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St John the Baptist
The church of St John the Baptist is known to Bristolians as St John on the Wall, and incorporates the only surviving medieval gateway on the city walls. There were formerly two other churches built over the medieval gates, St Nicholas rebuilt in the C18 when the gateway was removed, and St Leonard was demolished in 1771. Both of these had the chancel over the gateway, St John's is unusual in that the tower and spire stand over the gate. Immediately to the west was another medieval church, St Lawrence, but this was demolished in 1580. St John the Baptist was first mentioned in 1174 and is believed to have been founded c1100. All was rebuilt c1380-1400 except for the eastern half of the lower church which is earlier C14 work.
The post war reconstruction of Bristol has not been kind to this church, it is surrounded by office buildings some of the worst kind, and the spire tries to compete with some of them. The worst is the block immediately west of the tower. This northern front is the face it showed to the visitor in medieval times. The gateway itself still has grooves for the portcullis and has a central vaulted arch for wagons and carriages and two pedestrian walkways. Access to the lower church is only possible from "outside the city" but the larger windows of both the crypt and the upper church already show the more peaceable times when the church was built, although the cliff-like wall still shows the defensive nature of the city walls. One local feature is preserved in St John's which was once also evident at other churches in the city (St Nicholas and St Thomas, shown on Millerd's Map of 1673), in the taller central-tower like clerestory bay with large windows which presumably lit the rood inside.
From the gate Broad Street climbs steeply up towards Christ Church (see picture on that page) and seen from inside the city the church seems better treated. Although the NatWest bank buildings surround many of the small streets to the south, the narrowness has been preserved (above right). The statues in the niches above the carriageway arch are Brennus and Bellinus, mythical founders of Bristol. The entrance to the upper church is immediately east of the gate and there are several steps up to the door and further into the church itself. This arrangement dates from 1828: there are traces of the original west entrance to the church in the eastern pedestrian walkway of the gate.
The Upper Church
The interior is noticeably plain but uniform in appearance. In medieval times there would have been much more colour. The side windows are recessed, and collectively the pointed arches give the illusion of arcades. The chancel was rebuilt after the reformation, creating a vestry behind the east wall accessed by two small doorways. The pews date from 1621. The gallery is later C17 and originally stood one bay further east, moved back in 1883 when new stairs were made and the new organ installed.
The taller clerestory bay is clearly visible inside. Closer examination of the gallery reveal seven painted panels, possibly by a dutch artist (l to r St Peter, St Matthew, St Luke, St John Baptist, St Mark, St John Evangelist and St Paul).
The font dates from 1624 and has winged cherub heads and rosettes in roundels; the cover is Jacobean. The pulpit is a fine pannelled example of the C15 and accessed from through the chancel arch. Above on a bracket is a unicorn presumably once supporting a since-vanished Royal Arms (the lion is opposite on the other side of the chancel arch) and a rare survival of an hourglass, turned to time the sermons.
The "low-church" nature of services here is encapsulated in the communion table, a beautiful example from 1635 (and cost £3 14/-, or £3.70p in today's money) where once would have been a high altar and reredos.
The tomb to Walter Frampton used to stand in the centre of the church, but is now in a recess on the north side of the sanctuary. The translated inscription reads "Here lies Walter Frampton, founder of this church who died in the year 1388" . Opposite is the brass to Thomas Rowley who died in 1478 and his wife (died c1470) who was vestryman at St John's.
The Lower Church or Crypt
The crypt was dedicated to the Holy Cross from the Guild of the same name which held its services here. There used to be a screen dividing it into nave and chancel. It became a prestigeous place of burial, but the names of people whose tombs survive is lost to us today.
Examples of the fine carving are shown in the pictures above. Towards the east end of the crypt is the fine tomb chest with alabaster effigies of a merchant and his wife.
The church is no longer used for regular services and is vested in the Churches Conservation Trust. It is generally open Tues-Fri 1100-1600 from April to October.
Page created 18th January 2002
Back to the Bristol Churches List | <urn:uuid:674ea005-6c32-477e-be0f-17718505a757> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.churchcrawler.co.uk/bristol/johnotw.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866888.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624063553-20180624083553-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.975362 | 1,081 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The European eel makes two major Atlantic journeys in its life, once as a larva to European waterways, and back again as an adult to spawn in the Sargasso Sea (a region of the North Atlantic). The trip from the breeding ground to Europe can take anywhere from 17 to 28 months as the small larvae drift along in the Gulf Stream. Somewhere between the Canary Islands and Norway, they jump off, grow into small, clear eels called glass eels, and then make their way to streams and lakes for the next stage in their life cycle. But exactly how the eels know when and where to get out of the Gulf Stream has been a bit of a mystery—until now.
To figure out how the eel larvae know when to change course and head for the continent, researchers from the University of Miami and the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research used two devices to study how eels behave in their normal environment, and under artificial conditions. Using a special, partially enclosed aquarium off the coast of Norway, they observed how the eels swam in a simulation of the the drifting they experience in the Gulf Stream. They observed eels in a magnetoreception testing lab, where the scientists were able to manipulate magnetic fields.
Off the coast, almost all of the eels showed a preference for a particular compass direction, and most oriented themselves south during ebb tides. In the lab, where the eels had only the generated magnetic field to go by, most also oriented themselves to the (artificial magnetic) south during ebb tides. “It is incredible that these small transparent glass eels can detect the Earth’s magnetic field,” said Alessandro Cresci, a coauthor of the report, in a press release. “The use of a magnetic compass could be a key component underlying the amazing migration of these animals.” | <urn:uuid:5b2dfffc-63d3-413c-91fc-60dc22b8eff8> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/glass-eels-internal-compass-magnetic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103619185.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628233925-20220629023925-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.952647 | 381 | 4.09375 | 4 |
The Park Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, was established as a national monument in 1925 and became a national park in 1980 along with many other Alaskan parks. It protects a wilderness area along the northern end of Alaska’s Inside Passage. There are no roads to Glacier Bay, and most visitors arrive by cruise ship.
Visitor Rating (write your own review below)
Official NPS Website Glacier Bay NP
Write Your Own Review | <urn:uuid:08c870e3-fbfc-4bfa-850e-19c76a69e51c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://ilovenationalparks.org/glacier-bay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122726.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00383-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963074 | 93 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A must-see for sciart lovers, Brandon Ballengée’s installation Collapse is on display at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC until March 20, 2015.
Collapse was created in 2012 in response to the devastating effects on the marine food chain following the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Simple, beautiful and devastating, the installation consists of a pyramid of gallon jars containing hundreds of preserved fish and other aquatic organisms. Empty containers – and there are many – represent species in decline or those already lost the extinction. A written appendix gives details on all the species represented in Collapse.
In conjunction with the exhibition, the NAS will hold an evening event on Thursday, December 11, on the topic of Art and Ecology. Speakers include Brandon Ballengée, developmental biologist Benjamin Dubansky, Ariel Trahan of the Anacostia Watershed Society, and Kim Waddell, senior program officer of the NAS’s Gulf Research Program. (More details here) | <urn:uuid:61b57777-bbcf-4b9b-bb80-51547f19f33b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://thefinchandpea.com/2014/12/10/the-art-of-science-a-tragic-beauty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948029.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425232612-20180426012612-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.90924 | 203 | 2.71875 | 3 |
We know there are questions around travel amid the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Read our note here.
April 22, 2020, marks the 50th anniversary of Earth Day! Since the annual event was first celebrated in 1970, people around the globe have participated by hosting environmental cleanup projects, planting trees, or speaking to lawmakers about how to protect the planet. But what about travel? "The Independent" reports that tourism is responsible for one-tenth of the planet's carbon emissions. What can travelers do to decrease their carbon footprint and make their global excursions more eco-friendly? Here are five resolutions you can make for your next trip in honor of Earth Day.
Bring Your Own Water Bottle
Staying hydrated when you travel is a must. It can help you battle jet lag and ward off illnesses while on the road. How you stay hydrated can have a big impact on the planet though. "The Guardian" reported in 2017 that people buy one million plastic bottles every minute. While the materials that make those bottles are mostly recyclable, fewer than half of the bottles get recycled and approximately 7% of them get used to make new bottles.
So what can you do to stay hydrated? Switch to a reusable water bottle. While you might have limited packing space, you can buy plastic, metal, or glass reusable water bottles with a carabiner clip on them. This will allow you to easily attach the bottle to your backpack, purse, or suitcase so that you have it wherever you go. You'll find a lot of places to fill it up too. More public places are offering free water bottle refills to encourage the use of refillable containers.
Eat Local When You Can
Trying new foods is part of the adventure to a new destination. What, how, and where you choose to eat, however, could have a negative impact on the planet. A study published by the University of Sheffield found that sweets, alcohol, and restaurant food were actually worse for the environment than meat consumption. Eating out contributes to an average of 0.8 tons of carbon in the environment each year, while meat consumption contributes an average of 0.3 tons.
While you'll probably have to eat out when traveling, you can commit to making smarter choices about how you do it. First, ditch the fast-food chains. They typically have to ship in their food items from farther away, which increases the carbon footprint. Plus, most chains wrap their food in single-use items, which are bad for the environment. Choose to dine at restaurants that have a recycling policy and source their products locally as much as possible. Not only will you be making better choices for the environment, but you'll also be eating more locally authentic meals. If you stay at an Airbnb or somewhere else with kitchen access, make some of your meals there too. You'll cut down on waste and your travel costs.
Treat Your Hotel Like Home
According to the United Nations (UN), the hotel industry is responsible for 1% of global carbon emissions. Things like energy consumption, water consumption, and single-use plastics are all major factors in how hotels are harming the planet. The UN is encouraging hotels around the world to adhere to guidelines that will help reduce their carbon emissions and waste.
How can travelers help? By treating their hotel like they would their own home. That means doing simple tasks like hanging up and reusing towels after a shower. While it used to be customary to get clean towels every day, hotels can cut out water and energy waste when guests choose to keep their towels for a few days. You should also turn off lights and air conditioning when you aren't using them to keep the energy usage down in your room. These are small things you'd do in your own home, so continue to do them at your hotel. Also, don't use the hotel's shampoo and conditioner. Those single-use bottles get tossed into the trash — even if you only use a little bit of product.
Use Public Transportation
When it comes to the environment, public transportation is a good thing. When you hop on a bus or a train, you minimize your carbon footprint — unlike when you use a personal car or a taxi. The "BBC" reports that using public transportation is the key to a cleaner environment. It gets people out of their cars and helps control climate change. The rapid growth of car usage is one of the main contributing factors to climate change.
Instead of renting a car on your next trip, head for the bus station. You'll end up seeing a more authentic side of your vacation destination when you are traveling the way the locals do. Plus, it's a lot more cost-effective for your travel budget. In most places, you can hop on a bus for a few dollars and travel without worrying about directions, gas prices, or where to park when you get there. Google Maps is a great source for helping you decipher bus routes.
Commit to Traveling Slowly
The element of travel that contributes the most to carbon emissions is traveling itself. "The New York Times" reports that the airline industry's contribution to global emissions is growing faster than anyone expected — jumping 32% from 2013 to 2018. Concern over how much damage flights are doing to the planet have led to flight shaming, according to "Forbes." Some activists are swearing off airline travel in favor of other methods. For the average traveler, however, flights are the only option for getting from point A to point B.
To cut down on how much your flying habits are contributing to pollution, then simply slow down. Instead of hopping from destination to destination during your next two-week vacation, opt to spend the entire time in one place. If you still want to move around, look for overground transportation options like trains and buses. Slowing down your travel allows you to immerse yourself in the culture instead of rushing to complete a busy itinerary. You might find you actually end up getting more out of a slower schedule. | <urn:uuid:d0d94265-df45-4f9a-8e73-23129a29bf93> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://editorialstage.traveltrivia.com/resolutions-every-avid-traveler-should-make-for-earth-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890108.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026002022-20201026032022-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.95517 | 1,226 | 3.09375 | 3 |
(Copyright © 1999 Piero Scaruffi | Legal restrictions - Termini d'uso )
This book is a broad exploration of the theme of consciousness from a
neurological viewpoint, and serves as a summary of the state of the art in
brain studies. It's a rather long journey and it covers a lot of ground.
Ostensibly, the theme of the book of what makes us "human", or, better, what makes humans so different from any other species. One can make a long list of features, but Gazzaniga believes that's not the correct answer. A "phase shift" must have occurred at some point that caused human brains to diverge dramatically from any other known brain.
He starts by discussing brain size: our brain is much larger than one would expect by extrapolating brain sizes in other mammals. Two genes have been found to be related to brain size: one first appeared 37,000 years ago, and one appeared about 5,800 years ago. Both these days are relevant for the history of human civilazione: the first one is roughly when humans started producing cultural artifacts, and the second one is roughly when urbanization, writing and agriculture began.
One of the most impressive features of the human brain is its ability to understand other brains, i.e. the ability to construct a "theory of mind" about other people's intentions and feelings. By observing someone's face and behavior, human brains can infer that person's invisible "state of mind", an expression originally introduced by USA psychologists David Premack and Guy Woodruff ("Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?", 1978). We don't just build a theory of our own self, but also a theory of other people's selves. Children cry when other children cry, a sign that they identify with their pain. We feel sorry for other people's misfortunes (although not always happy for other people's luck). Premack also discovered that children are prewired with the distinction between "minds" and non-minds, i.e. between sentient beings and inanimate matter. Children treat differently objects that move by themselves and objects that move only when someone moves them. Children tend to see a "motive" behind self-propelled objects. It is a built-in ability to guess the state of mind of another being.
Gazziniga is less credible when he indulges in the anatomical differences between humans and chimps. He notes that air and food share the same channel in the human throat: we risk death by choking but that oddity may have given us more powerful linguistic skills. That's pure speculation. Because of the small size of the human pelvis, birth is difficult and painful. Human newborns are helpless compared with pretty much any other mammal babies. Human babies require a lot of attention and training from their parents before they can "function" properly.
Gazzaniga then introduces his modular model of the brain, that was already the subject of previous books. He thinks that the brain has a modular organization, whereby many independent systems work in parallel. These "specialized" modules are evolutionary additions to the brain: it is no surprise that they perform different functions, and it is not surprising that those functions are useful to the overall functioning of the brain. Split-brain surgery had already proved that the human brain is made of at least two brains (the two hemispheres). Gazzaniga simply extended that idea. Basically, he thinks that many minds coexist in a confederation. Our behavior is due to the activity of these modules, rather than to conscious decisions. A special module, the "interpreter", located in the left hemisphere, interprets the actions of modules and provides explanations for our behavior. However, that happens after the unconscious modules have already determined our behavior. Beliefs do not precede behavior: they follow it. They are created by the interaction of the interpreter with the other modules. Behavior determines our beliefs, not the other way around. It is only by behaving that we conceptualize our selves, that we build a theory of our psychological state (in particular, beliefs).
Another unique human trait is the ability to create complex societies. Gazzinga explores the sources of human societies, from sexual selection to meat eating, hinting that the cognitive demands of the social life fostered an increase in brain size. Gazzaniga mentions Robin Dunbar's theory on what are the "cognitive demands" and constraints of social life. Given the size of the human neocortex, Dunbar believes that we are capable of about 150 close relationships. That's the natural size of a social group. Dunbar believes that language evolved from gossip, which in turn was an evolution for grooming.
Another unique human trait is morality. Moral judgments come natural. They don't require a lot of reasoning. Gazzaniga believes that morality is innate. In fact, it is instantiated in a handful of specialized brain modules. Paul Bloom thinks that morality is hard-wired in the human brain. Empathy is born with life: when babies hear crying, they start to cry themselves. They "feel" the pain of other babies. We feel the pain of other people. It is just natural that we desire for that pain to go away because it affects us, not only them. Morality and altruism are not learned. Humans are endowed at birth with a "moral sense".
Art is another human oddity. Gazzaniga thinks that it has evolutionary value because it helps us to classify the world and therefore it makes us better at learning (as Nicholas Humphrey originally argued). However, it is debatable whether reading a fantasy novel or an experimental novel truly increases our predictive power. It is more likely to confuse us and lead us to irrational behavior. An artist's work might also be valuable the way a peacock's tail is: to enhance one's sexual status among the other sex.
The book ends presenting the predictive-memory theory of Jeff Hawkins. | <urn:uuid:7ceadc38-12de-46ab-ae04-a8ae69d10323> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.scaruffi.com/mind/gazza4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948618633.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218161254-20171218183254-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.955071 | 1,231 | 3.296875 | 3 |
There are over 2000 species of catfish (order: Siluriformes),
thus making them one of the largest fish orders.
They vary greatly in body shape, pattern, and scale configuration.
come from all types of environments in both fresh and salt water. Catfish belong to 34 families.
Thirteen families are covered in this
book. They include: the Aspredinidae (Banjo catfish), the Ariidae (Sea catfish), the Auchenipteridae (Driftwood
catfish), the Callichthyidae (Armored catfish), the Chacidae (Squarehead catfish), the Doradidae (Thorny catfish),
the Loricariidae (Suckermouth armored catfish), the Malapteruridae (Electric catfish), the Mochocidae (Naked catfish),
the Pangassidae, the Pimelodidae (Flat-nosed catfish), the Schilbeidae (Glass catfish), and the Siluridae (Old-world
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from mongabay.com operations (server, data transfer, travel) are mitigated through an association with Anthrotect, an organization working with Afro-indigenous and Embera communities to protect forests in Colombia's Darien region. Anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay's mascot: the scale-crested pygmy tyrant.
"Rainforest" is used interchangeably with "rain forest" on this site. "Jungle" is generally not used. | <urn:uuid:b0998482-64f1-4214-abd2-3d70d33156b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://fish.mongabay.com/catfish.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171281.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00586-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859414 | 332 | 3.421875 | 3 |
By Robert Preidt
FRIDAY, Nov. 1, 2019 (HealthDay News) -- If the latest statistics are any indication, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is no longer an issue for children only.
Over a 10-year period, ADHD rates more than doubled among American adults, new research shows.
However, the rate among children remains much higher than in adults.
"While we can't pinpoint the source of the increase in ADHD rates in adults, we can surmise that it has to do with growing recognition of ADHD in the adult populations by doctors and service providers, as well as increased public awareness of ADHD overall," said study co-author Dr. Michael Milham. He is vice president of research at the Child Mind Institute, in New York City.
For the study, researchers analyzed data from more than 5 million Kaiser Permanente Northern California patients, and found that the percentage of adults with a diagnosis of ADHD rose from 0.43% in 2007 to 0.96% in 2016.
White adults showed a larger increase -- 0.67% to 1.42% -- than those in other racial/ethnic groups.
Adults with other mental health conditions -- such as depression, and bipolar, anxiety or eating disorders -- were more likely to have ADHD. The researchers also found that adults with ADHD had higher rates of health care use and sexually transmitted infections.
