the southern extension of the Great Plains, the sprawling continental heartland that extends 1,600 miles northward into Alberta, Canada. In other words, it all starts here.
FM 1269 rejoins U.S. 84 five miles later. From there, it’s less than twenty minutes northwest into Post. The town was founded in 1907 by cereal king and visionary C. W. Post, who bought 225,000 acres of untilled prairie to prove to the world that free men and the principles of American enterprise were an unbeatable combination. Post was the designated commercial center of a farm colony, which C. W. Post eventually sold to his “colonists.” Later the town acquired a bit of a honky-tonk reputation since it was wet while Lubbock, half an hour north, remained dry. Over the past twenty years, Post has developed an entirely different reputation—as a tourism magnet for the South Plains—largely through its Old Mill Trade Days (Fifth Street and Texas Highway 207, 806-495-3529). A Friday-through-Sunday event on the weekend before the first Monday of every month (July 2—4 and July 30—August 1 this summer), it covers five acres of the old Posttex Cotton Mills, which C. W. Post built for his ideal town in 1911 and was its leading business until Burlington Industries shut the plant down in 1983.
The Trade Days in turn have generated a significant volume of activity in the redbrick storefronts along five blocks of Main Street downtown. On July 5 the Tower Theater (117 Main, 806-894-3552) presents the Post Opry, a free show featuring Rusty Hudelson’s Knights of the West Revue. Hudelson, a professor at South Plains College in Levelland—the first college in the United States to offer a degree in country and western music—pays tribute to Roy Rogers and cowboy music as well as western swing and engages in a yodeling duel with his daughter, Tania. Across the street and one block down, the Garza Theatre (226 E. Main, 806-495-4005) presents live theatrical performances most weekends; July’s play, Curse You, Jack Dalton, is pure melodrama.
Randy White’s contemporary pictograph of a Kiowa raiding party in front of the Warlords Museum (220 E. Main, 806-495-2958) a few doors down adds a certain edge to the Post streetscape. “It’s not just artifacts,” White says of the museum’s assemblage of stone tools, pipes, tomahawks, leggings, and other relics that belonged to the Kiowa, Comanche, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Apache peoples who once lived in the area. “This is part of the culture of the region.” White’s modern paintings will be on view at the Algerita Hotel gallery (131 E. Main, 806-495-4000) through July 11.
The OS Ranch Museum above the OS Ranch Store (201 E. Main, 806-495-3570), in a building erected by C. W. Post in 1911, exhibits the more conventional art and antiques collection of civic leader Giles McCrary (don’t miss the Fabergé eggs). The Garza County Historical Museum (119 N. Avenue N, 806-495-2207), in the old sanitarium behind the courthouse, has an extensive collection of papers and artifacts pertaining to the town.
The lodging of choice is the Hotel Garza (302 E. Main, 806-495-3962), a Western prairie modern inn built in 1915 and restored seven years ago by owners Janice and Jim Plummer; rooms are available at Patsy’s Guest Cottage, ten blocks west, as well (double rooms in the inn and cottage start at $45). The local chat ’n’ chew, George’s Family Restaurant (202 Broadway, 806-495-3777), serves up a decent version of Greek souvlaki in addition to the usual chicken-fried steaks, burgers, and Mexican plates.
Leaving Post on FM 651 north, you enter the big ranching country below the Cap. Crosbyton, one of the gateways to the Cap, is 38 miles away. From Crosbyton, it’s only a 35-mile jog west on U.S. 82 to Lubbock, where several major motel chains, including La Quinta (806-763-9441; rooms $70) and Sheraton (806-747-0171; rooms $80), are clustered around the civic center downtown. If you prefer a bed and breakfast, the Woodrow House (2629 Nineteenth Street, 806-793-3330, 800-687-5235; rooms $85—$105) is directly across the street from the Texas Tech campus.
Back in Crosbyton, head north for ten miles on FM 651 to Blanco Canyon, where Coronado camped in 1541 (a fact that was discovered only three years ago) and where Mount Blanco, the now-abandoned first permanent settlement on the South Plains, was established, named after the landmark outcropping of caliche. Turn right on FM 193 and head east for ten miles, turning north on FM 28 for eight miles, then east again on FM 684 for thirteen miles into Roaring Springs, a quiet little town with perhaps the biggest spring on the South Plains, part of a private resort. Tempting as the 61 degree water may be, the $1,295 membership fee is a bit steep for someone just passing through.
From Roaring Springs, go north on Texas Highway 70 to Turkey, 34 miles away. Along the route, which passes through the town of Matador and the ranch of the same name, the Caprock Escarpment—encompassing Caprock Canyons State Park beyond Quitaque (Kit-a-kway)—is clearly visible to the west.
Turkey is the hometown of Bob Wills, the fiddler who invented western swing music, and it celebrates his legacy every year on the last weekend in April. The town, bouncing back from a steady loss of population, has gussied up its main street with metal art silhouettes of cowboys, windmills, and the like and a revolving fiddle statue dedicated to Wills. The best place to hear some fiddling is in the back of the Peanut Patch restaurant (Second and Main, 806-423-1051). Owners Silvia and Allan Boeshart, expatriates from Switzerland and Ohio, respectively, are swing fanatics. Silvia’s $12.50 prix fixe dinners are some of the finest cooking found along the Caprock, relying on fresh vegetables and fruits, and herbs snipped from her garden. When I visited, she had prepared beef consommé, hearty roast beef smothered in mushrooms, new potatoes, field greens, Eyes of Texas salad (black-eyed peas and salmon), yucca blossoms with tomatoes and bell peppers (a variation of a Comanche delicacy), and homemade strawberry ice cream. Since Turkey is dry, you’re advised to bring your own wine.
Bunk at the Hotel Turkey (Third and Alexander, 806-423-1151, 800-657-7110), a restored fifteen-room hotel that was built in 1927 and is operated by Gary and Suzie Johnson; a room for two with breakfast starts at $75. Or continue north on Texas Highway 70 for 44 miles to Clarendon and dude it up seriously at Frank and Terri Hommel’s Bar H Ranch (800-627-9871, 806-874-2634), a working cattle operation nestled in a broad valley three miles west of town on FM 3257. The Bar H offers meals, overnight accommodations, and extended stays; a double room is $65, including meals and activities (Germans, it seems, are particularly keen on paying for the privilege of helping out the cowboys with their daily chores during roundups and cattle drives four times a year). Or you can continue on from Turkey to Amarillo via Texas Highways 86 west and 207 north through Quitaque; the Quitaque Quail Lodge (806-455-1261), a bed and breakfast in a rambling ranch house on 38 acres three miles west of town, is a comfy overnight option (double rooms are $75—$95). Head up the Cap on Texas Highway 86 to Silverton, then north on Texas Highway 207 to the Mackenzie Reservoir, through Tule Canyon (where in 1874 Colonel Ranald Mackenzie destroyed more than a thousand horses belonging to Indians after the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon) and the Palo Duro Canyon (save a few minutes to view it from the south rim roadside picnic area), to Claude, where you pick up U.S. 287 to Amarillo, a 108-mile trip from Turkey.
While in Lubbock…Check out the Ranching Heritage Center (3121 Fourth Street, 806-742-2482) near the Texas Tech campus, with a collection of real ranch buildings, including a primitive dugout dwelling and a barn from the famous 6666 Ranch, and exhibits devoted to various aspects of ranching and the lot of the pioneer woman. Next door, the Museum of Texas Tech (806-742-2490), which has an extensive collection of spurs and several pieces by sculptor Glenna Goodacre, is currently featuring a traveling exhibit about the Jazz Age in Paris.
Lubbock Lake Landmark State Historical Park (2401 Landmark Lane, by Loop 289, 806-765-0737) is the site of the oldest culture unearthed on the South Plains, the pre-Clovis people, dating back 12,000 years; digs are ongoing through August 15. The grounds also include a one-mile archaeological trail and a four-mile nature trail.
The city’s newest museum is the American Windpower Center (1501 Canyon Lake Drive, 806-747-8734), an indoor-outdoor collection of windmills. The center was inspired by the work of Texas Tech home economics professor Billie Wolfe, who began cataloging the fast-disappearing icons of the plains before her death, in 1997. There are currently fifty windmills inside and fourteen taking the breezes outside, including a rare double windmill.
Prairie Dog Town in nearby MacKenzie Park (Fourth Street and Interstate 27, 806-775-2687) is one of the country’s few remaining colonies of these cute rodents.
It’s not exactly the Napa Valley, but on an improvised tour of three area wineries you can learn about the state of the state’s grapes (Cabernet Sauvignon dominates, Merlot is coming on strong, and Shiraz is in the works), then sample the products. A designated driver is suggested. Llano Estacado (806-745-2258) and Caprock Winery (806-863-2704), are within five minutes of each other a few miles south of the city off U.S. 87. The smaller Pheasant Ridge (806-746-6033) is fifteen miles north of town and east of New Deal (take I-27). The season’s grape harvest starts in mid-August.
September 3 marks the official opening of the Buddy Holly Center (Nineteenth and Avenue G, 806-767-2686), a cultural facility in the old Fort Worth and Denver South Plains Railway Depot. The classic Spanish-mission-revival edifice also houses a Texas musicians hall of fame and the Buddy Holly Collection, the city’s first permanent exhibit dedicated to its most famous native son. The depot anchors Lubbock’s nightlife district, which includes the Cactus Theater (1812 Buddy Holly Avenue, 806-762-3233), one block from the Holly Center, where impresario Don Caldwell stages theater productions. West Texas Music, the Play—which provides an overview of the genre from Buddy Holly to Waylong Jennings to the Dixie Chicks—runs from July 9 through 31.
Buffalo Springs Lake (806-747-3353), a natural spring-fed lake five miles southeast of Lubbock on FM 835, offers two swimming beaches, water slides, boating, hiking and biking trails, camping areas, and RV hookups.
North Toward Kansas
Childress to Perryton to Amarillo: a three-hundred-mile semicircle that can be driven in one, two, or three days, depending on what kind of hurry you’re in.
The Canadian River breaks on the east side of the Panhandle offer some of the most pleasant scenery in the entire state. The land really opens up into real Giant country. The mesquite, part and parcel of the South Plains, has faded away here, yielding to lush grasses on undulating slopes that resemble the foothills of the Rockies, and the landmarks become fewer and farther between, building up to the drama that is the Canadian River Valley. The fall foliage in the hollows and valleys along this route is famous for its show of colors. The route is one that Tom Copeland, the diector of the Texas Film Commission, recommends to crews for shots of unsullied ranchland.
Starting at Childress, turn north on U.S. 83 and go through Shamrock (55 miles) and Wheeler (another 16 miles). Twenty miles north of Wheeler on U.S. 83 is the turnoff to the Buffalo Wallow battleground monument, another significant site of the Red River War, near where the Kiowa and the Comanche held a wagon train under siege. Head east on FM 277 for 7 miles, turning right (south) onto a dirt road for another mile to the marker.
Back on U.S. 83, go 7 miles north, then turn east on Texas Highway 33 for a picturesque 35-mile meander across the Oklahoma line to the main 30,000-acre section of the Black Kettle National Grasslands. This is where, in November 1868, the Seventh Cavalry, commanded by Colonel George Armstrong Custer, fought the Battle of Washita against Cheyenne chief Black Kettle. In a dawn raid Custer wiped out a Cheyenne village and succeeded in killing Chief Black Kettle. This victory stopped Cheyenne hostilities and enhanced Custer’s career, which endedin 1876 at Little Big Horn, in South Dakota.
Backtrack on Highway 33 and resume going north on U.S. 83, which broadens into a four-lane route that drops into the Canadian River Valley. Be on the lookout for Aud, the fifty-foot-long dinosaur sculpture on a rise on the east side of the road three miles south of the town of Canadian. Never has a plant-eating brontosaurus appeared so fierce.
Canadian, the Panhandle’s river town, comes as close to small town perfection as it gets in these parts. Most of the brick storefronts on the four-block Main Street are occupied, the restored Palace Theatre (210 Main, 806-323-5133) shows movies, the River Valley Pioneer Museum (118 N. Second Street, 806-323-6548) has a new exhibit on the Buffalo Wallow fight, the courthouse is immaculately landscaped, and the nearby homes suggest prosperity without bragging about it. Canadian has two motels and three B&B’s, including the Emerald House (103 N. Sixth Street, 806-323-5827), with rooms starting at $45, and the Thicket (seven miles northeast of town on FM 2266, 806-323-8118), whose rooms start at $53.
Leaving town, veer northeast toward the Oklahoma border on U.S. 60 for eight miles, turning north at Glazier onto Texas Highway 305, a lightly traveled, shoulderless two-lane. After fourteen miles you’ll stumble upon Lipscomb (population: 48), tucked in the woods just east of the highway. Once one of the largest communities in the Panhandle, Lipscomb almost dried up and blew away after the railroad came into the region but passed it by. Present-day Lipscomb is dominated by what appears to be the loneliest county courthouse in Texas, at least around sunset, when wild turkeys pick their way across the lawn. But the town started reinventing itself four years ago, when Debby Opdyke and Jan Luna opened the Naturally Yours gallery in the old bank building (104 E. Main, 806-862-2900), where pastel artist Amy Winton’s landscapes are on display during July.
Opdyke and Luna also revived a forgotten Great Plains social tradition by building an open-air dance platform next door to the gallery, where they stage community dances every month from May through October. A midsummer dance is scheduled for Saturday, July 17, with music provided by Frankie McWhorter, a former member of Bob Wills’s Texas Playboys. A $7 catered meal is served before the dance at seven (fried turkey, potatoes, and biscuits are on the menu for July). During the dance, Luna dishes up cowboy cobbler from Dutch ovens for $2.
Janie Hathoot followed Opdyke and Luna into Lipscomb in 1998, opening her Yellow House Studio and Gallery (806-862-2608) in a restored boarding house at the corner of Oak Street and Third Avenue in “uptown Lipscomb,” a couple of blocks off the square. In conjunction with the dances, Hathoot offers a gourmet dinner on Friday evening ($25, reservations required), accommodations in a three-room guest house ($50 a room, including breakfast), and an open-house gallery show on Saturday afternoon. July’s visiting artist is Brian Asher, who specializes in pen-and-ink drawings of men, horses, and cattle, subjects reflective of his day job as a working cowboy in Guthrie.
Lipscomb’s main attraction, needless to say, is solitude and quiet, allowing contemplation of a way of life that has all but disappeared. “People have gotten so far away from entertaining themselves,” Opdyke says. “We provide the setting. After that you have to take it upon yourself to say ‘hi’ to your neighbor and create your own entertainment.”
From town, backtrack south for three miles, then turn west onto FM 1920 for five miles, when it turns into FM 3260. Continue west on FM 3260 for nine more miles, cutting through magnificent ranch country dominated by grasslands and mesas smoothed by wind erosion, until you reach Texas Highway 23. Go north briefly on Highway 23, then turn west onto FM 3260 for ten miles. If you need water to cool off, pull over at Wolf Creek Park (806-435-4559), a county facility that offers camping areas, swimming, hiking trails, boating ramps, and other amenities, including 137 RV hookups. The park’s Lobo Trading Post serves hot meals and stocks supplies.
From Wolf Creek, continue west on what is now County Road U for eight miles until it rejoins U.S. 83, then proceed north on U.S. 83 for thirty miles to Perryton, a farming community dominated by grain elevators in the “Wheatheart of the Nation.” At the north end of town I stopped in at the Museum of the Plains (1200 N. Main, 806-435-6400), where Sarah Thompson was cataloging everything from bottle collections to vintage automobiles, all stuffed into three large warehouses. She led me to an exhibit about Harold Courson and the Buried City. In 1907 archaeologists first uncovered the site of a large Indian settlement along three miles of the south bank of nearby Wolf Creek, with communal structures and an extensive irrigation system. Fourteen years ago, Courson, a rancher-oilman who owns the land where the Buried City is located, designated portions of it as an archaelogical conservation easement, the first in Texas. Three site excavations are in progress elsewhere on the creek. If you decide to stay over in Perryton, there are five motels in town.
From Perryton it’s only 46 miles to Liberal, Kansas, via the Oklahoma Panhandle and U.S. 83. Or you can head back south on U.S. 83 for seven miles, picking up Texas Highway 70 and continuing south toward Pampa for twenty miles to the intersection of FM 281. Either continue south on 70 for five miles for an inspiring vista from the north rim of the Canadian breaks,or turn west on FM 281 for 21 miles to the turnoff to Adobe Walls, the site of more than one Anglo-Indian battle where the tide turned against the native residents.
There are few signs directing you to Adobe Walls, so be on the lookout for County Road 21, where you turn south. After three miles, turn left again on County Road P for 8.8 miles (it’s a dirt road for the last 6.5 miles). I relied on my trusty copy of The Roads of Texas (Shearer Publishing) to get me there. The road ends in a small protected valley just below the Caprock, the site of two significant fights that turned out to be defining events in the conflict between the red man and the white man. At the first battle of Adobe Walls, the largest Indian battle during the Civil War, the federals, led by Kit Carson, came up short against the native home team. According to the monument, the second battle, on June 27, 1874, pitted 700 “picked” warriors from the Comanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne nations led by Quanah Parker against 28 buffalo hunters, who overcame long odds to score a victory, the first in the series of victories that are collectively called the Red River War. The site is surrounded by the Turkey Track Ranch, which has No Trespassing signs posted around its perimeter, an ironic twist considering whose property this was 150 years ago. A hundred yards away is a second marker, which commemorates the Indian fighters who perished in the 1874 battle. “They died for that which makes life worth living on the Plains which they enjoyed for generations,” reads the monument.
From Adobe Walls, return to FM 281 and head west. After eleven miles, turn onto Texas Highway 207 and head south to Stinnett (six miles) and Borger (eleven more miles), where the Hutchinson County Historical Museum (618 N. Main, 806-273-0130) has a detailed exhibit about the Adobe Walls battles and the various tribes that once lived in the area. From Borger, head west on Texas Highway 136 to Fritch and the Lake Meredith National Recreation Area, gateway to the largest lake on the Texas High Plains, a dammed-up portion of the Canadian River.
If there’s enough daylight left, take a guided tour of the Alibates National Monument, six miles south of Fritch (you need to arrange for the tour in advance: 806-857-3151); it commemorates the area’s extensive flint deposits, which were prized by Native Americans across the continent. A six thousand—acre grass fire last summer exposed numerous ancient firepits and ruins, which park rangers will gladly point out. Just don’t take home any souvenirs.
From Fritch, you can head south and west on 136 for 38 miles to Amarillo, crossing parts of the original Santa Fe Trail. Or, if you want to continue on to New Mexico or Colorado, loop back around the lake via FM 687, just east of Fritch off 136, to Sanford, where you pick up FM 1319 northwest for 8 miles, then turn onto FM 1913 and proceed north for 3 miles to Texas Highway 152. Head west on 152 toward Dumas, 20 miles away, where you continue westbound on U.S. 87 for 39 miles to Dalhart, Presidio’s opposite as the cool spot of Texas. The town goes full-tilt cowboy the first weekend of August for XIT days, celebrating the fabled ranch with a rodeo, wingding, and free barbecue for more than 20,000 folks. The XIT Museum downtown (108 E. Fifth Street, 806-249-5390) rates a visit, too.
Get Your Kicks…
TEXOLA TO GLENRIO: A 178-MILE straight shot on Interstate 40—with side trips in search of the Mother Road of America, Route 66—that can easily be done in a day.
Although 92 percent of the Texas portion of the famous highway still exists, most of it was converted to frontage road for I-40. It isn’t much fun to drive, and none of the stops in the Panhandle rivals the neon luminescence of Tucumcari or other Route 66 towns in New Mexico, Arizona, and California. But as flat and boring as Texas 66 might seem, just follow the brown Historic Route 66 signs off the interstate and you’ll find plenty of highway history about the storied road. Drive it long enough and you half-expect George Maharis and Martin Milner to pass you in their ‘vette.
The Texas portion of Route 66 began at Texola, across the Oklahoma line, but the first significant town on the highway was Shamrock. At the crossroads of I-40 and U.S. 83, it’s a bustling place today, but much of the growth has occurred to the north of downtown, away from the four-lane divided part of 66. Even though a number of motels have been remodeled, the strip has not been quite the same since the U Drop Inn Cafe closed last year. However, Leah’s downtown (100 S. Main, 806-256-2644) is highly recommended for homemade soups and sandwiches, pies, and fresh cherry limeades.
There’s more to glean in McLean, twenty miles west at exit 141, where the old highway splits into two one-way streets, with several blocks of the town sandwiched between them. Within the city limits are the Mclean-Alanreed Area Museum (116 N. Main, 806-779-2731), with exhibits detailing the World War II prison camp in town that housed German POWs, the first Phillips 66 service station in Texas (Route 66 West, two blocks west of Main Street), and the remodeled Cactus Inn (101 Pine Street), a functioning relic from 66’s glory days.
The main attraction, though, is the Devil’s Rope Museum (100 Kingsley, 806-779-2225), which is dedicated to barbed wire, the fencing that did more to tame this particular part of the country than anything else. As intriguing as the drift fence, post maul, and earth auger fencing tools may be, my attention was diverted by replicas of the red Burma Shave signs, a faded highway memory of my youth, posted at the entrance of the Route 66 Museum, which is housed in the same building and is the official home of the Old Route 66 Association of Texas.
From McLean you can pick up some of the longest portions of the original 66, functioning as the frontage road on the south side of the interstate. Turn south at the Texas Highway 70 interchange and go about half a mile and you’ll find traces of old Jericho, a ghost town identified by an abandoned tourist court. This was the beginning of the Jericho Gap mud segment of the road, the last unpaved stretch in Texas, which was finally paved in the thirties.
Get back on the interstate and, a few miles west of McLean, turn onto FM 2477 (exit 128) and go north for three miles to Lake McClellan (806-779-2590), a dammed-up portion of McClellan Creek that was a historic camping ground for Route 66 travelers and today offers hiking trails, campsites, and RV hookups.
Groom, at exit 112, thirty miles west of McLean and forty miles east of Amarillo, is home to Ruby Denton’s Golden Spread Restaurant (407 Front Street, 806-248-7021), a longtime fixture of the old 66, and two great roadside monuments. First up is the leaning water tower on the north side of the interstate, marking the remains of the Britten USA truck stop. It may not be Pisa, but it stands out. A mile farther west is the 190-foot-tall cross made of steel tubing, the largest cross in the Western Hemisphere, operated by Cross Ministries. Steve Thomas, a structural engineer from Pampa, dreamed up the cross in response to the X-rated businesses that were popping up on the thoroughfare. The structure was completed in 1995 and has since been embellished with life-size bronze sculptures around the base depicting the stations of the cross, by Panhandle artist Mickey Wells. Though some 20,000 visitors a month pull over, Thomas acknowledges that not everyone likes it: “You should hear what some truckers say on CB radio.” But the appeal is undeniable, especially at night when the cross is illuminated.
Follow the brown 66 signs for fourteen miles from Groom into Conway, riding some of the original shoulderless two-lane road on the south side of the interstate. Another eighteen miles brings you to Amarillo, where, a couple of miles north of I-40, you’ll find the Old Town San Jacinto Historic District, a mile-long section of old Route 66 along Sixth Street, just west of downtown. This portion of Route 66, the only urban stretch of the highway in Texas, was rendered obsolete in 1953 when the Amarillo Boulevard bypass was built on the north side of town, effectively freezing the San Jacinto trolley-car suburb in time. About five years ago, Old San Jacinto started coming back to life, and these days thrives as a primary focal point for Route 66 aficionados. A slew of antiques shops and malls featuring nineteenth-century collectibles and fifties kitsch have popped up, notably the Nat Antique Mall and Cafe (2705 W. Sixth Street, 806-371-8685), which is in a historic building that once housed a swimming pool (“Nat” is short for natatorium) and later was the swankiest dance hall this side of Dallas, where the likes of Guy Lombardo, Duke Ellington, and Little Richard performed.
There’s also an abundance of galleries, shops, restaurants, and bars, and even a biker-fashion shop, Leathers, on Sixth. The one must-see place is the Golden Light Cafe (2908 W. Sixth, 806-374-9237), perhaps the only burgers-and-beer greasy spoon to rate a listing in the National Register of Historic Places. In continuous operation since 1946, it is Amarillo’s oldest eating establishment and serves up the quintessential road food experience along with some sublime burgers, chili fries, and other traditional fare. Old San Jacinto is hopping on most weekends, when Europeans outnumber the natives. (For Old San Jacinto information, call 806-372-US66.) Most major motel chains are represented along the part of I-40 that passes through Amarillo. The two Travelodges (800-578-7878; rooms from $40) and the Best Western Santa Fe (800-528-1234; rooms from $66) have an outdoor pool. Three B&B’s—Parkview House (1311 S. Jefferson, 806-373-9464; rooms $65—$135), the Galbraith House (1710 S. Polk, 806-374-0237; rooms $85—$100), and Auntie’s Place (1712 S. Polk, 806-371-8054, 888-661-8054; rooms $85—$225)—are near I-40 in the Pleamonds Eakle historic district.
On the western edge of Amarillo you’ll find the famous Cadillac Ranch. Take exit 57 (Hope Road) from I-40 and cross over the bridge, continuing west on the two-way south frontage road. (Note the hand-scrawled sign at the northwest corner of the Hope Road interchange: “Bates Motel: Each Room with a Shower, Taxidermy Ahead.” It appears to be mischief courtesy of the Caddy Ranch’s creator, Stanley Marsh 3, whose works appear throughout Amarillo and in Adrian.) The field sculpture was recently moved farther out of town to allow for better viewing. The ten Cadillacs buried in the ground are getting pretty ragged, but the work endures. Just be sure to lock your car if you walk into the field for a closer look.
From Amarillo it’s 33 miles to Vega. Don’t forget to roll your windows up twenty miles beyond the city limits lest you be overwhelmed by the fragrance of the biggest cattle feedlot on the whole interstate. Leave I-40 at the Vega exit, riding a short stretch of old Route 66 to Vega and turning right on U.S. 385. Drive a block to the bank, then turn left on Main to ride this one-block piece of the original highway, which ends abruptly next to Dot’s Mini Museum (105 N. Twelfth Street, 806-267-2367), a most delightful collection of memorabilia and folk art dedicated to Route 66. The curator, Dot Leavett, and her late husband once ran a grocery store and meat locker on 66, and she has devoted her life to honoring the road’s glorious past. More than once visitors have serenaded her by performing Bobby Troup’s famous song “(Get Your Kicks On) Route 66” in her yard.
Get back on I-40 and head to Adrian, the last place on the interstate that looks like the Midwest. Follow the brown Route 66 sign into town and to the MidPoint Cafe (the west end of town, 806-538-6379), the literal midpoint of the Mother Road, where the sign says 1,136 miles from Chicago and 1,136 miles from Los Angeles. The cafe is one of the highlights of the Texas stretch, especially if owner Fran Houser is working the kitchen. She’s a font of knowledge about the historic route, and she makes pies to die for (her burgers are also recommended). The diamond-shaped sign next to the cafe that reads “If a man could have half his wishes, he would double his troubles” is courtesy of—who else?—Stanley Marsh 3.
About ten minutes out of town on the interstate, just past the Stuckey’s at mile marker eighteen, the road falls off the Cap onto the scrubland that defines the West. The Texas part of Route 66 ends at the New Mexico line in Glenrio, a ghost town that’s home to a collection of abandoned tourist courts and service stations and, as Fran Houser likes to put it, “three people, thirty-five cats, and fifteen dogs.”
While in Amarillo… Yeah, it’s the height of High Plains kitsch, but the Big Texan Steak Ranch (I-40 exits 74 and 75, 800-657-7177, 806-372-6000), the place with the 72-ounce-free-steak challenge, deserves mention for branching out this summer with the Big Texan Opry dinner show every Tuesday and the Route 66 Musical Review dinner show every Thursday through August. There will also be frequent Chuckwagon Concerts starring cowboy singer Michael Martin Murphey and reservations-only campfire breakfasts in the courtyard with Indian storyteller Hody “Long Bow” Porterfield. Cowboy Poets breakfasts are held the second Saturday of every month at eight-thirty in the morning.
The American Quarter Horse Heritage Center and Museum (2601 I-40 East at Quarter Horse Drive, 806-376-5181, 888-209-8322) pays tribute to the working horse of the Plains with hands-on exhibits, videos, paintings, the Quarter Horse Hall of Fame, and live demonstrations in the corral out back.
If it’s Tuesday, eavesdrop at the Amarillo Livestock Auction (100 South Manhattan, 806-373-7464), where the transformation from cow to beef begins and auctioneers demonstrate their verbal skills, starting at ten in the morning.
Thompson Park, north of downtown, west of U.S. 287, is the home of Wonderland Amusement Park (806-383-3344, 800-383-4712), with a municipal swimming pool, a small zoo, a golf course, and plenty of green space. The park hosts the biggest Fourth of July celebration in the Panhandle.
The Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, sixteen miles south of Amarillo via I-27, is the single best repository of Western heritage on the Texas High Plains (2401 Fourth Avenue, 806-651-2244).
Texas, the outdoor musical staged every summer in Palo Duro Canyon State Park, east of Canyon off Texas Highway 217, plays through August 21 nightly except Sundays. Most performances are sold out well in advance; for ticket information: 806-655-2181, www.texasmusicaldrama.com.
Elkins Ranch (806-488-2100), near the entrance to Palo Duro Canyon State Park, offers visitors a glimpse of ranch life with horseback rides, Jeep tours, cattle drives, and Saturday-night cowboy suppers. | <urn:uuid:274018bb-9d6d-4fa0-bc43-b6172446549d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/high-plains-drifting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512460.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019212313-20181019233813-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.930584 | 8,912 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What evolutionary biology offers public health
Randolph M Nesse a
Evolution is the foundation of biology, and biology is the foundation of medicine and public health, so you would think that evolutionary biology has already been applied to every possible aspect of health. Remarkably, this is not the case.1 With the exceptions of population genetics and methods for tracing phylogenies, other applications are very recent developments. There are few evolutionary biologists in schools of medicine or public health, so news about advances in this field is often slow to arrive.
The publication of a new edition of Evolution in health and disease2 offers a good opportunity to take stock. For instance, work on diseases of pregnancy continues to accumulate evidence that diabetes and hypertension of pregnancy may be related to evolutionary conflicts between interests of the maternal and paternal genomes and the fetus. Imprinted genes that influence these conflicts have profound implications for in vitro fertilization policies. Life history theory explains how selection has shaped rates of ageing and its relationship with reproduction. The evolutionary reasons why we remain vulnerable to cancer are better separated into aspects of modern environments, and tradeoffs that explain why selection cannot make better protective mechanisms.
The epidemic of obesity can be interpreted in terms of the evolutionary forces that shaped dietary preferences and appetite regulation mechanisms, along with the possibility that selection has shaped adult physiology to cope with the nutritional environment as indicated by intrauterine conditions. Antibiotic resistance, that stalwart example of natural selection, turns out not to be so simple; mathematical models are needed to create optimal strategies to avoid resistance, and the speed with which resistance fades after antibiotics are withdrawn remains uncertain.
These advances are not well known in medicine and public health but word is spreading. Eight major international conferences in the past year have brought together evolutionary biologists and medical researchers. In 2008, the American College of Epidemiology will devote its annual meeting to “The Dawn of Evolutionary Epidemiology”. The United States National Academy of Sciences will hold a Sackler Symposium on evolution and medicine in 2009.
There are many questions to be asked about why selection has left the body vulnerable to disease.3 Why are our coronary arteries so narrow and prone to plaque? Why hasn’t natural selection found a different, safer route for childbirth, or at least enlarged the pelvic opening? Why do we have third molars, given the trouble they cause? Why can’t our bodies create better defences against bacteria? Why is the endothelium so vulnerable to inflammation? Such evolutionary questions are fundamentally different from questions about how the body works.4
We also have an urgent need to understand the evolutionary significance of genetic variations. If a rare allele slows ageing, can we assume it is superior? Not necessarily, as evolutionary patterns have shown that such benefits usually have other costs. If an allele accounts for much of the vulnerability to myopia, obesity or alcoholism, does that mean it is a genetic defect? No, it is more likely to be a quirk, a variation harmless in ancestral environments that results in disease only when it interacts with aspects of the modern environment.4 If a genotype is associated with allergic sensitivity to dust mites and asthma, does that mean it is abnormal? No, it may well protect against schistosomiasis, and that protection may influence both the prevalence of that infection and asthma in certain groups.5,6 It is clear that identifying genetic variations is only the first step. Explaining the variation is the next. New techniques for identifying signals of selection give an increasingly detailed view of the evolutionary history of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences. The next step is harder – figuring out what selection forces, if any, account for the presence and distribution of an allele.
Establishing evolutionary biology as a basic science for medicine and public health will take major education initiatives, from undergraduate courses to scientific conferences. The Evolution and Medicine Network (available at: http://evolutionandmedicine.org) provides information about people, publications, courses, conferences, and new opportunities in evolution and medicine. ■
- RM Nesse, SC Stearns, GS Omenn. Medicine needs evolution. Science 2006; 311: 1071-.
- Stearns SC, Koella JK, editors. Evolution in health and disease. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
- Nesse RM, Williams GC. Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine. New York: Vintage Books;1994.
