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|As you read the attached article, answer all focus questions in a short, two to three sentence response.
Andrew Jackson's Shifting Legacy
by Daniel Feller
History Now 22 (December 2009)
Of all presidential reputations, Andrew Jackson’s is perhaps the most difficult to summarize or explain. Most Americans recognize his name, though most probably know him (in the words of a famous song) as the General who “fought the bloody British in the town of New Orleans” in 1815 than as a two-term president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Thirteen polls of historians and political scientists taken between 1948 and 2009 have ranked Jackson always in or near the top ten presidents, among the “great” or “near great.” His face adorns our currency, keeping select company with George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and the first secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. Jackson is the only president, and for that matter the only American, whose name graces a whole period in our history. While other presidents belong to eras, Jackson’s era belongs to him. In textbooks and in common parlance, we call Washington’s time the Revolutionary and Founding Era, not the Age of Washington. Lincoln belongs in the Civil War Era, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson in the Progressive Era, Franklin Roosevelt in the Era of the Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II. But the interval roughly from the 1820s through 1840s, between the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the coming of the Civil War, has often been known as the Jacksonian Era, or the Age of Jackson.
Yet the reason for Jackson’s claim on an era is not readily apparent. Washington was the Father of his Country. Lincoln, Wilson, and Franklin Roosevelt were war leaders who also (not wholly coincidentally) presided over dramatic changes in government. But besides winning a famous battle in the War of 1812 years before his presidency—and at that, a battle that had no effect on the war’s outcome, since a treaty ending it had just been signed—just exactly what did Andrew Jackson do to deserve his eminence? He led the country through no wars. No foreign policy milestones like Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase or the “Doctrines” of James Monroe or Harry Truman highlighted Jackson’s presidency. He crafted no path-breaking legislative program like Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal or Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society. Indeed Jackson’s sole major legislative victory in eight years was an 1830 law to “remove” the eastern Indians beyond the Mississippi, something more often seen today as travesty than triumph. That measure aside, the salient features of Jackson’s relations with Congress were his famous vetoes, killing a string of road and canal subsidies and the Bank of the United States, and Jackson’s official censure by the United States Senate in 1834, the only time that has yet happened. On its face, this does not look like the record of a “top ten” president.
Focus Question: Why might some historians question Jackson’s place on the list of “great” or “near great” presidents?
An exception might be claimed for Jackson’s handling of the Nullification Crisis of 1832–33. Most southern states in Jackson’s day vehemently opposed the “protective tariff,” an import tax that provided most of the government’s revenue and also aided American manufacturers by raising the price of competing foreign (mainly British) goods. In 1832 the state of South Carolina declared the tariff law unconstitutional and therefore null and void. In assuming this right, independent of the Supreme Court or anybody else, to judge what the U.S. Constitution meant and what federal laws had to be obeyed, South Carolina threatened the very viability of the federal Union. Although he was himself a Southerner, no great friend of the tariff, and a South Carolina native, Jackson boldly faced down the nullifiers. He first confronted nullification’s mastermind (and his own vice president) John C. Calhoun with a ringing public declaration: “Our Federal Union—It must be preserved.” He then responded officially to South Carolina’s action with a blistering presidential proclamation, in which he warned that nullification would inexorably lead to secession (formal withdrawal of a state from the United States), and secession meant civil war. “Be not deceived by names. Disunion by armed force is treason. Are you really ready to incur its guilt?” Bloodshed was averted when Congress passed a compromise tariff which South Carolina accepted and Jackson approved. Although he played no direct role in its passage, Jackson took much credit for the compromise, and even many political opponents conceded it to him.
For his own generation and several to come, Jackson’s defiance of nullification earned him a place in the patriotic pantheon above the contentions of party politics, at least in the eyes of those who approved the result. In the secession crisis thirty years later, Republicans—including Abraham Lincoln, an anti-Jackson partisan from his first entry into politics—hastened to invoke his example and quote his words. In 1860 James Parton, Jackson’s first scholarly biographer, managed to praise Jackson’s unionism while providing a negative overall assessment of his character.
Still, though not wholly forgotten, Jackson’s reputation as defender of the Union has faded distinctly in the twentieth century, and hardly explains historians’ interest in him today. Secession is a dead issue, and commitment to an indivisible and permanent American nationhood is now so commonplace as to seem hardly worth remarking.
Focus Question: Why might Jackson’s strong stand in the nullification crisis earned him a reputation as one of the “great” or “near great” presidents?
Rather, Jackson’s continuing prominence, and the source of continuing controversy, lies in something much less concrete: his place as an emblem of American democracy. He is remembered less for specific accomplishments as president than for his persona or image, his role as America’s first presidential Representative Man. That image has deep roots. In 1831–32, midway through Jackson’s presidency, a French aristocrat named Alexis de Tocqueville toured the country. Returning home, he published Democracy in America, still the most penetrating analysis of American society ever penned. Tocqueville organized his exposition (which in many respects was not at all flattering) around two themes. One was “the general equality of condition among the people.” The other was democracy, which gave tone to everything in American life: “the people reign in the American political world as the Deity does in the universe.” Tocqueville saw democracy, for good or ill, as the future of Europe and the world. “I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought there the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress.”
America, then, was democracy embodied—and Andrew Jackson was its exemplar. Born poor, half-educated, self-risen, he was the first president from outside the colonial gentry, the first Westerner, the first with a nickname (“Old Hickory”), the first to be elected in a grand popular plebiscite—all in all, the first living proof that in America, anyone with enough gumption could grow up to be president. He furnished the plebeian template of humble origins, untutored wisdom, and instinctive leadership from which would spring “Old Tippecanoe” William Henry Harrison, “Honest Abe” Lincoln, and a thousand would-be imitators down to the present day.
Focus Question: How does Jackson serve as the example of American Democracy, as de Tocqueville saw the U.S. during the 1820s through 1830s?
The image of Jackson as a quintessential product of American democracy has stuck. Yet always complicating it has been the interplay between the personal and the political. If Jackson is a potent democratic symbol, he is also a conflicted and polarizing one. In his own lifetime he was adulated and despised far beyond any other American. To an amazing degree, historians today still feel visceral personal reactions to him, and praise or damn accordingly.
Jackson’s outsized, larger-than-life character and career have always offered plenty to wonder at and to argue about. His lifelong political antagonist Henry Clay once likened him, not implausibly, to a tropical tornado. Jackson’s rough-and-tumble frontier youth and pre-presidential (mainly military) career showed instances of heroic achievement and nearly superhuman fortitude. Mixed in with these were episodes of insubordination, usurpation, uncontrolled temper, wanton violence, and scandal. Jackson vanquished enemies in battle everywhere and won a truly astonishing victory at New Orleans. He also fought duels and street brawls, defied superiors, shot captives and subordinates, launched a foreign invasion against orders, and (disputably) stole another man’s wife. As president he was, depending on whom one asked, either our greatest popular tribune or the closest we have come to an American Caesar.
An adept manipulator of his own image, Jackson played a willing hand in fusing the political and the personal. First as a candidate and then as president, he reordered the political landscape around his own popularity. Swept into office on a wave of genuine grass-roots enthusiasm, Jackson labored successfully through eight years as president to reshape his personal following into an effective political apparatus—the Democratic Party, our first mass political party, which organized under his guidance. Significantly, the party’s original name was the American Democracy, implying that it was not a party at all but the political embodiment of the people themselves. Democrats labeled their opponents, first National Republicans and then Whigs, as the “aristocracy.” But the initial test of membership in the Democracy was less an adherence to a political philosophy than fealty to Andrew Jackson himself.
A generation after Jackson’s presidency, biographer James Parton found his reputation a mass of contradictions: he was dictator or democrat, ignoramus or genius, Satan or saint. Those conundrums endure, and the facts, or arguments, behind them would fill a book.
Focus Question: How was Jackson able to manipulate his image to gain respect and support from the people?
There are a few focal points upon which Jackson’s modern reputation has turned for better or for worse. One is his attack on corporate privilege and on the concentrated political influence of wealth. In his famous Bank Veto of 1832, Jackson juxtaposed “the rich and powerful” against “the humble members of society—the farmers, mechanics, and laborers,” and lamented that the former “too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.” No president before and few since have spoken so bluntly of economic antagonisms between Americans. Jackson went on, in his Farewell Address in 1837, to warn of an insidious “money power,” made up of banks and corporations, that would steal ordinary citizens’ liberties away from them. (It said something of Jackson’s sense of his own importance that he presumed to deliver a Farewell Address, an example set by Washington that no previous successor had dared to follow.)
Jackson’s Bank Veto was so riveting, and so provocative, that in the ensuing presidential election both sides distributed it as a campaign document. Foes of bankers, corporations, Wall Street, and “the rich” have turned to it ever since. Populists and other agrarian insurgents in the nineteenth century, and New Deal Democrats in the twentieth, claimed it as their birthright. Writing in the wake of the Great Depression and the New Deal, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., made the Bank Veto the centerpiece of The Age of Jackson (1945), the foundational work of modern Jacksonian scholarship.
In the late twentieth century, Jackson’s strictures attracted some historians who were articulating a class-based analysis of American history, and who used them to interpret Jackson as a foe not only of capitalist abuses and excesses, but of capitalism itself. To other recent scholars, though, the Bank Veto has seemed merely demagogic, while to most people outside the academy the whole Jacksonian struggle over banking grew to appear baffling and arcane, divorced from our present concerns. All of that has suddenly changed. Since the financial collapse of 2008, Jackson’s warnings seem not only urgently relevant but eerily prescient. They are again often quoted, and his reputation has enjoyed, at least for the moment, a sharp uptick.
Focus Question: How was Jackson’s Veto Message on the Bank Recharter Bill used during the 1830s?
How has the Bank Veto been interpreted in more modern times?
The other framing issue for Jackson’s recent reputation—one that Schlesinger did not even mention, but which has come since to pervade and even dominate his image—is Indian removal. The symbolic freighting of this subject can hardly be overstated. Just as Jackson—child of the frontier, self-made man, homespun military genius, and plain-spoken tribune of the people—has sometimes served to stand for everything worth celebrating in American democracy, Indian removal has come to signify democracy’s savage and even genocidal underside. It opens a door behind which one finds Jackson the archetypal Indian-hater, the slave owner, the overbearing male patriarch, and the frontiersman not as heroic pioneer but as imperialist, expropriator, and killer.
To Schlesinger (who was no racist) and to others who have seen Jackson’s essential importance in his championship of the common man, the “little guy,” against corporate domination, Indian removal appeared to be an aside, at worst a regrettable failing. But to many today it shows Jackson and his white man’s democracy at their core. There is no doubt that removing the Indians, particularly those in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, was centrally important to Jackson. Together with purging the federal bureaucracy of his political opponents and instituting what he called “rotation in office” (and what his enemies dubbed the “spoils system”), it stood at the head of his initial presidential agenda. Jackson’s motives and methods in pursuing Indian removal were deeply controversial at the time and remain so today. He claimed to be acting only on impulses of duty and philanthropy. The Indians could not, without violating the essential rights of sovereign states, remain where they were; their own self-preservation required quarantine from pernicious white influences; and the terms offered for their evacuation were reasonable and even generous. Critics, then and since, have branded these as artful rationalizations to cover real motives of greed, racism, and land-lust.
Connecting directly to our widely shared misgivings about the human cost of Euro-American expansion and the pejorative racial and cultural attitudes that sustained it, the recent debate over Jackson’s Indian policy has gone mainly one way. A handful of defenders or apologists—most notably Jackson biographer Robert V. Remini—have dared to buck the tide, but for most scholars the question is not whether Jackson acted badly, but whether he acted so badly as to exclude considering anything else he might have done as palliation or excuse. Both inside and outside the academy, at least until the sudden resuscitation of Jackson as anti-corporate champion, the arch-oppressor of Indians had become Jackson’s prevalent image. Far more American schoolchildren can name the Cherokee Trail of Tears (which actually happened in Martin Van Buren’s presidency, though in consequence of Jackson’s policy) than the Bank Veto, the Nullification Proclamation, or perhaps even the Battle of New Orleans.
Focus Question: Why, in more recent times, has the way Jackson handled Indian Removal during his presidency, been criticized?
How does Indian Removal reflect Jackson’s ideas of democracy in the early Nineteenth Century?
No simple conclusion offers itself. Jackson’s reputation, like the man himself, defies easy summary. The one thing that seems certain is that Americans will continue to argue about him.
Daniel Feller is Betty Lynn Hendrickson Professor of History and Editor of The Papers of Andrew Jackson at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He is the author of The Jacksonian Promise: America, 1815-1840. | <urn:uuid:5db8dedc-11b0-444b-9c7c-4638355a2dfd> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://essaydocs.org/andrew-jacksons-shifting-legacy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829997.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218225003-20181219011003-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.966795 | 3,516 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder that combines vocal and motor tics. Tics are defined as repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations and can be classified as either simple or complex. Below, you will find examples of both classes of motor movements:
Simple motor tics are sudden, brief, repetitive movements that involve a limited number of muscle groups and may include:
- Eye blinking and other vision irregularities
- Facial grimacing or shoulder shrugging
- Head and/or shoulder jerking
- Simple vocalizations like repetitive throat-clearing, sniffing sounds, or grunting
Complex tics are distinct, coordinated patterns of movements involving several muscle groups and may include:
- Facial grimacing combined with a head twist and a shoulder shrug
- Complex vocal tics that include words and phrases
- Apparently purposeful movements like sniffing or touching objects, jumping, bending, or twisting
While most people with TS experience mild or moderate symptoms, a small percentage of those diagnosed with the disorder experience dramatic and disabling tics that can include self-injuring motor movements, coprolalia (uttering swear words), or echolalia (repeating the words or phrases of others). Some people with the disorder describe an urge or tension build-up that proceeds their tics. This is called a premonitory urge.
In order to receive a diagnosis of Tourette Syndrome, symptoms of multiple motor tics and at least one verbal tic must be present for a minimum of one year and begin before a person's 18th birthday. Symptoms must not be better explained by another medical condition or substances like stimulants. For more information on symptoms and diagnosis, click here.
[call_to_action]If your child struggles with symptoms similar to Tourette Syndrome or has already been diagnosed with the disorder, contact us online or find a center near you to learn more about how the Brain Balance Program can help.[/call_to_action] | <urn:uuid:f5342445-4d64-4e6c-bd67-5e1c61aae82d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://blog.brainbalancecenters.com/2012/01/signs-and-symptoms-of-tourette-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401585213.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928041630-20200928071630-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.930667 | 409 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Zika Defense: Precautionary Steps to Minimize the Aedes aegypti Population
To help protect against the spread of Zika, it is imperative to take the necessary steps to minimize the population of the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
The prospect of contracting Zika has been terrorizing South American locals for several months now. Although the US has seen some Zika cases in travelers (and their partners) who had recently visited Zika-infested countries, there have not been any cases of locally-transmitted Zika infections within the Continental United States, as of yet. Nonetheless, it is essential to reiterate the precautionary steps that can prevent such a catastrophe.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) outlined 10 tips to aid in Zika outbreak response planning, targeting three categories: public healthcare officials, healthcare professionals, and the general public. To help protect against an outbreak, it is imperative to take the necessary steps to minimize the population of the mosquito responsible for the spread of Zika, among other arboviruses, the Aedes aegypti.
Ae. aegypti mosquitos lay hundreds of eggs in natural and artificial water-filled containers, which hatch when completely covered with water and take only one week to become adults. These eggs stick to the walls of water containers and can only be removed when scrubbed off.
The CDC recommends that individuals should tightly cover all water containers in and around their homes. Once a week, these containers should be emptied and scrubbed. It is important to follow these procedures with unconventional water containers as well, such as: discarded tires, pet water bowls, rain barrels, pools, flowerpots, trash bins, fountains, bird baths, etc. Septic tanks should be covered at all times and cracks and gaps should be repaired to prevent mosquito entrance. In addition, all windows and doors should be covered with screens.
In th video below, Jason C. Gallagher, PharmD, FCCP, BCPS, Clinical Professor at the Temple University School of Pharmacy and a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist in Infectious Diseases at Temple University Hospital, shares the types of mosquito repellents individuals should use to help ward off mosquitos. Specifically, Dr. Gallagher recommends using any deet, picaridin, or lemon eucalyptus-based repellent since they defend against the greatest number of infection-carrying mosquitos.
Be sure to follow the directions printed on the back label of any product, and reapply as recommended. In addition, the CDC advises the use of permethrin-treated clothing and gear, especially outdoors in areas with large mosquito populations. It is most important for those who are known to be Zika carriers to avoid being bitten by a mosquito, as this can spread infection, or even cause an outbreak.
Earlier this month, the CDC revised its Zika travel notice. Previously, individuals were advised not to travel to an entire country if local Zika transmission was confirmed by a local public health authority. However, a recent geospatial analysis of 16 countries with local Zika transmission has revealed that it is highly unlikely to find Ae. aegypti mosquitos at elevations exceeding 2,000 meters above sea level. This is because high elevations cause changes in ecological factors which are unsuitable for Ae. aegypti mosquitos. Currently, pregnant women are advised against traveling to countries that are less than 2,000 m above sea levels and have local Zika transmission. The CDC notes that it will continue to revise its travel notices as more data regarding the geographic conditions specific to Aedes aegypti become available. | <urn:uuid:4156be9f-a90e-4288-8cd7-2972f5527366> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.contagionlive.com/view/zika-defense-precautionary-steps-to-minimize-the-aedes-aegypti-population | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711360.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208183130-20221208213130-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.945293 | 738 | 3.25 | 3 |
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. The place or thing upon which one sits; hence; anything made to be sat in or upon, as a chair, bench, stool, saddle, or the like.
- n. The place occupied by anything, or where any person or thing is situated, resides, or abides; a site; an abode, a station; a post; a situation.
- n. That part of a thing on which a person sits.
- n. A sitting; a right to sit; regular or appropriate place of sitting.
- n. Posture, or way of sitting, on horseback.
- n. A part or surface on which another part or surface rests.
- intransitive v. To rest; to lie down.
- transitive v. To place on a seat; to cause to sit down.
- transitive v. To cause to occupy a post, site, situation, or the like; to station; to establish; to fix; to settle.
- transitive v. To assign a seat to, or the seats of; to give a sitting to.
- transitive v. To fix; to set firm.
- transitive v. To settle; to plant with inhabitants; as to seat a country.
- transitive v. To put a seat or bottom in.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To place on a seat; cause to sit down: as, to seat one's guests: often used reflexively: as, to seat one's self at table.
- To furnish or fit up with seats: as, to seat a church for a thousand persons.
- To repair by renewing or mending the seat: as, to seat a chair or a garment.
- To afford sitting accommodation for; accommodate with seats or sittings: as, a room that seats four hundred.
- To fix; set firm.
- To locate; settle; place definitely as in a permanent abode or dwelling-place; fix: often reflexively.
- In mech., to fix in proper place, as on a bed or support; cause to lie truly on such support; fit accurately.
- To settle; plant with inhabitants: as, to seat a country.
- To fix or take up abode; settle down permanently; establish a residence.
- To rest; lie down.
- To close tight upon its seat: said of a lifting-valve, which may be actuated mechanically from without or be self-acting by the variation of pressure within the passages which it controls.
- n. A place or thing on which to sit; a bench, stool, chair, throne, or the like.
- n. That part of a thing on which one sits, or on which another part or thing rests, or by which it is supported: as, the seat of a chair; the seats in a wagon; the seat of a valve.
- n. That part of the body on which one sits; the breech, buttocks, or fundament; technically, the gluteal region.
- n. That part of a garment which covers the breech: as, the seat of a pair of trousers.
- n. Site; situation; location: as, the seat of Eden; the seat of a tumor, or of a disease.
- n. Abode; place of abode or residence; specifically, a mansion: as, a family seat; a country-seat.
- n. Regular or appropriate place, as of rest, activity, etc.; the place where anything is settled, fixed, or established, or is carried on or flourishes; the matter in which any form inheres: as, the seat of war; a seat of learning or of commerce.
- n. A right to sit.
- n. Method or posture of sitting, as on horseback; hold in sitting: as, to have a firm seat in the saddle.
- n. A clutch or sitting (of eggs).
- n. A place or situation in a shoemaking establishment: as, a seat of work; a seat of stuff (that is, an engagement to make stuff shoes).
- n. Same as seat-earth.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. furniture that is designed for sitting on
- n. the cloth covering for the buttocks
- v. put a seat on a chair
- v. provide with seats
- v. place ceremoniously or formally in an office or position
- n. a part of a machine that supports or guides another part
- v. be able to seat
- n. a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)
- n. the location (metaphorically speaking) where something is based
- n. a center of authority (as a city from which authority is exercised)
- v. place in or on a seat
- v. place or attach firmly in or on a base
- n. the legal right to sit as a member in a legislative or similar body
- n. the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on
- n. any support where you can sit (especially the part of a chair or bench etc. on which you sit)
- v. show to a seat; assign a seat for
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Oliveras, an Airman 1st Class who lives on McGuire Air Force Base in Fort Dix, N.J., paid $20 for his seat in Section 202, Row 7, Seat 24.
Seat pitch and width 9D is in one of the nine rows of "Seat+" space
ANDERSON - Matt Harbin became the last person to register to run for the Anderson City Council's open at-large seat, Seat 7, making it the only contested seat for the city council's April election.
I was in partial view orchestra seat Row F, Seat 20 ... excellent seat for the price you see just about everything except one wall of the dance hall (where no action really takes place, it's all centered) and some of the back wall (the miner's flag).
On my way to my seat in Section 1, Seat 88, reserved for Black Enterprise, I pass black corporate leaders like Leonard James of Exxon / Mobil, business leaders including Ariel Capital Management CEO John Rogers, and entertainment super-couple Shawn "Jay Z" Carter and Beyonce Knowles.
Conceptually, the Cinch Seat is fantastic, and I love the idea of making kids 'furniture and gadgets out of simple materials with an eye for good design.
This Teak Corner Shower Seat is a great looking accent for your bathroom and is ideal for use in and out your shower stall giving you the versatility to seat and wash or use it has - 1/4″ pilot holes must be drilled [...] [...] on December 23, 2008 at 3: 10 pm | Reply ChrisC
I even told the guy in Seat 9B that I was getting really lucky with my seat assignments and that "I had good seat karma."
I might be in Seattle during the summer, Rex, & will keep you posted.
This net free capital must be exclusive of the value of the Seat, and the value of the Seat is quite large. | <urn:uuid:bd13e29a-69be-404b-80d6-bce004b35a56> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/Seat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543577.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00328-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924369 | 1,555 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Delta Blues: Why Climate Change Adaptation is Crucial in the World’s Deltas
Deltas are biodiversity hotspots that drive economic development and house thriving cities, yet they are particularly vulnerable to climate change. They require urgent adaptation measures to prevent losses that could stifle entire economies.
ith fertile soils and some of the planet’s richest biodiversity, deltas generally belong to the world’s most densely populated areas. Trade and agricultural production have long flourished in these hubs of intense human and economic activity.
“In the race to adapt to climate change, deltas currently stand at the starting line. A lot of work must be undertaken to address adaptation in deltas, and we have to begin by understanding just how valuable these environments are as biodiversity hotspots and engines of economic growth, and just how gravely threatened they are by climate risks,” said Patrick Verkooijen, CEO of the Global Center on Adaptation (GCA).
In 2021, GCA launched a report that explores best practices in adaptation and resilience through inspiring case studies in selected delta countries. “Living with water: climate adaptation in the world’s deltas” aims to push delta adaptation efforts up the political agenda while presenting scalable and replicable adaptation best practices.
The report highlights that today, 500 million people live in delta and coastal urban regions, a figure expected to rise by 50 percent by 2050. Deltas are drivers of economic growth, and many, have a higher GDP per capita than the economies that host them. The Mekong Delta, for instance, is home to 20 million people and supports approximately a quarter of Vietnam’s GDP.
Vibrant cities and thriving agricultural and industrial centers exist along the world’s deltas. Europe’s largest seaport is located in the cosmopolitan delta city of Rotterdam. The biodiversity-rich Fraser delta has made the bustling city of Vancouver a major Canadian trade center. And the world’s largest delta, the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta shared by India and Bangladesh, is home to nearly 200 million people and a major agriculture center with, amongst other, intense paddy cultivation.
What are deltas?
Deltas form at the mouths of rivers, where they deposit sediment and merge with another body of water such as the ocean. Deltas are nutrient-rich wetland habitats, and like most wetlands, they host diverse ecosystems and act as natural buffers for extreme weather events, such as storms, hurricanes and cyclones. They also filter water that flows downstream, reducing the impact of river pollution.
Floating market in the Mekong Delta at Cai Rang, Vietnam.
A ticking time bomb
Because climate change will be primarily expressed through water, delta regions are especially vulnerable to its effects.
A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserts with “high confidence” that even if the world were to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lower global temperatures, deltas will be confronted with “high to very high risks” from rising sea levels in the future.
Sea levels are expected to rise by 0.5 meters by 2050 and over a meter by 2100. These projections place large parts of many deltas at risk of submergence. Indeed, experts predict that by 2050, seventeen percent of Bangladesh will be submerged, triggering the displacement of an estimated 20 million people. Saline intrusion is already threatening the soils, water supply and food security of many vulnerable populations in deltas.
Without urgent adaptation measures, the losses in some delta regions could stifle entire economies. Damage to infrastructure, crop production and fishing could reduce the GDP per capita by 19.5 percent in Bangladesh and by 9 percent in the Volta delta in Ghana. Food insecurity and the loss of livelihoods would be severe.
While many delta regions lack integrated climate adaptation plans, the nature of deltas provides opportunities for progress and innovative solutions.
In its flagship report Adapt Now, GCA proposes three ‘revolutions’ to accelerate adaptation that apply to deltas: understanding, planning and finance.
The complex issue of adaptation in deltas must be understood and viewed through a systems lens to address social, hydrological and economic interdependencies. Long-term, locally-led adaptation and investment plans must be developed and supported by political commitment. And finally, an increased level of financial resources must be mobilized, targeting the most vulnerable delta communities and taking advantage of the opportunity provided by Covid-19 economic recovery plans.
This integrated approach is being promoted by WWF’s Resilient Asian Deltas (RAD) Initiative, in collaboration with GCA, in Asia’s six biggest deltas. The initiative aims to improve the understanding of deltas and the processes that maintain them, while catalyzing action at scale. Nature-based solutions case studies and real-world climate financing options are being developed, and a community of practice to bring together delta practitioners from across the region is being established.
“Adapting to climate change is a continuous process that takes time and resources and that needs to be embedded in a long-term vision and strategy,” said Joep Verhagen, Program Lead of GCA’s Water and Urban Team. He noted that implementation of several flood defence and climate adaptation plans in the Netherlands, such as the Delta Plan, is a continuous process spanning decades and is supported by long-term budget allocations.
Minimizing the threat of climate change and accelerating adaptation in delta regions is challenging but certainly possible. The Dutch approach of living with water, which evolved from fighting against the sea to living with it, and from controlling floods to making room for rivers, provides a valuable example.
In 2022, GCA will be scaling up its efforts to accelerate adaptation in deltas. In Bangladesh, GCA is currently preparing to work on urban and water resilience in the Bangladesh Delta.
GCA’s Water Adaptation Community recently launched a Community of Practice (CoP) on deltas. The World’s Deltas CoP is a platform for knowledge sharing and learning across different delta networks and initiatives around the world, such as RAD and the Delta Alliance.
“With so many different delta initiatives, and the need to facilitate each of them, we need to be innovative and scale up our engagement with more partners. WAC will come in to, for example, be a platform to share experiences on how deltas around the world have dealt with or can deal with various issues, for example subsidence,” said Ase Johannessen, GCA’s WAC Facilitator.
WAC is organizing a webinar on Adaptation in Deltas at 9:30 CET on 24th February. For more information about WAC and its activities, click here or contact Johannessen, at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Christopher Howe, Lead of WWF’s RAD Initiative, and GCA’s Joep Verhagen and Ase Johannessen contributed to this blog.
Related blog posts: | <urn:uuid:8e5d9833-19f7-4788-874a-db9b9063f58e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://gca.org/the-delta-blues-why-climate-change-adaptation-is-crucial-in-the-worlds-deltas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.932372 | 1,488 | 4 | 4 |
Gone are the days of going outside to play, tossing a baseball or football in the cul de sac, and riding bikes for hours in the neighborhood. Scary stories about innocent children being abducted made us all nervous about the whereabouts of our kids, and the debut of fancy mobile devices and high-tech video games made outdoor fun seem a little lame.
I’m not saying there’s anything wrong with the technology. I rely on it to work and also enjoy my Pinterest time in bed after hours. However, there is something magical about simply playing with others, and discovering the world with just your imagination.
And that’s what the Genius of Play campaign is all about. Kids need a variety of play options to develop into well-rounded adults. From running around the yard to enjoying arts and crafts or enjoying group games, these day-to-day interactions are actually experiences children will take with them in life…even if THEY don’t realize that.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children spend at least 60 minutes of open-ended play. Experts agree by teaching kids lessons and important life skills, play has a profound impact on childhood development. It improves cognitive abilities, hones communication skills, increases creativity, helps children process and express emotions, develops physical skills and enhances social skill.
Kids who play with literacy materials, like pretending to read to stuffed animals, have better languages abilities in kindergarten. Playing make-believe games is actually essential for kids who to develop a sense of curiosity and learn how to respond to different situations. Talking, singing, reading and playing are the best ways to stimulate children’s brain development.
There are dozens of surveys and studies about excessive use of technology for small children, but so far, I’m not seeing any disadvantages to good old-fashioned play time. These games are actually a fun teaching tool and interactive way you can engage with your kids.
And it doesn’t take a lot to do some of these activities. Whether the sun is shining or it’s pouring down raining outside, any day is perfect for play. Plus, with the weather cooling off, or at least it should in a few weeks, now is a perfect time to try out these fun games.
The hardest part of is probably going to be convincing your children to try out a new kind of unstructured fun and honestly making time each week with everything else you have going on. But it’s something that could have a life-changing impact on your child. Maybe you won’t see it immediately, but there will be long-term positive results, even if it’s nothing more than spending quality time with your family.
I didn’t grow up with any of fancy devices children have today. The fanciest thing we had was Fisher Price’s brown tape player and a Snoopy Snow Cone Maker. Still, I would like to believe that my development as an adult is directly related to the imaginative free play I had growing up. I made the most memories playing with my friend Shana at my grandparents’ backyard all summer, making four-course meals out of mud, grass and pecans.
Funny enough not much has changed except now I’m old enough to use the stove. | <urn:uuid:a50fbdfe-8a51-4166-a98c-a97cec351a23> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.mamachallenge.com/happy-kids-play/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056900.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919190128-20210919220128-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.956403 | 678 | 2.734375 | 3 |
My church has been involved in Upward Sports leagues for many years, and this includes Upward Soccer for children ranging from Pre-K through 7th grade, and more recently an Upward Soccer Challenger league for children with special needs. Regardless of the skill level of the players, every player is able to play. For soccer there are rules that must be learned and followed to be able to play the game, and there are soccer skills that are practiced and learned throughout the season. Imagine, however, if the children had to learn and master extensive details about the construction of soccer balls and the physics of kicking a soccer ball before they could play. Some knowledge of these details may have some pertinence to an advanced player, but are they required for a grade-school child to be able to play?
Here are some facts about soccer balls:
• An official match ball is roughly spherical and made of leather or other suitable material.
• It is of a circumference of not more than 28 inches and not less than 27 inches. The size of a soccer ball is roughly 22 cm (8.65 inches) in diameter for a regulation size 5 ball
• It is no more than 16 oz. in weight and not less than 14 oz. at the start of the match.
• It is of a pressure equal to 0.6 – 1.1 atmosphere (8.5 lbs/sq in to 15.6 lbs/sq in) at sea level.
• Smaller sizes are safer and more suitable for younger players.
However, soccer ball anatomy can become more complicated:
• Soccer balls are usually stitched from 32 panels of waterproofed leather or plastic: 12 regular pentagons (five-sided figures) and 20 regular hexagons (six-sided figures). The 32-panel arrangement is similar to the polyhedron known as the truncated icosahedron, except that due to the faces bulging from the air pressure inside, it becomes more round. Some premium-grade 32-panel balls use non-regular polygons to give a closer approximation to sphericality.
• This shape was also the configuration of the lenses used for focusing the explosive shock waves of the detonators in the “Fat Man” atomic bomb, and is also a molecular spherical arrangement of pure carbon atoms known as buckyballs (a.k.a. fullerenes).
• The truncated icosahedron is a 32-faced Archimedean solid, and the surface area (S) and volume (V) of the structure can be described mathematically, given a unit length, as:
• All of this gets more and more complicated, and I don’t really understand any of it any more than you do.
So what is the point of all of this soccer ball anatomy and geometry? Again, imagine if the soccer players had to know and understand all of these mathematical details in order to play soccer. Imagine if the players had to be able to describe the various physics of soccer ball movement before they were authorized to even begin to practice. Are any of the details listed above necessary for these children to be able to enjoy a game of soccer? Obviously, no.
However, all of these details are extremely important for us to be able to play soccer. If something was not right about the construction of a soccer ball it might explode on impact, or cause injury to the players. We don’t need to know or understand great detail about how a soccer ball is put together, but thank God there are people who do understand these details, in order that a soccer ball can be safely and effectively designed.
Do We Have to Fully Understand God?
What if we had to completely understand everything about God before we could believe in God? What if we had to know everything that Jesus ever said or did before we could accept Him as Savior? What if we had to know and understand everything in the Bible, and perfectly follow every command set forth in the Bible before we could even approach the Lord in prayer?
Fortunately, we do not have to know everything about God to believe in God, and in fact, it is impossible for anyone know everything about God.
“For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways,” declares the LORD. “As the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts.” – Isaiah 55:8-9 (NIV)
“Do you not know? Have you not heard? The LORD is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth. He will not grow tired or weary, and his understanding no one can fathom.” – Isaiah 40:28 (NIV)
“As you do not know the path of the wind, or how the body is formed in a mother’s womb, so you cannot understand the work of God, the Maker of all things.” – Ecclesiastes 11:5 (NIV)
It is impossible for the human mind to understand the nature of God, how He created the universe, how He works in us and in the world. Unfortunately, this can be a stumbling block for some people who refuse to believe in God because they do not understand such things as:
• How did God create the universe from nothing?
• How did God exist before time?
• How can God know everything before it even existed?
• How can God know every hair on my head, and every thought that I have?
• How can God, His Son Jesus, and the Holy Spirit be the same?
• How can a Holy Spirit come to live inside of me?
• How can a man be resurrected from the dead?
• How is it physically possible to receive a new body and be united with Jesus after we die, and have eternal life?
No one has the answers to these questions, except through faith. God defies the laws of logic, and God exists apart from the physical laws of the universe. We do not need to understand the physics of God to believe in God.
“By faith we understand that the universe was formed at God’s command, so that what is seen was not made out of what was visible.” – Hebrews 11:3 (NIV)
Do We Have to Fully Understand Everything About the Bible and Follow Every Command?
It is important to study the Bible, as it is God’s revealed word for us to understand what our earthly minds are capable of understanding about God. It is like an instruction manual for our lives. However, only through prayerful study can the true meaning of the Bible be revealed to us individually through the Holy Spirit. Different people can apply passages of the Bible differently based on their own life experiences.
“No eye has seen, no ear has heard, no mind has conceived what God has prepared for those who love him – but God has revealed it to us by his Spirit.” – 1 Corinthians 2:9-10 (NIV)
But how much of the Bible do we have to understand in order to believe? Is there ever enough that we can know or do to gain favor with God? Jesus has made this easy for us. Because of Jesus, all that we have to do is to believe in Him, and He will do the rest. We don’t have to understand it, just believe. Once we believe, understanding will be revealed to us.
“If you confess with your mouth, ‘Jesus is Lord,’ and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. . .For, everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.” – Romans 10:9,13 (NIV)
And Jesus Himself said, in Mark 5:36, “Don’t be afraid; just believe.”
For essential information about what needs to be believed, see the page titled Steps to Salvation through Jesus Christ. | <urn:uuid:48a539ef-6157-441d-b6f0-3900cc70d64e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://notaccidental.com/anatomy-of-a-soccer-ball/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.966478 | 1,655 | 3.4375 | 3 |
In this article, You will read Environmental Conservation – for UPSC IAS (Environmental Geography).
Environmental conservation is the protection, preservation, management, or restoration of natural environments and the ecological communities that inhabit them. Conservation is generally held to include the management of human use of natural resources for current public benefit and sustainable social and economic utilization.
Environmental awareness has increased enormously in recent years. Environmental conservation and protection is now a familiar and important issue for us all. Environmental issues require us to take a broader perspective, since they cannot be resolved by one region or one country alone. The cumulative effects of individual efforts can have a big impact on environmental conservation and protection. It is vital that each of us adopts a sincere attitude toward environmental laws.
1. Efforts to reduce environmental impact
Always remembering to take the global environment into consideration, we actively promote efforts to reduce the environmental impact of our business activities, including taking various measures to prevent global warming.
2. Regulations governing waste
In order to reduce the environmental impact of our corporate activities, we comply with all laws and ordinances relating to the proper disposal of industrial waste as well as those relating to recycling and the conservation and effective use of resources.
3. Regulations governing chemicals
In order to ensure chemical safety, when using chemical substances anywhere in the course of our corporate activities we comply with national laws and regulations as well as international law and
internationally accepted chemical substance control standards.
4. Pollution prevention:
In order to conserve and protect the environment, we comply with all laws and regulations aimed at preventing pollution, including air, water and soil pollution, as well as noise, vibration, odors and
Public Awareness for Conservation of Environment
Public awareness about environment is meant to help social groups and individuals to acquire a basic understanding of environment and its associated problems. Educationists and environmental specialists have repeatedly pointed out that any solution to the environmental crisis will require environmental awareness and understanding to be deeply rooted in the education system at all levels.
- Environmental awareness at the primary school level to impart elementary knowledge about environmental issues and problems.
- The relevance of real-life situations of the environment at secondary school level for the understanding of environmental problems.
- Management of natural resources at the senior secondary school level to develop skills to tackle the management problems of natural resources.
- Environmental issues and sustainable development at college and university levels for experimentation and solution to environmental problems and methods for conservation of natural resources.
Environmental Awareness through Adult Education:
The aim of adult education should be to create collective action in solving the environmental problems. The new types of complex environmental problems require understanding and hence a new approach to adult education. A new approach should be relevant with regard to being able to fulfill established environmental objectives. For effective adult education, functionaries have to build rapport with the support organizations.
They require doing the following
- Build capacities in technical, social, and institutional aspects of environmental management in the village.
- Reorient teachers and instructors with regard to natural resources management.
- Find ways to sustain people‘s interest on environmental issues and identify systems for conveying knowledge and skill.
- Educating people for the environment presupposes a policy for environmental training. This policy should be comprehensively covering a number of elements. These may include:
- Identifying training objectives;
- Determining environmental training practices;
- Matching training programs to local demand for environmental knowledge and skills;
- Identifying the best modes and methods of training; and
- Ensuring the financing of training activities.
- The participation of rural women in environmental awareness programs is very essential. The reason being, she spends a great part of her life in arranging fuel, fodder, water for her family, and actively involved in the sustainable use of common resources. Thus, women‘s involvement in decision making, especially for natural resources management and development activities should constitute an essential case for building a solid framework for environmental awareness programs.
For general information, the following may form the subject contents for educating adults to become environmentally literate:
- Every house in the village should have a soak pit and water should not be allowed to spread in front of the houses.
- The water of wells, ponds, and rivers should not be polluted by bathing animals or dumping garbage in them.
- Environmental issues may be linked with health, explaining things like stagnant water breeds mosquitoes for malaria, etc.
- Water conservation techniques should be taught.
- Tree plantations should be encouraged in and around villages.
- Pesticides and fertilizers should be used in appropriate quantities to avoid their bad effects on the soil.
- Biogas plants should be encouraged to minimize the use of wood fuel.
- Solar energy should be encouraged for light and cooking purposes.
- The flour mills, brick kilns, or other small-scale industries should be established away from residential areas to avoid noise and air pollution.
- Training in handling of waste materials and methods of recycling should be taught.
- Lessons on environmental hazards and disasters should be taught.
There is an urgent need to safeguard the environment to save the future generation. It requires understanding the immediate and real needs of UDCs by initiating a local process through adult education programs. It means environmental awareness by promoting low-cost resources conservation, regeneration of eco-system of villages, and stimulation of environmentally sound surroundings.
Environment Awareness through Mass-Media
Mass-media can play a vital role in creating peoples‘ awareness about the environment and conservation of natural resources. It can serve this purpose by means of its multi-channel regional and network service comprising programs such as talks, interviews, plays, and documentaries, etc.
The electronic media can identify and bring to a halt forces affecting the natural and even the man-made environment. It matters much how the public mind can be mobilized to reduce pollution and promote environmental quality.
For instance, the prevention of wastage of oil, gas, coal, and other sources of energy is not the solitary goal. The goal should be to focus on certain relative aspects leading to environmental protection through conservation emphasizing the protection of good earth. What we need is canvassing different methodologies of oil conservation since the electronic media are a potential mobilizer of public opinion. It is genuinely expected that the twin media play quite a significant role in influencing mass awareness against the excessive use of energy.
Media research and media planning in the field of environmental protection and conservation of natural resources can be accelerated keeping in view the attitude of the people. These could steer campaign objectives, measure the effectiveness of advertising campaigns, provide the information most relevant to the efficient use of media and transmit programs on conservation of resources and maintenance of environmental quality.
Establishment of Eco-Clubs
National Green Corps, a movement of eco-friendly children, has been spreading awareness about environmental protection among children. Under this program, more than 70,000 eco-clubs are set up all over India covering about 150 schools district-wise. Young students not only learn about the environment but participate in field activities in and around their schools.
Establishment of Greenbelts
Under this program, tree plantation is done along with public utilities such as roads, railways, canals, and private housing complexes, especially in July under the Van Mahotsava program (mass tree plantation festival) in India.
Campaign through State Transport
Under this program, the state transport department propagates the environment awareness message through slogans and pictures displayed in their buses.
Importance of Public Awareness for Conservation of Environment in India
Environmental sensitivity in our country can only grow through a major public awareness campaign. This has several tools —the electronic media, the press, school and college education, adult education, which are all essentially complementary to each other.
Green movements can grow out of small local initiatives to become major players in advocating environmental protection to the Government. Policymakers will only work towards environmental
preservation if there is a sufficiently large bank of voters that insist on protecting the environment.
Orienting the media to project pro-environmental issues is an important aspect. Several advertising campaigns frequently have messages that are negative to environmental preservation. The increasing awareness of environmental issues has generated great activity in recent years.
It has also brought to the knowledge of common citizens of India that for sustaining agriculture and maintaining the quality of environment at least one-third of the country‘s land should be under forest. This public awareness has helped government as well as voluntary organizations to take up the issue of environmental protection. People and activists agitation in connection with Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement, Silent Valley (Kerala), and Sardar Sarovar Project on Narmada are some illustrations to show how to clean and pollution-free.
There have been several tools, the electronic media, the press, school and college education, adult education, which are all essentially complementary to each other. Green movements can grow out of small local initiatives to become major players in advocating environmental protection to the government.
Merging the ideas and philosophy of environmentalism with the structure of formal education systems, it strives to increase awareness of environmental problems as well as to foster the skills and strategies for solving those problems.
Nature education expanded the teaching of biology, botany, and other natural sciences out into the natural world, whose students learned through direct observation. Both governmental and citizen entities included an educational component to spread their message to the general public.
Many states required their schools and colleges to adopt environmental observation education as part of their curriculum so that they are prepared to deal with environmental problems in the real world. Teaching training programs were developed to meet the increasing demand.
Publications of environment related resources material in the form of pamphlets or booklets published by Ministry of Environment & Forests can also help in keeping this section abreast of the latest developments in the field. Before we can all take up the task of environmental protection and conservation, we have to be environmentally educated and aware. It is aptly said ―if you want to act green, first think green”. | <urn:uuid:77526ee7-00d0-45aa-b36e-b2e220eaa5ed> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lotusarise.com/environmental-conservation-upsc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.93912 | 2,044 | 3.8125 | 4 |
A two-seat fighter of wooden construction, the W.B.II was built as a private venture by William Beardmore and Company.
A development of the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c it was designed by G. Tilghman Richards in 1916.
Powered by a 200 hp (150 kW) Hispano-Suiza 8Bd engine, it carried two guns and design finished early in 1917 with the production of the first prototype.
The W.B.II was first flown on 30 August 1917, and performance proved good.
However, the Air Ministry deemed that the 8Bd engine, at that time in short supply, was needed more urgently for use in the S.E.5a fighter at that time serving with the Royal Flying Corps in World War I.
As such, no further production of the W.B.II took place, however in 1920 two civil examples were produced, named the W.B.IIB. | <urn:uuid:f13ea334-5674-4145-9911-f702b205d855> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.colettiscombataircraft.com/item/beardmore-wb-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.983764 | 200 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Toothpaste has come a long way from its beginnings as pastes made from things like mashed eggshells and bones mixed with myrrh. The first clinically proven fluoride toothpaste was introduced in 1955 by Crest; it contained 0.4% stannous fluoride (SnF2). Each decade after that brought further advancements: In the 1960s, gel products hit the markets; in the 1970s antiplaque claims were introduced; tartar control products were first marketed in the 1980s; and the 1990s were marked by specialty products on the market, such as antigingivitis, whitening agents, and changes in the type of container used to deliver the dentifrice, such as pumps and dual chambers.1
Today, most over-the-counter dentifrice products in the United States contain between 850 ppm to 1150 ppm fluoride. Clinical trials indicate a dose-dependent relationship between fluoride concentration and caries prevention, with a 6% increase in efficacy and 8.6% reduction in caries for every 500 ppm fluoride increase.1,17 To recap the caries-reducing benefits of fluoridated dentifrice: Research has documented that a regular low-dose source of fluoride is the most efficient means to prevent demineralization of teeth and to enhance remineralization. Fluoride becomes incorporated with the enamel apatite crystal, rendering the enamel more resistant to acid dissolution. Fluoride in saliva and plaque also promotes remineralization. And finally, fluoride also has a modest antimicrobial effect on plaque bacteria, with stannous fluoride being particularly effective against Streptococcus mutans.1
The most common forms of fluoride used in U.S. dentifrices are sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF2). Mixtures of NaF and SMFP, NaF and SnF2 and amine fluoride (AmF) are also recognized as safe and effective forms of fluoride in over-the-counter therapeutic dentifrices in markets outside of the United States.
There are also prescription fluoridated gels that contain 5000 ppm fluoride that are intended for limited use in high caries risk patients. One 6-month study conducted in adults found that 57% of root caries lesions became hard in subjects using a 5000-ppm gel, compared to 29% for subjects who used a 1100-ppm toothpaste.18
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WARNING! You did not finish creating your certificate. Please click CONTINUE below to return to your previous page to complete the process. Failure to complete ALL the steps will result in a loss of this test score, and you will not receive credit for this course. | <urn:uuid:d5003ba0-94df-470b-9bf0-57d6a0803041> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/professional-education/ce-courses/ce376/fluoridated-dentifrice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670255.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119195450-20191119223450-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.949751 | 575 | 3.375 | 3 |
Q&A #23 : So, with natural immunity you'd like to take us back to the pre-vaccine era when 2.5 million children died annually?
“So, with your natural immunity theory you'd like to take us back to the pre-vaccine era when 2.5 million children died annually from measles and 350,000 died each year from polio?”
As usual, it’s never a good idea to compare apples to oranges:
First, as far as SARS-CoV-2 is concerned, we’re dealing with a PANDEMIC, and that will remain so for as long as we don’t reach herd immunity, which is well known to be (far!) beyond reach when using non-sterilizing vaccines in the middle of a pandemic.
For measles, polio and other childhood diseases, herd immunity has largely been established. This reduces the occurrence of these viral diseases to (local) ‘outbreaks’ whenever there is a gap in that herd immunity, especially in countries/regions where the virus remains endemic and can spread asymptomatically on a background of herd immunity (e.g., in several third-world countries). Secondarily, in contrast to SARS-CoV-2, polio and measles are acute-self-limiting infections with strict host selectivity for humans. These limitations to viral spread (i.e., background of herd immunity and human-to-human transmission only!) makes it possible to terminate or prevent an outbreak (but never a pandemic!) through the use of vaccines. However, this is only possible provided one uses LIVE ATTENUATED vaccines as the latter induce full-fledged natural immunity (i.e., INNATE! and adaptive). The better the environmental hygiene (avoidance of overcrowding, sufficient ventilation, decent basic sanitation, access to potable water etc.), the lower the vaccine coverage rate required to tame an outbreak.
Any mass vaccination program that fails to generate population-level sterilizing immunity (i.e., herd immunity) will inevitably fail to stop the spread of acute, self-limiting viral infections in an immunologically naïve population. This particularly applies when non-replicating vaccines (e.g., all C-19 vaccines) are used in an attempt to control acute, self-limiting viral infections that can also spread and replicate through other animal species (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
If one ignores this well-established principle, vaccines will inevitably foster natural selection and propagation of more infectious, and ultimately more virulent, SARS-CoV-2 variants. The emergence of the latter has already been documented in vitro (e.g., Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 lineages) and it is just a matter of time before these (sub)variants will also manifest enhanced virulence in vivo.