Meanwhile, ADHD diagnoses among children aged 5 to 11 rose from 2.96% in 2007 to 3.74% in 2016, a 26% increase.
The study was published online Nov. 1 in JAMA Network Open.
"More work needs to be done to better understand why rates are higher in white adults, particularly whether there are deficiencies in detection and diagnoses among non-white adults," Milham said in a journal news release.
"And," he added, "we must develop more effective diagnostic tools and standards for adults, who, in general, remain more challenging to diagnose than children."
Study lead author Dr. Winston Chung, a psychiatrist with Kaiser Permanente in San Francisco, noted that people in some cultures are less likely to regard certain behaviors as a disorder or to seek help for them.
"It's always been just understood that different cultures and races might vary in meaningful ways in how they cope with stress or expressing emotions," Chung said.
However, "this is something we don't actually have definitive answers to," and more research is needed, he added. | <urn:uuid:8b513170-92b1-4338-8b65-43a29be8e9ff> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/news/20191101/adhd-rates-doubled-among-us-adults-over-10-years?src=RSS_PUBLIC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668765.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116204950-20191116232950-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.961607 | 512 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The World Health Organisation has issued a stark new warning about deadly levels of pollution in many of the world’s biggest cities, claiming poor air quality is killing millions and threatening to overwhelm health services across the globe.
Before the release next month of figures that will show air pollution has worsened since 2014 in hundreds of already blighted urban areas, the WHO says there is now a global “public health emergency” that will have untold financial implications for governments.
The latest data, taken from 2,000 cities, will show further deterioration in many places as populations have grown, leaving large areas under clouds of smog created by a mix of transport fumes, construction dust, toxic gases from power generation and wood burning in homes.
The toxic haze blanketing cities could be clearly seen last week from the international space station. Last week it was also revealed that several streets in London had exceeded their annual limits for nitrogen dioxide emissions just a few days into 2016.
“We have a public health emergency in many countries from pollution. It’s dramatic, one of the biggest problems we are facing globally, with horrible future costs to society,” said Maria Neira, head of public health at the WHO, which is a specialist agency of the United Nations. “Air pollution leads to chronic diseases which require hospital space. Before, we knew that pollution was responsible for diseases like pneumonia and asthma. Now we know that it leads to bloodstream, heart and cardiovascular diseases, too – even dementia. We are storing up problems. These are chronic diseases that require hospital beds. The cost will be enormous,” said Neira.
Last week David Cameron, whose government has been accused of dragging its feet over air pollution and is facing legal challenges over alleged inaction, conceded in the Commons that the growing problem of air pollution in urban areas of the UK has implications for major policy decisions such as whether to expand Heathrow airport.
Asked by Tory MP Tania Mathias to pledge that he would never allow Heathrow to expand while nitrogen dioxide levels are risking the health of millions, Cameron said she was right to raise the matter, which was now “directly being taken on by the government”. Last December, after warnings from the Commons environmental audit committee and others, Cameron put off a decision on Heathrow expansion for at least another six months.
Government sources say Cameron and other ministers are now taking the air pollution issue far more seriously. In 2014 the prime minister was widely criticised for describing it as “a naturally occurring weather phenomenon”.
According to the UN, there are now 3.3 million premature deaths every year from air pollution, about three-quarters of which are from strokes and heart attacks. With nearly 1.4 million deaths a year, China has the most air pollution fatalities, followed by India with 645,000 and Pakistan with 110,000.
In Britain, where latest figures suggest that around 29,000 people a year die prematurely from particulate pollution and thousands more from long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide gas, emitted largely by diesel engines, the government is being taken to court over its intention to delay addressing pollution for at least 10 years.
The NGO ClientEarth, which last year forced ministers to come up with fresh plans to tackle illegal nitrogen dioxide levels in British cities, said that it would seek urgent court action because the proposed solutions would take so long to implement and produce cleaner environments. Under the latest government plan, announced before Christmas, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) promised clean air zones for five cities by 2020 in addition to one already planned for London. But this will mean it will take years before cities such as Manchester, Cardiff and Edinburgh feel the benefits.
Frank Kelly, director of the environmental health research group at King’s College London, and an adviser to several governments on the health risks of pollution, told the Observer that air pollution had become a “global plague”. “It affects everyone, above all people in cities. As the world becomes more urbanised, it is becoming worse.”
Sotiris Vardoulakis, head of Public Health England’s environmental change department, said: “It’s the leading environmental health risk factor in the UK, responsible for 5% of all adult mortality. If we take action to reduce it, it will have multiple health co-benefits like lower greenhouse gas emissions and healthier cities. Air pollution has an impact on NHS spending, but we have not quantified it.”
A new report from the EU’s European Environment Agency (EEA) says pollution is now also the single largest environmental health risk in Europe, responsible for more than 430,000 premature deaths. “It shortens people’s lifespan and contributes to serious illnesses such as heart disease, respiratory problems and cancer. It also has considerable economic impacts, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity,” said the EEA director Hans Bruyninckx.
Leading economist Lord Stern said air pollution was an important factor in climate change. “Air pollution is of fundamental importance. We are only just learning about the scale of the toxicity of coal and diesel. We know that in China, 4,000 people a day die of air pollution. In India it is far worse. This is a deep, deep problem,” he said.
The latest scientific research, published in the journal Nature, suggests that air pollution now kills more people a year than malaria and HIV combined, and in many countries accounts for roughly 10 times more deaths than road accidents.
According to the WHO, air quality is deteriorating around the world to the point where only one in eight people live in cities that meet recommended air pollution levels.
On Monday the shadow chancellor, John McDonnell, will give evidence in a trial of 13 climate change activists who occupied a Heathrow runway in July, delaying or cancelling flights. The Labour MP, whose Hayes and Harlington constituency includes Heathrow airport, has been a prominent opponent of the airport’s expansion and has strongly backed local residents who are resisting a third runway. At a rally in October he said: “In my constituency at the moment, people are literally dying. They’re dying because the air has already been poisoned by the aviation industry.”
Read the article at The Guardian. | <urn:uuid:3c2bc883-aeb5-4381-bce0-93e4a11fca9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.coolaustralia.org/shock-figures-reveal-deadly-toll-global-air-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171664.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00066-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958282 | 1,298 | 2.90625 | 3 |
3.2 Weight measuresWeight should be measured on beam-balance or digital scales. For children and adolescents with special needs who are unable to stand, chair scales, bucket scales and wheelchair scales should be used. In some facilities, bed scales may be available.
In clinical situations where equipment is limited to standing scales, it may be necessary to weigh someone (for example, a parent or caregiver) holding the child, weigh the parent or caregiver alone, and then subtract the weight of that person from the weight of the two together.
Sequential weights are important, and the child should always be wearing the same amount of clothing. Braces and special shoes should be removed in order to obtain an accurate weight. If the child wears braces, the braces may be weighed once, separately, and then subtracted from subsequent weight measurements.
equipment, including sources for special scales is found in the module,
Accurately Weighing & Measuring Infants, Children and Adolescents: | <urn:uuid:112170f3-7ff3-4345-83ee-ed4a85a4f028> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://depts.washington.edu/growth/cshcn/text/page3f.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295192.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00187-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914981 | 203 | 3.421875 | 3 |
How Social Media Algorithms Work
Social media platforms have become an integral part of our lives, connecting people from all corners of the world. But have you ever wondered how these platforms curate and prioritize content on our feeds?
Behind the scenes, social media algorithms play a crucial role in deciding what content we see and when we see it. These complex algorithms are designed to personalize our feed, showing us posts that are most likely to capture our attention and engage us.
The Role of User Engagement
User engagement is a key factor that social media algorithms take into account when determining the visibility of a post. Platforms like Facebook and Instagram assess the number of likes, comments, and shares a post receives to determine its popularity.
But it’s not just about the numbers. Algorithms also analyze the quality of engagement. For example, thoughtful comments or longer viewing times on videos may carry more weight than a simple like. This emphasis on meaningful interactions encourages users to create and engage with high-quality content.
Relevance and Personalization
Social media algorithms aim to show us content that is relevant and personalized to our individual interests. They achieve this by gathering data about our online behavior, such as the posts we interact with, the accounts we follow, and the hashtags we engage with.
Based on this information, the algorithms create a profile of our preferences and use it to curate our feeds. This personalized approach helps tailor our social media experience, ensuring that we see content that we are more likely to find interesting and engaging.
Balancing the Content Mix
While personalization is key, social media algorithms also strive to maintain a balance in the types of content shown. They consider factors such as the recency of a post, the diversity of content creators, and the user’s previous interaction history.
By having a diverse mix of content on our feeds, algorithms aim to expose us to a wide range of perspectives, thereby promoting a more well-rounded online experience. Platforms also want to ensure that fresh content is regularly showcased, preventing our feeds from becoming stagnant.
Addressing User Feedback and Enhancing Transparency
Social media platforms are constantly refining their algorithms based on user feedback. They carefully analyze user preferences, complaints, and suggestions to improve the algorithm’s performance.
Recently, there has been a growing demand for transparency regarding social media algorithms. Platforms are taking steps to provide users with more visibility into how their algorithms work and the factors that influence content distribution. This transparency helps users better understand why certain posts appear on their feeds and encourages a sense of trust and accountability.
Understanding the algorithm behind social media platforms can help us navigate and make the most out of our online experiences. By recognizing the role of user engagement, personalization, content mix, and transparency, we can engage with social media in a more meaningful and informed way.
So the next time you scroll through your favorite social media feed, remember that there is an intricate algorithm working behind the scenes, tailoring the content to your preferences and striving to create a balanced and engaging online experience. Our commitment is to offer a complete educational journey. That’s why we suggest visiting this external website with additional and relevant information about the subject. Dive into this helpful publication, discover more and broaden your understanding!
Interested in learning more? Check out the related posts we’ve prepared to broaden your understanding: | <urn:uuid:c66112a5-9a5d-496c-a8a2-3abd3de0279e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://trtroadmap.com/24081-understanding-the-algorithm-behind-social-media-platforms-07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.919826 | 691 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Supreme Court Observer Workshops aim to engage students with key constitutional values through the careful analysis of Indian Supreme Court cases. In each Workshop, students must analyse a selected case by critically reading relevant primary and secondary material available on our website.
These materials include written submissions, summaries of oral arguments and orders and judgments. Students are guided through the reading materials by a Worksheet. The Worksheets asks students a series of questions, which allow them to go through a process of discovery, whereby they find out which constitutional values are at play in the selected case.
The Workshops are designed to actively engage students with the Constitution. Each Workshop focuses on a contemporary public controversy that requires constitutional interpretation by the Supreme Court. The Workshop tasks the students with understanding the reasoning used by Supreme Court judges in interpreting the Constitution. By engaging with the primary reading materials, students discover the key constitutional questions at play in the case. Ultimately, the Workshops encourage students to see the Constitution as a living social contract, which requires constant re-interpretation by both the Court and citizens.
Finally, the SC Observer Workshops assume a “pedagogy of discovery”. In answering questions on the Worksheet, students are encouraged to “discover” answers by themselves. The students should not view the teacher leading the Workshop as all-knowing.
The Supreme Court Observer Workshops secure the following outcomes:
Identify key constitutional values through analysis of a Supreme Court case
Introduce students to Supreme Court procedure
Understand how parties present their arguments and how Supreme Court judges reason
Emphasize the relevance of these materials for civic citizenship in India | <urn:uuid:36dee247-7fb9-46b9-89d8-fc6b0b3633b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.scobserver.in/the-desk/supreme-court-in-the-classroom-pedagogy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.928818 | 333 | 3.640625 | 4 |
A study that surveyed Fortune 1000 STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) executives representing leading science and technology companies in the United States, was released last week by Bayer Corporation.
The survey found that women, African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields and that the result could hurt the nation as a whole. The findings of the study should alarm whoever is going to be the next president of the United States the report stated. Minorities are seen as perhaps the saving grace for the country if America is going to keep its place as the leader in the STEM industry, the report noted.
"What is most dramatic about this survey is the extent to which the Fortune executives speak with one unequivocal voice on these issues," said Dr. Attila Molnar, President and CEO of Bayer Corporation. "Almost without exception, they overwhelmingly recognize this country's great need to tap the potential of the entire STEM talent pool, and the importance of doing so at every point on the development continuum beginning in elementary school with high-quality, hands-on, inquiry-based science education, on through college where STEM talent is refined and recruited, and then into the workplace where it must be further nurtured and encouraged."
Molnar and other executives believe that African-Americans are being exposed to science at an early enough age to pique student's interests. Chicago native Dr. Mae Jemison, who is also the first African-American woman to travel into outer space, agrees and said more has to be done to find talent in the Black community.
The report further stated that diversifying the STEM talent pool is one solution to the problem of understaffing. Nearly 55 percent of the Fortune executives say their companies are experiencing a shortage of STEM talent. Almost nine in 10, 89 percent, agree that bringing more women and minorities into STEM fields will help solve this issue. Moreover, diversity has other benefits for STEM companies, according to the executives, including increasing innovation and the ability to be more competitive in the global marketplace.
"Part of what makes America great is that we have people from every culture and race on earth as our citizens," Jemison. "We need to do a better job of using this to our advantage. We must build a robust STEM pipeline that includes everyone and equally values their ideas, creativity and potential."
Those surveyed also said how science is being taught in grammar school must change. They said the best way to teach science is through a hands-on approach, not with textbooks and perhaps, only the teacher conducting an experiment at the front of the class.
There have been studies conducted throughout the years that have attempted to justify why women are not as good as men when it comes to math and science. Dr. Jemison said all of those studies were done basically to try to keep women in "their place" and that studies in the past were used to justify why African Americans could not do certain jobs. She said female mentors and people of color in top management positions at companies show potential employees if a company is serious or not about their contribution.
"The proof is in the pudding so to speak," she said. "For younger employees, seeing people who look like you achieving at the highest levels in your chosen field is a strong signal that a company is serious about diversity. Being actively mentored takes that seriousness of purpose one step further and shows younger employees the company is committed to developing their talent and ensuring their success. It's leading from the front."
Recently the Chicago Public Schools has tried to address the problem by creating schools that focus specifically on math and science. Several schools are devoted to these disciplines on both the elementary and high school level. One of those is Lindblom Math & Science Academy located at 6130 S. Wolcott. Lindblom also became the first high school in the city to go to a year round schedule starting this school year. Principal Alan Mather said his students get a bit more instruction in the math and science disciplines, but he agrees with others that it is something that needs to start at the elementary level.
"I think the earlier you can get kids excited about education, the better off we will be in general," said Mather during an interview with Crusader in 2005 when Lindblom reopened after a $38 million overhaul. "Math and science can be difficult subjects so the more exposure our students have to it, the less intimidating it can be." | <urn:uuid:906dfb40-528f-40e5-9147-643ae5570638> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.lasentinel.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7285:study-says-lack-of-african-americans-in-science-field-hurting-industry&catid=67&Itemid=157 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00472-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976073 | 902 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Shortly after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, a writer under the pseudonym of Demophilus publishes a small booklet—The Genuine Principles of the Ancient Saxon, or English Constitution—calling for constitutions framed in accordance with the common practices of the freemen of early England.
“There cannot be a more dangerous doctrine adopted in a state, than to admit that the legislative authority has a right to alter the constitution.” This shrewd observation needs little to be said in proof of it. For as the constitution limits the authority of the legislature, if the legislature can alter the constitution, they can give themselves what bounds they please.
The Genuine Principles of the Ancient Saxon, or English Constitution
Carefully collected from the best Authorities; With some Observations, on their peculiar fitness, for the United Colonies in general; and Pennsylvania in particular.
The destruction of the Saxon mode of government by a combination of the clergy with William the bastard, duke of Normandy.
“BEFORE I proceed to observe the destruction that was made in the constitution, or mode of government, by the fatal union of the church with William of Normandy, I must not forget to take notice, that I have not given the clergy a place, in the Saxon parliaments; because they were foreign to the original institution, and only grafted themselves upon it, after it was established in England. But as they afterwards obtained a considerable share, both in the legislative authority and the administration of government, it may not be amiss to give some account how they came by it.”
“THE Roman Pontiff had already extended his plan of church power to a great degree; and the nature of the government introduced into Europe, by the northern nations, greatly contributed to his success. All history is full of the dreadful consequences, that have attended the baleful influence, which every religious hierarchy hath always had upon the bulk of mankind. And a government founded upon the elective power of the people, where their favor was the high road to riches, power and grandeur, gave a fine opportunity to such an artful designing set of men by their intrigues and influence, to procure themselves or their devotees to be elected into the chief magistracy of the country divisions. By this means they possessed themselves, in a great measure of the legislative authority; and consequently became, in proportion, the masters of the state. For whoever is master of the legislative authority in any state, is undoubtedly master of that state.”
“HAVING thus taken possession, as it were of the mansion, they were not long before they began to plunder it. However they first established, and secured the power of the church, by a variety of laws, made in her favor; and defended them by every ecclesiastical establishment, that papal cunning could invent. So that they were now prepared to receive, in the name of the church, all the riches, honors and power, which they could by any means obtain. And what is more, they knew too how to keep them when they had obtained them. For according to their maxim, whatever was given to the church, was given to God, and therefore was never afterwards subject to be taken away by any earthly power whatever.”
“THUS they endeavored to provide against all revolutions in the state, that the property of the clergy might be safe, under the name of the church. Upon this ground, the clergy have grafted themselves upon every state in Europe. And as they are plants that will grow in any soil, they have taken such deep root, that scarce any state, except Holland, has been so unfriendly to their vegetation, as to exclude them from having some share in government; though they have no more business with ours, as a separate body of men, than the company of apothecaries or parish clerks.”
“THE church continually acquiring riches and power, and never discharging either, it must follow that the clergy would, in a short time, be the richest and most powerful body in any state where they were thus established. Such was the situation of this kingdom, at the death of Edward the confessor; when England may be said to be governed by the power, and influence of the clergy. And we shall see, presently, how these shepherds betrayed their flocks, and surrendered them to the Norman tyranny.”
“UNDER all tyranny, whether of kings, or priests, or both, it is the people who are to be made the sacrifice; it is the people who are to be plundered of their property; it is the people who are to wear the yoke of slavery; it is they who are to be made the hewers of wood and drawers of water. But so long as the English government continued upon the original principles, upon which it was founded; and the people annually exercised their elective power; so long it was out of the power, either of the king or the clergy to commit any acts of violence, with impunity.”
“INDEED the clergy might recommend, and the people might consent to many things, that were wrong, and even ruinous in their consequences; yet the latter had always in their own hands, a correcting remedy for all their errors. It was this correcting power in the people, that hung, like a millstone, over the pride, and riches of the clergy; and made them apprehensive that, at some time or other, it would crush them to pieces; and put an end to all their schemes of authority riches and grandeur.”