- Trevathan WR, McKenna JJ, Smith EO, editors. Evolutionary medicine. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press; 2008.
- RM Nesse. Maladaptation and natural selection. Q Rev Biol 2005; 80: 62-70.
- KC Barnes. Genetic epidemiology of health disparities in allergy and clinical immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 243-54.
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America. | <urn:uuid:598f6339-e587-4df7-be5f-964e74852a56> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/2/07-049601/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736673081.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215753-00115-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909686 | 1,019 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This study describes the distribution patterns of Johnsongrass populations present in 38 commercial corn fields located in three major corn growing regions of Spain. A total of 232 ha were visually assessed from the cabin of a combine during harvesting using a three-category ranking (high density, low density, no presence) and recording the georeferenced data in a tablet personal computer. On average, 10.3 and 3.9% of the surveyed area were infested with high and low density of Johnsongrass, respectively. Most of the infested area was concentrated in a few large patches with irregular shape. Small patches (less than 1,000 m2) represented only 27% of the infested area. Management factors could explain much of the spatial distribution of this weed in the studied fields. Tillage direction was the main factor explaining patch shape: the length width−1 ratio of the patches was greater than two in the tillage direction. In sprinkler irrigated fields, higher levels of infestation were generally observed close to the sprinkler lines. Areas close to the edges of the field had a higher risk of infestation than the areas in the middle of the fields: a negative relationship between distance from the edge and weed abundance was established. Because a few patches, located in some predictable parts of the field, such as field edges, represent most of the seriously infested area, site-specific treatments of these areas could reduce herbicide inputs, until more reliable, spatially precise and practical detection, mapping, and spraying systems are developed.
Nomenclature: Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHA; corn, Zea mays L. | <urn:uuid:06ad38c0-99de-4ca9-ad25-55e57f98a412> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://complete.bioone.org/journals/weed-science/volume-59/issue-1/WS-D-10-00114.1/Spatial-Distribution-Patterns-of-Johnsongrass-Sorghum-halepense-in-Corn-Fields/10.1614/WS-D-10-00114.1.short | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057973.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926205414-20210926235414-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.967763 | 346 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Is your air conditioner giving you trouble? It might be an easy fix, or it could need professional repair; in either case, it helps to get acquainted with how your AC unit works.
In this guide, the team at Same Day Pros will help you learn more about how AC units work and some methods for troubleshooting problems you might encounter so you can better prepare your AC repair technician when they arrive.
How Air Conditioning Units Work
Every air conditioning unit functions a little differently and is built for different purposes. The basic principles of how it works, however, stays the same. (1) Contrary to popular belief, air conditioning units remove the warm air from inside your home or room and pump it outside.
“Contrary to popular belief, air conditioning does not literally blow cool air inside—it takes the warmer air away.”
If you’ve ever been in a building with central air conditioning, you’ll notice that the area around the outdoor unit is hotter than everywhere else. This is because the outdoor unit is releasing the hot air from inside the home.
Once the air conditioning unit takes in warm air, this flows over pipes that cool the air and remove excess moisture. The coolant inside the pipes turns into a warm gas as it cools down the air, then flows into the condenser which returns it to a cooled liquid state to cycle. Excess heat is pumped outside.
The air, which has now been cooled, is then cycled back into the home at a much lower temperature.
The introduction of this cooler, less humid air lowers the overall temperature and humidity of the room or home as it pumps more warm air into the unit to be cooled.
Central Air Conditioning Unit
A central air conditioning unit is a large unit in the home that is meant to cool the entire home, rather than a few rooms. This is achieved through ductwork that spans each room in the home.
A thermostat somewhere in the home controls the temperature the system uses to guide how often it comes on, and for how long.
Inside the interior unit, coils filled with coolant dehumidify and chill the air that is drawn into the unit, while a filter removes particles and allergens from the air to keep it breathable. A blower fan disperses the chilled air into the air vents, which then travels to individual rooms in the home.
Traveling between this unit and the outside is a copper coil which coolant travels along to enter an exterior unit. This exterior unit houses a fan, condenser coils, and compressor to release excess heat and help cool the coolant down again as it re-enters the system.
Window or Portable AC Unit
Window AC units and portable AC units work similarly to a central AC system, except the unit is more compact to save on space.
While a central air system cannot be moved once installed, these two types of units can be removed in preparation for colder months. Both portable and window units require access to a window to pump the hot air outside.
Typically, the thermostat is on the front of the unit and in newer models, can be controlled by the use of a remote. As temperatures rise above the thermostat’s range, the unit will activate the blowers, which pumps cool air into the room after it has been cooled inside.
The coils still need to release excess heat, but without a separate exterior unit.
In window units, this exterior unit is the back of the system which hangs out the exterior of the window. This portion of the unit contains the condenser which cools the coils back down and pumps the hot air outside.
In portable units, a hose must be attached to the back of the unit, which is then secured to the window with specialized panels. The hot air is released into the hose, where it rises and escapes through the opening out of the window.
Air Conditioner Troubleshooting: What Your HVAC Tech Will Look For First
While individual technicians’ processes will vary depending on the problem they’ve been called in for, they will check for certain problems during routine maintenance.
How well the unit is functioning, as well as how clean it is, can tell the technician a story about how the unit has been treated. How the unit looks will also give the technician clues about potential problems it may have or be susceptible to.
Below are some of the most common checks that HVAC technicians look for when inspecting your unit.
Changed Thermostat Settings
One of the first things that a technician will look at is how the unit responds to changed thermostat settings. They will also inspect the thermostat for other issues, such as sensor issues or faulty electrical connections.
If a thermostat is set to a temperature far above the current temperature, the unit may struggle to reach that temperature; the thermostat should be set no more than 5-8 degrees below the current temperature and adjusted from there.
If changing the thermostat does not activate the AC unit despite everything being turned on, a reset may be necessary, or it could be a problem with the unit’s sensors.
Refrigerant leaks are not common but can be an issue if part of the line has been damaged or punctured. Leaking refrigerant can not only pose a hazard if it is leaking inside the home, but it can also lessen the efficiency of your unit as it is unable to cool the air down as much.
Refrigerant, also called coolant, is critical to keeping your air cold and the unit operating safely. Leaks should be handled by a professional HVAC technician as soon as possible.
Even if your AC unit seems to be doing fine, regular maintenance can benefit the system as it ensures everything is properly cleaned and well-maintained for the next time it is used. This is especially important for areas that only require the unit for infrequent or seasonal use, as the system will be idle for many months at a time.
Maintaining the unit also ensures that the belts, blower fans, and coils are all in good shape, as they can wear out over time with frequent or improper use.
Making proactive repairs ahead of time will keep your unit running when you need it most, extending the overall lifespan of the unit and the efficiency of the cooling system.
Failing to maintain the unit properly can result in expensive cooling costs, inefficiency cooling, and untimely malfunctions.
Dirty Air Filters
Dirty air filters can affect any unit, but most commonly central air units. (2) Dirty air filters are easy to replace on your own and do not require an HVAC technician to do yourself unless the unit is tucked away in a place that is difficult to reach.
“filters should be cleaned every two to four weeks. To clean the filter, remove the front panel of the unit. If a reusable filter is in place, vacuum it to remove as much dirt as possible.”
To replace or clean your air filter, there should be a labeled door on the front of the unit. Opening this door typically requires unscrewing a bolt or screw first, as this helps keep the filter in place. Open the door and take the filter out, either disposing of it or vacuuming it if it is reusable.
Replace the filter with the correct side up – which should be labeled on the filter – firmly into the unit. It should not wiggle or be loose in the unit when replaced. Once done, close the door and replace the bolt on the door.
Electric Control Failure
Almost every AC unit requires electricity to run, and an electric control failure can prevent it from performing certain checks or turning on at all. Whether your unit is a larger central air system or a portable or window unit, it can suffer from electric control failure within the unit itself.
This problem can appear with a variety of symptoms, and you may notice the unit functioning incorrectly. If this occurs, it is important to contact your HVAC technician and turn the unit off to prevent further damage.
DIY fixes are not recommended as the problem can be difficult to diagnose and dealing with the electrical systems inside the unit can be unsafe if handled incorrectly. If the unit is repaired incorrectly, it can cause further damage to the unit and pose a safety hazard during normal usage.
An AC unit relies on sensors that help it identify when to turn on and off, as well as how hot or cold the air in the home is. The sensor may be faulty, displaced, or lack power.
If you have a central thermostat that tells a separate unit when to run, but it does not seem to be communicating with the other unit, you may have a power issue on hand and can easily be fixed by replacing the batteries inside the thermostat. This should resume communication between the sensor and unit.
A displaced sensor, either in a separate thermostat or in a single unit can cause problems as the sensor will lose accuracy in telling the temperature and may have problems communicating with the unit. This should be addressed by a professional as it can be difficult to repair on your own.
If the unit has a faulty thermostat, either as a separate unit or within a single unit, it can cause the unit to short-cycle intermittently, wearing on the unit’s lifespan and causing difficulty in reaching the desired temperature. This should be addressed by a professional as it can be difficult to diagnose and repair on your own.
In any AC unit, the drain line is a critical piece of equipment that allows the removed humidity to exit the unit and home. In most units, there is a drip pan that allows this water to collect in case the line is backed up.
If there is water standing in the drip pan, the line is clogged and should be drained. Typically, this happens because dust or dirt particles make their way into the unit over time, and this residue can build up as it is carried along inside the unit, as the drain line is one of the only exits from the unit.
Cleaning the drain line can be difficult or require specialized equipment, making it unsuitable for DIY fixes, so it is important to have the work done by a certified and experienced HVAC technician.
Common Air Conditioning Problems
Air conditioner troubleshooting is a hot topic, and to cool things down it’s necessary to know some of the common problems that might be affecting the unit.
Below are some of the most common air conditioning problems that occur that might send you on a Same Day Pros search for a technician near you.
AC Short Cycling – Won’t Stop Running
Short-cycling is when the unit turns off, only to turn on again in quick succession. This is not good for the unit, and not healthy for your utility bill. (3)
all that cycling on and off can stress the equipment and shorten its life span.
Short-cycling may also be a sign of another problem with the unit, which should be addressed by an HVAC technician. To prevent further damage to the unit, turn it off while waiting for a technician, even if it is supplying a little bit of cold air to the home.
AC Doesn’t Turn On
If your AC unit doesn’t turn on at all, it may be a problem with the thermostat or an electrical connection to the unit. If you have a central home thermostat, replacing the batteries is a good step towards troubleshooting the problem. It may also help to reset the AC unit.
If this does not solve the problem, you should consult with your local HVAC technician for further air conditioner troubleshooting.
If the unit has not seen a maintenance visit in a while, it may be activating a failsafe to prevent the unit from turning on while a line is clogged, or a critical part may be burnt out, requiring these parts are replaced or repaired before the unit can operate properly.
Unit Only Blows Hot Air
If the unit is blowing hot air, it may not be properly cycling the air through the cooling coils, or something may be wrong with the condenser if it is not returning coolant to the coils in the first place. This should be addressed by a technician as soon as possible, and the unit turned off to prevent further damage.
Why Is My Air Conditioner Running But Not Cooling the House?
If your air conditioning is running but isn’t cooling your house, it could be frozen. It sounds counterintuitive, but if there is too much coolant or a blockage in the line somewhere, your unit can freeze over, causing it to overheat in other areas as it continues to run. The unit should be turned off to prevent further damage.
If your unit is new, there is a chance that it is not large enough to cool the entire space and should either be upgraded or used with another source of cooling in the room. In air conditioning, size is everything; too small will struggle to cool the house, while too big will leave the house cold and clammy as it cannot remove enough moisture from the air before cooling it down.
How Do You Reset an Air Conditioning Unit?
Resetting an AC unit can take time, and depending on the type of unit, the steps may vary.
For window and portable units, simply turn off the AC if the thermostat is on and unplug it from the electrical outlet. The unit will take a few minutes to reset internally. Once the unit has rested, plug it back in and turn the unit back on at the thermostat interface.
For other types of AC units like central air, first, turn off the AC unit at the thermostat. Since you can’t simply unplug it, you’ll need to locate the AC on your circuit breaker. Switch this to the OFF position and let your AC rest.
Once the unit has rested, flip the circuit breaker switch back to the ON position, and turn the AC back on at the thermostat. Your air conditioning unit should reset.
How Long Does it Take an AC Unit to Reset?
In total, window and portable units typically take between 10-15 minutes to reset properly before being plugged back into the electrical outlet.
Central air conditioning units are a little more complicated and require more time to rest while being reset. These larger units should be allowed to rest for anywhere between 30 minutes and one hour.
If you are uncertain how long to let your unit rest between resetting, you should consult with your regular HVAC company, as they will be more familiar with the type and brand of your unit.
Should I Turn Off My AC If It Is Not Cooling?
Yes, you should always turn off your air conditioning unit if it is not cooling, malfunctioning, or in need of repair. Leaving the unit running can cause further problems, especially if it is having trouble cooling down at the end of the cycle.
If there is a malfunction in the cooling process or an electrical connection to the unit, it is critical to turn off the unit if you notice something isn’t right with it, as this can prevent safety hazards like fires.
Beyond safety concerns, leaving a unit running when it needs repair can be costly as the unit will run continuously, struggling to keep up with the thermostat’s demands with little efficiency. Your electricity bill will reflect this.
Furthermore, a frozen unit requires time to thaw before a technician can look at it, so even if your AC is only cooling a little bit, it should still be turned off so that the technician can go begin repairs immediately once they arrive; thawing out an AC unit can take hours, adding to repair costs.
When to Call an Expert to Repair Your AC Unit?
Contrary to popular belief, a repair technician doesn’t have to be expensive. Proper maintenance and timely repairs can help extend the lifespan of your AC unit, no matter the type of system you have in your home.
All it takes is partnering with a professional who can work with you regularly, so it’s important to find someone you can trust. You don’t have to make all the repairs yourself, and getting in over your head with HVAC repairs can lead to further damage of the unit and potential safety hazards, so it is always recommended to work with a professional rather than trying DIY methods.
Are you in need of an HVAC technician to help you troubleshoot and repair your air conditioning unit? Just need someone to ask questions of when purchasing a new system? Looking for a maintenance service?
At Same Day Pros, we have everything you need, at your fingertips. Use our services today to find a licensed and insured HVAC expert who is available in your area.
- Forbes.com, What is an HVAC System and How Does It Work?, https://www.forbes.com/advisor/home-improvement/how-do-hvac-systems-work/
- Huffpost.com, 10 DIY Appliance Maintenance Tips to Keep Them Running Like New, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/diy-appliance-maintenance-tips_b_1879423
- NYTimes.com, The Best Way to Cool Your Space, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/realestate/the-best-way-to-cool-your-space.html | <urn:uuid:ac6514c6-54da-4533-b117-34416fed4df2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.samedaypros.com/blog/air-conditioner-repair/air-conditioner-troubleshooting-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500080.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204012622-20230204042622-00818.warc.gz | en | 0.930594 | 3,661 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Use of the term “Bantu” in South Africa
What countries are Bantu?
Communities speaking Bantu languages are indigenous to twenty-seven African countries: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, CAR, Comoros, Congo, DRC, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, …
Who are the western Bantus?
Western region Bantus are mostly found in the Western region of Kenya and speak a variety of languages and dialects. In modern times a large population has migrated to urban areas around the country. The Abaluyia community is made up of eighteen sub-groups.
What religion is Bantu?
Traditional religion is common among the Bantu, with a strong belief in magic. Christianity and Islam are also practiced.
Where do the Bantu live now?
Today, the Bantu-speaking peoples are found in many sub-Saharan countries such as Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Angola, South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, and Burundi among other countries in the Great Lakes region.
What does Bantu mean in Africa?
Abantu (or ‘Bantu’ as it was used by colonists) is the Zulu word for people. It is the plural of the word ‘umuntu’, meaning ‘person’, and is based on the stem ‘–ntu’ plus the plural prefix ‘aba’. This original meaning changed through the history of South Africa.
Is Shona a Bantu language?
Shona is a language from the Bantu family and is spoken in Zimbabwe. It is the mother tongue of 75% of the people of Zimbabwe.
Is the term Bantu offensive?
Blacks in South Africa generally consider the word Bantu offensive. They similarly rejected the word “native,” which it replaced in official terminology some years ago, preferring to be called blacks.
What are African Bantu languages?
Bantu languages such as Swahili, Zulu, Chichewa or Bemba are spoken by an estimated 240 million speakers in 27 African countries, and are one of the most important language groups in Africa in terms of geographical and demographic distribution.
What do the Bantu believe in?
All Bantus traditionally believe in a supreme God. The nature of God is often only vaguely defined, although he may be associated with the Sun, or the oldest of all ancestors, or have other specifications. | <urn:uuid:c1042f92-a1a9-4b7a-8d42-35d11e72f8fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://cats-africa.com/about-africa/are-there-bantu-in-west-africa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663006341.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527205437-20220527235437-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.916476 | 575 | 3.015625 | 3 |
What is UN resolution on Israel?
3 of 35 resolutions at Council’s first meeting in 2022 concern Israel, Palestine. The United Nations Human Rights Council adopted three resolutions Friday in favor of Palestine, including condemning the actions of Jewish settlers in occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.
How many UN resolutions have been vetoed?
Between 1972 and 1997 inclusive, the UK and France voted the same way as China and the Soviet Union/Russia, and the opposite way to the US, on almost 80% of Middle East resolutions. Since 1997 the US has vetoed 10 draft resolutions on Middle East issues.
How many UN resolutions did Israel violate?
As of 2013, the State of Israel had been condemned in 45 resolutions by the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC).
How has Israel violated international law?
The United Nations on Thursday accused Israel of flagrantly violating international law by expanding settlements in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem, urging the country’s new government to halt their enlargement immediately.
Did Israel accept the UN partition plan?
On 29 November 1947 the UN General Assembly voted on the partition plan, adopted by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. The Jewish side accepted the UN plan for the establishment of two states. The Arabs rejected it and launched a war of annihilation against the Jewish state.
Did Israel accept resolution 242?
The Israelis supported the resolution because it called on the Arab states to accept Israel’s right “to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force.” Each of the Arab states eventually accepted it (Egypt and Jordan accepted the resolution from the outset) because of its …
Can Russia veto UN?
The United Nations Security Council veto power is the power of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to veto any “substantive” resolution.
Is Israel on the UN Security Council?
Since its founding in 1948, the United Nations Security Council, has adopted 79 resolutions directly related to the Arab–Israeli conflict as of January 2010….Israel and the United Nations.
|United Nations membership|
|UNSC seat||Non-permanent, never elected|
|Permanent Representative||Gilad Erdan|
Is Israel violating the UN?
Numerous UN resolutions and prevailing international opinion hold that Israeli settlements in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights are a violation of international law, including UN Security Council resolutions in 1979, 1980, and 2016.
Is Israel violating the Geneva Convention?
The United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council and the International Court of Justice have all said that Israeli settlements on the West Bank violate the Fourth Geneva Convention. Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan in the 1967 war and has occupied the territory ever since. | <urn:uuid:50af1aab-d81d-4bcd-bafe-5b9033cb4421> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.kembrel.com/uncategorized/what-is-un-resolution-on-israel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930181143-20220930211143-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.91739 | 607 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Special Public Works Programmes - SPWP - Planting Trees - An Illustrated Technical Guide and Training Manual (ILO - UNDP, 1993, 190 p.)|
|6. Maintaining plantations|
Bush fires in planted areas are almost always man-made. Fire is used to clear land, to improve grazing and to chase away wild animals. Fires may also be caused by carelessness during charcoal burning and honey collection.
Prevention of fire depends to a great extent on information and extension work. An understanding of the value and benefits of the forest for all members of the community must be reached. Where the plantation to be protected does not belong to individual private owners or to the local community, the interest of the local population can be increased by sharing the produce of the plantation. This can be done in several ways. Local people can be given the right to collect non-wood products like grass, mushrooms, honey, etc. They can also be offered a share of the wood or other products from the plantation. To protect large areas of state forest plantations, local people can be given private wood-lots to form a protective belt around the state forest.
Firebreaks combined with a well designed road system may keep the fire from spreading. Firebreaks consist of corridors about 20 m wide that are kept without vegetation cover. Maintenance of firebreaks is simple but labour intensive. They must be cleared at least once a year at the beginning of the dry season. Controlled grazing or cutting grass for stall-feeding can be used to minimize the amount of flammable dry grasses in the forest. Controlled grazing can also be used for clearing firebreaks.
Plantation staff and peasant association members may be trained in fire control. Small fires might be extinguished with water or plantation tools such as hoes or spades. If a fire has spread over a bigger area, the only practical way to control the fire is to remove flammable fuel from the path of the fire by opening up corridors without vegetation (fire lines). Already existing fire lines such as firebreaks and roads can be enlarged. Large forest fires can be fought with the help of backfire. A backfire is started on a strong fire line and directed towards the main fire. A wide corridor will be burned and when the two fires meet they will die for lack of fuel. Backfiring techniques need a lot of labour and should only be used under the supervision of an experienced fire fighting crew since there is always a danger that the fire can spread away from the back of the fire, starting new main fires.
Fire prevention depends upon information
Share benefits of the forest
Fire fighting crew | <urn:uuid:cf38bfc4-2a1e-4878-87a0-e31f8a7ef004> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-0-&a=d&c=cdl&cl=CL1.10&d=HASH01727bf7ecc33cd1299dde36.9.4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301863.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120130236-20220120160236-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.926945 | 542 | 3.0625 | 3 |
1. Slavery laws before the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in 1863
2. Women’s suffrage laws before passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920
4. Interracial marriage laws before a 1967 Supreme Court decision deemed anti-miscegenation laws unconstitutional
5. Gay marriage rights in 2012
So, did your state get it right? | <urn:uuid:9c73b4b3-3f78-4256-986b-fc4082a4cc26> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/was-your-state-on-the-right-side-of-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296951.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00147-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921645 | 76 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Who named babies in the Bible? In biblical tradition, the task of naming a child generally fell to the mother (Genesis 29:31-30:24; 1 Samuel 1:20) but could be performed by the father (Genesis 16:15; Exodus 2:22) and in exceptional cases by nonparental figures (Exodus 2:10; Ruth 4:17). The last son of Jacob and Rachel received a name from each parent; Jacob altering the name Rachel gave (Genesis 35:18).
Did God ever name babies in the Bible? Naming could be attributed to God originating through a divine birth announcement (Genesis 17:19; Luke 1:13).
- Genesis 17:19, “God said, ‘No, but Sarah your wife shall bear you a son, and you shall call his name Isaac. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his offspring after him.'”
- Luke 1:13, “But the angel said to him, ‘Do not be afraid, Zechariah, for your prayer has been heard, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John.'”
Also see Bible verses about new names
When did people name babies in the Bible?
Naming took place near birth in the Old Testament and on the eighth day accompanying circumcision in New Testament narratives (Luke 1:59; Luke 2:21).
- Luke 1:59, “And on the eighth day they came to circumcise the child. And they would have called him Zechariah after his father.”
How were names and character related? The biblical concept of naming was rooted in the ancient world’s understanding that a name expressed essence. To know the name of a person was to know that person’s total character and nature.
Revealing character and destiny, personal names might express hopes for the child’s future. Changing of a name could occur at divine or human initiative, revealing a transformation in character or destiny (Genesis 17:5, Genesis 17:5,17:15; Genesis 32:28; Matthew 16:17-18).
- Genesis 32:28, “Then he said, “Your name shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel, for you have striven with God and with men, and have prevailed.”
The knowing of a name implied a relationship between parties in which power to do harm or good was in force. That God knew Moses by name occasioned the granting of Moses’s request for divine presence (Exodus 33:12, Exodus 33:12, 33:17). The act of naming implied the power of the namer over the named, evidenced in the naming of the animals in Genesis 2:19-20 or Pharaoh’s renaming Joseph (Genesis 41:45; compare Daniel 1:6-7; 2 Kings 24:17).
The Meaning of Names in the Bible
Proper names consisting of one or more terms consciously chosen by the namer conveyed a readily understandable meaning within the biblical world.
- Reflecting circumstances of birth Rachel called the child of her death, Ben-oni, “son of my sorrow” (Genesis 35:18). Jacob was named “the supplanter” for “he took hold on Esau’s heel” (Genesis 25:26).
- Moses, the “stranger in a strange land,” named his son Gershom (Exodus 2:22).
- Conditions of the times proved imaginative as well: Ichabod, “The glory has departed from Israel,” (NRSV) came about by the ark of the covenant falling into Philistine hands (1 Samuel 4:21-22) and the symbolic names of Isaiah’s sons: Shear-jashub, “a remnant shall return,” (Isaiah 7:3); Maher-Shalal-hash-baz, “swift is the booty, speedy is the prey,” (Isaiah 8:3, NASB).
Personal characteristics, Esau means “hairy”; Careah means “bald,” (Genesis 25:25; 2 Kings 25:23); and the use of animal names in early times, Deborah means “bee”; Jonah means “dove”; Rachel means “ewe,” are attested. Less frequently occurring are names taken from plants: Tamar meaning “palm tree”; Susanna meaning “lily.”
Simple names functioning as epithets, such as Nabal meaning “fool” and Sarah meaning “princess,” gave way to compound names factual or wishful in nature, such as Mattaniah meaning “gift of Yahweh” and Ezekiel meaning “may God strengthen.”
Compound names in the main are theophoric, employing the divine names El and Yah (Elijah, Ishmael, Nathaniel). Titles and kinship terms (Abimelech, melech means “king”; Abigail, Abi means “father”) and foreign names occur: Aramaic, Greek, and Roman (Martha, Salome, Alexandra, John Mark).
The patronymic practice whereby a child received the name of a relative, especially the grandfather (Simon Bar-Jona is “son of Jona”) was common by the Christian era. Geographical identities are attested as well (Goliath of Gath and Jesus of Nazareth).
Kandy Queen-Sutherland, Holman Bible Dictionary
Also see random Bible verses | <urn:uuid:240d2f81-0579-417a-a486-d8f67c78b36a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.bestbiblecommentaries.com/naming-in-the-bible-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662560022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523163515-20220523193515-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.938953 | 1,214 | 3.3125 | 3 |
From our Free Quilt Block Patterns Library
Skill Level: Beginner
Grid: 6x6, 9patch
The Jacob's Ladder quilt block is characterized by strong diagonal lines running in both directions through the block.
Four patches fill the corners and center of this variation on a nine-patch pattern, with half square triangles completing the design.
This block goes by a number of other names including:
Further below you'll find cutting instructions for 5 block sizes, 8 variations based on this patchwork design, and finally a look at a few other blocks that carry the 'Jacob's Ladder' moniker.
Visit our page Jacob's Ladder Quilt Design and scroll down to the 3x3 Grid section to jump start your idea factory on what to do with all the blocks you'll make.
Let's get to our Jacob's Ladder!
Sample Block Size: 6"(6-1/2" unfinished)
Grid size: 1"
Several abbreviations are used in this tutorial:
All seam allowances (SA) are 1/4".
When you are instructed to press, first press the pieced unit flat to set the seam. Then open the patch, pressing from the front. Seam allowances are pressed to the dark fabric unless otherwise noted.
Patches for the half square triangles are marked with '**'.
I prefer to make my HSTs larger and trim them down to the actual size after stitching.
The Quick Piecing method is used to make them.
There is a chart further down in these instructions where you need it for trimming them to size.
Cutting Chart for a~Traditional Piecing ~
|Patch||Fabric||Qty||Finished Block Size|
|1**||L||2||2⅜" x 2⅜"||2⅞" x 2⅞"||3⅜" x 3⅜"||3⅞" x 3⅞"||4⅞" x ⅞"|
|2**||D||2||2⅜" x 2⅜"||2⅞" x 2⅞"||3⅜" x 3⅜"||3⅞" x 3⅞"||⅞" x ⅞"|
|3||L||1||1¼" x 13½"||1½" x 16"||1¾" x 18½"||2" x 21"||2½" x 26"|
|4||D||1||1¼" x 13½"||1½" x 16"||1¾" x 18½"||2" x 21"||2½" x 26"|
|Unfinished Block Size||5"||6½"||8"||9½"||12½"|
Learn more about my favorite, new quilting tool, the Magic Pressing Mat. A valuable addition to your quilting tools—regardless of the piecing technique you use.
And these are the cut patches...
Half Square Triangles
Our Jacob's Ladder needs four HSTs.
With a pencil, draw a diagonal line on the back side of the two #1 squares.
With RST, layer one marked light square with one dark #2 square. Stitch a quarter inch away from the drawn line on both sides. Repeat for the second pair of squares.
Cut on the drawn line to create two units from each pair of squares.
Find your finished block size in the chart below. Check your accuracy. Trim if needed (if you cut oversized patches you will need to trim.)
|Trim HST to…|
These are your trimmed units.
Our Jacob's Ladder quilt block needs a total of five 4 patch units.
With RST, align the edges of the light and dark strips. Stitch the long edge with a quarter inch seam.
With your rotary cutter, straighten one short edge of this strip set. Now cut it into ten 1-1/2" segments that look like this.
Alternating light and dark fabrics, stitch pairs of these segments together to create five 4-patches that measure 2-1/2" square.
To reduce bulk at the center of a four patch, I like to twirl or pinwheel the seam allowance. It looks like this (below, right).
Lay out your sewn units in rows.
It is REALLY easy to get the patches discombobulated! (Ask me how I know!) Just remember that the triangle squares border the light diagonal chain of squares.
Stitch the patches into rows.
You can press in either direction—towards the 4-patches or towards the HSTs—just be consistent. That way your seams will nest which makes matching them so much easier.
Stitch the rows together. After a final press your Jacob's Ladder quilt block looks like this.
You've learned just how simple this design is to make.
Your blocks are finished.
What to do?
How to arrange them?
Climb the ladder to quilting success!
Just check out our Free Quilt Block Pattern Library to find more blocks for your next quilt project!
Step by step and you'll be finished in no time!
There's also a Jacob's Ladder children's toy in the list below. It'd be fun to include it with their new quilt, don't you think?! | <urn:uuid:2764933a-e076-47ac-91db-7f7bf8d39120> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.generations-quilt-patterns.com/jacobs-ladder-quilt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826800.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215061532-20181215083532-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.868764 | 1,165 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Warm, Dry April Drains Water Supply In Many Parts Of Oregon
Snowpack, stream flows and reservoir levels are all on the decline after what was the driest April on record for some parts of Oregon.
Oregon could have really used some April showers.
Unseasonably warm temperatures and minimal precipitation this spring have left the landscape parched pretty much statewide, setting up what’s almost certain to be the worst drought in decades and perhaps a century.
The latest water supply outlook report from the Natural Resources Conservation Service of Oregon shows snowpack, stream flows and reservoir levels all on the decline. The entire state registered on the U.S. Drought Monitor as “abnormally dry” or worse as of May 4, and parts of Southern and Central Oregon qualify for “extreme” and “exceptional” drought.
“Unfortunately, in this time, with these conditions, people need to be prepared to deal with less water available,” said Scott Oviatt, the snow survey supervisory hydrologist for NRCS Oregon.
Oregon typically has very well-defined wet and dry seasons. The water year starts Oct. 1, which is when the state starts building its water supply through rain and high-elevation snow for the following summer.
But this year’s wet season wasn’t very wet, which has left Oregon trying to play catch-up. Even the highest water-year-to-date precipitation totals in Oregon lingered below average.
“If you’re not reestablishing the groundwater and you’re not building up those stream flows going into winter, you’re starting in deficit mode,” Oviatt said. “When you have adequate or normal snowpack, you’re still going to be behind.”
Many river basins did have adequate or, in some cases, above-normal mountain snowpack heading into the spring. However, the warm temperatures that delighted many an outdoor recreationist also contributed to a “very rapid meltdown” of snowpack.
As of Saturday, the snowpack in the Malheur and John Day basins had melted out entirely, and many others were on track to melt out earlier than normal.
The outlook report urges water managers in most Oregon basins to prepare for significantly reduced water supplies this summer.
Nine Oregon counties have, as of early May, requested drought emergency declarations from Gov. Kate Brown, which free up additional resources to help water users and managers make it through the year. Brown has declared drought emergencies in three of those counties: Klamath, Lake and Jackson.
Copyright 2021 Oregon Public Broadcasting. To see more, visit Oregon Public Broadcasting. | <urn:uuid:7c7878dd-c659-4aca-9c2f-c3ae1934cb62> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.ijpr.org/environment-energy-and-transportation/2021-05-09/warm-dry-april-drains-water-supply-in-many-parts-of-oregon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.954711 | 564 | 2.734375 | 3 |
At Ysgol Emrys ap Iwan we have a new program called KiVa, which forms a big part of the school's pastoral programme.
KiVa is an antibullying program that has been developed in the University of Turku, Finland. It is an evidence-based program which means that the effectiveness of KiVa has been proven scientifically. KiVa offers a wide range of concrete tools and materials for schools to tackle bullying.
The Parents’ Guide is part of the KiVa antibullying program, a research-based tool to prevent and reduce bullying problems.