Children have an amazing innate immune capacity to generate sterilizing immunity. From a public health viewpoint (herd immunity!), it is therefore critical that we leave the children alone. But protecting our children from C-19 vaccination is also critical from an individual health viewpoint as vaccination with these non-replicating vaccines will prevent adequate education of their immune system. This is because spike (S)-specific, non-neutralizing antibodies (Abs) that are continuously recalled by the circulating Omicron (sub)variants will steadily outcompete their innate Abs and thereby prevent the child’s innate Abs to instruct the immune system on how to discriminate ‘self’ from ‘self-like’ (https://www.voiceforscienceandsolidarity.org/scientific-blog/intra-pandemic-vaccination-of-toddlers-with-non-replicating-antibody-based-vaccines-targeted-at-aslvi1-or-aslvd2-enabling-glycosylated-viruses-prevents-education-of-innate-immune-effector-cells-nk-cells). Furthermore, vaccination of older children is highly likely to cause Ab-dependent enhancement of C-19 disease as non-neutralizing, infection-enhancing Abs may enable the virus to break through the innate immune system when the latter is not yet sufficiently trained. That is going to become particularly problematic once the virus completely subverts vaccine-induced adaptive immunity, and consequently leaves the child at the mercy of its (untrained) innate immune system!
Of course, one may prefer to ignore the science or decide to take the risk but even then, the question remains as to why we have not been vaccinating our children against seasonal influenza in the past (preferably using non-replicating vaccines!?) and why no single childhood vaccine is using non-replicating virus to immunize young children against glycosylated viruses (e.g., measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, rotavirus)? Despite all ‘modern’ technologies vaccinology has remained an empirical business. However, vaccinologists sometimes hit the nail right on the head: We now understand that these replication-competent childhood vaccines train the innate immune response in children whereas non-replicating vaccines don’t. That is why live attenuated vaccines can – under certain conditions- be useful to prevent or abrogate outbreaks and why they haven’t been replaced yet by more modern/ sophisticated vaccine technologies!
The updated Omicron vaccines cannot be expected to prime new neutralizing Abs instead of recalling infection-enhancing Abs: https://www.voiceforscienceandsolidarity.org/scientific-blog/novel-bivalent-c-19-vaccines-what-does-common-immunological-sense-predict-in-regard-to-their-impact-on-the-c-19-pandemic | <urn:uuid:232a295a-d4df-4d6b-940f-35419df10c03> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://voiceforscienceandsolidarity.substack.com/p/q-and-a-23-so-with-natural-immunity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337287.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002052710-20221002082710-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.925495 | 1,233 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What are 3 pros and 3 cons to solar power?
Solar Energy's Advantages
1. Renewable Energy Source
The most important benefit of solar panels is the renewable energy source. It is easily accessible in all parts of the globe and can be used daily. We need solar power like other energy sources. As long as there is sunlight, solar energy will be available. Therefore, the sun will continue to shine for at least 5 billion more years.
2. Lower Electricity Bills
Your energy bills are likely to drop as you can meet some of your energy requirements with the electricity generated by your solar system installers. The size of your solar system and your heat and electricity usage will determine how much you can save on your monthly bill.
This switch is great for businesses that use commercial solar panels. It can help you save a lot of money on your energy bills.
You will also be able to save on your electricity bill. Additionally, you can get payments for any excess energy you export to the grid via the Smart EXPORT Guarantee (SEG). You can generate more electricity than you use if your solar panel system has been connected to the grid.
3. Diverse Applications
There are many uses for solar energy in Tallahassee. You can either generate electricity or heat (photovoltaics), or both. You can use solar energy to generate electricity in places without power grid access, distill water in areas with low clean water supplies, and power satellites from space.
Solar energy can also be integrated into the materials used to build. Sharp introduced transparent solar energy windows not too long ago.
4. Low maintenance costs
The maintenance required for solar energy systems is minimal. They only require minimal maintenance. You can clean them once a year. You can always count on specialized cleaning services, which are available from around PSD25-PS35.
The best solar panel manufacturers company Meraki solar in Tallahassee FL offer a 20-25 year warranty.
There are no moving parts, so there is minor wear and tear. Because it continuously converts solar energy into electricity and heat, the inverter is the most crucial part to replace after 5-10 years. To ensure maximum efficiency, cables and the inverter also require maintenance.
After paying the initial cost of your solar system, expect to spend very minimal on maintenance or repair work.
5. Technology Development
The technology in the solar power sector is continuously improving, and innovations will continue to increase in the future. Nanotechnology and quantum physics are two of the many innovations that can increase the efficiency of solar panels. They also have the potential to double or triple the electrical input of solar power systems.
Solar Energy's Disadvantages
The initial price for a solar system purchase is relatively high. This includes the cost of solar panels, inverter and batteries, wiring and installation. However, prices for solar technology are always in development, so it is safe that they will drop in the future.
Even though solar energy can still get collected on cloudy or rainy days, its efficiency drops. To manage solar energy effectively, solar panels need sunlight. A few rainy or cloudy days can impact the energy system. Also, solar energy cannot only be captured at night.
However, a thermodynamic panel is an option if your water heating system must work nightly or in winter.
Check out our video to see how efficient solar panels can be in winter.
3. The Cost of Solar Energy Storage is Expensive
You can use solar energy immediately or store it in large batteries. These batteries are used in off-the-grid solar systems and can be charged throughout the day to make the power available at night. Although this is a great way to use solar energy throughout the day, it can also be quite costly.
It is usually more efficient to only use solar energy during daylight and to take power from the grid at night. This is possible only if your system has been connected to the grid. Solar energy can be used to meet your energy needs, which is why you will find that the energy demand is higher during the day.
4. It uses a lot of space
You will need more panels to produce more electricity. You will need a lot of space for your solar PV panels, and not all roofs can hold the number of panels you want.
You can also install the panels in your backyard, but they must have sunlight. You can install fewer panels if you need more space.
5. Pollution is often associated with it
Although solar energy is less polluting than other power sources, it can still cause pollution. The emission of greenhouse gasses has been linked to the transportation and installation of solar panels.
Also, hazardous materials were used to produce the solar photovoltaic system. These can cause indirect damage to the environment.
However, solar energy is far more polluting than any other energy source. | <urn:uuid:5c7a8f67-d88a-43dd-8fc6-cd891d2920bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://electriciansdaily.digital/2022/12/11/what-are-3-pros-and-3-cons-to-solar-power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00780.warc.gz | en | 0.933233 | 1,012 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Health Tip: Cold Feet?
(HealthDay News) -- The term "trench foot" describes a foot
injury caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures and
The. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests
how to prevent the condition:
- Promptly take off wet socks and shoes.
- Dry off feet when they're wet.
- Minimize walking if your feet have been exposed to cold and
- Look for warning signs of trench foot, which may include
swelling, blisters, bleeding and numbness.
Copyright © 2014
HealthDay. All rights reserved.
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:41d8f3b1-0499-4c9f-ac6e-e259b2662d84> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.abrazohealth.com/education/healthinfo.aspx?chunkiid=885088 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537804.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00454-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878426 | 229 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Lechery and Lead
Frontier justice was often swift, if not just. Here's an example from the spring of 1887, which
appeared underneath the headline "Lechery and Lead/A Bullet for a Beast."
"The most sensational murder that has happened in years in Nebraska was committed last
evening in the district court room at Hastings, where Dr. G. W. Randall, said to be a traveling
quack, was shot through the head and instantly killed by a man as yet unknown, who escaped
in the confusion that immediately ensued. The circumstances are of a highly sensational
character, and grew out of the criminal assault made by the prisoner on the person of the 11-
year-old daughter of Mason Hart, a farmer living near Edgar in this state.
"The child had been placed in the doctor's care for treatment on an infection of the eyes, and
had been induced by him to take up her abode in his house, where, it has been shown, he,
with the assistance of his wife, accomplished her ruin. He was arrested and brought to trial.
Prior to the hearing threats of lynching had been made by Mr. Hart's friends.
"After the little girl had been placed on the witness stand, and after repeated attempts had
been made to break down the story which she told, the courtroom was startled by the report
of a pistol fired from the crowd of spectators, and were horrified to see the prisoner fall,
apparently lifeless. Immediately confusion reigned, some of those present rushed to the aid
of the prisoner, others fled, panic-stricken, and in less than a minute the courtroom was
cleared. Medical aid was summoned, but could do nothing. Death had been instantaneous.
"At first it was impossible to ascertain who did the shooting, but finally it was noised about
that he was a brother of the outraged girl. It seems that twenty-five men had come from
Edgar, with the intention of lynching Randall. Young Hart, however, was too quick for them,
and as soon as the testimony was all in he suddenly pulled a revolver from beneath his coat
and fired. Immediately there was the wildest confusion. Young Hart, however, coolly turned
around and walked out of the door. On the steps he met the sheriff, but neither that officer
nor any of the bystanders cared to arrest the young man.
"Where he went to is at present unknown, but the men from Edgar declare that he will not
long be a fugitive, as they will see that he returns to his home and will guard him from any
attempts that may be made to deprive him of his liberty."
Return to Timeline Index | <urn:uuid:f6e58300-287d-4f17-97a2-48c23f1ba389> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/timeline/lechery_and_lead.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824757.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00040-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990779 | 570 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In a volleyball game, the ball may touch any part of the volleyball player’s body, including their feet, via a kick. Whether the ball hits the arms, the head, or the feet, this is legal contact, and there will be no penalties against the player. In fact, there are instances where kicking the ball is an excellent strategy during matches.
So, what are the official volleyball rules about this subject? How many times can you kick the volleyball? Can you serve the volleyball by kicking it?
Here is the complete breakdown of kicking the ball in volleyball.
Are There Any Official Rules Stating You Can’t Kick the Volleyball?
According to NCAA and FIVB rules, the ball may touch any part of the body without a penalty. This lack of penalty is the case as long as the ball does not come to rest on the body. In other words, the ball must hit their foot and then bounce off.
However, it is essential to note that this was not an official rule until 1993. This change to the language may be why many old-school volleyball players consider it a sacrilege when they see a foot come into contact with the volleyball.
Was Kicking the Volleyball Illegal at Some Point?
Before 1993, using any part of your body below the waist was illegal to hit the volleyball. However, now that the rules have changed, it is essential to remember that a kick counts as a touch.
How Many Times Can You Kick the Ball in Volleyball?
A kick is considered a touch in the game of volleyball. Therefore, you can kick the ball the same number of times you may hit it with your hands. The official rules of volleyball state that you may hit the ball three times before it must go over the net to the opposing team, which includes kicking.
What is it Called When You Kick the Ball in Volleyball?
Kicking the ball in volleyball is called a “kick save” or a “foot save.” Kick saves are helpful to save your team from awarding the other team a point. When the ball is nearing either the floor or the out-of-bounds line, you may reach your foot out and kick the ball to a teammate.
This action counts as a kick save and keeps the play alive. Not only will you save your team from sacrificing a point, but you might also score a point for your team.
Can You Kick the Ball During a Beach Volleyball Match?
You can kick the ball during a beach volleyball match. The rules are the same as indoor volleyball, where your team can only make three touches. So, you can kick the ball every time, but it can’t exceed three touches before you send it over the net.
When is a Good Time to Kick the Ball in a Volleyball Match?
There are several instances where it may be a good idea to kick the ball during a volleyball game, including during defense, when you are up against the net, and when chasing a wild hit. A kick save is a great time to kick the ball since you are saving a point being granted to the other team.
When you are up against the net, it can sometimes be hard to react quickly enough when a ball is heading your way. Sometimes all you have left is your feet, and that is alright! The important thing is keeping the ball in play by any means necessary. Wild hits flying outside the court can often result in diving face-first into something rather painful.
Another option besides self-injury is to stick your foot out and kick the ball back into play.
When Should You Not Kick the Ball in a Volleyball Game?
Most coaches and officials will agree that kicking the volleyball should only be done as a last result. The thought process is that it is much easier to control where you send the ball if you hit it with your hands rather than your feet.
Should You Practice Kicking the Ball in Volleyball Practice?
Since kicking the volleyball gives you less control than hitting it with your hands, most coaches will advise you to refrain from practicing kicking it. You have seen most of the kick saves a last-resort action that was more than likely not practiced by that person. Most of the time, the kick comes solely from the athletic intuition of the player making a play to save the ball from hitting the ground, which results in a kick.
What is an Illegal Hit in Volleyball?
According to the official rules, there are five types of illegal hits in volleyball:
- Slapping the ball
- Bumping the ball with separated hands
- Carrying the ball
- Palming the ball
- Directing the ball
Additionally, the ball must leave the player’s hands immediately after coming into contact with the ball. Kicking the ball is only illegal when the ball comes to rest on the part of the player’s foot.
Can You Serve by Kicking the Volleyball?
Serving the volleyball ball with your foot is illegal, no matter what league you play in. This discouragement of kick serving is because the rules of volleyball state that a serve can only occur with a single hand. Not only does this rule exclude kick serves, but it also excludes double-handed serves and every other type of serve.
Conclusion: Can You Kick the Ball in Volleyball?
In conclusion, kicking the ball during a volleyball game has been legal since 1993. You will have better control over ball placement when you hit it with your hands, so you should always try to get your hands in front of the ball. Kicking the ball is considered by some as a last-resort type of play.
However, using your foot to kick the ball can be very beneficial in certain situations. Sometimes, you may have no choice but to try to reach the ball with your foot, which is perfectly fine.
What is a Libero in Volleyball?
How Long is a Volleyball Game? | <urn:uuid:104df1e9-1868-4d90-93c1-9b9f6318ce46> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://thestadiumreviews.com/blogs/info/can-you-kick-the-ball-in-volleyball/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945292.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325002113-20230325032113-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.963377 | 1,246 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The book provides an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals of superconducting electronics and the practical considerations for the fabrication of superconducting electronic structures. Additionally, it covers in detail the opportunities afforded by superconductivity for uniquely sensitive electronic devices and illustrates how these devices (in some cases employing high-temperature, ceramic superconductors) can be applied in analog and digital signal processing, laboratory instruments, biomagnetism, geophysics, nondestructive evaluation and radioastronomy. Improvements in cryocooler technology for application to cryoelectronics are also covered. This is the first book in several years to treat the fundamentals and applications of superconducting electronics in a comprehensive manner, and it is the very first book to consider the implications of high-temperature, ceramic superconductors for superconducting electronic devices. Not only does this new class of superconductors create new opportunities, but recently impressive milestones have been reached in superconducting analog and digital signal processing which promise to lead to a new generation of sensing, processing and computational systems. The 15 chapters are authored by acknowledged leaders in the fundamental science and in the applications of this increasingly active field, and many of the authors provide a timely assessment of the potential for devices and applications based upon ceramic-oxide superconductors or hybrid structures incorporating these new superconductors with other materials. The book takes the reader from a basic discussion of applicable (BCS and Ginzburg-Landau) theories and tunneling phenomena, through the structure and characteristics of Josephson devices and circuits, to applications that utilize the world's most sensitive magnetometer, most sensitive microwave detector, and fastest arithmetic logic unit. | <urn:uuid:6b94a824-4f51-4777-ab9f-c12d91019666> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.ebay.de/p/Superconducting-Electronics-2011-Taschenbuch/165176819 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889660.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120142458-20180120162458-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.908375 | 339 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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T. H. Breen posits that in colonial portraiture the postures and faces of the subjects sometimes were less important, to both painter and sitters, than the clothing, fabrics, and other appurtenances-the consumer goods-with which they were shown. This observation reminds us that Copley lavished equal attention on all parts of his composition, and that his skill at rendering materials played a major role in the way he constructed each painting. As Breen points out, in terms of value the most important British export to America in the eighteenth century was cloth: half of all colonial imports were textiles, and by Copley's era dozens and dozens of fabrics, including every kind and color of satins, velvets, brocades, poplins, cottons, and woolens, had become available. If the portrait was, at least in part, "an object, a thing, an article of commerce, an ornament to be displayed with other possessions" in colonial America, as Breen maintains, then the vast swags of luxuriant fabric that appear in Copley's portraits from the time of his earliest efforts, such as Charles Pelham and Mary and Elizabeth Royall, become understandable as representations of wealth and social position. Curtains had been used in portraits since the Renaissance, both for decorative purposes and to suggest interior spaces adjoining the sitter's space, and English painters of the generation of Thomas Hudson (1701-1779) employed them regularly; but they became nearly ubiquitous in Copley's portraits during the 1760s, joining an array of other materials. He typically placed a curtain on one side of the background or the other in his pictures of both men and women and often included either a draped table or an upholstered chair - all in addition to the fabrics of the rich, complex costumes in which his sitters were dressed. Here as in other details Copley missed the mark in terms of contemporary British usage, for by the 1760s Reynolds, Gainsborough, Allan Ramsay, and the like had long since given up such extensive display of fabrics. Copley's reliance on fabrics was made possible by the settings he utilized, which most often represented either interiors or ambiguous porchlike areas, while the British painters by this time had moved their sitters largely to the out-of-doors.|
Much as Copley attempted to render the "general air of grandeur" that Reynolds recommended, by posing his sitters with great columns and other lavish props, and much as he may have tried to avoid minuteness (which for Reynolds constituted "the most dangerous error"), especially after this quality was criticized in Boy with a Squirrel, in Boston he was unable to paint in a true English style. Yet his work does come close in spirit or manner to the occasional highstyle English painting of the previous generation by a Hudson or a Joseph Highmore, or to a picture of Copley's own time by such London painters as Ramsay and Francis Cotes, or by one of their provincial colleagues, such as Joseph Wright of Derby, Mason Chamberlin the elder, or Tilly Kettle. These analogies have been little explored and warrant a thorough study of the kind that John Kirk has given to American and British furniture and that Morrison Heckscher and Leslie Bowman have applied to the Rococo style. However, enough work has been done to suggest that despite the increasing anglicization of American taste in the pre-Revolutionary years, when consumers, craftsmen, and painters such as Copley were all looking to London for guidance, remarkably enough there emerged in the arts of the colonies what Kirk concludes was "an American aesthetic," an aesthetic that frequently exhibits conservative, elegant, linear characteristics. Copley's American work thus relates to the paintings of Reynolds and Gainsborough in much the same way that American silver and furniture of the period relate to high-style luxury products made in London.
- From Theodore E. Stebbins, Jr., in "John Singleton Copley in America"
John Singleton Copley images
[Art Posters] [Home] [Juxtapositions] [Galleries] [Theory and Criticism] [Art CD-ROM Reviews] [Artchive] [Links] | <urn:uuid:2f2b647c-0cc5-4d4a-be07-2dfd66f4e629> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://artchive.com/artchive/C/copley.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281263.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00407-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968976 | 949 | 2.859375 | 3 |
From Lattice Semiconductor: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Security
Similar to personal computers, IoT devices can be targets for hackers. Data captured by these devices can be sensitive and should be protected. Encryption techniques such as elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) provide the ability for IoT edge devices to generate and share keys for private encrypted communication.
This reference design implements a soft ECC block within the iCE40 UltraPlus FPGA. It uses AES 128 encryption, generates private and public keys and stores them in secure memory to support asymmetric secure encryption. Data captured by the FPGA from sensors can be securely transferred to a server/cloud.
The iCE40 UltraPlus FPGA parallel architecture and the ability to interface to a wide variety of sensors using flexible I/O and hard/soft IP blocks, in addition to machine learning/artificial intelligence capability, make this FPGA a versatile solution to encrypt user data.
- ECC key pair generation, exchange and decryption
- AES128 Encryption
- Volatile keys - not accessible outside of engine
- Built-in API for key exchange & AES encryption
Sign up to get tech news, product updates and store promos from Symmetry Electronics.Subscribe | <urn:uuid:2df917b7-8f7d-4d48-8171-a6a528398858> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.semiconductorstore.com/blog/2017/From-Lattice-Semiconductor-Elliptic-Curve-Cryptography-ECC-Security/2566 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657131734.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712051058-20200712081058-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.871128 | 261 | 2.875 | 3 |
Gifted & talented Year 11 & 12 Study Day in Oxford
On the 8th March 2019, students from year 11 and year 12 visited Oxford University for a Study Day run by Academy Conferences. Students from several other schools attended and benefitted from hearing range of talks covering many ideas that we would not normally cover in school.
This article was written by Rushil in Year 11.
The talks were both wide ranging and very informative. For instance, we listened to a talk on the different beliefs of life after death, which crosses between biology, philosophy, psychology, art and English. We also listened to a talk on the physics behind guitars and sound and this was very engaging as the person presenting also played the guitar for us. Then, we listened to a talk on what the real meaning of science is. These were very interesting as they stretched us and made us think in a way that we may not have thought before about different topics.
After lunch, and then listened to a talk on the psychology of outstanding achievement, which was very useful for us as students as we are preparing for our exams so we could take a lot of information form this talk and apply it into our own lives. Finally, we had a debate on the statement: ‘This house believes that the monarchy should be abolished’. We had 2 speakers who gave their viewpoint on this statement and then students from different schools went up to give their own opinion. It was interesting to see the contrasting views that people had in the debate. The talks did challenge us and it gave us an idea of what a university lecture might be like.
We would like to thank Mr Mace and Dr Rentflejsz who organised this visit. It was very useful and we all learnt a lot from it. | <urn:uuid:53328f9d-b248-4993-ab03-f2d43331dab9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.lgs.slough.sch.uk/news/?pid=6&nid=3&storyid=238 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207053157-20221207083157-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.989973 | 357 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Lower Zambezi National Park
The Lower Zambezi National Park lies on the north bank of the Zambezi River in south eastern Zambia. Until 1983 when the area was declared a national park, the area was the private game reserve of Zambia's president. This has resulted in the park being protected from the ravages of mass tourism and remains one of the few pristine wilderness areas left in Africa. On the opposite bank is Zimbabwe's Mana Pools national Park. The two parks sit on the Zambezi flood plain ringed by mountains, the area is a world heritage site. In fashion with the current trend in Southern Africa there is talk of linking the two parks to form a massive trans-frontier park.
The park gently slopes from the Zambezi Escarpment down to the river, straddling two main woodland savannah ecoregions distinguished by the dominant types of tree, Miombo and Mopane: Southern Miombo woodlands on higher ground in the north, and Zambezian and Mopane woodlands on lower slopes in the south. At the edge of the river is floodplain habitat.
The park itself is ringed by a much larger game management area (commonly referred to as GMA), there are no fences between the park and the GMA and both animals and people are free to roam across the whole area. The attraction of the Lower Zambezi park and its surrounding GMA is its remote location, unlike South African parks there are no tarred roads and you are very unlikely to encounter another tourist whilst traveling around. Tourist numbers are kept down due to the park being inaccessible by road, unless you have advanced 4x4 driving skills and even then only at certain times of the year, tourists are taken in on either a boat on the Zambezi or by light aircraft flying from either Livingstone or Lusaka.
Most large mammals in the national park congregate on the floodplain, including buffalo, numerouselephants, lions, leopards and many antelope, crocodiles and hippopotamuses. There are also a large number of species of birds, but the black rhinoceroses died out around the time the national park was declared, in 1983.
Information based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Zambezi_National_Park | <urn:uuid:a5bd0a73-2383-47e6-b704-2e0414c338ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.journeysinternational.com/lower-zambezi-national-park | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688966.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922130934-20170922150934-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.955914 | 484 | 2.546875 | 3 |
IMF History and Structural Adjustment
The International Monetary Fund was established,
along with the World Bank, at a conference in Bretton Woods, New
Hampshire, USA, in the closing stages of World War II. The participants
represented the governments soon to win the war against fascism.
They were concerned about the rebuilding of Europe and of the global
economic system after a devastating war.
The key debate at Bretton Woods was between the
British and US delegations representing, respectively, liberal
and conservative visions of global economic institutions. The British
delegation, led by Maynard Keynes, imagined that the new IMF should
be a cooperative fund which member states could draw upon to maintain
economic activity and employment through periodic crises. This
view suggested an IMF helping governments to act as the US government
had during the New Deal in response to the great recession of the
By contrast, the US delegation to Bretton Woods
foresaw an IMF more like a bank, making sure that borrowing states
could repay their debts on time. This more conservative view was
less concerned to avoid recession and unemployment. The US view
prevailed, and set the stage for how economic crises have been
handled since World War II (Harris 1988).
Since the Second World War, the International
Monetary Fund has provided loans to governments facing economic
crises. The loans have come to be known as structural adjustment loans
because they aim to help borrowing governments adjust the structure of economic activity.
The presence of the IMF as an international lending
institution continues to evolve with the changing conditions of
globalization. Most recently the IMF has begun to focus its policy-making
stratgies to incorporate poverty reduction policies in addition
to creating economic stability (New Generation
Pictured above: The
headquarters of the International Monetary Fund.
To the left: The
Executive Board of the IMF. Consisting of 24 member countries. Of which 16 seats are elected for
two-year terms. The
United States, Japan, France, United Kingdom, Germany, China,
Russia and Saudi Arabia have permanent seats.
Early History of the International Monetary Fund, http://www.imfsite.org/origins/early.html
Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund#Leaders_of_the_IMF
IMF photos can be found at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/adm/pictures/captions.htm | <urn:uuid:50bc8479-4bdd-4d07-bd51-b6d4ddfb47e0> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/sap/history.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539493.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00322-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925191 | 525 | 3.65625 | 4 |
This week many of us spent hours hunting through crowded grocery stores tracking down the ingredients for our Thanksgiving dinners-turkey, corn, cranberries, sweet potatoes, baked beans and corn bread. While many of us recognize these as American Indian foods, few people realize that pizza, spaghetti sauce and goulash also have American Indian origins.
Neither pizza nor spaghetti would ever have become international foods without the crucial Indian ingredient of tomatoes or the mislabeled ``Italian pepper,`` which is actually an Indian chili. The paprika that makes Hungarian food distinctive also came from the American Indians as did cayenne pepper. Other foods with misleading names such as Irish potatoes, Dutch chocolate, Italian beans, French vanilla, Jerusalem artichoke and New Zealand yam are all Indian foods.
English speakers are not the only ones to use names that obscure the American Indian origins of their foods. In Arabic, corn is called Roman sorghum, and the Turks call the turkey a hindi. Credit is given for native American foods to everyone except the Native Americans.
Many of the words we now use in English are actually Indian words, although few people today recognize ``tomato`` as coming from Nahuatl, the Aztec language that also gave us avocado, cacao, chocolate, chili, jicama and tamale. The virtually extinct Taino language of the Caribbean gave us barbecue, cassava, maize, manioc, potato and tapioca. From the Algonquin speakers of the Atlantic woodlands, we acquired hominy, pecan, squash, succotash and pone (as in corn pone).
The new foods from the American Indians not only added spice and variety to world`s larder, but they made possible the greatest agricultural and demographic revolution since the discovery of farming 10,000 years ago. The agricultural gifts of the Indians have spread from the settlers of North America to farmers around the world.
Through thousands of years of careful breeding, Indian farmers adapted corn to some of the coldest, hottest, wettest and driest places in America. Today corn has a larger growing area than any other cultivated food in the world. Compared to Old World grains that grow only in temperate climates, and rice that grows only in tropical climates, corn thrives virtually anywhere that farmers can cultivate crops. In my research travels, I have seen corn growing on the plains of frigid Russia, in steamy jungle clearings in the Amazon, arid oases around Timbuktu, on the slopes of the Andes and in high valleys of Tibet.
The economies of many nations now depend on these American Indian crops. Just as the United States leads the world in maize and cotton production (a major source of oil and of animal feed), the Soviet Union is the world`s largest producer of potatoes and sunflowers despite the problems they are having distributing them. China leads in the production of sweet potatoes;
Indian is tops in peanut production, and the Ivory Coast is the largest producer of cacao.
Even today when the United States has a serious trade imbalance, crops of Indian origin still supply some of our most desired exports. While we consume a seemingly endless flow of European and Asian automobiles, textiles and electronic gadgets, the world is not buying our industrial products in return. Foreign markets want our farm produce and its by-products: corn, corn oil, corn syrup, cotton, cotton oil, cottonseed, sunflower seeds and oil, tobacco, potatoes, peanuts and dozens of other crops given to us by the American Indians. Without those crops developed by the Indians, the United States today might be nothing more than another large and poor Third World nation like Brazil or Argentina.
In the 500 years since the first Europeans came to America, many Native American foods have spread around the world, but the impact of these foods may have only just begun. Indians in remote areas of the Americas still cultivate crops that have barely made their debut onto the world stage. The desert maize of the Hopis is now being planted by Egyptian farmers in the Sahara in hope that this desert corn will help them to overcome their food shortage.
The super nutritious quinoa grain of the Incas of the Andes may one day increase life expectancy in the harsh environment of the Himalayas. Amaranth of the Aztecs in Mexico may have the potential of feeding millions on the harsh steppes of Mongolia, and who knows what application Ojibwa wild rice may have to turn the barren tundra of Siberia into rich farmland.
The world owes an immeasurable and unacknowledged debt to the great American Indian farmers who made the modern agricultural revolution possible. Thanksgiving Day offers all of us an opportunity to express appreciation for what the Indians have given us and to imagine just how poor our world would be without them. | <urn:uuid:8255b6eb-a880-4746-981e-db504b67b01f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-11-28/news/9104170707_1_american-indians-indian-foods-today-corn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828189.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024071819-20171024091819-00781.warc.gz | en | 0.940392 | 987 | 3.015625 | 3 |
For Immediate Release: Dec. 10, 2012
Media Contact: Communication Office
Vermont Department of Health
BURLINGTON – The Department of Health is urging people to get their flu shot, as an early flu season is underway nationally and here in Vermont.
“Don’t wait until someone around you gets sick to get vaccinated,” said Patsy Kelso, state epidemiologist for infectious disease. “It takes up to two weeks for the shot to be effective, so do not delay this year. Get your shot.”
Flu vaccine is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older.
Flu viruses spread mainly through droplets spread through the air when people with flu cough, sneeze or talk. You can also get the flu by touching a surface or object that has flu virus on it and then touching your own mouth, eyes or nose.
Actions that everyone can take to stay healthy and keep illness from spreading:
- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve every time you sneeze or cough.
- Wash your hands often and well with soap and water.
- Use a hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available.
- Keep hands away from your eyes, nose and mouth.
- Stay home from work, school or public places when you’re sick.
Flu symptoms typically include fever, headache, tiredness, dry cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and body aches.
People at high risk of developing serious flu-related complications are:
- Pregnant women
- Young children, especially infants
- People 65 years of age and older
- People at any age with certain chronic medical conditions (such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease).
For questions about the flu, visit the Health Department’s website at healthvermont.gov.
# # # | <urn:uuid:d05dcec4-574c-4b58-8691-5e8312dee08c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://healthvermont.gov/news/2012/121012_flu.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097396.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00024-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944314 | 395 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) are associated with a significant number of mass extinctions and ocean anoxic events (OAEs) during the Phanerozoic. However, the role of LIPs in triggering and sustaining biotic and environmental crises is controversial (e.g., Bond and Wignall, 2014). These controversies arise because direct indications of LIP volcanism are typically absent from marine sediments, where much of the evidence for biological and environmental change is archived. In the past five years, mercury (Hg) has emerged as a potential indicator of massive volcanism in marine sedimentary records, permitting new insights into the relationship between LIP emplacement and periods of environmental change, mass extinction, and biotic recovery.
Hg anomalies attributed to LIP activity have been identified in marine sedimentary sequences spanning at least four of the “big five” mass extinction events, in association with second-order extinctions, and in strata that record several Mesozoic OAEs (e.g., Sanei et al., 2012; Grasby et al., 2015; Percival et al., 2015; Font et al., 2016; Jones et al., 2016; Sial et al., 2016; Thibodeau et al., 2016). Hg anomalies are typically recognized as increases in the Hg content of sediments or as an increase in the ratio of Hg to total organic carbon (Hg/TOC) to account for the commonly observed association between Hg and organic carbon (e.g., Grasby et al., 2013, and references therein). Some of these anomalies appear to be global in their extents with Hg enrichments spanning geographically distant sedimentary sequences, a finding consistent with estimates of large Hg releases associated with LIPs (e.g., see Sanei et al., 2012). However, despite the increasing use of Hg as a volcanic proxy, linking sedimentary Hg enrichments to massive volcanism is not always straightforward. One problem is that massive volcanism is not the only possible mechanism for increasing Hg emissions during environmental crises. For example, it is possible that Hg could be derived from the combustion of coal deposits (by magma-coal interactions), from a meteoritic source, or from biomass burning due to wildfires and soil erosion (Grasby et al., 2017, p. 55 in this issue of Geology). There are also arguments that some Hg anomalies may form from post-depositional processes (Smit et al., 2016).
One approach to determining the origin of Hg anomalies is to investigate their isotopic compositions. Mercury has a complex biogeochemical cycle and undergoes transformations that may induce mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) and/or mass independent fractionation (MIF) of Hg isotopes (see Fitzgerald and Lamborg, 2014 and Blum et al., 2014). While MDF (denoted here by δ202Hg) is ubiquitous and occurs during many physical, chemical, or biological transformations of Hg, MIF (denoted here by Δ199Hg) arises through a more limited set of pathways (mostly photochemical) and is generally a more conservative tracer. For the most part, Hg emitted by volcanoes or derived from geogenic sources has no MIF (Δ199Hg = 0‰) and δ202Hg values between approximately −2.0‰ and 0‰ (e.g., Zambardi et al., 2009). Once emitted to the environment, Hg cycles through the atmospheric, marine, and terrestrial reservoirs. The most abundant and long lived atmospheric species, , is removed from the atmosphere either by oxidation to Hg2+ species (which are particle reactive) or by direct uptake of by vegetation and soils followed by oxidation. Aquatic environments can receive Hg by both direct Hg2+ deposition and runoff from terrestrial sources. Once in surface waters, Hg2+ may be scavenged or reduced (either abiotically including photochemical reduction or biologically) back to , which can then evade back to the atmosphere. In this sense, the behavior of Hg differs from other metals because only some portion of Hg2+ deposited will be preserved in sediments.
Mercury isotopes are excellent tracers of the deposition pathways to marine sediments because the two different pathways, terrestrial runoff and atmospheric Hg2+ deposition, have very different isotopic signatures. Large odd-isotope MIF is generated during the aqueous photoreduction of Hg2+ (Bergquist and Blum, 2007), which occurs in cloud droplets and surface waters. This process produces odd-isotope excesses (i.e., positive Δ199Hg values) in the residual aqueous Hg2+ pool. Thus, atmospheric Hg2+ and sediments dominated by atmospheric Hg2+ deposition tend to have positive Δ199Hg values (e.g. Gehrke et al., 2009). In contrast, terrestrial reservoirs, such as biomass and soils, primarily accumulate , which contains slightly negative Δ199Hg values. During the uptake and sequestration of by plants and soils, additional MIF and MDF occurs during which these reservoirs acquire slightly more negative Δ199Hg values and much more negative δ202Hg values than atmospheric (e.g., Zheng et al. 2016). Due to these differences, marine sediments which receive Hg through terrestrial runoff tend to have more negative Δ199Hg and δ202Hg values compared with oceanic sediments dominated by atmospheric Hg2+ deposition, which have positive Δ199Hg and less negative δ202Hg values.
In this issue of Geology, Grasby and colleagues (2017) use Hg isotopes to explore the sources and pathways of anomalous Hg deposition during the Latest Permian Extinction (LPE) and possible connection to Siberian Traps volcanism. In particular, their work compares the Hg isotopic signatures of sediment deposited in a deep-water environment (where Hg enters marine waters by direct atmospheric Hg2+ deposition) with a shallower marine section (where both atmospheric and terrestrial runoff Hg inputs are possible). The two sequences are the Buchanan Lake section, a bathyl to near-abyssal mid-latitude sequence in the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic, and the Meishan section, China which represents an equatorial clastic-starved carbonate platform.
Their respective Hg isotope records reveal important differences in the sources and pathways of Hg entering the Latest Permian oceans. The shallower Meishan section contains sharp negative shifts in δ202Hg and Δ199Hg values at the LPE. These shifts are coincident with spikes in both Hg and Hg/TOC of sediments and have slightly negative Δ199Hg values and very negative δ202Hg values, consistent with influx of Hg from terrestrial sources. Grasby et al. propose that this flux is driven by massive wildfires occurring at the LPE, which would release Hg through biomass burning and subsequent soil erosion. The substantial temporal shifts in the isotopic signature of shallower Meishan sediments contrast with relatively unchanging δ202Hg and Δ199Hg values in the bathyl to near-abyssal sediments of Buchanan Lake section, despite large variations in Hg and Hg/TOC throughout that sequence. The Buchanan Lake sediments contain Hg with small positive Δ199Hg values, which Grasby et al. propose could result from the absorption of atmospheric Hg2+ by volcanic plume ash or the photoreduction of Hg2+ in the water column.
How does the evidence presented by Grasby et al. (2017) advance our understanding of Hg anomalies and their origin? First, this research clearly demonstrates that Hg anomalies, even those that appear to be part of the same global event, do not share the same isotopic fingerprint. Furthermore, despite the likelihood that both terrestrial and marine environments experienced enhanced Hg loads due to volcanism during the LPE, neither the Meishan nor the Buchanan Lake section contain Hg with the isotopic signature of what is thought to be volcanic Hg, in which no MIF would be expected (e.g., see Thibodeau et al., 2016). Instead, if the Hg anomalies in either the Buchanan Lake or Meishan sections are driven by volcanism, then environmental transformations between the points of emission and deposition have altered the original signature.
Second, these records imply that the isotopic signatures observed in modern marine sediments and associated with terrestrial runoff and atmospheric Hg2+ deposition can hold even in a world with potentially high levels of volcanic Hg in the environment. For instance, the slight positive Δ199Hg values that are present throughout the Buchanan Lake section are similar to those measured in modern and pre-anthropogenic oceanic sediments that do not receive significant continental runoff (Gehrke et al., 2009; Brown et al., 2013; Mil-Homens et al., 2013; Yin et al., 2015). Similar Hg-MIF signatures have also been measured in Hg anomalies from deep-water sequences spanning the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition (e.g., the Neuquén Basin, Argentina; see Sial et al., 2016). Taken together, these data suggest that positive Δ199Hg values may be an enduring characteristic of ocean sediments in regions that primarily receive Hg through direct atmospheric Hg2+ deposition and the Hg isotopic signatures of deep ocean sediments may not be very sensitive to Hg cycle perturbations. Conversely, large isotopic shifts in the Meishan section demonstrate that the Hg isotopic composition of near-shore sediments may be far more sensitive to changes in the Hg cycle because they receive variable proportions of their Hg from direct atmospheric and terrestrial inputs. Although different in magnitude and character, Thibodeau et al. (2016) also observe an isotopic shift in shallow shelf sediments that span the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from Muller Canyon, Nevada (USA) in concert with Hg enrichments, which were attributed to an overloading of the system with volcanic Hg from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province that swamped out the Hg-MIF signatures.
Grasby et al. (2017) have produced important and novel records of Hg isotopes across the LPE and make a compelling case for large inputs of terrestrial Hg to near-shore marine environments during this event, a finding consistent with the occurrence of massive wildfires and/or soil erosion. Taken together with previous records, this study demonstrates the power of Hg isotopes to discern the causes of the large Hg anomalies associated with times of environmental change and massive volcanism. These records also highlight how Hg anomalies for both different time periods of volcanism and different locales for the same time period of volcanism reflect changes to Hg loading and cycling that might be dependent on many factors including how the Hg is released (time, amount), where the Hg is released, whether wildfires occurred, whether Hg was also released from organic-rich rocks during magmatic emplacement, and potentially many other factors. Thus, the addition of Hg isotopes to Hg chemostratigraphy can provide new insights into the pathways through which Hg anomalies form, and thus help better resolve the relationship between volcanism, environmental change, and extinction. | <urn:uuid:5b4eba01-9cee-4e8b-8c3c-bb9579d6cab0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/45/1/95/191595/Do-mercury-isotopes-record-the-signature-of | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.912769 | 2,392 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Ah, the letter B. Such a harmless thing, don't you think? But apparently, for Critter, it was something to be wary of, to reject. I truly love his independent spirit but when it comes to schooling, it is not always an easy thing! The letter B took us two weeks to complete and once done, I changed up his schooling plans and I think it worked well with letter C (to come shortly - I am a bit behind. Starting to feel this baby wear me down a little!). So for letter B, here we go!
- acted out the creation story using the felt board I made as well as going with the flow with whatever questions that brought about.
- Continuing to memorize "Angel of God" prayer.
- Catholic ABC's (from Catholic Icing): B is for Bible bookmark, Saint of the Week: St. Bernadette (holy card, prayer)
- do-a-dot page using do-a-dot markers (the kids love these markers!)
- "B" letter hunt page - we read a cute little story and then Critter highlighted all the A's and a's he could find. The one I used is no longer available for free but is part of a K4 curriculum package.
- Read a variety of books, including our Letter B Moncure book (love these, so glad I found some on ebay a long time ago) and Chicka Chicka Boom Boom (after which we put up "B" and "b" on our coconut tree in celebration of learning the letter).
- B puzzle along with what sound it makes using the Leap Frog song (if you have the magnets, you know what I'm talking about: "The a says ahh. The a says ahh. Every letter makes a sound the a says ahh. And sometimes A."
- Bb sorting page
- Butterfly clip cards (math)
- Catholic Heritage Curricula I Can Find Letter Sounds (Letter B) and I Can Find Numbers and Shapes (square).
- Made banana pops thanks to daddy (chocolate covered frozen bananas)
- Butterfly dice game (math)
- ABC craft: letter B (Skipper did the little letters and Critter the big) and all are now hanging along their bedroom wall as a top border. | <urn:uuid:4335d556-15ed-46fe-94de-8fcec2711664> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://justlikemary.blogspot.com/2011/08/abcs-of-pre-k-letter-b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.951872 | 481 | 2.625 | 3 |
Item: Use of Snow Fences to Reduce Avalanche Hazards
Title: Use of Snow Fences to Reduce Avalanche Hazards
Proceedings: Proceedings of the 1976 International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, Alberta
- H. Norem
Abstract: In Norway, roads and buildings are, in some cases, protected from avalanches by the erection of snow fences on the windward side of avalanche areas. These fences are used as protective measures either independently or combined with supporting structures in the starting zone. In the latter case, their function is to reduce the quantities of snow in avalanche areas so that supporting structures can be dimensioned to withstand a lower load than if fences were not erected. This method is especially feasible in Norway because of our particular topographical conditions. In many cases, above the avalanche areas there are plateaus extending for several kilometers with ample space to position snow fences accumulate snow without risk of avalanches. We have achieved very good results with these snow fences. They have substantially reduced the amount of snow in the starting zone, and there has been a marked decrease in the frequency of avalanches. Although snow fences are quite effective, it must be noted that, before they are erected, a thorough analysis must be made of the amount of snowfall, the prevailing winds, and the topography, in order W determine whether fences are a suitable protective measure.
Language of Article: English
Keywords: snow fences, starting zones, topography, wind speed
Digital Abstract Not Available | <urn:uuid:120c910c-b6c8-4059-bce6-1e24aafa5d50> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item/1174 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500809686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021329-00275-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92818 | 301 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A knowledge of the calorie content of food is
important to you as an MS. Your skill in developing
healthy menus plays a critical role in the support of the
physical fitness and personal appearance of Navy
The role of the foodservice division in
meeting this need is providing lower calorie food
choices. Some low-calorie food choices include
low-calorie salad dressing; salads and relishes (raw
vegetables); skim and/or low-fat milk; fresh and/or
tamed fruit drained of syrup; lean meat, poultry, fish,
or seafood without added high-calorie sauces or gravies;
a vegetable choice without added fat; and light desserts
in smaller portions. Think-thin menus are planned using
the same principles and standards used for the general
menu and should be based on the general menu.
Think-thin menus should include all the basic menu
components while eliminating high-calorie extras such
as gravies, sauces, and toppings. Calorie content is
influenced by preparation methods and portion size.
Guidance on planning low-calorie meals, low-fat food
preparation, and think-thin portion sizes of Armed
Forces Recipe Service (AFRS) recipes is contained in
Foodservice Operations, NAVSUP P421.
There are six types of food nutrients. Most of us can
get enough of these nutrients by eating foods from the
major food groups each day. These nutrients are
PROTEINS. The chief function of protein in the
body is to supply the tissue-building material. Protein
itself is a chemically complex organic substance that
contains nitrogen in combination with carbon, oxygen,
In the process of digestion, these
substances break down into smaller units called amino
acids. These units, in turn, are rebuilt into body protein.
Certain amino acids are necessary for maintaining
growth, weight, and good health. Foods are classified
as protein foods only when they contain protein in
sufficient amounts to be of value when the food is
consumed in normal amounts.
Animal protein foods-meat, poultry, fish, eggs,
milk, and milk products, such as cheese-contain the
necessary amino acids essential to body structure. The
protein in cereals, vegetables, and legumes lacks some
of the important amino acids and alone cannot support
growth. However, vegetable proteins such as dried
beans, dried peas, and peanuts can supplement the
animal proteins, and when they are served in the proper
combination can provide all the essential amino acids
without the addition of any animal protein.
FATS. Fats provide twice as much energy and
calories as do carbohydrates or protein. Fats are
important in the diet to furnish energy, provide essential
fatty acids, transport fat-soluble vitamins and aid in their
absorption, increase palatability, and give a feeling of
fullness. However, it is becoming increasingly clear
that excessive amounts of total fat may lead to an
increased risk of coronary heart and vascular diseases.
Emphasis should be placed on planning menus toward
attainment of lower fat concentrations while
maintaining acceptability. A significant reduction of fat
can be achieved by lowering added fats during food
preparation and increasing the proportion of lean meats,
fish, poultry, skim milk, and other low-fat dairy products
in the menu.
generally low in calories and fat and high in fiber.
Complex carbohydrates are found in grains, vegetables,
and legumes such as dried beans and split peas.
Nutritionists recommend that we get at least 55- to
60-percent of our calories from complex carbohydrates.
Complex carbohydrate foods play an important role in
weight control. They supply the body with energy in a
constant, time-released manner. Since carbohydrates
supply sustained energy, athletes should get 60- to
70-percent of their calories from carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are stored in the muscles as glycogen,
which is essential for endurance. Additionally, a diet
high in the soluble fiber found in legumes, fruits,
vegetables, and some grains may play a role in lowering
MINERALS. Twenty known minerals are
essential to health. Some of the more important
minerals will be explained next.
Calcium. The most abundant mineral in the body
is calcium and, except for iron, it is the most Likely to be
inadequate in the diets of many age groups. (From the
age of 9, the diets of many girls and women may lack as
much as 25 percent to 30 percent of the calcium they
need.) Almost all calcium, and most phosphorus, which
works closely with calcium in the body, is in the bones
The rest plays a vital role in tissue and body fluids.
Soft tissue, or muscle, also has a high phosphorus
content. Calcium is required for blood to clot and for
the heart to function normally. The nervous system does
not work properly when calcium levels in the blood are | <urn:uuid:d58fe6a6-808f-43da-869b-bbd93f8233e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://navyadministration.tpub.com/14163/css/Food-Nutrients-152.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661640.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00115-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903682 | 1,070 | 3.234375 | 3 |
In gymnastics, black athletes have long been performing at the highest level and accomplishing incredible feats for the sport. Now, more than ever, their presence needs to be lifted, and their achievements spotlighted.
In addition, you can learn, educate and act from reading online resources about the Black Lives Matter movement. There’s information on both the systemic, structural and institutional racism here in the UK as well as the police brutality and racism in America.
Ahead, read through and celebrate some of our stand out black athletes and their impact on gymnastics history.
James Kanati Allen
James was the first black gymnast to be named in an Olympic team in 1968. The same year that Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated.
At a time when the Civil Rights Movement was making substantial steps in achieving equality, it was empowering to see James break into the American team. Following the games, he earned a PhD in physics from the University of Washington. He was a pioneer whose belief and dedication pathed the way for young black people to follow in his footsteps.
Luci made history by becoming the first black female to make an Olympic team. She was set to represent the United States (US) but her qualification fell in 1980. Subsequently, this was when the US and many other countries boycotted the Moscow games due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.
Although it was a bitter pill to swallow, she had an illustrious career and inspired many black gymnasts to pursue their Olympic dreams.
Jair Lynch & Dominique Dawes
Jair & Dominique, both from the USA, had their names written in history as the first black male and female to win individual Olympic medals in gymnastics. This happened in 1996 on home soil at the Atlanta games. Jair took home silver on the parallel bars while Dominique earned bronze on the floor.
With the world watching, this was an incredible showcase of what black athletes can accomplish. Both have gone on to be role models and their stories will forever inspire future generations.
Louis was the second black male gymnast to earn an individual Olympic medal in the 2008 Beijing games. While his bronze performance on pommel inspired black people all over the world, he also became a national treasure. He was the first Brit to win an Olympic medal since the women’s team in 1928.
Including the 2008 Olympics, Louis secured 20 medals for Team GB and went on to gain celebrity status on shows such as ‘Strictly Come Dancing’. His legacy will continue to see many young black people aspire to succeed.
Joe became Great Britain’s first black male gymnasts to win a World Championships gold medal. His performance in Stuttgart 2019 made him the third Brit in history to be crowned as champion and the youngest to do it, aged just 21.
Still a young man and having overcome injuries and anxieties, it’s incredible to think what else he will do to inspire and encourage more black gymnasts.
Simone is the most decorated athlete in World Championship gymnastics history with 25 medals. While being no less than an exemplary in the arena, she has also become an influencer and instilled confidence into young black people online.
Having faced her own prejudice from internet trolls, Biles joined SK-II’s ‘Beauty is #NoCompetition’ campaign, which draws attention to the toxic role physical appearance often plays in women’s sports. Being part of this, especially while in a sport historically dominated by white and Asian athletes, makes her a truly inspiring ambassador in black culture.
We must recognise these exceptional black athletes who have enriched our sport and shown resilliance in a world still with so much racial discrimination. We must never forget those who fought for the simplest of civil rights and stand together today continuing to fight for an equal society.
As an inclusive community club, we encourage you to read, listen, watch and most importantly, ask questions and talk about what is going on with those around you.