“THE parliament in the reign of Edward the confessor, had given such a specimen of their correcting power, as was enough to shake the foundation of the papal chair; and that was by banishing Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, as an incendiary and fomentor of divisions, between the king and his subjects, and appointing one Stigand, Archbishop in his room. By this they saw there was only one way to avoid the danger, and preserve and extend their tyranny over the people; and that was to destroy the elective power, and establish an arbitrary government in the state. This, they were so bold as to attempt, and so happy as to see effected by William the Bastard duke of Normandy; who in the year one thousand and sixty six, put an end to the Saxon mode of government, which had subsisted six hundred years from its first establishment.”
What is commonly called the conquest by William the first.
“WE are now come to that period of the English history, which contaminated the purity of the English constitution, or mode of government, with a despotic spirit, which time has not been able totally to eradicate.”
“AFTER the death of Edward the confessor, there were two candidates for the crown of England, which had always been elective, and continued so to this last Saxon king. The one was Harold, an Englishman of great natural abilities, much merit, and vastly beloved by the people; who had been elected chief magistrate of three shires, Kent, Sussex and Surry, at the death of his father earl Goodwin, who before him had held the same offices.”
“THE other was William the bastard duke of Normandy, who was a man of a warlike genius and a very powerful prince, whose dominions being situated opposite to our coast, rendered it more convenient for him, than for any other prince, to transport an army into England, and consequently to enslave the nation. For which reason no one who was a friend to his country, would ever think of electing a man, who would be so notoriously dangerous to it’s laws, liberty and constitution.”
“INDEED the dangerous consequence of his election was so apparent, that, tho’ the clergy had marked William for their man, yet they could not hinder the choice of Harold; and therefore he was elected king of England, by the wittenagemot or parliament; and was accordingly crowned next day by the Archbishop of York.”
“THE Pope, and William, finding themselves frustrated in all their previous intrigues and secret cabals, in obtaining the crown of England, for the latter, were resolved to obtain it by open force: but the states of Normandy having refused the duke an aid of money for the undertaking, he was obliged to have recourse to some other means for assistance. The pope, therefore, was now obliged to pull off the mask, and declare openly against England, and make a crusading business of it; which, was done with a view to encourage individuals to engage in the enterprize. And that all men might see that William was the champion of the church, he first made the duke a present of a consecrated standard, with a golden agnus dei, and one of Saint Peter’s hairs; and then solemnly excommunicated every man that should oppose him.”
“THE duke on his part offered the lands of England as a prize to be fought for, and to be divided amongst all those that should assist him in the conquest; by which means he engaged not only great numbers of his own subjects, but many of his neighbours to assist him. Thus the duke of Normandy was enabled to fit out a fleet and an army, with which he invaded England; and, on the 14th of October 1066, was fought the ever memorable battle of Hastings, in which the English army was routed, and king Harold slain; which flung the whole nation into confusion, and soon after procured the crown of England to William.”
“MORCAR and Edwin, two brave officers who distinguished themselves all that day in battle, retired in the night, with the broken remains of the army to London; in hopes to recover the people from their fright and consternation, and to apply some remedy to so pressing an evil. Historians observe, that, in all probability, they would have succeeded, if the treacherous behaviour of the clergy in London had not broken all their measures, by secretly caballing amongst the people. These two officers, and some others who were zealous friends to the liberty of their country, assembled the people; and represented to them, that the first thing to be done was to come out of that state of anarchy and confusion they were in, and immediately elect some person to the chief command. That Edgar Atheling was upon the spot, and one of the family of their ancient kings; and that no man could have any just objection against his advancement to the throne. That as soon as he should be proclaimed king, he would send orders to all parts of the kingdom to levy troops, and that the duke of Normandy should soon find to his cost, that the gaining a single battle was not sufficient to render him master of the kingdom. And to spirit up the people the more to action, they put them in mind how they had defended their country, inch by inch against the Danes, for a great many years; and had at last drove them out of the kingdom; and that there was no doubt but they would do the same by this new invader.”
“THE clergy knew that this was the critical moment, and that if they could but keep things a little longer in confusion, their business was done, and therefore they openly opposed every proposal of resistance. The declaration of the pope in favor of William was sufficient to induce all the clergy, then in London, with the two archbishops at their head, to cabal amongst the people in order to hinder Edgar’s election; which it so effectually did, that Morcar and Edwin seeing every proposal overruled, and dispairing of success, retired into the north to take their own measures.”
“THEY were no sooner gone, than the archbishop of Canterbury, the archbishop of York, the bishop of Winchester, and the clergy about London, and some say prince Edgar himself (by their persuasion) went to the duke at Berkhamstead and swore fealty to him; as if he had been already their lawful sovereign. Hence we may justly say, that the lives, liberty, and property of the people of England, were surrendered into the hands of the Normans, by the baneful interest of the clergy. For the city of London, following the example of the clergy, surrendered, afterwards the whole kingdom, without any further resistance.”
“THUS William the first obtained the crown of England by the favor of the clergy, and not by the power of the sword, as, they would seem to intimate, by his surname the conqueror. A name imposed upon him after his death, by the clergy, in order to screen the infamy of their own actions from posterity, that future generations might ascribe, the miserable state of the people, to the conquest of William, and not to the dark treachery of a body of men, who had, under the mask of religion, abused every trust of the confidence reposed in them; and betrayed their flocks, bound hand and foot, like sheep to the slaughter.”
“FROM this time, civil and religious tyranny, walked hand in hand, two monsters till then unknown in England; which are, equally, the common enemies to mankind, and have at all times, united against every principle of civil and religious liberty. This is the true origin of the alliance between church and state, so much contended for by some of our ecclesiastics; who have renounced the penances of popery, but would fain retain both its pride and its power.”
AND on the proceedings of Charles the first’s parliament, in the expulsion of the bishops, the same author observes,
“THAT it was their duty, as law makers, to remove from parliament, a body of men who had, constitutionally, no right there; and who had invariably, directed their whole influence, against every principle of civil and religious liberty; and were now particularly dangerous to the state.”
“IT is undoubtedly the most absurd and pernicious principle, that ever was received into any society of men, to permit the clergy of any denomination, to have the least distant share, or influence, upon the legislative authority of any nation. And had the motives of the house of Commons, for excluding the bishops from the house of Lords been as good as their motion, they would have done this kingdom a most essential piece of service; but their intent was only to pull down one nusance, in order to establish another almost as bad. Their business, as lawmakers, was to protect every man in his right of private judgment, in point of religion; and not suffer any set of men to dictate to others in a matter that merely subsists between God and a man’s own soul.”
—“Had they destroyed all ecclesiastical power, they had destroyed an evil in the state, and abundant matter of vexation. Had they protected all men alike, in their different modes of worshiping God, they would have taken away all just occasion of offence and established peace amongst men.”
NOTHING can be more evident, than the mischief that has ever followed the requisition of a declaration of faith in doctrines acknowledged to be above human comprehension, as a qualification for any civil trust.
To believe that God is, and a rewarder according to our works; is the firm foundation of natural and revealed religion; and tho’ he deigned to inform Moses, I AM, we find him pleased, at that time, to make no further discovery of himself. Neither are we hitherto convinced, that any, by searching, have found him out to greater perfection.
WHAT is here, faithfully quoted or modestly suggested, is intended to give no offence to any man, or body of men existing. In matters wherein all are concerned, it is the duty of all to give notice of any thing they conceive might be hurtful to the public, if suffered to pass without examination. It is a time when all the sagacity and diligence, all the temper and moderation of this vast Continent, is necessary to separate the precious from the vile.
WE are happy that such plain and salutary paths have been marked out before us. Whatever rubbish has been thrown into them, should be carefully removed, that, like wisdom’s ways, they may be pleasant, and conduct us to a secure and virtuous PEACE.
MEN entrusted with the formation of civil constitutions, should remember they are painting for eternity: that the smallest defect or redundancy in the system they frame may prove the destruction of millions.
ABOVE all things, the greatest care should be taken, that the persons who grant the public money, and should of course have the power of enquiring into its disposal, should have no hand in contracts; or any connection with persons thro’ whose hands the public treasure passes. A house of commons should indeed be the guardians of common right, and the interest of the public. Places, pensions and other emoluments, from the public treasury having, for near a century past, been open to British commoners, their power of bringing peculators to account, has been of no use to the oppressed people. They have indeed united with them, and formed such powerful factions as have bid defiance to the whole nation. By this means, the legislative and executive authority, which our wise and virtuous ancestors, carefully kept asunder, are become confounded together, in the hands of the same men. This has principally arisen from another fatal inattention of the people to the usurpations of their deputies, when they took upon them to alter the first principle of the constitution by acts of parliament.
“UPON this foundation, they may mould it into what shape they please; and in the end make us slaves by law. The house of commons are constituted, a body of men, merely passive, with regard to their creation, duration, and dissolution; and therefore have no consent to give to their own duration, even for an hour.”
“THERE cannot be a more dangerous doctrine adopted in a state, than to admit that the legislative authority has a right to alter the constitution.”
THIS shrewd observation needs little to be said in proof of it. For as the constitution limits the authority of the legislature, if the legislature can alter the constitution, they can give themselves what bounds they please.
IT is therefore, I beg leave to repeat, that after the approaching Convention has met, and settled the grand outlines of a constitution, let the legislature go on with the affairs of government, without sensible deviation from the obvious meaning of their digest; and whatever inconveniences may be found unprovided for, may be candidly advertised to the public, and amended by another Convention. | <urn:uuid:c391ec49-88fc-41d0-8579-7b7abb7cc9ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://selfeducatedamerican.com/2011/05/16/demophilus-principles-of-the-english-constitution-the-destruction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807044.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123233821-20171124013821-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.983441 | 3,904 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Respect and Likeability: A Leader’s Balancing Act
To respect someone means to consider that person worthy of high regard or esteem. For a leader, respect is an absolutely crucial component of influence. Leading without respect is a little like trying to run in knee-deep mud…you tire quickly and go nowhere.
Like most people, you have probably observed a boss or supervisor whose teammates did not respect him. No leader wants to be disrespected, but many leaders clearly command little to no respect. What, then, are they doing wrong?
Disrespected leaders prioritize being accepted by others above being respected by others.
If you are respected and not liked, then your influence will be limited and short-lived. People will not fully trust you and will only follow you at a distance. In fact, they will circle around like vultures, waiting for you to fail. Your team will also have a high rate of turnover because no one enjoys working for an unlikeable leader. Eventually, you will burnout since no one is close enough for you to be able to share their care.
The remedy? Let people see your heart. Convince them you care about their lives.
If you are liked and not respected, your influence will also be limited and short-lived. People will follow you closely, but with insecurity and lack of confidence. They will question you constantly and will soon grow restless under your leadership. In the long run, they will become apathetic and lose enthusiasm.
The remedy? Let people see your vision. Convince them you have a solid plan for the future.
Assuming you’ve not yet struck the perfect balance of respect and likeability, in which of the two areas do you need to invest? What is one practical step you can take either to show your heart or to convey your vision?
Leave a Comment | <urn:uuid:4441b1f6-939c-4288-8f56-cf1d8b70e255> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.johnmaxwell.com/blog/respect-and-likeability-a-leaders-balancing-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.966089 | 386 | 2.75 | 3 |
Answer to Question #24960 in Physical Chemistry for jordan
2CO + O2 --> 2CO2
As you can see V of CO : V of CO2 is 2:2 or 1:1
It means that 19.8 liters of CO can produce 19.8 liters of CO2.
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and get a quick answer at the best price
for any assignment or question with DETAILED EXPLANATIONS! | <urn:uuid:3db55144-15dc-44f5-8ac7-f7f90d883780> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/chemistry/physical-chemistry/question-24960 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589417.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716174032-20180716194032-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.836683 | 101 | 2.609375 | 3 |
There are currently about 60,145,798 people that live in Italy.
Italy is a country in southern Europe that is 116,347 square miles. Italy borders Switzerland and Austria to the north, France to the west and Slovenia to the east.
Italian is the official language of Italy, and 93% of population are native Italian speakers. Around 50% of population speak a regional dialect as mother tongue. Many dialects are mutually unintelligible and thus considered by linguists as separate languages, but are not officially recognised. Friulian, one of these dialects, is spoken by 600,000 people in the north east of Italy, which is 1% of the entire population. Other northern minority languages include Ladin, Slovene, German, which enjoys equal recognition with Italian in the province of Alto-Adige, and French, which is legally recognised in the Alpine region of the Val d'Aosta.
Albanian is spoken by 0.2% of the population, mainly in the southern part of Italy, as too are Croatian and Greek.
Catalan is spoken in one city, Alghero, on the island of Sardinia, by around 0.07% of the population. On the rest of the island, Sardinian is spoken by over 1m, which comes to 1.7% of the Italian population.
President: Giorgio Napolitano (2006)
Prime Minister: Matteo Renzi (2014)Italy is Republican.
Read more: Italy: History, Geography, Government, & Culture | Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/country/italy.html#ixzz3Klrhs6jF
The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government is thought to generally respect this right in practice, not tolerating its abuse, either by government or private action. Thus, there is no state religion and the constitution prohibits state support for private schools but the Catholic Church enjoys some privileges, stemming from its sovereign status and its historical political authority, not available to other faiths.
The status of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy has been determined (since its temporal powers ended in 1870) by a series of accords with the Italian government. The Lateran Pacts of 1929, which were confirmed by the present Constitution, confirms that the State of Vatican City is recognised by Italy as an independent, sovereign entity. While preserving that recognition, in 1984 Italy and the Vatican updated several provisions of the 1929 Pacts, which included the end of Roman Catholicism as Italy's formal state religion.
While most of the population is Roman Catholic there are also significant minorities, which include Protestants and Jews, although the Jehovah's Witnesses form the second largest denomination among native-born citizens, numbering approximately 400,000. Increasing immigration has led to some anti-immigrant sentiment to be directed towards the country's many Muslim immigrants as religion has served as an additional factor differentiating them from native-born citizens.
Greetings in Italy
When you’re introduced to an Italian, you should say ‘good day’ ( buongiorno) and shake hands (a single pump is enough). ‘Hello’ ( ciao) is used among close friends and young people, but it isn’t considered polite when addressing strangers unless they use it first. Women may find that some men kiss their hand, although this is rare nowadays.
When being introduced to someone in a formal situation, it’s common to say ‘pleased to meet you’ ( molto lieto). When saying goodbye, you should shake hands again. It’s also customary to say ‘good day’ or ‘good evening’ ( buonasera) on entering a small shop, waiting room or lift, and ‘good day’ or ‘goodbye’ ( arriverderci or, when addressing only one person, arrivederla) on leaving (friends say ciao).
Buongiorno becomes buonasera any time after the lunch break (around 1pm), although if you choose buonasera (or buongiorno), don’t be surprised if the response isn’t the same. Good night ( buonanotte) is used when going to bed or leaving a house in the evening.
Titles should generally be used when addressing or writing to people, particularly when the holder is elderly. Dottore is usually used when addressing anyone with a university degree ( dottoressa if it’s a woman) and employees may refer to their boss as director ( direttore) or presidente. Professionals should be addressed by their titles such as professor ( professore), doctor ( dottore), engineer ( ingegnere), lawyer ( avvocato) and architect ( architetto).
If you don’t know someone’s title, you can use signore (for a man) or signora (woman); a young woman may be addressed as signorina, although nowadays all women tend to be addressed as signora.
Flowers can be tricky, as some people associate them with certain things (e.g. chrysanthemums for cemeteries), but a florist will be able to advise you. It’s common for Italians to send a small note or gift the following day to thank people for their hospitality or kindness.
Italians say ‘good appetite’ ( buon appetito) before starting a meal. If you’re offered a glass of wine, wait until your host has made a toast ( salute!) before drinking. If you aren’t offered another drink, it’s time to go home. You should, however, go easy on the wine and other alcohol, as if you drink to excess you’re unlikely to be invited back! It’s common in Italy to invite people to come after dinner ( dopo cena), e.g. from 9.30pm, for dessert and wine.
Italians dress well and seem to have an inborn sense of elegance and style. Presentation and impression are all-important to Italians and are referred to as bella presenza or bella figura (literally ‘beautiful presentation or figure’). Italians generally dress well and appropriately, tending to be more formal in their attire than most northern Europeans and North Americans.
However, although they rarely loaf around in shorts or jogging pants, they also tend not to go to the other extreme of tuxedos and evening gowns. Italians judge people by their dress, the style and quality being as important as the appropriateness for the occasion. Italians consider bathing costumes, skimpy tops and flip-flops or sandals with no socks strictly for the beach or swimming pool, and not the street, restaurants or shops. (Italians believe that many foreigners are shameless in the way they dress and act in public and have no self respect.)
They also choose the occasions when they wear jeans carefully, as these aren’t thought appropriate for a classy restaurant or church.
Bella figura refers not only to the way you look, but also to the way you act and what you say. It’s similar in some ways to the oriental concept of ‘face’, and Italians must look good and be seen in the best light, always appearing to be in control and not showing ignorance or a lack of savoir-faire. It’s important not to show disrespect or ridicule an Italian, even if it means biting your tongue on occasions. | <urn:uuid:e4b8bd59-4f73-431f-b1aa-524af13fde7e> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.smore.com/vbu1w | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647600.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321082653-20180321102653-00724.warc.gz | en | 0.955739 | 1,580 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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person has trouble perceiving and relating to situations and people-including themselves.
Rigid, unhealthy pattern of thinking and behaving no matter what the situation
A personality disorder exists when personality traits become
- cause distress
- cause functional impairment
situations are all or nothing....black or white....good or bad
how a person relates to thinking about the environment or oneself
What disorders make up Cluster A
What disorders make up Cluster B
What disorders make up Cluster C
What are Axis II Disorders
Personality Disorders and mental retardations
Why can self injurious behaviors become a compulsion like any other addictive behavior?
cuz cutting/burning causes release of endorphins
Behavior is comfortable to the individual...."there's nothing wrong with me"
Cluster A, B and only OCD from C
Behavior isn't comfortable to the individual, the behavior is inconsistent with one's thoughts and feelings, and values
Cluster C ONLY-Avoidant and Dependent
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- two or more personalities in a single individual
- only 1 personality is evident at any given moment
physical symptoms for which there is no demonstrable organic pathology
Pain, GI and sexual dysfunction
an alteration in perception or experience of the self.