The Guide offers information about bullying; what is known from current research and what can be done at home and at school. Cooperation between home and school is important in addressing bullying.
a school based program for bullying
prevention and intervention | <urn:uuid:34842cf6-af36-42d9-8e19-f7353c30cdec> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.emrysapiwan.conwy.sch.uk/KiVa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649105.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603032950-20230603062950-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.96468 | 186 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Argument Essay
That university students will encounter in their careers that are academic. While you can find various variants associated with argument essay, the general foundation is obviously the exact same: the author is tasked with investigating a problem, using a stand on the problem, and finding and integrating a multitude of proof in a rational way to aid the entire claim.
The majority of us have experience with arguing, but an essay that is argumentative quite unique of a verbal argument that arises out of nowhere. Spoken arguments often become heated and unreasonable, although the aim of an essay that is argumentative the contrary: the argument needs to be certain, reasoned, detailed and supported with many different proof. Additionally, a spoken argument usually centers on that is appropriate regarding a particular issue, while a well-written, researched argument essay centers on what’s the right part of a issue that is particular. Simply speaking, a quarrel essay should be rational from just starting to end.
Listed here are essential aspects of a good argument essay:
- Create an obvious, firm,and debatable thesis. A highly effective thesis statement can be an crucial element that is foundational of essay, however it is of sustained value in a quarrel essay. Your reader has to know precisely exactly just what the argument is and just why it is necessary; there may be no confusion. To get more on developing a thesis declaration, view the thesis statements web web page.
- Give you the necessary history information regarding the subject. A bit of background information is often needed early in the essay to understand the argument while an argument essay isn??™t the same as a research essay. For instance, in the event that writer is arguing that a specific amendment to their state constitution must certanly be passed away, its most likely essential to explain exactly exactly just what changes the amendment will make and whether or perhaps not the same amendment happens to be proposed at some time.
- Give attention to company and transitions. While transitions are very important in virtually any form of essay, these are typically specially essential in a disagreement essay. It is because the argument essay involves many reasons and proof to support the general thesis, and counter arguments in many cases are discussed and refuted aswell. Argument essays could be arranged in lots of ways. Regardless of purchase for which it’s arranged, all argument essays should explain and help reasons that are several the argument is legitimate, along with explain and refute a few opposing arguments made available from one other part. All article writers may benefit from producing a plan to arrange all the given information which is presented, and also this advantage becomes also greater with longer argument essays. To get more on producing a plan, see the creating a plan web page.
- Perform effective and thorough research. Most argumentative essays require incorporating research in to the essay. Should this be the outcome along with your essay, remember to execute a amount that is significant of before completely investing in an interest. This is really important as you must make sure you can find sufficient credible sources that can be utilized in your essay. You don??™t want to agree to an interest and commence composing the essay and then later find that you can??™t find sufficient quality sources to really make the subject work.
- Incorporate logos, pathos, and ethos. Logos is a term that describes the usage of logic in a debate. Being a journalist, the employment of logos should always be main, should appear through the essay, and it’s also the way that is best to persuade you to definitely follow a certain stance on any problem. It’s also vital that you avoid fallacies that are logical. While logos ought to be the main target, pathos – that is the usage feeling – can certainly be included. Pathos means obtaining the audience emotionally mixed up in argument so the audience is available to further persuasion. One of the better places to utilize pathos is within the introduction. Ethos – the application of credibility – can also be crucial. The easiest way for writers to include ethos is through addressing counterarguments and making use of legitimate sources. Additionally, going for a reasonable get up on the matter (in place of an extreme one) will even result in more credibility.
Topic selection is of this importance that is utmost an argument essay. The journalist should give attention to choosing an interest this is certainly present and strongly related culture and may logically be argued. It is advisable to avoid ethical subjects as they do not constantly help discussion that is logical. Furthermore, any topic that is potential a quarrel essay must certanly be present, debatable, researchable and workable.
A present subject is one which will not be overdebated and it is nevertheless being determined by culture. Many authors and visitors are fed up with subjects which have been debated for a long time: abortion, the death penalty, the legalization of cannabis, etc.
A topic that is debatable one which has differing viewpoints. Simply put, it really is an issue that is controversial. Currently talking about just exactly just how youngster abuse has effects for culture just isn’t debatable since nobody would disagree with this specific thesis. Having said that, debating if the typical punishments for kid abusers work well or maybe not in deterring criminal activity is debatable and that can alllow for a fascinating and essay that is well-supported.
A researchable subject is one in that the journalist will get a number of legitimate and current sources. Put simply, the journalist should be capable of finding a great number of research performed by qualified individuals to offer the general argument.
A topic that is manageable the one that may be effectively done in write my essay the web web page demands of this essay. Authoring widespread problems such as for example nationwide or worldwide issues is normally unmanageable in only a pages that are few. In order to prevent this, many article writers must start with a fundamental topic then make an effort to slim the subject down seriously to a far more appropriate degree. As an example, if an author is passionate about arguing for or resistant to the ongoing health Care Reform Act which was passed away by Congress this year, it will be smart to slim this subject. It really isn??™t feasible to argue for or contrary to the law that is entire the bill itself is much a lot more than 2,000 pages very very long). It may be possible to argue for or against one percentage of regulations.
Using the aforementioned requirements as a simple guideline should enable a journalist to locate a suitable subject. | <urn:uuid:2782a529-7365-4d91-8274-4d9543bcb17a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://duce.ac.tz/the-argument-essay-is-considered-the-most-type-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655735.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015005905-20191015033405-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.953275 | 1,325 | 2.765625 | 3 |
By Senator Rand Paul (R-KY)
Two hundred and twenty-five years ago today, a young nation made ten additions to its already revolutionary Constitution.
These amendments – this “Bill of Rights” – said we could speak our minds, worship freely, defend ourselves, be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures, and expect to be treated fairly if accused of a crime.
In contrast to almost all of the legislation Congress passes today, the Bill of Rights is full of language such as “Congress shall make no law” and “The right of the people… shall not be violated,” along with a guarantee that non-delegated powers or those not specifically denied the states “are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”
With this document, the Founders drew a line in the sand a few inches from the government’s feet.
Not all of these 225 years have been kind to the Bill of Rights, though. It’s been challenged, debated, and far too often just ignored.
Don’t be fooled into thinking this would have surprised the Founders.
We have the Bill of Rights precisely because the Founding Fathers knew government can’t resist stretching its limits. Much like Benjamin Franklin’s reported statement that we had a Republic if we could “keep it,” the Bill of Rights relies on the people holding government accountable.
When some in government say “of course we can,” you and I are supposed to use the Bill of Rights to say, “No, you can’t.”
Some believe government has grown too large to hold down with these chains, that it’s too late to rein it back in. If the Bill of Rights were mere words on paper, perhaps we could afford to indulge that feeling.
But they are not mere words. They are principles fundamental to who we are as a people and what we represent as a nation. If we stop caring enough to preserve them, we will lose more than a few liberties.
We will become something else entirely.
Read the rest at Breitbart | <urn:uuid:59c5ee8d-19b3-4c2c-b91d-646c77c5fddf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.ronpaullibertyreport.com/archives/rand-paul-restore-the-bill-of-rights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.961983 | 462 | 2.65625 | 3 |
June 16, 2011
This strip of land on the Kamchatka peninsula in Russia covers an area of 150 kilometers by 50 kilometers. Central coordinates are located a 162 degrees, 54 minutes east longitude and 60 degrees, 0 minutes north latitude. This mountainous scene also reveals many rivers and forests. For closer images of the left and right sides of this strip, please refer to the two subsequent (serially numbered) frames. All X-SAR imagery and related charts and maps are provided by DLR, Germany's national aerospace resource center as well as the national space agency.
Topics: Longitude, Latitude, Navigation, Environment, Geographic coordinate system, Kamchatka Peninsula, Geography | <urn:uuid:d1d6a7fd-59fb-468d-9b2a-075e20e09676> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.redorbit.com/images/pic/43632/jsc2000-e-2643/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00645-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89303 | 140 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Modeled after NTSB, new board will investigate major national disasters, make policy recommendations
A newly introduced bipartisan bill will create a new permanent and independent board to study the underlying causes of disaster related fatalities and property damage nationwide. Introduced by U.S. Senators Brian Schatz (D-Hawai‘i) and Bill Cassidy (R-La.), the National Disaster Safety Board (NDSB) will make recommendations to all levels of government on how to improve the resiliency of communities across the country.
The formation of this board has long been a priority of ASFPM, and the association was one of the supporting organizations listed in the press release issued by Sen. Schatz.
“A key to continually improving our programs, policies, and actions to reduce flood losses in the nation is to monitor and evaluate flood events,” said Chad Berginnis, CFM, executive director of ASFPM. “We cannot make meaningful change until we understand what is driving flood losses. This is why ASFPM has long called for and strongly supports the creation of a National Disaster Safety Board.”
Currently, policymakers rely on a patchwork of studies, after-action reports, audits, and media reports to understand the impacts of natural disasters, which are inconsistent and vulnerable to political pressure.
The NDSB is modeled after the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which investigates plane crashes, major railroad accidents, and commercial highway accidents. The NTSB is tasked with studying the underlying causes that may lead to similar accidents in the future – and its reviews and recommendations are considered to be a gold standard internationally. The NTSB has saved lives: the rate of air travel fatalities has decreased more than 99 percent since 1960. The NDSB would apply the best principles of the NTSB to natural disasters.
Similar to the NTSB, the NDSB would be independent. Its seven members will be chosen for their experience in emergency management, public health, engineering, social and behavioral sciences, and experience working at the state and local level and with vulnerable communities.
Low-income communities, communities of color, the elderly, and people with disabilities all suffer disproportionately in natural disasters. The NDSB includes a special office to focus on disaster impacts to these communities and will ensure that recommendations are made to protect them moving forward.
Rather than assigning blame, NDSB reviews and recommendations will seek to offer policymakers a path forward to build more resilient communities. The NDSB will work collaboratively with affected state and local governments, ensuring they have the opportunity to comment on reports and recommendations before publication. The NDSB will also offer technical assistance to support jurisdictions implementing its resiliency recommendations.
Companion legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives by U.S. Representatives Katie Porter (D-Calif.) and Garret Graves (R-La.). | <urn:uuid:52bafcf2-c220-4d4b-92ee-6d86fab22818> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://floods.org/whats-new/bill-seeks-to-create-new-national-disaster-safety-board/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.947294 | 585 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Healthy Eating (Grade 6)
The students learn about the issue of obesity through the educational version of the documentary "Super Size Me" and/or print information. They will understand the importance of eating healthfully and the benefits to individuals as well as for the common good. Students will create a cookbook of healthy recipes to be donated to community organizations.
The learner will:
- understand the importance of healthy eating and its benefit to the common good.
- experience service by making and donating healthy cookbooks.
- DVD of “Super Size Me” Educational Version (See Bibliographical References)
- DVD player
- construction paper
- computer with internet access
The film "Super Size Me" is 100 minutes in length. There are two versions of the documentary available, the original which is rated PG13 and an educational version rated PG. Be sure to get the educational version and preview it before using in class.
If class time doesn't allow for students to view the entire documentary, selected parts may be shown (the first 10 minutes to set the background on obesity in the U.S. and the last 10-15 minutes that summarize the results of the experiment.
service: to provide a community or organization with something that it needs
donate: to give or present something, especially to a charitable organization or other good cause
obese: so overweight as to be at risk from several serious illnesses, including diabetes and heart disease, if action is not taken to control the weight
calorie: a unit of energy-producing potential in food
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention - http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html
- Super Size Me Eduational PG version available from:
School Media Associates - https://www4091.ssldomain.com/smavideo/Store/titledetail.cfm?MerchID=21957
Virgil Films - http://www.virgilfilmsent.com/store/product.php?pid=166
The educational version of Super Size Me is also widely available in most public libraries and video rental stores for free or for a nominal fee.
Ask the students to raise their hands if they or someone they know has been on a diet in the last year.
Ask the studentsto share the last time they ate at a fast food restaurant and which one they ate at. Summarize the class' experience (It sounds like most of you have eaten fast food in the last week, two weeks, month...)
Ask- What are the major health concerns that face our population today. List the concerns mentioned on a display area. If obesity is not suggested by the students add that to the list and give a rationale for why its an important concern, (In 2009, only Colorado and the District of Columbia had an obesity level of less than 20% of their population. In33 statesat least 25% of the population isobese and in 9 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and West Virginia)more than 30% of the population is obese.
Tell the students that the theme of the day isHealthy Eating – this means that students will learn about healthy eating and create a cookbook of healthy recipes.
Introduce the movie “Super Size Me.” (This is a 2004 documentary directed by and starring Morgan Spulock.Spurlock's film chronicles a 30-day period from February 1 to March 2, 2003 during which he ate onlyfast food from McDonalad's.If offered the option,Spurlock always choose to "super-size" his meal. The film shows the effects of this diet on Spurlock's physical and mental health.) Facilitate a discussion about the themes of the movie and the importance of helping others.
After viewing the film, ask:
- Does this movie change your thinking about fast food? How so?
- Why do you think fast food restaurants spend so much money on advertising?
- How have the sizes of fries and drinks changed over the years and how is it associated with advertisement?
- In what neighborhoods do you typically see more fast food restaurants? Why? How does this affect eating habits in those neighborhoods?
In groups, ask students to brainstorm what being healthy means to them. Next, ask students to compile a list of behaviors that they define as healthy and unhealthy. This may include listing specific foods, lifestyles, or actions.
Discuss why it is important to encourageall people to practice good health.
With internet computer access, allow students visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s website to access current facts about the health of young people: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html(If students access to computers is not available, project the site for all to read or in advance download and print the information about childhood obesity for students.)
Ask students: What information wassurprising or impactful? How would students redefine their earlier list of healthy and unhealthy behaviors based on this information?
Groupstudents into groups of three or four and ask each group to generate at least three reasons why they believe young people may not practice good health. (Answers may include: people don’t eat healthy food because they’re too busy, don’t know how to cook, or don’t have enough money to buy healthy food, etc.) Then, ask students to start thinking of strategies that will address these concerns.
Compare and contrastDr. Martin Luther King’s legacy of service to the themes of “Super Size Me.”Ask:
- Although Dr. King and Morgan Spurlock are from different generations, how did they both serve and encourage others to serve?
- What message would both of them convey to youth to get them interested in service?
- What will you do to continue their message of service?
Explain to students that one way they can serve related to obesitywould be tocreate a cookbook with healthy recipes that will be donated to community organizations.
Remind students that in learning about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.,they learned about how one person can make a difference through service. In “Super Size Me,”they learned that one person’s determination and advocacycan bring attention about an issue the affects teh common good.Just as Dr. King and Morgan Spurlock have demonstrated their dedication to help others through social activism, students will demonstrate service by making and donating healthy eating cookbooks to spread the importance of good health.
Review the concept of philanthropy - giving time, talent and treasure for the common good - and ask students to brainstorm examples from their own lives or the lives of others.Explain to students that they will now practice giving and sharing again by making and donating healthy eating cookbooks to an individuals or a groups of their choice.
Before the activity, ask students to either bring recipes from home or research various healthy recipes that they may include in their cookbooks.
Teacher Note: If recipes are taken from published materials (a website or cookbook) be sure students have a good understanding of copyright laws and that they must reference the source, using your school's reference writing protocol.
Either using computer word processing software or paper and pencil, ask the students to write their recipes being careful to to be exact with measurements and use appropriate transition words to explain the recipe procedure.Studentsmay draw (or paste) a picture ofa relatedfood item on the recipe page.
Compile the class' recipes to produce one recipe book that can be multi-copied. Students may then make a colorful covers and staple the cookbooks together.
Brainstorm with students possible groups and places to donate their cookbooks, helping students to choose people that might often be overlooked (for example: students may wish to donate their cookbooks to their families, but it may be better to give them to the younger students to teach them better habits, libraries, day cares, or local stores as they may not typically receive such kind gifts). Talk to students about why various groups of people would make good choices for the cookbooks.
After your students have finished their cookbooks, donate them to the recipients that the students have chosen. Be sure to take pictures (if appropriate) for use in student reflection about their service.
Reflection is a key component of service-learning that adds meaning to the experience. Ask students how they felt about donating their cookbooks and how they think others felt receiving them.Discuss with students why doing this project was important.
Ask students to fill in the blanks of the following statement:
I expected community members to be______.
Strand PHIL.I Definitions of Philanthropy
Standard DP 01. Define Philanthropy
Benchmark MS.1 Define philanthropy as individuals and organizations providing their time, talent, and/or treasures intended for the common good throughout history and around the world. Give examples.
Benchmark MS.4 Give examples of how individuals have helped others.
Strand PHIL.II Philanthropy and Civil Society
Standard PCS 07. Skills of Civic Engagement
Benchmark MS.4 Analyze information to differentiate fact from opinion based on the investigation of issues related to the common good.
Strand PHIL.III Philanthropy and the Individual
Standard PI 01. Reasons for Individual Philanthropy
Benchmark MS.4 Identify and describe the actions of how citizens act for the common good.
Strand PHIL.IV Volunteering and Service
Standard VS 01. Needs Assessment
Benchmark MS.1 Identify a need in the school, local community, state, nation, or world.
Standard VS 03. Providing Service
Benchmark MS.1 Provide a needed service.
Standard VS 05. Integrating the Service Experience into Learning
Benchmark MS.3 Identify outcomes from the service. | <urn:uuid:2df0ade2-02f4-4dd2-b86d-07a7611a613f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.learningtogive.org/units/grow-involved-6-8/healthy-eating-grade-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678861.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00190-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940699 | 2,057 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The UK faces an electricity supply gap of up to 55% by 2025 because of the closure of coal and nuclear plants, the government is being warned.
Plans to plug the gap by building combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants are “unrealistic”, according to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
A report detailed the impact of closing all coal-fired power stations by 2025, ageing nuclear stations stopping generating power, and growing demand for power.
The institution said the UK does not have the resources or the skilled workers to build the number of power stations needed.
The report’s author, Dr Jenifer Baxter, said: “The UK is facing an electricity supply crisis. As the UK population rises and with the greater use of electricity use in transport and heating it looks almost certain that electricity demand is going to rise.
“However, with little or no focus on reducing electricity demand, the retirement of the majority of the country’s ageing nuclear fleet, recent proposals to phase out coal-fired power by 2025 and the cut in renewable energy subsidies, the UK is on course to produce even less electricity than it does at the moment.
“We cannot rely on CCGTs alone to plug this gap, as we have neither the time, resources nor enough people with the right skills to build sufficient power plants. Electricity imports will put the UK’s electricity supply at the mercy of the markets, weather and politics of other countries, making electricity less secure and less affordable.
“Currently there are insufficient incentives for companies to invest in any sort of electricity infrastructure or innovation and worryingly even the Government’s own energy calculator does not allow for the scenarios that new energy policy points towards. Under current policy, it is almost impossible for UK electricity demand to be met by 2025.”
A Department of Energy and Climate Change spokesman said: “We are the first country to propose an end date to using unabated coal and we will do so in a way that maintains energy security, which comes first.
“New gas power stations are being built and we are investing in cleaner energy, such as nuclear and shale gas, to ensure hardworking families and businesses have secure, affordable energy supplies they can rely on now and in the future.” | <urn:uuid:bb0303f2-ca72-4c50-83e7-7e273bc80a96> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.energyvoice.com/other-news/99785/power-plant-closures-could-lead-to-55-gap-in-electricity-supply-by-2025/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171126.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124053841-20201124083841-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.947451 | 470 | 3.125 | 3 |
The goal is to make a CUDOBIK in the shortest possible time. To do this, you have to place one by one the eight cards that are in a deck next to eight other cards that are on the board so that no color is repeated in each row or in each column.
In addition, in each of the four corners formed by four cards, there should always be two colors of each.
At this level some cards are placed in their correct positions, but not in the proper orientation. To solve the CUDOBIK at this level just turn the cards (by clicking on it) and find combianción we suggest.
Only for experts, we offer you a completely empty board and the ability to place and rotate as many times as you like the game cards. There are thousands of possible combinations. Enter the Hall of Fame finding one.
There are 16 cards. Place them, move them, rotate them so that the same color is not repeated in the same row or column | <urn:uuid:797d2427-6200-4515-bec8-7f23711bb275> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://cudobik.com/play.php?modo=free | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986668994.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016135759-20191016163259-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.974067 | 206 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Something that has been far less studied is the nature of variation around those mean relationships between population density and body size. However, many plots of observed densities against body mass appear to show quite strong relationships between the extremes of density and body mass. As two examples, consider published data on both mammals and birds (Fig. 1). The data for mammals appear to show upper and lower limits that show similar scaling to that of the mean. By contrast, the data for birds suggest that the upper limit is more steeply negative than the mean, whilst the lower limit is almost mass invariant. Both graphs suggest that the smallest species do not reach densities as high as would be expected from the overall scaling of the upper boundaries. The question arises, what determines these upper and lower limits?
Prompted by these observations, we decided to identify some simple models that would guide us about where we expected the limits to population density to lie. Specifically, we conjectured that an upper limit to population density might lie where a species accounted for all above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) in the most productive biomes on earth. With such a varied and coarse diet, assimilation efficiency would be low. Accounting for that, and dividing the density of ANPP by mass-specific individual field metabolic rates identifies that upper bound.
For the lower bound, we conjectured that the area of an individual's home range would increase with the distance they travelled in a day. At the limit to area use, they would be travelling as far as they could each day. If there was no overlap among home ranges but no gaps between them, this would be the limit to individual area use in a spatially-contiguous population. For various reasons, this model assumed that area used would increase in proportion to the square of daily travel distance; we referred to this model as the "targeted search model".
We used published relationships between body mass and key parameters in these models, in order to estimate where the limits to density might lie for both birds and mammals. We compared those predicted limits to estimated population densities for 10,474 populations of birds and mammals and found that, given the simplicity of the models, they did a remarkably good job of describing the empirical extremes of the data (Fig. 3).
Many refinements of these models are doubtless possible. However, an important challenge will be to identify when failures of a given species group to fill expected ranges of population densities are due to sampling biases and when they are due to morphological, physiological or behavioural constraints. More work is required to identify the underlying parameters with greater confidence, to produce unbiased distributions of abundance estimates, and to validate the assumptions of our underlying expectations about the relationship between travel distance and area use. Nevertheless, these models substantially improve on previous estimates of where the limits to density should lie, and provide useful frames of reference against which to evaluate observed distributions of population densities in these and other taxa.
This post relates to work published in Ecology Letters. Read the original paper for free, here. | <urn:uuid:9f18e549-4ff7-46f5-89bc-edfc457a3260> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.conservationecology.org/news/body-size-and-the-limits-to-population-density | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657720.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610131939-20230610161939-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.945908 | 617 | 3.5 | 4 |
The chances are that you were told to avoid Motrin (or any Ibuprofen product). The use of ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) and medications like ibuprofen in treating lupus is done with caution. Ibuprofen and similar drugs can harm kidney function, especially in people who already have kidney problems. In addition, ibuprofen and related agents can rarely cause inflammation of the lining of the brain resulting in a severe headache!
Tylenol is Acetaminophen and those are generally safe for people with Lupus. Here is a breakdown of the various over-the-counter pain relievers:
Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetaminophen are different substances whose desired effects (and drawbacks) are very different.
Pain Reliever: Aspirin; Over-the-counter brands: Bayer, Bufferin - aspirin reacts with our blood chemistry to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which in turns limits the volume of prostaglandins. It's rough on the upper digestive tract (can cause upset stomach, heartburn, and even dyspepsia), it's bad for hemophiliacs (because it's an anticoagulant), and it's not always safe for kids (because it's linked to Reye's syndrome).
Pain Reliever: Ibuprofen; Over-the-counter brands: Motrin, Advil - Ibuprofen is chemically similar to regular aspirin and functions in an similar way, minimizing the production of prostaglandins, though it accomplishes this with slightly different chemical reactions. Ibuprofen is different from aspirin because in lower doses, ibuprofen seems to irritate the esophagus and stomach lining less than aspirin and naproxen. Ibuprofen is good for pain which results from inflammation.
Pain Reliever: Naproxen
Over-the-counter brands: Aleve - naproxen is very effective as an anti-inflammatory agent. The other difference between naproxen is that it tends to last longer than similar medications; often for 8-12 hours instead of 4-8 hours.
Pain Reliever: Acetaminophen (sometimes called paracetamol)
Over-the-counter brands: Tylenol - acetaminophen.
This pain reliever lowers fevers and soothes headaches effectively, but it is NOT an anti-inflammatory substance. It has a milder effect on the upper digestive tract and it is less irritating to the lining of the stomach, making it the best headache treatment for people with acid reflux disease, ulcers, and the like. Acetaminophen is also safer for hemophiliacs and children than aspirin and its friends. There are various kinds of acetaminophen on the market, so be sure to see what else it's partnered with and whether drowsiness may result from the combo. However, because its usual dosage for pain relief and its overdose amount are not that different, doctors always will tell you to exercise caution when using it.
I hope that this was helpful
Peace and Blessings
Look For The Good and Praise It! | <urn:uuid:61fe9d61-fb0e-4b86-8f26-d71dc6e2baec> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://forum.wehavelupus.com/showthread.php?3361-Can-I-take-Sudafed-PE-or-SOMETHING-! | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663060.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00029-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926681 | 657 | 2.71875 | 3 |
"There are many villages in the eastern part of Sierra Leone that are basically devastated," virologist Robert Garry of Tulane University told National Pubic Radio. "We walked into one village ... and we found 25 corpses. One house with seven people, all in one family, were dead.
"It's a very serious situation there," adds Garry, who just returned to the U.S. from West Africa. "This is about as bad as it [an Ebola outbreak] gets."
The epicentre of the current Ebola epidemic is the Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone. BeforeItIsNews claims the hospital houses a US a biosecurity level 2 bioweapons research lab. That claim is unconfirmed, however, this we do know.
Analysis of clinical samples from suspected Lassa fever cases in Sierra Leone showed that about two-thirds of the patients had been exposed to other emerging diseases, and nearly nine percent tested positive for Ebola virus. The findings, published in this month’s edition of Emerging Infectious Diseases, demonstrates that Ebola virus has been circulating in the region since at least 2006—well before the current outbreak, reports Global BioDefense.
According to GBD, the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases has been operating in the area since 2006, supposedly working on "diagnostic tests."
Author Randal J. Schoepp, PH. D. reports that because the USAMRIID team just happened to be working on disease identification and diagnostics in the area, they had pre-positioned assays in the region to address the ebola outbreak:
We had people on hand who were already evaluating samples and volunteered to start testing right away when the current Ebola outbreak started.The laboratory testing site in Kenema is supported by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center-Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System. Other contributors to the work include the Department of Defense Joint Program Executive Office-Critical Reagents Program, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Cooperative Biological Engagement Program, and the DTRA Joint Science and Technology Office.
Metabiota Inc., a non-government organization (NGO) is also involved in the testing. It lists among its partners, the Department of State, Biological Engagement Program and the Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Advisors to the NGO include Admiral Gary Roughead, former US Chief of Naval Operations.
Oh, and about Robert Parry, the virologist that I quote above who was in Sierra Leone, BioMed Central reports, that:
He is currently managing a consortium of scientists who are developing modern diagnostics for several biodefense pathogens. | <urn:uuid:3fa468fa-815b-463a-b24c-021e49d1ebb0> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2014/07/a-link-between-ebola-outbreak-and-us.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831769.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00184-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952832 | 548 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The foundation of all gait starts at the foot. There are various external factors that can influence the movement at the feet.
These factors could be mechanical instability, proprioception deficits, neuromuscular control deficits, postural control deficits and muscle weakness. Below are some examples of how each factor can impact the level of stability of the foot.
- Mechanical instability:- this relates to a structural problem including the alignment or function of bony structures and ligaments of the foot and ankle. Our bones make up the solid foundation that we stand on and the ligaments are what binds and holds the bones and muscles together, if there is an abnormality with one or the other, this can create instability or decreased function, therefore altering the way we move during gait. Here are two examples of mechanical instability
- Broken big toe:- affects balance and coordination
- Torn ligaments in the ankle:- affects ankle stability, balance and range of motions which all play a factor in ones ability to walk.
- Proprioception deficits:- Proprioception is our ability to grip and feel the world. In relation to our feet this means that there is information being relayed through the feet that can tell you what type of surface you are standing on. There can be a number of reasons for a proprioception deficits, including ligament or nerve damage, however, the most common is age. When we age there is a gradual decrease in the sensation that is relayed through the feet.
- Neuromuscular control deficits:- This involves abnormal changes in the neural pathways which innovate the muscles and provided feedback on proprioception. These changes can result in muscle weakness, numbness, burning and pain which can effect a person’s ability to walk or stand for any amount of time. An example of this can be seen in those what have peripheral neuropathy.
- Muscle weakness:- Muscles control the movements of the joints and structures in our body. They have the ability to lift the foot and control cadence during gait. If there is any weakness in the muscles this could lead to dragging or shuffling steps. With this altered movement patterning comes an increased risk of falls. | <urn:uuid:284cdc8f-a5a8-4262-aa9d-0f1e674c23db> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.visionexercisephysiology.com.au/foot-and-ankle-stability-its-role-in-gait-ashley-johnston-aep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100540.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205010358-20231205040358-00877.warc.gz | en | 0.934821 | 444 | 3.4375 | 3 |
January 3, 2013
The human genome is like a roadmap for the body, but our understanding of the road signs that point some people toward a long life and others to an early death is still limited. Now, research from the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and the University of California, Irvine, finds that genes involved in regulating personality may also be keys to longevity. Study results appear online in the January 3, 2013, issue of the Journal of Neuroscience.
"There's a lot of public interest in health and longevity, but we really don't have a good handle on the mechanism of why certain individuals may live longer while others don't — and how this relates to certain genetic variants and lifestyles," said Panayotis Thanos, a neuroscientist in the Behavioral Pharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab at Brookhaven Lab. Thanos led the research along with Robert Moyzis at UC Irvine, and Nora Volkow, a psychiatrist who conducts research at Brookhaven Lab and is also the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
"We obviously expect genetic variants to play a role, so we looked at the effect of the interaction of specific genetic variants associated with active personality traits on longevity," Thanos said.
Thanos and his team studied a personality-modifying dopamine gene in a group of 1,151 individuals between 90 and 109 years old. This genetic variant - a derivative of a dopamine-receptor gene (the DRD4 7R allele) - appears at significantly higher rates in individuals over the age of 90, and is linked to lifespan increases in mice. The participants were part of the Leisure World Cohort Study, established in 1981 as a health survey among residents of the Leisure World retirement community in Laguna Woods, CA.
Beginning in 2003, 233 surviving participants over 90 years old from the Leisure World cohort were surveyed and genotyped at the human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene and compared to a European ancestry-matched control population.
The DRD4 gene is known to regulate traits such as motivation and thrill seeking, and is also associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addictive and risky behavior. More than 90 percent of people have a DRD4 gene with groups of alleles repeated 2, 4, or 7 times, and that variation could be the difference that enables a person to live past the age of 90.
This "oldest-old" population had a 66 percent increase in individuals carrying the 7R allele relative to the younger control group (aged 7 to 45), and the presence of the 7R allele was strongly correlated with increased levels of physical activity. Thanos' team also found that the DRD4 gene plays a role in protecting against dementia.
"We found an association between exercise and protection from dementia, but only for DRD4 7R subjects," he said. High levels of activity were correlated with much lower-than-expected prevalence of dementia, while low activity rates were correlated with far higher prevalence than expected. "This suggests that individuals with the DRD4 7R variant may be more sensitive to both the beneficial effects of activity as well as the detrimental consequences of inactivity," Thanos said.
These findings were further supported in laboratory experiments on DRD4-knockout mice, which do not have the DRD4 gene. Thanos and his team compared environmental effects on the lifespan of these mice to those of mice with DRD4 genes. Two types of housing environments were used - a standard laboratory environment, and an enriched environment that included social interaction with multiple options for physical activity and exploration.
In line with the findings in the human population, mice without the DRD4 gene had a 7 to 9.7 percent shorter lifespan than mice with the gene. They also found that mice in enriched environments lived 5.7 percent longer than mice in deprived environments, but only if the DRD4 gene was present.
"The human and animal data support each other, they match up so beautifully," Thanos said. "This is a very interesting gene-environment interaction. We know that lifestyle changes can have tremendous impact on lifespan and, as we see here, the interaction of specific lifestyle changes and environment are also dependent on specific genetic variants."
The research was funded by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Intramural Program.
2013-1481 | Media & Communications Office | <urn:uuid:16fd2a21-701e-4cbf-801b-0c34433bb107> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=11481 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021919409/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121839-00094-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961149 | 910 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Discourse on Voluntary Servitude is a work by Etienne de La Boétie, whose influence on political philosophy is very large. His philosophical radicalism, to the sixteenth century, is dizzying. Especially since the speech was originally circulated in manuscript form, but was never published by La Boétie.
The thesis of the Boétie is as follows: political regimes are based on fear, which is used to conceal the lack of legitimacy of the government. Thus, the people subjected to the self-government in place by simple habit, historical recurrence.
Etiene de la Boétie can certainly be considered the father of non-violent (or peace) disobedience. The central question in the speech is: How the freedom of nations can it turn against itself? How freedom can be alienated? One of the key ideas is that La Boétie the overthrow of regimes is essentially psychological: the people must stop believing its government. This theme of freedom returned greatly influence Rousseau in the Social Contract or Sartre whose thesis on bad faith is the ontological equivalent.