Let us continue to learn and create a better tomorrow for all. | <urn:uuid:91104ac9-6380-4342-beac-df4149be5435> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://worthinggymnastics.com/about-us/latest-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.968867 | 853 | 3.125 | 3 |
Older adults take more medication now than ever before. Statistics show that adults over 65 years old consume more than 30 percent of all medications prescribed and purchase 40 percent of all over the counter medications. Recent studies show the average person over 65 takes between two and seven prescription medications daily.
With aging, many body processes are altered and often slow down, affecting the way medications are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. These elements combine to create a greater risk of drug interactions, drug/food interactions, and side effects. Some medications will not work or have dangerous side effects when taken with other medications. Almost 40 percent of all adverse drug reactions reported each year involve people over 60 years old.
Tips to reduce adverse drug reactions
- Make sure your medications are clearly labeled and carefully follow the label instructions.
- Examine the medication itself before taking it. Check for capsules or tablets that differ from the others that are enclosed. Read the label and examine the medication at every dose.
- Review all your medications with your doctor or pharmacist at least once a year or when you start taking a new medication. Make sure that your health care provider knows about all of the medications you take. This includes all prescription, non-prescription medication, herbal medicines, dietary supplements and any other type of medication.
- Get prescriptions refilled far enough in advance to avoid running out of medication.
- Before you travel, ask your doctor or pharmacist how you should adjust your medication schedule to account for changes in time, routine and diet. Bring your doctor's and pharmacist's phone numbers with you. When flying, carry your medications with you. Do not pack them in your checked luggage.
- Before you drink alcohol or take non-prescription drugs with your prescription drugs, check with your doctor or pharmacist
- Keep a record of the medications you are taking and organize your medication schedule.
- If you are taking several different medications or if you are particularly ill, keeping a record of medication as you take it can help you use medications properly and safely. Check with your pharmacist or healthcare provider for tips on organizing and keeping track of your medications and their schedules.
- Never take medication in the dark.
- Turn on the light to ensure you have the right medication and take the correct dose. If you need glasses to read, be sure to wear them when taking medication.
- Take medications at the proper time.
- In some cases, medications should be taken either before, after or during meals. Check with your doctor or pharmacist.
- Take your medications for the entire duration they are prescribed.
- Symptoms sometimes disappear before the condition has totally cleared up. If you stop taking the medication too soon, your recovery may take longer.
- Never take more medication than prescribed
- Taking twice as much never means that you will get better twice as fast. Too high a dose may make the medication ineffective. It might even be dangerous.
- Never take any medication that has been prescribed for a friend or relative.
- The same medication may work differently for different people. Take only those prescription drugs that are prescribed for you.
- Always replace child resistant caps carefully.
- Know what your medications look like.
- If you take more than one type, be able to tell them apart by size, shape, color, number or name imprint, form (tablet or capsule) or container. If a refill of a prescription looks different than before, consult your pharmacist to make sure it is the correct medication.
- Keep all medications in their original containers and store them in a cool, dry place, away from bright light. Unless specifically instructed, do not store medications in the refrigerator.
- Never mix medications in the same container.
- Discard old medications you are no longer using. To avoid children and pets getting into them, flush them down the toilet.
- Also discard any medication if you can no longer read its label or if it is outdated. After the expiration date, the medication may lose its potency.
- Keep the poison center phone number 1-800-222-1222 available. Call them with any questions you may have about medication interactions, effects, or about overdoses and accidental poisonings.
The range of health problems that can be treated with nonprescription medications is large, and continues to grow. There are more than 100,000 over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, that you can buy without a prescription. Like prescription medications, they are serious medications that need to be taken with care. Common over-the-counter medications include pain relievers, laxatives, cold preparations and antacids. All of these can cause an adverse drug interaction when taken with prescription drugs.
Tips for Taking Over-The-Counter (OTC) Medications
- Start by always reading the label. Reading the label will tell you: What the medication is for (Indications), How to take the medication (Directions), Active ingredients and inactive ingredients (Contents), what are unusual reactions (Warnings), and Precautions for use (Precautions).
- Know what types of over-the-counter medications to avoid taking with your prescription medications. When in doubt, ask your pharmacist or doctor before you buy or use an OTC medication. Taking an OTC medication safely is too important for guesswork.
- Select over-the-counter products that will treat only the symptoms you have. Multi-ingredient products, such as combination cold remedies, may contain medication for problems you don't have.
- Take the medication EXACTLY as stated on the label. When it comes to over-the-counter medications, more is not better! Taking too much of a nonprescription medication can be harmful. Never guess the amount of medication that should be taken.
- Use extra caution when taking more than one over-the-counter drug product at a time. Always compare active ingredients before taking more than one over-the-counter medication at the same time. Many over-the-counter medications contain the same active ingredient, which means you may be getting more than the recommended dose without even knowing it.
- Don’t use over-the-counter medications after their expiration date. Dispose of all medications promptly after their expiration date and be careful not to throw them away where children or pets may find them.
- Most non-prescription medications are intended for temporary use; this is usually stated on the medication label. Talk to your doctor if taking an over-the-counter medication becomes more than a temporary practice.
Are you a hazard to your grandchildren?
A study conducted by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission states that 36 percent of childhood ingestion accidents related to prescriptions involve a grandparent’s medication. Prescriptions for older adults are some of the most toxic medications, posing the greatest threat of a tragic outcome if ingested by a child. Even the most loving grandparents can put their grandchildren in danger when they unknowingly overlook simple precautions. It is more important than ever that grandparents be familiar with poison prevention procedures.
- When visiting a home with young children, make sure medications in purses, bathroom kits, and suitcases are not available to children.
- Be careful of weekly pill minder boxes. They help to organize medication but most are not child resistant.
- If young children visit your home, remember to keep medication and household chemicals locked and out of children’s reach.
- Avoid taking medication in front of young children, they like to imitate adults.
- Only give infants and children over-the-counter medications that are especially formulated for their age and weight. | <urn:uuid:31de4007-ef9b-4841-bae1-ee48933f08a9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://iowapoison.com/prevention/prevention-for-seniors/medication-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704073244-20200704103244-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.916814 | 1,569 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Originally posted by BattleDog
Well since a black hole causes a different hyperspace shadow to a star (We've seen this with the Maw.) it follows that all those black holes will make large tracts of space unpassable.
No, the Maw has a ton of black holes close together. Gravity is what causes hyperspace shadows. Any black holes that may have formed are no closer together than the stars were.
Also keep in mind that 80% of intelligent life is not the same thing as 80% of stars. The reason for the stars being out now is the mysterious darkness that instantly shut out all light eight months ago. Also, stars have to be a certain size (larger than our sun, a medium star) to form a black hole after going supernova.
Large tracts of space are not
going to be unpassable anyway because black holes have yet to form where they will form. I base this on the fact that just scant research tells me that although many stars have been observed going nova, a black hole has never been observed forming.
As to the other thing its a Star Wars style exageration, but that said all those black holes are going to start dragging towards each other and joining up and on it will go.
I don't remember Star Wars science being exaggerated in that way. That seems like a BD-style exaggeration.
Black holes *cannot* be formed in twenty years, certainly.
And again, see what I said before about the millions to billions of years thing for the gravity of the black holes to drag each other towards each other over such vast distances...even if there were enough stars destroyed for this to happen, which looks extremely unlikely.
A comment on Hal's/Flax' quite un-Jedi-like temper/attitudes; my theory on this is their dual Jedi/Agamarian heritage - are those conflicting? This has been my observation, and I'm curious to know if you think it's an accurate one | <urn:uuid:c27795d8-2002-4829-aa1d-0048f27d264f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.lucasforums.com/showpost.php?p=1648225&postcount=99 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461332.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00047-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963011 | 407 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The city Šibenik is one of Croatia’s more historical cities whose main claim to fame are the four fortresses that lie within its vicinity. Situated at the point along the Dalmatian coast where the Krka River flows into the Adriatic Sea, Šibenik today is one of the country’s leading industrial, transport, educational and now, tourist hubs.
Šibenik is unique in amongst Adriatic towns in that unlike other urban centers in the region, it was actually founded by Croats. Most of the other present-day population centers of Croatia’s western Adriatic coast were founded by Illyrians, Greeks, Roman and other ancient peoples. The city is also known as “Krešimirov grad,” meaning Krešimir’s city after the Croatian King Krešimir who once held his court here. Due to its strategic location at the mouth of the Krka River, the city was fought over by Venetians, Byzantines and Hungarians, especially during the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1412 after much fighting, the Venetians took over the city and controlled it until 1797 when it was brought into the Habsburg Empire of Austria-Hungary, the latter ceasing to exist after World War I. Taking advantage of the post-war political vacuum along the Adriatic, the Italians overran the city and kept it until 1921 when they relinquished their claim to the newly-founded Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Šibenik would remain part of Yugoslavia until Croatia’s independence in 1991.
Today the city is one of Croatia’s more interesting historical spots with several sites of interest for visitors, a few of which are listed below.
Fortresses of Šibenik
Fortress of St. Nicholas (Tvrđava Sv. Nikole)
Once a small monastery, the little island of St. Nicholas was slowly transformed into a 32-cannon medieval battle station. This triangular island-fortress was built in the 16th century to help defend Šibenik from Ottoman attack. Now over 500 years old and in a state of restoration, the fortress is open to the public for tours.
Fortress of St. Michael
Supposedly founded in the 11th century by the Croatian King Petar Krešimir, St. Michael’s Fortress was constructed to protect Šibenik from his enemies and later upgraded during Venetian rule of the city to repel possible attacks by the Ottoman Turks. If you have the motivation and energy, you can climb up the fortress’ 200 or so steps to get an amazing panoramic view of the city and surrounding areas. At intermittent times during the year, St. Michael’s also features small concerts in its newly renovated entertainment area which seats over 1000 people.
Šubićevac Fortress (a.k.a. Barone Fortress)
This fortress was built in during the 17th-century Candia Wars between the Ottoman Turks and the Venetians, a time when Šibenik was on the war’s front line. The fortress is currently being restored and transformed into a tourist attraction that will feature an interactive audiovisual display depicting what life and war at the fortress was like during its heyday.
St. Anne’s Fortress
The Fortress of St. Anne is the oldest of the fortresses in Šibenik. Situated on a hill overlooking the city, most of the original parts of the fortress were destroyed after lightening struck a munitions dump and set the place ablaze. Today it’s basically a ruin that looks great from afar, though one can climb the hill to the top of the fortress for good views of the city below.
Cathedral of St. James (or St. Jacob)
The Cathedral of St. James (a.k.a. the Katedrala Sv Jakova) is one of the most recognizable and grand cathedrals in all of Dalmatia as well as an exquisite example of the Tuscan-Renaissance architecture that permeates much of the region. Construction started 1402 but was not completed until 1536. During that time, the construction of the cathedral was overseen by several people including Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino, a Venetian architect who was very famous in his time. Most of the Cathedral is built of limestone from nearby mines with the marble used coming from the Croatian island of Brač.
The cathedral is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Go to the main page | <urn:uuid:824aabc3-5e8e-4d88-95e3-18d8d6f13921> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.funwithcy.com/things-see-sibenik-croatia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105334.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819085604-20170819105604-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.97357 | 963 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Background Oral health can be an important element of general well-being for older people. aged 70 and old surviving in one region of Mexico Town. Frailty was thought as the current presence of three or even more of the next five elements: weight reduction, exhaustion, slowness, weakness, and low exercise. Oral health factors included self-perception of teeth’s health weighed against others of the same age group; utilization of oral services over the last calendar year, number of tooth, oral condition (edentate, edentate partially, or totally dentate), efficiency and usage of detachable incomplete or comprehensive dentures, serious periodontitis, self-reported chewing xerostomia and complications. Covariates included had been Flavopiridol HCl gender, age, many years of education, cognitive functionality, smoking status, latest falls, hospitalization, amount of medications, and comorbidity. The association between teeth and frailty variables was determined performing a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Final models had been altered by socio-demographic and wellness factors Results From the 838 individuals examined, 699 had the provided information had a need to create the criteria for diagnosis of frailty. Those who experienced a higher probability of becoming frail included ladies (OR?=?1.9), those who reported myocardial infarction (OR?=?3.8), urinary incontinence (OR?=?2.7), those who rated their oral health worse than others (OR?=?3.2), and those who did not use dental care solutions (OR?=?2.1). For each additional 12 months of age and each additional drug consumed, the probability of becoming frail improved 10% and 30%, respectively. Conclusions Utilization of dental care solutions and self-perception of oral health were associated with a higher probability of becoming frail. and the answer was quoted as follows: 0?=?hardly ever or none of the time; 1?=?some Flavopiridol HCl or a little of the time; 2?=?a moderate amount of the time; or 3?=?most of the time. Participants answering 2 (a moderate amount of the time) or 3 Flavopiridol HCl (most of Flavopiridol HCl the time) to either of these two questions were considered as frail for this criterion. ? (0C32 teeth): Number of natural teeth present in the mouth. (edentulism/partial edentulism/completely dentate): Edentulism is definitely defined as the absence of all natural teeth; partial edentulism is definitely defined as having one to 24 natural teeth; dentate is thought as having 25 tooth completely. (Yes/No): Determined through the scientific examination. Individuals were asked showing their Compact disc or Cdh15 RPD towards the examiner; both those that were utilizing dentures during the evaluation and the ones who demonstrated but didn’t use them had been categorized as denture users. (Functional/Nonfunctional): Evaluation from the balance, retention, occlusion, expansion, and integrity from the oral prosthesis, as suggested by Ettinger . Dentures declining in one or even more of the aforementioned criteria had been considered non-functional. Prostheses had been also considered non-functional when the topics expressed they did not use their detachable prostheses frequently. (Yes/No): Periodontitis status was examined utilizing a improved version from the Periodontal Testing and Documenting Index (PSR) ; we assessed the scientific attachment lack of periodontal ligament by probing six sites per teeth (distobuccal, midbuccal, mesiobuccal, mesiolingual, midlingual, and distolingual) on all tooth within the mouth, saving the best PSR rating on each teeth. We categorized each participant based on the pursuing criteria: Serious periodontitis was thought as having one or more teeth using a PSR rating of 3 (3.5C5.5 mm of attachment loss) and furcation involvement or gingival recession of 3.5mm, or at least one teeth using a PSR rating of 4 (>5.5 mm of attachment loss); the lack of serious periodontitis was described by all tooth having PSR ratings of 0 thru 3 (0C5.5 mm of attachment loss) without furcation involvement or gingival recession. The next factors had been assessed through the interview: self-perception of teeth’s health compared with various other people of the same age group (Better/Identical/Worse), usage of oral services over the last calendar year (Yes/No), xerostomia (Yes/No), and self-reported gnawing complications (Yes/No). Covariates The next socio-demographic and wellness factors had been gathered by interview: age group, gender, education level (years), current and past cigarette smoking (Yes/No); cognitive impairment as examined with the Mini-Mental Condition Evaluation (MMSE) (18/19-30) ; bladder control problems (Yes/No); falls 3 x or even more in the. | <urn:uuid:a69838a0-c297-4a3c-ade3-ddf4eb137f9d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.cell-signaling-pathways.com/2017/09/25/background-oral-health-can-be-an-important-element-of-general-well-being/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594808.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423131042-20210423161042-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.953201 | 1,079 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality and the Guideline Technical Documents (formerly known as Guideline Supporting Documents) are developed by the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water and have been published by Health Canada since 1968.
Canadian drinking water supplies are generally of excellent quality. However, water in nature is never "pure." It picks up bits and pieces of everything it comes into contact with, including minerals, silt, vegetation, fertilizers, and agricultural run-off. While most of these substances are harmless, some may pose a health risk. To address this risk, Health Canada works with the provincial and territorial governments to develop guidelines that set out the maximum acceptable concentrations of these substances in drinking water. These drinking water guidelines are designed to protect the health of the most vulnerable members of society, such as children and the elderly. The guidelines set out the basic parameters that every water system should strive to achieve in order to provide the cleanest, safest and most reliable drinking water possible.
Understanding and meeting the guidelines is an important component of a Multi-Barrier Approach to Safe Drinking Water. This approach looks at each drinking water system from the source all the way to the consumer's tap to make sure all known and potential hazards are identified and addressed so water remains free of contaminants. The drinking water guidelines can be used as markers to make sure the barriers are working and the treated drinking water is safe.
The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality deal with microbiological, chemical and radiological contaminants. They also address concerns with physical characteristics of water, such as taste and odour.
The most significant risks to people's health from drinking water come from microscopic organisms such as disease-causing bacteria, protozoa and viruses. The guidelines that relate to these microorganisms are stringent because the associated health effects can be quite severe. They can also affect health over the long-term.
Chemical and radiological substances may also be found in some drinking water supplies but these are generally only a concern if they are present above guideline levels and you are exposed to them over a period of years. New science is showing that exposure to some chemical contaminants above guideline levels may be a concern in the short-term as well.
Aesthetic quality guidelines address parameters which may affect consumer acceptance of drinking water, such as taste, odour and colour. Operational guidelines are set for parameters that may affect processes at a treatment plant or in the drinking water distribution system.
In this section you will find fact sheets on a variety of topics related to the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. The It's Your Health series is aimed at a general audience while the Water Talk series is slightly more technical
If you work in the drinking water field, this is where you will find the Summary Table of current drinking water guideline values, Guideline Documents for published guidelines, Guideline documents undergoing Public Consultation, and information on the status of drinking water guidelines. For more information on how the guidelines are developed, see the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water. | <urn:uuid:73a66123-d539-4da6-ac10-bc43935b1d55> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/water-eau/drink-potab/guide/index-eng.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827791.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00280-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940982 | 619 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Expository Essay Definition. Expository essays are truth-centered essays centered on proving their writers’ place. A assortment of unique structures can be utilized to argue for, and support, that point.
These essays are employed to expose information and facts, informing a reader about a subject using information and convincing them of the writer’s position of view. Expository essays can be used to train, advocate for a specific point of view, defend an belief, and much a lot more. When a piece of fruit is peeled, the fruit is uncovered. As a result of expository producing, the details of an argument are likewise exposed. To unlock this lesson you ought to be a Examine. com Member.
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Make your account. What is an Expository Essay?An expository essay does specifically what the identify indicates: it exposes. The key goal of an expository essay is to notify your reader and back up all your info with things like examples, graphs, charts, and data. It is structured precisely like any other essay with an introductory paragraph, which will incorporate a audio thesis statement, as well as main system paragraphs that enable to prove your thesis statement, and a conclusion paragraph that summarizes 5staressays essay all your points and wraps up your essay. The size can differ from essay to essay. The most crucial element to bear in mind when writing an expository essay is that you should not publish about your individual personalized viewpoints. An mistake happened trying to load this video clip. Try refreshing the website page, or call customer aid. You should c C reate an account to carry on observing. Register to view this lesson. As a member, you are going to also get unrestricted accessibility to more than 88,000 lessons in math, English, science, heritage, and extra.
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I experience like it truly is a lifeline. You’re on a roll. Continue to keep up the superior do the job!Just checking in. Are you still watching?0:01 What is an Expository Essay? :forty three Styles of Expository Essays 4:28 Lesson Summary. Video Quiz Class 108K sights. Types of Expository Essay. There are six main varieties of expository essays. Each type focuses on a precise design of argument supply and defense.
Descriptive essays focus on portray a holistic image of a matter. It is by means of this progress in crafting that a reader is convinced of the writer’s stage of watch, and how they realize what is being mentioned. Alternatively, in review and contrast essays, the author explores the pros and disadvantages of a particular subject matter.
By developing the execs and cons, the author ultimately can make a situation for how the topic ought to be perceived. Audience of this essay are, preferably, also certain of this feeling. The 6 main kinds of essays are:Descriptive or Definition Essays. Example matter: Outline “holistic education and learning” and describe why it ought to be made use of in kindergarten school rooms. Cause and Result Essays. Example matter: How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Americans’ social techniques?Problem and Option Essays. Example matter: How has elevated display time impacted teenager psychological well being, and how can those impacts be resolved. Compare and Contrast Essays. Example matter: What are the professionals and disadvantages of next a vegetarian diet program?Example matter: A action-by-phase tutorial to baking bread. Example subject: Discuss the a few most considerable themes from the novel Pride and Prejudice. To unlock this lesson you must be a Review. com Member. Generate your account. Expository Essay Structure. An expository essay usually has a a few-component framework: an introduction, physique paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction is anchored by a thesis assertion , which establishes what the author’s argument is, as properly as how they plan to go about defending and supporting that argument. | <urn:uuid:c945454e-3de1-4843-841c-df180bba9d20> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://teaco.nl/blog/how-to-write-an-outstanding-paper-dissertation-writing-specialists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.923216 | 955 | 2.875 | 3 |
Long-distance travel across land , ice, and sea started centuries ago, but today significant tasks of moving people and goods from point A to point B are occurring; this is so in great part from the advances in kites and kite systems designs and technology, better understanding of winds, and use of computers and GPS. In 1889 kite sailing was carefully instructed via controlling large kite systems towing boats: Aerial Apparatus
Free-flight cross-country hang gliding kites both in the hang glider style and the paraglider style are permitting trips of hundreds of miles; records are recorded by the FAI. George Pocock (inventor) was an early pioneer in kites for transportation. NASA continues to explore free-flying kites for delivering goods to earth surface and non-earth planet surfaces, including Mars. The severe projects for using very large kites to sail cargo ships is currently underway; KiteSail(tm) and KiteShip (tm) along with a series of patents and improvements in control of large ship-carried kite systems aim to save significant fuel. Kiting one's kayak is getting a significant following A. Kinsman kite kayaking tutorial.
William A. Eddy of Eddy-kite fame lifted cameras to take photographs of cities and landscapes. Today KAP is the hobby of many enthusiasts, is a tool for surveying land and animals, and a mode for artistic expression. Professor Charles Benton illustrates how KAP can grow in one's life. Scott Haefner has one of the most extensive collection of KAP phtographs; he shares his technology. San Francisco. Those who do KAP are called kapers KAP
MS Beluga Skysails is the world's first commercial container cargo ship which is partially powered by a giant computer-controlled kite (160 m². or 1,722 sq ft.). The kite could reduce fuel consumption by 20%. It was launched 17 December 2007 and is set to leave the northern German port of Bremerhaven to Guanta, Venezuela at 1700 local time (1600 GMT), January 22, 2008. Stephan Wrage, managing director of SkySails GmbH announced: "During the next few months we will finally be able to prove that our technology works in practice and significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions." Verena Frank, project manager at Beluga Shipping GmbH, SkySails GmbH's partner further stated that "the project's core concept was using wind energy as auxiliary propulsion power and using wind as a free of charge energy". Kite yachting may have started with Benjamin Franklin's pond pull. English Channel crossing.
Kites were the precursors to aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave.
Conductor carried up by a kite in the sky can lead to a high voltage shock, which can endanger people and equipment.
In Kite Fishing by the Salt-Water Natives of Mala or Malaita Island, British Solomon Islands T. W. Edge-Partington, leaf kites are described. The sago palm or ivory nut tree has leaves from which natives of Mala or Malaita Island made kites for fishing.
Frequently kites are used to entertain observers Some kiters get entertain themselves, but others enjoy entertaining the public or members of an organized gathering. This sector of application is part of recreational uses, but sometimes part of commercial uses.
Net-spreading underwater kites and kite vanes aid the control of large fishing nets. Remotely-controllable paravane Robert A. Kirby et al
There are several ways kites are used in recreatonal and sport fishing. Lofting drop lines is one, but things don't stop there. Net-spreading underwater kites, soil kites (kiting achors), kiting bait, control-kite trolling of bait, recreational kiting during fishing sessions, aerial photography of fishing environment using kites, and out and back cycles of trolling bait using a kite. Recreational fishing, commercial fishing, and scientific and military uses of depressors of tow lines use water kiting to accomplish the effects wanted. The Use of Kites for Fishing—George Webster wrote comprehensively on kite fishing. Jetty/Pier Fishing.; _ Paravanes for Sportfishing. A plan view of a Solomon islander's leaf fishing kite is shown in a photograph held by the Pitt-Rivers Museum is viewable at Natural History Magazine online; Pick from the Past, Natural History, April 1957: "Go Fly a Kite"
Kites stilled are hung decoratively in rooms of homes and businesses to set the tone of a home or selling environment.
Both air and hydro kites are used to generate electricity; the kite is set in the stream of air or water; various schemes are used to extract some of the stream's energy for converting that energy to electricity.
A major research and development project called Makani Power, based in California and funded by Google.org, is investigating the use of kites in harnessing high altitude wind currents to generate electricity.
Video links for generating electricity by using kites:
Kim Yu-Sin (or Kim Yushin), a Korean general, in 637 C.E. rallied his troops to defeat rebels by kite lofting a burning ball. Kites were also used by Admiral Yi of the Joseon (1392-1910) Dynasty of Korea. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598), Admiral Yi commanded his navy with kites. His kites had specific markings directing his fleet to perform his order. Admiral Yi was said to have over 300 such kites. The war eventually resulted in a Chinese and Korean victory; the kites played a minor role in the war's conclusion.
In more modern times the British navy also used kites to haul human lookouts high into the air to see over the horizon and possibly the enemy ships, for example with the kite developed by Samuel Franklin Cody. Barrage kites were used to protect London as well as the Pacific coast of the United States during the last century. Kites and kytoons were used for lofting communications antenna. Submarines lofted observers in rotary kites. The Rogallo parawing kite and the Jalbert parafoil kite were used for governable parachutes (free-flying kites) to deliver troops and supplies.
Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment proving that lightning is electricity. Kites were the precursors to aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave. Kites had an historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for weather forecasting. The Weather Doctor Almanac.
Collecting kited spiders with kited nets: Kites are used to take samples of upper air and to collect things found in the upper air. The spiders that kite to disperse (so-called ballooning (spider)s) have been found in nets raised to upper air for collecting ; the method is noted carefully in Spider Ballooning: Development and Evaluation of Field Trapping Methods (Araneae) Balloon kite of the so-called ballooning spiderlings; the spiders' kite is not a balloon.
Kites can also be used for radio technical purposes, either by kites carrying antennas or by using a kite, which carries up an antenna wire (for MF, LF or VLF-transmitters). This was done in the past, for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by Marconi. Captive balloons may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite carried antennas require a lot of wind, which may be not always possible with heavy equipment and a ground conductor.
Kites can be used to carry light effects such as lightsticks or battery powered lights.
Kite sailing opens several possibilities not available in traditional sailing:
The German company SkySails has developed ship-pulling kites as a supplemental power source for cargo ships, first tested in January 2008 on the ship MS Beluga Skysails. Trials on this 55 m ship have shown that, in favorable winds, the kite reduces fuel consumption by up to 30%. This system is planned to be in full commercial production late http://www.google.com/patents?id=pmVaAAAAEBAJ&dq=3326392 2008. Kites are available as an auxiliary sail or emergency spinnaker for sailing boats. Self-launching Parafoil kites are attached to the mast.
MS Beluga Skysails is the world's first commercial container cargo ship partially powered by a giant computer-controlled kite (160 m². or 1,722 sq ft.). The kite could reduce fuel consumption by 20%. It was launched on 17 December 2007 and was set to leave the northern German port of Bremerhaven to Guanta, Venezuela on January 22, 2008. Stephan Wrage, managing director of SkySails GmbH announced: "During the next few months we will finally be able to prove that our technology works in practice and significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions." Verena Frank, project manager at Beluga Shipping GmbH, SkySails GmbH's partner further stated that "the project's core concept was using wind energy as auxiliary propulsion power and using wind as a free of charge energy".
Lifting tree logs from logging fields: KITE LOGGING W. H. ROCK
There are natural kites that play a part in shaping what happens on earth. Some leaves kite to relieve wind pressures, pump fluids, and to disconnect annually to fertilize the soils. Poet Pablo Rosenblueth expressed his understanding that children see leaves as kites. Poet Marvin Bell recognized leaves are kites in his Nightworks: Poems 1962-2000. The leaf wafts kitingly in the wind held by the tethered leaf stem; when it is fall time, the leaf stem has a de-mooring disconnect process; the wind then easily interracts with the leaf to cause it to fly off the trees and into a gliding fall to the ground . There is a following of kite makers that bridle leaves to fly them again as kites .
Billions of spiders use kiting to travel or disperse (see balloon kite of spider in kite types (which is not a balloon); others use kiting to build bridge lines for their webs. Spiders hanging in the moving air on their silks are deflected to various points where they make anchor points for their web building. . . Carol Frost, biology researcher of the University of Alberta, Canada, observed kiting in spiderlings. | <urn:uuid:61925283-a053-456f-80ff-18424edf81d1> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Kite_applications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646554.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00080-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954614 | 2,278 | 3 | 3 |
I never understood the meaning of the phrase “Black Friday.” It sounds so menacing. Today, I learned all about it at a site dedicated to the origin of the day. The phrase came about in the 1960s as a signal to the start of the Christmas shopping season. Black Friday refers to stores moving from the “red”— which meant a financial loss— to the “black” — referring to a profit.
“In the 1960s, police in Philadelphia griped about the congested streets, clogged with motorists and pedestrians, calling it “Black Friday.” In a non-retail sense, it also describes a financial crisis of 1869: a stock market catastrophe set off by gold spectators who tried and failed to corner the gold market, causing the market to collapse and stocks to plummet,” reports blackfriday.com.
Now, however, new winds have been blowing into Black Friday. They are shifting the meaning from a day of shopping to a day of action. Actions on Black Friday abound, with an emphasis on protests at Walmart stores. For those of you who might balk because, perhaps, it’s the closest store around or its prices meet your pocketbook, consider this: Last year, 850,000 Walmart store workers made less than $25,000, while the company bagged $17 billion in profits. For months, Walmart employees have been risking their jobs to stand up against the weak wages they bring home, along with what they call oppressive work conditions. Many garment workers who supply clothes for the company work in dire factory conditions.
Jobs with Justice, a national network of labor unions, students, faith groups and community organizations, allows you to find the Walmart store protest closest to you. It reports that, last week, the National Labor Relations Board announced it is going forward with a national complaint against the corporation Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. for retaliating against workers who are protesting work conditions. You can sign a petition at Jobs with Justice even if you can’t attend a rally.
Another Black Friday alternative to dealing with hordes of bargain-hunting shoppers is to attend one of the many Fair Trade Festivals springing up each year as alternatives to the frenzy. In Albany County, for example, there is one in Delmar called Black Friday Fair Trade Festival, featuring goods from artisans in developing countries. Purchases help them to rebuild their lives and communities.
For those who shop traditionally, remember there is always a choice to Buy American and buy union-made. | <urn:uuid:b8a4f4a0-b975-4e63-956a-e8ac57a6e812> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://blogs.nysut.org/blog/2013/11/29/whats-with-the-black-in-black-friday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097246.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00092-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963449 | 524 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Drivers: 7 Important Facts about Texting That Could Save Your Life
by Penny M. Hagerman
In this age of convenience and modern electronics, many of us multitask behind the wheel, eating breakfast on the way to work, applying makeup in the rearview mirror, talking on our cell phones or even shaving at traffic lights.
Though we all know the dangers of taking our eyes off the road, most of us mistakenly think we can juggle those big hunks of steel we drive every day with devices like cell phones without paying the price.
We couldn’t be more wrong. For some time, researchers have been telling us to focus only on driving, quoting a greatly increased chance of accident, injury and death when we distractedly call a friend or answer a ringing cell phone.
Now, new research has revealed the most dangerous driver distraction of all: texting.
What Every Driver Should Know
A study by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, along with prior studies by Liberty Mutual Insurance and state-funded organizations located online, reveals the shocking statistics of texting behind the wheel:
- Texting while driving increases the risk of accident 23.2 times over unimpaired driving.
- Texting while driving results in longer response times than even drunken driving. While an unimpaired driver can respond quickly to changes in traffic and begin braking within half a second, a legally drunk driver needs four additional feet to begin braking—and a driver who’s texting needs 70.
- In the moments before a crash or near crash, drivers typically spend nearly five seconds looking at their mobile devices—enough time at typical highway speeds to cover more area than the length of a football field.
- Though 95 percent of drivers surveyed said texting behind the wheel was unacceptable and unsafe, at least 21 percent admit to doing it anyway.
- Especially amongst teens, texting results in erratic driving behavior, like lane weaving and speeding up and down, increasing the likelihood of hurting pedestrians and running into other vehicles.
- Texting behind the wheel is generational: 37 percent of drivers 18 to 27 admit to texting while driving, compared to 14 percent of 28 to 44 year olds, and 2 percent of 45 to 60 year olds.
- An accident can happen in two to three seconds while texting.
Play It Safe
With dangers like these in mind, what can drivers constantly bombarded by incoming text messages and phone calls do to stay safe while driving?
It’s as simple as either muting the sound or turning the phone off every time we climb in our cars. According to the American Automobile Association, doing so can actually decrease the risk of accident due to texting by 50 percent.
That means fewer accidents, injuries and deaths—and lower car insurance rates.
Resist the Urge
At the time of this writing, fourteen states and the District of Columbia have passed laws that make texting while driving illegal. In addition, lawmakers have proposed legislation that would require states to ban this dangerous combination of activities or face the loss of highway funds.
Regardless of your state’s stance on the issue, texting while driving just isn’t safe. So take these facts to heart, turn down the volume on your cell phone when you hit the road, and resist the urge to text while driving.
It might just save your life; and it could definitely save you from high auto insurance premiums! | <urn:uuid:b5fd04d0-66c4-4f47-bf9e-ccc643cf361f> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://youcomparequotes.com/index.php?mid=autofeatures&document_srl=281 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948539745.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214035620-20171214055620-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.939947 | 692 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A Liquid Asset
The ease of integrating the silicon detector with other components should make it useful in microfluidics, a hot area of biomedical research. In microfluidics, the various steps involved in preparing and testing a sample are executed on a microchip. The liquid in, say, a blood sample moves through microscopic channels, where procedures such as bursting open cells, separating their component molecules, and running tests on those molecules all happen in tiny channels.
Manalis says the silicon microchannels built by his lab can be easily incorporated into such a microfluidic scheme. His detectors, he points out, determine the contents of an extremely small volume of liquid, about 10 picoliters – roughly the volume of a single cell.
Other physicists have shown that microscopic vibrating cantilevers could be an extremely sensitive method for detecting mass, explains Manalis. “If you talk to physicists, their favorite quantity to measure is vibrational frequency because it is very easy to measure. It’s very robust, and it is very hard to interfere with.”
But previous work had encountered a seemingly insurmountable practical problem when it came to detecting biomolecules: the cantilevers had to operate in a dry environment, preferably in a vacuum. In water or any other liquid, the delicate vibrations would be instantly damped. That’s a problem, says Manalis, because the biomolecules that scientists want to detect – viruses, for example – are found in aqueous environments, such as a blood sample. In biology, he points out, “everything happens wet.”
It is here that Manalis came up with an ingenious solution. He and his colleagues hollowed out a tiny channel inside the cantilever so that small volumes of the sample would flow into it; the targeted biomolecules bind to the inner walls. The vibrations of the suspended resonator are still affected by the mass of the binding molecules, but there is no longer any surrounding fluid to damp them. | <urn:uuid:54f6a5cc-d4ce-4415-8f13-ebcfdbd4bfee> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.technologyreview.com/demo/404988/demo-sensing-success/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644059455.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025419-00217-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953585 | 413 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Why are School Libraries Important?
A school library is often the first library a child will use. School libraries ignite a passion for reading, strengthen literacy, and provide a safe space for young people to study. The trained librarian is an educational partner providing expertise in developing literacy programs that are essential for the development of a strong community.
How has a School Librarian or Library Impacted You?
When I was young I was fortunate enough to learn how to read at home. I read at an advanced level and was not challenged by material in our textbook or classroom. The librarian at my elementary school introduced me to science fiction and fantasy novels which gave me material that continue to challenge me and kept me reading throughout my primary and secondary education.
How Does the Work of School Libraries Impact Your Work as a Library Professional or Person?
As someone who works in a public library, I am often advocating to my peers and those slightly younger than me about the resources we have available. Often they did not have a school librarian and were unaware of the role that a library can play in personal education and enrichment beyond being a warehouse of books. This is leading to a decline in library support. | <urn:uuid:4435f631-5207-4ea7-b924-d11f44ff9ea7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://urbanlibrariansunite.org/erica-findley-supports-school-libraries-and-would-like-you-to-contact-your-rep-in-congress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943750.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322051607-20230322081607-00734.warc.gz | en | 0.974382 | 248 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Addressing America’s Statues of Limitations: A Monumental Undertaking
The killing of George Floyd has resulted in actions of various types against historical statues in the United States that may celebrate or demonstrate bigotry or racial bias. These actions have sparked a national conversation on what to do because of those statues.
In our opinion, the statues under scrutiny are America’s statues of limitations. They are part of America’s history. They communicate messages intentionally and unintentionally regarding the historical limitations of this nation and the persons they represent.
The statues that have been acted upon include not only the usual suspects, such as representations of Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis and Stonewall Jackson, but also of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Ulysses S. Grant. What these actions have revealed is that what is in our American memories regarding these figures may be incomplete and/or inaccurate. Consider the following examples.
Many of the statues that have been assailed fall into a category known as Lost Cause Confederate Statues or Monuments. The majority of these statutes were erected in the South in the early 20th century with the support of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Their purpose and placement were to reposition the Civil War defeat as a valiant and worthy effort, as well as to ensure that whites returned to power while black progress and the potential for integration was retarded.
White superiority and racially insensitive attitudes in the U.S. have not just been restricted to the South. In spite of all his notable accomplishments, Theodore Roosevelt considered blacks inferior to whites. There is a statue of Roosevelt mounted proudly on a horse with a Native American on one side and a Black American on the other side that has stood at the entrance to the American Museum of Natural History since 1940. Because of its hierarchical depiction, the optics of that statue have been a cause for concern and controversy for some time. On June 21, the Museum asked the city to remove Roosevelt’s statue from its entrance.
Likewise, on June 28, Princeton University decided to remove Woodrow Wilson’s name from the building that has housed the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at the University. According to Princeton President Christopher L. Eisgruber, the Board of Trustees made that decision because, “…racial thinking and policies make him an inappropriate namesake for a school or college whose scholars, students, and alumni must stand firmly against racism in all its forms.”
In 2020, the times are changing. Statues that have survived over a century are being removed, toppled, defaced, or otherwise confined, if not to the dustbin of history, to an uncertain fate. The question becomes what is the proper manner to deal with the remaining statues that for a variety of reasons may be offensive.
Some advocate destroying or warehousing them. The Washington Post advises in an editorial to make it a matter for public discussion. The Post observes that this should not be the province of “… a crowd in the middle of the night, consisting not always only of good faith protesters but also of chaos-hungry opportunists.” Instead, it recommends, these “…are determinations suited for democratic and deliberative decision-making.”
We concur with the Post’s position. We would take it one step further, though, because this is about much more than statues. This is about American history.
It is a chance to make the historical record complete and to promote learning among current generations and for generations to come. This is a teachable moment and it needs to be treated as such.
That is the point Pulitzer Prize winning art critic Holland Cotter makes in his article for the New York Times in which he writes, “…the disposal of monuments should be approached case by case…It’s necessary for history’s sake, that we first stand back, look hard and sort them out.”
In his piece, Cotter proposes that the Roosevelt statue be removed from the entrance at the National History Museum and displayed in a slightly modified version accompanied by a detailed historical examination and explanation of it in one of the Museum’s galleries. In its editorial, the Washington Post states that while some statues might go into museums, “Others might reside in an outdoor space committed to cataloging a disgraceful era; Lithuania’s Grutas Park displays more than 80 statues that communists installed when the country was controlled by the U.S.S.R.”
The importance of viewing these statues in a historical perspective is highlighted by the debate regarding the “Great Emancipator” Statue — also called the Freedmen’s’ Monument — of Abraham Lincoln in Lincoln Park in the Capitol Hill area of Washington, D.C. The statue was erected in 1876 and shows Lincoln standing with the Emancipation Proclamation in his hand over a kneeling black man who is breaking his chains.
Protesters have recently called for the removal of the monument because it does not project the proper image of the black man in relationship to Lincoln. D.C. Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton has questioned the statue’s design. And, D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser has stated that the city should debate the removal of the statue.
What makes this debate of particular import is that the iconic black leader and orator Frederick Douglass spoke at the unveiling of the Emancipation memorial. Douglass was equivocal in his praise for Lincoln in his commentary. On the one hand, he said,
… we, the colored people, newly emancipated and rejoicing in our blood-bought freedom, near the close of the first century in the life of this Republic, have now and here unveiled, set apart, and dedicated a monument of enduring granite and bronze, in every line, feature, and figure of which the men of this generation may read, and those of after-coming generations may read, something of the exalted character and great works of Abraham Lincoln, the first martyr President of the United States.
On the other hand, he said:
Abraham Lincoln was not, in the fullest sense of the word, either our man or our model. In his interests, in his associations, in his habits of thought, and in his prejudices, he was a white man. He was pre-eminently the white man’s President, entirely devoted to the welfare of white men. He was ready and willing at any time during the first years of his administration to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of humanity in the colored people to promote the welfare of the white people of this country.
What Douglass was saying was that Lincoln was not perfect and he was providing a history lesson in his dedication remarks. It is a lesson worth hearing and learning.
Most Americans have only a superficial knowledge of history and much of what we have learned has been filtered through a white lens. This is a chance to change that, not by revising or rewriting the history of the United States, but by getting history right and presenting it through a technicolor lens and in 3-D.
One of the ways this can be accomplished is by putting together a collection of photos and readings or a book on the Statues of America similar to the book John Meacham and Tim McGraw authored, Songs of America: Patriotism, Protests and the Music That Made a Nation. In his New York Times article, Holland Cotter reports that in 2019 the American Museum of Natural History produced a documentary on the Theodore Roosevelt statue “…which details the work’s history and includes commentary by contemporary ethnologists, social historians, art historians and artists.”
Imagine something comparable available to the America public for information and educational purpose. Imagine a segment of a civics or history curriculum for students in their later elementary and middle school years devoted to America’s statues, to inform and inspire them to inquire about why the statues exist, what they represent, what stories they tell, what stories they do not tell, what new stories need to be written, and how actions should be taken to address past deficiencies and discriminations.
Imagining does not change things but not imagining means that nothing ever changes. In the year 2020, the United States appears to be poised to address its statues of limitations. This should be a monumental undertaking structured to engage all concerned and caring citizens. To maximize its impact, the undertaking should reach students in classrooms when their essential knowledge, skills and dispositions, and enduring values, attitudes and beliefs are being shaped.
Properly prepared and equipped, those students will shape the nation’s future. They will create a more inclusive and perfect union. They will construct America’s statues of tomorrow as ones of opportunity and equality and not of limitations.
Originally published by the Frank Islam Institute for 21st Century Citizenship. For more information on what 21st century citizenship entails, and to see exemplars from around the world, please visit our website. | <urn:uuid:22003cba-3e7e-454f-aab2-2685a5c85aee> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://21stcenturycivics.medium.com/addressing-americas-statues-of-limitations-a-monumental-undertaking-104595c35665 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077336.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414064832-20210414094832-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.961116 | 1,848 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Hans Rosling was a statistician and doctor who was best known for presenting global development statistics with an engaging style and innovative use of graphics. Despite the success of his lectures and TED talks, Rosling felt that he wasn’t reaching enough people.
Hence Factfulness: 10 reasons we’re wrong about the world and why things are better than you think, a smart and hopeful guide to critical thinking written with his son Ola Rosling and daughter-in-law Anna Rosling Ronnlund. Published posthumously, Hans writes that “this book is my very last battle in my lifelong mission to fight devastating global ignorance.”
The book begins with a quiz about global trends. It’s online if you want to take it yourself, and Rosling has set it to students and audiences around the world. The results are always the same: people, even very clever people, don’t know anything about global development. We consistently overestimate how many people live in poverty, and underestimate the percentage of girls who go to school and how many children are vaccinated. In fact, we are not just wrong, but “systematically wrong” – the average is just 2 right answers out of 12 questions, which is worse than if we picked answers at random.
Highly educated people don’t do any better either, and politicians, journalists and academics still don’t do better than random. “Every group of people I ask thinks the world is more frightening, more violent, and more hopeless – in short, more dramatic – than it really is.”
To explain why this might be, the book looks at a series of instincts in the human brain, and how it leads us to think that things are worse than they are. For example, we leap to extremes and tend to miss the stuff in the middle. So we think of the world as either rich or poor, and miss the fact that most people live in middle-income countries. We generalise. We find a perspective that resonates – socialism, free markets, or whatever – and apply in every situation whether or not it fits.
Or take ‘the blame instinct’, the need to pin a problem to a face, which Rosling argues can lead us to miss real solutions. This instinct “steals our focus as we obsess about someone to blame, then blocks our learning because once we have decided who to punch in the face we stop looking for explanations elsewhere.” There’s a classic case of this in Britain at the moment, where we’ve had a spate of chaotic train disruptions as new timetables have come in. All the talk is of sacking CEOs, rather than the processes of timetable organisation where the answers actually lie. Everyone will feel better if ‘heads roll’, but we won’t have stopped it from happening again.
In discussing these instincts, the book sets out lots of actual facts about the world, and how progress on poverty, population, healthcare, crime and many others things is much better than most people know. That’s not done in a way that suggests everything is fine. Rosling was an activist and a humanitarian, and there’s no complacency here. Rather, recognising the facts shows us where things are working and where they’re not, and that’s vital to making good decisions.
One word of caution is that there are some well documented problems with some of the statistics used, especially how we define extreme poverty. That does complicate the rosy picture presented here, on that issue at least. But overall I don’t think it clouds the central point that false assumptions and ignorance of trends mean we easily miss progress, and focus on the the wrong things.
Along the way, the book shares stories and anecdotes from Hans Rosling’s life as a doctor in Africa, as a professor in Sweden, to being a globe-trotting ambassador for facts. He had an extraordinary life, and he is not afraid to share his failures as well as his successes. Many of his examples are times when his own instincts led him to the wrong conclusions, sometimes tragically. It gives the book the humility that it needs if you’re going to go around telling everyone that they are “devastatingly ignorant”.
The book is also very funny, and that combination of humility and humour softens the blow when one of his observations hits home. Whoever you are, it’s likely that you will identify with some of the flawed reasoning that he points out, and benefit from his advice. Assume you are not normal, Rosling tells us. Test your favourite ideas for weaknesses. Beware of simple ideas.
“Factfulness, like a healthy diet and regular exercise, can and should become part of your daily life” says Rosling. And this inspiring, entertaining and counter-cultural book will set you on your way.
I suspect that the book will be widely read, but it’s worth mentioning that the Rosling family effort has already had a massive impact on how we access data. Anna and Ola worked at Google to develop the public data search tools that I use on a regular basis myself, and for which I am very grateful. There’s more to come from them and from Gapminder. | <urn:uuid:95130cb0-9e52-4acd-9cfb-61b5b730e0a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://earthbound.report/2018/06/11/book-review-factfulness-by-hans-ola-and-anna-rosling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337446.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003231906-20221004021906-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.967802 | 1,106 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Montessori Centre of the University of Münster supports a commission of the Montessori Association including Dr. Reinhard Fischer (University of Münster), Ms Barbara Stein (Montessori Primary School Bonn) and Dr. Wilhelm Suffenplan (formerly University of Cologne). Using the results of the VERA studies of different federal states, this group has investigated the level of performance of Montessori primary schools compared to regular schools. The results for Montessori primary schools in North Rhine-Westphalia in comparison with regular schools have now been published by Dr. Wilhelm Suffenplan (Am Ludwigsacker 6d, 50374 Erftstadt, Tel/Fax: 02235/3340, email@example.com) in the double issue 1/2-2006 of the “Montessori” journal.
The analysis refers to the data collection as part of the “comparative tests (called VERA)” in 2004, where achievements of students from the fourth grade in mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, calculations concerning practical problems) and German (reading, writing — on a given topic — , orthography, contemplation of language) were examined. In this survey the involved classes were divided into four context groups with especially favourable as well as unfavourable learning conditions. The criteria for the allocation to the four groups were above all the class size as well as the boys and girls’ individual and socially caused learning difficulties. The comparability of the Montessori school classes and the regular classes was secured by careful analyses. 80 Montessori classes from 12 schools with 663 students from the fourth grade were involved.
All in all, in almost half of the 28 surveys (in the seven learning/study fields and four context groups) a significant superiority of the Montessori classes was found. The other surveys showed a trend towards superior achievements in five surveys, performances of equal value in eight surveys and in only two surveys weaker performances of the Montessori classes in relation to the corresponding groups of regular schools.
The superiority of Montessori schools was highly evident in the mathematical fields. One should also mention that advantages arose for the Montessori schools in German in both context groups with the more unfavourable learning conditions. Obviously, the Montessori Method also has a beneficial effect on boys and girls in difficult learning situations. The two weaker achievements have been made by the two groups with more favourable learning conditions in the field of writing and orthography. An important reason for these learning successes in Montessori schools probably is that the Montessori Method fosters students individually and gives them the possibility of learning by doing and comprehensive learning.
These learning conditions also offer special opportunities for the fostering of highly gifted children — as proven by a dissertation of the former colleague and now primary school teacher Esther Grindel, which was supported by the Montessori-Centre of the University, examining the learning processes of highly gifted children in the Free Work of the Montessori Method.
In order to classify these results, the findings of the international comparative survey IGLU/IGLU-E of 2002 can be consulted. This survey examined the mathematical (arithmetic, geometry and calculations concerning practical problems) and reading competence of students from the fourth grade. The students from Germany and from NRW performed averagely in this comparison. This leads to the conclusion that even from an international point of view a considerable level of achievement has been reached in Montessori schools in NRW.