Feel like having an out of body experience
an alteration in perception or experience where reality is lost
Dream like state, things seem unreal-larger, smaller, fuzzy or out of focus
Describe people with Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Cold Jealous
*self is good....others are BAD*
Describe people with Schizoid Personality Disorder
- In the presence of others they appear shy, anxious or uneasy
- Very Anxious
- Inappropriately Anxious always
- Aloof and cold
Describe people with Schizotypal Personality Disorder in normal every day life
- have magical thinking
- ideas of reference
Describe people with Schizoid personality disorder when they are Stressed....
- psychotic behaviors-
- bizarre behavior
This is all brief in duration
How would you describe the way people with antisocial personality disorder feel about other people?
- everyone is out to help them
- place trust in only themselves
- exploit other for personal gain
- socially irresponsible, guiltless
- disregard for the law
- if things go their way they are charming
- See themselves as victims, using projection as a defense mechanism-which justifies malicious behaviors
Describe the home environment typical for individuals who develop antisocial personality disorder
- chaotic home life
- parental deprivation in first 5 years
- Severely physically abused in childhood
- absence of parental discipline
- removal from the home
Identify behavioral characteristics of pt with Borderline Personality Disorder
- Volatility in relationships....UNSTABLE
- Extreme behaviors
- Frequent suicidal gestures
- Chaotic relationships
Borderline btwn neurotic and psychotic
Behaviorally pt with histrionic personality disorder can be described as colorful, extroverted, seductive, attention seeking and volatile. When they don't get the attention they want, how do they act?
- results in feelings of dejection and anxiety
- Will exhibit behavior to be the ctr of attn
- express exaggerated feelings
- over dramatic
- volatile temper tantrums, suicide gestures and assaultive behaviors
Name 2 examples of secondary gains for people with Histrionic PD
- Attention seeking actions (suicide/cutting)
- Somataform Disorders (GI upset, pain)
What type of relationships do individuals with Narcissistic PD tend to have?
- they are superior and entitled to rights and privileges
- optimistic and relaxed mood, but will change cuz of fragile self esteem
- respond with rage, shame, humiliation and dejections
- choose a mate that will praise them
What is the primary behavioral characteristic of pt with avoidant pd
- They are hypersensitive to rejaction, humiliation and shame.
- often lonely and express feelings of being unwanted
- Sooo...they AVOID situations they could be critiqued negatively
Describe behavioral characteristics of pt with dependent personality disorder
- they are passive...allow others to take responsibility for them
- don't like to be alone
- fear abandonment, rejection, criticism
- lack self confidence
What if something goes wrong when a person is working on something if they have dependent PD?
They say it wasn't their fault, cuz they like to be controlled or managed
How do pt with Obsessive Compulsive PD treat others who are subordinate to them?
Everything must go as they say, they are perfectionists, very inflexible.
If something goes wrong it wasn't their fault
How do you intervene with a pt who has Obsessive Compulsive PD
- encourage pt to examine behaviors
- give positive reinforcement for flexibility
- teach pt to understand how attitudes interfere with their relationships
Formulate an effective way to handle a client who doesn't accept responsibility for their problems and maintains that their difficulties are caused by other people
Teach them skills to change their thinking, emotions and behaviors
We want them to make wise choices, have good interpersonal skills (boundaries). Help them to understand their emotions and learn how to act when they are distressed and accept their crappy life and crisis
Whats important to establish for people with Cluster B PD?
Structure and ground rules
Name interventions for creating structure and ground rules for people with Cluster B
- Be clear with expectations
- develop treatment goals/behavior contracts
- have clear consistent consequences
- be firm and consistent
- set limits
- *have a primary nurse*
For individuals with DID, what often precipitates dissociate episodes?
Dissociative disorders are characterized by:
alteration in conscious awareness of behavior, affect, thoughts, memories and alteration in identity
4 Somatoform Disorders
preoccupation with the fear of having a serious disease despite medical evidence to the contrary
What is the secondary gain to hypochondria?
rewards for being ill
only 1 symptom involving deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function suggesting neurological condition. It begins and ends abruptly
person is indifferent to the loss of a bodily function
symptomatic disorder. It begins before the age of 30 and extends over a number of years. It is characterized by a combo of pain, GI symptoms, sexual disorders and neurological symptoms
What is the main defense mechanism for persons with Somatization disorder?
produces positive internal motivations....person is not bummed cuz they cant do something when they can justify it is from their disease.
has an external motivator....doing it for the attention
What purpose does SIB have?
- end of dissociative experience
- reorientation from flashback
- reconnecting to feeling of being real/alive
- seek distraction from emotional pain
- release of tension or energy
- for attention
- to manipulate others
People diagnosed with a PD don't realize that their thoughts or behavioral patterns are....
Describe a person with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
What is pathologic for the antisocial person
Which disorders are NOT hereditary?
- Obsessive Compulsive PD
- Passive Aggressive PD
How can family facilitate paranoid personality disorder?
- parental antagonism and harassment
- scapegoats for parental aggression
- anticipates humiliation and betrayal so learns to attack first
How can family facilitate schizoid personality disorder
bleak childhood....cold, lacking empathy and nurturance
How can family facilitate schizotypical personality disorder
- indifferent, impassive or formal family dynamic leads to discomfort with affection
- this discomfort makes them unattractive companions-rejection
- rejection causes low self esteem and mistrust of others
- repeat social failure causes withdrawal
How can family facilitate histrionic personality disorder
- Positive reinforcement only given when performs admired behaviors
- child rarely receives positive or negative reinforcement
- inconsistent parental approval
- child starved for affection
What is the mother to child and father to child relationship with a histrionic person?
- didn't bond with mom
- abusive dad
How can family facilitate narcissistic personality disorder?
- parents are demanding and perfectionists
- unreal expectations placed on kids
- parents try to live vicariously thru kids
- child develops contempt for own failures
How can family facilitate avoidant personality disorder?
- parental rejection and censure, often reinforced by peers
- child belittled, abandoned, criticized
- optimism sucked out and replaced with low self worth
How can family facilitate dependent personality disorder?
- stimulation and nurturance experienced exclusively from one source
- overprotective parents discourage independent behavior
- dependent behaviors subtly rewarded
How can family facilitate obsessive compulsive personality disorder
- over controlling parents
- praise much less frequent than punishment
- child learns what not to do rather than what they should do
- positive achievements taken for granted, but only occasionally acknowledged
How can family facilitate passive aggressive disorder?
- inconsistent and unpredictable parental response
- child internalizes conflicting attitude about themself
- affection from parents verbalized, but undone thru behavior
- child learns to control anger and fear
Describe a child with passive aggressive PD
they are overtly polite and undemanding, but covertly hostile
How can family facilitate borderline personality disorder?
- childhood trauma-neglect/any abuse
- mother withdraws emotional support in response to normal separation behavior
- rewards clinging behavior
- punishes independent behavior
- lack of nurturing results in internalized rate and manifests as depression
How can family facilitate antisocial personality disorder?
- chaotic home
- parental deprivation in 1st 5 years
- presence of inconsistent or compulsive parent
- sever physical abuse
- maternal deprivation
Describe pharmacologic intervention for personality disorders
- have no effect on the disorder itself....
- only provides relief of accompanying symptoms
Drugs used with personality disorders
What treats psychotic decompensation associated with paranoid, schizotypical and borderline disorders?
For Borderline disorders what treats impulsivity and self destructive acts?
For people with Borderline PD what treats dysphoria, mood instability and impulsivity?
SSRI's with atypical antipsychotics
For people with antisocial PD what treats violent episodes?
What is given to treat avoidant PD
What treats panic disorders?
In interpersonal psychotherapy what are the goals?
modification of maladjusted behavior with the therapist functioning as a role model
What does psychoanalytical psychotherapy look at? Best to treat which PD?
- explores why client needs satisfaction from others
What does Mileu therapy do?
Best to treat with PD?
- believes feedback from peers is more effective than one on one
What does cognitive/behavioral therapy do?
reinforces positive changes and provides social skills and assertiveness training
Which personality disorders is cognitive/behavioral best to treat?
- obsessive compulsive
- passive aggressive
- anti social
4 primary roles for Dialectal Behavior Therapy
- group skills
- individual psychotherapy
- telephone contact
- therapist consultative team meetings
DBT is best to treat which PD's?
- self injurious
- parasuicidal behavior
What do you want to assess on a person with borderline pd?
- history of self harm/suicide
- body language
- clinging or distracting behavior
- psychotic symptoms
What do you want to asses on a person with antisocial pd?
- disregard for social norms
- manipulation of others
- inability to form relationships
- lack of basic health practices
When it comes to planning and implementation for Cluster A pd...what do you want to do?
Be gentle, interested and non invasive
When it comes to planning and implementation for Cluster B pd....what do you want to do?
- provide structure and consistency
- be clear with expectations
- make contracts
- have consequences
- set limits
- HAVE A PRIMARY NURSE
When it comes to planning and implementation for Cluster C pd....what do you want to do?
- help acknowledge avoidance behavior and teach assertion skills
- be patient...response to treatment is slow
- help them maintain hope
Interventions for a pt that self injures
- find out what the self harm behavior accomplishes
- identify triggers
- identify and name feelings
- contract for non self harm
- list alternatives
What care do I provide for a patient that self harms?
- Acknowledge what the function is of the behavior
- encourage therapy
- provide non judgmental compassionate care
- **use matter of fact approach when caring for injuries...discuss incident at another time and don't give it attention!!
sudden unexpected travel away from home or customary place of daily activities with the inability to recall some or all of ones past
usually happens after a major disaster and lasts hours to days
Nursing interventions for dissociative behaviors
- reassure client of safety and security
- stay with client
- develop a relationship with the original personality and all others that show up
- get as much info as can from family/friends
- id methods of coping with stress in the past
- encourage pt to discuss situation that have been stressful and to explore the feelings associated with those times
Body dysmorphic disorder
characterized by the exaggerated belief that the body is deformed or defective in some way
Discuss treatment approaches for pt with self injurious behavior
- observe pt frequently...but avoid appearing watchful
- secure a verbal contract
- care for wounds in a matter of fact way
- remove all dangerous objects
- may need a 1 on 1
inability of a patient to accept both positive and negative feelings about others.
You are either all good or all bad....do this to try and divide staff and relationships. | <urn:uuid:3df8b6ef-fbca-45b9-a431-e27517fec11f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=218851 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823839.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020063725-20171020083650-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.891908 | 2,887 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Everything You Wanted to Know About ADHD & Executive Function
Understand the five basic executive function skills and the role these skills play when a child is diagnosed with ADHD. Learn how to establish routines that support the development of executive function skills. Strategies such as: giving effective directions, setting up a daily schedule, checklists and motivating your student will be addressed.
In-person at the Springer School and Center Library | <urn:uuid:aabb30f7-8aca-4c4a-91fa-a32b0d3bee7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.springer-ld.org/events/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-adhd-executive-function/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.896627 | 82 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Substance abuse recovery involves much more than clearing drugs or alcohol from the body. Overcoming the disease of addiction requires an understanding of the origins of substance abuse, the motivating factors for recovery, and the reasons for resistance to healing. Art therapy serves as a vehicle for the psychological component of recovery by providing an emotional outlet and a means of self-expression. Feelings or experiences that are too painful or shameful to articulate can be expressed through ink, paint, clay, or other media. When combined with other recovery services, such as detox, individual therapy, support groups, and family counseling, art therapy can be a powerful way to promote the healing process.
On a social level, art therapy sessions can serve as a form of group therapy, creating bonds among peers. As clients work together on guided projects, they can learn new methods of coping, share their responses to therapy, and practice their collaborative skills. On a more general level, art therapy can act as an introduction to the pleasures of creative activity.
Art therapy is practiced in a wide range of settings, from community mental health centers to inpatient psychiatric units, medical facilities, schools, and residential recovery centers. This versatile treatment modality can be applied in almost any therapeutic context, from individual therapy to group sessions and family or marriage counseling.
Is Art Therapy Effective?
A study of art therapy programs in substance abuse treatment published in the Journal of Addictions Nursing found that 36.8 percent of programs in the study sample offered art therapy as part of a comprehensive rehab program.
This study also found that art therapy was particularly successful when combined with therapies that focus on motivating the client and encouraging active participation.
Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association notes that art therapy can be very effective at breaking down resistance to treatment and overcoming ambivalence about recovery in rehab clients. | <urn:uuid:1bae34fe-ded2-4d34-b3d4-1f5ca9a81503> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.oxfordtreatment.com/experiential-therapy/art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.943945 | 372 | 2.703125 | 3 |
From time traditional charcoal has been used to create realistic & dramatic drawings. Charcoal has been a versatile medium of art for all artists around the world from the early, primitive cave paintings to the modern day art. When applied on canvas charcoal has an exclusive texture. It allows artists to get the required tone and shade with ease. A charcoal painting is incredible and realistic to the core. With this simple charcoal, people have created charcoal paintings that are stunning masterpieces.
Some of the latest and most interesting modern artwork is found on charcoal. Charcoal is a delicate medium to work with. The fineness and richness of the paintings made using charcoal and the fact that the particles of charcoal are barely attached to the surface – makes them seem almost alive.
A Charcoal Painting technique employs an implementation of charred wood. Charcoal paintings are an excellent way for any artist to practice gesture. By minutely varying the pressure of the fingers, a charcoal artist can create high and sophisticated levels of gradation. Furthermore, simple turning or rotating the charcoal stick can create a whole new kind of stroke on the canvas. Charcoal responds very strongly to the grain of the paper or canvas it is used on, as with many drawing media.
At first, Charcoal drawings might look similar to others like Graphite or Conte, but there are vast differences which you realize with experience and time.
Charcoal vs. Graphite
To the untrained eye, the media mentioned above are interchangeable. However, if you’re just starting out, you need to understand the differences. Graphite pencil is more suitable for smaller drawings and is, therefore, easier for drawing smaller details on sketchpads. With charcoal, one can make large-scale, rapid changes which allow the artist to explore and fix mistakes faster.
Charcoal is a powdery material that requires paper that has a more textured surface than the regular paper used with graphite pencil. Paper suitable for charcoal is too rough for graphite and makes too much of a noticeable texture. Paper suitable for graphite is too smooth to hold on to the microscopic charcoal particles.
Best paper for charcoal drawing?
Because charcoal is a dry medium, you’ll need a textured paper that will grab the charcoal and help it to stick. Look for paper with tooth – similar to the sort of paper you might need to paint with pastels.
Charcoal is a blackish remaining having impure carbons. These remains are obtained by removing water from the animal and vegetable substances. It is also utilised for making rough sketches before creating a final painting, by artists.
Generally, charcoal is utilised in three forms:
Let’s see all of them:
- Powdered charcoal
Sometimes, if the artist draws over the toned regions using charcoal, it may turn darker, but it may become lighter if the artist wants. The main difference between charcoal and pencil is that the charcoal creates a traces/line which is velvety, darker, and will easily spread. For multi-media painting, artists generally use both natural and artificial charcoal. Powdered charcoal leaves smudgy traces on the paper.
- Compressed Charcoal
The compressed charcoal is a mixture of powder and gum binder. It is compressed into the square and round sticks. The quantity of binder decides the robustness of the stick. To cover wide areas of the painting surface, charcoal that is finely powdered is utilised.
- Vine Charcoal
The Vine charcoal is made by burning wooden sticks in various types of assortments. Bamboo charcoal is the main tool in Japanese charcoal painting technology.
The most vital feature to utilise charcoal is its unique quality to spread over the drawing surface. The wine charcoal also facilitates soft transitions.
Storing and caring your artwork appropriately is an essential task. The surface of both, the pastel and charcoal are very fragile. All it takes is a puff of wind from a fan, a swipe of the hand to bruise the look of a painstakingly made artwork. Framing the artwork is useful for preserving it.The hand-drawn Charcoal painting looks classy and elegant. It can be a perfect personalised gift you can think of for any occasion. You need not be an artist to gift it to someone or to have one for yourself, for hanging it in your apartment. All you need to do is find someone who would do it for you. There are websites like Instapainting.com which can do it for you, additionally offering various customisationoptions. | <urn:uuid:5b909c10-de85-40c1-8b8b-e686e85ca2ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.btxformfactor.com/charcoal-paintings-a-blend-of-sophistication-elegance-and-detailing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209021.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814101420-20180814121420-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.945395 | 925 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Ross S. Stein, Ph.D., Temblor
This morning’s earthquake struck at a depth of 36 km. Given its modest size and moderate depth, it did not produce a large tsunami. Nevertheless, one death and 42 injuries have been reported, and Peru will declare a state of emergency in parts of Arequipa, the state lying to the southeast of the epicenter.
The quake occurred in a highly active region of the Peruvian coastline (below right), in which a M=7.1 is not uncommon. In fact, according to the GEAR earthquake forecast, a local resident would be expected to experience a quake of this about size in their lifetime. Within a 300 km (180 mi)-long stretch of coastline from of today’s epicenter, there have been a dozen M≥7 quakes since 1913.
Neither the USGS nor the EMSC catalogs show any foreshocks during the past 30 days, nor aftershocks during the past 18 hours. These catalogs have a detection level of about M≥4.2 here, so this is a surprising episode of seismic quiet, as well as a remarkable absence of aftershocks. The Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP) reported just two aftershocks, a M=3.7 and M=3.8 events in the first 6 hours. These are beneath USGS and EMSC detection levels.
Xinhua News Agency
Mohamed Chlieh, Hugo Perfettini, Hernando Tavera, Jean-Philippe Avouac, Dominique Remy, Jean-Mathieu Nocquet, Frédérique Rolandone, Francis Bondoux, Germinal Gabalda, Sylvain Bonvalot (2011), Interseismic coupling and seismic potential along the Central Andes subduction zone, Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, doi: 10.1029/2010JB008166 | <urn:uuid:5458320c-d448-40ef-a65b-50acf4916406> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://temblor.net/earthquake-insights/the-m7-1-megathrust-quake-that-struck-peru-is-small-by-the-standards-of-the-region-6086/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710764.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130124353-20221130154353-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.890766 | 411 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Before going on with the history of Dr. Dvorak's struggle to have his invention accepted, we should look at how the typewriter keyboard most in use today came about. It turns out that this keyboard was designed experimentally by Christopher Sholes, the inventor of the typewriter, to SLOW THE TYPIST DOWN. The keys on the early machines hung down in sort of a basket arrangement, and pivoted up to strike the platen (roller) from underneath. ... Since the keys had no springs on them, they fell back into place by gravity. This meant their action was very sluggish, and if two keys that were close together in one quadrant of this "basket" were struck rapidly, one after another, they would jam. To overcome this problem, Sholes moved the keys around experimentally until the machine seemed to operate with a minimum of jamming. What he actually did was to make many commonly-used letter sequences awkward and slow to execute. Thus, by "anti-engineering" his typewriter from a human factors point of view, he was able to slow it down so it would function to his satisfaction. -- Robert Parkinson: "The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard: Forty Years of Frustration", Computers and Automation, Vol.21, No.11 (November 1972), pp.18-25.