Summary of arguments of the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude:
– The power of tyrants is based only on the abandonment of people’s power.
– The tyrant is often a weak man, like any other. Only gullible can idolize.
– There is oppression of a volunteer.
– The people are responsible for their tutelage
– The use of reason will disappear among the people to be deceived and dominated.
– Tyrants create a power structure very elaborate, consisting of a multi-level hierarchy consisting of a conspiracy of accomplices. | <urn:uuid:e281e7cb-a561-4b10-b70f-5f1cd58b8a9a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.the-philosophy.com/la-boetie-discourse-voluntary-servitude | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00270-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953671 | 339 | 2.875 | 3 |
The participation of the Catholic clergy in the Greater Poland Uprising and in the preservation of the Polish national identity during the period of partitions (1793-1918)
Priest Dariusz Śmierzchalski-Wachocz
- When we look at historical sources (...)
- It was only the revolution of 1848 (...)
- Because the Church in Poznań remained Polish (...)
- Significant support for independence efforts (...)
- Priests who participated in the Uprising (...)
When we look at historical sources, we can see that from the 18th century until the time of World War I, the Prussian government implemented a policy aimed at depriving the Poles of their national identity. Greater Poland society learned to harden itself against this, for instance, during the period of the notorious Kulturkampf: during the dispossession of land and the punishment of children with flogging for using the Polish language in school. Taking into account the determined and programmed actions of the occupant in relation to society, the Catholic Church rose to the challenge and the Polish clergy was one of the most dynamic groups which demonstrated great organisational initiative and devotion, especially during the two last decades of the 19th century until the end of World War I. The anti-German attitude was intensified by the persecutions of Archbishops Marcin Dunin and Mieczysław Ledóchowski, profanations of holy masses and processions and the use of many other forms of retaliation. Under the influence of the Germanisation action, the clergy joined or initiated the fight for the national identity of Poles. The fighting took place in the political, educational-cultural and economic spheres. Patriotic sermons were delivered, catechism in Polish was taught both to children and adults, evenings of patriotic-religious singing were organised, different national symbols were propagated (e.g. the wearing of national and folk garments during the visits of archbishops), rallies and gatherings and various ceremonies were organised. During these ceremonies affinity with the Polish nation was demonstrated and the Germanisation of the Grand Duchy of Poznań was criticised.
1. The situation of the Catholic Church under Prussian rule
In the 18th century there were many events in the international arena which indicated that the fate of Poland was sealed and that the Republic of Poland was slowly going into decline. One of the signs which indicated that the Polish raison d’état in the international arena was being ignored and that the partitioning of the country was unofficially under way, was the incident from spring 1740, related to the monastery in Paradyż which was situated on the border of the Republic of Poland. The abbey, located on Polish territory, was attacked by Prussian forces which participated in the beating of the Cistercians and the looting of the abbey's material base. The incident was hushed up and ignored, though the abbey belonged to the Poznań diocese. Such activities were in fact undertaken repeatedly, and Prussia looted the Polish villages situated close to the border and abducted their inhabitants. Ultimately, after the year 1772, more and more new Polish territories were coming under Prussian rule. The respective partitions enlarged the Prussian territorial acquisitions at the expense of the Polish state, which finally in the year 1795 ceased to exist for a period of 123 years, whereby this fact was formally recognised by other European countries. Paradoxically, the only country which did not accept this situation was Turkey, our centuries old enemy, from which we had defended our fictional European allies in the past centuries.
As a consequence of the first partition, the following territories were taken from Poland: Royal Prussia, except Gdańsk and Toruń, Warmia and the so called Netze District including Bydgoszcz and Inowrocław. The Chełm and Warmian diocese were seized in full while the Gniezno archdiocese was lost only in part. With the exception of Warmia, which was a fief of the Republic of Poland, these were genuinely Polish territories. In terms of denomination, Catholicism was dominant. Protestantism was a diaspora, mainly in the cities. After the second partition Prussia took the whole Greater Poland region, this means the Gniezno archdiocese, except the south-eastern part separated by the Pilica River and the Poznań diocese without the Czersk archdeaconry which included Warsaw. The size of the Polish territories annexed by Prussia increased significantly after the 3rd partition. Ultimate stabilisation in this respect was introduced by the Vienna Congress with the forming of the Grand Duchy of Poznań.
A new administrative division of the Catholic Church in Greater Poland was introduced by the circumscription bull entitled De salute animarum of 16 July 1821. It raised the dignity of the Poznań diocese, establishing at the same time a personal union with the Gniezno archdiocese. Furthermore, there were also the Warmian diocese and Wrocław diocese which were subordinated directly to the Holy See.
The territories, inhabited for the most part by Polish people, were within the boundaries of the Grand Duchy of Poznań, where - in accordance with international agreement- Prussia was supposed to guarantee a certain national autonomy to the Poles. This, however, remained just a dead letter of the agreement.
King Frederick II, as well as his successors could not stop thinking that a country so diversified in terms of its religious denominations must be made more uniform by striving to increase the number of subjects of the protestant denomination on the newly conquered territories. However, they certainly distanced themselves from the idea of the destruction of the Catholic Church which was supposed to help them in the solidification of Prussian rule in the consciousness of the subjects, whereby, as a tool in the hands of the state, the Church was supposed to be dependent on it. Thus, starting with a bishop and ending with a parish priest, all church beneficiaries had to obtain the approval of the local authorities. In theory, the bishops could perform their pastoral duties independently, but here, even the dean's visits were accompanied by a royal commissar. Communication with Rome was only possible via the government’s foreign department and the publication of papal bulls and regulations as well as the regulations of foreign religious authorities depended on consent given by Prussian officials. The church judiciary was limited, effectively leaving only those matters related to Catholic marriages in its competences. The church was severely affected by the secularisation of the estates of bishops and chapters which took place in Greater Poland in the year 1796. Salaries for bishops and canons as well as subsidies for church institutions established by the government, though much smaller than the previous income, nevertheless satisfied the most urgent needs of the Church. However, the danger of becoming dependent on the government remained. Irreparable damage was incurred by the Church as a result of the secularisation of monastic possessions. Most monasteries were demolished, only those which the Prussian government decided to adapt to its own needs were saved. Foundations for the future protestantisation action started to be built using church money. The tough regime in matters related to the Church in the times of the rule of Frederick William III, for whom it would be ideal to make the Catholic Church as similar to Protestantism as possible, did not allow the Prussian Episcopate to counteract the interference of authorities at every level with the activities of the Church. Royal instructions regarding the Church were, after all, implemented by an Evangelical Consistory and the Ministry of Clerical and Educational Affairs, established in the year 1817. The policy of exerting pressure on the Church on one hand and the search for a compromise by some Prussian bishops, which was dictated by necessity, led to a dispute regarding mixed marriages and the imprisonment of Gniezno-Poznań Archbishop Marcin Dunin in the year 1837. Certain hopes for a thaw in the relations between the Prussian state and the Catholic Church appeared after the year 1840, when Frederick William IV, whose attitude towards religion tended to be more liberal than that of his predecessor, took the throne. But even then, these hopes were not completely fulfilled. | <urn:uuid:88308cbc-2539-4f97-9920-9a412929409e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://greaterpolanduprising.eu/pwe/history/behind-the-scenes-of-th/3342,The-participation-of-the-Catholic-clergy-in-the-Greater-Poland-Uprising-and-in-t.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989916.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513111525-20210513141525-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.980515 | 1,722 | 3.765625 | 4 |
It depends on many aspects when it comes to the supply with auxiliary means for children with cognitive and physical disabilities. Ideally, the everyday assistant accompanies the children through their childhood into adulthood and are always customized to their needs and aspirations.
If it’s about selecting and adapting the right auxiliary mean, the child and its individual needs certainly should be in focus. If the offspring is unable to use a wheelchair itself because of reduced mobility, a flexible pushchair, or even rehab buggy, makes sense. It hardly differs optically from other models and is usually a good preparation for the change to the wheelchair. If this takes place it is also very common by now that seats from active wheelchairs for example can continually grow with the child.
To make habituation more easy it’s especially important for children that handling and usage can take place easily and intuitively. An almost playful approach can help children who have problems with language or speaking. Special apps in which you can build sentences with the help of different pictures, or robots interacting with children can help them to better cope with difficult situations of communication.
Not just in their everyday life, but also at school, children can profit by this. Apps or voice output tools like talkers and other means in context of so-called Assisted Augmented Communication overcome possibly existing barriers and can contribute their part to social participation.And especially in habitat school special school chairs can be already helpful for children with concentration and learning difficulties plus heightened urge to move. They promote concentration by balancing while sitting and have a special seat shape to ensure an optimal hip and pelvic positioning. The company Thomashilfen offers different models that may be useful for children with AD(H)S and autism among others. The main focus of these chairs is that they fit discreetly into the entire seating of the classroom and creating no special status thus.
By selecting the appropriate auxiliary means it’s very important for parents and children to receive expert advice – from people who have specialized on the supply of auxiliary means for children with disabilities and who also have long-term experience. One possible contact person for this is the German network pädiVital.
In this association of 29 health specialist companies the focus is on customer orientation: Children with disabilities and their individual needs are in focus. The competence network wants to improve the situation of disabled children and to achieve a broader understanding of the supply with auxiliary means for children in society with a comprehensive and personally tailored counseling offer. | <urn:uuid:f67632b6-6997-430d-bea4-74035ab95933> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.rehacare.com/cgi-bin/md_rehacare/lib/pub/tt.cgi/Big_help_for_the_little_ones.html?oid=44014&lang=2&ticket=g_u_e_s_t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323864.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629033356-20170629053356-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.966242 | 499 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The bassoon is a member of the woodwind family, and uses a double reed. The bassoon has a wide range, and a very unique sound. It is usually held diagonally in front of the musician, and players usually wear a neck strap or harness to support the bassoon. Because of its challenging fingering system and the use of a double reed, bassoons are one of the most difficult instruments to learn. Typically beginning students don’t start on bassoon, but rather switch over after first experiencing another woodwind instrument. The bassoon is typically featured in classical bands and orchestras, and chamber groups. For more in-depth information on the bassoon, click here.
Below you will find different videos about the bassoon.
Bassoon Quartet- Super Mario Bros.
Francois Devienne. Quartet in C major, Op. 73 No. 1, for bassoon and strings 1/2
Paul Abraham Dukas – The Sorcerer’s Apprentice 01
(The bassoon solo starts at 2:14) | <urn:uuid:b9d0e017-a178-46f0-9bcb-3738635bea0f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.effectivemusicteaching.com/instruments/bassoon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890893.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121214857-20180121234857-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.933871 | 221 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Intense rain triggered widespread landslides in southern Thailand during the last week of March 2011. This photo-like image shows some of the slides in the forested hills of the Krabi province on the western side of the Malay Peninsula. The freshly exposed brown earth and swollen muddy rivers stand out against the deep green forest.
The large image, which covers a much wider area, shows many more landslides, though clouds hide much of the region from view. The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite acquired the image on April 4, 2011.
The landslides occurred because of unseasonably heavy rain, during which more than 1,200 millimeters (47 inches) fell. The ensuing floods and landslides affected more than two million people and killed 53 in 11 Thai provinces, said news reports on April 5. One large slide (mostly under clouds, immediately southeast of the area shown in the web image) buried a village of about 100 households.
NASA Earth Observatory image created by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using EO-1 ALI data provided courtesy of the NASA EO-1 team. Caption by Holli Riebeek. | <urn:uuid:4d04496d-bec7-447f-a1be-20e7d84213b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/49976/heavy-rain-triggers-landslides-in-thailand | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104597905.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705174927-20220705204927-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.932118 | 251 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Armadillo is just a small, gentle bump that reminds cars to stay out of cyclists’ turf. Easy and cheap to install, it could help more cities take the extra step toward more complete streets.
Painted bike lanes are safer for cyclists than riding in the middle of the road, but bike lanes that are separated with a curb are even better. For example, one study found that cyclists in separated lanes had 80% fewer accidents than those in regular bike lanes. But it’s often tricky to convince city governments to take the extra, more concrete step of separation. One product from a U.K. design firm aims to help.
The “Armadillo” is a low-slung recycled plastic bump that can be installed along the edge of a bike lane. Set at an angle, the bumps allow enough space for bikes to ride back out into the street if they need to, something that isn’t as easy with a full concrete curb. But it still keeps cars out.
In cities where bike lanes are routinely ignored–like New York, where cyclist Casey Neistat hilariously documented the number of illegally parked cars along one bike route a couple of years ago–having something like this to physically separate the curb is one way to make lanes more usable.
It’s a gentler reminder to drivers than a concrete curb, says Anthony Lau, managing director at Cyclehoop, the company that makes the product. “They’re not very high, so if a driver strays in the road they’ll just feel a bump and move away from the edge. It’s not like driving over concrete, which would just destroy your wheel.” Ambulances and other emergency vehicles could drive over the separator if necessary.
The Armadillo is also cheaper than concrete dividers, which may make cities more likely to choose them. “In the U.K., cyclists are all asking for cycle lanes, but it’s very hard to get them,” Lau says. “One issue is space, and the other is cost.” The recycled plastic dividers are cheaper in part because installation is so fast– workers just drill a few holes to put one in, and a team of three people can install about 100 meters in a day.
For cities that aren’t quite ready to commit to a long separated lane, it’s possible to put the product in a trial area. In London, the city started testing the dividers in a neighborhood called Camden last year. The street was one of the most dangerous places to ride, but already, bike traffic has increased by 40% to 50%. The Armadillo has also been installed in several cities in Spain, and as interest in bike lanes quickly grows worldwide, Lau says interest in the Armadillo is keeping pace.
“They’re a quick solution, which is what cyclists need right now,” Lau says. | <urn:uuid:e00ef78c-2b44-4ff7-a3f4-0267ca3c5ded> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.bicyclemovies.com/the-wonderful-armadillo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991258.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517150020-20210517180020-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.962323 | 614 | 2.6875 | 3 |
As parks strive to maintain and, in many cases, restore natural processes and ecosystems inside their boundaries, accomplishment of these mandated goals can be confounded by outside activities and actions. Parks do not exist in vacuums, but are connected to the larger landscape that surrounds them. All parks today face threats from invasions of nonnative species, pollution from near and far, and incompatible uses of resources in and around parks. In spite of its geographic isolation, Mesa Verde also contends with environmental issues.
Although most of the land within the park boundaries was not settled in historic times, it has not escaped the sometimes adverse influences of human activity. These activities include the introduction of exotic or invasive plant species; declining air quality due to emissions from nearby coal-burning power plants and visitor and staff vehicles; deteriorating water quality and quantity in the Mancos River due to upstream agricultural uses; physical wear-and-tear as a result of heavy visitation; and grazing and trampling by trespass horses that stray into the park from the adjoining Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation.
Mesa Verde also has environmental issues of natural origin that must also be monitored and managed. For example, large-scale wildfires have destroyed over 36,000 acres of old-growth forests and shrublands in the park since 1989. Although there are signs of regrowth, and some areas have been reseeded with native grasses, the natural plant succession in the burned pinyon-juniper forest is being disrupted by an invasion of aggressive, nonnative plant species such as musk thistle and cheatgrass. The dominance of these “invasive weeds” could potentially prevent the natural regeneration of a fully mature pinyon-juniper forest. Each year, the seasonal vegetation crew works hard to reduce the negative effects of the nonnatives. Their goal is to minimize the spread, or where possible, eradicate them through a variety of methods such as applying herbicides, releasing insects that feed on the weeds, reseeding with native plants, or manual/mechanical removal.
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1. I was not sorry when my brother died.
The novel begins with this shocking confession from Tambu. Tambu has had a murky, often ambivalent relationship with her brother, Nhamo. He represents everything she is denied and the principal failing of the social structure and family hierarchy into which she has been born. Simply because he is a male and the eldest, he is the sole repository of the family’s hopes and ambitions. Tambu, regardless of her intelligence, talents, and abilities, must be satisfied with a secondary role, an understudy whose sole job it is to support and assist Nhamo as he makes his way in the world. With his sudden and unexpected death, Tambu’s life takes a dramatic turn for the better. She is offered his place at the mission school, and because of his death, she is able to write the story she is beginning in the novel’s opening paragraphs.
2. And these days it is worse, with the poverty of blackness on one side and the weight of womanhood on the other. Aiwa! What will help you, my child, is to learn to carry your burdens with strength.
These words are spoken by Ma’Shingayi, Tambu’s mother, in Chapter 2. They underscore the harsh reality faced by many Africans, particularly African women. Ma’Shingayi is arguing that being black and female is a double burden and that the two obstacles are too considerable to surmount. What sets her apart from Tambu, however, is how she qualifies this statement. Rather than exhort her daughter to be strong and rally against the prevailing conditions that conspire to keep her down, Tambu’s mother encourages her to passively accept the forces she feels are too powerful for her to control. This passage shows the differences not only between the two women but between the older, more traditional beliefs and the new attitudes emerging in a more contemporary Africa.
The passage also reveals the conflicting thoughts and attitudes of many of the novel’s female characters. While Ma’Shingayi presents herself as the model of humble acquiescence, she rails against the laziness of men and grows increasingly jealous of her brother- and sister-in-law, whose educations have afforded them greater economic mobility and a more comfortable lifestyle. Ma’Shingayi is a prime example of how reality and ideology, or theory and practice, grow increasingly conflicted in the novel.
3. “What it is,” she sighed, “to have to choose between self and security.”
Maiguru speaks these words in Chapter 5, after Tambu has questioned her about her past, her education, and what happens to the money she earns at the mission. Maiguru’s words succinctly summarize the sacrifices she has made in order to raise a family and subscribe to a more traditional notion of a woman’s role in African society. Maiguru goes on to tell Tambu of the possibilities she witnessed while living in England, glimpses of the things she could have become had she been free of restrictive gender roles and the expectation that she would play the part of the subservient provider. She feels there is no recognition or appreciation of the compromises she has made and, similar to Tambu’s mother, stoically bears her burdens in silence.
Maiguru’s sacrifices, of putting her husband and her family before her own needs and ambitions, are viewed by Nyasha as a costly compromise to her mother’s dignity and honor. Tambu remains undecided and does not take sides in this debate, as she understands her own compromised and precarious position in her uncle’s household. Later in the year, when Nyasha and her father have a violent argument, Tambu realizes firsthand her need to choose security over self and remains noncommittal. She stifles and censors any opinion she may have on the issue, hiding comfortably instead in the role of a “grateful, poor, female relative.”
4. It’s bad enough . . . when a country gets colonized, but when the people do as well! That’s the end, really, that’s the end.
Nyasha makes this pronouncement in Chapter 7 as part of her ongoing role in which she challenges and shapes Tambu’s perceptions and modes of thought. Slowly, Tambu has become seduced by her exposure to the colonialist-influenced “new ways.” Despite the fact that Tambu is opposed to the humiliation her parents will suffer by having to endure a Christian wedding ceremony, she agrees with Babamukuru’s insistence that the ritual, and not the traditional cleansing rites, be performed. Nyasha quickly dismisses Babamukuru’s position, warning Tambu of the dangers inherent in assuming that Christian ways are necessarily progressive ways.
Nyasha’s words gesture to another preoccupation in Dangarembga’s work. Rhodesia has been placed under British control, and the life of the nation has been clearly altered by this foreign influence. Without the opportunities colonialism has created for them, Babamukuru and his family, as well as Tambu, would not be in their positions of privilege and power. At the same time, the novel is narrated through the lens of African lives and the inner workings and struggles of one extended family. The African and the colonial cannot coexist without eventually influencing, even colliding, with each other. Slowly, the effects of colonialism has trickled down, infecting Tambu and Nyasha’s family. Nyasha’s observations foreshadow the nervous breakdown she will soon suffer as she feels colonialism infiltrating not only her nation and people but her own identity as well.
5. Quietly, unobtrusively and extremely fitfully, something in my mind began to assert itself, to question things and refuse to be brainwashed, bringing me to this time when I can set down this story. It was a long and painful process for me, that process of expansion.
Tambu closes her account, in Chapter 10, with these words. She has actively sought advancement, winning a scholarship to the convent school, but she begins to question what it has cost her sense of self and her ailing mother, heartsick at the thought of another of her children being altered by their desire for a Western education. Her school and the nuns who run it are no longer the sun on her horizon, as she puts it. Her use of the word brainwashed is telling, denoting a radical shift in her thinking. In this passage, Tambu seems to be speaking for Nyasha, who is also depressed and ailing, saying the words that Nyasha, in her compromised state, can no longer say for herself. Tambu exhorts herself to no longer be passively influenced by the people and institutions around her. She is firm in her resolve to question.
This evolution of perception and thought, which could be considered an epiphany, allows Tambu to write her own story. She is freed of the need to be dutiful and grateful and can become her own person and seize control of her own voice and destiny. Her education has been more than learning the rudiments of reading, writing, and mathematics—it has helped her refine her perceptions and recognize and embrace her personal liberty. This expansion and certitude have finally grounded her and helped her resolve the often contradictory forces that had buffeted and unsettled Tambu throughout her life. | <urn:uuid:2c2d5e9b-7eb0-412f-9f84-ba67a110594e> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/nervouscondition/quotes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929230.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00308-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978337 | 1,586 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Memorial plaque at the house on Planty 7 in Kielce dedicated by Lech Wałęsa in 1990
|Date||4 July 1946
Morning until evening (official cessation at 3 p.m.)
|Deaths||38 to 42|
The Kielce Pogrom was an outbreak of violence against the Jewish community centre gathering of refugees in the city of Kielce, Poland on 4 July 1946 in the presence of the Polish Communist armed forces (LWP, KBW) which resulted in the killing of 42 Jews. Polish Communist courts later tried and condemned nine people to death in connection with the incident. Numerous academic sources allege that the massacre was instigated by the Soviet-backed Communist security forces, possibly for propaganda purposes attempting to discredit Poland's anti-Communist stance and to maintain totalitarian control over the country. Because the top-secret case files were destroyed, the academic inquiry is ongoing with regard to possible secret coordination with the NKVD by the Polish authorities. In 2001–04 the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) conducted an investigation into the pogrom and closed the case stating (without entering into details) that the events of 4 July 1946 were a result of a mishap. Another communiqué published by the IPN two years later confirmed only that four decades after the fact the remaining paper trail was still being destroyed by the pro-Soviet security police under Gen. Czesław Kiszczak.
As the deadliest pogrom against Polish Jews after the Second World War, the incident was a significant point in the post-war history of Jews in Poland. It took place only a year after the end of the Second World War and the Holocaust, shocking Jews in Poland, many Poles, and the international community. It has been considered a catalyst for the flight from Poland of most remaining Polish Jews who had survived the Holocaust.
- 1 Background
- 2 Outbreak of violence
- 3 Cessation of violence
- 4 The aftermath
- 5 Theory of Soviet involvement
- 6 Recent events
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Sources
- 10 External links
During the German occupation of Poland, Kielce was completely ethnically cleansed by the Nazis of its pre-war Jewish population. By the summer of 1946, some 200 Jews, many of them former residents of Kielce, had returned from the Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet Union, and other places of refuge to live there. About 150-160 of them were quartered in a single building administered by the Jewish Committee of Kielce Voivodeship at Planty, a small street in the centre of the town.
On 1 July 1946, an eight-year-old Polish boy, Henryk Błaszczyk, was reported missing by his father Walenty. According to Walenty, upon his return the boy said that he had been kidnapped by an unknown man. A neighbour suggested that this might have been a Jew or a gypsy. Two days later, the boy, his father and the neighbour went to a local police station. While passing the 'Jewish house' at 7 Planty Street, Henryk pointed at a man nearby who, he said, had allegedly imprisoned him in the house's cellar (though the building actually had no cellar). At the police station, Henryk repeated his story that he had been kidnapped and specified the Jews and their house as involved in his disappearance. A police patrol of more than a dozen men was then dispatched on foot by the station commander Edmund Zagórski to search the house at 7 Planty Street for the place where Henryk had allegedly been kept.
The police publicised the rumours of the kidnapping and further announced that they were planning to search for the bodies of Polish children supposedly ritually murdered and kept in the house, resulting in the gathering of civilian spectators. A confrontation ensued between the police and officers of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland (UBP), which had been called in on the suspicion that the incident was a Jewish "provocation" to stir up unrest. During the morning, the case came to the attention of other local state and military organs, including the People's Army of Poland (LWP, regular army), the Internal Security Corps (KBW, interior ministry paramilitary), and the Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army (GZI WP, military intelligence and counterintelligence). About 100 soldiers and five officers were dispatched to the location at about 10 am. The soldiers had not been told anything of the circumstances, but soon picked up rumours from the people in the street, who at this time began pelting the building with rocks.
Outbreak of violence
The police and soldiers then forcibly broke into the building to search it. They discovered that it did not contain any kidnapped children as had been claimed. The inhabitants of the house, who had permits from the authorities to bear arms for self defence, were ordered to surrender their weapons and give up their valuables. Someone (it is unclear who) started shooting. Police and the KBW opened fire, killing and wounding a number of people in the building. There was also some shooting from the Jewish side and at least two, possibly three Poles, including a police officer, were killed as the Jews tried to defend themselves. Dr Seweryn Kahane, the head of the local Jewish Committee, was shot in the back and killed by a GZI WP officer while calling the Kielce office of Public Security for help. Priests from the local Catholic Church went to the building to find out what was going on but were stopped by police officers, who assured them that everything was under control. After the initial killings inside the building, more Jews were forced outside by soldiers and then attacked with rocks and sticks by civilians gathered in the street.
By noon, the arrival of a large group of estimated about 600 to 1,000 workers from "Ludwików" steel mill, led by activists of Poland's ruling Polish Workers' Party (PPR, communist party), marked the beginning of the next phase of the pogrom. About 20 Jews were brutally beaten to death by the workers, who were armed with steel rods and clubs. Many of the workers were members of the ORMO (reserve police) and at least one had a handgun. Neither the military and security commanders, including a Soviet military advisor, nor the local political leaders from the PPR did anything to stop the latest attacks. A unit of police cadets which also arrived there did not intervene, but some of its members joined in the looting and anti-Jewish violence which continued inside and outside the building.
Among the murdered Jews, nine had been shot dead, two were killed with bayonets, and the rest beaten and stoned to death. The dead included women and children. The mob also killed an ethnic Jewish nurse of Slavic appearance (Estera Proszowska), whom the attackers had mistaken for a Polish woman trying to aid the Jews. In addition, two Jews who did not live at Planty Street were also murdered on this day. Regina Fisz, her three-week-old son Abram, and a male friend were seized at their home at 15 Leonarda Street by a gang of four men led by police corporal Stefan Mazur. They were robbed and driven out of the city, where Regina and her baby were shot "while trying to escape", while her friend did indeed escape.
Three Poles were among the dead. Two uniformed state servicemen were killed by gunfire, possibly shot by Jews. The cause of death of the third person, in plain clothes, was undisclosed and remains unknown.
Cessation of violence
The pogrom was eventually stopped at approximately 3:00 p.m. with the arrival of a new unit of security forces from a nearby Public Security academy, sent by Colonel Stanisław Kupsza, and additional troops from Warsaw. After firing a few warning shot salvos in the air on the order of Major Kazimierz Konieczny, the new troops quickly restored order, posted guards, and removed all the Jewish survivors and bodies from the house and its vicinity.
The violence in Kielce, however, did not stop immediately. Wounded Jews being transported to the city hospital were beaten and robbed by soldiers, and injured Jews were assaulted in the hospital by other patients. A civilian crowd approached one of the hospitals and demanded that the wounded Jews be handed over, but the hospital staff refused.
Trains passing through Kielce's main railway station were searched for Jews by civilians and SOK railway guard servicemen, resulting in at least two passengers being shot or thrown out of the train and killed. As many as 30 more may have been killed in this manner, as the train murders reportedly continued for several months after the pogrom. The large-scale disorder in Kielce ultimately ended some nine hours after it started.
Attempts to blame Polish nationalists
One immediate reaction of the Communist government of Poland was to attempt to blame the pogrom on Polish nationalists, even to the extent of alleging that uniformed members of antiCommunist resistance formations backing the Polish government-in-exile were egging the mob on. At the funeral of the Jewish victims, the Minister of Public Security, Stanisław Radkiewicz, stated that the pogrom was "a deed committed by the emissaries of the Polish government in the West and General Anders, with the approval of Home Army soldiers." Other early official statements at the time followed this line.
As the police and army are known to have been involved in the pogrom from its inception, this has given rise to the idea that the pogrom was deliberately incited by the Communists to discredit the government in exile (possibly to distract attention from the rigged referendum which had taken place at the end of June 1946). When it became clear following trials that the nationalists could not be blamed, this line of propaganda was swiftly dropped by the government.
Further investigation into the circumstances of the pogrom was resisted by the communist government until the era of Solidarity, when in December 1981 an article was published in the Solidarity newspaper Tygodnik Solidarność. However, the return of repressive government meant that files could not be accessed for research until after the fall of Communism in 1989, by which time many eyewitnesses had died. It was then discovered that many of the documents relating to the pogrom had been destroyed by fire (under unclear circumstances) or deliberately by military authorities.
For these reasons, debate about the origins of the pogrom has remained controversial. Some claim it was a deliberate provocation by the communists to discredit the opposition. Some claim that it was a spontaneous antisemitic incident that was later exploited by the government. Others accuse the Polish Catholic Church hierarchy of passivity during the pogrom and its aftermath. The fact that a number of Jews held important positions in the Polish Communist party and security services also affected popular sentiment. The absence of clear documentary evidence complicates analysis.
Between 9 and 11 July 1946, twelve civilians (one of them apparently mentally challenged) were arrested by MBP officers as perpetrators of the pogrom. The accused were tried by the Supreme Military Court in a joint show trial. Nine of them were sentenced to death and executed the very next day by firing squad on the orders of Polish Communist leader Bolesław Bierut. The remaining three accused received prison terms ranging from seven years to life.
Other than the Kielce Voivodeship MO commandant, Major Wiktor Kuźnicki, who was sentenced to one year for "failing to stop the crowd" (he died in 1947), only one police officer was punished — for the theft of shoes from a dead body. Mazur's explanation regarding his killing of the Fisz family was accepted. Meanwhile, the regional UBP chief, Colonel Władysław Sobczyński, and his men were cleared of any wrongdoing. The official reaction to the pogrom was described by Anita J. Prazmowska in Cold War History, Vol. 2, No. 2:
Nine participants in the pogrom were sentenced to death; three others were given lengthy prison sentences. Policemen, military men and functionaries of the UBP were tried separately and then unexpectedly all, with the exception of Wiktor Kuznicki, Commander of the MO, who was sentenced to one year in prison, were found not guilty of "having taken no action to stop the crowd from committing crimes." Clearly, during the period when the first investigations were launched and the trial, a most likely politically motivated decision had been made not to proceed with disciplinary action. This was in spite of very disturbing evidence that emerged during the pre-trial interviews. It is entirely feasible that instructions not to punish the MO and UBP commanders had been given because of the politically sensitive nature of the evidence. Evidence heard by the military prosecutor revealed major organisational and ideological weaknesses within these two security services...
The neighbour of the Błaszczyk family who had originally suggested to Henryk that he had been kidnapped by Jews was subsequently tried, but acquitted. Of the 12 persons put on trial before a veritable kangaroo court, 9 were condemned to death, with verdict decided in advance by the judicial authorities. According to author Krzysztof Kąkolewski (Umarły cmentarz), none of them was responsible for the crime; they had been picked up from the watching crowd by the secret police.
Effects on Jewish emigration from Poland
The brutality of the Kielce pogrom put an end to the hopes of many Jews that they would be able to resettle in Poland after the end of the Nazi German occupation and precipitated a mass exodus of Polish Jewry. Bożena Szaynok, a historian at Wrocław University estimated that from July 1945 until June 1946 about fifty thousand Jews crossed the Polish border illegally. In July 1946, almost twenty thousand decided to start a new life abroad. Polish Minister Marian Spychalski, motivated by political and humanitarian reasons, signed a decree allowing Jews to leave officially without visas or exit permits, and the Jewish emigration from Poland increased dramatically. In August 1946 the number of emigrants increased to thirty thousand. In September 1946, twelve thousand Jews left Poland.
By the spring of 1947, wrote Bernhard and Szlajfer, the number of Jews in Poland – in large part arriving from the Soviet Union – declined from 240,000 to 90,000 due to mass migration. Britain demanded that Poland halt the Jewish exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. The flight (Berihah) of Jews was motivated by the post-Holocaust absence of Jewish life in Poland as well as the raging civil war against the Communist takeover, in as much as the efforts of strong Polish-Jewish lobby at the Jewish Agency working towards the higher standard of living and special privileges for the immigrants from Poland. Yitzhak Raphael, director of the Immigration Department – who lobbied on behalf of Polish refugees – insisted on their preferential treatment in Israel, wrote Devorah Hakohen.
Reaction of the Catholic Church
Six months before the Kielce pogrom, during the celebration of Hanukkah, a hand grenade had been thrown into the headquarters of the local Jewish community. The Jewish Community Council had approached the Bishop of Kielce, Czesław Kaczmarek, requesting that he admonish the Polish people to refrain from attacking the Jews. The bishop refused, replying that "as long as the Jews concentrated upon their private business Poland was interested in them, but at the point when Jews began to interfere in Polish politics and public life they insulted the Poles’ national sensibilities". Therefore, according to the bishop, it was not surprising that the local population had acted violently.