These results concerning achievements of Montessori schools agree with older surveys in Germany and with current international empirical surveys. Accordingly, an empirical survey published in the USA at the end of September 2006 in the internationally renowned journal “Science” (“Evaluating Montessori Education”) shows that twelve-year-old Montessori students performed equally in mathematics as well as more diversely and more creatively in the language field (essays) and equally in the other learning/study fields. It is also important to mention that this survey shows a marked superiority of the twelve-year-old Montessori students as compared to regular students according to their social competence that has already been found with five-year-old Montessori children. Since the examined groups had been put together at random, other influencing factors like the parental home had been reduced to a large extent. This makes the results of this survey even more significant.
A different survey from the USA tested a group of about 200 students that had gone to Montessori primary schools in the fields of language and mathematics/science after a five years’ visit to a regular secondary school in comparison with a group of fellow students who had not visited Montessori primary schools. The research showed that the Montessori students achieved the same results in the language field, but better results in the field of mathematics/science than their fellow students. This refers to a long-term effect of the Montessori education that even remains when the students visit regular secondary schools. The particular findings of this American survey have been published in German in the issue 1/2-2006 of the “Montessori” journal.
In the view of the Montessori Method such positive results in the field of intellectual achievements with Montessori students are indeed welcome, but they are not an end in themselves. They are rather only the means — even if an important one — for the education of the whole personality on his way to an independently thinking, emotionally balanced and responsibly acting member of a democratic society. | <urn:uuid:3108bcc5-04fe-4cc3-8e1b-55f3912ba66a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.montessorizentrum-muenster.de/english-pages/about-us/outstanding-achievements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526401.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720004131-20190720030131-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.962156 | 1,138 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Author: Eleanor T. Robertson, Ph.D. Director, School Psychology, Trinity University
The availability of a variety of technological devices can have a positive impact on counseling and on the general functioning of students with auditory impairments. You should familiarize yourself with the options most appropriate for the child’s age and needs.
- Hearing aids may be used by the student who needs amplification. With this device, all sounds in the environment become louder to the individual with the same intensity. Individuals may hear sounds better but be unable to discriminate words well (Harris & Vanzandt, 1997). Keep this in mind as you speak to the child with a hearing aid.
- If you need to contact a student by telephone, several helpful devices are available. Telephone receivers may be equipped with a volume control that allows a person with a hearing loss to amplify incoming messages. A teletypewriter (TTY) is a device at each end of a telephone that types messages on a paper roll or displays the words on a panel screen that looks like a calculator. Phone relay services are available that provide an operator to facilitate communication between a person using a telecommunication device on their phone and someone with a regular telephone (Harris & Vanzandt, 1997).
- You may want to suggest programs or videos on specific topics. Television sets may be equipped with closed-caption devices that display sub-titles. Films are also distributed through various agencies with sub-titles.
- Be aware that teachers may utilize electronic amplification systems consisting of a microphone/transmitter for the instructor and a receiver for the student that allows personal amplification in the classroom (Harris & Vanzandt, 1997).
- To assist students in detecting situations requiring an immediate response, alarm systems using flashing lights or vibrations can be used to warn of fire, signal ringing doorbells, or provide a wake-up signal. Specially trained dogs can also be utilized to respond to sounds in the environment.
- Never touch an adaptive device without asking permission. This would be like touching a body part uninvited.
Chapter 1: The Spirit of Inclusion
Chapter 3: Technological and Medical Interventions
Chapter 4: Teaching Strategies and Accommodations
Chapter 5: Activities
Chapter 7: Counseling Students with Hearing Impairment
Chapter 8: Working with Families | <urn:uuid:ad35b11a-9d27-4a97-ab90-345f25299ee6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://sites.trinity.edu/sensoryimpariment/amplification-devices | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432237.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603050448-20200603080448-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.899173 | 477 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Liverpool Museum: slavery then and now!
Not every day of travel is fun.
Sometimes we go to places with sad, disturbing stories to tell.
Such is the case with Liverpool. This city that was home to the Beatles was also a hub of the international slave trade from the 1600s to the 1800s. Rather than leave this dark history in the past, the city has placed it front and center in a museum of its own at The Albert Dock. There people learn about the economic, social and personal implications of the Transatlantic slave trade as well as the horrible legacy of the practice. But more, they learn about slavery today.
Special Exhibit Shines Light on Slavery Today
Slavery, while outlawed in most places, still exists in many forms all over the world. Paid workers are often exploited to the point that they may as well be slaves. The special exhibit when I was there explored the current link between slavery and cotton focusing on child labor in Uzbekistan. The exhibit encourages people to make informed choices by going to retailers that reveal the origin of the cotton in the clothes they sell.
Estimated that 5000 People are Working as Slaves in London Today
In 2010 I saw a shocking film at the Toronto International Film Festival called “I Am Slave”. Based on a true story of a slave imported from Sudan, the film is described on IMDb as “A thriller set in London’s slave trade and centered on a woman’s fight for freedom”. Written by Jeremy Brock of “Last King Of Scotland” fame, this film is as riveting as it is disturbing as it is eye-opening. Below is an interview with the director, actress and the woman whose life the story is based.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
To get back to the museum, the Atlantic Slave Trade triangle involved manufactured goods going from Europe to Africa where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then taken to the Caribbean and North America and sold. That revenue was used to buy raw goods like cotton and sugar which was taken back to Europe for sale. The ships were kept full on each leg of the voyage. The museum explains the critical role that Liverpool played in the triangle as a port. Thankfully, it also points to those who voiced their objections to the slave trade.
Traveling to Liverpool and visiting the museum actually took me to three continents and four centuries. That’s the wonder of travel. | <urn:uuid:e234ba0f-5d2f-4601-ac0f-c4b4167928c2> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://solotravelerblog.com/slavery-museum-liverpool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021767149/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121607-00090-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975365 | 500 | 3 | 3 |
Blog of Dr. Miland Brown that features different aspects of world history. Not everything can be covered but sites dealing with any historical issue or topic are possible future posts. Also includes sites which discuss teaching history. Dr. Brown is an academic in North America.
Wednesday, December 07, 2016
At Pearl Harbor, This Aircraft Risked It All to Find the Japanese Fleet
It was the morning of December 7, 1941, and Navy ensign Wesley Hoyt Ruth
was having breakfast in the bachelor’s quarters on Ford Island in the
middle of Pearl Harbor, when Japanese planes roared in and began
dropping bombs. (Link to Article) | <urn:uuid:5980569f-a983-4a08-815f-7fafe47626b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2016/12/at-pearl-harbor-this-aircraft-risked-it.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.940318 | 132 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Compression algorithms benefit from pre-processing, aka filtering, which makes data more compressible. Pre-processing printable Unicode text measurably improves the overall compression ratio, thereby providing a significant benefit to compression algorithms.
Pre-processing Unicode Text
Unicode text is characterized by a pattern, which can be visualized on a Hex editor as shown in Figure 1. A printable character follows each zero (non-printable) character. Thus, even-offset characters are printable characters, while odd-offset characters are zeroes.
48 00 65 00 6C 00 6C 00 6F 00 20 00 77 00 6F 00 H.e.l.l.o. .w.o. 72 00 6C 00 64 00 21 00 r.l.d.!.
Figure 1: Unicode Text
This understanding is useful for organizing textual data. Bytes at even and odd offsets could be presented sequentially. Placing printable characters before non-printable characters could result in a display shown in Figure 2.
48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 77 6F 72 6C 64 21 00 00 00 00 Hello world!.... 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ........
Figure 2: Pre-processed Unicode Text
Compression algorithms benefit from the better organization of data. Algorithms including the LZ (Lempel-Ziv) algorithm can find matches easily, for instance, while the zeroes are more compressible because the RLE (Run-Length Encoding) algorithm can be effectively applied on them.
In this experiment, the efficiency of the pre-processor is tested using real-world and random data. Real-world data includes data from a Windows registry (.REG) file, while random data includes random printable characters. Both files have the same sizes. Six compression methods are applied to the original and pre-processed samples. Each method is manually set to the maximum compression ratio.
Real-world Data Results
Pre-processing contributes to varying degrees of compression improvements ranging from 3.72 percent to 43.87 percent as shown in Table 1. The RAR algorithm outperforms all the other algorithms for the pre-processed data. ZPAQ and ZIP:Deltate also achieve very good results. The 7z:LZMA algorithm is the most effective for the original data and still achieves good result for the pre-processed data.
|Table 1: Real-world Data Results|
Random Data Results
Findings for the random data show that ZIP and RAR achieve 16.4 percent and 11.53 percent respectively, while the pre-processor for BZip2 and ZPAQ provide negligible improvements.
|Table 2: Random Data Results|
The experiment provides conclusive evidence for the benefits of pre-processing printable Unicode text, which makes the data better organized and improves the overall compression ratio. | <urn:uuid:a166eb76-1b54-4b0b-be01-4af3ed78d86a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://suszter.com/reversingonwindows/pre-processing-printable-unicode-text-to-achieve-better-compression-ratio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583879117.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123003356-20190123025356-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.782843 | 595 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Density can be explained in diverse ways. Here you can see, according to cadastral data, the gradient of the floor-area ratios by contour lines. The kernel calculation does not give show the precise density value, but a more graphical result for large areas.
In Barcelona you can see that the most common density in the urban core is 5,5 (substantially higher than that devised by Cerdá in his 1860 extension plan). The city has an urban tissue whose density is quite homogeneous, surrounded as it is by mountains and the sea and as the core of a larger metropolitan area.
In Bogotá the density dispersion is higher. The extreme areas are located in many cases closer to the mountain ranges | <urn:uuid:c898d38f-1a8a-40b5-8286-8ab5302aa082> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://metrhispanic.com/2013/02/14/barcelona-bogota-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538431.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123191721-20210123221721-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.964028 | 149 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Robotics meets Wireless Communications: Opportunities and Challenges
View video of talk.
The 2017-2018 Pacific Views: Library Speaker Series kicks off with a talk by Professor Yasamin Mostofi (UCSB Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering) to be followed by a public reception.
Mostofi, whose research has appeared in the Huffington Post, the BBC, Daily Mail, Engadget, TechCrunch, and NSFScience360, will discuss the significance of her work with radio frequency signals.
Radio Frequency signals are everywhere these days. Can they be used for sensing? Do they carry useful information about the objects they visit? For instance, imagine two unmanned vehicles arriving behind thick concrete walls. They have no prior knowledge of the area behind these walls. But they are able to see every square inch of the invisible area through the walls, fully imaging what is on the other side with high accuracy. Can the robots achieve this with only WiFi signals and no other sensors? In another example, consider the WiFi network of a building. Can it estimate the occupancy level of the building and the spatial concentration of the people, without relying on people to carry a device? In this talk, Mostofi will discuss her latest results to achieve these goals. More specifically, she will show that it is possible to achieve x-ray vision with only WiFi signals and drones, and image details through thick concrete walls. Furthermore, she will discuss occupancy estimation where I show how to count people with only WiFi measurements.
Pacific Views: Library Speaker Series is co-sponsored by the Office of the Executive Vice Chancellor. | <urn:uuid:0bc316b9-59db-48e3-874a-724451998a62> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.library.ucsb.edu/events-exhibitions/pacific-views-library-speaker-series-presents-robotics-meets-wireless?date=2018-05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202628.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322034516-20190322060516-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.938563 | 320 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The skin is the largest organ in the body and is often the first line of defense against environmental pollutants. It is also the first thing that people notice about you.
Maintaining a basic healthy skin is essential to maintain a healthy and radiant skin.
Leafy greens like spinach, kale, and Swiss chard are some of the best foods that you can include in your diet for good skin.
Avocado is a one of the best foods for healthy skin because it is a rich source of healthy fats and antioxidants. These can help moisturize the skin and protect it from damage.
Nuts and seeds like almonds, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds are great and best foods for healthy skin because they are a rich source of healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals.
It is also a great food for glowing skin because they are a rich source of lycopene, an antioxidant that can help protect skin from damage caused by free radicals. | <urn:uuid:e0ce79e6-991f-4235-b3a7-2096397feffb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://soulskinclinic.com/web-stories/best-foods-for-healthy-skin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.952204 | 217 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This is a step by step tutorial on how to slip cast. Slip casting can be useful for making multiples of one object and to make casts that are hollow on the inside. This tutorial is demonstrating how to slip cast porcelain in an already existing plaster mold easily and efficiently. For a tutorial on how to make a plaster mold please refer to the "Plaster Mold Making" tutorial for more information.
Step 1: Materials Needed
Below You will find images of the materials needed to complete this tutorial. The materials needed are as follows:
Large Rubber Bands
Paper or plastic coffee cup
Clay Cutting Knife
1 Gallon Porcelain Slip Ware (can be purchased at The Standard Ceramic Supply (http://www.7ceramic.com/) | <urn:uuid:9284e13f-8741-4876-84c7-aa1dd86edeb5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.instructables.com/id/SlipCasting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718034.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00068-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864365 | 157 | 2.8125 | 3 |
|Born|| November 19, 1848|
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
|Died|| October 17, 1910 (aged 61)|
New Orleans, Louisiana
|Resting place||Greenwood Cemetery in New Orleans|
|Spouse(s)||Camille Hart Easton (married 1887-1910, his death)|
|Alma mater||Louisiana State University|
Easton was a son of English immigrants, Andrew and Annie Easton. He graduated in 1871 from Louisiana State University in the capital city of Baton Rouge. He taught for two years in Baton Rouge before returning to New Orleans, where he was on the faculty and became principal of Fillmore Public School. He was subsequently principal of the Magnolia, Jackson, and St. Philip schools in the Crescent City.
Easton was the state education superintendent for a single term from 1884 to 1888, during which time he worked to establish Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, then known as Louisiana Normal School for the training of teachers. After his state service, he was named by acclamation on October 11, 1888, as the superintendent for the New Orleans public schools, a system with then 414 teachers, 24,800 students, and 51 schools. At the time of Easton's death while he was still the New Orleans superintendent, there were 1,122 teachers, 38,098 students in day classes, 87 schools and 105 teachers and 4,035 students at nine night schools. Easton launched classes in music, drawing, calisthenics, shorthand, and typing. In 1889, he became the first superintendent to submit a typewritten annual report. In 1894, he instituted fire drills, and in 1906 began requiring compulsory smallpox vaccinations (no longer required). He worked to obtain regular paydays for teachers and supported a teacher retirement system. He was the organizer of the all-white Louisiana Teachers Association, of which he was the first president. With desegregation, the LTA was renamed the Louisiana Association of Educators. He was also active in the National Education Association.
Originally geared toward the education of working-class male children of New Orleans, Warren Easton High School was the first public high school in Louisiana. It did not become co-educational until 1952. It was desegregated in 1967 and became a magnet school in 1977. In 2006, after Hurricane Katrina caused the school to close for the preceding academic year, Easton reopened as a charter school.
- Warren Easton. Findagrave.com. Retrieved on September 25, 2017.
- "Easton, Warren", A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography. Louisiana Historical Association. Retrieved on September 25, 2017.
- New Orleans Daily Picayune, October 18, 1910.
- Warren Easton Charter Hiugh School: School History. Warreneastoncharterhigh.org. Retrieved on September 25, 2017. | <urn:uuid:5462cd39-c2a7-4101-aa07-8862c165f39d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Warren_Easton | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156270.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919180955-20180919200955-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.963721 | 596 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Part of speech:
The definition of future is something that is going to happen.
The definition of next is just before or after.
To gain (a prize) by succeeding in competition or contest.
To gain victory or success; win mastery
To get the better of; conquer; overcome
Rise is defined as to wake up, stand up, go to a higher place or increase in amount.
To gain or obtain as the reward of action, conduct, work, etc.
To succeed, thrive, grow, etc. in a vigorous way
To produce or achieve the desired effect; be effective; succeed
To be victorious; win
To master is defined as to become an expert in something or to gain control over something or someone.
Flourish is defined as to grow well, to succeed, to make big wave-like movements.
To produce a click or series of clicks.
To gain as an objective; achieve:
To achieve success or recognition:
The definition of achieve means to accomplish a goal or to do something you set out to do.
To bring to an issue of full success; to effect; to perform; to execute fully; to fulfill; as, to accomplish a design, an object, a promise.
Result is defined as to happen or end in a certain way as a consequence of something else.
(Chemistry) To replace (an atom, radical, ion, or molecule) in a compound during a reaction.
To be subsequent to
To cause to be set aside or dropped from use as inferior or obsolete and replaced by something else
To remove or uproot in order to replace with something else
To be worthy of.
Vanquish is defined as to defeat or overcome.
To go over the top of (a rise of ground, etc.)
To be at the top of; surmount
To outmaneuver is defined as to defeat an opponent or to move faster than the opponent.
To get the better of; defeat
To put an end to forcibly; subdue:
To bring into a certain order; systematize
To be of use or advantage to; help:
To leave behind or get ahead of, as in a race
To get possession or control of by or as by winning a war
To gain strong influence or control over; dominate
(--- Sports) To catch or get possession of (a pass or a kicked ball, for example).
To come to; reach:
To benefit is defined as to be helpful to others, or to receive help from others.
To reproduce convincingly.
To come to have as one's own; get possession of
The definition of obtain is to get or acquire.
To get hold or possession of; obtain; acquire
To add up to; come to
To go after and bring:
Go is defined as to move or leave.
To regulate as to time; to accompany, or agree with, in time of movement.
Find another word for succeeding. In this page you can discover 61 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for succeeding, like: ensuing, following after, next in order, following, future, next, preceding, winning, working, triumphing and thriving. | <urn:uuid:f492662d-467a-49db-bb2d-10ffb6165add> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://thesaurus.yourdictionary.com/succeeding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889651.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025183844-20201025213844-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.940485 | 678 | 2.796875 | 3 |
As we use digital technology, we’re continually accumulating digital “stuff”: we take pictures, write documents, record videos, purchase music, acquire software, and much much more.
All of this digital data is either accumulating on our systems, or worse: getting lost.
In the past, we’ve had a very clear concept of how we could store the physical counterparts to today’s data. They were visible and we could move them about as our needs dictated: place them on a shelf next to the TV or store them in a box in the attic.
Digital data requires that we think a little differently about storage.
I want to introduce you to archiving.
To begin with, it’s important to realize that archiving is not the same as backing up. Not at all.
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Archiving – what it is
Archiving is nothing more than the process of moving (or copying) digital data that you want to keep for “a long time” to some appropriate device, location, or storage medium.
I’ll use photographs as my example as photos are one of the most common forms of digital data that we’re all now accumulating over time. The concepts will apply to pretty much anything: music, documents, videos, software … any type of digital data that:
- You want to keep for an extended period of time
- Accumulates over time
By necessity, many of the specifics are intentionally vague. What’s an “extended period of time,” for example? Only you can decide that. But that’s also why I choose photographs as my example. For many people, the answer is “forever.”
Archiving in practical terms
When you take photographs with your digital camera, you :
- Leave them on the camera
- Copy or move them to somewhere on your computer
Leaving them on only one camera is bad for a whole host of reasons (such as losing the camera and everything on it). At a minimum, archiving your photos begins by copying them to your computer.
In rare cases, that may be enough. Perhaps you don’t take many pictures, perhaps you’ll keep your computer longer than you envision ever wanting the photos. Either way, having them on the computer might be enough. (And yes, this assumes the computer is backed up – more on that in a moment.)
I’m of the opinion that it’s not enough.
As you accumulate more photos, keeping them on your computer is going to become impractical for a few reasons. The biggest reason is disk space: with the increasing resolution and quality of digital photos over time, the files are getting bigger every year. If you take any reasonable number of photos, the amount of space taken can add up quickly. If you add videos into the mix, things get even worse.
There’s also the issue of finding photos that you want. Browsing through a few dozen photos for that one special picture that you remember taking last year is one thing. Browsing through a few thousand that have accumulated over the past decade is something else entirely.
In my opinion the thing to do is to copy all, or move a portion, of your digital photo collection somewhere else.
When it comes to archiving, there are several options, depending on your situation.
- External storage. I keep my entire 232-gigabyte collection of digital photographs1 on a network-attached-storage device, which is essentially nothing more than a really big external drive accessed over my local network. External drives are actually a particularly convenient approach to archiving.
- Online storage. Photo-sharing sites like Flickr, Picasa, and others can provide one approach to archiving your photographs, if you have the bandwidth to upload them, and your plan with these services includes an appropriate amount of storage. You can archive everything (my recommendation) or only those things that “make the cut,” so to speak. My biggest concern with online archival is that its too easy to fail to archive something you might want later.
- Offline storage. Burning your photos and videos to CDs, DVDs, or other offline storage media are one common option. Besides being a bit of a hassle to create and later retrieve, optical media may not be the most appropriate for truly long term archival, as the media can degrade over time. These days, if this is the direction you’re considering, I’d actually recommend an external hard drive instead.
- Another computer. There are two ways to use a second computer as your archive: one is to set it up as a computer specifically dedicated to that task. Give it a large hard disk, organize some folders on it, and periodically download or copy over whatever it is you want to keep long term. The other approach is to simply share a folder on its hard disk to the local network where it can be used exactly as an external drive described above by the other computers on your network. (The not-so-secret, of course, is that the net result on that computer’s hard disk is pretty much the same either way.)
Regardless of which approach you use, the key is to have this conceptual “other place” that is the official repository for a complete collection of your digital data, thus freeing up your computer – and to some extent your mind – from having to worry about, contain, or browse through absolutely everything.
You can choose to keep copies of some subset in more conveniently accessible locations. For example, while my 232 GB photo collection sits on another machine on my LAN and is thus a little slower to access, I keep a copy of a smaller subset – the last three years of photos – directly on my computer for quicker access.
What archiving is not
Archiving is not backing up, and it is not a substitute for backing up.
In fact, it’s very likely that you need to backup your archives.
Remember the “golden rule” about data and backups: if it’s in only one place, it’s not backed up.
If that “one place” failed or went away, then everything it contained could potentially disappear instantly and permanently. If you’ve moved all of your photos to some kind of archive device, and that’s the only place they live, then they’re not backed up.
They should be.
Recall that in my scenario, I have 232 gigabytes of digital photos in my archive. I do have a subset on my computer, so in a sense those are backed up, but what about the rest?
If you’re considering archiving, make sure not to leave backups behind. Putting all of your eggs in any single basket is simply asking for trouble.
Isn’t this just one more thing to manage?
Well, yes. In a way, it is.
And I’m not saying that you must do this.
What I hope is that you’ll look at the collection of accumulating data that you have and make a conscious decision on how you want to handle it before it grows to be completely unmanageable, and perhaps even inadvertently lost.
If you feel that having five to ten or more years of photographs (or videos or documents or …) on your computer in whatever organization or lack thereof you happen to use is sufficient, then please, carry on – as long as you’re backed up, of course.
On the other hand, if you realize that you have a lot of data and you’re not sure how you’d ever find something in it (in fact, you’re not really even sure where it all is), then it’s time to think about managing your data so it is more organized, easier to use and find, and such that you’ll not lose anything.
In other words, it’s time to consider an archive strategy. | <urn:uuid:46a984bc-f025-4f8d-a4dc-c4d5633d769f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://askleo.com/archiving-what-it-is-and-why-you-need-to-start/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738746.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811090050-20200811120050-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.950067 | 1,682 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Compiler Tools and Libraries
In order to compile programs for the emulator, you need several packages. Run these commands to install them:
sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential qt5-default clang-format-6.0 zip python3-pip x11-apps
Note: If you are using Ubuntu 22, replace
If you want to compile programs to run on the board, you will need the ARM GCC compiler, the Python serial library, and the openocd programmer. If you are only using the emulator you can skip this step.
sudo apt install gcc-arm-none-eabi python3-serial xterm openocd
The version of CMake that is available with Ubuntu is too old. Run this to update to a newer version:
sudo pip3 install --upgrade cmake
Test your new cmake version, and make sure it is at least 3.14.5:
If you are using the WSL terminal on Windows, you still install the Windows version of VSCode. After you install it, run it. There should be a popup suggesting you install the ‘Remote WSL’ package. Install it, then close VS Code.
Verifying installation: Open your Linux terminal and run
code to make sure it opens VS Code.
X-Windows (WSL with emulator only)
In order to display graphical Linux programs from Windows, you need to run an X-Windows server.
If you only want to run on the board, and never run the emulator, you can skip this step. Or, if you are running Linux and not WSL on Windows, you can skip this step.
Otherwise, install an X server. | <urn:uuid:4d45f9fc-7866-4081-b7e8-cc53c98b370b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://byu-cpe.github.io/ecen330/setup/linux/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.827086 | 379 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You may have never even considered that your house has a central point to shut off the water, but it’s something you should locate long before you need it.
Whether or not you’ve ever used it, somewhere in the bowels of your home—be it in a utility closet, basement, crawlspace, or even in a service box outside—there is a valve that shuts off the flow of water from the street (or well) to the rest of the interior plumbing.
While you can stop a leak closer to the source (turning off the valves under the sink, for example), the surest way to stop any leak is to close the valve where it enters your home.
Although the valve can look different depending on the age of your home (it might have a wheel-style handle like those commonly found on outdoor spigots), the bar-style valve seen above is the most common modern design. You simply turn the valve so that the handle is perpendicular to the pipe to stop the flow of water.
Whatever design your shut-off valve has, locate the valve and test it out (to ensure it works correctly) before you’re frantically trying to stop the dishwasher from flooding the kitchen. | <urn:uuid:5bf6bdb9-6fff-43e2-bf34-fdd6edc8b7d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.lifesavvy.com/7124/locate-your-water-shutoff-valve-today-to-prevent-flooding-tomorrow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149819.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714083206-20200714113206-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.931235 | 253 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The exact origin of the Collie is unknown, but it was descended from generations of hard-working herding dogs.
For centuries the rough-coated Collie was hardly known outside Scotland. Early rough Collies were smaller, with broader heads and shorter muzzles. The dogs were used for water rescue, herders, guiding cows and sheep to market and for guarding the flock in Scotland and England. The breed's name probably comes from its charge; the Scottish black-faced sheep called the Colley.
In the 1860s Queen Victoria kept Collies at Balmoral Castle in Scotland, making the dogs very popular. J.P. Morgan, along with other wealthy people, has owned Collies. In the late 1800s the Collie was mixed with the Borzoi, and all show dogs had to have the Borzoi blood for them to win in the show ring. The working dogs separated, branched out and became the different breeds (with the Scotch Collie remaining) and the show type became what we see now, the large dogs with flatter faces.
The rough Collie is much more popular than the smooth Collie. The smooth Collie is more popular in Great Britain than it is in the United States, but is gaining some popularity in the States. The smooth Collie is the same as the rough Collie, but without the long coat. The AKC considers the rough and smooth Collies as variations on the same breed and they are judged by the same standard with the exception of the coat. The first Collie was presented at a dog show in 1860.
The Collie was recognized by the AKC in 1885. The Collie is well known for its role in the movie "Lassie," featuring a rough-coated Collie as the main character.
Collies are very polite, quick, and sharp minded dogs with a sweet temperament. It is quite easy to train these dogs as they are smart and have great grasping power. They can serve as outstanding herding dogs and family pet. Due to their friendly nature, they get along with other animals very well. They are possessive, caring, and very defensive of people whom he/ she love.
This breed is completely devoted to his/her master. Besides being an amazing family pet, Collies also makes a wonderful companion of children. This is a gentle, obedient pet that simply loves to play around especially with children. They like playing games such as tug of war, hide and seek.
Collies are highly sensitive dogs. If at any point of time they have done something wrong then they should not be shown rude behavior by their master. What is required at that time is, to show them what they were supposed to do and they will understand. These dogs are very social and love to be surrounded with people or with other animals. They shouldn't be left alone, as they get bored easily. Collies require proper time and attention of their master. These dogs become very happy and lively when they get proper care and attention of their master.
Collies are generally very cautious of strangers. These dogs love to bark at strangers who look suspicious and can behave violently at certain situations. They are always alert of everything happening around in their environment. Sometimes, they can bark too much making the situation uncomfortable so they should be trained to bark less.
Though Collies are known to be a very healthy breed but they are prone to some serious and common diseases. Some of the severe kinds of problems, which collies can suffer from, are:
PRA (progressive retinal atrophy), which means a stage where the cells of the retina, starts dying at a faster rate. PRA occurs to those collies who are suffering from genetic disorders. If not treated upon then it can lead to loss of vision.
Then there are diseases like:
Collie nose, that is why collies nose tip is very sensitive to sun.
Besides all these, they can also suffer from hip dysplasia which can lead to arthritis.
The rough collies, which have hard coat, need extra attention and care as compared to smooth collies. Their coat shed mud and filth quite often so they need through cleaning and brushing weekly to keep them look good and healthy. Smooth collies are on the other hand easy to groom though they also need to be brushed and bathed. These can be brushed in the time period of one to two weeks.
Collies shed greatly almost twice a year. People who want to have Collies but don't want much grooming, they should go for Smooth Collies, which doesn't require much grooming due to their short and smooth coat.
Collies needs frequent exercise otherwise he/she will become lazy. They should be taken to long walks daily to cheer them up.
Collies are very agile and easy to train dogs. They demand proper training full of activity and challenges. These dogs need a physical workout of about 60-80 minutes per day. They don't like repetitions in method of training as they become bore easily due to which they can turn lethargic. So Collies need interesting and motivating review sessions, which can force them to utilize their energy and skill.
So, if you are having a Collie or Desire to have one then you have to be very patient and friendly with proper time and attention required for Collies. And if you have children, then it can serve as an added advantage as Collies love to be in company of Children. Take very good care of your Collie who just want love in return of love. | <urn:uuid:6f271bad-ed69-48f8-b723-ee846a02bcc2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://savearescue.org/breed/collie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319081701-20180319101701-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.983319 | 1,140 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Heckscher – Ohlin’s Theory of International Trade with its Assumption!
The classical comparative cost theory did not satisfactorily explain why comparative costs of producing various commodities differ as between different countries. The new theory propounded by Heckscher and Ohlin went deeper into the underlying forces which cause differences in comparative costs.
They explained that it is differences in factor endowments of different countries and different factor-proportions needed for producing different commodities that account for difference in comparative costs.
This new theory is therefore-called Heckseher-Ohlin theory of international trade. Since there is wide agreement among modern economists about the explanation of international trade offered by Heckscher and Ohlin this theory is also called modern theory of international trade. Further, since this theory is based on general equilibrium analysis of price determination, this is also known as General Equilibrium Theory of International Trade.
It is worthwhile to note that, contrary to the viewpoint of classical economists, Ohlin asserts that there does not exist any basic difference between the domestic (inter-regional) trade and international trade. Indeed, according to him, international trade is only a special case of inter-regional trade.
Thus, Ohlin asserts that it is not the cost of transport which distinguishes international trade from domestic trade, for transport cost is present in the domestic inter-regional trade. Trade because currencies of different countries are related to each other through foreign exchange rates which determine the value or purchasing power of different currencies.
Ohlin, therefore, regards different nations as mere regions separated from each other by national frontiers, different languages and customs, etc. But these differences are not such that prevent the occurrence of trade between nations. He, therefore, asserts that general theory of value which can be applied to explain interregional trade can also be applied equally well to explain international trade.
According to general equilibrium theory of value, relative prices of commodious are determined by demand for and supply of them. In the long-run equilibrium under conditions of perfect competition, relative prices of commodities, as determined by demand and supply, are equal to average cost of production.
The cost of production of a commodity, as is well-known, depends upon the prices paid for the factors of production employed in the production of that commodity. Factor prices in turn determine the incomes of the factor owners and hence the demand for goods.
Thus there is mutual inter-dependence between prices of commodities and prices of factors and the exchange of goods and factors between different individuals in a region or country. This is how general equilibrium theory of value explains prices of commodities and factors between different individuals in a region or a country.
However, according to Ohlin, the classical analysis presumes it to apply to a single market in a country and ignores the space factor whose introduction is crucial for explanation of trade between regions. The factors which explain the trade between different regions also explain the trade between different nations or countries as well.
According to Ricardo and other classical economists, international trade is based on differences in comparative costs. It is important to note that Heckscher and Ohlin agreed with this fundamental proposition and only elaborated this by explaining the factors which cause differences in comparative costs of commodities between different regions or countries. Ricardo and others who followed him explained differences in comparative costs as arising from differences in skill and efficiency of labour alone.
This is not a satisfactory explanation of differences in comparative cots. Ohlin pointed out more significant factors, namely, differences in factor endowments of the nations and difference in factor proportions of producing different commodities, which account for differences in comparative costs and hence from the ultimate basis of inter-regional or international trade.
Thus, Heckscher-Ohlin theory does not contradict and supplant the comparative cost theory but supplements it by offering sufficiently satisfactory explanation of what causes differences in comparative costs.
According to Ohlin, the underlying forces behind differences in comparative costs are two- fold:
1. The different regions or countries have different factor endowments.
2. The different goods require different factor-proportions for their production.
It is a well-known fact that various countries (regions) are differently endowed with productive factors required for production of goods. Some countries posses relatively more capital, some relatively more labour, and some relatively more land.
The factor which is relatively abundant in a country will tend to have a lower price and the factor which is relatively scarce will tend to have a higher price. Thus, according to Ohlin, factor endowments and factor prices are intimately associated with each other, Suppose K stands for the availability or supply of capital in a country, PL for that of labour and PK for price of capital and PL for the price of labour.
Further, take two countries A and 5; in country A capital is relatively abundant and labour is relatively scarce. The reverse is the case in country B. Given these factor-endowments, in country capital will be relatively cheaper.
In symbolic terms:
Thus the differences in factor endowments cause differences in factor prices and therefore account for differences in comparative costs of producing different commodities.
Together with the difference in factor-endowments, differences in factor proportions required for the production of different commodities also constitute an important force underlying differences in comparative costs as between different countries. Some commodities are such that their production requires relatively more capital than other factors; they are therefore called capital- intensive commodities.
Still other commodities require relatively more land than capital and labour and are therefore called land-intensive commodities. These differences in factor-productions (or what is also called differences in factor-intensities) needed for the production of different commodities account for differences in comparative costs of producing different commodities. The differences in comparative costs of producing different commodities lead to the differences in market prices of different commodities in different countries.
It follows from above that some countries have a comparative advantage in the production of a commodity for which the required factors are found in abundance and comparative disadvantage in the production of a commodity for which the required factors are not available in sufficient quantities.
Thus a country A which has a relative abundance of capital and relative scarcity of labour will have a comparative advantage in specialising in the production of capital-intensive commodities and in return will import labour-intensive goods. This is because (PK/PL)A < (PK/PL)B.
On the other hand, a labour-abundant country B with a scarcity of capital will have a comparative advantage in specialising in the production of labour-intensive commodities and export some quantities of them and in exchange for import capital-intensive commodities. This is because in this country (PL/PK)B < (PL/PK)A .
If factor endowments in the two countries are the same and factor-productions used in the production of different commodities do not different there will be no differences in relative factor prices [ i.e., (PK/PL)A < (PK/PL)B] which will mean differences in comparative costs of producing commodities in the two countries will be non-existent. In this situation the countries will not gain from entering into trade with each other.
Let us graphically explain the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade. Take two countries U.S.A. and India. Assume that there is a relative abundance of capital and scarcity of labour in U.S.A. and, on the contrary, there is a relative abundance of labour and scarcity of capital in India. (This is the real situation as well).
Given these factor endowments we have drawn the production possibility curves (also known as transformation curves) between two commodities, cloth and machines of the two countries, U.S.A. and India in Fig. 44.1 and 44.2 respectively.
Since the two countries have different factor endowments their production possibility curves will differ. As will be seen from Fig. 44.1, the production possibility curve AB of U.S.A. shows that given its factor endowments, U.S.A. can produce relatively more of capital-intensive commodity machines and relatively less of labour-intensive commodity cloth. On the contrary, as will be seen from Fig. 44.2 with given factor endowments, India can produce relatively more of labour-intensive commodity cloth and relatively less of capital-intensive commodity machines.
In the absence of foreign trade, equilibrium in each country would be determined by the following rule:
MRTMC=MRSMC = PM/PC
Where MRS stands for a marginal rate of transformation of machines into cloth, MRSMC for marginal rate of substitution of machines for cloth and PM/PC for the price ratio between the machines and cloth.
In the geometric terms, the above rule implies that in the absence of foreign trade the production and consumption in the two countries would take place at the tangency point of the given production possibility curve with the highest possible community indifference curve.
It will be observed from Figure 44.1 that in the absence of trade, U.S.A. will be in equilibrium position with production and consumption at point R where its production possibility curve AB is tangent to its community indifference curve II. The tangent pp to the production possibility curve AB and the community indifference curve II at point R indicate the ratio of price of the two commodities (i.e. the domestic rate of exchange) before trade in U.S.A.
As regards India, as shown in Figure 44.2 before trade, she will be in equilibrium with production and consumption at point Q at which its production possibility curve is tangent to its community indifference curve II. Tangent pp at point Q to its production possibility curve EF and the community indifference curve II shows the domestic rate of exchange of two commodities before foreign trade.
It will be seen from Figures 44.1 and 44.2 that the price ratio (rate of exchange) of the two commodities in the two countries differs (slopes of tangents pp in them vary). It will therefore pay the two countries to enter into trade with each other.
Suppose, the terms of trade, that is, the ratio of exchange of goods between the two countries is given by the line tt. It will be observed that with terms of trade line tt, U.S.A. will be in equilibrium from the view point of production at point R’ at which the terms of trade line tt is tangent to its production possibility curve AB.
However, its consumption point after trade is C which is determined by the tangency of the terms of trade line tt with the community indifference curve III. It will be seen from Figure 44.1 that in U.S.A. the consumption point C after trade lies at a higher indifference curve than before trade indicating the gain from trade it obtains.
The consumption point C of U.S.A. as compared to its production point R’ after trade reveals that U.S.A. produces HR’ more of machines and HC less of cloth than it consumes domestically. Thus U.S.A. will export HR’ of machines and import HC of cloth.
As regards India, it is evident from Figure 44.2 that as a result of trade its production point will shift to point Q’ where its product possibility curve EF is tangent to the terms of trade line tt. After trade, consumption in India will take place at point C at which the terms of trade line tt is tangent to its community indifference curve III.
As a result of trade India has also gained as she has reached a higher community indifference curve. Thus after trade with the production point Q’ and consumption point C, India will produce SQ’ more of cloth and SC less of machines than it consumes at home. Thus India will export SQ’ of cloth and import SC of machines.
It follows from above that due to differences in factor endowments in U.S.A. and India and also due to different factor proportions required for the production of different commodities the basis for trade between the two countries exists and both would gain from trade by specialising in the production of commodities which require factors in respect of which they are well endowed and will import those commodities which need factors which are relatively in scarce supply.
Equalisation of Factor Prices:
As explained above, trade takes place when relative prices of commodities differ between countries due to difference in comparative costs. The volume of trade goes on expanding until the differences in relative prices of commodities (ignoring transport costs) are eliminated.
Thus, in the absence of transport costs and tariffs, the effect of trade would be to equalise the relative commodity prices in the trading countries. For instance, in the example given above, as a result of trading between U.S.A. and India under the given conditions, the exports of machines to India by the U.S. A will lower the prices of machines in India and raise them in U.S.A.
This is because before opening up of trade, the price of machines was relatively high in India as compared to that in U.S.A. Now, with the increase in supply of machines in India due to their imports from U.S.A., their prices will fall.
On the other hand, prices of machines in U.S.A. will rise due to the reduced supply in the domestic market than before as a result of their exports to India. Thus the prices of machines would tend to rise in U.S.A. and those in India would tend to fall.
The flow of trade would continue expanding until the prices of machines in the two countries (in the absence of transport costs and tariffs) would become equal. Likewise, the price of cloth which before trade is lower in India than in U.S.A. would tend to become equal in the two countries following the opening up of trade between them.
Equalisation of factor prices:
It is important to note that trade tends to equalise not only commodity prices but also factor prices. The exports of a product using the abundant factor by a country will cause the demand for that factor to increase and thereby make it relatively less abundant and raise its price. On the other hand, the imports of a product embodying large amounts of relatively scarce factor would make it less scarce and tend to lower its price. Thus changes in factor prices following the trade of commodities between the two countries result in equalisation of factor prices in them.
Let us take an example. As noted above, in U.S.A. capital is relatively abundant and cheap whereas labour is relatively scarce and expensive. On the contrary, in India labour is relatively abundant and cheap whereas capital is scarce and expensive.
With these factor endowments it will pay India to export labour-intensive commodity cloth which can produce it at a cheaper price and in exchange to import capital-intensive commodity machines from U.S.A. which can produce them at a lower price.
As a result of this trade, the demand for labour in India would increase and its price would tend to increase. Now, with the imports of labour-intensive commodity cloth by U.S.A. and concentrating its more resources on production of capital-intensive machines, the demand for labour in U.S.A. would decrease and its price would tend to fall.
Thus, other things remaining the same, the price of labour in India and U.S.A. would tend to become equal after opening up of trade between the two countries. The same applies to the price of capital. To sum up, according to Heckscher- Ohlin theory, free trading of commodities between the two countries results in equalisation of factor prices. If factors were mobile between countries, then the free movement of factors from one country to another would have equalised their prices.
But in actual practice factors lack interregional and international mobility. Therefore, in absence of trade of commodities, factor prices would not tend to the become equal in the different countries. Thus Ohlin argues that what would have been accomplished through free movement of factors between countries is indirectly accomplished through movement of commodities embodying different factor-proportions. Indeed, according to Ohlin, international trade in commodities serves as a substitute for international mobility of factors.
It is worthwhile to note that trade would achieve complete factor price equalisation only when some conditions and assumptions are fulfilled. It is also realised that these conditions and assumptions are quite restrictive so that in actual practice differences in factor-prices are not completely eliminated.
The conditions and assumptions underlying the factor-price equalisation theorem are:
1. Tastes, that is, demand pattern for commodities, are the same.
2. It is the supply conditions of the factors which are different in different countries and no qualitative differences prevail in them. This implies that the level of technological progress is the same in the different countries.
3. Production function of each commodity is the same in the different countries and is of a simple character, that is, it is either capital-intensive, or labour-intensive. In other words, production functions of commodities provide a limited degree of factor substitution.
4. There are no restrictions on trade in the form of tariffs and quotas in the trading countries.
5. There are no transport costs.
6. There exists perfect competition in the commodity market as well as in factor markets in each region or country.
Since in the real world, above conditions are not fulfilled, complete factor price equalisation does not take place. However, this does not invalidate the factor price equalisation theorem. Indeed, every theory is based upon some assumptions. What this theory asserts is that, given the above conditions, factor prices would become equal. To the extent these conditions do not exist, factor prices will remain unequal even after trade takes place between the countries.
Critical Evaluation of Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of International Trade:
Heckscher and Ohlin theory has made invaluable contributions to the explanation of international trade. Though this theory accepts comparative costs as the basis of international trade, it makes several improvements in the classical comparative cost theory.
First, it rescued the theory of international trade from the grip of labour theory of value and based it on the general equilibrium theory of value according to which both demand and supply conditions determine the prices of goods and factors.
Second, Heckscher-Ohlin theory removes the difference between international trade and inter-regional trade, for the factors determining the two are the same.
Third, a significant improvement is the explanation offered for difference in comparative costs of commodities between trading countries. Ricardo thought that the differences in labour efficiency alone accounted for the differences in comparative costs.
According to Heckscher and Ohlin, as seen above, the differences in factor-endowments of the countries and also the differences in factor proportions required for producing various commodities explain differences in comparative costs and hence from the ultimate basis of international trade. These reasons advanced by Heckscher and Ohlin for differences in comparative costs of commodities in different countries are considered to be broadly true.
Fourth, as has been pointed out by Prof. Lancaster, Heckscher-Ohlin model provides a satisfactory picture of the future of foreign trade. According to the Ricardian theory, international trade exists because of differences in skill and efficiency of labour alone.
This implies that as there is transmission of knowledge between the countries so that they master the techniques and skills of each other, then differences in comparative costs would cease to exist and as a result international trade would come to an end. But this is not likely to occur despite the fact that transmission of knowledge and techniques has greatly increased these days.
Heckscher and Ohlin explain that international trade is due to the differences in factor-endowments (i.e. differences in supplies of all factors and not only of labour efficiency) and different factor-proportions required for different commodities.
Since the factors such as land and other natural resources lack mobility, international trade would not cease to exist even if there is perfect transmission of knowledge between the countries.
Despite the above merits of Heckscher-Ohlin theory, it has some shortcomings which are briefly discussed below:
1. In the Heckscher-Ohlin theory:
It has been assumed that relative factor prices reflect the relative supplies of factors. That is, a factor which is found in abundance in a country will have a lower price and vice versa. This means that in the determination of factor-prices supply outweighs demand.
But if demand for factors prevails over supply, then factor prices so determined would not conform to the supplies of factors. Thus, if in a country there is abundance of capital and scarcity of labour in physical terms but there is relatively much greater demand for capital, then the price of capital would be relatively higher to that of labour.
Then, under these circumstances, contrary to its factor-endowments, the country many export labour-intensive goods and import capital-intensive goods. Perhaps it is this which lies behind the empirical findings by Leontief that though America is a capital abundant and labour-scarce country, in the structure of its imports capital-intensive goods are relatively greater whereas in the structure of its exports labour-intensive goods are relatively greater. As this is contrary to the popularly held view, this is known as Leontief Paradox.
2. Differences in preferences or demands for goods:
Against Hecksher-Ohlin theorem, it has also been pointed out that differences in tastes and preferences for goods or, to put it in other words, differences in pattern of demand also give rise to trade between the countries. This is because under differences in demand or preferences for goods, the commodity price-ratios would not conform to the cost-ratios based on factor endowments.
Let us take an extreme example. Suppose there are two countries A and B with same factor-endowments. According to Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, with same factor endowments cost-ratio of producing the two commodities and hence the commodity price ratio would be the same.
Hence there is no possibility of trade between the two countries on the basis of Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. However, trade between the two countries is possible if the demand pattern or preferences of the people of the two countries for wheat and rice greatly differ.
This is illustrated in Fig. 44.3. Suppose people of country A prefer rice to wheat and people of country B prefer wheat consumption. With these preferences for wheat and rice we have drawn the community indifference curves of the two countries A and B. Since factor-endowments in the two countries are the same, PP is the production possibility curve in both of them.
In the absence of trade country A is in equilibrium at point D where its community indifference curve IIa is tangent to the production possibility curve PP. kk is the commodity price-ratio line determined in country A.
Country B is in equilibrium at point E where its community indifference curve IIb is tangent to the production possibility curve PP. JJ is the commodity price-ratio determined in country B. Thus, due to difference in demand (preferences) for rice and wheat in the two countries different commodity price ratios have come to prevail in the two countries though their factor endowments (and therefore the cost-ratios or the two commodities) are the same.
Because of the differences in commodity price ratios the trade is possible and will be mutually beneficial. The opening of trade would equalise commodity prices in the two countries and would therefore change their pattern of production giving rise to exports and imports by the two countries.
Let tt be the commodity price ratio (i.e. terms of trade) that is settled between the two countries. It will be noticed in Fig. 44.3 that with terms of trade tt each country would produce at point Q. But the consumption of the two commodities would be different in the countries.
After trade whereas country A’s consumption would be at R where terms of trade line tt is tangent to its indifference curve IIIa; country B’s consumption would be at point S on its indifference curve IIIb. It is evident that country/I would be importing GR rice and exporting GQ wheat, whereas country B would be exporting QH rice and importing HS wheat. It will be further noticed that through trade both have reached at their higher indifference curves indicating higher level of welfare than before trade.
Gains from Trade:
Foreign trade confers a good deal of benefits on the trading countries. If different countries specialise on the basis of their comparative costs, it would enable them to make optimum use of their resources and thereby add to their output, income and welfare of their people.
Gains from trade are broadly divided into two types:
(i) Static Gains
(ii) Dynamic Gains.
Static gains from trade refer to the increase in utility or welfare of the people of the trading countries as a result of the optimum utilisation of their given factor-endowments, for they specialise on the basis of their comparative costs. On the other hand, dynamic gains refer to the contributions which foreign trade makes to the overall economic growth of the trading countries. We shall explain below in detail these two types of gains.
Static Gains from Trade:
As stated above, static gains from trade are measured by the increase in the utility or level of welfare when there is opening of trade between the countries. Note that in modern economics increase in utility or welfare is measured through indifference curves. When as a result of foreign trade, a country moves from a lower indifference curve to a higher one, it implies that the welfare of the people has increased. To show the static gains from trade, let us take an example.
Suppose two commodities cloth and wheat are produced in two countries, India and U.S.A., before they enter into trade. Their production possibility and indifference curves are shown in Figures 44.4 and 44.5. It will be seen from Fig. 44.4 that before trade India would be in equilibrium at point F (i.e. producing and consuming at point F) where the price line pp’ is tangent to both production possibility curve AB and indifference curve IC1.
The slope of the price line pp’ shows the price-ratio (or cost ratio) of the two commodities in India. India can gain if international price-ratio (terms of trade) is different from the domestic price-ratio represented by pp’. Suppose the terms of trade settled are such that we get tt as the terms of trade line showing the price ratio at which goods can be exchanged between India and the U.S.A.
Now, with tt’ as the given terms of trade line (i.e. new price-ratio line). India would produce at point R at which the terms of trade line tt is tangent to her production possibility curve. It will be seen from Fig. 44.4 that at point R, India will produce more of cloth in which it has comparative advantage and less of wheat than at F.
Though India will produce at point R on his production possibility curve, where the terms of trade line tt are tangent to her production possibility curve AB it will not consume the quantities of wheat and cloth represented by the point R.
Given the new price-ratio represented by the terms of trade line tt the consumption of the goods will depend upon the pattern of demand of the country. To incorporate this factor we have drawn social indifference curves IC1 IC2 of the country. These social indifference curves represent the demands for the two goods, or, in other words, the scale of preferences between the two goods of the society.
It will be seen from Fig. 44.4 that the terms of trade line tt is tangent to the social indifference curve IC2 of India at point S. Therefore, after trade India will consume the quantities of cloth and wheat as represented by point S.