Hoax. Or else, Mr. Parkinson was too credulous of Dr. August Dvorak's hypothesis. In English the most frequently-used letter sequence is "th". On QWERTY keyboard, you see T and H are very easy to strike rapidly. They are neither awkward nor slow to execute. The second frequently-used letter sequence is "er" + "re", which is not awkward, either.
As I mentioned before, Mr. Christopher Latham Sholes started his keyboard from alphabetical arrangement, and then imitated piano-like keyboard of the Hughes-Phelps printing telegraph (shown right, taken from U. S. Patent No.26003) in 1867. He changed the keys into button-like ones in April, 1870. In his new model he moved vowels to the upper row of the keyboard in order to put the twenty-six letters in ten columns (shown below, taken from Koichi Yasuoka: "QWERTY Revisited", Journal of Information Processing and Management, Vol.48, No.2 (May 2005), pp.115-118). It's the origin of QWERTY. | <urn:uuid:0e71cab3-deea-4783-bc12-5d704c9e5673> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://yasuoka.blogspot.com/2006/08/before-going-on-with-history-of-dr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648155.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00310-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968873 | 511 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACES)
Childhood experiences, both positive and negative, have a tremendous impact on future violence victimization and perpetration, and lifelong health and opportunity. As such, early experiences are an important public health issue. Much of the foundational research in this area has been referred to as Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). An ACE score is a tally of different types of abuse, neglect, and other hallmarks of a rough childhood. According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences study, the rougher your childhood, the higher your score is likely to be and the higher your risk for later health problems.
ACEs can be prevented. Our school and the community can respond by practicing trauma-informed, compassionate interventions and by creating a nurturing and supportive learning environment.
Learn more about the Adverse Childhood Experiences study by going to the Center for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/
To watch a video go to: http://www.samhsa.gov/capt/tools-learning-resources/aces-risk-factors-substance-misuse
To take the ACEs quiz http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/02/387007941/take-the-ace-quiz-and-learn-what-it-does-and-doesnt-mean
ACES primer - short video produced by KPJR Films https://vimeo.com/139998006
For current research on child brain development http://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/ | <urn:uuid:3018a52b-4d42-49a7-a3e7-8abd1acb7a0c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://drickerich.blogspot.com/p/adverse-childhood-experiences-study-aces.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696677.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926175208-20170926195208-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.903023 | 346 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Every year the UX design landscape changes and this year’s UX trends and fads are sometimes forgotten by the next year. However, there are some fundamental UX design principles that remain valid and applicable throughout time.
UX design principle is the tried and tested guideline on how to create simple, accessible, and pleasurable designs and user interfaces. UX principles help designers make decisions about how to organize and emphasize visual cues, draw attention, and address users’ needs as simply as possible. These principles provide a framework that helps direct designers’ thinking and against which they can lean when in doubt.
In the following blog post, we will introduce you to five core UX design principles and provide you with more information on why is ux design important.
1. Hierarchy guides experience
Website structure is a key UX design principle. There are two important types of hierarchy that you need to keep in mind during the design process - information and visual hierarchy.
Information architecture, or hierarchy, denotes the way in which you organize content across a website or app. When users look at the navigation bar and see the main and secondary menus, they are looking at the information hierarchy. This type of hierarchy should be predictable and clear so that users who are visiting your website for the first time will know where to find the information they need, without thinking about it twice.
Visual hierarchy is about how you organize elements on a page, and how that impacts users’ navigation. A good visual hierarchy is one in which important content is positioned prominently and highlighted, reflects users’ needs, and is one in which they can easily find commonly used items. The visual design guides users’ perception from the most important elements to the least.
2. Keep it simple
Simple design means ease of interaction and a reduced cognitive effort for users. So keep user interfaces simple! Reducing visual clutter, introducing fewer elements, and emphasizing what’s crucial translates into immediate improvements in usability.
Reversely, by providing too much input, user experience becomes diluted, and user attention is scattered. The greater the mental processing required to figure out how to use a web page, the more likely users will be to bounce and go someplace else.
Ideally, following fundamental principles, a design should be so simple and intuitive allowing users to have as little as possible self-awareness of the fact that they are navigating a website. Minimalist design should follow an existing mental model about how websites generally operate and avoid any element that breaks the browsing experience unnecessarily. If a lot of information must be disclosed, this should be done in a progressive and contextual fashion, and actions required by the user should be reduced to as few as possible at a time in order to navigate easily. The result is a simplified user journey.
3. Think about the user first
Another important ux design principle is the user must always remain front and center. While something may look or feel good from a designer’s point of view, ultimately it must be vetted in relation to how users would experience it, how would users navigate and whether it would be useful. What this means is that your focus should be on usability and on humanizing the experience.
Usability is tied to understanding users’ pain points and preferences and designing in a way that addresses these as immediately as possible. This includes adding helpful and relevant controls (such as buttons, shortcuts, navigation), improving page load speed, and simplifying the experience (as stated above) - using simple language, interactive elements, and design patterns to avoid visual clutter and irrelevant information. By adding visibility of system status, users would be able to receive feedback on the actions they take. Your UX design must provide users with the sense that they are in control.
Along with increasing user control, a user-centric design must also remove obstacles and visual impairments. For example, using contrasting colors or placing labels outside of text entry fields are small but significant ways in which you can assist visually impaired users or those with low light settings.
The other side of that is the humanization of the experience - i.e. how to make the interaction feel like more than just navigating a user interface. Such a thing can be achieved by adding a human touch to the ux design process that evokes certain emotional associations and responses - such as via micro-interactions, humor, and visuals that create a sense of emotional connection.
Combined together, these two prioritize the user and create the conditions for increased engagement.
4. Choose the right typography
Typography can make or break a whole UX design. When implemented well, it enhances usability, guides attention, and impacts conversion rate.
Choosing the right typography is more than just selecting a specific typeface and font, and their weight, size, and style. It includes the white space that you provide, the way you structure the content (this relates to visual hierarchy), the combination of different typefaces, and how they emphasize each other. All of this impacts legibility, readability, and accessibility.
When working on the typography, you must consider whether and how it amplifies or suppresses what you are trying to communicate.
5. Don't forget about usability testing
Launching a website or application without usability testing is like trying to hit a piñata blindfolded - it’s not impossible but it’s less likely to succeed.
Usability tests are a good way to validate your work and measure how much your design actually complies with UX design principles and specifically user-centric design. They demonstrate how users interact with the design and where they experience difficulties. If usability problems stack up in one part of the user journey, this provides you with clear data about what needs to be addressed.
Such tests must be run throughout the whole UX design process - from the initial design and prototype, all the way through the final version, and beyond when significant changes are made. Some of the ways in which you can test your design are through A/B tests, session recording, eye movement tracking, interviews, and moderated and unmoderated usability tests. A range of tests is a good idea, as it will highlight different aspects of user behavior.
Conduct a UX assessment with Resolute Software
Resolute Software has a team of highly experienced UX/UI experts who have successfully handled 100+ collaborations with clients worldwide.
If you are looking to identify usability issues in your UX architecture, our UX assessment service is uniquely designed for this purpose. It offers a highly effective way of identifying usability issues and determining appropriate solutions, within a short amount of time.
Is there anything we can do for you at this moment? Get in touch with us and let’s discuss your current challenges. Our experts would be happy to assist with the UX strategy, product and user research, and UX/UI design.
UX Design principles FAQs
- What are the core UX design principles?
- Why are UX design principles important?
- How to test and assess UX design?
The fundamental UX design principles include visual and information architecture, simplicity and usability, user-centricity, typography, accessibility, consistency, context, user control, and user testing.
Each UX design principle encapsulates knowledge about how to design in a way that increases usability, addresses user pain points, and drives conversions. When making ux research to determine their approach, UX designers can turn to these principles for inspiration and guidance.
User testing is a central element of UX design. Design is an iterative process and testing must accompany it from start to finish - from concept to prototype and finalized product. Common usability tests include remote user testing, interviews, A/B testing, session recording, and more. | <urn:uuid:b2bf81c6-a6bc-49eb-ab3b-b97e300770dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.resolutesoftware.com/news/ux-design-principles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.928458 | 1,577 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Digital art is a perfect medium for drawing, manga, comic books, animated film, graphics for video games, or simply make pictures of your own. If you’re used to dealing with conventional pen and paper, or don’t have a lot of previous art experience, it might feel daunting to produce digital art. But the right instruments and a lot of practise are what you need. To read, pick a digital software application, get a computer that fits your requirements, and start making your first digital artwork!
Foundational Art Skills Learning
1. Learn circles, cubes, and triangles sketching. You’ll need a solid base in the conventional mediums of drawing and painting to be successful at digital art. Although the tool you’re going to use for visual art is different, the talents are the same. So, if you don’t have a lot of drawing experience, you can start at the beginning: drawing simple shapes.
Train with circles , squares, and triangles and then move on to drawing 3 dimensional forms such as cones, cylinders, and spheres.
2. Shade and apply cast shadows to the forms. Attach an abstract light source to the website to make the cones, cylinders, and spheres appear three dimensional. Shade in the places farthest from the source of light and leave those nearest to the source of light. Draw a shadow, stretching away from the hypothetical source of light, underneath the object.
The shadow should have the same shape as the target, but, depending on the angle of the sun, it may be longer or shorter than the object itself.
3. Learn to draw from the viewpoint of one and two points. A point perspective is a linear perspective with just one vanishing point. When you look straight down a railroad track and all the lines merge or “vanish” at one time in the middle of the scene, you will see this happen. If you’ve learned the hang of drawing one point perspective, on either side of the scene, practise two point perspective, which has two vanishing points.
4. Draw, from close observation, individuals, artefacts, and environments. It’s time to draw from reality until you’ve gotten the hang of simple forms, colouring, and perspective! It would be more difficult to draw from reality, but more useful than merely drawing from your imagination or copying photos or other sketches.
- By arranging a pile of objects and drawing them with correct perspective and colouring, practise still life.
- By making a friend model for you, or going to a figure drawing event, learn gesture painting.
5. To get a grip on colour theory, research the colour wheel. In the colour wheel, colours adjacent to each other, like blue and green, are analogue colours. For one another, they seem harmonious. On the colour wheel, colours immediately opposite one another, such as red and green, are considered complementary. They contrast nicely with one another. With colour, play about and use your imagination!
You’re able to start on studying digital art until you feel familiar with the fundamentals of shapes, colouring, viewpoint, drawing from life, and colour theory!
Choose The Apps and Hardware
1. Choose your stylus and machine. You may want to use a pressure-sensitive tablet with a stylus, so that conventional art can be imitated better. A stylus is like a marker on a touch-screen device that you can use. It is possible to work with only a normal monitor and mouse, but you would definitely probably want to use a stylus and tablet to really get good at digital painting.
2. For free, download GIMP or Krita. GIMP is a software art application that is free , open source and developed by volunteers. It has the same functions as Photoshop, the industry standard, but has a more confusing user interface and is less comfortable for beginners. Krita is a free, simple, beginner-friendly app dedicated to digital painting and conventional media imitation. It does not have GIMP’s photo-editing capabilities, but has a lovely visual painting user interface.
- It’s best to concentrate first on mastering only one programme, and then you can try other programmes until you get the hang of it. It can get overwhelming to continue to understand a lot of different systems at once.
- You’re best off starting with a free software whether you’re a novice or a hobbyist. You will want to explore paying options, which are well known in the sector, if you’re studying for an industry work.
3. For digital art, think Corel Painter. Like Krita, Corel Painter is app for digital painting. Unlike Krita, it costs cash, but digital painters love it for its great imitation of traditional paint-on-canvas. Before determining whether you want to pay, you can pursue a 30 day free trial to see if you like it.
4. For making manga and anime, select Clip Studio Art or Paint Method SAI. Among the manga and animation design designers, Clip Studio Art and Paint Method SAI are also favourites. Unlike free , open-source projects, they both cost money. They are more restricted than Photoshop or GIMP, but they have some resources to create manga that are useful.
- Clip Studio Art smooths out the outline you draw automatically, so it appears like a cartoon painting.
- Paint Tool SAI has a large fan base for anime, and so it has lots of tutorials for anime. It helps you to make smooth, elegant drawings.
5. Pay for Photoshop, the norm in the field. Photoshop costs money, but it has tonnes of useful features, is constantly revised, and is widely accepted to be the animation and graphics industry standard. It might be worth forking out the money for this high-powered and valued software whether you want to try a career in digital art, or are otherwise really serious about your craft.
To create the first visual artwork
1. Build a new paper using your apps for digital art. To open a new document, go to the File tab at the top of your computer screen and, depending on which software programme you are using, press Build New Document or other similar expression. You will define the size and resolution of the folder you are using to save it.
2. On the paper, choose your colour settings. If you’re going to digitally show your painting, use RGB, which stands for Red Green Blue, the optical display of three pixel colours. Using CMYK, which stands for Cyan Magenta Yellow Key, the four inks used in colour printing if you want to print out your work.
3. For your painting, choose a background colour. You might start with a white sheet of paper, but it’s very easy to fill in the entire background with a different colour digitally. This will be useful in determining the light and dark ideals, since not all of them would have to deal with the brightness of a white background. Generally, a grey backdrop is a nice place to start.
4. Experiment with the paint brushes and the instrument for the paint bucket. To fill wide spaces, use the paint bucket tool, and the paint brush to draw lines. You can vary the line ‘s tone, thickness and opacity. Many software applications for digital art provide tonnes of different “paint brushes” that imitate various real-life media, such as pencil, charcoal, watercolour, or acrylic.
You may also use an eraser tool, a fill tool, and other blur effects, including adding ripples, in addition to paint brushes.
5. Build several layers. Many software programmes for digital art allow you to store your work in numerous layers. First, you should create the backdrop and save it as a layer, and then start a whole new layer in the foreground for something. If you screw up a single sheet, you can erase the whole drawing without removing it. In your image, you can also transfer layers around.
You would only switch it if you draw a tree on the left side of the image and then decide that you like it on the right. This is a super useful tool in real life drawing that you can’t do.
6. To add info, zoom in on your image. Rather than painting on paper, this is another fantastic feature of working in visual media. To add fine detail, you can zoom in on your painting, then zoom out again to see the entire image.
7. Reorder the layers and hide them however you wish. In whatever order you choose, you can stack your layers. For eg, in one layer, you can create an initial messy drawing, then trace it in fine detail in a layer on top, as if you were using tracing paper. The underlying messy sketch should then be covered, so that you only see the finely detailed drawing.
8. As you go and once you’re finished, save your artwork. Be sure to regularly backup your artwork while you work, so that you can still have your work saved if the software unexpectedly shuts down. Also, make sure to save it until you’re done! You can digitally display it to your friends, or print it out.
9. Train with online guides and improve. Don’t stop at one piece of art. Keep progressing through experience and by online learning of new skills. Tons of excellent videos on how to use the simple techniques of visual art software programmes are hosted by YouTube and other sites. Free video courses, such as Ctrl+Paint, are also available online, providing a continuum in skills from basic to advanced.
A better way to learn is to watch videos so they will teach you specifically which buttons to push to use which resources.
When you watch the updates, take notes so that you’ll know better! | <urn:uuid:a148e9f7-aa9d-4609-9ceb-eabd8b212919> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.simcolab.org/how-to-learn-digital-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104496688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704202455-20220704232455-00695.warc.gz | en | 0.925605 | 2,048 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Rainbows are rare in nature, because a number of events have to happen at the same time. First, there has to be moisture in the sky, so a rainy day or a quick rainstorm is the first pre-requisite. Second, the sun must be positioned on the horizon at a low angle, around 42 degrees relative to the viewer. Third, the part of the sky where the sun is must be clear from clouds and obstructions, while the part of the sky where the rainbow will appear must have continuous rain / moisture. When all of these conditions are met, the sun rays will refract and reflect off the water droplets in the sky, creating the optical illusion that we refer to as “rainbow”. When you see a rainbow, it is only natural to want to capture it on your camera. Who wouldn’t want to capture such beauty that contains the full color spectrum visible to our eyes? And if you happen to be at the right place, rainbows could make an ordinary subject appear truly extraordinary. Even a boring scene could be turned into something completely different with a full arc of a rainbow.
Photographing a rainbow can get frustrating, especially if you do not have the right tools for the job. In this article, I will go over the process of taking pictures of rainbows and provide some tips on how to incorporate them in your photographs.
1) Types of Rainbows
Although all rainbows are formed similarly and should not be classified into different types, they can be formed in various conditions and can appear partially or fully. For example, rainbows can appear with direct sun rays, or rays reflecting off the surface of the moon. Known as a “Moonbow“, such phenomenon can be truly amazing to capture on your camera. The Lower Yosemite Falls at the Yosemite National Park, for example, is a popular spot in the US for photographing moonbows. If the conditions are right and the sky is fully moist on the opposite site from the light source, you could see a full arc that goes from one side of the horizon to the other. Often times such full rainbows will be accompanied by a secondary rainbow, creating a “double rainbow”, as seen in the below photograph:
Double rainbows are very rare and there is some evidence of triple and even quadruple rainbows!
2) Weather Conditions
As I have pointed out above, natural rainbows only occur when there is moisture in the atmosphere and the sun or the moon are at a 42 degree angle relative to the viewer / camera. This means that when there is a potential for a mostly cloudy day with thunderstorms, you should be heading out to find some rain! Look out for those days when part of the sky is clear and part of the sky is covered with dark clouds. Look at the position of the sun, determine where it will set and see if that part of the sky is relatively clear. If it is, then head towards the rainy area and wait for the sun to break through the clouds. In all honesty though, planning for a rainbow can get quickly frustrating, as you might never see it from a single spot, so it will probably be best to drive around on a stormy day to see if you can find a rainbow. When looking for a rainbow, make sure that you are looking at the opposite direction of where the sun is!
Photographing in rain is not something you should be doing without understanding the potential risks to your camera gear. If your camera and lens are not weather sealed, I would recommend to use good protection to prevent water from getting into the gear. A simple umbrella would do, but if you need to use both hands then a good protective cover might be a better choice. There are lots of different rain covers available on the market. Op/Tech’s rainsleeve is a great solution for rainy days and it fits most DSLR cameras out there.
3) Finding a Rainbow
Once you find a rainbow, even if it is very faint in color, it is time to wait and move around. Some rainbows start out very faint and can get very intense in color and shape in a matter of minutes! So take your camera out and start shooting, even if you only see a partial rainbow.
Full, double rainbows can span a large area of the scene, so I would recommend to bring a wide-angle lens that can capture the whole rainbow. A 24mm lens on a full-frame camera can capture a full rainbow, but it won’t be wide enough for a double rainbow. If you want to capture a double rainbow, I would recommend something like a 16-35mm lens. I would not bother with a telephoto lens, unless you want to concentrate on photographing just part of the rainbow.