Similar comments were made by the Bishop of Lublin, Stefan Wyszyński, when he was approached by a Jewish delegation. Wyszyński stated that the popular hatred of Jews was caused by Jewish support for communism (there was widespread perception in Poland after 1945 that Jews were supportive of the newly installed Communist regime; see Żydokomuna), which had also been the reason why "the Germans murdered the Jewish nation". Wyszyński also gave some credence to blood libel rumours, commenting that the question of the use of Christian blood was never completely clarified.
The controversial stance of the Polish Roman Catholic Church towards anti-Jewish violence was criticised by the American, British and Italian ambassadors to Poland. Reports of the Kielce pogrom caused a major sensation in the United States, leading the American ambassador to Poland to insist that Cardinal August Hlond hold a press conference and explain the position of the church. In the conference held on 11 July 1946, Cardinal Hlond condemned the violence, but attributed it not to racial causes but to rumours concerning the killing of Polish children by Jews. Hlond also put the blame for the deterioration in Polish-Jewish relations on collaboration with the Soviet-backed communist occupiers, Jews "occupying leading positions in Poland in state life". This position was echoed by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha, who reportedly said that the Jews had brought it on themselves, and by Polish rural clergy.
On 14 September 1946, Pope Pius XII gave an audience to Rabbi Phillip Bernstein, the advisor on Jewish affairs to the U.S. European theater of operations. Bernstein asked the Pope to condemn the pogroms, but the Pope claimed that it was difficult to communicate with the Church in Poland because of its isolation behind the Iron Curtain.
Theory of Soviet involvement
Scholars have alleged that the Kielce pogrom was organised by Communist or Soviet forces, possibly for propaganda purposes. While it is beyond doubt that a mob consisting not only of civilian gentiles but also members of the communist police and army carried out the pogrom, there has been considerable controversy over possible outside incitement. The hypothesis that the event was secretly provoked or inspired by Soviet intelligence services has been put forward, and a number of similar scenarios were offered. None has been proven by the post-communist investigation even though an NKVD officer was present at the riots.
Aleksander Wat, Tadeusz Piotrowski, logician Abel Kainer (Stanisław Krajewski), and Jan Śledzianowski, allege that the events were part of a much wider action organised by Soviet intelligence in countries controlled by the Soviet Union (a very similar pogrom took place in Hungary), and that Soviet-dominated agencies like the UBP were used in the preparation of the Kielce pogrom. Polish Communist and Soviet commanders were in the locality. The most notable was the Jewish expert Nathan Spychaj (a.k.a. Natan Shpilevoi or Szpilevoy) who was also the brother of a senior official in Stalin's puppet Polish regime; plus a high-ranking GRU officer for special operations, Mikhail Diomin. It was also uncommon behavior that numerous troops from security formations were present at the place and did not prevent the "mob" from gathering, at a time when even a gathering of five people was considered suspicious and immediately controlled.
Michael Checinski, a former Polish Military Counter-Intelligence officer, emigrated to United States after the 1968 Polish political crisis, where he published his book in which he asserts that the events of Kielce pogrom were a well planned action of the Soviet intelligence in Poland, with the main role in planning and controlling the events being played by Mikhail Diomin, and with the murders carried out by some Poles, including Polish policemen and military officers.
On 19 July 1946, former Chief Military Prosecutor Henryk Holder wrote in the letter to the deputy chief of LWP General Marian Spychalski that "we know that the pogrom wasn't only a fault of Police and Army guarding the people in and around the city of Kielce but also members of the official government who took a role in it."
One line of argument that implies external inspiration goes as follows: The 1946 referendum showed that the communists had little support and only vote rigging won them a majority in the carefully controlled poll - hence, it has been alleged that the UBP organised the pogrom to distract the Western world media's attention from the fabricated referendum. Another argument for the incident's use as distraction was the upcoming ruling on the Katyn massacre in the Nuremberg trials, which the communists tried to turn international attention away from, placing the Poles in an unfavourable spotlight (the pogrom happened on 4 July, the same day the Katyn case started in Nuremberg, after the Soviet prosecutors falsely accused the Nazis of the massacre which was actually committed by the Soviets themselves in 1940).
Jan T. Gross attributes the massacre to what he describes as Polish hostility towards the Jews. Gross's book, Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz, offers a somewhat different and more nuanced interpretation. Gross, while agreeing that the crime was initiated not by a mob, but by the communist police, and that it involved people from every walk of life except the highest level of government officials in the city, says that the indifference of the majority of Poles to the Jewish Holocaust combined with demands for the return of Jewish property confiscated during the Second World War created a climate of "fear" that pushed Poles to commit violence against Jews.
A monument by New York-based artist Jack Sal entitled White/Wash II commemorating the victims was dedicated on 4 July 2006, in Kielce, on the 60th anniversary of the pogrom. At the dedication ceremony, a statement from the President of the Republic of Poland Lech Kaczyński condemned the events as a "crime and a great shame for the Poles and tragedy for the Polish Jews". The presidential statement asserted that in today's democratic Poland there is "no room for antisemitism" and brushed off any generalizations of the antisemitic image of the Polish nation as a stereotype.
- Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944-1946
- Białystok pogrom
- History of the Jews in Poland
- Kielce pogrom (1918)
- Kraków pogrom
- Miskolc pogrom
- Interview with Krzysztof Kąkolewski, "To Moskwa zaplanowała ten mord." Available with purchase. Tygodnik Angora - Przegląd prasy krajowej i światowej, Łódź, 29/2006 (839); section Kultura, p. 56. Copy available at Forum historycy.org, 3/07/2006, and at Gazeta.pl Forum (incomplete), 16.07.06 (Polish)
- Times Correspondent (6 July 1946). "Anti-Jewish Riots in Poland". The Times, London. p. 4. Retrieved 19 June 2009. [dead link] [no archive] [dubious ] [antiquated, possibly biased source]
- Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust. McFarland - Page 136. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- IPN (3 July 2006), PRZEGLĄD MEDIÓW: 4 lipca 1946 roku w Kielcach. Dowody pogromu kieleckiego niszczono jeszcze w latach 80 – pisze we „Wprost” Bożena Szaynok. (The evidence was still being destroyed in the 1980s) „Plama Kiszczaka” Wprost nr 27/2006 r. Institute of National Remembrance, Poland.
- Engel, David (1998). "Patterns of Anti-Jewish Violence In Poland, 1944-1946". Yad Vashem Studies Vol. XXVI (PDF) . Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. pp. 7, 28. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
- The Kielce Pogrom By Anna Williams
- Bożena Szaynok. "The Jewish Pogrom in Kielce, July 1946 - New Evidence". Intermarium 1 (3).
- (Polish) Pogrom na Plantach, Rzeczpospolita, 01.07.2006
- Julia Pirotte's photographs from the aftermath of the massacre are available online at Yad Vashem. Search for "Pirotte" in the Photo Archive.
- Kamiński (2006), 26-78, passim
- Kamiński (2006), 29-33
- Kamiński (2006), 123
- Kamiński (2006), 123-124
- Kamiński (2006), 118-120
- Anita Prażmowska (2002). "Case Study: The Pogrom in Kielce". Poland's Century: War, Communism and Anti-Semitism. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
- Abraham Duker. Twentieth century blood libels in the United States. In: Alan Dundes. The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore. University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
- Marrus, Michael Robert; Aristide R. Zolberg (2002). The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War. Temple University Press. p. 336. ISBN 1-56639-955-6.
This gigantic effort, known by the Hebrew code word Brichah(flight), accelerated powerfully after the Kielce pogrom in July 1946
- Michael Bernhard, Henryk Szlajfer, From the Polish Underground, page 375 Published by Penn State Press, 2004, ISBN 0-271-02565-4, ISBN 978-0-271-02565-0. 500 pages
- Kochavi, Arieh J. (2001). Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. xi. ISBN 0-8078-2620-0.
- Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 - 325 pages. Page 70. ISBN 0-8156-2969-9
- The Roman Catholic Church and the Jewish Question in Poland, 1944-1948
- Eli Lederhendler (2005). Jews, Catholics, and the Burden of History. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-19-530491-8.
- Peter C. Kent (2002). The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 128.
- Applebaum, Anne (2012). Iron curtain : the crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956 (1st United States ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 139. ISBN 9780385515696.
- Aleksander Wat (1977). My Century. NYRB. p. xxviii. ISBN 1-59017-065-2.
- Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) (1997). "Postwar years". Poland's Holocaust. McFarland & Company. p. 136. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- Stanisław Krajewski (2004). "Jews and Communism". In Michael Bernhard, Henryk Szlajfer. From The Polish Underground. State College, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 380. ISBN 0-271-02565-4.
- (Polish) Jan Śledzianowski in Pytania nad pogromem kieleckim, p. 213
- Krzysztof Kąkolewski; Joanna Kąkolewska (2006). Umarły cmentarz (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawn. von Borowiecky. ISBN 83-87689-73-4.
- Michael Checinski. Running the Gauntlet of Anti-Semitism. Devora Publishing, 2004.
- Michael Checinski. Poland, Communism, Nationalism, Anti-semitism
- Wokół pogromu, cyt. za: J. Śledzianowski, s. 80
- (Polish) Postanowienie o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie pogromu kieleckiego, prowadzonego przez OKŚZpNP w Krakowie, 21 October 2004, Kraków
- Jan T. Gross, Postwar Anti-Semitism" in Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia, pp. 274-286
- Fear, pp. 83-166
- Matthew Day, 60 years on, Europe's last pogrom still casts dark shadow, The Scotsman, 5 July 2006.
- Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (2003). After the Holocaust. East European Monographs. ISBN 0-88033-511-4.
- Jan Śledzianowski (1998). Pytania nad pogromem kieleckim. Kielce: Jedność. ISBN 83-7224-057-4.
- Łukasz Kamiński and Jan Żaryn (editors), Reflections on the Kielce Pogrom (articles by Bożena Szaynok, Ryszard Śmietanka-Kruszelnicki, Jan Żaryn and Jacek Żurek), Warsaw 2006 ISBN 83-60464-23-5
- Bozena Szaynok, The Kielce Pogrom, in Intermarium, vol 1 no 3 (1997) East Central European Research Center, Columbia University, (available here)
- http://www.powells.com/review/2006_09_28.html Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland After Auschwitz. A review by Ruth Franklin
- The Jewish Pogrom in Kielce, July 1946, Jewish Virtual Library
- Case Study: The Pogrom in Kielce, The London School of Economics and Political Science by Anita J. Prazmowska
- The Truth about Kielce by Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski (arguing that the Soviets were responsible for the pogrom)
- Postwar Pogrom, The New York Times, July 23, 2006 | <urn:uuid:9b67e3ca-1151-4212-9c31-24d3afe00729> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce_pogrom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300905.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00111-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956738 | 6,414 | 3.46875 | 3 |
It is idle to expect any great advancement in science from the superinducing and engrafting of new things upon old. We must begin anew from the very foundations, unless we would revolve for ever in a circle with mean and contemptible progress.
— Francis Bacon
The ancients who wished to illustrate the highest virtue throughout the empire first ordered well their own states. Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their families. Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their own selves. Wishing to cultivate their own selves, they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things.
Things being investigated, knowledge became complete. Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere. Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified. Their hearts being rectified, their own selves were cultivated. Their own selves being cultivated, their families were regulated. Their families being regulated, their states were rightly governed. Their states being rightly governed, the whole empire was made tranquil and happy.
Our culture and its institutions are riddled with unaccountable corruptions breeding pointless tragedies. The naive dismiss this observation because they refuse to believe it, and the cynical dismiss it because they think it’s inevitable. But practical idealists ask – How can we remedy the problem?
Many conflicting answers have been given to this question, and many heroes have spent their lives helping the victims of tragedy, but here we aim to strike at the root of the problem, to discern the right means of ultimately putting an end to avoidable tragedy. The basic answer comes easily to the modern mind, namely that the ideal institution is answerable to that ultimate authority: reason. In other words: How we order society should make sense! For absolutely every thing social institutions do to society, there ought to be a rational justification for why they ought to be doing that! But what is reason, and how does it apply to the institutions we would subjugate to it?
Assent is the lifeblood of institutions, and as Voltaire wrote: “As long as people believe in absurdities they will continue to commit atrocities.” We must cure the atrocities by uprooting the absurdities, and we uproot them when rational thinkers find and spread a common ground of the rational alternatives.
But can we come to a universal assent to these alternatives? That is the question this project aims to answer. If a significant number can unify around an authentic conception of reason, embodied in a small and well-chosen set of propositions, then there is some hope we can, over the long term, systematically remedy the corruption and impunity that plagues our institutions; if not, then perhaps the best we can hope for is muddling along until some major natural or man-made disaster, that our own follies have made us unfit to counter, strikes.
This is an experiment; we do not know how it will turn out. In any case, the point is not to fix the culture in this decade or even this century, but just to begin. When you’ve got a monumental problem you wish to solve, you’ve got to start somewhere, the only question is: where? Maybe here, or maybe we learn something here that helps us learn better approaches.
The proposed strategy is to:
- Identify a set of propositions that represent the kernel of understanding that should govern human institutions (this article). (These propositions are the culmination of a line of thinking, an outline of the principles that underlie the body of knowledge, not an argument or an education.)
- Register assent and dissent, aiming to eradicate dissent through rational discourse. Intelligent criticism of the strategy here is the most welcome, for pursuing a bad strategy is a waste.
- Seek out new participants in this discursive and educational project, for the key measure of success is continued growth in the number of people who are, more or less, in agreement with these propositions. Ideas do not apply themselves, but when a sufficient number of people find agreement, then that tends to create cultural motion in the direction of their agreement, as each individual will naturally carry his ideas to his particular ideas and activities, and a culture is nothing more than the sum total of individual ideas and activities.
Again, this is an educational and discursive project. We seek only to exercise our freedom of speech and freedom of association to educate ourselves about the ultimate political truths that should govern the future of humanity. Specialization and focus are important, and here we choose to specialize and focus on ideals, leaving the translation of these ideals to other movements. Regarding the latter, reasonable people prefer peaceful reform to revolution, and recognize that sometimes a reform ought to take place immediately, and sometimes gradually, depending on the difficulty of unwinding the relevant injustices without inflicting others.
Another way to view this strategy is to notice that the one thing that is missing from all prevailing institutions is a deep Socratic questioning of their respective aims and strategies. When they do offer rationales, they are only superficial, and this they sometimes justify on the grounds that “people are stupid, so we can’t expect them to understand rationales” or “there are no valid rationales or ultimate truths; we each merely offer ‘reasons’ that make us feel better”, or some equivalent thereof.
We all have the prerogative to choose to either buy into rationales such as these or to choose to question them. If we choose to allow unending questioning, then we may as well ignore institutional problems and become professional philosophers; but if we choose to condemn questioning beyond a certain arbitrary point, then we might as well openly advocate dictatorships. Therefore, our first question is: Is there a legitimate point at which questioning must stop, where we find that further questioning is truly counter-productive (revealing either ignorance, foolishness, or insincerity) and thus where we have found a ground of truth we can build upon? In asking and answering this question, we recapitulate Aristotle.
- THE AXIOM AXIOM. Knowledge is grounded in interdependent axioms. An axiom is a basic truth, expressed in propositional form, and which is presupposed by all propositional knowledge. For example, the axiom “I can mean” (as in, your words and statements have meaning) is presupposed by any statement, including by the statement “I can mean”. Axioms have the property that to deny them is to tacitly accept them. For example, if someone denies the axiom axiom, then inquiry into their reasons for denial will lead one to their own (bogus) axioms, which contradicts their denial.
- MEANING. The source of propositional meaning is in the individual biological capacity of human beings; this axiom can be expressed as “I can mean”. If one lacks the capacity, it can’t be conferred to them through discourse. Each individual means what they mean, having the ultimate prerogative to decide what they mean. There is no “collective meaning”, except by virtue of a common meaning created from individual assent. Unity and coherence of meaning within or among individuals is a hard-won achievement, not a given.
- KNOWLEDGE. To recognize any axiom is to tacitly recognize the axiom “I can know” or “knowledge is possible.” To assert that “I only know that I know nothing” is absurd, for in order to know that one knows nothing, one also needs to know that how one “knows nothing” is legitimate, which would constitute a knowledge extending beyond the original proposition.
- REASON. “Reason” is that faculty that causes or allows us to know, i.e. it is how we know. That there must be a “how” – a legitimate process whereby we come to a legitimate understanding – is axiomatic; that we give the name “reason” to this “how” is an established convention.
- DEFINITE MEANING (LOGIC). Meaningful discourse is grounded in the classical laws of thought: a person means what they mean (law of identity); to advocate conflicting meanings is to be illogical and therefore improper (law of non-contradiction); what a person means either does or does not correspond to what, in fact, is (law of excluded middle).
- REASON IS UNIVERSAL. To participate in discourse is to tacitly recognize that reason is universal; it is a common “how” that we can all employ in order to gain knowledge. This axiom is what makes all legitimate disciplines and discourse possible.
- UNIFORMITY. Certain knowable principles underlie the behavior of what is a unitary existence; in other words, our universe is knowable in at least some significant respects (this axiom does not imply that it’s knowable in every respect). If existence were not uniform in this sense, then knowledge, meaning, communication, and reason would be impossible, thus making the assertion “existence is not uniform” unjustifiable. This, again, is the hallmark of an axiom: either affirmation or denial of uniformity presupposes it.
- INDUCTION. Induction is that aspect of reason which infers the knowable principles of existence from experience. Induction is thus the axiom of uniformity, viewed from the perspective of a rational agent’s thought processes, rather than from the perspective of the nature of existence.
- EMPIRICISM. To follow reason is to: 1) root beliefs in evidence; 2) be logical; 3) examine things from the fullest available variety of perspectives, logically reconciling them.
- NEWTON’S FOURTH RULE. We are to regard propositions that the available evidence supports as true, until such time as contrary evidence is actually found. While thought experiment is a valid technique when used properly, mere speculation, imagination, or fantasy do not constitute a counter-argument, and have no place in the body of knowledge. Such is the foundation of the venerable burden of proof principle: that the party bringing a new proposition to the body of knowledge has the burden of also providing the proof of its veracity; that no proposition shall be accepted to the body of knowledge without such proof. This is the means by which that bane of human progress – myth – is uprooted.
- SIMPLICITY. Since the human mind is limited in scope, the power of knowledge is diluted in proportion to the arbitrary complexity that is introduced into the body of knowledge. Indeed, a hallmark of sophistry is to swamp the limited human capacities with arbitrary complexity. We therefore strive to reduce complexity to the bare required minimum, or as Leonardo da Vinci (allegedly) said: “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.” Thus, the cutting edge of philosophy consists in brightly illuminating as completely and correctly as possible the crucial and impactful fundamentals of human knowledge, while ruthlessly eradicating all superfluity.
- PRECISION. One should have at least as much interest in the precision of the statements of principles that govern human relations as one has for the correctness of one’s bank statements, for the principles are more comprehensive, and indeed, govern the rules of banking. But in our era, while most everyone is very concerned with the correctness of their bank accounts, they have little concern in accounting for how the rules of society are formed. On the contrary, our legislators are allowed to whimsically create a mountain of arbitrary laws, that transfer wealth from person to person, or thrust legislation upon society of far greater impact than economic, as if they are subject to no other principle than those which determine a nation’s favorite sport. As a bank statement is either correct or not, so too is a statement of principle either true or not, and so too is a rationale offered for a principle legitimate or not, and so too is either an application of principle correct or not. The generally alleged “inherent” imprecision of human language is mere manifestation of and cover for a vast chaos of criminal unaccountably. No civilization can be just, that has such reckless disregard for the meaning of words.
- HIERARCHY. Knowledge grows from a foundational base of truths directly apprehended by the individual, through his own senses or through his reflection on his own use of reason (such as when apprehending the above axioms). Many develop their hierarchy of knowledge into such expertise that it is difficult for others to understand the entire hierarchy and validate their claims – thus follows the problem of determining who is an authentic expert and who is a charlatan. In principle, we discover the difference by inquiring of the alleged expert the reasons behind his abstract claims, following his rationale to its base, and then judging whether or not authentic principles of reason govern his beliefs or not. We also note certain signs, such as that a charlatan makes too many appeals to the fact that things are not always as they appear; or he beats his chest about how many years of training he has had while wagging his credentials; or he ignores, insults, or threatens you while making too few illuminating explanations of why what he is saying is actually true.
- BODY OF KNOWLEDGE. The integrity of our body of knowledge depends on expressing it in propositional form, justifying those propositions through the correct use of reason, reconciling each proposition with the total body of knowledge.
- VIRTUE. In order to further the good, one must first be good. But to “be good” is not to be perfect, for as human beings we always have room to improve. Thus, what virtue demands of human beings is not perfection, but rather, a good faith commitment to rational virtues and values, whatever those happen to be. To be good is to sincerely strive to have integrity to our best understanding of rational virtues and values, and paramount to these is the virtue of rationality, which means we also strive to improve that understanding: at every juncture of our beliefs, we are always open to rational criticism, including to the criticism that the virtues and values we have embraced might not actually be rational.
- RATIONALITY. Since ethical principles are a form of truth, and since reason is our means of finding all truth whatsoever, then to be ethical is to be rational. Rationality is the art of following reason, the primary virtue, and leads to being able to understand and apply all other virtues.
- SINCERITY. To be rational is to be sincere, which is to embrace the responsibility for one’s own meaning, which is to never knowingly advocate contradiction. Insincere parties are not proper participants in the creation of the body of knowledge. Actively engaged and sincere parties will ultimately tend to find unanimity in their basic beliefs.
- CLARITY. Sincere and rational people do not conceal their well-considered and relevant appraisals from one another – a rational and sincere exchange of ideas is an open and free exchange of ideas, which does not sacrifice clarity upon the altar of decorum, politeness, or loyalty.
- ENGAGEMENT. As Justice Louis D. Brandeis said: “Publicity is justly commended as a remedy for social and industrial diseases. Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants; electric light the most efficient policeman.” A hearty engagement about differences of opinion, aiming at correction and ultimate agreement among rational parties, particularly regarding opinions on laws and public and policies, and particularly by those who have been granted authority in the public sphere, is essential to a healthy society. Contrariwise, the evil of unaccountable authority prefers to lord over its subjects with impunity, not answering when notified of its errors and abuses. At all levels of society, we should aim at setting the proper example: to engage rationally and sincerely about why what we advocate is true.
- BOLDNESS. A timid rationality is the impotent vestige of a mind shrunken by the cowardly fear of irrationality; and as there would be no America without the signers of The Declaration of Independence, there will be no better future without those willing to proclaim the important truths of our own time. There was a time when thinkers risked their necks to speak the truth, and unless contemporary thinkers boldly stand for the hard-won ground of these heroic predecessors, it may be lost again.
- PRIDE. Pride is the virtue of actively honing all virtue. The contrary of pride is the vice of incorrigibility or of impunity – that sort of person who will not accept rational criticism and who proceeds in his actions in spite of knowing that they are vicious. As pride is the crown of all virtues; incorrigibility and impunity is the depth of depravity.
- INSTITUTIONS. As people combine, the power of their virtue and their vice multiplies; so as the hallmark of a good person is one who practices the virtue of pride, the hallmark of a good institution is one that constantly actively reforms itself through rational criticism of its declarations, policies, and practices. The greatest evil of the world is the institution that acts with impunity, and the source of this evil is the incorrigibility of the individuals that make it up.
- PROGRESS. Progress is a gift of nature to mankind, conferred by degrees through the right use of our faculties, and withdrawn by degrees with a betrayal of them. Or as Francis Bacon wrote: “[T]he empire of man over things is founded on the arts and sciences alone, for nature is only to be commanded by obeying her.” The individual alone has little control over progress, which is a social consequence of institutionalizing the right use of reason, of passing not only the knowledge and wealth gained thereby down to descendants but virtue as well. Herein lies the virtuous cycle of reason: virtue breeds progress; progress breeds prosperity; prosperity breeds hope; and hope breeds virtue.
- HUMAN ACTION: RIGHTS VS. CRIMES. The empirical substance of human life is action, and all such action can be classified according to two mutually-exclusive classes: those actions which do not infringe the non-infringing actions of others, and those that do. The former we designate as “rights”; the latter as “crimes.” From this principle we can derive a variety of divisions of natural individual rights. These are “natural” because they constitute real non-infringing actions, and are “individual” because only individuals act, groups are mere aggregations. We also call them human rights.
- RIGHTS AS CONCRETE. To be rightly convicted of a crime, proof of a locus of interference must be identified; it must be proved that the defendant took a particular action and that that action constitutes infringement upon the non-infringing actions of another party. The particular infringing act, whereby one life harmed another at a particular time and place, is the empirical locus of interference.
- RIGHTS AS ABSTRACT. To “live in one’s home” is the abstract act of ownership, and one owns one’s house whether one constantly occupies it or not, and when a thief enters and takes an object, the locus of interference is the concrete acts of entering and theft, even if the owner was not present at the time. On the other hand, there are many possible abstract claims to ownership which, when scrutinized, are unjustified. Herein lies a rich complexity of rights philosophy: we must rationally vindicate each abstract act, to see where and why an alleged infringement constitutes actual infringement, or whether it is only one of the many instances of rights counterfeiting. The guiding light of such an examination is the prima facie case:
- PRIMA FACIE CASE. Concerning the judgment of human action, what appears to be the case on first examination must be taken to be the case, until evidence is offered to demonstrate otherwise. (This is the burden of proof principle, applied to the judgment of human action.) For example: Suppose we come upon two parties who seem to be at relative peace. Then, party A physically threatens or attacks party B. A is then rightly be regarded as the criminal, as a default, unless he provides or refers to proof to the contrary. Critically, what happens to have been arbitrarily declared to be the law has no weight in determining guilt; that one “appears to have broken the law” is irrelevant unless that law is well-founded.
- REASON AND LIBERTY. As the proper operation of reason demands that the mind be free from arbitrary constraint, so it follows that the proper governance of human action demands that we be free from arbitrary interference, for to be free to conclude is to conclude that one be free to act upon such conclusions. In other words, all that is not specifically prohibited by rationally justifiable law, ought to be allowed; or, human action should be left free, unless it has been proven that such action constitutes a legitimate crime; or, human action should be considered innocent until proven guilty. (The legal formalisms of a well-ordered society that follow from this, such as due process and probable cause, are beyond the scope of this article.)
- ETHICAL SYMMETRY OF GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS. Since groups (including governments) are merely aggregations of individuals, then if a given action is criminal when an individual takes it, then it is also criminal when taken by groups. Being part of a group doesn’t confer extra privileges or rights; it either exercises already existing rights, or if it goes beyond these, then it commits crimes.
- LAND. As ownership is constituted of our actions and not of our intentions, authentic ownership of land is not based on sweeping claims or treading or bordering, but rather with “mixing our labor” (John Locke) with the land. When we have improved and are using the land, it is ours; when we merely take things from nature, the rest remains a part of nature, free for others to take from as well. An intensive transformation and continued use of land is part and parcel of ownership, for such is what it means for the land to actually part of one’s actions (and thus a legitimately defensible property right), rather than merely of one’s intentions. To “defend” land that one does not so own constitutes a crime, unless one is defending a rightful claim, i.e. a well-defined parcel of natural land one can prove is in the well-defined process of its transformation into owned land.
- FRIVOLOUS PURSUIT. The earth’s resources are are both incalculably valuable and limited, and we have a ethical responsibility to intelligently steward these for both our sake and the sake of future generations, until we achieve such scientific prowess as we can reproduce these resources at will. As our numbers increase, it is natural that foraging, hunting, and fishing should be replaced by farming; and that mining should be replaced by recycling and synthesis. We should be free to individually claim and use natural resources, but to exploit them to extinction and exhaustion is a frivolous destruction, for a civilized mind seeks not merely satisfaction of tomorrow’s needs at the expense of all future needs, but a sustainable increase in the power to satisfy needs. To arbitrarily ban a use of nature by the individual is a tyranny; but it is also a tyranny to unilaterally decide for the rest of humanity that a given natural resource will no longer exist. The wisdom needed to walk the line between mindless exploitation on the one hand, and arbitrary tyranny on the other, is a very complex kind of institutional wisdom, rooted in the good faith of actually rational scientists, jurists, and politicians. Such is the reason why it is so critical to address our problems of institutional corruption, which breeds a lack of competent assessment of natural resources, a consequent distrust of experts leading to lack of political will, anxiety about the future of human life on Earth, failure of our natural resources, and a degraded quality of human life.
- CITY-STATES. As one who owns determines the manner of use, a landowner can define “man-made laws” of his land, arbitrary rules that anyone who enters it must follow, so long as instituting those laws does not constitute a violation of natural rights. Usually, this means that those who enter must explicitly consent to be governed by these laws in order to be subject to them; or if they do not so consent and are asked to leave, the landowner may rightfully demand that they leave. From this principle emerges the possibility of “city-states”: jurisdictions of individual landowners united by a common man-made law. History confirms this principle as the natural emergence of government, but also warns that ill-defended city-states will inexorably become the victims of usurpation in the form of subjugation to arbitrary rule, theft, exploitation, slavery, decimation, and so on.
- FEDERATIONS. The principal weakness of city-states means that they must either join together in common cause for the mutual defense of the natural rights of their citizens from outside forces, or they will eventually be exterminated; however, history demonstrates that all such federations have become usurpers. But where there are new ideas, there is yet hope. At no point in history has any large number of people identified and rallied behind the correct principle that would restrain federations to their proper place: the defense of natural rights, properly defined through the right use of reason. Federations are in a sense the final culminating test of institutional integrity: they arise only out of other institutions, and yet have the raw power to rule and overwhelm them. Therefore, every necessary intellectual force must be brought to bear, to define their proper boundaries and restrict them thereto.
The best way to support this project right now is to send an email to me at firstname.lastname@example.org with the subject “JOIN RLS”, and I will add your name to a low volume email list. Rational criticism is also welcome.
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A ROSE IS A ROSE IS A ROSE IS A ROSE
Actually Gertrude Stein wrote "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." Rose being a female acquaintance.
The quotation is often prefaced in error with an "A" and hence this puzzle.
Note: The color "rose" is not a standard color so the reddish color chosen for the puzzle was simply a best guess!
Back to puzzle page | <urn:uuid:f6013439-5200-46bd-a426-3839c64906d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://glinds-diversions.com/puzzles/answer01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683708.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707063442-20220707093442-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.932468 | 99 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A nonprofit's guide to online security: So you want to learn the lingo?
But the power of the Internet also comes with great responsibility -- namely the need to keep information safe and secure. As a nonprofit, it can be difficult to keep up with online security, especially when terminology seems complicated. Yes, you might have heard of terms like “phishing” or “cookies,” but what do they mean?
Today, you can find the answers to your questions with our quick & easy to guide to online security terminology. In less than five minutes, you’ll be well on the way to helping keep your nonprofit safe on the Internet.
Let’s get started! Here’s a quick guide to familiarize yourself with common lingo and learn how to distinguish terms that are friends vs foes in the online security realm.
THE BAD GUYS: MALICIOUS ACTIONS/TERMS
- Advanced Fee Fraud (419 scams): A technique which tricks users into sending or paying money to fraudsters on the promise of receiving greater rewards afterwards. It is most commonly associated with Nigeria, and 419 is the section of the Nigerian legal code that covers this fraud.
- Botnet: A network of computers that are infected with malicious software without users’ knowledge, used to send viruses and spam to other computers.
- Malware: Malicious software with the purpose of infecting devices and systems, gathering personal information, gaining access to systems or disrupting the operations of the device or systems. Essentially, any software that maliciously alters or compromises the system or device.
- Phishing / Social Engineering Attack: An attempt by hackers who pose as trustworthy individuals or businesses in order to get your personal information such as usernames, passwords, and financial information.
- Trojans: Malicious programs posing as or bundled with legitimate ones, which are designed to compromise your system. They are usually installed on computers from opening attachments in scam emails or by visiting infected websites. The term comes from the Trojan Horse in Greek mythology.
THE GOOD GUYS: ONLINE SAFETY TERMS
- [Internet] Cookie: A piece of data from a visited website and stored in the user's web browser in order to remember information that the user has entered or engaged with such as items in a shopping basket on an e-commerce site.
- Encryption: The process of encoding data, messages, or information, such that only authorized parties can read it.
- Firewall: A security system used to block hackers, viruses, and other malicious threats to your computer. It does this by acting as a barrier, acting on predetermined rules, which allows trusted traffic but blocks untrusted or non-secure traffic.
- HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): is the protocol for secure communications over a computer network used on the Internet. It essentially provides authentication of the website and the web servers associated with it.
- Transport Layer Security (TLS): TLS is a protocol that encrypts and delivers mail securely, both for inbound and outbound mail traffic. It helps prevent eavesdropping between mail servers – keeping your messages private while they're moving between email providers.
- Two Factor Authentication / Two Step Verification: A method of using an additional process to verify your identity online. It combines both ‘something you know’ (like a password) and ‘something you have’ (like your phone or security key) — similar to withdrawing money from an ATM/cash machine, where you need both your PIN and your bank card.