It is therefore clear that as a result of specialisation and trade India has been able to shift from point F on indifference curve IC1 to the point S on the higher indifference curve IC2. This is the gain obtained from specialisation and trade and implies that trade enables a country to increase her consumption beyond her production possibility curve. (It will be seen that point S lies beyond the production possibility curve AB of India).
It is also worth noting that when specialisation and trade occur, the quantities of the two goods consumed by a country will differ from the quantities of the two goods produced by her. In Fig. 44.4 whereas India produces the quantities of two goods represented by point R, it will consume the quantities of the two goods represented by the point S. The difference arises due to exports and imports of goods. In Fig. 44.4, while India will export MR quantity of cloth, it will import MS quantity of wheat.
Now consider the position of U.S.A. which is depicted in Fig. 44.5. Given its factor endowments CD is the production possibility curve between wheat and cloth of the U.S.A. It is evident from the production possibility curve CD that the factor endowments of the USA are more favourable for the production of wheat.
It will also be seen from Fig. 44.5 that before trade the U.S.A. will produce and consume at point E on her production possibility curve CD where the domestic price ratio line pp and indifference curve IC1 are tangent to it. The USA will gain from trade if it can sell at a different price ratio from pp. Suppose the terms of trade line is tt.
With this terms of trade line tt the U.S.A. will produce at point G on her production possibility curve CD. She will now produce more of wheat ill which she has comparative advantage and less of cloth than before. On the other hand, given the price ratio as represented by the terms of trade line tt the USA will consume the quantities of the two goods given by the point H where the terms of trade line tangent to her indifference curve IC2 is. It is therefore clear that the specialisation and consequently trade with India has enabled the U.S.A. to shift from her lower indifference curve IC2 to her higher indifference curve IC2. This is the gain which she obtains from trade.
By comparing the production and consumption points of the U.S.A. it will be observed that the U.S.A. will export NG amount of wheat and import NH amount of cloth.
It is worth remembering that while in case of constant opportunity cost, each country attains complete specialisation, that is, it produces one of the two goods after trade, in case of increasing opportunity cost specialisation is not complete. In case of increasing opportunity cost, a country produces only a relatively large amount of the good in which it has comparative advantage.
Dynamic Gains from Trade: International Trade and Economic Growth:
We have seen above in the discussion of comparative cost theory that specialisation followed by international trade makes it possible for the countries to have more of both commodities than before. This additional production of commodities is the gain which flows from specialisation by different countries in the production of different goods and then trading with each other.
Specialisation by different countries in the production of different goods according to their efficiency and resource endowment brings about an increase in the total world production by increasing the level of their productivity. It is this trade that makes possible the division and specialisation of labour on which higher productivity of different countries is so largely based.
If the various countries could not exchange the products of their specialised labour, each of them would have to be self-sufficient (i.e., each of them would have to produce all goods it requires, even those which it could not produce efficiently) with the result that their productivity and standard of living will go down.
Thus, according to Professor Haberler, “International division of labour and international trade, which enable every country to specialise and to export those things which it can produce cheaper in exchange for what others can provide at a lower cost, have been and still are one of the basic factors promoting economic well being and increasing national income of every participating country.”
We thus see that the main gain from specialisation and trade is the increase in national production, income and consumption of the participating countries. But the above explanation of gains from trade in terms of comparative cost theory deals only with static gains from trade, that is, the gains which accrue to a country from reallocation of a given amount of resources. We shall now discuss dynamic gains from trade that is gains from trade which accrue to a country in terms of promotion of its economic growth.
Dennis Robertson described foreign trade as “an engine of growth.” With greater income and production made possible by specialisation and trade, greater savings and investment become possible and as a result higher rate of economic growth can be achieved.
Through promotion of exports, a developing country can earn valuable foreign exchange which it can use for the imports of capital equipment and raw materials which are so essential for economic development. Therefore, Professor Haberler argues that since international trade raises the level of income, it also promotes economic development. He thus remarks: “What is good for the national income and the standard of living is, at least potentially, also good for economic development; for the greater the volume of outputs the greater can be the rate of growth—provided the people individually or collectively have the urge to save and to invest and economically to develop. The higher the level of output, the easier it is to escape the “vicious circle of poverty” and to “take off into self-sustained growth” to use the jargon of modern development theory. Hence, if trade raises the level of income, it also promotes economic development.
As pointed out above, the importance of and gain from international trade follows from the theory of comparative cost. Specialisation by different countries according to their production efficiency and factor endowments ensures optimum use and allocation of resources of the countries.
Differences in production possibilities and costs of production of various products between different countries of the world are so great that tremendous gain in terms of additional output and income accrues to the world community from international specialisation and trade.
For instance, the relative differences in cost of production of industrial products and food and raw materials between developed and developing countries are almost infinite in the sense that either type of these countries cannot produce what they buy from the other.
But the theory of comparative cost is static, it indicates only those gains which accrue to the trading countries as a result of the differences in given cost of production and given production possibilities of various products at a given point of time.
As pointed out above, besides the static gains indicated by comparative cost theory, international trade bestows very important indirect gains and benefits, which are generally described as dynamic gains, upon the participating countries. These dynamic gains also promote economic growth in the participating countries.
It is worth noting that both developed and developing countries have obtained benefits from trade. The international trade has contributed a good deal to the economic development of countries. To quote Professor Haberler again “If we were to estimate the contribution of international trade to economic development especially of the under-developed countries solely by the static gains from trade in any given year on the usual assumption of given production capabilities, we would indeed grossly under-rate the importance of trade. For over and above the direct static gains dwelt upon by the traditional theory of comparative cost, trade bestows very important indirect benefits upon the participating countries”.
Dynamic gains which’ accrue to the developing countries from international trade are as follows:
Firstly, through foreign trade, developing countries get material means of production such as capital equipment, machinery and raw materials which are so essential for economic growth of these countries. There has been rapid technological progress in the developed countries.
This advanced and superior technology is incorporated or embodied in various types of capital goods. It is thus clear that developing countries derive tremendous gains from technological progress in the developed countries through the imports of capital goods such as machinery, transport equipment, vehicles, power generation equipment, road building machinery, medicines, and chemicals.
It is worth mentioning here that the pattern of import trade of the developing countries has changed in the last several years and now consists of greater quantity of various forms of capital goods and less of textiles.
Secondly, even more important than the importation of capital goods is the transmission of technical know-how, skills, managerial talents, entrepreneurship through foreign trade. When the developing countries come to have trade relationship with the developed countries, they also often import technical know-how, with all their skills, managers, etc., from them.
With this they are also able to develop their own technical know-how, managerial and entrepreneurial ability. The growth of technical know-how, skill and managerial ability is an important requisite for economic development of developing countries. Professor Haberler rightly says: “The late-comers and successors in the process of development and industrialization have always had the great advantage that they could learn from the experiences, from the successes as well as from the failures and mistakes of the pioneers and forerunners… Today the developing countries ‘have a tremendous, constantly growing store of technical know-how to draw from. True, simple adoption of methods, developed for the conditions of the developed countries is often not possible. But adaptation is surely much easier than the first creation….Trade is the most important vehicle for the transmission of technological know-how….Today there are a dozen industrial centres in Europe, the U.S., Canada, and Japan, and Russia which are ready to sell machinery as well as engineering advice and know-how.” | <urn:uuid:08e6dd5b-0da3-4b54-a144-b70f4fad89ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/the-heckscher-ohlins-theory-of-international-trade-with-its-assumption/37616 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831715.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219065932-20181219091932-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.953104 | 7,801 | 3.21875 | 3 |
“Orthodontics” is derived from two Greek words; “orthos” which means straight and “odons” which refers to teeth. Specialist Orthodontic Treatment, such as that provided at Solas Orthodontics in Perth’s Western Suburbs, is specifically concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of various aspects of “malocclusions” (misaligned teeth) and their supporting structures (jaws).
A lot of patients who seek orthodontic treatment are primarily concerned with improving their appearance and social acceptance, rather than improving oral function.
These aspects of quality of life improvement are important motives for undergoing orthodontic treatment.
There have been a number of studies to highlight the many advantages of well-aligned teeth, including easier cleaning, better oral hygiene levels, clearer speech and beautiful smiles.
This is clear from the fact that initially orthodontic treatments were targeted more towards teens and pre-teens, however, now adult orthodontic patients constitute around 30% of new cases.
Whilst orthodontic treatment can be effective at any age, the ADA recommends that an orthodontic assessment should be performed at seven years old.
A colleague and friend of mine, Professor Colman McGrath at the University of Hong Kong analysed the impact of oral health on the life quality of children, and also the impact of “malocclusion” and its treatment on quality of life. This involved reviewing over 100 studies with thousands of participants to see how “malocclusion” affected their quality of life.
He concluded that there is scientific evidence to support the claim that “malocclusion”/misaligned teeth (and particularly malocclusions requiring orthodontic treatment) has an impact on children and adults physical health, psychological and social well-being.
At present, there are investigations to assess the benefits patients perceive to their quality of life after undergoing various types of orthodontic treatment. This should serve to help inform patient decision-making with regard to their treatment and the treatment options available. This should also allow specialist orthodontists maintain the highest quality of care standards for their patients. | <urn:uuid:524e329a-a882-4753-a3b9-1551bc7dca1d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://solasorthodontics.com.au/blogs/orthodontic/orthodontic-treatment-and-quality-of-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.950057 | 456 | 2.890625 | 3 |
What are the differences between F1’s and F2’s? Why is it so confusing to research on the internet? We are mostly concerned with the temperament of our puppy, which list is right for us? Please read on so find out!
Why is it so dang confusing to research Bernedoodles on the internet? Much of the information about doodles (of any kind) differs online because the AKC doesn’t recognize them as a breed yet. As a result, there is no “breed standards” like there are for every “pure bred” dog. For example, the AKC says a Labrador should be cream, black or brown and weight approximately 65lbs. That is the “breed standard”. Doodles don’t have this which is why researching doodles can be so dang confusing! Every breeder has their own breeding program, philosophy and unique parent dogs. Further, not only is there variation when it comes to doodle “standards”, much of the information found on the internet which talks about F1’s vs. F2’s came out before genetic testing was available for doggo’s.
I can’t speak for any other breeders or their programs in terms of health and temperaments because they may not do things the way I do them. Temperament and health -it all comes back to nature and nurture which means the parents and the breeder. If the parents are “clear” of the most common heritable diseases by breed via PawPrint genetics or GenSol (so for bernedoodles it’s both poodles and BMD’s) then the puppies are clear by parentage. In my breeding program, the parents must test “clear” meaning they can’t be “carriers” or “affected” by the most common heritable diseases for poodles and BMD’s. They also must have “good” or “excellent” ratings by the OFA or PennHip for hips and elbows otherwise they don’t become parents in my program.
What’s the difference between F1 Bernedoodles and F2 Bernedoodles?
The main differences between F1’s and F2’s are:
1. F1 puppies are born from either a berner Mom or a poodle mom with the father being the other breed.
2. F1 litters are more consistent in the colors and patterns with slight variations in markings. Ie; the white blaze between the eyes may be thicker on some and thinner on others but they all look similar.
3. F1 litters have a slightly higher chance of having a low shedding puppy or two in any given litter. However, I haven’t seen it yet so it’s more of a full disclosure statement
4. F1’s born from berner mom’s keep the berner pattern, are tricolored mostly and have wavy, non-shedding coats
5. F1’s born from poodle mom’s have a smaller frame like a poodle and curlier coats. They’re also usually bi colored black/white or brown/white with either a “tuxedo” pattern (white mittens, chest and tip of tail. Sometimes a white blaze) or “parti” which means half one color and half white (think Holstein cows).
1. Both parents are bernedoodles
2. There’s more variation in the coat colors because there were 2 poodle dad’s involved in the making of the bernedoodle parents. One for the mom and one for the dad. You’ll see phantoms, sables, traditional tricolored, parti tricolored and Sable tricolored, bicolored including apricot/white, black/white or brown/white and solid colored depending on what the bernedoodle parents look like. If both bernedoodle parents are tri colored however, then some of their pups will be too! If one parent is a Sable color like rocky then there will be some Sable puppies and some tricolored as well. More variation overall.
3. They are all non shedding because both parents are and have genetically tested for the shedding gene. Wavy coats Best for people with allergies
4. Each puppy is unique! More variation in coat colors and patterns. See my website under previous litters and “what does a bernedoodle look like” and look at grace, Suzy, Janis, Grace and Rosie’s past litters.
5. They generally have more of a berner frame vs. a petite poodle frame
In my program, there is no difference in health between F1’s and F2’s as long as parents have been genetically tested for the most common heritable diseases by breed and found to be “clear” (not carriers or affected). In any doodle or pure bred breed, the puppies are only as healthy as the parents.
Temperament will always comes back to the parents and what the breeder does to socialize the pups from birth to 8 weeks old. I choose the parents on temperament and health. In my breeding program, there’s no difference in temperament between F1’s vs. F2’s. They’re all wonderful! We also do neuro stimulation exercises beginning on day 3 until week 8 as well as the Volhard Puppy Temperament Test at 6 Weeks Old. Please see the puppy pricing page for more information about temperaments!
How can I help you pick? There are no “bad” picks here..
On puppy pick/gotcha day, I help guide matching puppies to families based on lifestyle but ultimately it’s your decision. If a family has 2- 4 active kids in elementary or middle school, the quietest puppy wouldn’t be able to keep up with them! The quietest puppy would be a better match for a family with very young children who don’t understand puppies teeth or families who are past the hustle of young kids and want a dog to just chill out with them.
Make sense? If not, please contact me and we can discuss further | <urn:uuid:57b1ed80-19cf-4a8c-be09-be78732445e4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://massdoodles.com/health-and-temperament-of-f1-vs-f2-bernedoodles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.936598 | 1,371 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Dear friends, It is a pleasure to be speaking here before you today, although in a way I wish that I did not have to stand here, that campaigns like the Girls Takeover were no longer necessary.
However, the truth is that we have not yet achieved gender equality. Not anywhere on earth. Although we have accomplished a great deal of good in this area, there is still much work that needs to be done. Girls around the world are currently threatened from a frightening number of directions.
In the name of gender equality, I would like to talk to you today about girls and technology.
Gender stereotypes related to technology affect children from a very young age. If a girl says she plays video games, she is often considered weird. If, on the other hand, a boy says he does not play video games or have a game console, he is considered weird for that reason. When teachers have problems with technology, they usually ask the boys in the class to help. The default assumption is that boys are more interested and skilled in technology than girls.
Despite these circumstances, some girls do not lose interest in technology. Despite these circumstances, some girls would like to study IT in school and someday even work in the technology sector. However, they often face the same old obstacle: fear of being excluded and discriminated against.
Online violence restricts freedom of speech and girls’ access to information. Three out of four girls and women have experienced violence online. I have spoken to female friends my age about online harassment, and it turns out that they have all been asked for nude pictures and they have all been sent nude pictures against their will. And this is just one example of the online violence we encounter.
However, there is also a lot of good in technology. Technology makes it possible for me to communicate, seek information, broaden my perspectives, learn to evaluate sources and acquire digital skills. COVID-19 has played a particular role in demonstrating the importance of technology: thanks to technological solutions, I was able to receive high-quality education through remote learning.
That said, not everyone has the same opportunity to use technology as I do. Girls from developing countries are in the most vulnerable position. If a family can afford technology, the boys in the family are more likely to have access to it and the internet. In schools, boys learn digital skills more than girls.
All too often, girls in developing countries are excluded from the digital skills and know-how that could enable them to have a safer, better future. The World Economic Forum has estimated that over 90 per cent of future jobs will require advanced digital skills. What will happen to girls, especially the ones who live in developing countries?
Inequality affects many of us girls globally and impacts our lives in a variety of ways. That said, we girls are more than just victims, we represent enormous potential. With our help, many issues can be solved.
Achieving equality serves us all in a great deal of ways. But in order to improve the position of girls and create a more equal future, we must allow their voices to be heard. Girls must be able to develop technology, so that we can create technological solutions that also take into account the needs and wishes of girls and women.
And in order to achieve this, we need to act fast. Attitudes need to change, and society needs to stop creating a gender for technology. We can decide how technology serves us. | <urn:uuid:8be89e53-f805-42dd-91b6-7f834af01219> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.eilen.fi/fi/4080/?language=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562106.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523224456-20220524014456-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.970349 | 700 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Weil’s Disease Overview
Weil’s disease is a severe form of a bacterial infection
known as leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria from the genus Leptospira. The infection typically only causes mild flu-like
symptoms, including headaches and chills. In severe cases, such as in Weil’s disease,
it can lead to organ failure and bleeding.
Leptospirosis is spread to humans by contact with soil or
water contaminated with the urine of certain wild animals, including cattle,
pigs, dogs, and rats. The condition is rare, but people who regularly come in
contact with animals, like farmers and veterinarians, are at a higher risk of
infection. The disease is treated with a course of antibiotics. People with
Weil’s disease may need to be admitted to a hospital for extra care while their
underlying infection is treated with antibiotics.
What Causes Weil’s
Weil’s disease is caused by an infection with a bacterium
from the genus Leptospira (Zavitsanou
& Babatsikou, 2008). The bacteria are typically found in animals,
including rodents, farm animals, and dogs. Humans become infected when water or
soil contaminated with the bacteria come into contact with their eyes, mouth,
nose, or open cuts on the skin. It is also possible to become infected through
rodent bites and drinking contaminated water.
The mild form of the disease is known as leptospirosis. If
the bacteria infect other organs of the body, such as the kidneys, heart,
liver, lungs, or brain, it can lead to a more severe disease. This condition is
called Weil’s disease.
Who Is at Risk for Weil’s
Leptospirosis is primarily an occupational disease. This
means that it usually only affects people whose occupation involves working
with animals. Transmission of the disease in humans occurs by either direct or
indirect contact with the urine, blood, or tissue of an infected animal.
Animals known to spread leptospirosis to humans include:
- reptiles and amphibians
- rats and other rodents, which are the most
important sources for human infection (Zavitsanou
& Babatsikou, 2008)
Therefore, people who are at a higher risk of contracting
- freshwater fishermen
- people who engage in water sports (swimming,
canoeing, rafting, kayaking) or who bathe in fresh water lakes, rivers, or
- rodent control workers
- sewer workers
- butchers, and other people who work with dead
The disease is found worldwide, but it is more common in
tropical regions than in temperate countries (Zavitsanou
& Babatsikou, 2008). It occurs in both developed and developing
What Are the Symptoms
of Weil’s Disease?
Symptoms usually appear five to 14 days after infection, but
may occur anywhere from two to 30 days after infection (NYSDOH, 2011).
According to the UK’s National Health Services (NHS), about 90 percent
of leptospirosis infections cause only mild symptoms, including:
- loss of
appetite (NHS, 2012)
which are referred to as Weil’s disease, only occur in about 10 percent of
cases. The symptoms typically occur one to three days after the mild symptoms
pass, and depend on which organ(s) becomes infected:
Liver, Kidney, and Heart
If these organs are infected, symptoms may include:
- jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the white
part of the eyes)
- loss of appetite and weight loss
- swollen ankles, feet, or hands
- painful swelling of the liver
- decreased urine
- shortness of breath
- rapid heartbeat
If the brain becomes infected, symptoms can include:
- high temperature
- confused mental state
- aggressive behavior
- inability to control movements or to speak
- aversion to lights
If the lungs are infected, symptoms might include:
- high fever
- shortness of breath
- coughing up blood
How Is Weil’s
Leptospirosis is difficult to diagnose because the symptoms
are very similar to other types of illnesses, such as the flu. Weil’s disease is
easier to diagnose because the symptoms are more severe.
A personal history is helpful for a diagnosis. You should
tell your doctor if you:
- have recently travelled
- have participated in water sports
- have come in contact with a freshwater source
- have an occupation that involves exposure to
Diagnosis is usually confirmed through blood and urine tests
that detect the presence of the leptospira bacteria. In the case of Weil’s disease,
a doctor may also perform scans, like a chest X-ray, to see which other organs
What Are the Complications
of Weil’s Disease?
If left untreated, the infection can lead to kidney failure,
liver failure, or heart failure. Death can occur in rare cases. Mortality is
greatly reduced with prompt antibiotic treatment.
How Is Weil’s Disease Treated?
People with Weil’s Disease are often hospitalized. Once in
the hospital, antibiotics given intravenously are used to treat the infection.
The preferred antibiotics are penicillin or doxycycline (NHS, 2012).
Additional treatments depend on which organs are also
infected. A ventilator may be used to assist with breathing. Dialysis may be
required if your kidneys are not functioning properly.
How Can Weil’s Disease Be Prevented?
A vaccine to prevent infection with Leptospira is available in some countries, including Cuba (González et al., 2004). There is no vaccine available in the
United States. Vaccines are available for dogs, cattle, and some other animals (NHS, 2012).
People who work with animals can help prevent infection by
wearing protective gear, like water-proof shoes, goggles, and gloves. Proper
sanitation and rat-control measures are also helpful to prevent spread of the | <urn:uuid:6dfe9483-a2cd-4b3c-96c0-532bcf9faeae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.aarpmedicareplans.com/health/weils-disease?hlpage=health_center&loc=basic_info_tab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925486 | 1,337 | 4.125 | 4 |
What Is Coercive Control?
Most survivors of relationship abuse have probably not heard the term "coercive control," but they've almost certainly experienced it.
What is coercive control exactly? It sounds like something you might learn about in a defensive driving course, or perhaps a method of classroom management that teachers might employ to discipline unruly students.
In fact, it's a form of domestic abuse that slowly, psychologically diminishes the victim until his or her actions are significantly curtailed and bend to the will of the abuser. The victim often feels a large amount of fear about what the abuser will do if he or she doesn't comply.
From experience, I can say that coercive control hides the abuse from the victim, even as it feels like you have chains wrapped around your throat. This is because it's easy to believe while you're experiencing it that it's not as bad as you think it is. It's easy to think you're overreacting. It's easy to think that if you just do the right thing, it will all come to an end. You spend your days in an emotional hell of anxiety and confusion, locked in an invisible cage, drowning in plain sight.
Sociologist and forensic expert Evan Stark, who first coined the term "coercive control" writes:
"Coercive control shares general elements with other capture or course-of-conduct crimes such as kidnapping, stalking, and harassment, including the facts that it is ongoing and its perpetrators use various means to hurt, humiliate, intimidate, exploit, isolate, and dominate their victims. Like hostages, victims of coercive control are frequently deprived of money, food, access to communication or transportation, and other survival resources even as they are cut off from family, friends, and other supports through the process of 'isolation.'"1
Stark believes that because of its use of power and control, the abusers are primarily men and the victims are primarily women. Some of the methods of control are gendered and are only possible because of inequalities that exist between men and women where the abusers are able to take advantage of them. In other words, it's a case of "opportunity." This is certainly not true for all tactics of coercive control, however. Some of the methods can be perpetrated by either men or women and can be present in same-sex relationships.
What Does Coercive Control Look Like?
According to Stark, coercive control tactics come in three major types: intimidation, isolation, and control, all of which can take many forms. This is what makes it so hard to recognize, even for the victim. Here are just a few examples of what coercive control can look like.
- Excessive monitoring and violations of privacy: The abuser may insist you turn on GPS functions on your phone, keep in constant contact while you are apart, or take pictures of yourself doing certain things to prove you are where you said you were going to be. He or she may go through your phone or computer messages or even install spy software.
- Deprivation of basic necessities or resources: The abuser may withhold food, try to keep you from sleeping, or take the keys to the car so you don't have transportation and can't get to work. He or she may try to prevent you from getting medical services or the medication you need.
- Unfounded, frequent accusations of cheating: Being put in no-win situations where everything you say or do is being scrutinized for signs of unfaithfulness and nothing you say can exonerate you is an extreme source of anxiety. You begin to stay on high alert, looking for signs that your partner is about to become hostile and interrogate and harass you relentlessly without cause, and there won't be anything you can do about it.
- Gaslighting: Gaslighting is when an abuser states information that directly contradicts facts that you know are true in order to distort your perception of reality. It can cause you to stop knowing what's real or trusting yourself.
- Threats: The abuser may threaten to end the relationship, cheat, harm pets or children, divulge personal information about you, get you fired from a job, destroy property, or physically harm you. Whether they are carried out or not, the point is to establish control and instill fear and helplessness.
- Sexual coercion: The abuser may pressure you into engaging in an activity you don't want to do or refuse to use protection. The abuser may also try to entrap the partner into the relationship with a pregnancy.
- Restricting your contact with others: The abuser may tell you when you can see other people and make you get permission. He or she may restrict who you can be friends with, or take away your phone when they leave the house so you can't communicate with anyone else when the abuser is not around.
- Low-level violence or violence to objects or others: The abuser may push, drag, kick, pinch, or pull your hair--all things that would not warrant arrest but would still likely cause pain and instill fear. He or she may also destroy property or harm pets to torment and traumatize you and demonstrate what he or she could do to you.
- Controlling your choices: You may be told what you can wear, how much make-up you can wear, and where you can go.
- Controlling your freedom, mobility or ability to be mobile: You may have to ask permission to leave the house or use the car. You may have no access to finances or be asked to account for everything you spend.
- Humiliating and degrading comments: Verbal abuse is pervasive in relationships where there is coercive control. The abuser might make the comments in front of others or when you are alone.
When Coercive Control Is Hidden
It's easy to understand overt forms of control and abuse. What about when the abuser packages the abuse in something else? Some methods of abuse don't look like abuse. They may appear neutral or even positive or non-obvious because the abuser doesn't physically do anything to "control" or "block" your rights or freedom. These types of actions can be very dangerous because they are hard to recognize as abuse.
For example, if an abuser wants to monitor or keep track of where you are, he or she may disguise that as concern for your well being and make the contact very positive in order to make you easier to manipulate.
Isolation from other people is another good example of how abusers can use these types of tactics to establish control. It's easy to recognize the more obvious methods of isolating a partner from friends and family such as overtly forbidding a partner from seeing them or to taking away keys to the car, as described above. Yet they are not the only ways to keep partners away from other people and outside perspectives.
What about when abusers use more covert, manipulative methods to isolate their partners? In this video, I talk some of those methods and how to recognize them.
- Stark, Evan. Coercive Control: The Entrapment of Women in Personal Life. Oxford University Press. 2007.
Milstead, K. (2019, March 28). What Is Coercive Control? , HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2023, December 1 from https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/verbalabuseinrelationships/2019/3/what-is-coercive-control
Author: Kristen Milstead
This is such an incredibly helpful read for so many reasons. Outlining what Coercive Control looks like, with the clarity and authenticity that you do, is so eye opening. I'm sure there are many who will read this and resonate, and many more who may finally have an answer and some clarity to things they've been experiencing, or experienced in the past. Thank you for sharing this very real read.
Hi Lizanne: I'm really glad that you found it helpful. Thank you for taking the time to read it. -Kristen
I went through this and wish that legal action threats would be included. What men with money use who know to never hit. I was threatened with Restraining orders if I tried to break up. I was threatened with lawyers and legal action if I ever tried to have a conversation about what was happening or wanted to leave or if I spoke to others about us...or tried to get any accountability. I would shake bc I saw him do it to his ex. Ugh. I had mentioned this to Kristen a few months ago ...how coercive control was made illegal in England and we need it to be here as well. I'm glad it appears she at least saw it and wrote a post.
Hi Kayla: I'm sorry for what you've been through. I think legal threats could definitely be covered under the category of "Threats" above. Any threats are designed to terrorize us and get us to do whatever they desire. As far as what's happening in Europe, I've been well aware of the situation in England for a while, as well as the fact that it exists in France and Scotland and literally just took effect in Ireland! We should definitely have these laws in the U.S. that criminalize the behavior and train police officers how to recognize it. Unfortunately, last year, the Department of Justice changed the way it defines domestic violence to physical violence that would constitute felonies or misdemeanors. Prior to that, acts that would be considered coercive control were part of the definition. So we were moving in the right direction. Sadly, now we have some ground to recover.
I was subjected to coercive control and I felt that I couldnt breath and was being suffocated which resulted in me feeling constantly anxious and on edge and suppressed. Inside I raged but couldn't show it and felt utter hatred for him making me feel so petrified of what he was capable of whilst feeling that I had been stripped of my basic human rights
Hi Tammy: I recognize and can empathize with everything you wrote. It's an absolutely horrible feeling. I don't think anyone can truly understand how damaging it is unless they've been through it. Thank you for leaving a comment and describing your experience. The more of us who do that, the more courage it can give to others. I wish you well in your continued recovery. Stay strong! -Kristen | <urn:uuid:5ed7fcc1-d46d-44c1-8279-5efb431117b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/verbalabuseinrelationships/2019/3/what-is-coercive-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.973413 | 2,115 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1to do sth unbidden — hacer algo espontáneamente / (de) motu proprio
- Anyway, on one particular occasion that's floated unbidden into my memory today, I was allowed to go off over the park and up to the main road with Johnny-next-door, just so long as I behaved myself.
- This morning, unbidden, a few words from a long-forgotten song by the genius singer/songwriter Jacques Brel popped into my head.
- Bacardi is one of the most instantly recognizable brands in the world; think of rum and the ubiquitous ‘bat’ symbol pops up unbidden.
- Pink Floyd and Badfinger are your turns, Steve Wright your host, Ronan Keating your unbidden bringer of sinister ginger wrongness.
- The issue of race is an occasional unbidden guest at the dinner table in white America.
- The unbidden thought sent heat flowing into her cheeks, and she almost laughed aloud.
- Now that he's gone I sometimes find that the things that bring him closest to me are very small, dim gems that spring back to life often unbidden but cherished for their quality.
- A new survey has revealed that in North Yorkshire alone, as many as 20 per cent of people have had a ‘bad experience’ with people calling, unbidden, at their doorstep.
- Those were moments when Scripture verses would come to her unbidden.
- At this time of year, when we find ourselves in the close company of extended family who may cause that quote to flicker unbidden into our minds, we celebrate the birth of the One who came to save man from himself.
- Eventually stuff might start turning up unbidden, but I suspect the direct ask will bear fruit sooner.
- That is to say, she didn't like the fact that she thought of him from time to time, unbidden thoughts, very much beyond her control.
- But I'm learning to cope with the sudden, dreadful pangs of why me? that strike unbidden when I'm alone or looking in a mirror.
- Still, Sam Fox talked to me, unbidden and it wasn't just to say ‘Get out of my hotel room or I will call security’.
- And the image of another burning came unbidden to mind, rising like a fuming harpy.
- Indeed WLHM's adventure was an unbidden discovery voyage - the epitome of all good project work.
- Skeleton House, pays homage to the shantytowns and favelas that sprout up unbidden on the outskirts of the world's major cities.
- I was surprised by what I recalled, by the level of detail that came back unbidden - memories that had been sitting in a cell somewhere waiting for the right sequence of electricity to light them up again.
- In other news, I have recently decided to title all posts with any song lyrics that wander unbidden into my head at the moment of literary creation.
- You'll find, my advice is, while sometimes unbidden, quite helpful.
- In addition, the waiting staff embark on informal rounds of random sushi delivery, bringing plates of tempura and sashimi unbidden.
- The cheeseboard was sound enough and there were enough little unbidden watermelon vodka shooters and pots of labneh with breadsticks to send me out into the night quite staggering with fullness, even without pudding.
- Extremists, however, do not provide the rank and file, who come, largely unbidden, to a particular protest.
- Maci Trufant, destined to be Gob's betrothed, writes letters to her brother in the Zouaves, then finds that her left hand, unbidden, writes his replies after he is killed.
- If I didn't subscribe, I wouldn't buy this issue - as it was, it arrived unbidden, so I had to see it sitting on my coffee table without having been sufficiently prepped for the horror.
- At the thought of him, an unbidden idea popped into my head.
- Visions of Professor McGonagall similarly luring Harry and Ron to their doom may have popped up unbidden in some anxious minds, but they may now rest again.
- Now everyone knows that cats claws come out unbidden.
- Yet those are not the images that rise unbidden at the word.
- Notwithstanding that I had considered my accent in Bulgarian to have been in top form, unbidden the waiter brought me a menu in English.
- Evil, seductive things that they are, they started showing up in my mailbox, unbidden, but promising miraculous results and weeks, nay, months of gratification.
- We were told to keep our seats because the show wasn't over until ABBA sang and unbidden, the audience started clapping along happily, as a virtual mini-ABBA concert was performed at the end.
- And a whole lot of people were inconvenienced over the weekend when ravers arrived unbidden on land near Foxhill.
- But sometimes, unbidden thoughts popped into her head.
- He filled me in, unbidden, on the local hooker scene.
- Tears sprang reflexively, unbidden, and cautious he opened his eyes again, to the excruciating light.
- I have a host of similarly faded and dusty memories of my boyhood that pop up unbidden when I'm in a situation that stimulates my memory.
- Everywhere in the school, which from the earliest hours has been the headquarters of the search and rescue effort, there are piles of equipment, a superabundance of material that has arrived unbidden from all over America.
- Sufferers can find themselves having constant and unbidden thoughts they believe could cause disasters or cause harm to those around them.
- That image just seems to have appeared unbidden in his fevered little fantasy about nefarious Anti-American Red Cross workers with foreign sounding names.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories. | <urn:uuid:bd15b15e-611b-4c6d-ae9a-6d5a9af548e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/traducir/ingles-espanol/unbidden | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688158.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922022225-20170922042225-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.957762 | 1,361 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Polymeric materials are conventionally referred to as ‘plastics’. Polymers are formed by combining together a large number of basic chemical units (monomer molecules) to form long chain molecules (polymers). Carbon is the main building block of polymer materials but one or more other elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen are part of this building block.
Polymers have unique and diverse properties and are increasingly replacing metallic materials in all types of applications including cars, aircraft, general office and domestic equipment. They provide many advantages including good strength to weight ratio, resistance to corrosion, ease of shaping and low cost of manufacture. However, compared with metals, they tend to have low strength and stiffness and are limited to relatively low temperature applications.
Polymeric materials can be grouped into three general categories:
These materials can be softened and re-hardened indefinitely, as often as they are reheated providing the temperature is not high enough as to cause decomposition. Thermoplastics have linear or branched molecular chain structures with few links, if any between chains. Typical examples include nylon, polyethylene, polycarbonate, and PVC.
These materials are rigid and not softened by the application of heat. Such polymers have molecular structures which are extensively cross-linked. Because of this, when heat causes the bonds to break, the effect is not reversible on cooling. Typical examples of thermosetting polymers are phenolics, epoxies and resins.
These are polymers, which as a result of their molecular structure allow considerable elastic behaviour. Such materials are lightly cross-linked polymers. Between the cross-links the molecular chains are fairly free to move. These include rubber, silicone, and polyurethane. | <urn:uuid:93166fc7-37be-499f-a051-29615e7e4530> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/globalcontent/courses/ebm/mant/materials/polymeric_materials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863901.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521004325-20180521024325-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.935894 | 356 | 3.96875 | 4 |
S A T O R A R E P O T E N E T O P E R A R O T A S
In particular, this is a square 2D palindrome, which is when a square text admits four symmetries: identity, two diagonal reflections, and 180 degree rotation. As can be seen, the text may be read top-to-bottom, bottom-to-top, left-to-right, or right-to-left; and it may be rotated 180 degrees and still be read in all those ways.
The Sator Square is the earliest dateable 2D palindrome. It was found in the ruins of Pompeii, at Herculaneum, a city buried in the ash of Mount Vesuvius. It consists of a sentence written in Latin: "Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas." Its translation has been the subject of speculation with no clear consensus; see below for details.
Other 2D Palindrome examples may be found carved on stone tablets or pressed into clay before being fired.
- (from serere=to sow) Sower, planter; founder, progenitor (usually divine); originator
- unknown, likely a proper name, either invented or, perhaps, of Egyptian origin
- (from tenere=to hold) holds, keeps; comprehends; possesses; masters; preserves
- (noun) work, care; aid, service, effort/trouble; (from opus): works, deeds.
- (from noun rota) wheels
One likely translation is "The farmer Arepo has [as] works wheels [a plough]"; that is, the farmer uses his plough as his form of work. Although not a significant sentence, it is grammatical; it can be read up and down, backwards and forwards. C. W. Ceram also reads the square boustrophedon (in alternating directions). But since word order is very free in Latin, the translation is the same. If the Sator Square is read boustrophedon, with a reverse in direction, then the words become SATOR OPERA TENET, with the sequence reversed.
The word arepo is a hapax legomenon, appearing nowhere else in Latin literature. Its similarity with arrepo, from ad repo, 'I creep towards', may be coincidental. Most of those who have studied the Sator Square agree that it is a proper name, either an adaptation of a non-Latin word or most likely a name invented specifically for this sentence. Jerome Carcopino thought that it came from a Celtic, specifically Gaulish, word for plough. David Daube argued that it represented a Hebrew or Aramaic rendition of the Greek Αλφα ω, or "Alpha-Omega" (cf. Revelation 1:8) by early Christians. J. Gwyn Griffiths contended that it came, via Alexandria, from the attested Egyptian name Ḥr-Ḥp, which he took to mean "the face of Apis". An origin in Graeco-Roman Egypt was also advocated by Miroslav Marcovich, who maintains that Arepo is a Latinized abbreviation of Harpocrates, god of the rising sun, in some places called Γεωργός `Aρπον, which Marcovich suggests corresponds to Sator Arepo.
In Cappadocia, in the time of Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus (913-959), the shepherds of the Nativity story are called SATOR, AREPON, and TENETON, while a Byzantine bible of an earlier period conjures out of the square the baptismal names of the three Magi, ATOR, SATOR, and PERATORAS.
If "arepo" is taken to be in the second declension, the "-o" ending could put the word in the ablative case, giving it a meaning of "by means of [arepus]." Using this definition of "arepo" and the boustrophedon reading order produces the text "The sower works for mastery by turning the wheel."
The oldest datable representation of the Sator Square was found in the ruins of Pompeii. Others have been found in excavations under the church of S. Maria Maggiore in Rome, at Corinium (modern Cirencester in England) and Dura-Europos (in modern Syria).
The Benedictine Abbey of St Peter ad Oratorium, near Capestrano, in Abruzzo, Italy, has a marble square inscription of the Sator Square. An example discovered at the Valvisciolo Abbey, also in central Italy, has the letters forming five concentric rings, each one divided into five sectors. Other Sator Squares are on the wall of the Duomo of Siena, Italy, and on a memorial.
Outside of Italy, an example found in a group of stones in the grounds of Rivington Church reads SATOR AREPO TENET OPERA ROTAS. The stone is one of a group thought to have come from a local private chapel in Anderton, Lancashire. An example is found inserted in a wall of the old district of Oppède, in France's Luberon. There is a Sator Square in the museum at Conimbriga (near Coimbra in Portugal), excavated on the site.
There is one known occurrence of the phrase on the rune stone Nä Fv1979;234 from Närke, Sweden, dated to the 14th century. It reads "sator arepo tenet" (untranscribed: "sator ¶ ar(æ)po ¶ tænæt). It also occurs in two inscriptions from Gotland (G 145 M and G 149 M), in both of which the whole palindrome is written.
By repositioning the letters around the central letter Ν (en), a Greek cross can be made that reads Pater Noster (Latin for "Our Father", the first two words of the "Lord's Prayer") both vertically and horizontally. The remaining letters – two each of A and O – can be taken to represent the concept of Alpha and Omega, a reference in Christianity to the omnipresence of God. Thus the square might have been used as a covert symbol for early Christians to express their presence to each other.
The 'Prayer of the Virgin in Bartos' claimed that Christ was crucified with five nails, which were named Sator, Arepo, Tenet, Opera and Rotas.
Other authorities believe the Sator Square was Mithraic or Jewish in origin, because it is not likely that Pompeii had a large Christian population in 79 AD and the symbolism inferred as Christian and the use of Latin in Christianity is not attested until later.
The Sator Square is a four-times palindrome, and some people have attributed magical properties to it, considering it one of the broadest magical formulas in the Occident. An article on the square from The Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. 76, reports that palindromes were viewed as being immune to tampering by the devil, who would become confused by the repetition of the letters, and hence their popularity in magical use. The same principle, alongside the above "Paternoster cross", is also present in the Greek magical palindrome: ΑΒΛΑΝΑΘΑΝΑΛΒΑ, which probably derives from the Hebrew or Aramaic אב לן את, meaning "Thou art our father".
The square has reportedly been used in folk magic for various purposes, including putting out fires (the spell is "TO EXTINGUISH FIRE WITHOUT WATER" in John George Hohman's Long Lost Friend), removing jinxes and fevers, to protect cattle from witchcraft, and against fatigue when traveling. It is sometimes claimed it must be written upon a certain material, or else with a certain type of ink to achieve its magical effect.
In Popular Culture
- Abracadabra, sometimes written in form of triangle
- Cave canem, another Pompeian phrase
- Christian symbolism
- Isopsephy, for further Pompeian graffiti
- Magic square
- Mithraic Mysteries
- Word square
- Ceram (1958), p. 30.
- "'Arepo' in the Magic 'Sator' Square'": J. Gwyn Griffiths, The Classical Review, New Series, Vol. 21, No. 1, March 1971, pp. 6–8.
- "Sator arepo = ΓΕΩΡΓΟΣ ̔ΑΡΠΟΝ(ΚΝΟΥΦΙ) ΑΡΠΩΣ, arpo(cra), harpo(crates)": Miroslav Marcovich, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik Bd. 50 (1983), pp. 155-171, jstor.com
- Filippo Magi (1972). Il calendario dipinto sotto S. Maria Maggiore. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. ISBN 9788820943790.
- John Rawlinson, About Rivington, Chorley: Nelson Brothers Limited, 1969, p. 42.
- "Samnordisk runtextdatabas". Runforum Uppsala. 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
- Robert Milburn; Robert Leslie Pollington Milburn (1988). Early Christian art and architecture. University of California Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-520-06326-6. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- Shotter (2004), pp. 129–130.
- James De Quincey Donehoo (1903). The Apocryphal and legendary life of Christ: being the whole body of the Apocryphal gospels and other extra canonical literature which pretends to tell of the life and words of Jesus Christ, including much matter which has not before appeared in English. In continuous narrative form, with notes, Scriptural references, prolegomena, and indices. Macmillan. pp. 350–. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- Everett Ferguson (1 September 2003). Backgrounds of early Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 590–. ISBN 978-0-8028-2221-5. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- Northvegr.org Archived August 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
- The Gentleman's Magazine vol. 258, 1885.
- Mass Effect Andromeda's Ingame Codex entry for "Andromeda Species//The Remnant/Remnant Decryption"
- Shotter, David (1993). Romans and Britons in North-West England. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies. ISBN 1-86220-152-8.
- Ceram, C. W. (1958). The March of Archaeology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. L.C.Catalog no. 58-10977.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sator Square.|
- Pérez-Rubín, Carlos (2004). "The sunken ruins of Pompeii and an age-old enigmatic specimen of roman incidental Epigraphy" (PDF). Documenta & Instrumenta. 2: 173–192.
- Duncan Fishwick, An Early Christian Cryptogram? (HTML)
- Sator Square, inscribed, Article; the article uses: "Rotas square"
- "Section of Page and Eloise's Memorial website related to the Sator Square, 1995 (HTML)"
- Magic Square Museum: the first Second Life museum about Magic Square. The first flow is about Sator Square. Vulcano (89,35,25) | <urn:uuid:9f92dbe8-ccd6-44b4-983d-643d0396372b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sator_square | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189583.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00114-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889085 | 2,529 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Pharmaceuticals owe their effects mostly to their chemical composition, but the packaging of these drugs into specific physical formulations also need to be done to exact specifications. For example, many drugs are encapsulated in solid microparticles, the size and shape of which determine the timing of the drug’s release and its delivery to specific parts of the body.
When engineering these drug microparticles, consistency is key, but common drug manufacturing techniques, such as spray drying and ball milling, produce uneven results. The ideal method involves microfluidics, a kind of liquid assembly line that drips out perfectly sized microparticles, one at a time.
University of Pennsylvania engineers have now developed a microfluidic system where more than ten thousand of these devices run in parallel, all on a silicon-and-glass chip that can fit into a shirt pocket.
Scaling up microfluidic systems has been a major challenge, as they depend on a tightly controlled flow rates to produce particles of a consistent size. The Penn team’s innovation is new fluidic architecture, built with the technology used to manufacture computer chips, resulting in a system that can manufacture these drug particles a thousand times faster than ever before.
The team, led by David Issadore, assistant professor in the School of Engineering and Applied Science’s Department of Bioengineering, and Sagar Yadavali, a postdoctoral researcher in his lab, outlined the design of their system in the journal Nature Communications. Daeyeon Lee, professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Heon-Ho Jeong, then graduate student in his lab, contributed to the study.
The Penn team is currently testing their system with David Lai, a research investigator at GlaxoSmithKline.
Current pharmaceutical microparticle manufacturing techniques involve spraying them in liquid form from a nozzle and letting them dry, or milling larger solid particles down in a tumbler. However, since the microparticles are being made en masse, there can be significant variations in their size and shape.
“These manufacturing problems mean that an enormous amount of time and money is spent on size reductions,” Yadavali said. “That leads to higher costs.”
Microfluidics provides a potential solution to these problems. By synthesizing the drugs in a network of microscopic channels and chambers, surface tension and drag forces can be finely tuned to generate particles of a consistent size and shape. However, there are intrinsic limitations to how fast these microscale devices can work.
“The bottleneck for increasing the throughput of microfluidics is a fundamental physics problem,” Issadore said. “We cannot run the individual microfluidic devices faster than any other lab, because the microfluidic phenomenon that enables the drug microparticles to be precisely fabricated stops working above a critical flow rate — they go from making bubbles to making unstable jets.”
Typical flow rates are a milliliter-per-hour, far too slow to be of use in an industrial setting. Since increasing the flow rate is not an option, the only way to scale up production is to increase the number of devices.
Previous attempts at large-scale parallelization struggled with another trade-off. In order to distribute flow evenly to all of the devices on the chip, each individual device must have a large pressure drop across it relative to the pressure drop along the delivery channels that feed it. This results in each device running slower than they would if they were fed individually.
The Penn researchers solved this problem by separating the devices into two, one component that provides the required pressure drop and another downstream that makes the particles. This allows many devices to be incorporated in parallel without having an effect on the throughput of each one.
“By incorporating high-aspect-ratio flow resistors upstream of each device,” Yadavali said, “we can decouple individual droplet design from the system-level design. which allows us to incorporate any type of microfluidic particle generator we want, and as many as we can fit onto a chip.”
Using lithography to simultaneously etch 10,260 devices into a four-inch silicon wafer, sandwiching it between two glass plates to make hollow channels, and hooking up its single sets of inlets and outlets, the Penn team’s system produces an effective flow rate than is more than ten thousand times faster than what can be typically achieved in a microfluidic device.
The Penn team first tested their system by making simple oil-in-water droplets, at a rate of more than 1 trillion droplets per hour. To demonstrate it with materials more relevant to drug manufacturing, they also made biocompatible microparticles out of polycaprolactone, at a rate of about 328 billion particles per hour.
“Drugs can be mixed into polycaprolactone microparticles, so that controlled amounts of drug can be gradually released as the particle dissolves,” Sagar said. “The rate that the drug leaves the particle is dependent on the particle size, which is why having a consistent size is so important.”
The researchers only mixed the polycaprolactone with water; testing on a real drug would have been prohibitively expensive given their system’s rate of production.
“We at GSK are delighted to be part of a research collaboration with Daeyeon and David’s research groups. Congratulations on an exquisite and impactful publication,” said Lai.
The researcher’s microfluidic system is currently capable of this kind of simple drug packaging, but other, more complicated manufacturing techniques are possible.
“We are now working to implement additional microfluidic operations onto our chip, including miniaturized versions of solvent extraction, crystallization, and other traditional chemical engineering processes,” Issadore said. “By bringing more of the operations necessary to formulate the drug onto our chip, precise ‘designer’ microparticle drug formulations can be produced at an industrial scale.”
This research was supported by The National Science Foundation through grant 1554200, the National Institutes of Health through grant R01 EB022612, and by GlaxoSmithKline. | <urn:uuid:032df87e-5266-42e2-954b-b56456774126> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://blog.seas.upenn.edu/penn-engineers-liquid-assembly-line-makes-drug-microparticles-a-thousand-times-faster-than-ever-3952dc6e05cd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336921.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001195125-20221001225125-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.938055 | 1,314 | 3.578125 | 4 |
For The Snowy Day mural we painted with cotton balls. We were working on identifying the season, winter, as well as answering the question "When did the story take place?" The art project was a great way to reinforce the winter aspect and connect science and reading.
Then each child made their own city scene. They were given four "buildings" and told to put them in order from longest to smallest (a math objective). After they'd illustrated their buildings we covered them in snow as well and added them to our mural. After all, where does The Snowy Day take place? In the city.
I love our Snowy Day mural, but I also feel like I could have done so much more with it. There is so much potential here.
*Disclaimer, on snowy days in my childhood my mother would roll out butcher paper and encourage us to make snowy day murals. She still has one of them and it is amazing- we made scenes from The Snowy Day and copied the art work. I totally stole her idea. * | <urn:uuid:925aae01-e968-4ab3-8c41-6d79aec5c886> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.welcometoorganizedchaos.com/2013/01/more-murals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663019783.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528185151-20220528215151-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.986792 | 214 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Story of Nova
The first apple trees
came to Nova Scotia in the early 1600s. The trees were brought
to Port Royal, Nova Scotia, by French setters. In the 1700s the
New England Planters and the Loyalists brought new and different
apple varieties to Nova Scotia. Other settlers arrived from Scotland,
Ireland and Germany and continued the newfound tradition of apple
growing in Nova Scotia.
Apples have been an
important part of the lives of Nova Scotians for hundreds of years.