As for the ideal aperture, you obviously want to maximize your depth of field, so that all foreground and background elements appear sharp in your photo. Because of that, the ideal f-stop range would be between f/8 and f/11. You can stop down to smaller apertures like f/22, but keep in mind that diffraction will impact the overall sharpness.
5) Polarizing Filter
If you want to really bring out the rainbow, use a polarizing filter! Yes, a polarizing filter can make a huge difference in enhancing colors of the sky, the rainbow and other foreground / background elements. But be careful when using a polarizing filter – normal polarized position could make a rainbow completely disappear by blocking those reflections! So do not just use the viewfinder or the rear LCD screen of your camera when photographing a rainbow. Occasionally look at the sky with your eyes and if the rainbow appears more vivid, you probably need to rotate the filter more.
Rainbows often occur in low-light situations, requiring you to use small apertures for maximum depth of field, when working with foreground subjects / objects. Thus, a tripod would be an essential tool for effectively capturing rainbows, with the minimum amount of noise. I would suggest to buy a good, reliable tripod that will reduce chances of getting camera shake. If you need a recommendation on what tripod to get, see my tripod buying guide.
Composition is obviously important when capturing rainbows. If you get to see a full rainbow, see if you can quickly locate an interesting subject that you can place in the center of the rainbow. A lone tree, a small building or a beautiful peak of a mountain could all be excellent candidates for composition. Sometimes getting down low and photographing flowers or wildflowers could also work. Don’t forget about typical composition rules either – using rule of thirds, leading lines, etc can make the scene appear more balanced and interesting. In the below photo, I placed the rainbow to the left of the scene, about 1/3 from the left edge of the frame, then found a single sunflower in the field and placed it on the opposite side, giving a good balance and an interesting foreground element to the photo: | <urn:uuid:256721ff-50f9-4598-b2de-cb50f2234518> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://photographylife.com/how-to-photograph-a-rainbow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447020.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00233-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936698 | 1,436 | 3.375 | 3 |
From the busy BEES at Drexel University, worry that beach sand temperature 40 to 50 centimeters deep will be affected by the global warming air temperature rise of 0.8C over the last century, projected to increase. The models identified this as the leading projected cause of climate-related decline in leatherback turtles. They say “if actual climate patterns follow projections in the study, the eastern Pacific population of leatherback turtles will decline by 75 percent by the year 2100.” Gosh.
But they write in their press release as if the projections are actually happening:
Leatherback turtles, Spotila says, are in critical need of human help to survive. “Warming climate is killing eggs and hatchlings,” Spotila said. “Action is needed, both to mitigate this effect and, ultimately, to reverse it to avoid extinction. We need to change fishing practices that kill turtles at sea, intervene to cool the beach to save the developing eggs and find a way to stop global warming. Otherwise, the leatherback and many other species will be lost.”
It makes you wonder how the turtles ever survived the Roman Warm Period or the Medieval Warm Period or the early part of the Holocene?
Rising heat at the beach threatens largest sea turtles, climate change models show
PHILADELPHIA (July 1, 2012)—For eastern Pacific populations of leatherback turtles, the 21st century could be the last. New research suggests that climate change could exacerbate existing threats and nearly wipe out the population. Deaths of turtle eggs and hatchlings in nests buried at hotter, drier beaches are the leading projected cause of the potential climate-related decline, according to a new study in the journal Nature Climate Change by a research team from Drexel University, Princeton University, other institutions and government agencies.
Leatherbacks, the largest sea turtle species, are among the most critically endangered due to a combination of historical and ongoing threats including egg poaching at nesting beaches and juvenile and adult turtles being caught in fishing operations. The new research on climate dynamics suggests that climate change could impede this population’s ability to recover. If actual climate patterns follow projections in the study, the eastern Pacific population of leatherback turtles will decline by 75 percent by the year 2100.
Modeling the Ebb and Flow of Turtle Hatching with Climate Variation
“We used three models of this leatherback population to construct a climate-forced population dynamics model. Two parts were based on the population’s observed sensitivity to the nesting beach climate and one part was based on its sensitivity to the ocean climate,” said the study’s lead author Dr. Vincent Saba, a research fishery biologist with the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center, visiting research collaborator at Princeton University, and a Drexel University alumnus.
Leatherback turtle births naturally ebb and flow from year to year in response to climate variations, with more hatchlings, and rare pulses of male hatchlings, entering the eastern Pacific Ocean in cooler, rainier years. Female turtles are more likely to return to nesting beaches in Costa Rica to lay eggs in years when they have more jellyfish to eat, and jellyfish in the eastern Pacific are likely more abundant during cooler seasons. Turtle eggs and hatchlings are also more likely to survive in these cooler, rainier seasons associated with the La Niña climate phase, as this research team recently reported in the journal PLoS ONE. In addition, temperature inside the nest affects turtles’ sex ratio, with most male hatchlings emerging during cooler, rainier seasons to join the predominantly-female turtle population.
The researchers applied Saba’s combined model of these population dynamics to seven climate model projections assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The climate model projections were chosen based on their ability to model El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns on the temperature and precipitation in the region of Costa Rica where this team has conducted long-term leatherback studies.
Hot Beaches, More Warm Years Threaten Turtles’ Recovery
The resulting projections indicate that warmer, drier years will become increasingly frequent in Central America throughout this century. High egg and hatchling mortality associated with warmer, drier beach conditions was the most significant cause of the projected climate-related population decline: This nesting population of leatherbacks could decline by 7 percent per decade, or 75 percent overall by the year 2100.
The population is already critically low.
“In 1990, there were 1,500 turtles nesting on the Playa Grande beach,” said Dr. James Spotila, the Betz Chair Professor of Environmental Science in the College of Arts and Sciences at Drexel. “Now, there are 30 to 40 nesting females per season.”
Spotila, a co-author of the study, has been studying leatherback turtles at Playa Grande in Costa Rica, the largest leatherback nesting beach in the eastern Pacific, with colleagues and Drexel students, for 22 years.
Poaching of turtle eggs was a major cause of the initial decline, and was once such a widespread problem that virtually no turtle hatchlings would survive at Playa Grande. Spotila and colleagues worked with the local authorities in Costa Rica to protect the leatherbacks’ nesting beaches so that turtle nests can hatch in safety. By catch of juvenile and adult turtles in fishing operations in the eastern Pacific remains a threat.
For the population to recover successfully, Spotila said, “the challenge is to produce as many good hatchlings as possible. That requires us to be hands-on and manipulate the beach to make sure that happens.”
Spotila’s research team is already investigating methods such as watering and shading turtle nests that could mitigate the impact of hot, dry beach conditions on hatching success.
Link to this Nature Climate Change study: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1582
Link to recent news release about a related study by this research team in PLoS ONE: http://www.drexel.edu/now/news-media/releases/archive/2012/May/El-Nino-Climate-Change-Threaten-Leatherback-Sea-Turtles/
Maybe this is a bigger problem? From Wikipedia:
Asian exploitation of turtle nests has been cited as the most significant factor for the species’ global population decline. In Southeast Asia, egg harvesting in countries such as Thailand and Malaysia has led to a near-total collapse of local nesting populations. In Malaysia, where the turtle is practically locally extinct, the eggs are considered a delicacy. In the Caribbean, some cultures consider the eggs to be aphrodisiacs. | <urn:uuid:41cfe320-f4b9-46b2-9dec-d9146875ad69> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/02/oh-noes-models-say-that-climate-change-enso-and-beach-sand-heat-will-kill-sea-turtles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00041-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935677 | 1,388 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Angjoo Kanazawa is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at UC Berkeley. She earned her BA in Mathematics and Computer Science from New York University and her PhD in Computer Science at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Spark Award Project
Kanazawa and her team plan to develop a comprehensive AI framework for practical photo-realistic capture and rendering of arbitrary scenes using the concept of volumetric neural representations. Unlike conventional computer graphics or structure-from-motion pipelines, which rely on meshes and textures to describe the scenes, they will develop a framework that recovers the geometry and appearance of scenes using the latest volumetric neural rendering techniques.
Angjoo Kanazawa’s Story
Immersive Photography: Capturing Reality in the 21st Century
August 24, 2022
By: Lynn Yarris
The popular adage that one picture is worth a thousand words is widely attributed to Frederick Barnard, writing in 1921 about the effectiveness of images for conveying information. That 1000:1 ratio is poised to be exponentially expanded this century as we enter a new era of “immersive photography,” where you can quickly convert photos and videos from your smartphone into 360 degree 3D scenes you, your family and friends can explore.
Bakar Fellow Angjoo Kanazawa notes that “since the dawn of civilization, a universal pursuit of humanity has been to capture the reality that surrounds us.” She cites reality-capturing imagery as having played critical roles in human history, from crude paintings on the walls of caves, to the development of photography in the mid-1800s, to the invention of movies in the late 19th century, to the introduction of virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) in the 20th century. With her 2022 Bakar Fellows Spark Award, Kanazawa intends to add a new milestone to this pursuit – one that is especially user-friendly.
Kanazawa, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, defines immersive photography as “reality-capturing systems that enable immersive photo-realistic experiences.” Such systems provide photo-realistic 3D scenes that users can explore with “6 Degrees of Freedom,” meaning they can look around 360 degrees and walk in any direction. Current 3D rendering technologies are hampered by limitations that won’t constrict the immersive photography system Kanazawa envisions.
“Existing photogrammetry techniques focus on recovering 3D geometry and thus result in partial reconstructions that are neither immersive nor robust,” says Kanazawa. “Our approach focuses on high quality appearance and immersive reconstructions. Users will be able to capture and render their full surroundings, indoors and outdoors, thereby providing a new and better way to preserve their reality.”
Q: What is the difference between immersive photography and VR/AR systems?
A: A VR or AR system is the medium through which a user can experience immersive content. Immersive photography generates the content users can experience on VR/AR systems.
Q: You have said that your new immersive photography system will have immediate applications in the gaming and film industries, which currently rely on photogrammetry to create 3D effects. What improvements will you offer?
A: Photogrammetry uses meshes and textures to render 3D scenes, but these techniques can only be applied to certain objects; demand time-consuming professional image-capturing of staged or static scenes; and frequently require post-processing to correct errors. We’re developing a comprehensive AI framework for practical photo-realistic capturing and rendering arbitrary scenes with dynamic appearance, including highly complex objects and effects such as glass, water and fog. Our goal is for consumers to be able to capture and view immersive photos using a cell phone or camera with no additional special equipment.
Q: What is the key to achieving this goal?
A: We’ve developed a technology we call Plenoxels for plenoptic voxels. Whereas a pixel is a 2D picture element and a voxel is a 3D volume element, a Plenoxel is a volume element that changes color depending on the angle from which it is viewed. Plenoxels evolved from an earlier 3D rendering technology, also developed at UC Berkeley, called NeRF for Neural Radiance Field.
Q: What is NeRF and how does it compare to your Plenoxels technology for immersive photography applications?
A: NeRFs are neural networks that can synthesize photo-realistic views of complex 3D scenes from a set of calibrated 2D images. Using classic techniques, NeRF can be used to render photorealistic 3D views of complex scenes. Although the quality is impressive, NeRF is computationally intense, can require a day to process a single scene, and cannot handle real-time rendering, making it impractical. Our Plenoxels technology can process a scene in minutes and our previous work, PlenOctrees, renders 3,000 times faster than NeRF, enabling real-time viewing experiences. Both were done by removing neural networks.
Q: In addition to games and films, what are some other possible applications for your immersive photography system?
A: For consumers, I think our immersive photography system could become as casual and accessible as photographs or videos. People will be able to conveniently capture their memories in 3D or even 4D using their mobile or AR/VR devices. The immersive photography system we’re developing could be a key content-provider for VR/AR displays, improve the safety of self-driving cars and the performance of robots, and be used in concert with other technologies for scientific research.
Q: If all goes well, how soon might we see some of these potential applications become commercial?
A: We’d love to hear from potential customers now! | <urn:uuid:23eb8227-5c52-411c-ab44-fd395fc7cde5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bakarfellows.berkeley.edu/profile/angjoo-kanazawa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.927878 | 1,215 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Lean manufacturing principles (sometimes called lean production principles), are seven widely recognized categories of waste that are designed to reduce inefficiencies and increase overall profit margin.
At Rubicon our mission is to end waste; and that includes wasted time, wasted money, and wasted resources. On a personal level, I have been working in the waste and recycling industry for over thirty years. During this time I have noticed a trend toward lean manufacturing principles; principles which are widely linked with Rubicon’s work in promoting and participating in the circular economy.
While lean manufacturing principles have traditionally focused on process, the goal of lean manufacturing is to remove inefficiencies wherever they may exist. For this reason, the seven core principles are designed to help your company become a more sustainable organization at every level; with a key focus on your waste diversion efforts.
What is Lean Manufacturing?
Lean manufacturing originated in the Japanese manufacturing industry as a means to help minimize waste in manufacturing systems. Championed for creating value for the manufacturer without sacrificing productivity, prior to the 1990s lean manufacturing was often referred to as just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing.
This history of lean manufacturing principles can be traced back as far as Benjamin Franklin (“A penny saved is two pence clear. A pin a-day is a groat a-year.”), Frederick Winslow Taylor (“Whenever a workman proposes an improvement, it should be the policy of the management to make a careful analysis of the new method […] whenever the new method is found to be markedly superior to the old, it should be adopted as the standard.”), and Henry Ford, who became famous for, amongst other things, his introduction of assembly-line working at the Ford Motor Company.
The modern-day interpretation of lean manufacturing principles is derived from the Toyota Production System (TPS), which was developed by Japanese car manufacturer Toyota between 1948-1975. The TPS management philosophy began to be identified as lean manufacturing in the 1990s.
Lean Manufacturing Principles
Here are the seven principles of lean manufacturing, with examples of how to implement these principles in your organization.
According to the lean manufacturing philosophy, unnecessary transportation of products, machinery, or other materials that are not needed in the manufacturing process is wasted.
In the example of a sustainable organization’s waste and recycling, it’s important to optimize pickups to ensure that they’re happening at the optimum frequency (so you’re not paying to “tip air”). When it comes to picking up waste and recyclables, less is often best. By identifying trash and recycling facilities nearby and reducing waste pickup frequency, you can alleviate high transportation costs.
One of the main goals of lean manufacturing is to reduce inventory waste; that is, inventory that is tied up in goods that cause a drain on cash flow.
There are two ways that a sustainable organization can look at this principle. Firstly, if you manufacture organic items, such as food products, that will eventually spoil and become food waste, it’s essential that you don’t over-produce and frequently have to throw away spoiled items. Secondly, think of your waste as a form of inventory. Many discarded materials can be recycled for cash or rebates. Make sure you’re not leaving money on the table by tossing out valuable commodities.
In the lean manufacturing process, motion refers to internal movements, such as those of individuals or equipment (including vehicles and machinery), within an organization.
When it comes to waste and recycling, streamlining your waste flow processes and ensuring that everyone within your organization knows what can and cannot be recycled (and ensuring you have an adequate number of recycling containers to make this possible so not to create extra work for your employees) will help to ensure that no motion is wasted in the collection of recyclables to be diverted from landfill.
Waiting around for instructions, guidance, or for next steps to become available creates one of the largest wastes of time in manufacturing, and can dramatically reduce productivity across an organization.
This wait, and the productivity it wastes, is even more profound when it comes to waiting around to be serviced. At Rubicon®, we ensure automatic service confirmation through our technology offering, so you’re never waiting around for your waste and recycling pickup.
One of the easiest ways to reduce waste is to not create it in the first place. The goal of lean manufacturing is to eliminate waste and embark on Kaizen, the Sino-Japanese word for “continuous improvement.” When you reduce overproduction, waste naturally begins to fall away.
Overproduction ties directly to waste, as more and more excess materials are thrown away. To optimize production, a waste audit will shed light into what is being thrown away and how your waste streams can be improved.
When it comes to waste and recycling, the overprocessing element of lean manufacturing principles typically refers to over-servicing.
As was touched upon in the “transport” section, if a truck hauls away a container that’s only at 30 percent capacity, your organization is being over-serviced and, as a result, spending too much money on unnecessary pickups. For organizations looking to improve their sustainability credentials, increasing your rates of recycling and compost collection will allow you to reduce overprocessing of your waste, while increasing your overall rate of diversion from landfill.
Defects in manufacturing can be common, but lean manufacturing principles state that as any defective product will cost you time and resources to redo, it’s important to put time and effort into looking for and fixing defects in the manufacturing process.
From a sustainable organization’s point of view, it’s important to ensure that any defective products are properly recycled either in-house (so you can reuse the materials) or through your recycling partner.
At Rubicon, we work with manufacturing companies up and down the country to help them increase landfill diversion and improve their standing as sustainable organizations. If you have any questions about lean manufacturing principles, or about becoming a Rubicon customer, please reach out to me directly at firstname.lastname@example.org, or contact our sales team at (844) 479-1507.
Perry Moss is a co-founder of and chief advisor to Rubicon. To stay ahead of Rubicon’s announcements of new partnerships and collaborations around the world, be sure to follow us on LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter, or contact us today. | <urn:uuid:fbd670a3-13ce-4e56-873f-8715195ef131> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.rubicon.com/blog/lean-manufacturing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655143.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608204017-20230608234017-00790.warc.gz | en | 0.946387 | 1,373 | 2.921875 | 3 |
St. Louis 1904 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in St. Louis, Mo., U.S., that took place July 1–Nov. 23, 1904. The St. Louis Games were the third occurrence of the modern Olympic Games.
Like the 1900 Olympics in Paris, the 1904 Games took a secondary role. The Games originally were scheduled for Chicago, but the location was changed to St. Louis when Olympic organizing-committee officials decided to combine the Olympics with the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, a large fair celebrating the 100th anniversary of the U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory. As a result, the Games suffered. Several events became part of an “anthropological” exhibition ... (100 of 367 words) | <urn:uuid:35e52ca5-6799-478e-a7ed-5c3fe0f5c285> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.britannica.com/event/St-Louis-1904-Olympic-Games | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660996.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00260-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972248 | 146 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A soundscape is a landscape or 'the lay of the land' about a user, represented not by visual objects, but rather by sounds. A complex and intricate mix of tones and pulses to provide an artificial sense of echolocation typically to a human user.
Generally used as a replacement for vision for users whose actual vision is extremely weak or non-existent, it takes a good amount of training to be able to recognise shapes and shadows from a soundscape. However, since the visual cortex is typically not being utilised in those with effective blindness, a soundscape interface is usually able to take advantage of this relatively unused section of the brain, working with rather than against the brain's plasticity to restore a sense of sight after a fashion to a user.