That’s a wrap for now! Pass on these tips to your nonprofit partners to stay safe and secure online, so you can focus on what matters most: changing the world.
To see if your nonprofit is eligible to participate, review the Google for Nonprofits eligibility guidelines. Google for Nonprofits offers organizations like yours access to Google tools like Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Drive, Google Ad Grants, YouTube for Nonprofits and more at no charge. These tools can help you reach new donors and volunteers, work more efficiently, and tell your nonprofit’s story. Learn more and enroll here. | <urn:uuid:a2167ca2-0715-4506-89fb-2346b1dde48c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/nonprofits/a-nonprofits-guide-to-online-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649348.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603233121-20230604023121-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.916057 | 856 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The 1960s did not fade gradually into the 1970s in America. A decade of turmoil, anger and revolutionary idealism ended with a single bleeding exclamation point — the brutal murders of Hollywood star Sharon Tate and several of her friends, and the equally gruesome killings of a couple who owned a grocery store. From the carnage rose a lone, dark figure who has haunted America ever since: Charles Manson.
To place them in historical perspective, consider that the first moon landing happened on July 20, 1969. The Manson murders occurred about two weeks later, and a week after the murders was the legendary Woodstock festival. The facts of the case and the identities of the killers became public knowledge later in the fall of 1969, something that has been interpreted again and again as the symbolic ending to the era of "peace and love."
But Manson himself may have never actually killed anyone, and he wasn't even present at the scenes of the most notorious massacres. He stood not much taller than 5 feet (1.5 meters), yet he commanded bizarre and relentless loyalty among his "family," mostly young women. His ambitions of musical stardom failed completely, yet nearly every American knows his name and can recognize him on sight.
Why did Charlie Manson cast such a long shadow across American culture? To find an answer, we'll look at the murders themselves, the cult that developed around him and the ways he remained in the public eye long after he was sent to prison for life. | <urn:uuid:4bf52254-47a2-49d8-a5b7-cb7d27269ba2> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://people.howstuffworks.com/manson-family-murders-worked.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529175.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723085031-20190723111031-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.977306 | 297 | 2.640625 | 3 |
According to a study by German scientists, a new solution for facial wrinkles could be just around the corner!
Physicians have long used light-therapy, also called LED therapy for over 40 years to heal wounds. German scientists reveal that the use of high-intensity LEDs, like those in auto tail lights and computers, could help reduce skin wrinkles when applied daily for several months.
Unfortunately, exposure to intense LED light can generate byproducts that damage cells. To combat that effect, the researchers added a potent antioxidant in green tea extract called epigallocatechin gallate.
After applying a daily combination of LED light and green tea extract to the facial wrinkles of a human volunteer for one month, the volunteer had smoother skin, with “less pronounced wrinkle levels, shorter wrinkle valleys, and juvenile complexion,” the scientists claim. The combination treatment showed promising results in only 10% of the time it took for LED therapy alone to reduce wrinkles.
We’ll be following this interesting discovery and let you know any updates! | <urn:uuid:8890a718-5452-478e-9f93-bfa1eeba0186> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.reflectionscenter.com/could-led-light-green-tea-cream-replace-botox/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655883961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704011041-20200704041041-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.935086 | 212 | 2.71875 | 3 |
CRC - YE23206
Rendering HTML5 Illustration
|Publication Date:||2 May 2013|
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and CANVAS are two new tools introduced in HTML5 that you can use to add illustration and interactive animation to your Web pages. Understand why there are two different formats, how you can use them, and where they can be used today.
* Create SVG and CANVAS illustrations
* Add gradients to SVG and CANVAS illustrations
* Animate CANVAS designs
* Add text to your HTML5 illustrations
Rendering HTML5 Illustration is the third of five articles on the new Web standard, HTML5. These five full-color articles feature ample visuals to illustrate what your Web sites can do with the help of HTML5. The articles are also combined in the book , HTML5, which will add exclusive material in the form of a related real-life project to go alongside each article. This article is equivalent to 43 print pages. | <urn:uuid:c9235290-bf0b-4fae-ae04-81191bb4eb31> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://standards.globalspec.com/std/10208795/ye23206 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375439.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308112849-20210308142849-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.831792 | 212 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Giving indigenous people legal rights to their land is one of the most cost-effective ways to protect South America’s endangered rainforest.
A recent World Resources Institute report 1 found that deforestation rates in Brazil on land formally owned by indigenous groups were two and a half times lower than in comparable areas.
The report used World Bank data, official statistics, and research from Brazilian universities. Similar figures hold true for forest in Bolivia and Colombia.
Governments across South America are struggling to reach targets for forest protection and carbon emissions as commodities prices fall. Simply giving formal title deeds to people who have lived on the land for generations is a cheap and simple way to protect forest and combat climate change.
The research found that indigenous communities who own the land are more likely to conserve the forest than other land users. This echoes other studies on forest protection and is the basis of Cool Earth’s community-led rainforest protection model. Giving control back to the people that depend on the rainforest’s survival for their survival is simple, cheap, and most importantly, effective.
The Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rainforest. It plays a key role in sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, acting as a first-line defence against global warming.
“There is a sound economic argument for meeting climate mitigation targets by securing indigenous land rights.” Peter Veit, WRI
About 13 percent of Brazil’s territory, mostly in the Amazon rainforest, has been demarcated for the country’s indigenous people. But a considerable portion of this territory has not been formally titled, meaning that land ownership isn’t secure for many indigenous communities.
Formally recognizing land costs just $5.50 per hectare. That’s the approximate cost of government officials travelling to remote areas to consult residents and determine who should receive land titles. It’s a small price to pay for protected rainforest and it’s why formal recognition of land is something we aim to get early on in all our partnerships.
And it’s not just the Amazon. The report’s conclusions on the benefits of formal land ownership apply to any other developing country where tropical forest is located.
Nearly a third of the world’s land is held informally by indigenous people and local communities under customary tenure agreements. If more of this land was formally recognised, communities – and the world – would find protecting forests easier and cheaper. | <urn:uuid:c43b6821-364c-470d-9c48-5cc6647d4672> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.coolearth.org/2016/10/cheapest-way-save-rainforest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189474.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00212-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931855 | 505 | 3.75 | 4 |
Click on one of the thumbnails above to access the 4 photos of this aircraft.
One of the most revolutionary military aircraft ever produced, the F-104 Starfighter was designed by Kelly Johnson and his team in 1952, at Lockheed’s legendary "skunk works" in Burbank, California. The USAF ordered two prototypes in early 1953 and the XF-104 first flew in February 1954. Records established by the F-104 Starfighter are impressive: world altitude & speed records of 91,240 feet and 1,404 mph respectively in May 1958, world altitude record raised to 103,395 feet in December 1958 and unofficial world altitude record of 120,800 feet in December 1963.
200 CF-104s (F-104G) were ordered by the RCAF, in July 1959, to replace their aging F-86 Sabres. Canadair was licenced to build the single seat airframes and Orenda, the General Electric J79 turbojet engines. A further 38 CF-104D two seat trainers were supplied from Lockheed’s Palmdale, California plant. The first Canadair built CF-104 flew in May 1961 and initial deliveries of CF-104D trainers were made to CFB Cold Lake, Alberta, late the same year. No. 427 Lion Squadron first flew the CF-104 with NATO in Europe, in a nuclear strike role, in late 1962 and a further seven squadrons joined them the following year. CF-104s served in the strike role until 1971 when they were converted to ground attack fighters. They continued to serve as fighters until early 1986, when the CAF squadrons based in Germany retired them.
A total of 2,579 Lockheed F-104 Starfighters were produced around the world. Besides manufacturing 200 CF-104Gs for the RCAF, Canadair built another 140 aircraft, between 1963 and 1965, for several other nations under the US Mutual Aid Program.
The Museum's Starfighter on display outside the Museum is a CF-104D, a two seat trainer version. The aircraft was acquired from the Department of National Defence in late 1995.
|STATUS: On display (outside)
AIRWORTHINESS: Static display
SERIAL NUMBER: RCAF 12641
CONSTRUCTION NUMBER: 583A-5311
CURRENT MARKINGS: RCAF 12641
LENGTH: 54 ft 9 in
WINGSPAN: 21 ft 11 in
POWER: 15,900 lbs thrust with afterburner
ENGINE: 1 x General Electric J-79-OEL-7
MAXIMUM SPEED: 1,453 mph
CRUISING SPEED: 610 mph
SERVICE CEILING: 55,0000 ft | <urn:uuid:24acd79c-2dc9-4acc-8496-4e0af4dd74cb> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.warplane.com/vintage-aircraft-collection/aircraft-history.aspx?aircraftId=53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00342-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94197 | 563 | 3.125 | 3 |
Antiferromagnets have zero net magnetization and are insensitive to external magnetic field perturbations. Antiferromagnetic spintronic devices hold great promise for creating future ultra-fast and energy-efficient information storage, processing, and transmission platforms, potentially leading to faster and more energy-efficient computers.
But to be useful for applications impacting everyday life, the devices need to be able to operate at room temperature. One of the key ingredients in realizing antiferromagnetic spintronics is the injection of spin current at the antiferromagnetic interface. Previously, efficient spin injection at these interfaces was realized at cryogenic temperatures.
A team led by Igor Barsukov at the University of California, Riverside, in collaboration with researchers at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, the University of Utah, and the University of California, Irvine, has now demonstrated efficient spin transport in an antiferromagnet/ferromagnet hybrid that remains robust up to room temperature. The researchers observed coupling of magnonic subsystems in the antiferromagnet and ferromagnet and recognized its importance in spin transport, a key process in the operation of spin-based devices.
Study results appear in Physical Review Research.
“Our results bridge spin-orbitronic phenomena of ferromagnetic metals with antiferromagnetic spintronics and demonstrate a significant advancement toward the realization of room temperature antiferromagnetic spintronics devices,” said Barsukov, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy.
Barsukov was joined in the research by Rodolfo Rodriguez, Shirash Regmi, Hantao Zhang, Wei Yuan, Jing Shi, and Ran Cheng of UCR; Pavlo Makushko, Ihor Veremchuk, René Hübner, and Denys Makarov of Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; and Eric A. Montoya of the University of Utah and formerly of UC Irvine.
The title of the research paper is “Robust spin injection via thermal magnon pumping in antiferromagnet/ferromagnet hybrid systems.” | <urn:uuid:a6ee6417-6265-4c45-afb6-de0ad6446ab2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://insideucr.ucr.edu/stories/2022/08/23/antiferromagnetic-hybrids-achieve-important-functionality-spintronic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00878.warc.gz | en | 0.841333 | 442 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Current theoretical and empirical findings suggest that mate preferences are mainly cued on visual, vocal and chemical cues that reveal health including developmental health. Beautiful and irresistible features have evolved numerous times in plants and animals due to sexual selection, and such preferences and beauty standards provide evidence for the claim that human beauty and obsession with bodily beauty are mirrored in analogous traits and tendencies throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. Human beauty standards reflect our evolutionary distant and recent past and emphasize the role of health assessment in mate choice as reflected by analyses of the attractiveness of visual characters of the face and the body, but also of vocal and olfactory signals. Although beauty standards may vary between cultures and between times, we show in this review that the underlying selection pressures, which shaped the standards, are the same. Moreover we show that it is not the content of the standards that show evidence of convergence – it is the rules or how we construct beauty ideals that have universalities across cultures. These findings have implications for medical, social and biological sciences.
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.
* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 23rd June 2017. This data will be updated every 24 hours. | <urn:uuid:a8a4751d-416f-40e3-b7ba-a54186f98678> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/biological-reviews/article/darwinian-aesthetics-sexual-selection-and-the-biology-of-beauty/A569CBAB9F378BBC7BD8571CE650EFF3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.935216 | 245 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Using Excel for Risk Assessment
Risk assessment involves figure out how much or how little a particular threat could derail your project. Risks are generally categorized by their potential impact. If a risk has a high probability of derailing a project, then the next thing that you need to figure out is whether or not there is a high probability of that risk happening.
If there is a good chance that the risk will occur, then you need to deal with it beforehand. Or, you at least need to come up with a plan to tackle it once it does occur. One way to plan and/or deal with risks is via free Excel risk assessment tools.
Microsoft Excel is a tool that most organizations already use. So, it generally costs you nothing or very little to use this as a risk assessment tool. Next, Excel has the ability to calculate functions, and you can create multiple worksheets within the same worksheet. This allows you to quickly compare different situations and determine risk threat.
You Excel worksheet functions similarly to the white board, except that it’s online. This allows you to share the worksheet amongst different team members, not matter where they are located.
If you have never used Excel for risk assessment, then you need some examples, but you don’t want to pay an arm and a leg to get them. This is where the free Excel risk assessment tools help. But, you need to know where to look to find them. The web is the easiest place to start. | <urn:uuid:6851009d-f61e-44b5-bb0e-a005f0b48595> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.brighthubpm.com/risk-management/92210-free-excel-risk-assessment-tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636104.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00267-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949912 | 308 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What You Need to Know about SATA Data Transfer Rate
SATA is one of the most widely used interfaces in modern technology. It’s virtually impossible to have used a desktop or laptop computer over the past decade that did not have a piece of SATA hardware inside. When it comes to both solid state drives (SSDs) and hard disk drives (HDDs), SATA interfaces are often a critical component, and the SATA data transfer rate is an important factor to consider. SATA interfaces are common in both commercial and industrial grade products, in part thanks to their data transfer rates.
There are other reasons for the popularity of SATA interfaces as well. SATA features a flexible port, so it is easy to connect to a variety of device designs. SATA has also been updated frequently to keep up with changing technology and demands. However, SATA data transfer rate is a key concern for many engineers and OEMs. Here is a closer look at data transfer rates of SATA interfaces across the different generations of products. Keep in mind that these rates are primarily of concern to SSD users. The rates matter less to HDD users, since the upper limits are unlikely to be reached.
SATA Data Transfer Rate
The SATA I interface, which was previously known as SATA 1.5Gb/s, is the first generation of SATA design. The interface itself runs at 1.5Gb, while the bandwidth throughput is 150MB/s.
SATA II, also known as SATA 3Gb/s, is the second generation. This SATA version runs at 3Gb/s, with a bandwidth throughput of 300MB/s.
The most recent generation of SATA is SATA III, or SATA 6Gb/s. SATA III’s interface runs at 6Gb/s, and the bandwidth throughput is 600MB/s.
Each version of SATA provides backwards compatibility to the versions before it. However, when relying on backwards compatibility, the data transfer rate may be slower than expected because of power issues and the limitations on the speed of the port itself.
Gb versus GB
One important distinction to note when looking at data transfer rates is the difference between Gb and GB. Gb, which is the transfer rate that is noted by SATA, refers to gigabits, not gigabytes. Eight gigabits make up one gigabyte. Many people make the mistake of assuming gigabits and gigabytes are the same thing, which causes confusion when they are considering data transfer rates for SATA interfaces.
The product team at Delkin is available to answer questions about SATA interfaces and choosing the right fit for your needs. Contact us today to find out more. | <urn:uuid:7c1169e5-ceb7-49e1-b939-52e785401b28> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.delkin.com/blog/what-you-need-to-know-about-sata-data-transfer-rate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999853.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625152739-20190625174739-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.953443 | 534 | 3.390625 | 3 |
| Home |
Vierings |the Vogts
Ernst Krenek | von Trapp family
Hubertus Prinz zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
More Americans claim German descent than from any other ethnic group. Of those millions of Germans who emigrated to "Amerika" in the first third of the 20th century, the rise of National Socialism in the land of their birth complicated their lives. While family and friends remained in the Old World, their growing familial ties and adopted communities in the New one vied for their complete loyalty. In the case of the Vierings, Fritz would confront his family over what he assumed to be an imminent war between Germany and its many enemies. The Vogts would befriend some of those Teutonic warriors caught up in the subsequent global conflagration in their Iowa farm home. Click on the links to learn more about their experiences.
Fritz and Augusta Viering
Natives of rural Hessen, in Central Germany, the Vierings created flourishing new lives for themselves in Iowa yet found themselves in conflict with family and Nazi-convert friends back in a Germany trapped in Hitler's trance. Like their neighbors the Vogts, the Vierings used German-POW labor on their farm to take in important war-time harvests. After the war, the Vierings sent innumerable Care Packages to their village, helping friends and family survive the post-war crisis.
and Martha Vogt
Martha Vogt left her native Schleswig-Holstein for Iowa in 1909. Her husband Herman a German POW in France during WWI came to Iowa in 1921. During the Second World War, this immigrant couple used German-POW labor on their farm and, in the process, struck friendships with men from their homeland that would last half a century.
German and Austrian Exiles
Many German and Austrian newcomers to "Amerika" in the early 20th century came voluntarily, but some did not. Political, intellectual or artistic dissidents were not welcome in the Neues Deutschland, the "New Germany" (which included annexed Austria), and found a safe haven in the New World, including the Midwest. Unexpectedly, they included princes and musicians, as the following articles attest:
Born in Vienna in 1900, composer Ernst Krenek achieved popular success with the jazz-inflected opera Jonny spielt auf (Johnny Strikes Up the Band). Ernst and his wife, actress Berta Haas, fled Europe in 1938, with assistance from violinist Louis Krasner, who later became concert master of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. First assuming teaching positions in Boston and then at VassarCollege, Ernst subsequently came to Hamline University in Saint Paul, where he served as head of the music department from 1942 to 1947. He took American citizenship in 1945 and in 1947 moved to Los Angeles.
Kreneks music was included in the Nazis Entartete Musik (degenerate music) exhibit in Duesseldorf in 1938. The Nazis applied the scientific term degenerate to a wide range of music atonal, jazz and, especially, works by Jewish composers. Though Ernst Krenek was Roman Catholic, Jonny spielt aufs lead character was a black jazz fiddler, the composer worked with atonal and serialist forms, and he was associated with the Jewish composer/conductor Gustav Mahler. (Ernst had been briefly married to Mahlers daughter, Anna, a painter and sculptress, and he was engaged to complete Mahlers unfinished 10th Symphony by the composers widow, Alma Mahler Gropius.)
While at Hamline Krenek composed a number of works reflecting the tragedy of war, including Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae, op. 93, and Cantata for Wartime, op. 95. The latter used a text from Herman Melville and was scored for female voices due to the lack of male singers at Hamline during wartime.
(The information about Ernst Krenek was supplied by the Schubert Club of Saint Paul/Minnesota.)
|Ernst Krenek as a young man in Vienna, circa 1920|
a scene from Krenek's musical Jonny spielt auf at the Wiener Staatsoper (Vienna State Opera)
Nazi poster decrying Krenek's musical Jonny spielt auf
a "Degenerate Music" poster from the Nazis
Ernst Krenek teaching, circa 1940s
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the real von Trapp Family
the von Trapps as portrayed in The Sound of Music
Does the world meet in Iowa? Is it really the unacknowledged Center of the Universe? It might seem so, at times, when the apparently least-probable scenarios become everyday.
the von Trapp Family Singers' tour bus in America
Around the time of the von Trapps' visit, another Teutonic guest at the hostel, Hans Frey, made two sketches of Scattergood, below:
sketches: Robert Berquist
photos: Your Sound of Music Keepsake. (Colordruck, Salzburg: Colorama, 2008), pages 22, 53 and 18, respectively.
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A Life for Democracy
Hubertus Prinz zu Löwenstein was a writer, politician, adventurer, organization-founder, lecturer for uncountable audiences, a husband and father—but most of all, he was a democrat with an indelible belief in diplomacy.
Hubertus Prinz zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg was born on 14 October 1906, in Schönwörth, Germany. His parents divorced when he was four years old; he, his two brothers and two sisters stayed with their father in Germany and later moved to Austria, while their mother returned to her native London. The prince never had a real relationship with his mother.
A retired member of the Bavarian Cavalry, Hubertus’ father authored novels in order to finance his accustomed lifestyle, but his passion remained the translation of Latin writings. He intended for Hubertus to write novels for a living, too, but unlike his father’s, the young prince’s stories would contain a political message.
The young Löwenstein’s father served as a guiding and formative figure in his life. From him, Hubertus acquired a passion for history and a disposition for perfectionism. The senior aristocrat implanted in Hubertus a “perfectionist complex,” as Hubertus later dubbed it in his autobiography. When Löwenstein saw him for the last time in Vienna in 1935, his father told him he disagreed with Hubertus’ choice of a political career. He said Hubertus should stay out of politics, since it was not the concern of a gentleman. [i]
On 4 April 1929, Hubertus Prince von Löwenstein married Helga Maria Schuylenberg, a Norwegian of Dutch ancestry. On 27 November 1939, he became a father. Hubertus was in the USA when he got a telegram from his wife in Austria that she was pregnant. He and his wife had long awaited this moment. Their daughter, Maria Elisabeth, was born in New York in her father’s absence— Hubertus was informed via Telegram from his friend Volkmar Zühlsdorff, that he had a girl. Maria Elisabeth was two months early, possibly on account of the psychological pressure of fleeing the country and starting over in exile with an uncertain future.
The Löwenstein’s second daughter, Konstanza Maria, was born in 1941 in Newfoundland, near New York. A few days after her baptism on 29 November 1942, Hubertus left to lecture in Minnesota. (A third daughter, Magarethe Maria, was born on 3 October 1948 in Wertheim, Germany.)
Hubertus (left) and Helga with their daughter, Maria Elisabeth in New York, 1940.
Maria Elisabeth was probably the first German princess ever born in the US (Bundesarchiv)
Life as a Student
Hubertus was born in 1906. At that time, today’s Germany was known as a Kaiserreich—an imperial empire, whose states, such as Hessen or Bavaria, were then considered to be kingdoms. The new governments after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, following Napoleon Bonaparte’s defeat, were revolutionarily democratic, owing to the fact that the German people, who made great sacrifices in the movement against Napoleon, had crusaded for their rights once the French Emperor was defeated. In the new political climate, freely elected representatives of the people mixed with noblemen in the parliament and were nearly as powerful as kings, who officially remained the heads of the government.In 1914, at the age of eight, Hubertus experienced the beginning of the First World War in Austria. His father and oldest brother went to fight for the Bavarian army. Hubertus described his childhood as a happy one, since they had enough food, [ii] but during the war he experienced hunger for the first time. Their father sent food packages from Hungary, but when he was transferred to the western front the family was close to starving.
In 1924 Hubertus earned his Matura in Klagenfurth. The same year he joined the University of Munich to study law. The following year he transferred to Hamburg where he met Professor Albrecht Mendelson Bartholdy, who became his doctor father. He spent the summer term of 1926 in Geneva, where he met Stefan George, author of The Anti-Christ and close friend of the brothers Stauffenberg. George would be a major influence on Löwenstein’s thinking. In the winter term, Hubertus transferred again to the University of Berlin where he took his final state exam in November 1928.
Hubertus was 12 years old when the First World War ended. The new German state, the Weimar Republic, was a democratic federal republic with the same states as the empire, though the noblemen were no longer part of the government. Friedrich Ebert became the first Reichspraesident of this new democracy. The prince saw this republic as one of the most decent states in history and its constitution as exemplary. [iii]
This democracy believed strongly in the power and rights of every man, which weakened it. People were not satisfied with the regulations of the Versailles contract, the aftermath of the war and were not used to so much freedom. The parliament was weak, since the number of represented parties was overwhelming, and the outcome was that ballots did not lead to any definitive result. As a consequence, the parliament was suspended and re-elected in very short periods. Most youngsters that experienced the First World War and the Weimar Republic were torn away by her. They felt unfairly treated and to some extent sought revenge. Most of them did not know what kind of government they wanted, but they knew they did not want what they had. Very few of them believed in democracy as it was, and either joined the ranks of the communists or adhered to the political right wing with its strong nationalistic tendencies.
The Beginning of a Political LifeLöwenstein was to remain in the minority of youngsters who believed in the Weimar Republic. His doctoral thesis, which he started in 1928, dealt with a comparison of the Weimar constitution and Italian Fascism. The title was The Constitution of Future Germany. [iv] In 1929, he stayed in Florence to continue his research into the development of Italian constitutional law from the 1800’s on. In July of the following year, his essay Das Dritte Reich (The Third Reich) was published in the popular Vossische Zeitung (the contemporary “New York Times” of Germany). In it, he drew a comparison between Fascism and Nazism, based on his research. This article made him famous overnight. He argued that Fascism would not destroy Europe, but that Nazism in power would most likely lead to war. Göbbels’s newspaper, Der Angriff, (“The Attack”) and the Völkische Beobachter (“The People’s Observer”—the newspaper of the Nazi party) reacted strongly. Even some of Löwensteins’ relatives wrote upset letters. In their eyes he became the Red Prince, [v] just as Göbbels had named him. [vi]
The year 1930 was the point of no return for Hubertus Prinz zu Löwenstein. [vii] On 16 October he joined the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold (“Black, Red, Gold Banner of the Realm”—named for the German flag) in Berlin. This organisation was above party lines, even though most members belonged to the SPD (Social Democratic Party). Their aim was to protect the Weimar Republic. That this was indeed a point of no return, as Löwenstein puts it in his autobiography, becomes clearer with Zühlsdorff’s additional information that Löwenstein was the only nobleman in this organisation. [viii]
The same year, he founded the republican youth movement for that organisation. It was called Vorguards Schwarz-Rot-Gold. This and the writing of further articles for the Vossische Zeitung was the real beginning of his political carrier. On 2 February 1931 he became a doctor juris, the first in the family. His thesis developed the principal today known as the right to resistance. [ix]
Political Activism Before Hitler
In 1931, Hubertus gave various political speeches all over Germany. The Weimar Republic was reaching the end of its lifetime, as the frequency of re-elections increased and the political climate became more heated. Often followers of the left and the right fought in the streets. Political meetings were interrupted by members of the opponent parties and ended in fighting. Löwenstein himself became an eyewitness of such so-called Saalschlachten.
In July 1932 began Hubertus’ first extraordinary political adventure. The trigger was von Papen’s coup. At the young age of 26, Hubertus encouraged the Reichsbanner and the Social Democratic government of Prussia to impose emergency rule. He planned on a staging a counter-coup with the support of the southern German governments. He flew to Munich and Stuttgart to negotiate with the Bavarian Interior Minister Carl Stützel, Premier Heinrich Held and the Interior Minister of Hessen Wilhelm Leuscher, who offered Darmstadt as the capitol in Exile. This city was, according to the Versailles contract, a demilitarized zone, and so untouchable for the Reichswehr. Löwenstein did not hold public office, but he was legitimized through the writing of the State Secretary of Prussia Wilhelm Abegg.
Back in Prussia, Interior minister Karl Severing and Premier Otto Braun rejected the coup offer because they planned to condemn Papen’s coup as a breach of law, and didn’t wish to appear hypocritical. They desired to keep the upcoming elections safe and await the judgement of the Reichscourt after them. It was obvious to Löwenstein that this decision would do nothing to avert Hitler’s rise. [x]
After this disappointment, Hubertus zu Löwenstein continued his speeches. In October that year he was arrested in Austria. After a walk with the Austrian democrat Julius Deutsch he was accused of interfering in Austrian state affairs and strongly recommended to leave Austria the next day. Since his arrest would be in the news all over Europe, he was able to stay and continue his various speeches.
Rough Times Following Hitler’s Election
In March 1933 Hubertus travelled to Tirol for another political tour. While he was gone, his house was searched for a second time by the Gestapo and SA. Upon returning, he went to the police headquarters, as he was requested. Captain Ranffel issued him and his wife an exit permit and warned Löwenstein to leave within the next weeks, since the times were supposedly getting rougher for people like him. He and his wife, as well as Zühlsdorff, took the good advice of the loyal police officer, as Zühlsdorff calls him in his book. [xi] The couple fled to Austria shortly afterwards.
Löwenstein was in the lucky position to be fairly well known in other European countries and to have connections to their newspapers. Other active democratic or communist men and women were facing Nazi dungeons in those days. Right after Hitler came into power the Nazis opened these “Folterkeller” prisons, police buildings or other places were political dissidents were tortured physically as well as psychologically. Many did not survive the injuries, were killed, or were forced to commit suicide. Survivors speak about slippery floors, impossible to walk on, because of all the blood. Fortunately, Hubertus escaped this fate.
Austria then was still under a democratic government, but that seemed to be in danger in 1933. After Löwenstein gave a political speech in Brixlegg about the incidents in Germany, Nazis who were present at this event informed the German Nazis via telephone about the content of his speech. The response was a 5,000 Reichsmark reward, dead or alive.
Another young man met secretly with Löwenstein to inform him with reliable information that a regional Nazi group had made plans to kidnap him and deliver him to the Gestapo in Bavaria. This young man also informed the Landeshauptmann (comparable to a Premier) who sent the Austrian army to protect Löwenstein and his family, since the Red Prince was too famous and the kidnapping too dangerous for Austrian foreign policy.
Helga Löwenstein, Hubertus’ wife, was famous, too. An article was written about her in The Times for 2 June 1933 entitled, “Princess Fires Shot at Austrian Nazis.” [xii] She was defending the black-red-golden pennant, which they had on their car, against a young man on a bike who tried to steal it. She warned him to drop it or she would shot. As he drove on she fired and fortunately missed him. [xiii]
one of Hubertus' articles in the Jewish Aufbau newspaper, 1939 (bottom); the title reads "Anti-semitism is High Treason"
On 3 November 1934 Löwenstein was informed through the Reichsanzieger (a German newspaper) that he was expatriated. The reasons given were that the signed the Saar Manifesto and published an anti-German book. Through connections, he obtained a Czech passport, just like many other denaturalized people in exile. He was fighting strongly for the Saar to become independent and not be conquered by Germany. Löwenstein went to Saarbrücken with his brother to fight for democracy. By the help of a loyal portiere he escaped an assassin. He even went to England to advise the English king to show his power in the Saarland by keeping his troops there, which was better to Löwenstein than for this region to become part of the Nazi Reich. In a referendum, the Saarland decided for accession to Germany, another setback for the democratic powers in Exile.
Life on the Tramp
In 1934 Hubertus travelled to the USA from Geneva, where he had gone after Saarbrücken. The purpose of this journey was to give political speeches and to build connections. His arrival was welcomed by many reporters asking him about Germany. But what was even more important to him was the welcome of the Black-red-golden flag of a Reichsbanner group. Their meetings were similar to the ones in Germany in former times, which made him feel at home.
Back in Europe in 1935 he had a private audience with Pope Pius XII in Rome, whom he warned about the Nazi Reich. After that he went back to Austria, Prague and London. In 1936 Löwenstein founded the German Academy of Arts and Sciences in Exile. Thomas Mann and Sigmund Freud were his co- presidents. It may be interesting to note that Freud once told him his analysis of Hitler. Freud never published it, because he did not have Hitler’s permission, so Löwenstein also never did. Albert Einstein rejected an offer to become the president, since his dogma was to have nothing to do with anything German anymore. The organisation’s aim was to support authors in their writing and to function as a German government in Exile. It gave a voice to the community of intellectuals in exile all over the world. Their message may be read as “Hitler is not Germany. [xiv] During all his years in exile he fought for a non-violent removal of Hitler by the German people, the prevention of the displacement of National Socialism by Stalinism, the prevention of the splitting of Germany, and the integration of a democratic Germany in a united Europe. [xv]
In January 1936 Löwenstein had an extraordinary meeting. He met in a café in Paris with an old friend, who used to be a Vortrupp leader. He was now working for Göbbels’ propaganda ministry. He told Löwenstein that Göbbels wanted to declare about 1,000 monks and friars homosexual. Löwenstein immediately informed the Pope as well as the American Press. On 27 May the newspapers had to confess that what Löwenstein had warned about had become reality. Löwenstein was at that time back in the USA and his wife had to give up their home in Austria. The summer of 1936 he spent in Hollywood, becoming good friends with Charlie Chaplin and Fredric March. This was his unhappiest time in Exile, for even though he enjoyed hosting these people, he still did not feel that his future was in the film business, but rather in politically active teaching.
In May 1937 he corresponded by mail with Winston Churchill, asking him for a centre for constructive ideas outside of Germany in England. Churchill turned down his request.
Hubertus witnessed the war in Spain in Barcelona in 1937 and then went to London. In September of that year he began his carrier as a Carnegie professor for Dr. Butler and the Endowment for International Peace in New York. His subjects were history and constitutional law. In December he went back to Italy to meet his wife and Volkmar Zühlsdorff, and they returned to the USA together in January 1938.
Helga and Hubertus at a London train station, as Hubertus
After his lectures in the spring he left for Paris in March and came back in August. On the 22nd that month he and a friend went on a trip together. Before getting on the boat he bought a newspaper, but didn’t read it until their return in the evening. He saw from the headline that the neutrality and non-aggression treaty between Germany and the Russia had been declared invalid. He remembered his father predicting that this would be the beginning of the World War, and realized that this prediction had in fact come true.