Our ancestors used apples to make apple butter, cider, pies, tarts
and sauce. Apples were often dried in the fall and then used year-round
to make many tasty apple dishes. Children used apples to make
crafts, such as apple dolls. Apples were appreciated by every
member of the family.
Scotia apples are sold to local markets for fresh eating, or are
exported to countries around the world. Many apples are sent for
processing into delicious apple products, such as juice, sauce
Back to Table of Contents! | <urn:uuid:5b860031-e0c4-456e-a116-b2f6a44c5b40> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.nsapples.com/teacher/t4ghist.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861743914.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164223-00179-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9627 | 223 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Definitions of osteopathy
n. - Any disease of the bones. 2
n. - A system of treatment based on the theory that diseases are chiefly due to deranged mechanism of the bones, nerves, blood vessels, and other tissues, and can be remedied by manipulations of these parts. 2
The word "osteopathy" uses 10 letters: A E H O O P S T T Y.
No direct anagrams for osteopathy found in this word list.
Adding one letter to osteopathy does not form any other word in this word list.Words within osteopathy not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from osteopathy by changing one letter
Browse words starting with osteopathy by next letter | <urn:uuid:001d06f8-3ef6-4a4a-b760-f1a668de1798> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.morewords.com/word/osteopathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276250.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00449-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937662 | 155 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Tonight, at 8:30 pm local time, houses and commercial buildings all over the world will suddenly go dark. No, it’s not a global power outage, it’s Earth Hour! Started in 2007, this annual event has become a worldwide phenomenon, educating people about the threat of climate change, and encouraging a commitment to more sustainable behavior.
In a message to the world on the eve of the seventh Earth Hour, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has set the agenda for this year’s hour of inspiration. “We participate with an undimmed determination to take action on climate change,” he said. “Everyone has a role to play. Governments need to provide the political will, businesses can contribute solutions, and civil society, especially young people, can mobilize global action. Together, let’s do our part and shed light on common sense answers for a cleaner, greener world.” Turning out the lights for an hour might seem strange and a little pointless, but participating in Earth Hour makes a powerful statement that can last far longer than 60 minutes.
In Uganda, the world’s first Earth Hour Forest was allocated with 2,700 hectares of land, challenging Ugandans to fill it with 500,000 trees to fight against the 6,000 hectares of deforestation that occurs in the country every month. Standard Chartered Bank (250,000 trees), the Ugandan Minister of Water Environment (1,000 trees) and many individuals have taken on the challenge.
The Russian parliament passed a long-awaited law to protect the country’s seas from oil pollution in December, after the voices of 120,000 Russians were presented to the government during the “I Will If You Will” campaign for Earth Hour 2012.
The Former President of Botswana and Earth Hour Botswana coordinators Wena Environmental Education and News Trust, recently launched a project called ‘One Million Trees-Plant For Life’ as part of Earth Hour’s I Will If You Will campaign. The project will rehabilitate degraded lands through the planting of more than one million trees over four years in Botswana.
Earth Hour is about taking a stand, acknowledging that we are all in the climate change fight together, and showing your commitment to change as part of a global interconnected community. Here are a few ways you too can make a difference.
1. Check out the Earth Hour map to see what kind of events are happening in your area, and around the world. Remember that it’s not too late to plan your own Earth Hour event with friends and family. Check out “9 fun things to do during Earth Hour” for activities you can do when the lights are off!
2. Take on an “I will if you will” challenge listed on the Earth Hour website, or post one of your own! The idea is simple. Someone makes a promise to do something if a certain number of people commit to take an ongoing action for the environment, beyond Earth Hour.
3. Choose one small, planet-friendly change that you can make in the days and weeks ahead. Maybe it’s biking to work one day a week. Maybe it’s starting a small garden or pledging to use less plastic. Living a cleaner, more sustainable life doesn’t have to be hard. Small changes are infectious. Who knows who you’ll inspire to live greener by taking the first step during Earth Hour! | <urn:uuid:fa9db0af-52f7-4543-ae66-3ab53897adc6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://inhabitat.com/earth-hour-2013-is-tomorrow-and-yes-turning-off-the-lights-does-make-a-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811243.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218003946-20180218023946-00799.warc.gz | en | 0.931522 | 716 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Grasstree (xanthorrhoea preissii) recovery after fire in two seasons and habitats
Korczynskyj, D., & Lamont, B. B. (2005). Grasstree (Xanthorrhoea preissii) recovery after fire in two seasons and habitats. Australian Journal of Botany, 53(6), 509-515. doi:10.1071/BT05006
To distinguish fire-stimulated growth from the underlying growth patterns imposed by season, we measured leaf production of Xanthorrhoea preissii Endl. (Xanthorrhoeaceae). We compared unburnt with spring- and autumn-burnt sites in forest and woodland habitats. Following fire, X. preissii responded with accelerated leaf production, regardless of season. Rapid leaf production during the initial flush of growth was partly at the expense of starch reserves in the stem, at least after autumn fire. Although this initial flush was relatively short-lived after fire in both seasons (12–32 weeks), the effect of fire on leaf production was sustained for up to 20 months, accompanied by a significant reduction in leaf longevity. Mean maximum leaf production rate was higher for spring-burnt grasstrees (up to 6.1 leaves day–1) than those burnt in autumn (up to 4.5 leaves day–1), associated with seasonally optimal growing conditions in late spring–early summer. Similarly, the timing of autumn burns in relation to declining temperature with the approach of winter appeared to dictate how rapidly grasstrees recovered. The consequences of fire season could have implications for the reproductive success of X. preissii. | <urn:uuid:3fee4a73-c30d-45ae-ad93-d7589fb7f6c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://researchonline.nd.edu.au/sci__article/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00386-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933946 | 348 | 2.84375 | 3 |
© 2013 Andreas Nöllert (1 of 44)
Distribution and Habitat
Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Republic of, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. Introduced: Spain, United Kingdom.
Rana lessonae inhabits deciduous and mixed forests. The frog penetrates steppe within forests and bushlands (e.g. riparian alder groves). It occurs primarily in stagnant water bodies such as lakes, ponds, swamps, large puddles and ditches, generally covered with dense herbaceous vegetation. The pools may be located within the forests, in glades and forest edges, in fields and flooded meadows. The frog occasionally stays in shallow pools along small rivers and streams. The presence of permanent water is necessary for the existence of R. lessonae populations. In the forest zone, when the air humidity is high, the frog frequently occurs on land far away from water bodies. Using chains of small ponds, the frog can migrate distances of up to 8 km.
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
Tadpoles consume primarily algae: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta etc. Juveniles eat large amounts of flies and fly larvae. They sometimes climb plant leaves (at a height up to 0.5 m) to forage. The food of adults consists mainly of terrestrial invertebrates (mainly insects). Aquatic organisms (Gerridae, Dytiscidae etc.) comprise usually less than a half of prey items. Feeding does not cease during the breeding season. The Pool Frog is not as voracious as the taxonomically and ecologically similar Marsh Frog (R. ridibunda), evidently due to its smaller body size. However, different amphibians and even juvenile grass snakes are consumed time by time.
Trends and Threats
R. lessonae went extinct in england in the mid 1990's. Reintroduction attempts using populations from Norway and Sweden (started in 2005) appear to have been successful (John W. Wilkinson & John Buckley, FrogLog 2012).
A new study by Orizaola and Laurila (2016) finds that three populations of the Pool Frog (Pelophylax lessonae) from the northernmost populations, isolated in the Uppland district north of Stockholm, Sweden, display greater thermal phenotypic plasticity than three populations from Poland (about the center of the species distribution) and Latvia (2 from northern-edge populations). The Uppland populations show greater temperature-induced plasticity affecting duration of the larval period, mass at metamorphosis, and growth rate, than other populations. All these variables are important in facilitating positive responses to periodic warm spells in colder environments with shorter growing seasons. Geographic variation in plasticity of life history components should be considered in predicting responses of particular species to climate change.
Relation to Humans
Possible reasons for amphibian decline
General habitat alteration and loss
Bannikov, A. G., Darevsky, I. S. and Rustamov, A. K. (1971). Zemnovodnye i Presmykayushchienya SSSR [Amphibians and Reptiles of the USSR]. Izdatelistvo Misl, Moscow.
Bannikov, A. G., Darevsky, I. S., Ishchenko, V. G., Rustamov, A. K., and Szczerbak, N. N. (1977). Opredelitel Zemnovodnykh i Presmykayushchikhsya Fauny SSSR [Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of the USSR Fauna]. Prosveshchenie, Moscow.
Gasc, J.-P. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Bonn, Germany.
Gunther, R. (1990). Die Wasserfrosche Europas. A. Ziemsen, Wittenberg-Lutherstadt.
Kuzmin, S. L. (1995). Die Amphibien Russlands und angrenzender Gebiete. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg.
Kuzmin, S. L. (1999). The Amphibians of the Former Soviet Union. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow.
Nikolsky, A. M (1936). Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries: Amphibians (English translation of Nikolsky, 1918, Faune de la Russie et des Pays limitrophes. Amphibiens. Académie Russe des Sciences, Petrograd, USSR). Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
Nikolsky, A. M. (1906). Herpetologia Rossica. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Série 8, Phys.-Math, Vol. 17, Sofia, Moscow.
Nöllert, A. and Nöllert, C. (1992). Die Amphibien Europas. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH and Company, Stuttgart.
Orizaola, German and Laurila, Anssi (2016). ''Developmental plasticity increases at the northern range margin in a warm-dependent amphibian.'' Evolutionary Applications, 9(3), 471-478.
Szczerbak, N. N. and Szczerban, M. I. (1980). Zemnovodnye i Presmykayushchiesya Ukrainskikh Karpat [Amphibians and Reptiles of Ukrainian Carpathians]. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
Terent'ev, P. V. and Chernov, S. A (1965). Key to Amphibians and Reptiles [of the USSR]. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
Written by Sergius L. Kuzmin, John Cavagnaro (ipe51 AT yahoo.com), Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
First submitted 1999-11-10
Edited by Meredith J. Mahoney, updated by David Wake and Sierra Raby (2017-04-27)
Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2017 Pelophylax lessonae: Pool Frog <http://amphibiaweb.org/species/5077> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed Jun 25, 2017.
Feedback or comments about this page.
Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2017. <http://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 25 Jun 2017.
AmphibiaWeb's policy on data use. | <urn:uuid:ee9c5340-e711-4b65-a65d-5fcf99ab5c5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_alpha_&where-genus=Pelophylax&where-species=lessonae | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320476.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625083108-20170625103108-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.770912 | 1,494 | 3.421875 | 3 |
TRENDS: HOW ARE TEENS BEHAVING ONLINE TODAY?
Young adults have become increasingly more knowledgeable about the online world, yet they remain in the dark about how to protect themselves online. With the rising use of mobile devices, there has been a significant increase in the amount of time that people spend connected to the internet. This applies to teens as well, as many of them own cellular devices that can connect to data or Wi-Fi. Hand held devices allow them to stay connected with the online world all day long.
Although teens today may be making efforts to create and monitor their own online identity, many still have a false sense of security on the web. They have access to so many different networks and social media platforms that allow and encourage them to post personal information about themselves. Being able to brand yourself online is a very valuable tool but it is also important that teenagers learn at a young age the permanency of what they share online. Things like photos, conversations, comments and posts can be very difficult to erase completely from the web. It is crucial that teens are aware of how much of what they do online is visible to others. Teenagers are not always thinking of the long term effects of their actions online. It is important to be aware of the dangers of identity theft, online surveillance, and the content current or future employers may have access to. Being informed about online privacy and security is an essential part of keeping the youth safe today. It is crucial for parents and educators to be knowledgeable about the proper tools available for maintaining a reasonable level of privacy online.
Here is a link to an article about the attitudes of youth towards online privacy:
Henley, Jon. “Are Teenagers Really Careless about Online Privacy?” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 22 Oct. 2013. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/21/teenagers-careless-about-online-privacy/
Lenhart, Amanda. “9 Things You Need To Know About Teens, Technology & Online Privacy.” Pew Research Centers Internet American Life Project RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/11/07/9-things-you-need-to-know-about-teens-technology-online-privacy/ | <urn:uuid:817630c3-0a06-45ad-8525-10fbcec9de68> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://angelachoeid.wordpress.com/2014/04/13/privacy-trends/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110774.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822123737-20170822143737-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.912664 | 498 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By Nguyen Phan Que Mai
Translated from the Vietnamese by Nguyen Phan Que Mai and David McKirdy.
On a foggy morning in February 2012, winter had dropped a blanket of light rain and mist over a delegation of 80 international and over 100 local poets as we proceeded to Poem Mountain, Ha Long Bay, Vietnam. The road was muddy and uneven, and the wind threatened to blow us sideways. As we hung on to each other’s arms for support, we could not resist casting quick glimpses out to the bay, where hundreds of small mountains sprung up from the crystal, blue water. We had arrived at the Bay of the Descending Dragons and a UNESCO World Heritage destination, and we were on our way to open the First Asia-Pacific Poetry Festival at the foot of Poem Mountain, a site that proves that poetry and myth co-exist, and are a part of the everyday landscape of Vietnam.
When I was a child and studied about Ha Long Bay from a broken desk in a small village more than 100 kilometers away, Poem Mountain seemed to be grand. Yet no majesty in my mind could be compared to the feelings that descended on me when I stood that day next to the 200-meter high limestone mountain, which rose out of the bay like a castle with three imposing towers. In 1468, the Vietnamese Emperor Le Thanh Tong had passed by Ha Long Bay during his inspection tour to the eastern region. Touched by the stunning beauty of Ha Long Bay, he composed a poem and had it carved into the southern side of the mountain. The fifty-six ancient Vietnamese words of this poem were written onto a flat rock, two and a half meters from the water in one continuous flow, without any separation into lines. Over the last five hundred and forty-five years, the poem’s twenty-one words have faded almost completely by the sun, rain, and storms, so those that remain are difficult to read. Yet Emperor Le Thanh Tong’s spirit and love for literature remain in the hearts and souls of many Vietnamese who believe that poetry is an intrinsic aspect of natural beauty, and therefore an important part of our lives.
Although the creation of Emperor Le Thanh Tong’s poem has almost become a legend unto itself, it intertwines with the myth of Ha Long Bay. According to legend, Vietnamese people are the children of dragons and the grandchildren of fairies. During our earliest times, our country was invaded by foreign armies; in response, Heaven decided to send Mother Dragon, together with her baby dragons, to come down to earth to help Vietnam. As the dragons were descending, invaders’ boats arrived in great numbers. The dragons gushed out jade and jewels to form a chain of rocky mountains which acted as defending walls. Invaders’ boats, while travelling in high speed, collided into these walls and shattered into pieces. The invasion was thwarted and Ha Long Bay scattered with unusual and beautiful rock formations. And Poem Mountain, where we stood that day, is one piece of jade from the mouth of a brave dragon.
Admiring Poem Mountain from up-close and from far away, we could see that the mountain seemed to shift its shape. Sometimes it appeared to be a tiger in waiting, or a tiger playing with its catch. Other times, it looks like a dragon about to take flight. If you are lucky enough to be able to climb of top of Poem Mountain, Emperor Le Thanh Tong’s poem will lift you up and bless you with the magnificent landscape of Halong Bay. You can go there right now in your imagination; close your eyes and open your mind to immense emerald waters, to rocks seeming to bob throughout the bay, to surrounding flowers and trees, to the hundreds of small mountains which rise majestically above the water, and then open your heart to Le Thanh Tong’s poem:
Hundreds of tidal currents rise into vast waves
Countless mountains blend their green into the blue sky
The sound of night-drums beat strong in my heart
Calling me to build our nation with toil and tenacity
The North protected by our mighty army
Signals warning about enemies are vanquished and quiet in the Eastern Sea
Through history Vietnamese rivers and mountains stand
With martial arts and letters, we lay the foundations of our land.
It is astonishing that more than 500 years ago Emperor Le Thanh Tong considered literature to be a country’s foundation. He was known to be a man with great visions, and he is today one of the most admired and loved Vietnamese figures. During his reign, he reformed Vietnam’s military, administrative, economic, education and legal systems. He expanded our country and defeated foreign armies. He was a warrior but a peace-loving poet at heart.
Every year, tens of thousands of visitors come from all corners of the world to visit Ha Long Bay, many of them poets who cannot resist the urge to compose poems at the foot of Poem Mountain. As they stand there, they may not understand Le Thanh Tong’s poem, but they do understand -- like Le Thanh Tong did -- that the Vietnamese people prefer peace to war, and would rather compose poetry than fight bloody battles. Today in Vietnam, as in the time of Emperor Le Thanh Tong, poetry is very much alive. The National Poetry Day of Vietnam, which is celebrated throughout our country, is attended by tens of thousands of people young and old, year after year. People brave rain and storms to come and listen to poetry. Many people take a day off work and put aside their personal business to enjoy poetry. During poetry readings in Vietnam, I have witnessed the power of literature. I have seen veterans of the Vietnam War -- Vietnamese and Americans – who were former enemies, embrace each other and find consolation in each other’s words. I have witnessed poetry as a very real utopia that shows the way to reconciliation, unites the people, and brings light to all of our hearts.
As a poet, I am fortunate to carry the poetic traditions of Vietnam in my veins. Poetry helps me to speak with ancestors whom I never met. Poetry helps me to meet the children of my children’s children, whom I will not live long enough to see. Poetry opens my heart and mind into the rich world of Vietnamese myth and legend. I know that I have just scratched the surface of Vietnamese culture with my pen, and I know that I must dig much deeper to be able to find true voices of my ancestors.
I know too that I am not writing poetry in vain. In the current world of turbulent changes, it is literature that may keep us grounded as humans and keep our passions alive. In this turbulent world where wars and violence still destroy the souls of hundreds of thousands of people around the world, literature can be an ambassador for peace. Literary exchanges between nations are more important than ever in promoting friendship, mutual understanding, cooperation, and in stamping out war and violence. According to Emperor Le Thanh Tong’s poem, we can begin to strengthen the foundation of our world through literature.
I invite you to come to my country and visit our magical Poem Mountain. I believe that once in Vietnam, you will discover our deep love for peace and social justice. You will see how poetry still runs through our veins, how myths are entwined with our daily lives, and how, just like a utopian vision, all boundaries are blurred so that you and I are brothers and sisters, embraced by the magnificent power and beauty of this life. | <urn:uuid:8df0ef81-4fa1-41bb-9b9d-2dc5ee535642> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.wpm2011.org/node/263 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768497.135/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00065-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964578 | 1,557 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Photo: Blessed Charles Eugène de Foucauld (15 September 1858 – 1 December 1916) was a French Catholic religious and priest living among the Tuareg in the Sahara in Algeria. He was assassinated in 1916 outside the door of the fort he built for the protection of the Tuareg, and is considered by the Catholic Church to be a martyr. His inspiration and writings led to the founding of the Little Brothers of Jesus among other religious congregations. He was beatified on 13 November 2005 by Pope Benedict XVI. Charles de Foucauld was an officer of the French Army in North Africa where he first developed his strong feelings about the desert and solitude. On his subsequent return to France, and towards the end of October 1886, at the age of 28, he went through a conversion experience at the Church of Saint Augustin in Paris under Henri Huvelin (other languages guidance.
A man may go into the field and say his prayer and be aware of God, or, he may be in Church and be aware of God; but, if he is more aware of Him because he is in a quiet place, that is his own deficiency and not due to God, Who is alike present in all things and places, and is willing to give Himself everywhere so far as lies in Him. He knows God rightly who knows Him everywhere.
'Meister Eckhart: Selected Writings'
By Meister Eckhart (Author), Oliver Davies (Introduction, Translator)
Composed during a critical time in the evolution of European intellectual life, the works of Meister Eckhart (c. 1260-1327) are some of the most powerful medieval attempts to achieve a synthesis between ancient Greek thought and the Christian faith. Writing with great rhetorical brilliance, Eckhart combines the neoplatonic concept of oneness - the idea that the ultimate principle of the universe is single and undivided - with his Christian belief in the Trinity, and considers the struggle to describe a perfect God through the imperfect medium of language. Fusing philosophy and religion with vivid originality and metaphysical passion, these works have intrigued and inspired philosophers and theologians from Hegel to Heidegger and beyond. | <urn:uuid:1e3124fd-a8ab-416e-b115-5ad8ffd34473> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://rumisgarden.co.uk/blogs/traditional-meditations/meister-eckhart-a-man-may-go-into-the-field | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189264.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918221856-20200919011856-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.938871 | 444 | 2.5625 | 3 |
How State Legislators Can Make a Difference with Literacy Improvements [Issue #11]
State legislators can make a huge difference in a child’s success by funding programs that strengthen reading proficiency. (Click here for a pre-written bill template). Right now, Digital Learning Alliance is working with 250 state legislators in 44 states, and is tracking 236 digital learning initiatives.
We know the challenges
NAEP Studies show that 37% of 4th graders and 27% of 8th graders cannot read at their grade level, resulting in increased dropouts, fewer college ready pupils, and a high cost to taxpayers.
In low-income areas, 70% of students read below grade level.
Among adolescents in juvenile detentions, 90% cannot read.
Students who read below grade level are less likely to graduate on time. Students who do not graduate high school on time are also more likely to commit violent crimes and perpetuate the cycle of poverty.
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, illiteracy costs the United States billions of dollars a year. The NCES and the U.S. Census figure that roughly a third of Americans cannot read at grade level. This strains the economy by shrinking the talent pool available to employers, and can translate to the off-shoring of jobs because competent American workers cannot be found.
Digital Learning Alliance is supporting legislators like you with a comprehensive plan to solve your state's education issues with successful technology recommendations, bill templates, and implementation results. This service is driven by our 7-step legislative road map designed to assist you in a variety of ways.
Digital Learning Alliance will continue to send you email updates about all issues we are working on, but if you would like to hear about them sooner, please call or email me. | <urn:uuid:abba73a6-daf7-4b9f-8259-2f024a26bdf7> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://le.utah.gov/publicweb/JENKISK/PublicWeb/39867/39867.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936914.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419110948-20180419130948-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.9441 | 362 | 2.6875 | 3 |
BY JOHN S. MINARD.
HUME, one of the north towns of the
county, named probably from the English historian, Hume, is bounded north by Pike and Genesee Falls in Wyoming
county, east by Granger along the northern part, the Genesee river forming the boundary, and along the southern
part, the Transit Meridian or eastern line of the Holland Purchase; south by Caneadea and west by Centerville.
In the subdivision of the "Purchase" Hume was township 6, range 1. Augustus Porter in 1798 ran the boundary
lines of the Caneadea Indian Reservation which forms a large percentage of its area, and in 1805 William Peacock
subdivided all that part not included in the Reservation, the Cottringer and Church tracts and "Brooks Gore,"
into lots and made no mention of any white man in its territory. The rich flats along the river were then sparsely
populated with Seneca Indians who had quite a village on land now the farms of the late Ebenezer Kingsley. Jim
Hudson, the chief, lived in a but where Dwight Gillett's house is. This village was called Wiscoy, an Indian word
which Geo. H. Harris said signifies "under the bank." I however think it took its name from Wiscoy creek,
"Wis" being the fifth Indian numeral, and "Koya," or "Coy," a stream or creek. Wiscoy,
the creek of five falls. The early whites called it "Indian Town," and also the "Lower Caneadea
At the first settlement Hume was part of the then extensive town of Angelica. Nunda was created March 11, 1808,
and Hume was part of its territory until March 6, 1818, when Pike was erected. The first town meeting of Nunda
was appointed to be held at the house of Peter Granger in present Pike. From 1818 our town was part of Pike until
March 20, 1822, when "Township 6, Range 1," was organized as the town of Hume, and the first town meeting
was "to be held at the house of Gardner Cook" (on the farm now owned by Stanley Mills.) In 1846 the "Gore"
was added. This is that portion of Hume lying east of the Transit, made up of parts of the Church and Cottringer
tracts. The population of the town was largest in 1860, 2,142. From 1870 when it was 1,920 it has remained nearly
stationary being 1,922 in 1875, 1,905 in 1880 and 1,913 in 1890.
The surface is largely hilly upland, watered by the Genesee river, the East Koy, Wiscoy, Cold and Sixth town creeks
which empty into it from the west, the Sixth town discharging into Cold Creek and Rush Creek (Indian Shon-wit-te-ye)
on the east, and by several smaller streams. Many mill sites were found on these streams, notably the Wiscoy, which
affords one of the finest water privileges in the county. The soil along the river was deep and very rich, especially
adapted to the growth of corn. The hills presented almost every variety of soil. Some of the best uplands in the
state are found within its limits, and some of the poorest. The original timber was of great variety, comprising
nearly every kind to be found in the state. The river flats varying in width are bordered by hills rising more
or less abruptly from 150 to 200 ft. Hume contains 24,274 acres and has an equalized assessed valuation of real
and personal estate of $619,663. Owing to its numerous streams and water powers it has a number of business centers.
Since the abandonment of the canal and the construction of the railroad along its line, the village of Fillmore
has made considerable growth and ranks first of all the shipping points between Rochester and Olean. Rossburgh,
in early canal days "Mixville Landing," later Wiscoy Landing, is another railroad station whose shipments
are considerable. There are five postoffices in the town, Hume, Fillmore, Rossburgh, Wiscoy and Mills Mills.
Roger Mills from Canajoharie was the pioneer of Township 6, Range 1, if not of the whole town. He stopped for a
time in Pike, then a hamlet of half a dozen families, and there hired one Olin for $1 to pilot him through the
Wiscoy valley in search of a mill site. The "upper falls," with its splendid water power, facilities
for dams, mills, etc., determined his location, and going to Batavia in the spring of 1806, he "articled"
lots 36 and 37 and returned at once to build his log cabin. In 1807 a dam was made and a sawmill erected, the first
in a large extent of country, to which settlers of Arcade even came for lumber. (Elisha Johnson in his report of
his survey of the Cottringer tract made in 1807 says, "The last season a sawmill was erected on Wiscoy creek
and is now in operation," but I find no verification of this statement.) A gristmill was built in 1808. The
castings and stones were brought from Albany on sleighs the winter before by George Mills and Zach. Keyes. Men
came from Geneseo, 30 miles away, to aid in the "raising," as did also some of the Caneadea Indians.
This mill was of quite primitive construction with its gearing, cog wheels, etc., mostly made of wood. Its erection
was however an important event, and the first products of many a new settlement were ground at this mill, people
bringing grain of their first crop even from Great Valley, 40 miles, fetching their "grist" on the "drag,"
the only vehicle the wild wood paths admitted to pass. This was a small crotched tree of which the prongs or branches
served as runners and the body as tongue. Upon this a yoke of oxen could draw quite a "grist" in winter
or summer. Many grists were carried in bags on horseback. The Indians also used this mill, abandoning their mortar
and pestle. They called it "Tes-e-o-na," and the sawmill "Kan-is-te-o-ni." This they never
patronized. Too much labor was needed to cut and draw the logs.
It was in this old mill that Elisha Mills in 1809 offered for sale the first stock of goods. Part of it was used
as a dwelling, and it is said that Goodwin Mills was there born. In early winter months a stock of venison and
deer skins accumulated, quite a trade being driven with the Indians, with a loaf of bread given for a ham and two
for a saddle of venison. When a load of venison, deer skins and peltry had been collected, some enterprising member
of the "settlement" took the best team and marketed them in Philadelphia or in Albany. The mill was also
the pioneer hotel, those coming from great distances to the mill would (if detained) be furnished with food by
the miller, and would use sacks and bags of grain for beds. Here also were distributed the few letters and fewer
papers brought from the nearest postoffice.
Many were the purposes served by that historic old mill. Soon after the War of 1812-14 Leonard Smith sold army
clothing here. The same old wall and frame stands today, having been added to and altered from time to time. For
over 80 years its "noisy wheel" has seldom ceased its revolutions, and seldom, until within 10 years,
have other than some of the Millses run it. The builder of this mill returned to Montgomery county in 1811 where
he died. His son Roger came the same year with his family and moved into the mill, adding ashanty for a kitchen.
A frame house was soon built, the first, or one of the very first ones of the town. This house still stands, changed
however by repairs and enlargements. It was long owned by Philo Mills, who resided his 80 years of life here, dying
in 1892 in the same room where he was born
In the summer of 1812 Caroline Russell, daughter of Samuel and Mrs. Permelia Penfield, taught the town's first
school in a building now the stable of the barn of the late Philo Mills. S. M. Russell, Esq., of Cuba, is probably
the only surviving pupil George Mills opened the first log tavern in 1815 a few rods above the Philo Mills house.
He was frozen to death and buried in the orchard back of his house. Of course a blacksmith was demanded early at
the mills and by the settlers, and Thomas Pyre was the pioneer. The few letters and very few newspapers sent to
the pioneers at first came from Geneseo postoffice, later from Warsaw, then from Perry and for some years before
Hume had an office Pike was the one most used. Several of the settlers would join in subscribing for a paper. Its
contents would be read aloud in the store and then in turn it would visit all the families.
In 1816 Roger Mills and Bailey put up a carding mill a few rods below the gristmill, conducting the water used
in that mill thither in a flume. This was the first carding mill in a wide territory. Machinery for dressing cloth
was later added, and here the home made cloth of the settlers for miles around was colored, dressed and pressed.
By 1817 or 1818 grain was abundant and a distillery was built on the place now owned by Stanley Mills, another
soon after at the "Mills," and yet another between Mills Mills and Wiscoy. These manufactured from the
surplus grain whiskey which was much easier to market than the grain.
In 1809 Joshua Skiff from Otsego county, paid Mr. Mills $5 for his chance on lot 38 (he having "booked"
it), secured the article for the north part, and commenced clearing. By fall he had three acres cleared and sown
to wheat. Then he had a "raising" at which were 11 men and two women. He completed his cabin, went back
to Otsego, returned early in 1810, with his wife, Lucina Wright. Four of their five children were born in that
old cabin. M. W. Skiff born in 1810 it is believed was the first white child born in Hume. Two of his children
survive, the venerable Joseph B. of Hume and Harvey J. of Iowa.
Moses Robinson came from the same place and with Mr. Skiff, located on lot number 32. He was one of those energetic
men, who always make a mark in the world. He did his share in clearing and enclosing the broad fields which today
distinguish the "Moses Robinson place" and the cluster of convenient and extensive farm buildings, with
the spacious and imposing residence, attest the enterprise as well as some of the peculiarities of "Uncle
Edmund Skiff about 1810 or 1811 settled upon lot 24. His wife was much afraid of the Indians who often visited
them. When the war broke out in 1812, she would not remain so near the frontier and they returned to Otsego. After
the war they settled in Pike.
Hubbard Fuller, who traded his place for Edmund Skiff's, came in 1812 and "articled" lands near by, and
at one time owned quite an extensive tract. John and Benj. Fuller were his sons
Luther Couch about 1814, at first teaching a school, a little north of Hubbard Fuller's, whose daughter Sylvia
he married, commencing housekeeping in Pike near where his father lived, but soon "taking up" land on
lot 24, which he cleared and made to blossom with great crops. He was one of the best of farmers, and the farm
is yet known as the "Couch Place" When in 1844 or 5 the country was aglow with the excitement of the
"Fourierite Associations," he sold his farm and invested all in the "Mixville Association"
and became its president. It ran for a few years and closed in disastrous failure. Mr. Couch lost largely and lived
but a few years.
Aaron Robinson, brother of Moses was early upon lot 32. the part known later as the "Alger place." He
was for years a man of extensive business operations. The house and other buildings he erected at a large outlay
of time and expense. He put up a tannery a short distance north of the house, over 100 feet long, also conducted
a boot and shoe shop. and employed a number of men. Generous to a fault while in prosperity, hospitable alike to
friends and strangers, he acquired a habit which brought adversity, and he was compelled to part with his place
and it came into the hands of Adolphus Alger, who resided upon it until his death.
In 1815 there were not more than 20 families in town. Quite an impetus was then given to settlement for some ten
years when scarcely a man could be met who did not come from Otsego or Montgomery counties. Edward Doud, father
of Orrin, James and John, came in 1815 locating on lot 31 and paying $4.50 per acre, the highest price as yet paid
in the township, most of it having sold for $2.50. Wm. Doud, son of Orrin, still owns the ancestral acres, one
of the best farms in town, while Geo. E. Doud, son of James. possesses the Old Homestead." Charles Trail,
whose sons Rhyla and Luman are still remembered, came also in 1815, locating on lot 7.
The next day after his arrival Trail caught a wolf and shortly after helped to kill two bears, which had been caught
in traps. One Damon was a very successful trapper, catching bears, wolves and large numbers of smaller game. A
good yoke of cattle would then bring from $50 to $60, the best of three year old steers from $18 to $20. The Holland
Company for a few years sent their agents over the "Purchase" to receive and collect cattle and receipt
the price agreed upon on their land contracts. This was quite an aid to the settlers, as the country was not yet
visited by the professional drover and many were hard pressed for the means to make their payments. These cattle
were driven to Philadelphia and sold.
Pioneering on the "Gore." While these settlements were being made the Indians still occupied the river
flats of the reservation. The tortuous course of the stream, exposing such a vast surface to evaporation, the consequent
fogs and malaria, the prevalence of fever and ague, conspired to retard settlement on the river. Elisha Johnson
notes in 1807 that "N. Dixon had made improvements on lot 109," now in part owned by Geo. Gillett and
Judson Stockwell. He was probably the pioneer of that part of the town. John Bellinger from Otsego came in 1809,
taking up" land on lot 112, now owned by John Gleason, Dexter Carpenter from Vermont, came in 1819, taking
part of lot 111, now owned by Frank Gillett
When Gillett came he found a log house tavern kept by one John Potter near the river on the land he purchased.
This was on the first road opened up the river, which followed substantially the "Indian Trail."- Being
centrally located, when this region was all Nunda the elections and town meetings were there held, as well as the
first company and "general training." Capt. Samuel Russell used to command at those dispays.
Esau Rich, a Cheeny, Daniel Hendee, a Fancher, Joel Stockwell and a Hawley, were also early settlers east of the
"Transit," and north from the Reservation, and one Lay was there found who had been for 30 years leading
a roving life with the Indians. Jason Goodell taught the pioneer school on the "Gore" in a log barn near
Mrs. Dudley's place. Maria Bellinger succeeded him there. The settlers generally went (in 1819) to Hunts Hollow
to trade, and get their mail. The nearest physician was Dr. Moses on "Oak Hill" and ague the prevailing
complaint. There were no bridges and fording was the usual way of crossing the river, except in high water when
canoes were used and in winter ice bridges were the popular thing. Some deaths by drowning occurred, and many exciting
adventures and hair breadth escapes are related by the pioneers upon the river. The first religious services were
held by Eld. Lindsley, a Presbyterian missionary. The first ground used for cemetery purposes was the "Carpenter
burying ground." The first interment was that of Phebe Coon about 1834.
HUME VILLAGE. (Cold Creek)* -
During the progress of the events we have just related, the site of this village was dressed in its natural loveliness.
The beautiful waterfall, the perpendicular walls of rocks, with trees along its banks almost interlacing above
its foaming waters made a picture of great beauty. This great "mill privilege" soon caught the eye of
Roger Mills, and was "taken up" at an early day, the "article" covering lot 28. He held it
for a number of years, later he exchanged his right with one Bushnell for a yoke of oxen. This was but a short
time before settlement was commenced. It was again transferred before it was deeded. It is not known that Bushnell
ever lived here.
*I am largely indebted to Mrs. Sarah Ingham, landlady of the Ingham Tavern for so many years, for information concerning
the settlement of this village.
Sylvanus Hammond, from Middlebury, was the pioneer of Hume village, erecting the first house, a log one on the
site of residence of J. VanDresser about 1820. Ira Higbee early built a log house where James Ingham lives, but
soon sold to Ebenezer Utley from Butternuts, Otsego Co., who came in January, 1823. James Drake made a clearing
and erected a shingle shanty style of cabin, nearly or quite on the site of Henry Wells residence, and Luther Merchant
from Middlebury, put up a log structure about on the site of the Henry House. Mr. Ingham bought his interest and
occupied the house in March, 1823, coming from Bethany whence he had removed from Herkimer Co. They came down the
narrow ravine which makes up the hill nearly opposite where Mrs. Climena Kendall lives. Gen. Elijah Partridge had
previously "planted his destiny" a little to the south, "taking up" lots 18 and 34. A bridge
had been built across the creek by Geo. Dennis and Geo. Barker. And such a bridge ! It was made by felling large
pines, hewing them on three sides and placing them side by side across the stream, (then much narrower than now)
until sufficiently wide for travel,and where needed, filling in between them with sticks properly shaped like "chinking
up" a log house.
In June, 1823, Mr Ingham put up a framed addition to his log house and opened the first public house in Hume village.
Of its local patrons the Indians were quite numerous, sometimes coming in large numbers, and frequently the kitchen
floor was literally covered with Indians of both sexes lying with their heads to the fire. A few rods west from
the "Ingham Stand" is a famous spring at the base of a terrace. Around this the Indians would sit on
the logs and partake of their simple lunch, indulging in mirth, sentiment and joke. The spring was called by them
the cold spring." I believe this the origin of the name of the creek.
The first sawmill was built in 1823 by Blakely and Doake. Its site is occupied by the hardware store of Mr. Seeley,
and the stores of Wells Bros., Goodrich & Skiff, Geo. S. Hopper, and the residence of C. F. Skiff was the mill
yard. The pioneer blacksmith was Ruby who built a shop at the south end of the bridge. The first physician was
Dr. Balcom. The writer well remembers him as an aged man mounted on an old white horse; staff in hand and pill
bags astride, slowly wending his way to the bedside of the sick.
James D. McKeen, the pioneer merchant, a former foot peddler, put on sale a few goods, first in the bar of Ingham's
tavern, but, about 1825, changed quarters to the front room of the framed addition. His success encouraged him
to build the first store of the village. This was the "old red store" and the "old red rookery"
of later years. It stood near Mechanics Hall in the corner of the beautiful grounds surrounding N. P. Baker's residence.
Other stores soon followed and each had its lumber yard while some added an ashery, one having stood on the high
bank of the creek near Henry's opera house, and another near R. M. Skiff's. Lumber and shingles were used almost
as currency at prices which would astonish our modern dealers. The "ash gatherer" would go all over the
country trading calico, etc., for ashes, which, converted into pot and pearl ashes, would be sent to market and
exchanged for cash or more goods. These goods were hauled from Albany by teams, making the goods very dear to the
settlers. After 1826 goods were shipped by canal to Rochester, from there poled up the river in flatboats to York
Landing, where our merchants would send teams for them.
The first school was taught by Charles Mather in the winter of 1823-4 in a schoolhouse just completed. Miss Harriet
Utley succeeded him the next summer Miss Utley and her sisters Huldah and Dolly, twins, were generally known as
the "Utley girls." They had for many years been teachers in the district schools of this and adjoining
towns, and many of the older people of this section made their acquaintance (as did the writer) in. the "old
log schoolhouse," with its ample fireplace appropriating nearly the whole of one end, and its row of desks,
or rather continuous desk and seat, around and along the other end and sides; when "boarding around"
was the order, the sharp rapping with the ruler on door or window casing, served all the purposes of the modern
school bell; and blackboards and steel pens were things of the "dim future." These "Utley girls"
were the best of nurses, ministered frequently to the suffering and afflicted, and their presence and attention
were thankfully welcomed. Self reliant, taking an ardent interest in public affairs and neighborhood prosperity,
sociable, charitable and merciful, their lives were devoted to the good of others, and left in the memories of
their many friends pleasant recollections. Rufus Chaffee conducted the first school for instruction in music as
early as 1826. He also worked in the sawmill by the bridge and was there crushed to death while removing ice from
around the pitman.
The first gristmill in Hume village was erected in 1829 by Ozro Thomas and John Freeman. The principal gearing
was made of wood. It had two "run of stones, and stood on the north bank of the creek (in the rear of N. M.
Wells' barn). It ran but a few years, being superseded by the present mill which was built by Albert Utley. Gordon
M. Abel and a Mr. Griffith.
The first tannery was built by Townsend and Smith, and stood near the residence of L. D. Hubbard. Another was built
in 1832 by Alanson and Wm. R. Skiff on the north side of the creek, about where H. C. Brown has a barn.
Dr. Seth H. Pratt, came about 1825. He was orator at the first "Fourth of July celebration" of the village
in 1825 or 6. Tables were spread in front of Ingham's tavern under a bower, seats were constructed, a stand erected,
and the oration delivered on a little flat under the creek bank, long since washed away. Gen. Partridge was marshal.
Hume postoffice was established in 1826, with Chauncey G. Ingham postmaster, who held office over 15 years. The
first mail contained but one article, a letter. The receipts for the first few years averaged about $10 per annum.
Soon after 1826 the Holland Company appropriated $1,200 for roads and bridges in Hume, the work to be done under
the direction of Judge Dole and Mr. Ingham. This was for the main or stage road from Angelica to Batavia, which
ran through by Absalom Ayers' over the old "gulf road" route, striking the river near Geo. P. Leet's
in Caneadea. Down the river from Leet's no road had been opened. Samuel Mills, son of Gen. Mills of Mt. Morris,
was the first lawyer (about 1840). He remained but a short time.
Wolves were very plenty around Cold Creek, and were loth to leave for some years after the first settlement. One
of the settlers, who lived about where H. C. Brown's house stands, one dark night heard a noise under his window,
which he raised, and, thrusting out an arm, he seized a wolf by the leg.
WISCOY, so long called Mixville,
deriving the name Wiscoy from the creek, and Mixville from Ebenezer Mix of Batavia, the early owner of the land,
was settled in 1828 by Lawrence Wilkes, a blacksmith, who married a sister of Mrs. Mix. A sawmill was built the
same year for Mr. Mix by David Knight. A bridge was thrown across the stream this season, the stringers being placed
in position the day after the mill was raised. Jonathan Wilkes was the contractor. Henry Torrey built the gristmill
and the first hotel in 1829. The first merchants were Orrin Kingsley and Isaac Wheeler* who opened a store in 1830.
The goods were brought from Albany in canal and river boats to York landing, thence to destination in wagons or
sleighs. The first physician was Dr. Keyes, locating in 1830. The first blacksmith was Lawrence Wilkes. Miles Dodge
built the furnace in 1842, and conducted an extensive business, increasing its facilities until they constructed
steam engines and mill machinery. Other early settlers were, David Gear, David Ayde, one Sawyer and Hibbard Pride.
Benjamin Cooley settled in 1816 about a mile north of the village, building a sawmill on the East Koy in 1825.
* Isaac would never sell the last thing of a kind as "it would break the assortment."
Wiscoy was the seat of the famous Fourieristic "Mixville Association," which went into operation about
1844 or 5 and proved a dismal failure, involving many in bankruptcy. The beautiful rapids and falls of the Wiscoy
at this place and the two falls at Mill's Mills gave the stream its name "Wiscoy," "Five-fall-brook,"
or, as some have it though not as correctly, "Many-fall-brook," from the fact of its descent of 90 feet
in less than 1 mile, with substantial rock bottom and banks, affording facilities for dams, mills, factories, etc.,
seldom equalled. When first gazed upon by the white man it must have been romantic indeed. The waters are remarkable
for steadiness of flow and volume, and should today be turning thousands of spindles and driving hundreds of looms.
Possibly it might have done so had not too. high a price been placed upon it by the early owners.
FILLMORE village is situated at
what was, before the turning of the channel of the river by the state in 1839-40, the mouth of Cold Creek, and
for years preceding, the establishment of the postoffice it was known as "the mouth of the creek." Up
to 1836 its site was covered with a heavy growth of pine, buttonwood, butternut and elm. John Whiting early built
a sawmill on the creek, settling on the farm now owned by W. B. McCrea. This mill was followed by the Lapham mill,
Abraham Lapham from Macedon, Wayne county, succeeding Mr. Whiting in the spring of 1841. Abner Leet erected the
first public house, known as the "Red Tavern," in 1838. It was literally in the woods, and stood where
the Prospect House stands. Thos. R., Uriah and Edwin Leet of Caneadea were his sons. He was one of the few who
wished to name the place Fayette City, and across the north end of the hall connected with the tavern the words,
"Fayette City Hall" were posted in an arch, but the place was never to any extent known by that name.
Asgil S. Dudley the first merchant, had a small stock in the present resident of R. P. Tarbell. Wright & Baker
soon after opened a store in the building near the M. E. church now the property of Dennis Torpey. Alexander Ferguson
was the first blacksmith in a shanty on the site of Wm. P. Brooks' residence. He is well remembered by older people
here, as the typical son of Vulcan, herculean in stature and in strength. The first wagon makers were H. M. and
Noah B Howden, who rented a shop built by Enos Stockwell in 1849 about where Mrs. Holland lives. The first work
they did was making two very heavy lumber wagon boxes for Geo. Quinn, a contractor on the canal. Mrs. Melancton
Morgan, widow, and Harvey M. Howden are the longest residents of Fillmore, and his house on Genesee street built
in 1850, was the first one in that part of the town. Levi Rice, a cooper, was an early settler here. His log shop
stood in the rear of Joseph Ensign's house. Enos Stockwell, blacksmith, came in 1841. He worked first for the men
getting out stone for locks from the quarry on the Andrew Caldwell farm. Soon coming to the village he occupied
a shop about where S. S. Hamilton lives. Energetic, public spirited, Fillmore will long remember him as a benefactor.
He built a number of dwellings and the Thomas Duffy hotel.
The large warehouse and store which stood on the basin in canal days and was bought and moved around parallel with
the railroad by D. W. Sweet, was erected by Whitbeck and Hall about 1851-2. This is an old landmark Jeremiah B.
Whitbeck and Theodore F. Hall came from Rochester in January, 1850, with a letter of introduction from Gem. Micah
Brooks to my father. Mr. Whitbeck tells me he has always remembered a remark my father made in reference to a question,
as to how large a business a well conducted store here might expect to do. It was that "if they put in the
right kind and stock of goods, they might do $12,000 per year," which Mr. W. says they exceeded the first
year, and later very much enlarged. They purchased the stock of Lyman Bailey, who conducted business under the
hall part of the "Red Tavern" where Hiram Huntley and Daniel D. Gardiner had traded, and took possession
Feb. 22, 1850. The stock invoiced $800, $400 of which was side pork, at four cents per pound. In March they occupied
the building now Wm. Foote's carriage factory, where they did business until the large warehouse on the basin was
occupied in 1852. Mr. Hall retired in 1854, Mr. Whitbeck continuing the business, taking successively as partners
Albert Anderson, Samuel A. Farman and William P. Brooks.
The first school was taught in the summer of 1841 by Mary Ann Ferguson, in a board shanty, near where John Hodnett
now lives. A log structure, used for school purposes, stood about where Patrick Hodnett lives. Jeremiah Morrill
and one or more of the Utley girls taught here. In 1811 this district and the one over the river were consolidated
and the present "Minard schoolhouse" was built In 1851 the district was divided, and Fillmore established
schools. The postoffice was established in 1850 with A. S. Dudley postmaster, named Fillmore for President Fillmore.
Dr. Isaac Minard for many years at Pike, was here for a short time as early as 1848, and is conceded to be the
pioneer physician. Dr. Nathan Haskins, formerly and subsequently of Centerville, was here in 1851 and for several
years after. Dr. Finn came about. 1851, remained about one year. In 1859 Dr. D. L. Barrows from Rochester, located
here for a number of years.
During the construction of the Genesee Valley canal there was an influx of Irish. After the canal was built they
remained and became tillers of the soil. The first canal boats were here in June. Joseph. Ensign says the first
boat in Fillmore was the "Daughter of Temperance," John Boardman, captain. These first boats were gaily
decked with flags and mottoes. The writer remembers one, "The Peoples Line Against Monopoly," and how
little Charley Barnard said "Yes, I know old Monopoly. He lives in Mt. Morris, keeps a hardware store, is
rich, and is hard on the poor." Lumber now found a ready market at home at enhanced prices, and wood, which
before had to be burned in the process of clearing, could be shipped to Rochester at remunerative prices.
In ante canal times the stage coach was the most expeditious mode of travel along the Genesee valley The "Genesee
Valley Express," a stage line from Mt. Morris to Cuba, was for a while a popular institution. Soon after the
opening of the canal the packet canalboat Frances, for a time made regular trips between Mt. Morris and Oramel.
Bands of music attracted pleasure parties to take passage, and dances were a not uncommon feature. The boat horn,
sounded at the meeting of a boat or on approaching a village, gave as much pleasure to its hearers as does now
the whistle of the locomotive. Joseph Moon with his famous key bugle used frequently to be a passenger and would
regale the people along the canal with a free "open air" concert. But the packet did not 'pay" and
soon ceased to run. There were too many locks to pass to give the speed desired and the stage line had its own
way again until the railroad came
David Bemis was the first, or one of the first shoemakers. George W. Dresser for some years carried on shoemaking,
where John Caldwell's house is, and George W. Wiles for a few years from 1851 had a shoeshop where is now E. Ward's
store. About 1855 he built a tannery north of the cheese factory site and is the only tanner Fillmore ever had.
John Grosvenor was an early tailor.
From 1846 to 1850 "the mouth of the creek" was the headquarters of a band of horse thieves and gamblers.
John Allen, Henry Hyssop, Jerry Whaley and one Tyler were leading members and their rendezvous, the "Red Tavern,"
was kept by Ed Rice. Stealing horses from the Indians on the Buffalo reservation was a regular occupation. They
were at last detected in this, arrested, prosecuted and several sent to prison, breaking up the gang.
THE CANEADEA INDIANS. - For some
years after the Indian title was extinguished (1826) the Caneadea Indians continued in undisturbed possession of
the rich lands of the reservation. Only occasionally would a white attempt to cultivate any of it. Their possession
retarded settlement along the river but contributed to the cultivation of neighberhood relations between the two
races and many pioneers became intimate with them. Prominent among the Indians was the old chief Shongo. His home
was near the residence of B. F. McClure in Caneadea. Mrs. Sarah Ingham said that he used frequently to visit their
house, and would relate his exploits in war, of being in the battle of Saratoga under Burgoyne. show the four ball
holes in one arm and the scars of several sword cuts. He was fond of "snick-e-i," but of sound judgment,
fine personal appearance and influential with his people. He came to be quite thrifty, had horses, cattle and hogs.