The soundscape interface typically bears a great deal in common with an augmented reality's visual interface, with multiple cameras intercepting visual information on a framework around the eyes. However, instead of feeding stereoscopic augmented data to the eyes which effectively don't work in the blind person, this information is converted into an audio representation of the landscape that is fed into the ears as a binaural sound. This utilises the fact most people have two ears, and their relative placement on the head to recreate a 3D environment around the user.
Because of the relatively high training requirements to use a soundscape, it is generally not suitable as an interface a virtual reality, unless the person is already used to soundscapes for navigating the physical world. In these cases, it is an ideal way to represent the virtual landscape as well, rendering it functionally identical to navigating the physical world, for the user.
See Also: Soundscape Interface, Sensory Substitution Device, Augmented Reality, Stereoscopy, Virtual Reality, Binaural, Binaural Sound, Sensory Immersion, world space, View Space, Sonification, Auditory Localization
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Results by page | <urn:uuid:414019e0-b76b-455d-bfd6-ad1cd162c316> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Resources/Dictionary.php?Term=Soundscape | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649931.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324054204-20180324074204-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.912953 | 443 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Azulejo: Study Guide for the New Ap* Spanish Literature Course, by Colbert, Ana
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781938026232 | 1938026233
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/1/2012
Azulejo prepares students for success in the Spanish AP Literature and Culture Course by simultaneously emphasizing context and themes. Azulejo's organization is based on the philosophy that every text is bound to a cultural context literary and historical whose rules and conventions it may follow or resist. Background information arms students with the fundamental knowledge they need to tackle the essential questions proposed by the new AP framework. Azulejo is divided into units that progress chronologically, but are organized along a common thread (e.g., a genre). Each unit opens with the study of relevant literary-historical information, introduces authors and literature, and closes with comparative questions. Azulejo explores every integrating theme and organizing concept introduced in the new AP curriculum. Azulejo has also increased suggestions for creative activities and the use of authentic media in order to encourage interdisciplinary cultural comparisons. Full of Resources Accompanied by a teacher's manual that includes: notes for class preparation; introductions to analyzing poetry and writing analytical essays; answers to all analysis and essay questions; suggestions for multi-disciplinary activities, sample quizzes and tests. | <urn:uuid:eb5f10da-892f-4e01-9f91-e49728c2b509> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.biggerbooks.com/azulejo-study-guide-new-ap-spanish/bk/9781938026232 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320395.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625032210-20170625052210-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.91507 | 286 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Founded in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is the nation’s oldest and largest civil rights organization. Since 1964, the Library of Congress has served as its official repository, and the NAACP Records now consist of approximately five million items dating from 1909 to 2010. The records encompass a wide variety of materials, including manuscripts, photographs, prints, pamphlets, broadsides, audiotapes, phonograph records, films, and video recordings. Every phase of the NAACP's many activities can be found in this rich and diverse collection.
The NAACP Records are the largest single collection ever acquired by the Library and annually the most heavily used. These records are the cornerstone of the Library’s unparalleled resources for the study of the twentieth-century civil rights movement in the U.S. that also include the original records of the National Urban League, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, as well as the microfilmed records of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). These resources are enhanced by the personal papers of such prominent activists as Thurgood Marshall, Roy Wilkins, Robert L. Carter, Arthur B. Spingarn, Moorfield Storey, Herbert Hill, A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, James Forman, Joseph Rauh, Edward W. Brooke, and Patricia Roberts Harris. Many of these civil rights activists were NAACP officials. In honor of the centennial of the NAACP, the Library of Congress presents the NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom, a retrospective of the major personalities, events, and achievements that shaped the NAACP’s history during its first 100 years. | <urn:uuid:5d0dcb7a-e07f-4653-ac0d-8eaf64c174c8> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/overview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203438.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324103739-20190324125739-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.932483 | 378 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funds efforts to reduce food insecurity in Niger, a landlocked country located in the Sahel region, an area prone to droughts. Frequent climatic shocks like droughts and floods make agriculture an inconsistent commodity. The vitamin-packed moringa tree could be a method of overcoming the inconsistent agricultural patterns and resulting food insecurity in Niger.
Nutritional Benefits of Moringa
The mystical miracle plant, moringa, is known as “the tree of life.” Officially known as Moringa oleifera, the plant is native to northern India and has been around for hundreds of years. The grassy and earthy taste of the plant is reminiscent of spinach but with a slightly more bitter taste.
The numerous health benefits of moringa prove the plant to be a natural superfood. The plant has many vitamins and minerals, including iron and calcium. Iron assists the body in mitigating anemia, and calcium helps with bone mineralization. Moringa also lowers blood sugar and cholesterol levels, which is essential to heart health. Additionally, the plant has a high protein content. The protein in the plant contains all nine essential amino acids that are usually only found in animal products.
Malnutrition occurs because of the agricultural inconsistencies that lead to food insecurity in Niger. Animal protein is usually considered a necessity in addressing malnutrition, but moringa has the nine essential amino acids in addition to containing 30 percent protein, making the plant a good substitute for animal products. Additionally, the moringa tree grows exceptionally fast in dry, semi-arid environments where other plants cannot typically grow, making it well-suited to the Nigerien climate.
Promoting Moringa to Address Food Insecurity in Niger
The National Cooperative Business Association Cooperative League of the United States of America (NCBA CLUSA) implemented the Moringa Value Chain (Moringa VC) project, which promotes the use of the moringa plant to combat food insecurity in Niger, in addition to Mozambique and Senegal.
The Moringa VC project began in 2009 and was funded by USAID. In 2012, the project was renewed under the title Moringa Intensification Project to Help Respond to and Mitigate the Drought Disaster in Niger, which assisted in strengthening the moringa plant’s role in contributing to economic growth and alleviating food insecurity.
The NCBA CLUSA’s approach to the implementation of the moringa plant included many effective steps. The development included information and awareness of the Moringa VC project, the restoration of current cooperative groups, routine data collection of focus indicators, training in production techniques and feasibility studies. These steps were implemented and carried out by many different actors in the region, including Peace Corps volunteers, agricultural officers and non-governmental organization staff.
In USAID’s Responding Early and Building Resilience in the Sahel, Nancy Lindborg said, “We know we can’t stop droughts from happening, but we can and do commit ourselves to early action when we have early warning signs, with a focus on highly targeted programs that build resilience even as we meet urgent needs.”
Women’s involvement in the growing and production of the plant has been an essential goal of the Moringa VC project. Expanding the production of moringa included women’s participation in the marketing, processing and consumption of the plant in Niger. Amy Coughenour, NCBA CLUSA’s Vice President for International Development, said that “focusing on women as a key element in this process ensures food security for the whole family.”
The NCBA CLUSA’s decentralized, inclusive and collaborative Moringa VC project is an active step in mitigating food insecurity in Niger caused by inconsistent agricultural patterns in the Sahel region.
– Andrea Quade | <urn:uuid:07bb013d-9ece-4772-b1c7-7b78838edbd6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://borgenproject.org/category/agriculture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867995.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527024953-20180527044953-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.938956 | 806 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The National Association of State Boards of Education has issued a new report, Policymaking on Education Data Privacy: Lessons Learned. The report outlines key lessons policymakers should contemplate before taking action to implement new interventions or policies impacting data privacy. Here’s a summary of the key lessons NASBE wants everyone to consider:
- Stating the value of data is essential. If parents do not understand how data can help their children, they will not care how the state is protecting the privacy or security of that data. Policymakers must be proactive in explaining the value of student data to the public.
- More transparency = More trust. Building support for quality data use is not possible without transparency. States ought to go above what is required by most current laws to build trust between parents and schools on data privacy. State boards, for example, can ensure the accessibility of resources and information on data privacy.
- Early adopters can shape second generation laws. Most states that passed student data privacy laws in the last two years based their legislation on Oklahoma’s Student DATA Act or California’s Student Online Personal Information Protection Act (SOPIPA). These early adopters are models for other states, and states should pay close attention to any bills that raise new privacy issues, such as model legislation the ACLU introduced earlier this year.
- Clarify, revisit, and revise existing laws. Laws can and should be improved and enhanced. Policymakers should continue to examine and revise laws to ensure they adequately balance privacy and data use in education and ensure implementers fully understand policymakers’ intent.
- Student data privacy legislation can cause unintended harms. It is essential for all data privacy legislation to be vetted with a fine-toothed comb for vague or problematic language that may unnecessarily restrict the positive use of data. State boards are ideally placed to review bills before they pass.
- Training on data use and privacy is essential. Anyone who handles data should know how to protect those data. Although more than 300 bills have been introduced over the past two years on data privacy, few mention training. Policymakers must ensure that each state has training laws and policies and identify resources to make training feasible.
The full report can be found on NASBE’s website, www.nasbe.org.
The report will be presented at NASBE’s annual Legislative Conference in Washington, DC, today at 2:00 PM (EDT) during a session titled “Student Data Privacy: Lessons Learned and Federal Implications.” NASBE Director of Education Data and Technology Amelia Vance will be joined on the panel by Paige Kowalski (Data Quality Campaign), Elana Zeide (NYU Information Law Institute), and Ben Herold (Education Week).
For more information, or to attend this session, contact Renée Rybak Lang at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:f98b9be6-cc26-4b00-a9b9-57f2f052373c> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.pogowasright.org/nasbe-report-outlines-seven-lessons-for-policymakers-mulling-state-data-privacy-legislation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870470.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527205925-20180527225925-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.913326 | 580 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How Are Copper Ore Sizes Classified From A Mine Plant Design. Foskor has to debottleneck the extension 8 plant by adding a separate parallel tertiary crushing circuit to crush the ore from 125 mm down to about 16 mm a wet milling section as used elsewhere in the foskor plant has been added to reduce the ore particle sizes
The copper ore coming from the mine 0 5 1 Cu must be concentrated by beneficiation considerable differences in design especially in size and shape the copper blast furnace is lower and smaller and its cross section is rectangular from the blast furnaces three in each plant is mixed with the converter gases Hoboken.
The primary crusher at a copper mine. The truck dumps ore into the crusher which crushes the ore. Screens size and distribute the classified ore to a series of conveyors, like those above, for transportation to the mill for further processing.
Copper concentrators typically treat up to 100 000 t of ore per day. They are located directly at the mines to achieve low transport costs. The copper recovery efficiency is over 90 %. About 95 % of the ore input goes into the tailings, which are stored in large dams near the mine and are used for water recycling to the flotation stages.
Copper Ore Processing Methods. The four major steps in the production of marketable copper are mining, concentrating, smelting, and refining. In a few instances, however, leaching takes the place of concentrating, smelting, and refining. At present, although considerable leaching and direct smelting ores are produced, the bulk of the copper ore ... | <urn:uuid:ee6dd967-948d-4526-9b8b-32ead960d7a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.sitecoreblog.cz/2022-Jan-04/9_how-are-copper-ore-sizes-classified-from-a-mine-plant-design.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304287.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123141754-20220123171754-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.941619 | 339 | 3.125 | 3 |
GRACE Follow-on Mission
GFZ signs contract with US space agency NASA and procures the launcher
February 11, 2014
Germany provides optical elements for a Laser Ranging Interferometers (LRI). The distance measurement between both satellites shall be improved by this new technology by a factor of up to 50. The LRI design was developed by the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), the flight hardware will be delivered by SpaceTech GmbH with in-kind contributions by the German Aerospace Center.
Read the complete press release on the homepage of the German Research Centre for Geosciences. | <urn:uuid:f1affe41-5bb3-4d29-9795-9b06188d313f> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.geo600.org/1252215/GRACE_Follow-on_Mission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526446.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720045157-20190720071157-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.891843 | 128 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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This is the second installment of a new feature in Plus: the teacher package. Every issue contains a package bringing together all Plus articles about a particular subject from the UK National Curriculum. Whether you're a student studying the subject, or a teacher teaching it, all relevant Plus articles are available to you at a glance.
Plus articles go far beyond the explicit maths taught at school, while still being accessible to someone doing A level maths. They put classroom maths in context by explaining the bigger picture — they explore applications in the real world, find maths in unusual places, and delve into mathematical history and philosophy. We therefore hope that our teacher packages provide an ideal resource for students working on projects and teachers wanting to offer their students a deeper insight in the world of maths.
Mathematics is often called "the language of the universe". With mathematics, we can describe and make predictions about the behaviour of things around us. The results are often better than ever expected — in fact, one mathematician even wrote an essay about what he called the "unreasonable effectiveness" of mathematics in solving physical problems! This power to describe a complicated system in a simple way is useful in many different branches of study, from analysing Rubik's cube to choosing a national defence strategy.
The Plus articles listed below all deal with mathematical modelling. We have divided them into three categories. Explicit maths articles contain explicit examples or proofs that can be worked directly into classroom activities and discussions. Articles in the middle ground category also contain explicit maths, but require the reader to fill in the details — possible material for student projects. The bigger picture category contains articles that focus on concepts and give an overview of an area, making for eye-opening background reading. In addition to the Plus articles, the try it yourself section provides links to related problems on our sister site NRICH.
- Explicit maths — get your hands dirty with some real maths.
- The middle ground — enter the wonderful world of modelling and get a glimpse of the equations too.
- The bigger picture — go beyond what you can do in the classroom.
- Try it yourself! — if you've enjoyed reading about how other people solve problems in mathematical modelling, why not have a go? From our sister website NRICH, these problems are graded by school level and challenge difficulty, so that you can find investigations suitable for yourself or your students.
Mathematical modelling in medicine and nature
Classroom activity: Build your own disease — Explore how to model the spread of an infectious disease.
Maths and climate change: the melting Arctic — The Arctic ice cap is melting fast and the consequences are grim. Mathematical modelling is key to predicting how much longer the ice will be around and assessing the impact of an ice free Arctic on the rest of the planet.
Sex, evolution and parasitic wasps — Some things are so familiar to us that they are simply expected, and we may forget to wonder why they should be that way in the first place. Sex ratios are a good example of this: the number of men and women in the world is roughly equal, but why should this be the case? A mathematical model provides an answer.
Pools of blood — A biologist has developed a blood test for detecting a certain minor abnormality in infants. Obviously if you have blood samples from 100 children, you could find out which children are affected by running 100 separate tests. But mathematicians are never satisfied by the obvious answer. Keith Ball uses information theory to explain how to cut down the number of tests significantly, by pooling samples of blood.
Matrix: Simulating the world, Part I — If you've ever watched a flock of birds flying at dusk, or a school of fish reacting to a predator, you'll have been amazed by their perfectly choreographed moves. Yet, complex as this behaviour may seem, it's not all that hard to model it on a computer. Lewis Dartnell presents a hands-on guide for creating your own simulations — no previous experience necessary.
Modelling, step by step — Why can't human beings walk as fast as they run? And why do we prefer to break into a run rather than walk above a certain speed? Using mathematical modelling, R. McNeill Alexander finds some answers.
Guilt counts — Guilt, so some people have suggested, is what makes us nice. When we do someone a favour or choose not to exploit someone vulnerable, we do it because we fear the guilt we'd feel otherwise. A team of scientists have recently month produced some new results in this area, using a model from psychological game theory.
Mathematical modelling in economics, politics and human interaction
Game theory and the Cuban missile crisis — Steven J. Brams uses the Cuban missile crisis to illustrate the Theory of Moves, which is not just an abstract mathematical model but one that mirrors the real-life choices, and underlying thinking, of flesh-and-blood decision makers.
A risky business: how to price derivatives — This article takes us on the road to the famous Black-Scholes equation of financial mathematics. There's an explicit derivation of the formula for a simplified case, and an appendix with more advanced material for the brave.
Kissing the frog: A mathematician's guide to mating — What's your strategy for love? Hold out for The Only One? Simply try and avoid the really bad ones? How long should you wait before cutting your losses and settling down with the next best who comes along? John Billingham models the problem and saves the national grid in the process.
Graphical methods I: Slug wars, Graphical Methods II: The return of the slime and Graphical methods III: the slugs bounce back — Phil Wilson models the fall and rise of slug world, looking at arms proliferation and slug economy.
The middle ground
Mathematical modelling in medicine and nature
Counting calories — Struggling with that new year's resolution to lose a few pounds? Weight not dropping off as fast as you'd expected? A new mathematical model has some good news and some bad news for you. Which would you like to hear first?
What can birds tell us about flying through ash clouds? — Why does a financial mathematician think about birds when trying to understand the grounding of aeroplanes after the Icelandic volcano eruption?
Baby robots feel the love — Researchers have unveiled the first prototypes of robots that can develop emotions and express them too. But how do you get emotions into machines that only understand the language of maths?
Modelling cell suicide — This article sheds light on suicidal cells and a mathematical model that could help fight cancer.
Uncoiling the Spiral: Maths and Hallucinations — Think drug-induced hallucinations, and the whirly, spirally, tunnel-vision-like patterns of psychedelic imagery immediately spring to mind. So what can these patterns tell us about the structure of our brains?
Eat, drink and be merry: making it go down well — This article takes a dive into the rather smelly business of digesting food, and how a crazy application of chaos theory shows the best way to digest a medicinal drug.
Shaping our bones — We know that applying a force to a bone during its development can influence its growth and shape. But can we use our understanding of how developing bone reacts to mechanical forces to help people suffering from diseases that lead to bone deformities?
The mathematics of diseases — Over the past one hundred years, mathematics has been used to understand and predict the spread of diseases, relating important public-health questions to basic infection parameters. Matthew Keeling describes some of the mathematical developments that have improved our understanding and predictive ability. See also this related activity on our sister website NRICH.
How the leopard got its spots — How does the uniform ball of cells that make up an embryo differentiate to create the dramatic patterns of a zebra or leopard? How come there are spotty animals with stripy tails, but no stripy animals with spotty tails? Lewis Dartnell solves these, and other, puzzles of animal patterning.
Mathematical modelling in games and sport
Harder, better, faster, stronger — Modelling Olympic success.
The Plus sports page: The curse of the duck — Why do the best cricketers in the world keep scoring zero?
The Plus sports page: Power trip — This article looks at the tenure length of football managers and fits a model to the data.
If you can't bend it, model it! — David Beckham and his fellow players may intuitively know how to bend a football's flight as they wish, but for the rest of us Ken Bray explains the aerodynamics of footballs and the secret to the perfect free kick. For a football-related modelling problem see our sister site NRICH.
Games people play — Combinatorial Game Theory is a powerful tool for analysing mathematical games. Lewis Dartnell explains how the technique can be used to analyse games such as Twentyone and Nim, and even some chess endgames.
The bigger picture
Model behaviour — A quick introduction to modelling, this article shows how mathematicians model complex systems by describing the most crucial elements in the simplest possible way.
Mathematical modelling in medicine and nature
Met Office in for another roasting? — How should the Met Office communicate the predictions of its meteorological models?