After his lectures that year in 1939 he left again for Europe, even though friends warned him not to, but his desire to be near Germany was stronger than any rational sense. His wife, who was with him since Christmas, left for Paris, while he and his friend Zühlsdorff headed for London. He had difficulties in England, since his passport was Czechoslovakian, and when he found out that his wife was pregnant, he immediately went to Paris. The couple wanted to leave Paris on a boat on the 9th of November, but both Löwenstein and Zühlsdorff were arrested by the French police. The new ship they were booked on departed the 19th that month. They would later find out that their first ship had been sunk without any survivors. All the way to Ireland Hubertus was terrified of the possibility of a Nazi ship stopping and searching their vessel, but they made the crossing without incident. Safely back in the USA, Hubertus also found out about French alien enemy camps, which imprisoned German immigrants.
The following two years he spent travelling the USA as a Carnegie professor.
In January 1941, he decided to settle down in Newfoundland, near New York, to make a home for their daughter. He started teaching at Rudges University near Newfoundland. After the Pearl Harbour attack on 7 December 1941 Hubertus Prince zu Löwenstein started teaching at different universities again.
He arrived in the beginning of October 1942 in St. Paul, Minnesota. This is the only university he discusses in his autobiography. This joyful time and especially his friendship with John W. Larson, which he would treasure for the rest of his life, made this university stay special to him.
In his own words, he recalled, “A few days after the christening I left for Hamline University, in St. Paul, Minnesota, where I was to offer a course of twelve lectures on Europe, Past and present. But during the six weeks at that time-honoured and very good school, I finally held no less than forty scheduled lectures, not counting a lot of unscheduled ones, informal meetings, seminars, and so forth. The work load of a college teacher in America is far heavier than in Europe- and when one came from Europe and was supposed to know almost everything, it was still heavier.’
‘The battle of Stalingrad had just started when I came to Hamline. A world historic decision will have been reached by the time I leave, I said in my first lecture.” [xvi]
The "Prinz" only visited for some six weeks, yet this exotic guest's sojourn at Hamline University would leave a decades-long, indelible wake. By coincidence a guest lecturer at the same institution where Austrian-exile and composer Ernst Krenek found an adopted home, Hubertus used his time in exile both to educate his "hosts" about events taking place in Nazi-occupied Germany, but also to inform his own evolving worldview. He would use the new perspectives gained while safely out of Hitler's reach, in the heart of the American Heartland, to guide him in post-war Germany, as he and like-minded colleagues struggled to form a new nation out of the ruins of Nazi rule.
In 1943 he discovered that through writing short stories for newspapers he had a chance to reach people who skip the political pages of a newspaper. He tried to hide the political message behind funny and interesting plots. They dealt with Germany and the Nazis and were actually appreciated by the readers.The Prinz wrote of his next visit, “In May 1943 I returned to Hamline University to receive the honorary degree of Doctor of letters. In replying to the citation, I said that I looked upon this honour as intended also for those German universities from whom in the years of freedom I had received my academic training…straight from the academic celebration I went on a canoe trip on the wild and beautiful St. Croix River, together with Hans Christian Larson. [xvii] He describes that experience as reminiscent of his childhood and his dreams about journeys through Germany and Italy after the war. During the trip they both were able, for a time, to forget about the war.
The Prinz wrote the following report about some of the highlights of his time at Hamline University:
In December 1945, seven months after the Nazi Reich was defeated, Hubertus asked for permission to re-enter Germany, but this was turned down by the Soviets, since they regarded him as a nationalist whose views clashed with communism. On September 20, 1946 he finally was able to return to Germany, arriving in October.
Löwenstein had always desired to return as early as possible, [xviii] but he stated in his autobiography that the 12 years of statelessness were a real and an integral part of his life, one he did not regret. [xix] The couple stayed in Bremerhafen for a time, braving the danger of post-war Germany, with its poor living conditions. Before Christmas his two daughters became so ill that they would not have survived, had it not been for the help of a friend. Nevertheless, Hubertus thought the first month after his return were the happiest (politically, at least) because of the new creative spirit that he sensed permeated his country. [xx]
He was granted his dormant citizenship back from the senate of Bremen on November 29th. Later that year, the family Löwenstein moved to Bad Godesberg, near the new West German capital of Bonn. [xxi] In 1947, he founded Deutsche Aktion, (German Action) a movement with the aim to shape a new democratic German government. That year he also taught for the University of Heidelberg in the summer term. Tragically, the faculty conspired to get rid of him, because they disliked his anti-Nazi lectures. They tried to convince the American military government that his lectures were actually strongly nationalist. [xxii]
In 1948, his friend Larson from Minnesota, who was now a student of the University of Heidelberg, came to visit him.
On March 3, 1949, he once more had a private audience with pope Pius XIII. The Pope found himself forced to admit that Löwenstein had been right the first time they had met, and that he should have listened to Hubertus’ warning. Pope John XXIII decorated Hubertus Prince zu Löwenstein for his work to reconcile the Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox Church. In November that year he got one step further toward his goal of a general election under United Nation auspices. This was the Heidelberg Resolution.
In December 1950, the Helgoland Affair came to a head. Helgoland was a German island, which the English intended to bomb in order to destroy it completely. They disliked the idea of a German island so close to England itself. On 27 December, Löwenstein and the Minnesotan Larson went to Helgoland. They planned a peaceful occupation of the island to prevent it from being destroyed. Two students from Heidelberg came along. To find a boat which would take them out to the island from Cuxhafen was more than difficult. They took the lighthouse, which was the best preserved building on the island, as their shelter. They brought a radio with them to be able to follow the news. Of course, the press got wind of their plan and actually one day before they left for the island the newspapers reported that they were on Helgoland already. The British army was not overwhelming impressed by that and admitted that they would have continued their bombing if not the American Larson would have been there. Getting the Americans involved was too risky for them. A few days after their arrival, reporters arrived as well as others who also wanted to protect the island.
Not long after Larson left the island, a British marine boat left for Helgoland. On board were German policemen as well as British soldiers. Löwenstein negotiated with the British and negotiated a settlement in which the island would remain German territory and untouched by the British. He and his followers left the island on the British ship.
In July 1951, Hubertus became involved once more in a political adventure. He now advocated for the Saar to remain German territory. Again he was arrested in the Saarbrücken, for holding illegal open air meetings. A second time, his friend Larson saved him by informing the press in Marburg Germany, which lead to Löwenstein’s discharge. In October 1955, a referendum defined that the Saar was and remained a German state.
In 1952, Hubertus moved to Munich after being hired as editor for the southern German newspaper, Die Zeit. That year he also finished his book Streseman: The German Destiny in the Mirror of His Life. Writing this book was very important to him, as well as meeting with Stresemann’s family, whom he had previously met in exile.
From 1953 till 1957, Löwenstein was a member of the German parliament. He was there as a member of the liberal FDP (Free Democratic Party). He was on the committees of Foreign Affairs, All German Questions, and Berlin and Youth affairs. In 1957 he left this party and instead joined the DP (German Party), because he disagreed with the FDP’s voting against joining NATO in 1956.
In October 1957, following his career as a member of parliament, he got involved in what was probably his most dangerous political adventure. He left for Budapest following a successful revolution by the Hungarians against the Soviets. He wanted to strengthen the ties between the German government and the new Hungarian leaders. Unfortunately the Soviets acted against him in November and now Larson’s warning phone call from Wiesbaden was too late. Löwenstein and Zühlsdorff were arrested when they tried to flee. Löwenstein’s diplomatic passport was taken away and given back when he was finally set free with the help of the French embassy. This embassy, the only one still existing in Budapest, managed to bring Löwenstein, Zühlsdorff and many other people of different nationalities out of the country, which was now at war with Russia.
In December that year he and Zühlsdorff decided to write a book about NATO. They visited Greece for their research, which was enduring a civil war at this time, the USA, and Asia. Konrad Adenauer agreed to write the introduction to their book.
an article about the Prinz in Manchester Guardian Weekly, vol. 98, no. 15, 11 April 11 1968
From 1958 till 1973 Hubertus functioned as a special advisor on international affairs for the German government. He continuously travelled the world to lecture, study and interpret in order to support the new government. In 1973 he also became the head of the Free German Authors Association. His guiding idea in the post war times was that of a United Europe, with national self-reliance and cultural preservation, but also a united market.On his class reunion in 1965 he felt like an outsider among his former classmates who all had clearly-defined positions. [xxiii] He felt like leaving again when materialism was ruling democracy and when Neo-Nazis showed up, but as long as he was able to fight these powers in Germany he stayed. [xxiv] He believed in the youth and knew that the new generation was not responsible for what the older one did. [xxv]
According to The New York Times, Hubertus died on 28 November 1984 at the age of 78, suffering from peritonitis. [xxvi]His articles were published in TAZ, Basler Nationalzeitung, Spectator, Contemporary Review, New York Times, Herald Tribune, Atlantic Monthly, Commonwealth, American Mercury, Die Welt, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Die Zeit, Das Parlament, and Rheinischer Merkur—among others. [xxvii]
[i] Prince Hubertus zu Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, London 1968 p. 164
[ii] Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, p.19
[iii] Ebenda, p. 108
[iv] ebenda p.70
[v] ebenda p. 80-81
[vi] Scotland on Sunday
[vii] Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, p.85
[viii] Volkmar Zühlsdorff, In Begleitung Meiner Zeit. Essays- Erinnerungen- Dokumente, Munich 1998, p.168
[ix] Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, p.88
[x] Zühlsdorff, In Begleitung meiner Zeit, p.169/170, Löwenstein Towards The Further Shore, p. 105
[xi] Zühlsdorff, In Begleitung Meiner Zeit, p. 170
[xii] Scotland Sunday
[xiii] Löwenstein, Towards the Further Shore, p. 126
[xv] Zühlsdorff, p.170
[xvi] Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, p. 256
[xvii] Ebenda, p. 261
[xviii] Ebenda, p. 11
[xix] Ebenda, p.9
[xx] Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, p. 11
[xxii] Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, p.317
[xxiii] Löwenstein, Towards The Further Shore, p. 46
[xxiv] Ebenda, p.12
[xxv] Ebenda, p. 405
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Part of Jewish history
Jewish deicide is a historic belief among some in Christianity that Jewish people as a whole were responsible for the death of Jesus. The antisemitic slur "Christ-killer" was used by mobs to incite violence against Jews and contributed to many centuries of pogroms, the murder of Jews during the Crusades, the Spanish Inquisition, and during the Holocaust.
At the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the Roman Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI repudiated belief in collective Jewish guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus. It declared that the accusation could not be made "against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today".
Source of deicide charge
Justification of the charge of Jewish deicide has been sought in Matthew 27:24–25:
When Pilate saw that he was getting nowhere, but that instead an uproar was starting, he took water and washed his hands in front of the crowd. 'I am innocent of this man's blood,' he said. 'It is your responsibility!' All the people answered, 'His blood is on us and on our children!'
The verse that reads: "All the people answered, 'His blood is on us and on our children!'" is also referred to as the blood curse, and has caused more Jewish suffering throughout history than any other passage in the New Testament.
According to Jeremy Cohen:
[e]ven before the Gospels appeared, the apostle Paul (or, more probably, one of his disciples) portrayed the Jews as Christ's killers ... But though the New Testament clearly looks to the Jews as responsible for the death of Jesus, Paul and the evangelists did not yet condemn all Jews, by the very fact of their Jewishness, as murderers of the son of God and his messiah. That condemnation, however, was soon to come.
As early as 167 A.D. Melito of Sardis in a tract that may have been designed to bolster a minor Christian sect's presence in Sardis, where Jews had a thriving community with excellent relations with Greeks, made assertions in his Peri Pascha that transformed the charge that Jews had killed their own Messiah into the charge that the Jews had killed God himself. He was the first writer in the Lukan-Pauline tradition to raise unambiguously the calumny of deicide against Jews. This text blames the Jews for allowing King Herod and Caiaphas to execute Jesus, despite their calling as God's people (i.e., both were Jewish). It says "you did not know, O Israel, that this one was the firstborn of God." The author does not attribute particular blame to Pontius Pilate, but only mentions that Pilate washed his hands of guilt. At a time when Christians were widely persecuted, Melito's speech is believed to have been an appeal, not to punish Jews, but for Rome to spare Christians.
St John Chrysostom made the charge of deicide the cornerstone of his theology. He was the first to use the term 'deicide' and the first Christian preacher to apply the word "deicide" to the Jewish nation. He held that for this putative 'deicide', there was no expiation, pardon or indulgence possible. The first occurrence of the Latin word deicida occurs in a Latin sermon by Peter Chrysologus. In the Latin version he wrote: Iudaeos [invidia] ... fecit esse deicidas, i.e., "[Envy] made the Jews deicides".
The accuracy of the Gospel accounts' portrayal of Jewish complicity in Jesus' death has been vigorously debated in recent decades, with views ranging from a denial of responsibility to extensive culpability. According to the Jesuit scholar Daniel Harrington, the consensus of Jewish and Christian scholars is that there is some Jewish responsibility, regarding not the Jewish people, but regarding only the probable involvement of the high priests in Jerusalem at the time and their allies. Many scholars read the story of the passion as an attempt to take the blame off Pilate and place it on the Jews, one which might have been at the time politically motivated. It is thought possible that Pilate ordered the crucifixion to avoid a riot, for example. Some scholars hold that the synoptic account is compatible with traditions in the Babylonian Talmud. The writings of Moses Maimonides (a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher) mentioned the hanging of a certain Jesus (identified in the sources as Yashu'a) on the eve of Passover. Maimonides considered Jesus as a Jewish renegade in revolt against Judaism; religion commanded the death of Jesus and his students; and Christianity was a religion attached to his name in a later period. In a passage widely censored in pre-modern editions for fear of the way it might feed into very real anti-Semitic attitudes, Maimonides wrote of "Jesus of Nazareth, who imagined that he was the Messiah, and was put to death by the court (Beth din)."
Historicity of Matthew 27:24–25
According to the gospel accounts, Jewish authorities in Roman Judea charged Jesus with blasphemy and sought his execution (see Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus), but lacked the authority to have Jesus put to death (John 18:31), so they brought Jesus to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of the province, who authorized Jesus' execution (John 19:16). The Jesus Seminar's Scholars Version translation note for John 18:31 adds: "it's illegal for us: The accuracy of this claim is doubtful." It is noted, for example, that Jewish authorities were responsible for the stoning of Saint Stephen in Acts 7:54 and of James the Just in Antiquities of the Jews without the consent of the governor. Josephus however, notes that the execution of James happened while the newly appointed governor Albinus "was but upon the road" to assume his office. Also the Acts refers that the stoning happened in a lynch-like manner, in the course of Stephen's public criticism of Jews who refused to believe in Jesus.
It has also been suggested that the Gospel accounts may have downplayed the role of the Romans in Jesus' death during a time when Christianity was struggling to gain acceptance among the then pagan or polytheist Roman world. Matthew 27:24-25 reads:
So when Pilate saw that he prevailed nothing, but rather that a tumult was arising, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this righteous man; see ye [to it]. And all the people answered and said, His blood [be] on us, and on our children.
This passage has no counterpart in the other Gospels and some scholars see it as probably related to the destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70 A.D. Ulrich Luz describes it as "redactional fiction" invented by the author of the Gospel of Matthew. Some writers, viewing it as part of Matthew's anti-Jewish polemic, see in it the seeds of later Christian antisemitism.
In his 2011 book, Pope Benedict XVI, besides repudiating placing blame on the Jewish people, interprets as not referring to the whole Jewish people the passage found in the Gospel of Matthew which has the crowd saying, "Let his blood be upon us and upon our children".
Historicity of Barabbas
Some biblical scholars including Benjamin Urrutia and Hyam Maccoby go a step further by not only doubting the historicity of the blood curse statement in Matthew but also the existence of Barabbas. This theory is based on the fact that Barabbas's full name was given in early writings as Jesus Barabbas, meaning literally Jesus, son of the father. The theory is that this name originally referred to Jesus himself, and that when the crowd asked Pilate to release "Jesus, son of the father" they were referring to Jesus himself, as suggested also by Peter Cresswell. The theory suggests that further details around Barabbas are historical fiction based on a misunderstanding. The theory is disputed by other scholars.
The Holy Friday liturgy of the Orthodox Church, as well as the Byzantine Rite Roman Catholic churches, uses the expression "impious and transgressing people", but the strongest expressions are in the Holy Thursday liturgy, which includes the same chant, after the eleventh Gospel reading, but also speaks of "the murderers of God, the lawless nation of the Jews", and, referring to "the assembly of the Jews", prays: "But give them, Lord, their reward, because they devised vain things against Thee."
A liturgy with a similar pattern but with no specific mention of the Jews is found in the Improperia of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. In the Anglican Church, the first Anglican Book of Common Prayer did not contain this formula, but it appears in later versions, such as the 1989 Anglican Prayer Book of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, as The Solemn Adoration of Christ Crucified or The Reproaches. Although not part of Christian dogma, many Christians, including members of the clergy, preached that the Jewish people were collectively guilty for Jesus' death.
The French-Jewish historian and Holocaust survivor Jules Isaac, in the aftermath of World War II, played a seminal role in documenting the anti-Semitic traditions in Catholic Church thinking, instruction and liturgy. The move to draw up a formal document of repudiation gained momentum after a private audience Isaac obtained with Pope John XXIII in 1960. In the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI issued the declaration Nostra aetate ("In Our Time"), which among other things repudiated belief in the collective Jewish guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus. Nostra aetate stated that, even though some Jewish authorities and those who followed them called for Jesus' death, the blame for what happened cannot be laid at the door of all Jews living at that time, nor can the Jews in our time be held guilty. It made no explicit mention of Matthew 27:24–25, but only of John 19:6.
On November 16, 1998, the Church Council of Evangelical Lutheran Church in America adopted a resolution prepared by its Consultative Panel on Lutheran-Jewish Relations urging any Lutheran church presenting a Passion play to adhere to their Guidelines for Lutheran-Jewish Relations, stating that "the New Testament … must not be used as justification for hostility towards present-day Jews", and that "blame for the death of Jesus should not be attributed to Judaism or the Jewish people."
Pope Benedict XVI also repudiates the Jewish deicide charge in his 2011 book Jesus of Nazareth, in which he interprets the translation of "ochlos" in Matthew to mean the "crowd", rather than to mean the Jewish people.
- Antisemitism and the New Testament
- Decretum de Iudaeis
- Sigmund Freud's Moses and Monotheism
- Nostra aetate
- Westboro Baptist Church
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- Nostra Aetate: a milestone - Pier Francesco Fumagalli
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The Babylonian Talmud, as distinct from the Palestinian Talmud, conserves these traditions, arguably, because Palestine was under Christian domination, whereas the Sassanid Empire, which hosted major academies of the Jewish diaspora, viewed Christianity inimicably. The different political situation in the latter allowed for freer dissent
- Davidson, Herbert (9 December 2004). Moses Maimonides: The Man and His Works. Oxford University Press. pp. 293, 321. ISBN 978-0-19-534361-8.
- Goodman, Micah (1 May 2015). Maimonides and the Book That Changed Judaism: Secrets of The Guide for the Perplexed. U of Nebraska Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8276-1197-9.
- Kellner, Menachem Marc (28 March 1996). Maimonides on the "Decline of the Generations" and the Nature of Rabbinic Authority. SUNY Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7914-2922-8.
- Klinghoffer, David (18 December 2007). Why the Jews Rejected Jesus: The Turning Point in Western History. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. pp. 3, 72–73. ISBN 978-0-307-42421-1.
To say that Jewish leaders were instrumental in getting Jesus killed is not anti-Semitic. Otherwise we would have to call the medieval Jewish sage Moses Maimonides anti-Semitic and the rabbis of the Talmud as well'.
- The Historical Jesus Through Catholic and Jewish Eyes by Bryan F. Le Beau, Leonard J. Greenspoon and Dennis Hamm (Nov 1, 2000) ISBN 1563383225 pages 105-106
- Anchor Bible Dictionary vol. 5. (1992) pg. 399-400. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
- Craig Evans, Matthew (Cambridge University Press, 2012) page 455.
- Ulrich Luz, Studies in Matthew (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005) page 58.
- Graham Stanton, A Gospel for a New People, (Westminster John Knox Press, 1993) page 148.
- Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI (2011). Jesus of Nazareth. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
- "Pope Benedict XVI Points Fingers on Who Killed Jesus". 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
- Urrutia, Benjamin. "Pilgrimage", The Peaceable Table (October 2008)
- Evans, Craig A. (2012). Matthew (New Cambridge Bible Commentary). Cambridge University Press. p. 453. ISBN 978-0521011068.
- Peter Cresswell, Jesus The Terrorist, 2009
- Peter Cresswell, The Invention of Jesus: How the Church Rewrote the New Testament, 2013
- Purcell, J. Q. (1 June 1985). "Case of the Duplicate Pseudo-Barabbas, Cont". Letter to the Editor. The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- Ware, Metropolitan Kallistos and Mother Mary. The Lenten Triodion. St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 2002, p. 612 (second stichos of Lord, I Have Cried at Vespers on Holy Friday)
- Ware, Metropolitan Kallistos and Mother Mary. The Lenten Triodion. St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 2002, p. 589 (third stichos of the Beatitudes at Matins on Holy Friday)
- Ware, Metropolitan Kallistos and Mother Mary. The Lenten Triodion. St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 2002, p. 586 (thirteenth antiphon at Matins on Holy Friday). The phrase "plotted in vain" is drawn from Psalm 2:1.
- An Anglican Prayer Book (1989) Church of the Province of Southern Africa
- Tapie, Matthew A. (26 February 2015). Aquinas on Israel and the Church: Aquinas on Israel and the Church. James Clarke & Co. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-227-90396-4.
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in America "Guidelines for Lutheran-Jewish Relations" November 16, 1998
- World Council of Churches "Guidelines for Lutheran-Jewish Relations" in Current Dialogue, Issue 33 July, 1999
- "Pope Benedict XVI Points Fingers on Who Killed Jesus". March 2, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
While the charge of collective Jewish guilt has been an important catalyst of anti-Semitic persecution throughout history, the Catholic Church has consistently repudiated this teaching since the Second Vatican Council. | <urn:uuid:ff08b0d2-2cd2-455d-b113-490bca1ed1e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deicide_charge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806225.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120203833-20171120223833-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.90649 | 4,014 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Time to Treat Global Chronic Disease
Experts are calling for global health-system reforms. They say the rising global burden of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes, needs a coordinated effort from policy makers, advocates and health professionals.
The authors of the special communication published in The Journal of the American Medical Association say chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. In 2002, cardiovascular disease caused 17 million deaths. Another 7 million were from cancer, 4 million from chronic lung disease, and 1 million from diabetes mellitus. They say these numbers are only expected to increase substantially over the next two decades.
The majority of these chronic diseases are affecting people in developing countries. The authors note, “Between 1990 and 2020, mortality from ischemic heart disease in developing countries is expected to increase by 120 percent for women and 137 percent for men.” They believe this is due, in part, to rising risk factors for chronic diseases, such as smoking, alcohol use, and obesity levels.
The authors make the point that chronic diseases are not replacing acute infectious ones. Instead, they are causing a double burden. For example, India has the highest number of diabetics in the world and annual coronary deaths are expected to reach 2 million by 2010. At the same time, around 2.5 million children in India die from infections like pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria every year.
The health services in these countries are being strained by the double burden because they have inadequate financing and lack of manpower.
The authors conclude, “Decision makers need to be fully informed with the up-to-date evidence about the burden and impacts of chronic disease.” They say the health systems in these developing countries need to be realigned to accommodate diagnosis and prevention of chronic disease, which includes intensified attention on tobacco use, unhealthy diets, and physical activity. | <urn:uuid:4928c5f0-bf45-49dc-bf78-9b7ee23eab8b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.vitamins.biz/time-treat-global-chronic-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488553635.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624110458-20210624140458-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.945486 | 378 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Laboratory investigation of chemical and physical properties of soot-containing aerosols
MetadataShow full item record
Soot particles released from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning have a large impact on the regional/global climate by altering the atmospheric radiative properties and by serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). However, the exact forcing is affected by the mixing of soot with other aerosol constituents, such as sulfuric acid. In this work, experimental studies have been carried out focusing on three integral parts: (1) heterogeneous uptake of sulfuric acid on soot; (2) hygroscopic growth of H2SO4-coated soot aerosols; (3) effect of H2SO4 coating on scattering and extinction properties of soot particles. A low-pressure laminar-flow reactor, coupled to ion driftchemical ionization mass spectrometry (ID-CIMS) detection, is used to study uptake coefficients of H2SO4 on combustion soot. The results suggest that uptake of H2SO4 takes place efficiently on soot particles, representing an important route to convert hydrophobic soot to hydrophilic aerosols. A tandem differential mobility analyzing (TDMA) system is employed to determine the hygroscopicity of freshly generated soot in the presence of H2SO4 coating. It is found that fresh soot particles are highly hydrophobic, while coating of H2SO4 significantly facilitates water uptake on soot even at sub-saturation relative humidities. The results indicate that aged soot particles in the atmosphere can potentially be an efficient source of CCN. Scattering and extinction coefficient measurements of the soot-H2SO4 mixed particles are conducted using a threewavelength Nephelometer and a multi-path extinction cell. Coating of H2SO4 is found to increase the single scattering albedo (SSA) of soot particles which has impact on the aerosol direct radiative effect. Other laboratory techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) are utilized to examine the morphology and chemical composition of the soot-H2SO4 particles. This work provides critical information concerning the heterogeneous interaction of soot and sulfuric acid, and how their mixing affects the hygroscopic and optical properties of soot. The results will improve our ability to model and assess the soot direct and indirect forcing and hence enhance our understanding of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the climate.
Zhang, Dan (2003). Laboratory investigation of chemical and physical properties of soot-containing aerosols. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University. Available electronically from | <urn:uuid:d7a0baae-46f6-43dd-8de2-b42df884fb12> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/3977 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444138.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00068-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887343 | 566 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A few days ago, the New York Times published an article by Christopher Mele about so-called “filler words,” telling people to stop using them. Reporting on language often frustrates me, and this was no exception. In fact, thirty-odd linguists — including me — sent them a letter detailing our many concerns with this article. In particular, the article makes two major mistakes:
- It doesn’t address the many valuable functions these words play.
- It perpetuates a sneaky type of bias against women and young people.
What’s a discourse marker, anyway?
Language never occurs without context, and can’t be analyzed as if it did. Discourse, according to linguists, is the use of spoken or written language in a social context.
Meanwhile, discourse markers are words or phrases that help manage the flow of discourse.
To give a full list of discourse markers in English is probably impossible, but they include:
1. connectors like and, or, and but;
2. markers of time like now, then, and next;
3. words that show similarity and difference, including like and unlike;
4. cause-and-effect words like then, therefore, and because;
5. ways to introduce examples, such as for instance and such as;
6. summarizing words and phrases like briefly, to sum up, and as I was saying;
and all of the other words and phrases that connect our speech and writing to its larger context.
Writing anything beyond a few sentences would get very awkward without them: imagine an essay without in short or however or although!
What this means is that we can’t just get rid of them. Without discourse markers, we’d be limited to one short phrase at a time, with no way to explain how they’re related. We’d lack contrast (but and despite and although) and connection (and and also and in addition).
Rather than just telling you, let me show you. Here’s the beginning of the Bible, English Standard Version:
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
Here it is again, without discourse markers:
In the beginning, God created the heavens. God created the earth. The earth was without form. The earth was (without) void. Darkness was over the face of the deep. The Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
Verbalized pauses: um, like, you know
Among the many types of discourse markers are a subset sometimes known as verbalized pauses. People who are not linguists also call them “filler words” and “verbal crutches,” but those terms are misleading.
Why don’t we just get rid of them, the NYT article asks. After all, “verbal fillers that can make you sound, you know, nervous or not so smart.”
These kinds of pauses do give us time to think of what we’ll say next — but that’s not all they do. Compare the examples below with and without the discourse markers.
They allow us to soften disagreement or criticism by making it somewhat more polite.
- The thing is, she worked really hard.
- Um, it’s my not my favorite.
They emphasize whatever it is we’re going to say next.
- My teacher is, like, a total nutjob.
They allow us to introduce delicate topics.
- Sooooo, um, how are things at home?
- Have you, ah, thought any more about counseling?
They communicate subtle nuances of emotional stance.
- I’m feeling, you know, not too bad about that exam.
They allow us to indicate our degree of certainty.
- I must have had, like, seven hundred pages of reading to do.
- She was, I think, pretty pissed off.
As you can see, these discourse markers do an immense amount of important social and emotional work for us. They add nuance and richness to our speech. In fact, we can’t be socially appropriate human beings without them. Even if we got rid of particular markers — if we stopped saying um and so and like — we’d just end up using new ones in their place.
The problem with prescription
There’s another problem with telling people not to use discourse markers such as “um” and “like,” and it’s a question of who gets punished for it.
Think about marijuana laws for a moment. Black people and White people use marijuana at similar rates. If enforcement were fair, you’d expect Blacks and Whites to get arrested at similar rates too. But if you’re Black, you’re almost four times as likely to be arrested for it. Surely that means something’s off with how we’re enforcing these laws.
And that’s what we see with criticism of these speech patterns. The NYT article is purportedly addressed to everyone, but it’s largely women and young people who are judged negatively for talking this way.
The article does make this point, or at least a related one. Mele writes: “Speakers who are well known in their professions but overuse verbal pauses are still perceived as credible because they have built a reputation. Audience members will chalk up those habits to just the way they talk, Ms. Marshall said. … But newcomers who use as many interjections as seasoned professionals will be seen as less credible because they do not have the years of experience.”
Yet he stops short of the obvious conclusion: there’s nothing wrong with using these words. The only people who are critiqued for using them are already low-status, and this critique helps maintain the low status of certain people and groups.
Experts who aren’t
Both of these problems could have been avoided if the author had spoken to any linguists or looked at the empirical research on these questions.
The experts Mele chose to cite are those who reinforce the point he wants to make. At least one of them was unaware of the existing research: “Ms. Marshall said she had not seen any research attributing speech patterns to certain demographics but had noticed that ‘like’ is used heavily by the younger generation, ‘so’ by those in their 30s and ‘uptick’ or ‘upspeak’ — ending a declarative sentence in such a way that it sounds like a question — by women in their 20s and 30s.”
In fact, there’s been quite a bit of research. And while it shows some gender differences, they’re much smaller than most people believe. I won’t bore you with an exhaustive literature review, but here are just a few examples.
- Alexandra D’Arcy notes that men use like more than women in certain contexts, while women use it more in others. While these differences are statistically significant, they’re also fairly small. She also notes that older people use these forms quite regularly. Source.
- Thomas J. Linneman finds that — at least in some contexts — men and women use uptalk with similar frequency, although the functions and outcomes differ. Source.
- In a 2014 paper, Amanda Ritchart and Amalia Arvaniti note that women do seem to use uptalk more frequently than men, but that men use it more frequently than popular perception suggests. Like Linneman, they found differences in when, how, and why men and women use it.
And so on…
Rather than relying on folk wisdom, it’s best to consult experts who know the peer-reviewed literature before writing pieces like these. That way, writers can avoid drawing misleading conclusions.
(ETA: Emily Prud’hommeaux, one of the experts quoted in the original piece, wrote me to point out that “…the author *did* quote me saying that like and friends have the sort of important discourse functions you describe. He didn’t mention all of the functions I listed, though, and my use of correct terminology and my crazy diatribe about how like is unfairly maligned also got left out.” So it would be more accurate to say that Mele chose not just his experts but also his quotations based on the story he wanted to tell.)
Let’s stop demonizing um and like already
Despite what hand-wringers like Mele may argue, discourse markers — even the verbalized pauses — aren’t going away anytime soon. In fact, we need them in order to be socially appropriate, and that means they’re not going away at all. (Even when you get rid of one, another takes its place. For instance, hey and yo have replaced some of the functions of why and say. Source.)
Although it claims to help everyone, the truth is that arguments like Mele’s disproportionately hurt women and young people. And there’s nothing wrong with the way women and young people speak. Rather than encouraging women and young people to change the way they talk, let’s look at ourselves. Why do we judge ways of speaking associated with these groups so harshly?
This article and others like it get the cause-and-effect wrong. Women and young people don’t “sound stupid” because they say like too much. We associate like with “sounding stupid” because we think women and young people sound stupid in general. So let’s address the real problem — our systematic devaluation of women and young people — rather than blaming it on their behavior.
Further reading: writing by linguists
- Deborah Schiffrin’s Discourse Markers
- Alexandra D’Arcy, “Like and Language Ideology: Disentangling Fact from Fiction.” American Speech 82 (4), 2007: 386-419.
- Michael Erard’s Um…: Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean
- Deborah Cameron’s “Just Don’t Do It”
Further reading: popular articles backed by linguistics
- Marybeth Seitz-Brown, Young Women Shouldn’t Have to Talk Like Men to Be Taken Seriously
- Jan Hoffman, Overturning the Myth of Valley Girl Speak | <urn:uuid:e551af2c-e902-4366-8aef-d512ae7371f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://jenabl.wordpress.com/2017/02/27/lets-stop-demonizing-filler-words/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.95351 | 2,222 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Most files are arranged into words. It is very easy to split a line of text using Python into an array of words. Create a new Python script
nano words.py and type the following;
import sys lines = open( sys.argv, "r" ).readlines() total_nwords = 0 for line in lines: words = line.split() nwords = len( words ) total_nwords += nwords print("The total number of words in the file %s equals %d" % \ (sys.argv, total_nwords))
total_nwords += nwords uses the
+= (increment) operator, that increments
nwords. Also note that the backslash
\ allows us to split a single line of Python code across multiple lines of the script).