His son George married a daughter of Mary Jemison For an account of Hudson see page 35. "Old Wayne Washington"
was an Indian of note. He was also known as John Mohawk. He it was to whom VanCampen "lent his hatchet"
on one occasion, that is, sent him away with a tomahawk sticking in the back of his neck and shoulder. He lived
to be over 100 years old and lies buried back of Delos Benjamin's residence. One of his sons was called the best
runner of the Reservation. Long Beard, from whom "Long Beard's Riff" takes name, lived on the Benj. and
Judson Gillett farm (once on the farm next above), and for an Indian was quite a farmer, raising grain, horses,
cattle and sheep. Skanoboy, gift boy, given by and adopted from another tribe, lived with Long Beard. He was physically
perfect, but destitute of principle and disliked by nearly every one. He was fond of "firewater," and
once paid a liquor bill of 20 shillings by an elegant otter skin he had stolen (for which the Indians severelypunished
him). Mr. Ingham exchanged this skin in Batavia for nearly enough nails and glass to furnish the framed addition
to his log tavern. Copperhead lived to be very old. John Shanks, a "medicine man," Sun-ge-wa (Big Kettle),
the Trimsharps, Sharpshins, Bear hunter, Elk hunter. Chickens, Joe Dan Johnson, Powderhorn, Chicknit were names
borne by Indians of lesser note.
During the war of 1812 these Indians remained loyal to our people. Once the whites were much alarmed. The Indians
were missing, and it was feared they bad joined the British but they were only away hunting pigeons. One of the
Trimsharps was once at Joel Cooper's house on the Reservation. Turning to one of Mr. C's unmarried sons, "John,"
the Indian said, "You young, me no young, why you no git you squaw ? Me bring squaw next time I come."
To this young Cooper assented and thought no more about it. In a few days "Old Tom" re-appeared with
a charming young squaw, whom he had brought from Tonawanda to become his bride. The Indian was in earnest and John
had to marry or "back out." He chose to repudiate and the squaw went back with "Old Tom."
Parley Short once cut some hay on shares for Indians on the "round flats." The hay was stacked to remove
in winter. When they began to draw it away some Indians proceeded to resist its removal by force. Seizing a fork
one advanced upon the whites when Mr. Short dealt him a blow which laid him prostrate, and checked the warlike
demonstrations. It was several minutes before the Indian arose and when he did he said "I will help you my
EARLY SETTLERS ON THE RESERVATION,
beginning at the south were, Gardiner Thayer, Timothy Rice, taking up one of the lots of the "Old Town Flats,"
Marinus W. Miner, Henry D. Lyman. Warren Cowing and John Whiting. Allen Nourse and George Minard from Vermont,
came about 1831, the former settling a mile and a half from Fillmore east of the river, the latter coming a year
earlier made his home on the lot opposite the mouth of Cold Creek, about the time the Indians all left. The present
farms of Geo. E. Minard and James C. Smith were included in his purchase. Minard and Nourse were prominent and
did their full share towards public improvements, roads, bridges, etc. When they settled it was an unbroken wilderness
east to the top of Snider Hill in Granger. Samuel Bowen, Isaac Gibbs, Joel Cooper, Daniel P. Brooks, were early
settlers east of the river, on the west side were Sanford, Fish, Jonathan Hammond and his sons, John M Edson, Augustus
and Or villo. Simeon Short's farm joined the reservation on the west. He came from Ossian; was a hardworking man,
and died over forty years ago.
The first sawmill on Rush Creek was built about 1830 by one Price. Jay Farnsworth and Lovett S. Albee from Vermont
settled upon Rush Creek about 1834. They took up and divided a hundred acre lot. Lumbering occupied much of their
time as upon most of the land was a splendid growth of pine and oak. About 1840 Mr. Albee built a sawmill on his
land, Farnsworth having become the owner of the Price Mill. At that time a bushel of corn would buy a good pine
tree, and a pound of pork pay for a pine sawlog of average quality. Shingles was a staple product. They were usually
carried north and exchanged for apples, flour, pork, etc. They seldom brought money, and when sold for cash brought
a very small price. Hunting was practiced to a considerable extent. Deer were plenty and a good venison steak no
rarity. Wolves disappeared entirely about 1850.
Many of our pioneers were in the habit of trespassing on the non resident timbered lands. A fine pine or oak tree
had great attractions for them, and when it came under observation of one who had no decided conscientious scruples
its fate was sealed. About 45 years ago, the "village tract" was the scene of unusual activity in the
way of stealing timber. The lots of the "village tract" were owned by a number of proprietors, who drew
lots for the location, or settled the matter so that all the lots of one proprietor were not together but scattered.
The land was thickly timbered with remarkably fine pine, and the conditions furnished the most tempting opportunity
for securing it, as in order to make an action lie for trespass, the lot, or lots would have to be specified, which
would involve a careful survey of the whole tract. The business began cautiously, but two or three attempts to
prosecute having failed they "went for" the village lots, with a vengeance. And such havoc as they made.
The writer well remembers how merrily the axes rang among those "monarchs of the forest" and how they
fell, and what a crashing noise they made, not only in the daytime, but in those long moonlight winter nights.
One would fell a treeand saw it into logs, another would watch his opportunity and when the first had gone perhaps
for his team, would steal the logs and draw them to the mill, where perhaps a third one would seize the lumber
as soon as it was sawed and rush it to market. Of course the sawmill men looked out for their share. Thus was the
"village tract" despoiled of its grand old forest. It was on this tract that about 1845 one Wiley, shot
a huge, very ferocious wild animal the like of which was never before or since seen in these parts. Its skin after
it was stuffed must have been fully six feet from nose to tip of tail; it was of a yellowish color, with dark spots,
and appeared much like a huge cat.
The first school in what is now District No. 8 was taught by Almena Nourse in the winter of 1833-4 in a shingle
shanty about 14 by 24 feet in size, which had been built and used for a residence by Lewis Waldorf. After the erection
of the log schoolhouse proper, the first school was taught by Cyrene Wood of Portageville Mrs. Rosalia Wood now
of Centerville, a daughter of pioneer Joel Cooper, taught one term there. Salina Blanchard. from Vermont, taught
the first school in the Hammond district in a log house near where Julius E. Franklin now lives.
[Continued in History
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About six million American adults experience panic disorder in a given year. Typically developing in early adulthood, women are twice as likely as men to have panic disorder.
Many people don't know that their disorder is real and highly responsive to treatment. Some are afraid or embarrassed to tell anyone, including their doctors and loved ones, about what they experience for fear of being considered a hypochondriac. Instead they suffer in silence, distancing themselves from friends, family, and others who could be helpful or supportive.
Facing Panic: Learn seven self-help steps to break the cycle of panic and regain control of your life. This book includes techniques and exercises to manage and overcome panic attacks and panic disorder. Download the charts found in Facing Panic, Self-Help for People with Panic Attacks to help you practice and track the skills you learn to overcome your panic.
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The disorder often occurs with other mental and physical disorders, including other anxiety disorders, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, or substance abuse. This may complicate of getting a correct diagnosis.
Some people stop going into situations or places in which they've previously had a panic attack in anticipation of it happening again.
These people have agoraphobia, and they typically avoid public places where they feel immediate escape might be difficult, such as shopping malls, public transportation, or large sports arenas. About one in three people with panic disorder develops agoraphobia. Their world may become smaller as they are constantly on guard, waiting for the next panic attack. Some people develop a fixed route or territory, and it may become impossible for them to travel beyond their safety zones without suffering severe anxiety. | <urn:uuid:33a91331-823f-4446-a00a-1a441ca54074> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/panic-disorder-agoraphobia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320593.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625221343-20170626001343-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.970394 | 418 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The aviation industry is set to launch a campaign to combat the growing flight shaming movement led by Greta Thunberg. The campaign comes as weakened demand has been reported in Europe.
The flight shaming movement is growing in momentum across Europe. The movement sees passengers shunning flights for other methods of transport such as trains and cars. The aviation industry is responsible for just 2.5% of global CO2 emissions. However, despite giving off fewer emissions than other industries, and trying to make a positive difference, the aviation industry has become the face of emissions across the globe.
Why is aviation suffering?
The aviation industry has become one of the faces of global emissions. As previously mentioned, aviation contributes to 2.5 percent of global CO2 emissions. This compares to around 10% from the global fashion industry according to the United Nations.
Part of the issue is surely the visibility of carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft. When flying, it is rather obvious that the aircraft’s engines are generating emissions. However, heading back to the fashion analogy, when picking up a new pair of trousers, you don’t necessarily think about how they were created.
This has, in part, led to the creation of the flight shaming movement. In a bid to disassociate themselves with the emissions of the aviation industry, passengers are opting to take other methods of transport. The flight shaming movement is being spearheaded by schoolgirl Greta Thunberg who launched the Fridays for Future Initiative. She recently took a sailboat to travel to America to highlight the flight shaming movement.
The effects of flight shaming have largely been felt in Europe to date, particularly in Scandinavian countries and central Western Europe. Demand has fallen in these areas, according to Reuters, however, it is impossible to place a definitive figure on the amount.
What is the industry doing in response
The aviation industry is taking a very proactive response to deal with its environmental emissions as a whole. Examples of action already taken include scrapping single-use plastics from onboard, and mandatory carbon offsetting schemes.
Additionally, according to Reuters, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) is planning a campaign to help mitigate the effects of the flight shaming movement. IATA’s chief, Alexandre de Juniac, told Reuters: “We will launch a very, very big campaign … to explain what we have done, what we are doing, and what we intend to do in the future”.
The campaign will additionally tackle “misleading information” which has been disseminated to the general public. While details of the project appear to still be under wraps, the campaign will be available to airlines and airports.
Do you think a campaign will help tackle flight shaming? Let us know your thoughts in the comments section. | <urn:uuid:98a6d31a-0b62-4f31-a672-f1bf284aeb26> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://simpleflying.com/iata-flight-shaming-campaign/?utm_source=Bibblio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148850.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229083813-20200229113813-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.959754 | 566 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration Program (MDRP) was created in Africa in the late 1990s. It closed down after 7 years leaving behind an unquestionable legacy of success.
There is a growing body of practice and literature on the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in preventing and responding to violence. There is also a lot of excitement and corresponding literature about the role of the internet in non-violent change and democratization. The use of mobile phones, social networks such as Facebook and Twitter, and user-generated content (UGC) like blogs and YouTube videos in the protests in Tunisia and Egypt, as well as throughout the wider middle-east and North Africa (MENA) region have shown how ICTs can complement and augment the exercise of rights to freedom of expression, freedom of association, and freedom of peaceful assembly. This literature focuses on the use of ICTs before and during conflict, for example in conflict prevention and early warning. What about the use of ICTs in post-conflict situations; after the negotiation of peace agreements? How can ICTs be used in post-conflict interventions; more specifically in post-conflict peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction and recovery? What role of can be played here by social media and user-generated content?
The social reintegration of ex-combatants is one of the most critical aspects of peacebuilding processes. However, contrary to economic reintegration in which it would be possible to set up some quantitative indicators in terms of accessing vocational training opportunities, employment and livelihoods income for the assessment of success, social reintegration is an intangible outcome. Therefore, what constitutes a successful social reintegration and how it could be assessed continues to be the challenge for both academics and practitioners. This article will undertake an investigation of the preliminary parameters of social reintegration at the macro, meso and micro levels in order to identify a set of indicators for programme assessment. A nuanced understanding of ex-combatant reintegration is expected to allow the development of context-based indicators according to the specific characteristics of that particular environment. The article also recommends the use of participatory research methods as they would be more appropriate for the measurement of social reintegration impact.
This article examines the impact of the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) combatants on the post-war recovery of Kosovo. The exploration is conducted through a micro- and macro-security perspective. The analysis focuses on the three main issues: preferential treatment of former KLA combatants, identification and utilisation of KLA resources, and the long-term implications of reintegration on the peacebuilding process in Kosovo and regional security. The findings from this analysis are presented in the form of a list of general conclusions and lessons that can be applied by those agencies involved in the reintegration of former combatants in Kosovo and other similar circumstances.
Several devastating conflicts have persisted in Sub-Saharan Africa for the past 20 years or more. Some countries are still emerging from the era of cold war politics, while debilitating internal struggles continue to plague others. Ethiopia, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, and more recently, Angola and Mozambique are examples of the former. The latter is illustrated by the situation in countries such as Liberia, Somalia and the Sudan. This study, the transition from war to peace in Sub-Saharan Africa, offers practical guidance and examples of good practice for improving the design and implementation of programs for demobilization, reinsertion, and reintegration of ex-combatants and their dependents in client countries. It also provides a list of early warning signals that indicate whether the demobilization and reintegration programs (DRPs) process is not going according to plan and suggests preventive actions. Work on the ground, as well as case analysis in countries such as Ethiopia, Namibia, Uganda, Angola, Mozambique, and Rwanda form the basis of the suggested good practice in DRPs.
In recent years, international organizations have concluded that standard principles of Public Finance Management (PFM) are equally applicable to all areas of the national budget, including the security sector. In many cases long-term external assistance may be required for the security sector, generating severe trade-offs with other priority sectors which also require long-term external support. Overcoming the legacy of a fiscally unsustainable and poorly managed security sector calls for full application of PFM principles to support the establishment of checks and balances required to establish a wholly accountable security sector. The recent World Bank PFM review of Afghanistan, perhaps the first example of such a review, provides a number of lessons, summarized in this note. Some of these include: security in post-conflict situations is a key condition for a return to political normalcy and conversely, development is also needed for security; PFM practices can take into consideration the most complex and confidential issues without undermining the application of the fundamental principles of accountability to elected civil authorities; and reviewing security reform through a PFM lens reduces risks and costs to both the country concerned and donors.
This note, summarizing the analysis and recommendations of an upcoming CPR Working Paper of the same title, looks at issues related to financing modalities and aid management arrangements in post-conflict situations. It makes a number of recommendations based on a review of several recent case studies, of which four are assessed in detail: West Bank and Gaza, Bosnia and Herzegovina, East Timor, and Afghanistan. It focuses on the lessons of experience on multi-donor trust funds and on the recipient government’s aid management architecture in post-conflict settings. This paper is concerned with the specific issues of financing modalities and aid management arrangements in post-conflict situations, and advances a number of recommendations on the basis of a review of several recent cases, among which four are assessed in detail: West Bank and Gaza, Bosnia and Herzegovina, East Timor (Timor-Leste) and Afghanistan. While generally applicable recommendations do emerge from the review, the most important recommendation is to tailor the design and sequencing of financing and aid coordination to the circumstances of the specific case.
Women have always participated to some extent in combat, but several recent wars have seen them fighting on the front lines. And while the roles of female excombatants vary widely, the women seem to share one unfortunate characteristic: limited access to benefits when peace and demobilization come. This is also true for girls abducted for sexual services and the families of ex-combatants in the receiving community. These groups are often neglected during demobilization and reintegration; or at best, women, men, boys, and girls may receive equal benefits but are treated as a homogenous group, which prevents their specific needs from being addressed. Some think that the first objective of a DRP (Demobilization and Reintegration Program) is to have a positive impact on the peace dividend. Another goal often mentioned is the reduction of military expenditures for budgetary reasons. However, others argue that the DRP objectives should be to assist vulnerable excombatans.
This note describes the Disarmament and Demobilization (D&D) of combatants from all warring parties in January 2002, which marked the official end of the civil war in Sierra Leone. D&D was part of a larger disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) program, implemented by the Government of Sierra Leone with the support of the World Bank, together with other international institutions and Nongovernmenal Organizations (NGOs). The experience of Sierra Leone is discussed, as well as, how the Bank can play a role in post-conflict transitions, complementing political and security efforts of client governments and the international community.
This document first outlines a comprehensive strategy for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) activities in the greater Great Lakes region of central Africa. The purpose of this strategy is to enhance the prospects for stabilization and recovery in the region. The DDR of the ex-combatants is necessary to establishing peace and restoring security, which are in turn pre-conditions for sustainable growth and poverty reduction. A multi-country approach will enhance effectiveness of the international response, provide greater coherence among DDR activities, facilitate positive feedback relationships among DDR activities in the region, provide similar incentives for all parties to the conflict to pursue peaceful strategies, address the regional externalities associated with some individual programs, enhance transparency of closely related DDR activities, and facilitate knowledge-sharing and training across DDR implementers. A regional strategy also serves as a confidence-building measure. The strategy, if successfully implemented, will have a significant impact on reducing poverty by helping to consolidate peace, building confidence among governments in the region, helping to free up national resources for investment, attracting foreign capital, investing in the human capital of ex-combatants, and enhancing capacities for development at the community level.
This report presents the results of the study on the demobilization and reinsertion of excombatants from illegal armed groups in Colombia. The report describes and analyzes the Colombian case, compares it with international experience, discusses critical issues of the current program, and presents options to improve its design and implementation. The study responds to a request by the Colombian government to conduct an assessment of the previous and current approaches to demobilization and reinsertion in Colombia and, in light of national and international experience, to present options to improve the program. This study relied principally on secondary data and information from existing studies, essays, and press articles produced by government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, United Nations and bilateral agencies, specialized analysts, and media. The analysis also used primary information collected for the study, including: (1) information from interviews with government and non-government sources about the current condition of individuals demobilized during the 1990s; (2) the profiles of a sample of young excombatants (18-26 years old) enrolled in the current reinsertion program in Medellin and Bogota; (3) the assessment of the demobilization and reinsertion experience of the 1990s as viewed by leaders of existing foundations from four of the demobilized groups; and (4) a special work session held with 50 representatives from diverse private-sector associations and businesses. This study assesses Colombia’s experience using a framework of five interwoven phases from armed conflict to peace: prevention, demobilization, reinsertion, reintegration, and reconciliation. This framework together with accumulated national and international best practices in technical aspects of the operations of disarmament, demobilization, and reinsertion (DDR) programs are used in the analysis of the current Program of Demobilization and Reinsertion (PDR).
The conflict that broke out in Sudan on the eve of its independence from Britain in 1956 has devastated the country, retarded developmental progress, drained human resources and damaged the social fabric of the entire nation. However, the Protocol of Machakos which was signed by the Government of the Republic of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army on 20 July 2002, states the commitment of the parties to a negotiated, peaceful and comprehensive resolution to the conflict within the unity of the country. With peace now in sight, the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of former combatants is essential to avoid the mistakes made in 1972. It is crucial to build a new future for the generations that have suffered so much in five decades of war. This paper examines the challenges that might confront DDR in post-conflict Sudan. It draws on past experience following the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement between the regime of President Gaffar Mohammed Nimeiri and the Anya-nya rebels, and on the experiences of countries that have gone through similar situations, such as Ethiopia, Mozambique and Uganda. | <urn:uuid:c8673ec9-67b9-44ae-a1a9-031ec6d22986> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://pcr-project.insct.org/tag/ddr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874637.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021010156-20201021040156-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.934888 | 2,440 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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Sleep Apnea is a sleep disorder that affects almost twenty percent of Americans. If left untreated, this sleep disorder can cause multiple health effects, some of which are life-threatening. The causes of Sleep Apnea vary from patient to patient because there are a few different types of the disorder. Whatever the case, it is important to note the causes of this disorder so that it can be prevented in those at risk.
Common Causes of Sleep Apnea
Before determining the causes of this overly-common sleep disorder, we must identify the types of Sleep Apnea. Obstructive Sleep Apnea, or OSA, is the most common form of the sleep disorder. In this type, the causes of the disorder are rooted from the muscles and the throat relaxing during sleep, making it hard for the individual to get functional breaths. Other factors that can play a role in this disorder include enlarged tonsils and being overweight. Those that have more fatty tissue in the neck are at a higher risk for airways being obstructed during a relaxed state of sleep.
When the airways to the lungs are blocked during sleep, a drop in blood pressure awakens the brain and sends messages to wake the rest of the body so that airways are reopened and breathing can recommence. These shortnesses of breath during sleep, or apneas, can happen about 30 times per night and are usually not remembered in those that experience them. When the body starts breathing again, there is usually choking and snorting as the airways reopen.
The less common type of the sleep disorder, Central Sleep Apnea, or OSA, is caused a bit differently. This disorder is rooted from a lack of brain signal that tells the muscles of the lungs to breathe during sleep. Causes of this type of disorder can result from being overweight, brain stem injury or malfunction, heart conditions, or Parkinson’s disease.
Diagnosing Sleep Apnea
Whatever the cause or type of sleep disorder, it is important to treat it before further health conditions arise. Treatment is proven to reduce and even eliminate symptoms of the disorder. To receive treatment for any type of Sleep Apnea disorder, caused by any reason, requires a diagnosis. Diagnosis for sleep disorders typically require seeing a doctor, but advancements in technology make the process much simpler and convenient. At home sleep tests, like the one available through ION My Sleep, makes diagnosing sleep disorders from a doctor a thing of the past. You can now wear a device overnight, ship it back to us, and see the results of your synopsis in a matter of days on your very own computer, laptop, or cell phone.
Symptoms of the disorder are many so if you think that you may be suffering from Sleep Apnea, a risk-free assessment test can determine your risk. The test is free of charge and only takes a few moments. If the test determines that you are at a higher risk than most for a sleep disorder, a diagnosis is recommended. If you would consider using the at home sleep test, which is as effective as a doctor’s in-office test, it may be covered under your insurance plan. If you have any questions or concerns about our at-home sleep test, please give us a call today at 800-355-0540. | <urn:uuid:75fa2864-f5d1-41d4-a95f-cb93e1933535> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://ionmysleep.com/root-causes-sleep-apnea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511761.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018084742-20181018110242-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.948729 | 674 | 3.0625 | 3 |
By Manus Lenihan
Climate change is no longer just a distant threat. The town of Fort McMurray in Canada burned for months earlier this year, part of a trend towards far more intense wildfires across the world. Extreme weather events have tripled since the 1960s.
The Arctic could be ice-free in the summer by 2020. It’s now too late to prevent runaway global warming and unpredictable feedback effects. But it’s never too late to stop doing damage and begin undoing it, and that demands that we break from the logic of the capitalist system.
Indifference of the system
Big business and governments have had decades to react to global warming – and emissions have gotten worse. Last year Volkswagen were caught hiding the polluting effects of their cars. The auto industry as a whole has plans for years and decades ahead involving fossil-fuel-based vehicles. In China, even while much is made of new investment in green energy, permits for 210 new coal-fired power stations were issued in 2015.
Bigot and would-be US president Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that “The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese to make US manufacturing non-competitive”. This sound-bite, however idiotic, reminds us what the real issues are: no capitalist government is going to seriously tackle climate change because they don’t want to place any burdens on their major companies.
Political leaders usually at least pay lip service to the environment, but in the final analysis you judge people by their actions. Right now, the US government, banks and big business are fighting hard against Native American tribes to force the Dakota Access Pipeline across their lands and waters so as to pump half a million barrels of crude oil daily from North Dakota to Illinois. The biggest gathering of Native Americans in generations is the only thing that has succeeded in putting this project on hold.
Our future under threat
2014 saw a historic “Climate Justice” march of 300,000 people in New York City. The march was bulked up by people from communities already affected by climate change. For them, it isn’t some abstract concept: it’s their livelihoods and homes and health.
A smaller example is in Ireland itself, where local people in Enniskillen have fought hard against fracking. Struggles like this can mitigate the effects of climate change.
While the world was waiting for new technology or a sudden turn in policy to fix everything, the planet’s temperatures passed the tipping point. If capitalism hasn’t come anywhere close to a transition to renewable energy yet, then we have to ask how long we’re supposed to stand around waiting for a solution while thousands perish in droughts, floods and storms.
A socialist green economy
The bottom line is that companies that exist for profit are simply incapable of doing what needs to be done: leaving the fossil fuels in the ground and generating energy by other means. This is why capitalist governments, who always tiptoe around big business, won’t put their money where their mouths (occasionally) are.
We need a green socialist plan for the economy, based on public ownership of the main industries and democratic planning. A rapid transition to renewable energy, public transport and retrofitting of homes and workplaces would create many thousands of well-paid, sustainable jobs.
Cities and coastlines will need serious public works projects to begin climate change-proofing. Workers in carbon-reliant industries can’t be thrown on the scrap-heap – they need guaranteed retraining and re-employment. The problem is not the human race itself, but the system we live under: we need to move beyond capitalism. We have the technology and the will – but we need to live under a system based on democracy and collective ownership to put into effect this desire to save the environment. | <urn:uuid:4658c938-edf9-4b43-a247-9dec81853e39> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://socialistparty.ie/2016/10/planet-cant-wait-system-change-not-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057882.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926144658-20210926174658-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.959282 | 795 | 2.71875 | 3 |
As fewer boys today are getting circumcised than in the past, a new study adds support to the procedure.
The study, published Monday in the journal Cancer, a journal of the American Cancer Society, found that circumcision reduces the risk of prostate cancer. The authors suggest that circumcision lowers the chance of infections and inflammation that may contribute to cancer.
Many studies have found that sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV are associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Other studies have found that circumcision reduces the risk of infections including STDs. Viruses can slip into the mucosal layers under the foreskin and thrive in the moist environment there, so removing the foreskin appears to lower the risk of infections taking hold. The authors theorized that since circumcision therefore would also reduce the incidence of prostate cancer.
The investigators analyzed data from more than 1,700 men with prostate cancer and a nearly equal number of men without cancer. Approximately 70 percent of all men, who ranged in age from 35 to 74 had been circumcised—the vast majority right after birth. Men who had been circumcised before their first sexual intercourse were 15 percent less likely to develop prostate cancer than those who were not circumcised.
“From these results, we estimate that circumcision may prevent about 10 percent of all prostate cancer cases in the general population,” said Janet L. Stanford, a co-author of the study and research professor at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle.
Men who were circumcised after their first intercourse, however, did not benefit from the reduced risk.
In addition, men circumcised prior to having their first sexual encounter had an 18 percent reduced risk for developing a more aggressive form of prostate cancer.
Infections are estimated to be the cause of 17 percent of cancers worldwide. Other cancers that have been linked to infections include cervical, stomach and liver cancers. In fact, one study found that circumcised men are less likely to infect their female partners with the human papillomavirus, or HPV, which is linked to cervical cancer.
Infections are thought to cause a chronic inflammation, which can lead to DNA damage as well as other changes that may help cancers thrive. The study did not find a higher rate of self-reported STDs in men who had prostate cancer, though the authors suggest that the men may not have known they had an STD if they had been a carrier without symptoms. | <urn:uuid:b54b0859-9506-4655-b14f-c182b1b8025c> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/03/12/circumcision-linked-to-lower-prostate-cancer-risk.html?intcmp=related | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891807825.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217204928-20180217224928-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.977734 | 481 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Moore’s Law, the famous prediction that the number of transistors that can be packed onto a microchip will double every couple of years, has been bumping into basic physical limits. These limits could bring decades of progress to a halt, unless new approaches are found.
One new direction being explored is the use of atomically thin materials instead of silicon as the basis for new transistors, but connecting those “2D” materials to other conventional electronic components has proved difficult.
Now researchers at MIT, the University of California at Berkeley, the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, and elsewhere have found a new way of making those electrical connections, which could help to unleash the potential of 2D materials and further the miniaturization of components — possibly enough to extend Moore’s Law, at least for the near future, the researchers say.
The findings are described this week in the journal Nature, in a paper by recent MIT graduates Pin-Chun Shen PhD ’20 and Cong Su PhD ’20, postdoc Yuxuan Lin PhD ’19, MIT professors Jing Kong, Tomas Palacios, and Ju Li, and 17 others at MIT, UC Berkeley, and other institutions.
“We resolved one of the biggest problems in miniaturizing semiconductor devices, the contact resistance between a metal electrode and a monolayer semiconductor material,” says Su, who is now at UC Berkeley. The solution proved to be a simple one: the use of a semimetal, the element bismuth, to take the place of ordinary metals to connect with the monolayer material.
Such ultrathin monolayer materials, in this case molybdenum disulfide, are seen as a major contender for a way around the miniaturization limits now being encountered by silicon-based transistor technology. But creating an efficient, highly conductive interface between such materials and metal conductors, in order to connect them to each other and to other devices and power sources, was a challenge holding back progress toward such solutions, Su says.
The interface between metals and semiconductor materials (including these monolayer semiconductors) produces a phenomenon called metal-induced gap state, which leads to the formation of a Schottky barrier, a phenomenon that inhibits the flow of charge carriers. The use of a semimetal, whose electronic properties fall between those of metals and semiconductors, combined with proper energy alignment between the two materials, turned out to eliminate the problem.
Lin explains that the rapid pace of miniaturization of the transistors that make up computer processors and memory chips has stalled out before, around 2000, until a new development that allowed for a three-dimensional architecture of semiconductor devices on a chip broke the logjam in 2007 and rapid progress resumed. But now, he says, “we think we are on the edge of another bottleneck.”
So-called two-dimensional materials, thin sheets just one or a few atoms thick, meet all the requirements for enabling a further leap in miniaturization of transistors, potentially reducing by several times a key parameter called the channel length — from around 5 to 10 nanometers, in current cutting-edge chips, to a subnanometer scale. A variety of such materials are being widely explored, including a whole family of compounds known as transition metal dichalcogenides. The molybdenum disulfide used in the new experiments belongs to this family.
The issue of achieving a low-resistance metal contact with such materials has also been hampering basic research on the physics of these novel monolayer materials. Because existing connection methods have such high resistance, the tiny signals needed to monitor the behavior of electrons in the material are too weak to get through. “There are numerous examples coming from the physics side that call for a low-contact resistance between the metal and a semiconductor. So, it's a huge problem in the physics world as well,” Su says.
Figuring out how to scale up and integrate such systems at a commercial level could take some time and require further engineering. But for such physics applications, the researchers say, the impact of the new findings could be felt quickly. “I think in physics, many experiments can benefit from this technology immediately,” Su says.
Meanwhile, the researchers continue to explore further, continuing to reduce the size of their devices and looking for other pairings of materials that might enable better electrical contacts to the other type of charge carriers, known as holes. They solved the problem for the so-called N-type transistor, but if they can find a combination of channel and electrical contact material to enable an efficient monolayer P-type transistor as well, that would open up many new possibilities for next-generation chips, they say.
Besides MIT and the University of California at Berkeley, the team included researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, the National Taiwan University, and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia. The work was supported by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Army Research Office, the Office of Naval research, and the U.S. Department of Energy. | <urn:uuid:a07f37cf-11cd-43c4-b01b-f47502ac99f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://news.mit.edu/2021/2d-transistors-microchip-0513 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305288.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127193303-20220127223303-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.933734 | 1,071 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The Things They Carried Formalist Analysis/ Readers Responce
1158 words 5 pagesThe Things They Carried Ben Cornelius
The story “The Things They Carried” by Tim O’Brien is an enormously detailed fictional account of a wartime scenario in which jimmy Cross (the story’s main character) grows as a person, and the emotional and physical baggage of wartime are brought to light. The most obvious and prominent feature of O’Brien’s writing is a repetition of detail. O’brien also passively analyzes the effects of wartime on the underdeveloped psyche by giving the reader close up insight into common tribulations of war, but not in a necessarily expositorial sense.. He takes us into the minds of mere kids as they cope with the unbelievable and under-talked-about effects or rationalizing …show more content…
They must start to understand the complex nature of extremely volatile geopolitical relationships and put their own nature aside to assume the identity of a nation. An identity which is intrinsically corrupted.
As a reader I was very much disturbed at Cross’ loss of innocence. After Lavender dies, Cross crouches in his foxhole in the rain and burns the two pictures of Mary that he has as well as the letters. I think that the symbolism of rain here is really poten,t but also carries contradictory messages to the reader. Rain in general, is a symbol of purification, but I think in this context it is also symbolic of extreme sadness and depression. I like the fact that, through personification, the rain could represent innocence trying to preserve itself. This means that he rain itself doesn’t want cross to burn the pictures. Also, in the aforementioned contradictory sense, the rain also represents the extreme sadness that is accompanied by crosses loss.
It is also important to note that this loss of innocence is supplemented by an image of death. When Cross burns the pictures and letters it could be viewed as cremation. I felt the same sense of loss while reading this as the bereaved would feel. This part of the story represents a very literal death of innocence.
In the same paragraph Cross explains that he now Hates Mary. Because in Cross’ mind Mary is responsible for his own distraction | <urn:uuid:a6511829-e1a5-4adc-9757-9bb3ce051241> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.educationindex.com/essay/The-Things-They-Carried-Formalist-Analysis-Readers-P3QGR8H44Y | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487653461.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619233720-20210620023720-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.959665 | 466 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Manichaeism and true Christianity
When one considers the most ancient sects, Manichaeism properly deserves a separate treatment.
It was the latest, the best organized, the most consistent, tenacious and dangerous form of Gnosticism, with which Christianity had to wage a long and persistent conflict. In effect it was a rival religion and formed a rival church, so much so that great thinkers, at one time or another (like Augustine) tasted its bitter fruit from within.
Compared with Islam
In this respect it resembled Islam which from the seventh century onwards became a formidable rival of Christianity. Both Manichaeism and Islam claimed to be divine revelations, perfecting the revelation of the Bible. Manichaeism was anti-Jewish and dualistic, while Mohammedanism was pseudo-Jewish and severely and fanatically monotheistic.
The sources, origin and teachings of Manichaeism are to some extent obscure, though it is obviously connected with the Persian Manes (circa 215-275 A.D.), who in the middle of the third century proclaimed himself a prophet, enunciated his new doctrine and was finally executed.
At first Manes (or Mani) found favour at the court of the Persian king Shapur I, but stirred up the hatred of the priestly cast of the Magians. He fled to East India and China and became acquainted with Buddhism.
In the year 270 Mani returned to Persia, and won many followers by his symbolic illustrations of the doctrines, which he pretended to have been revealed to him by God.
Soon after Mani’s death by crucifixion, his sect spread in Turkistan, Mesopotamia, North Africa, Sicily, Italy and Spain.
What attracted adherents to the new religion was the mysteriousness of the doctrine, its compact organization, the apparent solution of the terrible problem of evil, and the show of ascetic holiness. All these factors contributed so that Augustine of Hippo himself was nine years an auditor of the sect before he was converted to Christ.
Leo the Great searched for these heretics in Rome, and with the aid of the magistrate brought many to punishment. Valentinian III punished them by banishment, Justinian by death.
The elements of Manichaeism
Manichaeism is a compound of dualistic, pantheistic, Gnostic, and ascetic elements, combined with a fantastic philosophy of nature. It gives the whole system a materialistic character, notwithstanding its ascetic abhorrence of matter.
The metaphysical foundation is a radical dualism between good and evil, light and darkness, derived from the Persian Zoroastrism.
The prominent ethical feature is a rigid asceticism which strongly resembles Buddhism.
The Christian element is only a superficial varnish (as in Islam).
The Jewish religion is excluded altogether and therefore the Old Testament is rejected, as inspired of the devil and his false prophets.
The chief authorities were apocryphal Gospels and the writings of Mani. Here, then, is a serious and fundamental departure from true Christianity, which accepts as canonical the sixty-six books of the Bible, without tampering with them, receiving them as fully authoritative and infallible for faith and practice.
Its starting-point is the irreconcilable antagonism between the kingdom of light and the kingdom of darkness. These two kingdoms of good and evil stood opposed to each other from eternity, remaining unmingled.
Satan and his demons arose from darkness and then began to rage and make an assault upon the kingdom of light.
The result of this battle was the present world, which exhibits a mixture of the two elements. Each individual man is at once a son of light and of darkness, has a good soul, and a body substantially evil, with an evil soul corresponding to it.
The redemption of the light from the bonds of the darkness is effected by Christ.
Christ is identical with the sun spirit, and the Holy Ghost has his seat in the ether. These two beings attract the light forces out of the material world, while the prince of darkness, and the spirits imprisoned in the stars, seek to keep them back.
The Manichaean presentation of Christ, like the Gnostic, is entirely docetic. By its perverted view of body and matter, it excluded the possibility and idea of an incarnation of God the Son.
Mani’s mission involved re-interpreting the teachings of Christ which were first compiled and falsified by the apostles in the spirit of Judaism. Since Mani claimed to be the promised Paraclete, he had been entrusted to restore the truth concerning Christ.
In contract the Christ of the Scriptures is the eternal Son of God, fully divine, who in the fulness of times assumed a human body and reasonable soul (the incarnation), who died as an atonement for the sins of the elect and was raised again from death for their justification.
He ascended to heaven from where the church awaits His return to resurrection all flesh and judge all men. Even now Chris is and continues to be the God-man.
The Manichaean world-view
In its bare essence, the Manichaean goal of history is an entire separation of the light from the darkness; a tremendous conflagration consumes the world, and the kingdom of darkness sinks into impotence.
Thus Christianity is resolved into a fantastic dualistic, and yet pantheistic philosophy of nature. Moral regeneration is identified with a process of physical refinement; and the whole mystery of redemption is found in light, which was always worshipped in the East (where Mani stayed for many years) as the symbol of deity.
Any resemblance to biblical Christianity is coincidental; the Manichaean system is all confused and distorted.
Thus, if Jesus suffering of the cross is mentioned, it is only as a mere illustration, a symbol of the world-soul still enchained in matter. It is also seen in every plant which works itself upwards from the dark bosom of the earth towards the light.
Nothing distinctively Christian remains: no atonement, no substitution on the Cross, no deity of Christ, the Trinity is denied; the Scriptures are unscrupulously attacked and other “holy writings” referred to as authoritative.
The followers of Manes were organized into the two main groups of hearers and elect, with a leader and twelve masters (called magistri) among the elect in imitation of Christ and the apostles. Among them Mani and his successors, like Peter (as claimed) and the pope, held the chief place.
All this is derogatory of Christ who holds the pre-eminence and headship in His church, who effectually leads by His Word and Spirit.
Once again, if any resemblance emerges with biblical Christianity it is only superficial and or no consequence. Rather, as in this case, it is a denial of the organization of the church under Christ the Head, with undershepherds to teach the Word to their brethren in the faith.
The morality of the Manichaeans
Based on the false presupposition that matter is intrinsically evil, the morality of Manes was severely ascetic.
Interestingly enough, it is the extreme opposite of the Pelagian view of the essential moral purity of human nature. Both miss the biblical truth of man’s original defection from God and his fall into sin.
The Manichaean’s chief aim was to become entirely unworldly, as in the Buddhist religion, to renounce and destroy corporeity, and eventually to set the good soul free form the fetters of matter. Such ideals later developed into Romanist monasticism and are still present with us today.
Again, similar to Romanist theology, a distinction was made between a higher and lower morality. The perfection of the elect consisted in a threefold seal or preservation, as follows:
1. The purity in words and in diet, abstinence from all animal food and strong drink (similar to many modern ideas as in yoga and vegetarianism).
2. The renunciation of earthly property, and of material and industrial pursuits.
3. The choice of celibacy and abstinence from any gratification of sensual desire (even in marriage). Again, we notice how Romanism later on was infested with similar ideals (cf. The enforced celibacy of its clergy). All of this is in opposition to true Christianity, which insists on the holiness of marriage and even uses the analogy of marriage to illustrate the relationship Christ maintains with his bride, the Church (Ephesians 5).
The Manichees had no sacrifices, but four daily prayers, preceded by ablutions and accompanied by prostrations. They observed Sunday, with the intention of honouring the sun, for them equivalent with the redeemer.
They had weekly, monthly and yearly fasts. They rejected all festivals but in March they celebrated the martyrdom of their appointed teacher, Mani.
They sacraments were mysteries of the elect alone, so little information has come down to us concerning these.
Their worship, then, has little or no resemblance with Christian worship, in which the preaching of the Word, prayer, singing of hymns, and the observance of the ordinances are prominent.
Manichaeism at present
Some of the leading features of Manichaeism - the dualistic separation of soul and body, the ascription of nature to the devil, the pantheistic confusion of the moral and physical, the hypocritical symbolism, concealing heathen views under Christian phrases, the haughty air of mystery, and the aristocratic distinction of esoteric and exoteric - still live in various forms even in modern systems of philosophy and sects of religion. | <urn:uuid:b0fb9898-393a-4e44-bd76-6b926824a8c3> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.tecmalta.org/tft323.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645340161.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031540-00315-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961188 | 2,002 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Astronomers probe cosmic 'Dark Ages'
Using light from the most distant object known, astronomers have found traces of the first generation of atoms in the universe, 14 billion light years from Earth. The observations are the first of the cosmic "Dark Age" between the Big Bang and the first visible stars and galaxies and allow astronomers to set a date for the complete reionization of the universe.
The observations by a team of scientists with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey mark the point when radiation from the first stars and quasars tore apart and reionized -- the neutral hydrogen atoms that filled space after the Big Bang.
The scientists were led by Robert Becker of the University of California, Davis and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Michael Strauss, an associate professor at Princeton University; Xiaohui Fan of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and Rick White of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Md.
"The history of these atoms has been part of the unknown territory of cosmology," said UC Davis cosmologist Becker.
All space, time, and energy began with the Big Bang. As the universe cooled, energy turned into matter. Quarks and electrons, then protons and neutrons appeared in the first minute. But at temperatures of 1 billion degrees, it was too hot for complete atoms to form. Scientists have found that it took another 300,000 years for the temperature to cool off enough for whole atoms of hydrogen to appear.
The half billion years between the formation of these first atoms and the creation of the most distant light-emitting objects detected by astronomers remains shrouded in mystery. Astronomers have dubbed this period the cosmic Dark Ages.
They do know, however, that all was not quiet in these early times. Cosmic background radiation from the period of atom formation shows that matter was smoothly distributed through the universe, said Becker. By the end of the Dark Ages, matter was clumped into massive structures such as the billion-solar mass black holes powering the quasars detected in the new observations.
In addition, while the Big Bang created only hydrogen, helium and a trace amount of lithium, the quasar light reveals traces of more complex atoms including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and silicon, all of which had to be cooked up in stars out of the primordial material.
At the end of the Dark Ages, hydrogen atoms were ionized again, or stripped into atomic nuclei and electrons. This reionization probably was caused by ultraviolet light from the first quasars and stars. Until now, the timing of this reionization event has been uncertain.
In 1965, James Gunn and Bruce Peterson, then at the California Institute of Technology predicted that the neutral atoms would be detected by their light-absorbing signature, creating a trough in the spectrum. Hydrogen atoms absorb all the light at a particular, characteristic wavelength, Becker said. If at least one part in a 100,000 of the hydrogen in intergalactic space were made up of whole atoms, all the light at this wavelength would be blocked, he said.
"Seeing the effects of neutral hydrogen in the spectrum of this quasar is telling us that we're finally probing the universe to a time when the first stars and quasars lit up," said Gunn, now the Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University and the project scientist of the SDSS. "Scientists have been looking for this for a very long time; it is tremendously gratifying that we are finally seeing it."
Because light from objects that are distant in space and time is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, the Gunn- Peterson trough also would be shifted, Becker said. By looking at where in the spectrum the trough occurred, astronomers could tell how old those atoms were, he said.
To achieve this, astronomers have to look at objects billions of light years away and therefore far back in time. But in 35 years, no one has been able to detect the Gunn-Peterson effect, Becker said. The conclusion was that almost all of the hydrogen in intergalactic space is ionized.
"Only now have we found a quasar that is far enough away," Becker said.
Using the powerful Keck telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, Becker and his colleagues detected the imprint of neutral atoms on light from quasar J1030+0524. J1030 is the most distant object yet found, at 14.5 billion light years from Earth. It was discovered in April by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey scientists, led by Fan, a Princeton graduate alumnus.
The researchers spread out the recorded light into its constituent wavelengths. They found that, over a region of the spectrum corresponding to millions of years of cosmic history, no light from the quasar gets through -- it is all absorbed in intergalactic space.
"The culprits responsible are from the very first generation of atoms. These observations provide our first glimpse at truly primordial material, and constrain the time at which the reionization of the universe took place," Becker said.
The results will be submitted to the Astronomical Journal. The Keck observatory, which houses the world's largest telescope, is jointly managed by the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and NASA. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey aims to map in detail one quarter of the sky and 200 million celestial objects.
Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the participating institutions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is a joint project of The University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, the Max- Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck- Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory and the University of Washington.
Contact: Marilyn Marks (609) 258-3601 | <urn:uuid:9a714314-5417-4727-81ad-be5a72f0ec14> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.princeton.edu/news/2001/08/04/astronomers-probe-cosmic-dark-ages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667177.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113090217-20191113114217-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.932209 | 1,260 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Introduction to North Attleborough, Massachusetts
North Attleborough is part of the Boston metro area.
North Attleborough History
North Attleborough, an industrial town in Massachusetts, was established in 1669 by John Woodcock and his family. This small settlement, on the border of the Rhode Island, was occupied by nearly 2,200 people by 1776. During the 19th century, sawmills were built, and nail factories were replaced by the cotton spinning mills. Jewelry and textile manufacturing industries were the two main industries that dominated the town in 1832.
North Attleborough and nearby Attractions
- Camp Shady Pines
- Emerald Square
- Kings Shopping Center
- Greenwood Lake
- Brunswick Walnut Hill Lanes
- Woodcock Garrison House
Things To Do In North Attleborough
North Attleborough is a flourishing center of commerce and business with numerous amusement parks and shops located close by. It has plenty of retail stores and restaurants. You can also visit many educational and cultural venues such as museums, art galleries, zoos and aquariums. North Attleborough also has famous churches, rivers and streams that can certainly excite you during your visit.
North Attleborough Transportation
Air transportation is available from Boston Logan International Airport.
North Attleborough Higher Education
Brown University is the nearest college that offers higher education facilities. | <urn:uuid:ab599739-bc35-49d3-a5fd-e8a347381160> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.citytowninfo.com/places/massachusetts/north-attleborough | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540501887.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207183439-20191207211439-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.96812 | 283 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Yahya, Khairulzan and Boussabaine, A. Halim and Haron, Zaiton and Zakaria, Rozana (2008) Eco-costs of sustainable construction waste management in Malaysia. In: Issues in Construction Industry. Penerbit UTM , Johor, pp. 35-50. ISBN 978-983-52-0568-2
Full text not available from this repository.
Sustainable development is a development that taken the issue of environment as a priority besides on making whatever planning into reality. One of the key themes of 'sustainable development' is managing a waste (Williams, 1998). Sustainable waste management encourages the generation of less waste, the re-use, recycling and recovery of waste that is produced. Farmoso et al. (1999) defines waste as any losses produced by activities that generate direct or indirect costs but do not add any value to the product from the point of view of the client. While Symond (1999) define wastes as any substance or object, which the holder discards or intends, or is required, to discard. Construction activity requires and consumes a large amount of natural resources. Beside of negative impact to the environment due to depletion of natural resources, it may increases the amount of waste and pollution if no measurement to tackle the problem is taken. In Malaysia, the construction waste has cause a significant impact on the environmental and also increasing the concern of the society (Beguma, Siwar et al. 2006). Hence, this paper, review construction waste minimisation strategies, addresses the issues that are attributed to construction waste management and presents an integrated approach to whole life cycle management of construction waste. Finally, an attempt is made to model the ecocosts associated with construction waste.
|Item Type:||Book Section|
|Subjects:||T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)|
T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
|Deposited By:||Ms Zalinda Shuratman|
|Deposited On:||09 Jan 2012 04:01|
|Last Modified:||09 Jan 2012 04:01|
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:b4960f11-4adb-4bf9-b72e-119995eecf8a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://eprints.utm.my/19342/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00316-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.847774 | 452 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Created bySirshendu De
Modeling is essential and imperative for understanding dynamics of a large scale process. One can undertake a large number of virtual experiments based on the model equations of a process to optimize the operating conditions and/or design the system efficiently. In most of the practical processes, model equations involve more than one parameters leading to partial differential equations (PDE). Various solutions techniques are adopted by the process engineers to solve the partial differential equations. Separation of variables is one of the most robust techniques used for analytical solution of PDEs. This technique provides first hand information of process dynamics rendering it amenable for optimization of system performance. This course aims to develop the solutions techniques and hence the skills of the students to solve PDEs for any engineering applications.
Basic knowledge of Mathematics
INDUSTRIES THAT WILL RECOGNIZE THIS COURSE
CSIR Institute & Laboratories.
All process industries and R & D organizations.
Week 1 : Introduction, Definition & Type of PDE; Classification of various boundary condition & PDEs; Application of principle of linear superposition for PDE; Introduction of separations variables methods for solution of PDE.
Week 2 : Solution of parabolic PDE using separations variables methods ; Solution of higher dimensional PDEs.
Week 3 : Solution of Elliptic & Hyperbolic PDE using separations variables methods.
Week 4 : PDE in cylindrical and Spherical coordinate.
To access the content, please enroll in the course.
Course Syllabus & Schedule
Dr. Sirshendu De is a professor of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. His research interests include membrane separations, transport processes and flow through micro-channels. He has over 200 international journal publications/peer reviewed articles, over 50 conference presentations (national and international). He is the holder of 15 patents (national and international), has authored 7 books and 4 of his developed technologies have been transferred to the industry. He is the winner of prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in Engineering Science and a fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Science India. Presently he is the INAE Chair Professor and Head of the Chemical Engineering Department, IIT Kharagpur. | <urn:uuid:cc74d90c-a9a6-42fa-af22-c2b433df92d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://swayam.gov.in/courses/1389-partial-differential-equations-pde-for-engineers-solution-by-separa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864795.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622201448-20180622221448-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.872745 | 470 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Over 35% of children residing in Durham County are overweight (1), with North Carolina's children ranking eleventh-most obese nation-wide (2). A child's physical activity has been significantly linked to local neighborhood opportunities, however lack of access to safe, supervised places to play has been noted as a barrier in getting children to be active (3).