The new command in this script is
split. This command is a function of a string, and splits the string into an array of strings.
line.split() splits the string contained in the variable line, splitting the string whenever it sees a space character. You can split by whatever you wish, so
line.split(":") would split the line using colons, while
line.split("the") would split the line using the word
Because multiple values are returned by split, they are returned as an array. The number of words is given by the size of the array
len( words ), and the words can be accessed using square brackets (e.g.
words is the first word of the line).
Sometimes you want to instead want to get an array containing all of the letters in the string. Fortunately Python strings already present themselves as an array of letters. For example, take a look at this script that counts the number of lines, words and letters in a file;
import sys lines = open( sys.argv, "r" ).readlines() total_nlines = len( lines ) total_nwords = 0 total_nletters = 0 for line in lines: total_nwords += len( line.split() ) total_nletters += len( line ) print("%s contains %d lines, %d words and %d letters." % \ ( sys.argv, total_nlines, total_nwords, total_nletters ))
(note that the
\ backslash allows us to break one line of code across multiple lines in the script)
Write a Python script that prints out the first word of the first five lines of an arbitrary file (Here is the answer).
Here is a comma-separated table of values;
Make,Insurance Class,Premium ($),Age (years) Ferrari,10,2432.50,3 BMW,8,1231.10,1 VW,6,862.20,4 Fiat,4,591.10,2 Bugatti,15,4312.00,1
Copy this into a text file using
Write a Python script that turns this from a comma separated file with headings
Make,Insurance Class, Premium ($),Age (years) into a space separated file with headings
Make Premium($) Insurance_Class (answer).
(Hint. You may want to strip the newline characters from the end of each line of the file. You can do this by using the
rstrip command, e.g.
line.rstrip() which removes any extra spaces or newline characters from the end of line).
Write a Python script that will print out the mean average premium, the make of the oldest car in the list, and the makes of the car in the highest and lowest insurance groups (answer). | <urn:uuid:1299b6fd-6c25-411d-a1e8-3760f4175d36> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://chris35wills.github.io/courses/Beginners_python/splitting_lines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866932.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624102433-20180624122433-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.840037 | 766 | 3.75 | 4 |
31 October 2011
Idol Smashing Idols. Art Debunking Art.
In its third chapter, the Bible shifts its focus from all of humanity to the life of Abraham and the story of the Children of Israel. It begins with the divine command to leave one’s familiar past in order to envision a new future. Abraham is told: “Walk yourself (lekh lekhah) away from your land, from your birthplace, and from your father’s house, to the land that I will show you.” (Genesis 12:1). A word lekhah “yourself” added to lekh “walk away” teaches that one can only come to see the new land by moving psychologically as well as physically away from an obsolete past. Abraham is identified as a Hebrew, literally “a boundary crosser.” The personal power of Abraham to leave an obsolete past behind and to cross conceptual boundaries in creating a new worldview is a meaningful message for our age of globalization. He deserted the local gods of his father in which divine messages were perceived as flowing through the narrow channel of an idol’s mouth. Instead, he gained the insight of the existence of an all-encompassing spiritual force that integrates the entire universe and all humanity in one universal ecosystem.
Subverting idolatry with a twist of irony has been the mission of the Jews from their very beginning. As a prelude to the biblical story of Abraham beginning his journey away from his birthplace and his father’s world of idolatry, the Midrash tells that Abraham was minding his father’s idol shop when he took a stick and smashed the merchandise to bits. He left only the largest idol untouched placing the stick in its hand. When his father returned, his shock at seeing the scene of devastation grew into fury as he demanded an explanation from his son. Abraham explained how the largest idol had broken all the other idols. He could have smashed all the idols without saving one on which to place the blame. An idol smashing idols gives us clues for creating art to debunk Art.
In Idolizing Pictures: Idolatry, Iconoclasm and Jewish Art, Anthony Julius proposes that the primary role of the Jewish artist is to subvert idolization of totalitarian leaders and political systems as well as art itself. Jewish art aims to undermine undue reverence for art. The most common form of modern idolatry is when the work of art or the State become idols, alienated from their makers and given a false sovereignty. In its postmodern form, Jewish artists attempt to use art to knock art off its pedestal by displaying a creative skepticism not just towards art’s subjects but also towards its purposes. “By creative skepticism I mean something like an art-making iconoclasm, that is, an art which turns against Art.”
Excerpts on the Lekh Lekhah Torah portion from
The Future of Art in a Postdigital Age: From Hellenistic to Hebraic Consciousness, pages 41, 68.
See an alternative view at the Torah Tweets blogart project at http://torahtweets.blogspot.com/2010/10/lekh-lekha.html | <urn:uuid:0940c107-c8dc-4370-afe3-7254a1ffff6d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://future-of-art.blogspot.com/2011/10/idol-smashing-idols-gives-us-clues-for.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370239.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305060756-20210305090756-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.959001 | 670 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Welcome to the TIEE Teaching Pages
The teaching section of TIEE complements the Issues and Experiments sections and helps you learn more about student-active teaching and learning.
The main sections of the TIEE Teaching pages are:
- ... frequently asked, basic questions and answers about how TIEE can help you
- ... interactive tutorials to help you to use TIEE materials in your classes
- ... these are published articles or other essays on various special topics in teaching and learning
- ... contains a lengthy glossary of pedagogical terms on teaching and learning that are used in the TIEE collection
- ... annotated linked list of www and other resources on teaching and learning
- TIEE EVALUATION & RESEARCH
- ... study evaluating the effectiveness of TIEE
- EXPERIMENTS TO TEACH ECOLOGY
- 1993, edited by J.M. Beiswenger.
- ECOLOGY EDUCATION PUBLICATIONS
- [PDF] (156 KB)
... a bibliography of research articles from biology and science education journals relevant to the teaching of k-12 and college level ecology. Also includes a listing of related books, reports, and journals. April 1, 2005 | <urn:uuid:d869cce3-26cf-4b23-86a5-2ca3b3b513fa> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.tiee.ecoed.net/teach/teach.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380394.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00119-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880982 | 249 | 2.9375 | 3 |
On crowded rapid transit urban lines, while most travelers may be seated during off-peak services, only a limited proportion will be seated during the peak services. The longer the journey, the less willing passengers are to stand. On intercity rail or coach services, the willingness among passengers to stand is often low, or it may even be prohibited, with reserved seating to ensure that all passengers can be seated.
In aviation, safety measures require all passengers and crew to be seated during take-off and landing, so airlines do not allow passengers to travel without a seat. However, in 2010, Ryanair, a low-cost airline proposed a "vertical seat" design for use by standing passengers on its aircraft.
Seated to standing ratio
The seated-to-standing ratio is the ratio between the number of passengers that can be seated and the number of standing passengers on a public transport vehicle. A higher standing ratio allows for more passengers in a given area, but detracts the perceived quality of the transport, in particular over long distances. This metric is normally limited to urban mass transit, due to intercity transport normally only offering seated travel. On longer haul services, bilevel cars are often used to allow for increased seating, though this increases the dwell time at stations, making increased seating ratio versus service time tradeoffs.
Passengers per square metre
Passengers per square metre is a quality of service metric used to determine the standard of comfort provided to standing passengers in a transportation vehicle. Multiplying this number by the total available standing area on a vehicle gives the total standing passenger capacity. Bus services in Europe operate at about four passengers per square metre.
Safety and health
Standing passengers are susceptible to suffering falls and other injuries, particularly elderly people. Shorter people and children may not be able to reach ceiling-mounted handles, straps, or rails. Porous cloth straps are hard to clean, and are being replaced by rubber or plastic straps, and metal fixtures often made of stainless steel.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Handhold.|
Various types of handholds are provided for standing passengers:
- hanging strap – a strap suspended from the ceiling (often with a handle or a loop)
- grab handle – a pivoted, rigidly-mounted, or suspended handle often mounted above eye level of standing passengers
- handrails – rigid rails running horizontally below the ceiling
- stanchions – vertical poles anchored between the floor and ceiling
- grab rails or grab bars – smaller hand rails attached to seats, doors, and doorways
- 16 April 1893, Chicago Daily Tribune, pg. 33: "But Lili (a dwarf elephant – ed.) weighs only seventy pounds and her tread would not affect a corn as much as that of the dudish strap-hanger whose equilibrium has been disturbed by the sudden jerk of a green gripman."
- 22 February 1896, Chicago Daily Tribune, pg. 7: "'No sane man,' said a North-sider yesterday who has been a strap-hanger for years, 'expects the street car lines to furnish seats for every passenger during the rush hour morning and evening.'"
- 19 April 1899, New York Times, pg. 6: "When the offer of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company to build the underground railroad was published, the million strap-hangers were silent, inert, and helplessly contemplative."
- "An imposing and formal man, Prescott Bush commuted for years to Grand Central Station, then rode down to Wall Street on the subway. 'He'd die now,' according to George's sister Nancy, 'with limos picking them up. He was a straphanger.'" — Andrew Delbanco, "Self-Remade Man," The New York Times review
- "Standee". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- The Telegraph (London), "Ryanair to sell £5 tickets for standing-room only flights", Laura Roberts, 1 July 2010 (accessed 17 September 2010)
- White, Peter (2002). Public Transport: Its Planning, Management, and Operation. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-25772-7.
- Bus Systems: An efficient mode of transport - UITP on UITP website, viewed 2013-09-11, which quotes Volvo Bus Corporation as its source
- "Safety of Standing Passengers in Urban Buses" on ScienceDaily website, viewed 2013-09-12 | <urn:uuid:e47fdb4f-15c6-4dcf-89d3-5cba5c4c1a06> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Standing_passenger | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151972.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726000859-20210726030859-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.928876 | 916 | 3.25 | 3 |
The formation of a simple coffee stain has been the subject of complex study for decades, though it turns out that there remain some stones still to be turned. Researchers at the University of Nevada, Reno have modeled how a colloidal droplet evaporates and found a previously overlooked mechanism that more accurately determines the dynamics of particle deposition in evaporating sessile droplets, which has ramifications in many fields of today's technological world.
In physics, a "coffee ring" is a pattern left by a puddle of particle-laden liquid after it evaporates. The phenomenon is named for the characteristic ring-like deposit along the perimeter of a spill of coffee. It is also commonly seen after spilling red wine. The mechanism behind the formation of these and similar rings is known as the coffee ring effect or in some instances, the coffee stain effect, or simply ring stain.
An example of the coffee ring effect, shown using an evaporated drop of coffee.
"Understanding and manipulating the dynamics of particle deposition during evaporation of colloidal drops can be used in DNA sequencing, painting, ink jet printing and fabricating ordered micro/nano-structures," Hassan Masoud, assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, said. "And now we understand it better than ever before. Our discovery builds on a large body of work; we took an extra step though, modeling the interaction of suspended particles with the free surface of the drop. We believe our findings are going to fundamentally change the common perception on the mechanism responsible for the so-called 'coffee-ring' phenomenon."
Despite a decent amount of server space and speed, assistant professor of mechanical engineering Hassan Masoud, center, his doctoral student Saeed Jafari Kang, right, and post-doctoral fellow Vahid Vandadi opted to write out their many equations long-hand, on dozens of very large pieces of newsprint paper as they modelled a more accurate look at coffee-ring droplet deposition. Photo by Mike Wolterbeek, University of Nevada, Reno.
When a droplet dries on a surface, the particles suspended in it usually deposit in a ring-like pattern, leaving a stain or residue, called the coffee-ring effect. Until now, the stain was thought to form as a result of the fluid flow inside the drop. Masoud and his team found that the free surface of the droplet, the top layer where it is in contact with the air, plays a critical role in the deposition of the particles.
"When the drop evaporates, the free surface collapses and traps the suspended particles," Masoud said. "Our theory shows that eventually all the particles are captured by the free surface and stay there for the rest of their trip towards the edge of the drop."
Masoud and his team used a less familiar modeling system, known as the Toroidal Coordinate System, that allowed them to reduce the three-dimensional governing equations into a one-dimensional form. Despite a decent amount of server space and speed, the team opted to write out their many equations long-hand, on dozens of very large pieces of news print paper.
"Our innovative approach - and using some ugly-long equations - distinguishes our work from previous research," he said. "No one else has used this coordinate system for this problem, and this allows us to track the motion of particles in the drop in a natural way."
The discovery allows scientists to manipulate the motion of solute particles by altering the surface tension of the liquid-gas interface rather than controlling the bulk flow inside the drop.
"We can use surfactants to tweak the surface tension," Masoud said. "In a simple example, if you are cleaning solar panels, which can lose up to 90 percent of their efficiency when dirty, the preferred method of cleaning is water, but that leaves behind a stain that is hard to wipe out. Changing the flow dynamics during evaporation with a specialized cleaning agent can leave the panels cleaner and more efficient."
Contacts and sources: Mike Wolterbeek University of Nevada, Reno
Their peer-reviewed paper, "Alternative mechanism for coffee-ring deposition based on active role of free surface," was published Dec. 12 in the American Physical Society's publication Physical Review E. | <urn:uuid:307edc40-564a-4b49-a1d2-af66a1a13c62> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.ineffableisland.com/2016/12/coffee-ring-phenomenon-explained-in-new.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540555616.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213122716-20191213150716-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.948469 | 870 | 3.578125 | 4 |
FREE ALL OF MELANESIA.(EDUCATIONAL)
Even after Indonesia’s independence in 1949, Irian Jaya was retained by the Dutch for various reasons. However, Indonesia claimed all of the territory of the former Dutch East Indies, including the Dutch New Guinea holdings, so it invaded Irian Jaya in 1961. It was agreed that the UN should oversee a plebiscite of the people of West Papua, in which they would be given two choices: to remain part of Indonesia or to become an independent nation. This vote was referred to as the ‘Act of Free Choice’.
However, instead of overseeing a free and fair election, little attempt was made by the UN to monitor how things were to play out in practice. Declaring that the Papuans were too ‘primitive’ to cope with democracy, the Indonesian military hand-picked 1,026 ‘representative’ Papuans – out of a population of one million – threatened to kill them and their families if they voted the wrong way, and then told them to choose. The result was ‘unanimous’: West Papua would remain part of Indonesia. Despite protests from the Papuans, a critical report by a UN official and condemnation of the vote in the international media the UN shamefully sanctioned the result and West Papua has remained under control of the Indonesian state ever since.
The result of the vote was understandably rejected by the Free Papua Movement (OPM). The independence movement for West Papua continues today and has in recent years been gaining considerable support internationally, with numerous campaign groups along with the International Parlimentarians for West Papua group. The majority of the protest against Indonesia by Papuans remains peaceful for fear of reprisal however the circumstances have given rise to an armed guerilla wing of the independence movement. See guerrilla warfare against Indonesia.
West Papua was created from the western portion of Papua province in February 2003, initially under the name of Irian Jaya Barat; it was renamed Papua Barat (West Papua) on 7 February 2007.
In November 2004, an Indonesian court agreed that the split violated Papua’s autonomy laws. However, the court ruled that because the new province had already been created, it should remain separate from Papua. The ruling also prohibited the creation of another proposed province, Central Irian Jaya, as that division had not yet been formalised.
The split is inline with the general trend of provincial splits that is occurring in all parts of Indonesia in the post-Suharto era. The new province has so far been widely supported by the province’s inhabitants, as the new entity created more jobs and more government subsidies flowing into the province.
The province changed its name to West Papua on 7 February 2007. The new name applies from that date, but a plenary session of the provincial legislative council is required to legalise the change of name, and the government needs to then issue a regulation.
2) Demographics ( MALUKU )
Maluku’s population is about 2 million, less than 1% of Indonesia’s population.
Over 130 languages were once spoken across the islands; however many have now mixed to form local pidgin dialects of Ternatean and Ambonese, the lingua franca of northern and southern Maluku respectively.
A long history of trade and seafaring has resulted in a high degree of mixed blood ancestry in Malukans.Austronesian peoples added to the native Melanesian population around 2000 BCE. Melanesian features are strongest in the islands of Kei and Aru and amongst the interior people of Seram and Buru islands. Later added to this Austronesian-Melanesian mix were Indian, Arab, Chinese, Portuguese and Dutch genes. More recent arrivals include Bugis trader settlers from Sulawesi and Javanese transmigrants.
3) NEW CALEDONIA : Politics
New Caledonia is a sui generis collectivity to which France has gradually transferred certain powers. It is governed by a 54-member Territorial Congress, a legislative body composed of members of three provincial assemblies. The French State is represented in the territory by a High Commissioner. At a national level, New Caledonia is represented in the French Parliament by two deputies and two senators. At the 2012 French presidential election the voter turnout in New Caledonia was 61.19%.
For 25 years, the party system in New Caledonia was dominated by the anti-independence The Rally–UMP.This dominance ended with the emergence of a new party, Avenir Ensemble, also opposed to independence but considered more open to dialogue with the Kanak movement, which is part of FLNKS, a coalition of several pro-independence groups.
Since 1986 the United Nations Committee on Decolonization has included New Caledonia on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. An independence referendum was held the following year, but was rejected by a large majority.
Under the Noumea Accord, signed in 1998 following a period of secessionist unrest in the 1980s and approved in a referendum, New Caledonia is to hold a second referendum on independence between 2014 and 2018.
The official name of the territory, Nouvelle-Calédonie, could be changed in the near future due to the accord, which stated that “a name, a flag, an anthem, a motto, and the design of banknotes will have to be sought by all parties together, to express the Kanak identity and the future shared by all parties.” To date, however, there has been no consensus on a new name for the territory.
New Caledonia has increasingly adopted its own symbols, choosing an anthem, a motto, and a new design for its banknotes. In July 2010, New Caledonia adopted the Kanak flag, alongside the existing French tricolor, as the dual official flags of the territory. The adoption made New Caledonia one of the few countries or territories in the world with two official national flags. The decision to use two flags has been a constant battleground between the two sides and led the coalition government to collapse in February 2011.
In 2009, 40.3% of the population reported belonging to the Kanak community, 29.2% to the European community and 8.7% to the community originating from Wallis and Futuna. The remaining identified communities represented 7.3% of the population, and included Tahitians (2.0%), Indonesians (1.6%), Vietnamese (1.0%), Ni-Vanuatu (0.9%) other Asian (0.8%) and other (1.0%). 8.3% belonged to multiple communities, 5% declared their community as “Caledonian”, 1.2% did not respond.The question on community belonging, which had been left out of the 2004 census, was reintroduced in 2009 under a new formulation, different from the 1996 census, allowing multiple choices and the possibility to clarify the choice “other”. Most of the people who self-identified as “Caledonian” are thought to be ethnically European.
The Kanak people, part of the Melanesian group, are indigenous to New Caledonia. Their social organization is traditionally based around clans, which identify as either “land” or “sea” clans, depending on their original location and the occupation of their ancestors. According to the 2009 census, the Kanak constitute 94% of the population in the Loyalty Islands Province, 74% in the North Province and 27% in the South Province. The Kanak tend to be of lower socio-economic status than the Europeans and other settlers.
Europeans first settled in New Caledonia when France established a penal colony on the archipelago.Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle. According to the 2009 census, of the 71,721 Europeans in New Caledonia 32,354 were native-born, 33,551 were born in other parts of France, and 5,816 were born abroad. The Europeans are divided into several groups: the Caldoches are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers. They often settled in the rural areas of the western coast of Grande Terre, where many continue to run large cattle properties.
Distinct from the Caldoches are those were born in New Caledonia from families that had settled more recently, and are called simply Caledonians.The French-born migrants who come to New Caledonia are called métros, indicating their origins in metropolitan France. There is also a community of about 2,000 pieds noirs, descended from European settlers in France’s former North African colonies; some of them are prominent in anti-independence politics, including Pierre Maresca, a leader of the RPCR. | <urn:uuid:0248f252-ed8d-42bd-9530-73bf700a2536> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.voiceofmelanesia.com/2012/11/29/free-all-of-melanesia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313987.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818165510-20190818191510-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.960406 | 1,859 | 3.5 | 4 |
The Transparency Project: Everyday Products, Consumer Knowledge and Environmental Impacts
Seminar 20-21 February, 2020, UniSA, Adelaide, South Australia
Registration Now Open!
Professor Robert Costanza, Australian National University
Professor Veena Sahajawalla, University of New South Wales
Mr Vaughan Levitzke, Green Industries SA
Dr Brandon Gien, Good Design Australia
Hosted by China Australia Centre for Sustainable Development at the University of South Australia this one day and a half seminar and linked publication will be focused on the problem of opacity, or a lack of evident transparency and traceability in everyday products in today’s global economy.
Consumers today have very little reliable information about the environmental impacts of the products and services that dominate their lives. From cars and phones to furniture, appliances and packaged foods, most products and services are understood and compared in terms of advertised claims which can be misleading. There is growing evidence to suggest that when consumers are made aware of an environmental problem (as in the ABC’s War on Waste TV series), they are more likely to accept pro-environmental regulatory change (such as bans on plastic bags).
Given recent rapid advancements in material and energy assessment, sensing and communication technologies, there are few reasons why environmental impact information cannot be presented to consumers and other actors in the market in a more accessible format. Policy makers, designers, producers, retailers and waste managers could also benefit from access to this information.
This seminar and related book project aim to explore how we might be able to establish higher standards of transparency and traceability in everyday consumption, and how this might be used to support a transition to more ‘responsible production and consumption’ (UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 12). Policy and regulation, business and economic development, design and production, and waste management services could all benefit from reducing the global economy’s present environmental opacity.
Multidisciplinary in focus, the seminar’s organisers invite presentations on three themes:
- Case Studies profiling the impacts of products and services in everyday use, clarifying ways of measuring their impacts in a more accessible manner.
- Communicating environmental impacts more effectively to non-specialists, through labelling, app-based systems, sensing, and other assessment systems.
- Policy and regulation transitions towards ‘responsible production and consumption’ (SDG 12), with a particular focus on greater transparency and traceability.
Date: 20-21 February 2020
Location: The Bradley Forum, City West Campus, UniSA, Adelaide, South Australia
Registration Fee: Full Fee $175, Student Fee $100 | <urn:uuid:d4abc512-5506-4ab2-804a-879adc14269c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.unmakingwaste.org/registration-is-now-open/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.909418 | 534 | 2.703125 | 3 |
AG 505 Soil Science
Soil Science covers the basics of soil physical and chemical properties, and how biological elements in the soil are influenced by and exert influences on those physical and chemical properties. However, the primary focus will be on the inherent properties of soils arising from their mineral content and physical constituents, as a foundation for more comprehensive exploration of soils in regenerative organic agriculture in higher-level courses. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours plus college-level courses in chemistry and mathematics desired.
AG 506 Crop Science
An introduction to the basic principles of crop production and best management practices (BMPs) in Regenerative Organic Agriculture will consist of studying the biology of crop species, their growth requirements and the soil management needed to achieve those requirements. After that we go into cropping systems and practices, the essential types of machinery used for each crop species, tillage, fertility management, weed control, crop rotations, and control of pests and diseases. Upon completion of the course, students will be prepared to increase efficiency and productivity in the organic production context, while maintaining and improving soil quality. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours plus college-level introductory biology including basic plant structure and physiology desired.
AG 507 Horticulture
This course is an exploration of the issues and regenerative solutions for growing horticultural crops. The emphasis will be on vegetables, but the principles are also relevant to fruits, herbs, and ornamentals. We will study growth and production of horticultural crops in the context of their environment. This includes the interaction of crops with both the abiotic and biotic environment. The abiotic environment includes soil structure and mineral nutrition, climate and weather, light, air, and water. The biotic environment includes soil organisms; insects, both beneficial and pests; and microorganisms, both beneficial and those that cause disease. Throughout the course we will consider ways to manage crops and their environment in ways that maximize crop health and productivity while enriching the soil, increasing biodiversity, and sequestering carbon. This will include general crop strategies, such as succession planting, cover cropping, intercropping, mulches, timing of crops and more. We will also explore using structures and strategies for microclimate modification and season extension. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours.
AG 508 Certification, Processing, & Handling
This core course will offer a comprehensive review of the rules and regulations related to the certification of organic production of agriculture commodities, the handling of such commodities from farm to consumer and the rules which govern the processing and labeling of any such commodities as added value food, fiber, or feed end-products. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours.
AG 596 Research Methods & Statistics for Agriscience
This core course introduces basic principles and statistical applications fundamental to understanding and conducting research on regenerative organic agriculture. This course will introduce and provide practice with 1) formulating hypotheses and designing experiments to confirm or refute them, 2) avoiding pitfalls when producing data, 3) exploring data, 4) fitting models to data – choosing an appropriate data distribution, analyzing data using Excel and either R or SPSS, 5) inference – test of significance, choice of tests, parametric vs non-parametric tests 6) general linear models – ANOVA (analysis of variance), regression, and 7) drawing valid conclusions. Prerequisites: Consent by instructor.
AG 597 Research Project
This capstone course is the applied research component of the degree and will permit many approaches to the intellectual exercise of applying the principles of regenerative agriculture under research settings. Approaches may include, but are not limited to, critique on literature reviews; collecting published data on a selected topic, synthesize of the collected data, reporting and presentation; design and execution of on-the-job agronomic lab or field projects involving environmental sample collection, analyses, data synthesis, report-writing, and presentation, etc. Research may be conducted on the MIU campus or at a location of the student’s choosing. The course not only introduces how agronomic research is done but empowers students in critical thinking to prepare them for research projects in their careers. Prerequisites: AG 596
AG 516 Regenerative Farming Systems
This course introduces to the student the concept of systems of agriculture. In particular, the broadly defined system labeled as regenerative will be discussed. The course includes a rigorous discussion about what is regenerative and what is not regenerative within a farming system. The students are invited as a part of this course to participate in the evolution of definition on what is regenerative by nature within a farming system. This will include the consideration of what is regenerative with respect to crops, animals, soils, and whole ecosystems. This course will look at farming systems around the world as examples of regenerative applications in farming. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours.
AG 521 Agroforestry
Agroforestry is a form of agriculture that utilizes trees to enhance landscape productivity and resilience, thereby contributing to the sustainable production of food, wood, medicinal, and other industrial raw materials. This land use management technique improves agroecology of landscapes and enhances the livelihood of people. Agroecology encompasses diverse applications such as improved soil fertility and carbon cycle, water retention of soils, protection from pests and diseases, protection of soils from water and wind erosion, etc. Students will learn about the principles, classifications, and practical applications of agroforestry systems in agricultural production and environmental management. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours plus basic biology or agricultural science desired.
AG 540A Cultivation & Utilization of Medicinal Herbs
Growing medicinal and culinary herbs is a specialization of horticulture. Gain knowledge of various temperate and tropical medicinal herbs, cultivation practices, and traditional utilization. The course covers: 1) Introduction and ethnobotany of herbs, such as aloe vera, basil, chamomile, chives, lemongrass, mints, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, nettle, and yarrow, along with some tropical herbs like ginger, turmeric, amla, pepper, and ashwagandha. 2) Chemical composition of herbs. 3) Cultivation practices, including nursery techniques, soil and climatic requirements, methods and seasonal planting of herbs, maintenance, and sustainable harvesting practices. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours plus previous course in botany/chemistry desired.
AG 540B Post-Harvest Processing, Extraction, & Quality Control of Medicinal Herbs
Post-harvest processing, extraction, value addition, and quality control procedures of medicinal herbs. This course is an extension of AG 540A Cultivation & Utilization of Medicinal Herbs. The course covers: 1) Post-harvest processing of herbs – minimal processing, methods of drying, dehydration, and storage temperature and conditions. 2) Methods of extraction of herbs, including fresh- and dry- maceration, decoction, and fermentation. 3) Value addition to the herbs, including herb formulation – herb mixes, essential oils, face creams, herb syrups, etc. – and pesticide formulation. 4) Assessing identity and purity of herbs based on quality control procedures, such as Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), and Good Sourcing Practice (GSP), to be followed during cultivation and processing. Prerequisites: AG 540A
AG 580 Soil Ecology
This course will focus on the comprehensive study of soil biology with an emphasis on soil microbiology. The microcosm of the soil has outward effects on the macrocosm of the agro-ecosystem.
In regenerative organic agriculture, establishing and maintaining healthy biology in the soil is a critical component in farm management. Plant health depends on soil health. The foundation for maintenance of healthy soil is knowledge of the composition and dynamics of soil organisms. From the agricultural perspective, this knowledge is applied in management practices that enhance a diverse and balanced soil biota.
We will study how plants interact with the soil life from the level of root colonization with beneficial organisms, to how plants support diverse microbial partnerships in the rooting zone, and outwards to the ways macroscopic soil organisms affect the plant-microbial system. We will introduce some methods for studying community complexity, diversity, and distributions of soil microbiomes, such as metagenomic and multi-omics approaches. Bioremediation, inoculation, and other ways to regenerate soil communities in agro-ecosystems will be investigated. Prerequisites: 60 college credit hours plus general biology, ecology, and microbiology desired.
AG 591 Advanced Horticulture
This course is an extension of the core course on horticultural science. In this course the student will study the organic cultivation of fruits and vegetables. The course will include an in-depth study of organic management of the problems common to this production, including prevention and control of disease and insect problems, soil preparation, bedding systems, mulching systems, irrigation systems, greenhouse production systems, storage, transporting and marketing of organic fresh produce and other topics pertinent to the horticultural field. Composting raw organic materials will be discussed as an input for supporting crop production. Prerequisites: AG 507 Horticulture. | <urn:uuid:77f126fb-0290-487f-bbfe-6341bca271a2> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.miu.edu/ms-in-roa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.893742 | 1,902 | 2.53125 | 3 |
People who drink alcohol on a fairly regular basis can relate to this: when you’re buzzed, you generally tend to crave even more alcohol. Now, this might be a little subjective, as not everyone might feel the same way after downing a few drinks. However, in general, there are many cases wherein people who are quite drunk already want even more alcohol.
They may not want to drink more after they’ve had a drink or two, but once they’re really drunk, they usually want even more. Why is that? Is it purely coincidental or is there some scientific reason behind it?
How does the alcohol affect the brain?
It’s no secret that alcohol affects the brain. Drinkers say all sorts of things about why they like to drink, but most moderate drinkers would say that they like drinking alcohol because of the way it makes them feel – more sociable, less stressed and more relaxed. It’s true that people have different experiences and ‘sensations’ when they get drunk, but it’s generally agreed upon that alcohol makes one feel ‘happier’.
But why is that?
Well, simply put, alcoholic beverages act largely as CNS depressants, or in other words, they act as a sedative to the central nervous system, which means that they depress the nerve cells, which dulls and alters their ability to respond as efficiently as they normally do.
Alcohol potentiates the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (commonly known as GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain), and inhibits the action of glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter) in the human brain. Consequently, cognitive and motor skills suffer due to alcohol consumption. Thus, it’s no surprise that a drunk person has a hard time concentrating on things.
Why a particularly drunk person insists on drinking even more?
There are a number of reasons behind this phenomenon; one of them is related to a specific mechanism called GABA receptor agonism.
A GABA receptor agonist is a drug that produces sedative and muscle relaxant effects, among many others, by acting as an agonist (a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response) for one or more GABA receptors.
What the GABA receptor agonist does is make your main ‘train of thought’ work alright, but it also makes it less likely for your brain to spawn related/associated thoughts than it normally does. For instance, when you are driving ‘normally’ (i.e. you are not under the influence of alcohol), your brain does many things simultaneously. For example, when you approach a stop light, you check your speedometer, mentally calculate the speed you have to maintain to comfortably come to a halt at the light, cross-check traffic etc.
However, when you’re drunk, GABA sites are overstimulated by alcohol, so your brain cannot ‘change tracks’ as smoothly as it normally does. Therefore, as you approach the stoplight, you keep focusing on it, and forget to glance at your speedometer. Or alternatively, you may check your speed, but then forget to check surrounding traffic or switch back to the stop light. This is one of the reasons why drinking and driving are a bad combination, as alcohol helps you focus on what you are doing at a given time, but negatively affects your ability to switch to other tasks/activities.
Alcohol makes you focus on what you’re doing, which, while you’re at the bar, is the act of drinking itself; that’s why you want more alcohol when you’re buzzed.
Dopamine and serotonin
Alcohol not only inhibits glutamate – the major excitatory neurotransmitter – but also releases other inhibitors, including dopamine and serotonin. Even small amounts of alcohol can trigger the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens region (the so-called ‘reward center of the brain).
A number of neurotransmitters in different parts of the brain combine and make the consumption of alcohol enjoyable, while also making an individual think that they are having a good time. The euphoria produced by these neurotransmitters reinforces the behavior of drinking, and also the idea that more is going to be good.
Furthermore, there are significant expectancy effects associated with alcohol consumption, i.e., you expect to feel certain things, and therefore you do. Adding to that, there are positive social effects and the relaxation of inhibition, which also contributes to making you yearn for even more alcohol.
- Duke University
- Indiana University of Pennsylvania
- Harvard University
- Santiago Canyon College
- The Scripps Research Institute
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | <urn:uuid:55a76582-2158-4342-9475-5d1691a723fb> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/why-do-people-generally-want-even-more-alcohol-when-they-are-quite-drunk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576355.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923105314-20190923131314-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.958273 | 993 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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