Duke Children's Healthy Lifestyles Program (HLP) is a referral-based, obesity treatment program offering dietary, activity and behavioral counseling. Based on feedback from the families in the HLP and on a needs assessment survey we have identified a need for an activity program for obese children aged 5-12 years - Active KIDS.
Active KIDS will accomplish two specific aims. First, we will design an evidence- based exercise program for obese children aged 5-12 years which will be age-appropriate and focus on active play. This includes designing a manual of active play which could be replicated in other settings. Active KIDS will primarily recruit from the HLP. Secondly, we will create an online You-Tube orientation for volunteers and participants.
1 Trust for America 2010
2 NC-NPASS, 2008
3“Recommendations for prevention of childhood obesity”, Davis MM, Gance-Cleveland B, Hassink S, Johnson R, Paradis G, Resnicow K. Pediatrics. 2007 Dec;120 Suppl 4:S229-53. | <urn:uuid:1a273a85-efce-48ce-ac50-201e5834e6f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/commpeds/funded-projects/Pages/GrantsListItemDisplay.aspx?LIID=124 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315329.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820113425-20190820135425-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.925768 | 294 | 2.671875 | 3 |
History of Cawthorne
|History of Cawthorne (1882)
|A book about Cawthorne, a village in the metropolitan borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England.
M.A.1881, an out of print text, printed by I.W.Davis, 16, Market Hill, Barnsley OCLC 33663273all editions
A HISTORY OF CAWTHORNE
BY CHARLES T. PRATT, M.A., VICAR OF CAWTHORNE.
"There is not an edifice, a Church, or a Manor-house, a Cross, or a little fragment of ruin, that is not connected with some incident or some character that makes it an object of interest. "-Hunter
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR;1882.
I. W. DAVIS, 16, MARKET HILL.
MANCHESTER: J. HEYWOOD, RIDGEFIELD.
WALTER T. W. SPENCER-STANHOPE,
OF CANNON HALL,
ESQUIRE, M.A., J.P., D.L,&c.,&c.,
TO THE MEMORY OF HER
WHO WAS DEAREST TO HIM,
THE HISTORY OF THEIR PARISH
WITH A HAPPY AND GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE
OF MANY YEARS OF KINDNESS TO
- Derivation and Early History, p.1
- The De Laci Family, Chief Lords of Cawthorne
- The Saxon Ailric and his Descendants, Tenants of Cawthorne, p.15
- (Present Lordship of Manor, p.23)
- Cannon Hall, p.25
- Barnby Hall, Banks Hall, Manor House, &c., p.41
- The Township of Cawthorne, p49
- The Parish Church, The Churchyard, Parochial Registers, p.68
- Endowments of the Church, Incumbents and Curates, p.118
- The Parochial School, p.148
- Parish Vestry Books, p.158
- Parish notes since 1866, p. 167
- Corrections, &c. p.173
- Parochial Events, p.175.
|This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1923.
The author died in 1921, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works. | <urn:uuid:e9f2571c-2271-4dd9-9269-cfc5ebde305c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Cawthorne | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698411148/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100011-00007-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.860394 | 584 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Introduction: Value Chain Basics
The basic tool for understanding the influence of Information Technology on companies is the value chainthe set of activities through which a product or service is created and delivered to customers. When a company competes in any industry, it performs a number of discrete but interconnected valuescreating activities, such as operating a sales force, fabricating a component, or delivering productsand these activities have points of connection with the activities of suppliers, channels, and customers. The value chain is a framework for identifying all these activities and analyzing how they affect both the company's costs and the value delivered to buyers...
Strategy and the Internet by Michael E. Porter (Harvard Business Review, March 2001, used by permission).
The evolution of information technology in business can be thought of in terms of five overlapping stages, each of which evolved out of constraints presented by the previous generation:
IT systems automated transactions such as order entry and accounting.
Fuller automation and functional enhancement of individual activities such as human resource management, sales force automation, and product design.
Acceleration of the Internet involving cross-activity integration links sales activities with order processing and multiple activities together through such tools as customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management (SCM), and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.
Integration of the value chain and its entire value system. SCM and CRM start to merge as end-to-end applications involving customers, channels, and suppliers link orders to (for example) manufacturing, procurement, and service delivery. Eventually product developmentwhich had been largely separateis integrated, with complex product models exchanged among parties, and Internet procurement moving from standard commodities to engineered items.
Information technology is used not only to connect the various activities and players in the value system but also to optimize working in real time. Choices are made based on information from multiple activities and corporate entities. Production decisions, for example, automatically factor in the capacity available at multiple facilities and the inventory available at multiple suppliers. While early fifth-stage applications involve relatively simple optimization of sourcing, production, logistical, and servicing transactions, the deeper levels of optimization involve product design. For example, product design is optimized and customized based on input from factories and suppliers but also from customers.
The Message: Manage IT as a Strategic Asset
The complexity of each stage of the value chain increases along with the continuing evolution of technology. This is a result of a fundamental integration of technology within and across every stage of the value chain. IT has become mission-critical and it should be managed as a strategic asset. It must be seen as an inseparable part of the business. Complete alignment with the business goals is inevitable. All IT executives need to unify with the business; remaining separate will lead to failure. | <urn:uuid:0d080da9-69b7-404f-b7fb-f2f2cdce2855> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=29309&seqNum=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511175.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017132258-20181017153758-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.94316 | 565 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This article, under the title, Creative Diversity, Artistic Valuing and the Peaceable Imagination, was the Keynote speech/paper to the National Association of Schools of Dance, September 1993; it also appeared in Arts Policy Review, May/June 1994. Reprinted with permission of the Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Published by Heldref Publications, 1319 Eighteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20036-1802. Copyright © 1994.
Listen to this paraphrase of Genesis, a mite on the free side, but, to my mind, every bit true.
In the beginning God thought up and made the heavens and the earth. He thought up and made light, dark, the waters, the heavens, the dry lands, vegetation, plants, fruit trees, the sun, the moon, swarms of creatures in the seas, birds, great sea monsters, cattle, creeping things, and beasts of the field. And God thought up and made laws--laws which rule the things that were made, how they move, slow down, and stop; how things can ignite and be transformed into other things; forces that pull apart and attract. God continued to think and to make up even more laws, among them, laws that control sounds and the ways they can be made and varied; the ways they can be transmitted.
And God put sound making parts in the bodies of his creatures, and they began to create diverse sounds--whistling sounds, pitched and piping sounds, growls, whinnies, screeches, buzzings and scraping sounds; mewlings, grunts, roars, and yappings. And He liked what He heard.
Then God decided that amidst all of this goodness, He would think up and make two creatures after His own image and likeness--man and woman. He did so and immediately knew this to be very good. He put it in their minds that they, too could think up and make things. God then looked down from eternity and ahead into time--something else He had thought up and made--and saw this man and woman and their multiplied thousands of children experimenting, shaping and texturing, trying this out, remembering that and casting another thing aside. He began to hear them spinning out wondrous variety, differently colored, textured, shaped, and sounded. He heard pitches and mixtures of pitches of all kinds, on instruments of all kinds, tuned to rhythms and colors that swarmed over the earth. He heard from the throats and from the instruments of all His creatures multiples sounds, clanging sonorities, fluting ditties, bowed and plucked things. And he heard someone call all this wondrous stuff music. He heard others say, "No it is not." And God said, "Oh yes it is." And God called all of this acoustical riot very good.
Creative diversity is at the root of things. But note that I said creative diversity, not cultural diversity nor artistic diversity, for I consider each to be derivative. Creativity is first of all a word about being human, down where the uniqueness of individuation and imagination lie, down where Genesis One is, down where imago dei was graciously bequeathed to each of us. It is not further up where the secondary stuff of socio-cultural talk is, up where the statistics, the studies, the political provincialism and pseudo-artistic pressures are. As much as all of us must strive to love the unloved and celebrate unnumbered cultural differences, there is something more profound to the concept of diversity than we find in so many of our liturgies of political correctness. We cannot forget that in all human groupings there are both virtues and flaws, excellence and mediocrity, elegance and abuse, treasure and trash. When we forget this we end up with some pretty bland talk about the uniqueness of just about everything. Or failing this, we break things apart all over again, coddling this and bashing that, the only difference is that we choose new things to coddle--everything popular or ethnic--and new things to bash--Euro-American, white, male art music, with the exception of Pachelbel's Canon and the unleashing of plainchant on New Age ears, our newest pieces of classical ear candy.
I take the uncreated Creator as my starting point. I submit my work and thought to the only unimagined Imaginer, who thinks things up out of no-thing, who then makes all things out no-thing, and does so with limitless variety, for as long as He wishes, in paradoxical combinations of loveliness, strangeness, surprise and mystery. Who but God could think up a rose or a chambered nautilus or a baby and then turn right around and, without changing His mind or His mood, think up a hippopotamus or a stinkweed or an ostrich? Who but God would know how to call every crazy-quilt creature good, bestowing individual dignity and worth on each? Who but God would then be imaginative, generous, and selfless enough to make a whole race of beings in His own image, granting them creativity, the gift of imagining and making things, allowing them to use the very stuff of His own handiwork, to come up with a riot of sounds, shapes, machines, textures, gestures, lauds, and laments? Who but God would include lessons about making things in the very things He has made? For God is not just our Maker. He is our redeeming Teacher. His handiwork is not just out there to be admired and lived in; it also guides us in our own imaginings. Let me try to say how.
Listen to this. When we yammer, whine and fidget over the kind of art and music--the truly new and crazy stuff--the stuff that surprises and dislodges, remember this: God was the first abstract artist. When He imagined and crafted the first eucalyptus and the first gazelle, the first galaxy and the first cucumber, there were none around for Him to imitate or compare them to. They simply broke into unexampled being. Go back to those first days when everything was never before seen, when there were no reference points or comparisons and God was flooding the heavens and the earth with His imaginings, and then look at and listen to the art you would separate yourself from, and then you'll understand why Paul Klee said that art is Genesis eternal.
Listen to this. In the way God imagined and crafted, He showed us from the beginning that everything that He made has worth, yet serves a purpose; and everything that serves a purpose has worth. Thus for God and therefore for us, quality and usefulness must go hand in hand.
Listen to this. In the way God creates, He shows us that simplicity and complexity can play hide and seek with one another, each contingent upon the other. And if push were to come to shove, it just may be that simplicity may well be the greater mystery because complexity depends on it. Thus, in His way of imaging and crafting galaxies out of elemental particles which turn right around and act like galaxies, God may be showing us how an Appalachian ballad and the Sistine Chapel somehow participate in each other.
Listen to this. God has shown us that He is no less the caring craftsman, no less interested in quality when making a grape as when flinging out a galaxy-- the one quickly eaten, used up, gone in a trice, the other enduring for billions of years. From this we learn that the dispensable and the monumental, the simple and complex, the small and the grand, the transient and long-lasting are to be crafted with equal care and integrity. For with God, there are not two creations: a cheapened one for consumption and throwing away and another sophisticated one for the museums, the critics, and the ages. There is one creation, imagined and made by the One whose integrity never changes from creational act to creational act.
Listen to this. God has shown us that even though He loves each thing He makes and calls it good, He somehow allows a particular bird of paradise or duck-billed platypus to be more beautifully formed than another bird of paradise or another duck-billed platypus. But this does not mean that a bird of paradise is more desirable than a duck-billed platypus--just try to get one to set up housekeeping with the other. Long before our solemn litanies of aesthetic universalism were replaced by our simpering dances around the multicultural tree, it was God who set down the first principles for a discerning and authentic pluralism, namely that there are diverse kinds of quality, each to be sought out within the kind. Just as the beauty of a platypus is not to be interpreted by that of a bird of paradise, so the beauty of a Guatemalan lullaby is not to be interpreted by that of a Renaissance dance.
Here we are, a world full of created creators, imagined imaginers, going about things diversely--no two of us alike--imagining and crafting things, no two of which should ever be alike. Here we are, a world full of children, of teenagers, of parents, aunts and uncles, friends, fellows, and lovers, knit in the dignity of our humanness. Here we are, an ecology of spirit, mind, and body, needing one another and not always knowing it, capable of helping one another and not fully wanting to. Here we are, created by the uncreated Creator, imagined by the unimagined Imaginer, capable of stupendous feats and bursts of creative uniqueness. Here we are, improvising, composing, crafting, arranging, building, organizing, sketching, erasing, improving, exchanging, influencing, starting over again. Here we are, some average, some below average, some virtuosic, but each of us humanly and diversely imaginative. And all too paradoxically, here we are, some profoundly moral and others horribly aberrant, each fundamentally creative and each using that creativity to bring something about, whether in usefulness or destruction. It is all of these and more that make this world up. It is all of these and more which, wrongly used, divide us up and tear us down.
In the most current scientific sense of the word, creative diversity is magnificent chaos. Chaos is the creational and creative rightness of unrepeated, unpredictable variation, housed in order, structure, and overall sense. Chaos is not a fabrication of rationalized, Euclidianized straight lines and symmetries, but a riotous scatter, found in meadows, weather patterns, and coral reefs; found within the larger perimeters of natural law, creative wisdom, and structural discipline. Chaos is the poetry, the surprise, the ambiguity, and nuance which justifies and beautifies the grammar tucked away down inside. Chaos is why, with only 12 pitches at our disposal, no two symphonies or blues are alike. Chaos is why no two Petrushkas are ever the same and why no one should ever want them to be. Chaos is why, with only three primary colors, Andrew Wyeth's whites are unlike Vermeer's, why Gauguin saw things differently than Van Gogh. Chaos is why, with only 26 letters in our alphabet, words emerge--hundreds of thousands of them--combining and recombining in ceaseless nuance. Chaos is why no two dancers, with the same choreographic map, can ever dance alike. Chaos is the ceaseless conversation between stability and instability, between the depersonalized geometries of the drafting table and the poetic force of a hand-drawn shape. Chaos is the antithesis of imitation and the champion of variety, a refreshing answer to the ideal/real perplexities of Platonism.
And chaos is never over, starting from the first day of creation and continuing throughout the eternities. And remember, even eternity, filled with eternally nuancing variegation, can only happen once. As long as we are allowed to remain alive, we shall always be delighted and stunned by one creative upset and dislodgment after another. It is of these that cultures are made and changed, and it is because of these that a sensible, workable pluralism can take place. Cultures do not diversify nor inter-relate in the abstract. Diversity, pluralism, multiculturalism--call it what you like--comes about because diverse imaginers are diversely--chaotically--at work, creatively unable to repeat themselves, surviving in any number of conditions, ready to give and receive creative counsel. From rap to Bach to Picassos and Wyeths, Citizen Kane to Remains of the Day; from Pakistani chant to mariachi bands to Zimbabwe harvest songs to gospel, jazz, folk, Cajun, and Walker Percy, we celebrate magnificent chaos--ongoing pluralism, deep-down diversity.
And who are the real pluralists? There are two groups, one comprising virtually 100% of all populations, the other a significant minority in many populations. As to the first group, it is imperative that they be cherished and nurtured as never before. As to the second, it is less important as to how many there are than that they exist at all, and are determined to act, create, and teach, whatever the cost.
The first are our children. These wonderful and inherently creative people are the true naturals at diversity. They are multi-lingual; the width of their perceptual and cognitive proficiencies is astonishing. They are our intrinsic pluralists, the ones in whom the first day of creation is summarized. They are at once as capable of cavorting to a Bach gigue, as of being quieted by a Nigerian lullaby, as of being enamored of a Picasso, as of learning several languages at once. They dance, they improvise, they imagine, they ask profound questions. They are idiomatically diverse. Their world is of one cloth and they have a need for it as boundless as their need for their mother's breast. They not only must live but they must abound within the abundance around them. They are scribbling, babbling poets before they know what grammar is. Yet, early on they begin to sense the importance of imposing structure on their poetry. Somehow they intuit that order and syntax are part of the relational, communal side of life. And the poetry and the grammar grow up together. As the linguist Noam Chomsky would put it, they bring the sentence with them, we just give them the vocabularies.
But to our dismay, all of this wondrous stuff begins to be constricted and shut down by a slickened and cynical culture in which our children and young people are made to think that they are personally unique, while unwittingly being made into each other's image. It is really commercial totalitarianism: this massive hype, this cynical flattening of human diversity, this ornamented stasis. Our children are Michael Jordaned, and Barneyed, mega-churched, Sandi Pattied, Nintendoed, and MTV'd clean out of their uniqueness. The local, home-grown heroes--those necessary stay-at-home mentors--are almost no more. They have either left us, trying for bigger things, or if they humbly choose to stay at home, their worth is belittled by the steroided hype and illusion which surround the super-stars. Their options are curiously shut down by the gatekeepers: these product mongers who choose our culture for us and then manipulate us into thinking we have freely chosen it.
This brings us to the second group of pluralists. These are the ones who have broken through the narrowness and the hype and are grown up into a completion. These are the wholly educated (a quite different group than the highly educated). These are the ones who celebrate the chaos of diversity, who see into the order and union behind the riot and variegation, who sense the deeper structures beneath the shifts and the nuances. They live comfortably with the simple and the complex; they understand the union of function and worth; they know the difference between the ornamental and the developmental, understanding where each belongs and how they can merge. They choose carefully among the diversity of artistic languages and dialects; they patiently school those who are floundering in pseudo-diversity. They have stripped away the rhetoric that confuses a creative act with a socio-political one. They know that the distance between high culture and low culture is not a separation but a reciprocation and a continuum. They have come to recognize the dignity and integrity in everything from a Rembrandt to a southern Indiana pie safe to Delta blues to Pakistani chant. And they know enough not to try to convert the one into the other.
They further know that in true diversity oldness is not irrelevance. When they hear that the words of an 18th century hymn, the sound of a pipe organ, or a Mozart rondo are ". . . outdated, do not speak my language, are not properly seeker-sensitive, do not communicate, and fail to meet a tub full of felt needs," they understand this to be nothing other than the sorriest kind of churchmanship and narrowest kind of narcissism. They also know that the solution is not to become trend hoppers, to "go relevant," but to hang in with real diversity, to demonstrate that quality is never out of date. Above all, these are the ones, who, by choice, stay close to our children, to nurture them in the rich context of creative diversity. And these should be, these must be, among the ones who are our public school teachers, for in my estimation, there are no more important individuals in our society than K-6 teachers. Some have PhD's, some have never finished high school. They come from Pakistan, from Philadelphia, Abilene and Lubbock, Ghana, Belfast, Alequippa, Virginia, the Bronx, and--let us pray--from Southern Seminary. And we need every one of them.
But diversity must have honest limits. It cannot be a simpering everything-is-OK-ism. All credible pluralists must have an artistic and cultural locating point, a home, a center. This center then forms a perceptual and intellectual base to and from which excursions are diversely made and to which all else relates. Furthermore, this sense of home should be perfectly natural to those whose artistic styles they wend their way, because they too have a center, a home. Diversity is therefore an intercourse among centers, each one loved by those who inhabit them. In the best sense of the word, then, ethnocentrism--there's that terrible word--is simply the act and process of knowing, loving, and acting within and upon our own civilizational, cultural, and behavioral ways, with the promise that if we genuinely love ourselves, culturally, artistically, and ethnically, we will naturally love the ways of others, who are freely responsible to come to love ours. Thus, we have a relationship among centers rather than a rearranged aesthetic caste system, multicultural facelessness, or forced assimilation. This kind of centeredness is simply the Golden Rule stated artistically: If and as I truly love myself and my immediate cultural and artistic world, I will love that of others.
So despite the current debate about multiculturalism, despite the negative twists, turns, and incompleteness of present efforts; despite the new prejudices it seems t o be breeding, I hang on to the worth of the concept itself and hope that something better will transpire--something which centers itself in the worth of people, their incredible creative diversity, warts and all, and the kind of love which nurtures and teaches. It is this kind of diversity, a centered diversity, centered in the uniqueness and integrity of the imago dei, the authentic synergy of each local gathering, that the Church so desperately needs. We must thus rid ourselves of three kinds of false pluralism: 1) provincial pluralism, where the center is too narrow to be broken out of; 2) faceless pluralism, where "all things to all men" has led away from authenticity and into pseudo-relevance; 3) layered pluralism, where, for example, a congregation is divided up into any number of practitional parts, traditional, contemporary, and who knows what else--each one carefully kept away from the other, and each one singing its provincial ditty to the glory of a very creatively limited God.
It is only now that we can talk about artistic quality and values. As I have already suggested, creativity itself is a sorting out process which in itself cannot exclude valuing. Artistic choices are not just feel-goodisms or trendy everything-is-OKism. Even though all artistic actions, good and bad, possess intrinsic worth, we need to go beyond the worth and into conscious and intelligent choosing. In other words, there is a legitimate difference between general goodness and better-than-ness. Totally relativized pluralism, in which everything is considered of equal quality, is an intellectual, perceptual, and theological travesty. And I'll just bet you that even the most vocal relativists have some little values clock ticking inside themselves, to which they secretly go, if only now and then, to find out what time it is.
While the issue of artistic valuing may eventually take in the subject of aesthetics, it should not begin with aesthetics. It is erroneous to assume that just because some people do not love great art, they do not love art. It is likewise erroneous to assume that someone who has poor taste has no taste. Additionally, it is erroneous to assume that everyone who loves great art possesses artistic discernment. Furthermore, I'm not convinced that everyone who is devoted to great art truly loves art. It is one thing to love certain institutions of art as an adopted mannerism, and another to go down deeper into the nature of the creative and artistic impulse itself, back behind the manners and reflexes and into the very substance. There is therefore a difference between being artistically sensitive and being cultured. And it is entirely possible to be Pavlovianly conditioned to great art without knowing that it is great.
I don't know of anyone who doesn't love or value art, or who isn't somehow drawn to the aesthetic quality of something: a finely wrought tool, a beautifully sutured incision, a quilt, or a Chevrolet. The love of quality--whether or not beauty is consciously thought of--is universal. The educational and ministerial question, therefore, is not to create a love or a sense of beauty and quality in our constituencies, but to find musically exampled ways that train, refine, reform, and diversify the love and the valuing that is already going on.
However, among the many loves of music, there is one kind in particular, if we can call it a love, which should trouble us all. Art can be addictively loved. In this case, the intrinsic value of art no longer lies directly in an active engagement with artistic content or quality, but in the way it is craved. There is gluttony, overuse, and misuse; music and art become so mindlessly omnipresent that they become strangely absent--nothing more than insignificant significance. Music is piped in everywhere, pasted up everywhere, craved everywhere. It is crack for the ears, eyes, and bodies, with which all too many of us shoot up, whether in worship, pleasure, or in a confusion of the two--just another substance abused by an addictive society. It is this addictive love which seems of late to be so prevalent. It goes on all around us. Our children and students, and many churches, live in the middle of it and may easily be caught up that way. Without a doubt we are the most musicked culture in the history of civilization, and it may not be a coincidence at all that this overwhelming urge for music accompanies the near death of meaningful speech.
But what may be even more serious is that this addiction to music, along with addiction to drugs and violence, may be symptomatic of an even more deeply rooted illness. Perhaps being a contemporary American demands that all of us be addicted to something: single interest groups, with their cramped morality and political leverage; rabid fundamentalism, whatever its stripe; political correctness, whatever its content; ideological fascism, whatever its agenda; orgasmic frivolity, whatever its orientation and medium; technological obsession, whatever its powers and costs to individual uniqueness; unbridled litigation, with its revenges and rewards--each of these claims its addicts. And because each addicted sector has but one solitary objective, namely to feed the addiction, we may have become a society united only by addiction itself, but divided over the multiple directions our addictions take us. And in our rush to feed the addiction, we end up trampling each other.
It is from within this context that we must find out how artistic love can degenerate into addiction and how addiction can be turned back into love. We need to teach this generation how to distance itself from music so as to be free of it, using less of it, contemplating it more deeply, then free to engage in it with new found discernment and temperance--masters, not slaves; users, not abusers, worshippers, not idolaters.
We need also to teach our children and youth that the very best reason to value art is because their priceless worth as human beings demands it. It's not that we need great art for the sake of art--this is simply idolatry--rather, it's that we have art, we share art, first for the glory of God and only then for the sake of each other, the least of whom has more value than the greatest piece of art ever made. Let me put it extremely. Which has more worth, the entire St. Matthew Passion or one single street waif in a Mexican barrio? Let me push this even further. What if I were faced with the choice of sacrificing the last remaining copy of the St. Matthew Passion, never to hear it again, in order to keep this waif alive? The beauty which rises out of our response to this question is that saving the child is what great art is ultimately made of, whereas preferring an art piece over a child is what holocausts are made of.
I'm convinced that love for the essential dignity and worth of people is what should really drive artistic valuing. As mentioned in the previous presentation, we bear the responsibility for no less than the nurturing of the imago dei. People are so important that they must have the best, even if it means going against the relativistic grain and working painstakingly from bad to good to better to best. If I can exemplify artistic values out of the kind of love for people which might lead to my giving up art for their sake--and if our students deeply and truly knew that we have mastered art in this way--they would then understand what it means to value art. Valuing humanity validates artistic valuing. There is an aesthetic impulse behind the arts, but this does not go quite far enough, for behind the aesthetic impulse there is a whole world of active imaginers whose creative impulses--no matter how vibrant or feeble, aesthetic or unaesthetic--call for artistic valuing.
Of course, this means that, in addition to my knowing my art and my aesthetic paradigms profoundly well, I must learn those of others, knowing them just as well. I must acknowledge that they value their art--just listen to them sometime, arguing in their own way and in their vernaculars, over the artistic sludge that they find in their own idiomatic world. The very recognition that they are somehow plugging away at values--no matter how timidly, stumblingly, or crassly--is my starting point, for I cannot forget that my own aesthetic start and my present aesthetic state were influenced--for good and for bad--by the way I was taught.
Then I must hunt down the wisdom and pedagogical skill to join with them, to know how their heads are working, to try to see with their eyes and hear with their ears, to understand that their artistic world first of all comprises what they know, not what they don't know or what I know. Only then have I earned the right to take their thoughts, their values, and their art up and away into freshened dimensions.
Artistic valuing never devalues the people who make and value it. As ministers, servants, and teachers we should never take away their songs or their dances. Instead, we add to the song; we refine the dance; we unite the excelling with all the other human excelling. It is worth the pain and, in these morally, intellectually, deconstructed days, the possible censure.
I am both proud of my country and ashamed of it. I certainly do not want to be perceived as a national naysayer, but I do want to spend a few minutes on some aspects of American culture that deeply concern me. I then want to attempt an application in the direction of what I call the peaceable imagination.
The worlds of mass culture and the electronic media subsist on images, set in the context of a loss of an integrative moral center and the near death of meaningful language. We live, both inside and outside the church, in a world of spin doctors, sound bites, lip synching, applause and laugh tracks, fabricated ambiguity, doublespeak and technospeak. The lines between entertainment and crucial theological, social, moral, and political functions have become increasingly blurred.
Media stars are employed to make political statements, to mouth profundities, and politicians may rise or fall on their ability to appear as media stars. Commentators and reporters are hired and retained on their ability to make ordinary news into something larger than it is--to search, in fact, for the "right" kind of news and to shape it so that it becomes more than informative content. Investigative reporting, the docudrama, and talk show have become strangely alike. The people who make the news--the serial killers, the darlings of social event, media stars, and world power figures--are all on stage. Their actions are blurred into the stuff of the docudrama and docudrama becomes the substantive stuff of factuality. The sum of it all is that mass culture has settled into a rhythm of electronic voyeurism, peering into war, rape, violence, discontent, scandal, pseudo issues, scam, and an occasional tidbit of joy. The end result is that most of contemporary society, overwhelmed by the power and presence of the media, lives in the generic world of contrived subjectivity, in which spin--long or short, simple or complex--is of the essence.(1)
And then there is the presentational mode, the overall style: hype, glitter, opulence, pushiness, coarseness, and swagger; and the megabatteries of sound, the overkill of gesture and costume--kitsch gone wild--the persistently overt, the driven, the exaggerated, the narcissistic soloism.
And violence. We know how much of it there is; we know that nothing has been left out--it's all there to see, to hear, to dance out, to market, to repeat, and repeat, and repeat again.
So we have these three giants, or perhaps this giant with three heads: culture as docudrama, culture as swagger and narcissism, and culture as violence. All three are frightening in themselves, but the way they have synergized is all the more ominous: the blurring of reality with fantasy, the horror of violence lost in the perceptual blur, and the massive, life-sucking ego personifying the whole.
In present day media/cinematic violence, our technological capability has brought us to the point where we can say, "That's really what real violence must look like. Life is life; this is its mirror, not a symbolic hint, but a full dose." But wait a minute. Even the most vivid, the most "realistic" stuff, to my way of thinking, does something else. All the while we're watching, caught up in the most graphic parts, repulsed, titillated or fascinated, there is the sense underneath it all, that we're in a kind of protective, perceptual envelope. We're only a reach away, after all, from the chips and dip, comfortable in the ergonomics of the family room or theater, near the touch of someone. And paradoxically the technical accuracy of the violence sanitizes it, makes it explainable, depersonalizes it. We know down deep that our worst fears, our most visceral reactions, will pass. We can leave the envelope, rewind the VCR, clean up the chips, and re-enter the "real" stuff of real life. But in the face of the threeheaded monster just mentioned, do we?
I'm not prepared to enumerate all the reasons why this nation dotes on self-gratifying violence, nor am I fully prepared to say if or how there may be a causal relationship between media violence and societal violence. But I have a hunch about something and it disturbs me greatly. Might it not be possible that we have come to live in one world of diffused reality--macro-deconstruction, the entire whole an extension of the perceptual envelope? If so, then this question: Which or where is the real world? Has everything merged into one huge docudrama, a myth world of no consequence? Have I merged into it as well? Have I joined the world of diffused reality, the docudrama? And in the absence of an integrative moral center, does it matter what world I'm in anyway? Have violence and civility become deconstructed? Have techno-violence and real violence merged, the one relativizing and sanitizing the other? And if there is a connection between media violence and street violence, as many think there is, it may not be that ugliness stimulates ugliness, but that the perceptual envelope, this massive global docudrama has preempted the real and turned violence and civility into mythological happenstances. Accountability, therefore, is just as mythological as everything else.
And for our children, this is all the more horrible, because for them, life is naturally whole--one perceptual envelope, in which reality, myth, legend, and play-acting have yet to be rationally separated. They live in one real, unified world. And if we present this world to them backwards, if the myth/docudrama world drives and discounts the real world, having already lost its moral and factual center, have we not abused them in a way compared to which all other forms of abuse are but symptomatic drops in the bucket?
But what about the greatest art? Does it not also deal with violence? Yes, but with a significant difference. The Guernicas, the executions, the medieval crucifixes have their own ways of taking the primal stuff of violence and smoothing it over with the sheer aesthetic sweep of the art work itself. We can look at a medieval crucifix, or listen to the "Crucifixus" of the B minor Mass and be profoundly moved by the sheer artistic beauty of the symbolized horror. Granted. But there's a profound difference: Great art does not diffuse or confuse reality. It respects reality for what it is in all of its primary force. And art--the best of it--is its own reality, with its own interior consequence, its own inherent burden. It has no intent of mirroring, or imitating, or substituting. Thus, whether its creators have moral consciences or not; whether its creators believe that art may or may not speak with moral force, it remains true that great art does not mistreat reality.
In the face of this, we must, as never before, seek out and produce an art which contemporary life has very little of. We must strive for an art which creates a freshening perceptual envelope, a new parenthesis, if you will. And even if it turned out that reality were diffused, perhaps even swallowed it up, we should be satisfied. For what we should long for and what all of us need--especially our children--is peaceable art. What we need is quieted and humbled creativity, flowing out of the peaceable imagination.
There is a word, the phonetic beauty of which comes very near matching its meaning, and here I owe a debt to the thinking of Nicholas Wolterstorff. That word is shalom. We need the art of shalom, not a smarmy dabble of what might be nice--fluffy idealism, or a vacuous absence of hostility--but resounding, prophetic utterances of peaceableness, joy, responsible action, and good will--the dances and musics of shalom. The peaceable imagination is forceful, dynamic, prophetic. It knows and understands reality without mirroring it. It protects against what is wrong and aberrant, and confirms what is right. The peaceable imagination is one of meekness, politeness, humility, and servant hood.
What would it be like for an entire society to become artistically meek and lowly of heart? What would it mean for a society aesthetically to quiet itself, to seek out silence, to trade corporate narcissism for community? What would it mean to understand that true meekness and humility are strong, bold, tender, and passionate, to know that peaceableness is empowered integrity through which everything from joyous celebration to uncompromising protest, to quiet nurturing, and redemptive grieving, is expressed? What would it mean to rear our children in an artistic world of grace, of calm, of diverse joy--a world free of hype, swagger, frenzy, exaggeration and synergized ego? And above all, what would it be like for the Church to rid herself of the musical and artistic pomp, the bombast, the steroided strutting and hyping, its parade-ground brassiness? What would it be like for us to shut up for a change and let the quiet undulations of the peaceable imagination overtake the hype? In the midst of the battery of loudspeakers, the forests of mike stands, the mixing boards, sequencers, drum machines, faked accompaniments--all of these masks and proxies for the broken and contrite heart, the mild talent that most of us possess--what would it be like if the fuses blew and we were left technologically naked so that the very power of the Holy Spirit could enter in and empower our God-given weaknesses?
So we come full circle, from the diversity of creative imagination, to the values which guide and inform it, and on to the need to direct creativity away from confusion, swagger, and hurt, provincialism, manipulation, spiritual self-indulgence, and finally to peaceable action. It all comes down to three groups of people: our children, for whose health all our efforts must be bent. They need the peaceable imagination. They need shepherding, not manipulation. They need pastorals and lullabies, not frenzy and swagger. And they need to dance the inside and outside dance, not death dances, but gigues, rondos, leapings, and cavortings.
Then there are the pastors, the evangelists, the Christian education leaders, and teachers, who shape content, interpret contexts, share wisdom and personal grace, and prepare the mind and make the spirit ready for the lively dance, the dance of shalom. And there are the artists themselves: the musicians, the painters, the dancers, and dramatists, who imagine diversely and authentically, who craft, music, paint, sculpt, and dance us into the most humanly redemptive contexts.
So I say to all: imagine, craft, finish, love, be quiet, be meek, be humble, let the thousand tongues burst forth and wing their way into the eternities. Dance imaginatively; make music diversely; sculpt discerningly; write the excelling poem; dance the peaceable dance; music forth shalom; paint us into elegance; sing and dance with the children; make us children again and then teach us how to put away childish things. Make art beyond the darkness and the diffusion; craft the terror away; dance the living hellishness out of our lives, and imagine the graces back into being.
God bless the artists. God bless the children. God bless the teachers. God bless you. In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. AMEN. | <urn:uuid:c42b8909-023e-4142-9616-534b36eebb00> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.leaderu.com/offices/haroldbest/diversity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171004.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00537-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955105 | 8,465 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Traditionally a limiting factor with wood has been the building height. Historical buildings made of wood were up to 50m high, in the case of some Norwegian Stave churches, but more recently wood structures have been limited to only a few stories tall. But expanding cities need much taller buildings. Hence why this limiting of wood to low lying buildings might be about to change, as there are several proposals for skyscrapers made of wood.
Vienna‘s proposed HoHo project will be 24 stories and 84 metre’s high. A 34 story structure is also proposed in Stockholm. In Chicago, the “Big Wood” concept is for a 30 stories high apartment complex. In Vancouver another 30 floor structure is proposed. This is based on research conducted by the Architect Michael Green (see his paper on wooden skyscrapers here (note this is a 31MB 240 page document)).
And there are proposals for buildings even tall still. A concept unveiled for London talks of a 300m and 80 floor tower to form part of the Barbican complex. And in Japan, a 339m, 72 story building made largely of wood is proposed. Note that these buildings would involve a mix of wood, steel and concrete, although wood will make up the bulk of the structure.
So, what are the advantages of wood? Well, assuming its sourced sustainably (not from an old growth rainforest!), its environment impact is significantly lower than concrete or steel. Indeed, potentially wood can have a negative carbon footprint (as it absorbs carbon when it grows and burning it as biomass when disposed of generates renewable energy). Many wooden buildings are these days made to order on an assembly line in flat pack form and there’s no reason why such policies couldn’t be extended to much taller buildings. Making the flat pack wooden skyscraper a realistic future vision.
Wood is also much lighter than steel or concrete, hence the value of its use in the two ultra tall structures mentioned above (while such ultra-tall buildings are beyond the structural strength of wood alone, making as much as possible from wood lowers the weight and thus mean the concrete/steel support pillars can be smaller).
Finally, wooden structures tend to be easier to insulate, as there’s often large voids in the wall (full height glassing is also easier to implement given the low weight of the structure). This is one of the reasons wooden buildings are so popular in Scandinavia, as they can be easily packed with large amounts of insulation (they are also easier to assemble in the short few months you have in summer to put up a building before the winter snows hit). This is important because historically it has been the heating and cooling of buildings that represents the bulk of a building’s lifetime environmental impact.
But what’s the downsides? Well for starters wood need to be protected from root. That means keeping the building water tight and well maintained. The use of preservers or varnish can help, but care must be taken as some of these can have a negative environmental impact when the material is disposed off (my dad once got a load of old railway sleepers and decided he’d use them for firewood….not a good idea given the preservers they’d been treated with!). Also varnish can make for tricky conditions if it gets wet (another anecdote, we varnished some decking and as a result it became an ice rink in wet weather. I once tried to take the dog out via said decking and he refused to go out that way, fearing he’d end up sliding on his bum again!).
Another issue is that of fire risk. Obviously wood is vulnerable to fire and any structure made of wood can be a bit of a tinderbox. Note that this already applies to a lot of historic buildings in Europe. The traditional Scottish tenement for example, while the walls are solid stone, often the floors and roof structure is all made of wood (this is why fire officers make a big deal about all the furniture in such buildings being flame retardant and having smoke detectors in multi occupancy dwellings, etc.). So this is a problem we know about already and with the proper building standards such issues can be dealt with.
That said, with these ultra tall buildings, there is the issue of what to do if a fire occurs on the upper floors, beyond the reach of a fireman’s ladder. This could not only prevent rescue of people, but risk the building collapsing. My guess is some sort of system of automatic fire detection and suppression would solve the problem. But naturally, this pushes up the costs. Although as the Twin Towers collapse show, the issue of fire and collapse is not a problem limited to wooden structures.
However, the fire issue does hint at what’s the major stumbling block – a lack of standards. With existing buildings there are known building codes and standards which can be followed and designed too. However this isn’t really an option yet with wooden skyscrapers. Each one of these will have to be taken on a case by case basis, which will make for a slow (and expensive) planning process. Probably with lots of objections, some valid (which can be addressed through redesign), but also some objections consisting of the usual woolly eared anti-sustainable nonsense (which slows things down while the blindingly obvious is pointed out). The planning issues faced by the tiny house movement being a case in point. Insurance of the buildings might also be an issue until the insurance firms are confident that they can treat wooden buildings the same as any other type of building (i.e. quantify the risks).
But certainly it does show, as is so often the case when it comes to sustainable design, that there are solutions. Just because we’ve always built things this way doesn’t mean we can’t change. | <urn:uuid:f5913428-adca-473b-a662-2040d9b6cc25> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/2016/04/24/wooden-skyscrapers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526051657-20170526071657-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.9672 | 1,206 | 3.4375 | 3 |
A quick study of the effect of government setting a minimum wage is a great way to study the effect of barriers to work and artificial pricing as opposed to market equilibrium price points.
Discussing minimum wage is easy to understand because the majority of jobs at that level do not have fringe benefits associated with them. It's a study, for the most part, of pure wages.
The jobs I performed at my Dad's motel and restaurant when I was 13 are mostly against the law today. I cut the grass, gathered and transported motel room linens, operated industrial laundry machines and worked around hot and sharp restaurant equipment. Today I think all those duties at 13 are outlawed by various government entities. At one time young people could perform such duties but that no longer is the case because of government regulations. Those rules, while justified, impede entry into the work world.
As minimum wage has increased over the years, certain jobs have decreased. Consumers started pumping their own gas and cleaned their own windshields. Minimum wage clerks aren't needed as much as consumers purchase items from the Internet.
Productivity also has to be considered. These days employees not only have to be trained, they have to be cross-trained in every job where they work. Several years ago my old classmate Bill Worthley, who worked in Flint for General Motors, asked "Do you want these guys all to make $100,000 a year" in regards to a discussion on wages. I replied that I did so long as their productivity warranted it.
Actually, the wage rates and the productivity are both up in those plants today but business is done differently now than it was then. Minimum wage jobs still exist, but that's often because they require minimum skills. As skill levels in an employee increase, generally, so do the wages associated with the skill set. If minimum wage increases, entry level employees with low skill levels get hurt because employers start changing the way the service is provided.
The automation of the City of Alpena's water meters is a good example. There is some talk about how a customer will now be able to get on their computer and view their water consumption. Even so, I don't know what you can do with the information. Do you not flush or do you stop the washing machine? Regardless, a meter reader is going to be paid very close to minimum wage.
A recent letter to the editor was correct in blaming politicians for the minimum wage controversy. It's interesting to see the guardians of the downtrodden are all for this increase but the people it will affect adversely are the least skilled of the labor force. Generally, these are the young who are just starting out in the workplace. The least equipped of these folks will get clobbered in the work world as automation takes over more and more traditional minimum wage jobs.
To increase wages for low skill level workers, we must first improve their skills. For employees to get paid more, more productivity has to be shown first. | <urn:uuid:fe998c84-8dc3-4e6c-ba26-7da5bb3a25c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thealpenanews.com/page/content.detail/id/529257/Fletcher--The-effects-of-minimum-wage.html?nav=5002 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973385 | 603 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Heritage hot spots History, nature, art, environment
What is it?Originally a Norman fort, Dublin Castle sits at the southeastern corner of the medieval city walls. Today it consists mainly of buildings from the 17th century onwards.
Why visit?Standing on the highest ground in the area, at the junction of the River Liffey and the (now underground) River Poddle, a tributary, Dublin Castle offers visitors a broad sweep of historic interest.
Guided tours include the medieval undercroft, which shows the early city walls, Viking defence banks and the Gunpowder Tower, one of the last medieval towers in Dublin.
The State Apartments, which dominate the south range of the Great Courtyard, were built as the residential and public quarters of the viceregal court. They are now the venue for presidential inaugurations, EU events and other prestigious public functions.
The apartments feature ceiling paintings by Vincenzo Valdre in St Patrick’s Hall and 18th-century plasterwork ceilings by Bartholomew Cramillion that were removed from Mespil House before its demolition, in the 1950s.
You can seen see Waterford glass, Venetian glass and brass chandeliers, and famous paintings and sculptures, including Anthony Van Dyck’s portrait of Elizabeth Leigh, countess of Southampton, and a bust of Lord Chesterfield by Louis François Roubiliac.
The Chapel Royal (Francis Johnson’s Church of the Most Holy Trinity) and the Chester Beatty Library, in the former clock tower, are also well worth a visit.
Why now?This year is the 90th anniversary of the handover of Dublin Castle to the Irish people. A series of commemorative events begins on Monday at 6.15pm with a tour and a talk about the final years of British rule in Dublin. (This is booked out: extra tours are being arranged.)
The castle was officially handed over to the provisional Irish government on January 16th, 1922, by the last viceroy, Lord FitzAlan. Visitors to the castle on Monday will gain free admission to tours if they say they are “birthday guests”.
A tour of the artworks in historic collections will take place on Sunday, January 22nd, at noon; you can hear a talk about the secret service in Dublin Castle on Tuesday, January 24th, at 6.15pm.
William Derham will lead an architectural tour of Dublin Castle on Sunday, January 29th, at 11am.
To book any of these events, telephone 01-6458812 or email email@example.com.
How do I get there?Dublin Castle is in the heart of the city, through the gates just off Dame Street or Cork Hill. Guided tours of the State Apartments and the medieval undercroft take place regularly from 10am to 4.45pm from Mondays to Saturdays and from noon to 4.45pm on Sundays and public holidays.
Specialist tours focusing on architecture, art or various historic periods can be arranged in advance.
Admission costs €4.50, €3.50 and €2, with children under six free. To book, telephone 01-6458813 or email dublincastle.ie. | <urn:uuid:97d82c25-0778-4afd-9b99-2a8b84697b1a> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/heritage-hot-spots-history-nature-art-environment-1.445080 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065954.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00095-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956136 | 679 | 3 | 3 |
Making science and technology accessible: NEMO Science Museum in Amsterdam challenges everyone to discover how fascinating and relevant science and technology really is!
NEMO is an interactive and informal educational environment that offers technology and science to the public. You discover abstract science in an accessible way. You experience how science and technology make everyday things special. Visitors see, hear and experience how scientific phenomena and technology affect their lives.
The Klapr collection has unique and durable standard storage and presentation products. The Kraft products are part of this collection.
Jacobs delivered Klapr Kraft briefcases to NEMO to help launch a new teaching method "Maakkunde". This is a hands-on approach to science and technology that helps train the designing and research aspects of education. The Kraft briefcase has a white logo printed on the front.
The Klapr collection can be customised from 25 items and up. | <urn:uuid:d9c902f4-7a61-4880-b5b7-524f9c0fd800> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.klapr.nl/en/blogs/klapr-blog/nemo-science-museum-amsterdam-klapr-kraft-box-with/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513804.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021073314-20181021094814-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.893766 | 186 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Pelagonian stratigraphy of the Internal Hellenides consists of a Permo-Triassic basement and an Upper Triassic and Jurassic carbonate platform formation that has been overthrust by the Eohellenic ophiolite sheet during the Early Cretaceous. Intensive erosion, during the Cretaceous, removed most of the ophiolite and parts of the Jurassic formation. It is hypothesised that uplift and erosion of eastern Pelagonia was triggered by the break-off of the subducted oceanic leading edge of the Pelagonian plate. An investigation of the rocks that succeed the erosional unconformity shows that they constitute a shear-zone that is tectonically overlain by Cretaceous platform carbonates. Geochemical analyses of the shear-zone rocks substantiate that they are of mid-oceanic ridge and island arc provenience. Eastern Pelagonia collided with a Cretaceous carbonate platform, probably the Paikon forearc basin, as the Almopias ocean crust subducted beneath that island–arc complex. The Cretaceous platform, together with a substrate of sheared-off ocean floor mélange, overthrust eastern Pelagonia as subduction continued, and the substrate was dynamically metamorphosed into cataclastic rocks, mylonite, phyllonite and interpreted pseudotachylite. This complex of Cretaceous platform rocks and a brittle-ductile shear-zone-substrate constitute the here named Paikon–Palouki nappe, which was emplaced during Early Palaeocene. The Paikon–Palouki nappe did not reach Evvoia. Seismic tomographic models of the Aegean region apparently depict images of two broken-off ocean-plate-slabs, interpreted as Almopias-lithosphere-slabs. It is concluded that the western Almopias slab began to sink during the Early Cretaceous, while the eastern Almopias slab broke off and sank after the Paikon–Palouki nappe was emplaced in the Early Palaeocene. | <urn:uuid:0415adc0-9aaa-4778-9ca0-62dd951fa1f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://ucl.scienceopen.com/document?vid=1ee73202-32dc-4b55-b2ca-014e7469e15b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153739.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728154442-20210728184442-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.942363 | 444 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Dogs are social animals, and many enjoy the company of their own kind. When a female becomes pregnant, however, her owners may choose to separate her from the father dog as well as other dogs in the home for safety or feeding purposes. Knowing when to part a pregnant dog from her pack will ensure that she gets the proper nutrition her body needs, and keep her unborn puppies safe.
When dogs cohabit a living space, they work out their differences on their own. The dog's social system, called pack hierarchy, establishes dominance in a canine social group. Dogs will feel most comfortable when they understand their position in their pack, according to veterinarian Myrna Milani. If the pregnant female and the male, or stud, dog have been together previously and worked out this system before the pregnancy, there is no harm in allowing them to remain together for a time. Because dogs are social, keeping the female with her pack may prevent stress during her pregnancy.
A pregnant dog's nutrition requirements will vary greatly from that of the male, and dog owners may find it necessary to separate the two during feeding times. According to PetEducation.com, pregnant dogs should be fed a high-quality premium dog food before and during her pregnancy. As the pregnant dog enters the fourth or fifth week of her gestation, she'll need a premium performance puppy chow to keep her unborn puppies healthy. Keeping her separated from the father dog during feeding times will ensure that she gets the calories she needs, and prevent the male from becoming obese.
The Final Weeks
When the final three weeks of gestation begin, it's time for a pregnant dog to bid her packmates goodbye and prepare for the birth of the small, furry bundles of joy. The isolation of the pregnant female prevents her exposure to the canine herpesvirus, which can be fatal to her puppies, but may also serve to protect the female's packmates from potential scuffles should she prove to be cranky.
When Puppies Arrive
The isolation period beginning three weeks before the puppies are whelped should also include the three weeks following their delivery. This prevents the puppies from getting sick or harmed due to contact with another dog. After a period of about six weeks, the pups may be carefully introduced to other members of the pack. Any interaction between the male dog and the female or puppies should be closely supervised by their owner.
- Mar Vista Animal Medical Ceter: Care of the Pregnant Dog
- 2ndChance.info: Breeding and Caring for Your Pregnant Dog
- PetEducation.com: Pregnancy Diagnosis & Caring for the Pregnant Dog
- Phi-Vestavia: Stud Dog Management
- Myrna Milani: The Dynamics of Canine Pack Structure
- Arizona Humane Society: Understanding Canine Rivalry and Pack Order Issues
- Jupiterimages/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:510bd60e-fac3-47ec-8f49-5c0119f15184> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/should-separate-pregnant-dog-father-dog-7962.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010792.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00227-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957192 | 589 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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