Creating a virtual cancer — A mathematical cancer model may lead to personalised treatment.
Protecting the nation — Vaccination is an emotive business. To make sure it works, we need to model how diseases spread.
The speed of climate change — Scientists model how fast temperature changes sweep the Earth.
Feeling tense about healing wounds? — Squeamish about cuts and scrapes? Mathematical modelling can help you feel better.
And now, the weather... — Met Office forecasters use giant numerical models of global climate to produce the weather forecasts each day - but the complexity of the simulation means that they can't always be right!
Modelling catastrophes — Hardly six months go by without a natural disaster striking some part of the globe. While it's next to impossible to predict these catastrophes, let alone prevent them, mathematical modelling gives a way to prepare for their impact.
Chaos on the brain — Saying that someone is a chaotic thinker might seem like an insult — but, according to Lewis Dartnell, it could be that the mathematical phenomenon of chaos is a crucial part of what makes our brains work.
When will they blow? — How mathematical models are used to predict volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, and issue volcano alerts that could save thousands of lives.
Quantum geometry — One of the many strange ideas from quantum mechanics is that space isn't continuous but consists of tiny chunks. Ordinary geometry is useless when it comes to dealing with such a space, but algebra makes it possible to come up with a model of spacetime that might do the trick. And it can all be tested by a satellite. Shahn Majid met up with Plus to explain.
Career Interview: biomechanical engineer — Jose Munoz explains how engineering can allow you to explore the unknown, from understanding how mechanical structures bend to investigating the way genes affect the shape of embryos.
Career Interview: fluid mechanics researcher — André Léger studies the fluid mechanics of food travelling through the intestines for consumer goods giant Unilever.
From restaurants to climate change — This article explains how linear models are used to explain diners' tipping behaviour, global warming and genes.
Mathematical modelling in games, sport and art
Making gold for 2012 — Recently leading researchers in sports technology met at the Royal Academy of Engineering in London to demonstrate just how far their field has come over recent years. The changes they make to athletes' equipment and clothes may only make a tiny difference to their performance, but once they're added up they can mean the difference between gold and silver.
Supersonic bloodhound — In 1997 Andy Green was the first to break the sound barrier in his car Thrust SSC, which reached speeds of over 760mph. Now he and his team want to push things even further with a car called Bloodhound, designed to reach the dizzy heights of 1,000mph, about 1.3 times the speed of sound. This article explains how modelling is used to build this car.
How to measure a million — You're sweating in the spotlights and squirming in your chair as the whole nation is watching you. One more question. Four possible answers. If you get it right, you're a millionaire. If not, you go home with a mere £32,000. Should you go for it? Or pack up and settle for what you've got?
Rubik success in twenty-six steps — A simple toy, but a fiendishly complicated mathematical model is needed to prove that any scrambled cube can be solved in a maximum of twenty-six steps.
Career Interview: games developer — In the real world, balls bounce and water splashes because of the laws of physics. In computer games, a physics engine ensures the virtual world behaves realistically. Mathematician and computer programmer Nick Gray tells us about playing God in a virtual world.
Career Interview: furniture design — Two designers tell us how they took the long way round to design, and how the maths and science they took in on the way helps them with their work today.
Find out how to use computers to solve a fiendishly difficult jigsaw puzzle on our sister site NRICH.
Mathematical modelling in technology, economics, politics and human interaction.
Is maths to blame? — Are mathematical models to blame for the financial crisis?
Trust me, I've evolved — Game theorists model the evolution of trust and trustworthiness.
Paying the price — Can a scientific approach to risk in finance avoid the next financial crisis?
Career Interview: defence analyst — Helen is a defence analyst with the MoD, using her maths skills to help defend the nation. Plus finds out about her career path.
Call routing in telephone networks — Find out how modern telephone networks use mathematics to make it possible for a person to dial a friend in another country just as easily as if they were in the same street, or to read web pages that are on a computer in another continent.
Model Trains — As customers will tell you, overcrowding is a problem on trains. Fortunately, mathematical modelling techniques can help to analyse the changing demands on services through the day. Tim Gent explains.
I'm not paying that! — It's not that long ago that all you needed to run an airline was a few planes and some competent pilots. But now, with more of us zipping around the globe every year and the advent of no frills airlines, keeping an airline competitive has become a complicated business. Christine Currie explains how your airfare is calculated. Our sister website NRICH has a problem involving another airline conundrum: overbooking.
The crystal ball — If you had a crystal ball that allowed you to see your future, what would you arrange differently about your finances? Plus talks to the Government Actuary, Chris Daykin about the pensions crisis, and how actuaries use statistical and modelling techniques to plan for all our futures.
Network news — Why do rich and popular people tend to get richer and more popular, and why do train companies choose to build more and more lines to the biggest cities? A new mathematical theory of networks can be used to simulate real-life social, biological, physical and technical connections.
Career Interview: financial modelling — David Spaughton and Anton Merlushkin work for Credit Suisse First Boston, where they provide traders in the hectic dealing room with software based on complicated mathematical models of the financial markets. Plus interviewed them at their offices in Canary Wharf in London.
Now try it yourself on our sister site NRICH!
Epidemic modelling — Join in this ongoing investigation. Use the computer to model an epidemic. Try out public health policies to control the spread of the epidemic, to minimise the number of sick days and deaths.
Over-booking — Airlines know that any given passenger has a probability of just not turning up at check-in, leaving an empty seat, but they want to maximise their profits by filling as many seats as possible. So they routinely overbook flights. But how should they do this, in order to make the most profit without incurring the wrath of too many disgruntled passengers who have to be turned away from a double-booked seat?
Escalator — At Holborn underground station there is a very long escalator. Two people are in a hurry. . . .
FA Cup — In the four years 2001 to 2004 Arsenal were drawn against Chelsea in the FA cup and beat Chelsea every time. What was the probability of this? Lots of fractions in the calculations!
Where to land? — Chris is enjoying a swim but needs to get back for lunch. If she can swim at 3 m/s and run at 7m/sec, how far along the bank should she land in order to get back as quickly as possible?
Impuzzable — One for enthusiastic computer programmers only! This is about a fiendishly difficult jigsaw and how to solve it using a computer program. (Uses BASIC). | <urn:uuid:a11e1771-ed0d-489b-b1a5-c539442abfc4> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://plus.maths.org/content/comment/reply/4344 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986022.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00071-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934586 | 3,549 | 3.3125 | 3 |
early as the 16th century, western European nations constructed
a slavery system in the Western Hemisphere. There was slavery
in all thirteen original American colonies. After the Revolutionary
war the northern states found slavery to be unprofitable and abolished
it; the largely agricultural southern states found slavery to
be profitable and continued it. Although both black and white
people were temporarily bound as indentured servants in the early
colonial period when demand increased for a perpetual labor force,
laws were passed which established chattel (that is, lifelong)
slavery. People of African origin were taken from their homelands
to supply this labor. Enslaved Africans took considerable risks
to gain freedom by escaping from their masters. Their escapes
were carried out in secrecy (therefore, "underground")
and were most numerous about the time that newly built steam railroads
had captured the public imagination.
"Underground Railroad" became a major impetus leading
to the eradication of slavery. Runaway slaves ("passengers") usually traveled to their
destinations by night either alone or in small groups. Whenever
possible black and white abolitionists provided food and shelter
at stopping places known as "stations" or served as
"conductors" providing transportation between stations.
The Underground Railroad remained active until the end of the
Civil war as black bondsmen continued to use the system to flee
the horrors of slavery. DuPage County played a significant role
in this pivotal chapter in American history.
the 1800's, Wheaton, Glen Ellyn, Glendale Heights, Wayne Center,
Warrenville, West Chicago, Lombard, Naperville, Downers Grove,
Hinsdale, Lyons and Oak Brook had "stations" on the
Underground Railroad. DuPage County was situated in such a way
that "passengers" coming from the south, southwest,
and western parts of the state passed through the area. Wheaton
College, the Filer House (Glen Ellyn), the Peck House (Lombard),
and the Blodgett Home (Downers Grove) are examples of the few
remaining structures in DuPage County which provided havens for
slaves seeking their freedom.
Graue Mill and Museum in Oak Brook is one of the remaining "stations". Frederick Graue, a miller by occupation, housed
slaves in the basement of his gristmill. Graue Mill's location
on Salt Creek, a tributary of the Des Plaines River, made it an
ideal location for harboring slaves. Today, the exhibit "Graue Mill and the Road to
Freedom" uses photographs, documents, a computer interactive system and additional
displays to illustrate the issue of slavery, the Underground Railroad
and the importance of Graue Mill and DuPage County in assisting
fugitive slaves to escape to freedom.
of this story
group tours of the Underground Railroad exhibit can be arranged
by calling (630) 655-2090 or (630) 920-9720. | <urn:uuid:2c97d4aa-3b73-4c58-9c8a-2b433ea91cff> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.grauemill.org/underground.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163995757/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133315-00051-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937754 | 633 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Pregnancy is one of the best experiences that a woman can encounter in her lifetime. Yet, for some ladies this feeling doesn’t always make for happiness and delight in their spirits. Granting to the latest statistics outlawing abortion has not deterred women from seeking the procedure. In states where abortion is legal, researchers found that abortion was safe, whereas in rural areas where it is illegal, the procedure is unsafe. Globally, there are 28 abortions for every 1,000 women of childbearing age, and studies indicate that abortion accounts for 13% of women’s deaths during pregnancy and childbirth.
Some causes that lead to Abortion are:
- Unwanted pregnancy wherein, a lady is not mentally prepared for a pregnancy.
- Risk to a woman’s life, mental or physical well-being in case the pregnancy is not terminated.
- And if the pregnancy is continued risks of the child being given birth with a physical or mental defect.
- An Abusive relationship
- Sex discrimination
- Under age pregnancy
A First Trimester Abortion is seen as a minor surgery, which do not include too many dangers. Approximately 10% of women undergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, of which one-fifth (2%) were considered major. A mid-trimester abortion, premature delivery and low birth weight in women whose first pregnancy is terminated by vacuum aspiration. Taking these risks a pregnancy after an abortion can be exceedingly hazardous, and can lead to threat to a woman’s life or emotional damage. A pregnancy after an abortion needs good amount of planning and time put into it.
Abortion might lead to some physical injuries which might restrict or complicates the future pregnancies:
- Damage to the Cervix i.e. damage to the entryway of the womb
- Damage to the Womb
- Contagion in the Womb, which is normally done by neglecting to transfer all of the foetus and the associated tissues
- Damage resulting from cervical lacerations from abortion often cause difficulties in future conceiving
- Placenta praevia in pregnancies after abortion is much more common, this can endanger the unborn children, which may lead to malnutrition and sometimes death
- Scarring can block the fallopian tubes and render a women infertile
- Increased risk of bleeding before the twenty eight week of gestation
- Create a greater risk of low birth weight
The greatest risk associated with pregnancy after abortion is emotional problem in women:
- In most cases women take the risk of abortion due to encountering an unwanted pregnancy
- Circumstances where a women is mentally pressurized by her spouse or in-laws to determine the sex of the child and terminating the pregnancy in case it is a girl child. This may result into guilt and a woman may feel that she has very limited option which can create a huge emotional impact during future pregnancies
- Cases of clinical depression may also be higher, this is particularly true if a woman is forced into aborting her first pregnancy
According to reports by the British Medical Journal, women who chose to carry the child to term and give birth have a lower chance of experiencing clinical depression when compared to women who chose to terminate the first pregnancy. Instant and complete medical attention should be received in case of:
- Pain in the lower stomach that doesn’t get better with pain relief medication
- Heavy bleeding
- High temperature
However, in spite of these risks, a pregnancy can be successful provided complete care is involved. | <urn:uuid:903f4d30-caec-40d7-bbbc-619edb63f6d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.pregnancyweekbyweekcalendar.info/abortion/risks-of-getting-pregnant-after-abortion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816912.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225190023-20180225210023-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.951421 | 714 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Where do the homeless sleep?
Cars/Trucks: 1,608 people
People are 2.5 times more likely to be sleeping in a vehicle than anywhere else when they’re unsheltered. While you typically can’t see through windows, the One Night Count counts 2 people per car. 43% of people sleeping in their cars are found in the suburbs, outside the City of Seattle.
Structures: 653 people
People looking for protection from the elements and some semblance of privacy are resourceful. This number includes people who have pitched a tent, positioned a tarp or built a lean-to with cardboard to provide shelter.
*Other: 643 people
The majority of people that get counted as ‘other’ are on late-night busses, where they can rest uninterrupted in a warm, dry place. ‘Other’ also includes people in organized tent cities and Safe Parking programs.
Walking Around: 579 people
For people with nowhere to go, sleeping on the streets at night can feel too vulnerable – and many don’t like overnight shelters. Many sleep during the day and stay alert, walking around during night-time hours. | <urn:uuid:18e19296-48de-458d-93ea-0332ab346201> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.uwkc.org/news/where-do-the-homeless-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506029.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921174008-20230921204008-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.956189 | 249 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Calcemin - vitamin-mineral complex.
Pharmacological action Calcemin
Calcemin is a vitamin-mineral complex that includes calcium, vitamin D, zinc, manganese, boron, copper.
Calcium - is an important element to the bone tissue, it regulates vascular permeability, conductivity at the neuromuscular junction, synapses participating in the contraction of the smooth, skeletal muscles, blood clotting process. The complex Calcemin the calcium citrate and carbonate salts. The calcium carbonate contains a large amount of elemental calcium. Calcium citrate reduces the dependence of the state gastrointestinal mucosa and bioavailability of calcium.
Vitamin D is included in the complex Calcemin for better assimilation of calcium, and it is involved in the building of bone and its regeneration.
Zinc is a part of the different enzymes in the body, producing nucleic acids, proteins, it provides a gene expression, cell growth and regeneration, stimulate the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase.
Manganese helps the development of the components of cartilage and bone tissue provides kaltsiysberegayuschee action of vitamin D.
Copper is involved in the synthesis of collagen, elastin, inhibits demineralization of bone structures.
Boron restores the activity of PTH, thyroid gland produced and participates in the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, of phosphorus.
Calcemin released in the form of tablets with the content of elemental calcium 250mg and 500mg - Calcemin Advanced.
Calcemin instructions for use for the prevention of osteoporosis and other diseases of the musculoskeletal system, for the prevention of periodontal diseases of the teeth, to make up for shortages of minerals and vitamins in the diet of the poor.
Good reviews of Calcemin that give children in the period of intensive growth. Assign Calcemin during pregnancy, during lactation, in order to maintain the level of vitamins and minerals in the body at a sufficient level.
Advanced Calcemin prescribed to women during menopause, patients taking corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.
Also, there are good reviews about Calcemin with reinforced structure, used to improve the fracture consolidation, to make up for calcium deficiency of trace elements in adolescents for the prevention, treatment of osteoporosis of different origin.
Instructions for use Calcemin
Calcemin according to the instructions indicated for children after 12l., The adult on 1st tablet two p / day. Babies 5-12l. - On one row 1st tablet / day. Take vitamins during or before a meal. The duration of therapy is determined individually, there is no time limitation.
Calcemin pregnancy appoint one tablet two p / day. Prescribe the drug only after the 20th week of pregnancy. During pregnancy Calcemin with higher content of calcium and other components used with caution.
Advanced Calcemin prescribed for adults and children older than 12 liters. on the 1st tablet two p / day, vitamin drink during a meal.
If Calcemin Advanced appointed to fill the shortage of mineral salts of calcium, it is taken on the 1st tablet per day.
Reviews Calcemin generally good, often side effects occur due to an overdose. It may appear vomiting, flatulence, nausea, hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia. Allergic reactions occur in some cases due to the intolerance of the complex.
Calcemin of instruction is contraindicated in kidney disease, hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia, hypersensitivity. | <urn:uuid:00ba3bfc-bb21-4529-ba5f-f7dc88567685> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://noillen.bitballoon.com/medicine2/calcemin-kaltsemin-a1018.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872766.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528091637-20180528111637-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.878167 | 763 | 2.65625 | 3 |
2. Step by step – Build your own from the ground UP!
2.1 – Identify an adequate location and the different resources available
Where to start? What is already there?
What skills and resources already exist in the community that can help to organize and create the garden?
- Contact local municipal planners about possible sites, as well as horticultural and environmental organizations for information and assistance.
- Take a look at you community for people with knowledge in landscape design, gardening, farming and other experiences.
Keep in mind, in this pamphlet we focus on land-based community gardens, however, you can also think creatively, as community gardens can appear in a number of places besides a standard plot of land.
So, where are some places we can start gardening? A yard, a balcony, a roof, a south-facing window, even a basement apartment can be suitable locations to farm enough vegetables. For community gardens, choose open spaces with ample soil and sunshine. In either case, ensure that the garden gets at least 6 hours of direct light each day. The more sun, the better your garden will grow.
Rooftops, courtyards, and abandoned municipal lots are probably the most common place for Urban Community Gardens. If these larger open spaces aren’t available, consider starting smaller gardens in your home balcony or basement and establishing a community cooperative based on what each other is growing. This is a great opportunity to work with people in your community to start a group project to beautify your neighbourhood.
What do I need? The Elements of Gardening!
Earth (soil/compost), Air (aeration), Water (plant food), Fire (sunlight) are the basic essentials to keeping your plants alive and fruitful. Not mention there are some tools and techniques that will turn your gardens and gardeners in to a success!
Some gardens and plants need more or less sun than others. It’s an important to design your garden according to the area’s amount of sun exposure. Here’s are some tips on what to look for in regards to determining sunlight exposure on your garden.
• Full Sun: when an area gets at least 6 hours of direct sunlight.
• Partial Sun/Partial Shade: when an area that gets 3 to 6 hours of sun. Partial sun is when be the area that gets about to 6 hours of sun; and partial shade is when an area gets closer to 3 hours of sun and is also protected from the strong afternoon sun. It could also be classified as Dappled Sun, meaning the sun is filtered through trees, bushes, or some other form of obstruction.
• Shade/Full Shade: a shaded garden receives less than 3 hours of direct sunlight each day, and the majority of direct sun appears in the early morning, late afternoon or dappled through the day. Full shade is an area that doesn’t get any direct sun exposure, but possibly receives bright, indirect light.
IMPORTANT: read the tag or label on every plant or seed package before you buy it. There you will find information about the sun exposure requirements for the plant.
Besides the soil, water is the most essential element to plants. Improper watering can cause plants to poorly produce. It’s not just drought conditions that can cause a problem. Too much water can be as harmful as too little. Too much water can squeeze air out of the soil, causing poor plant growth.
Water Theory: it’s a common misconception that watering every day is a good idea, but watering infrequently and deeply is essential. Roots will follow water deep into the dirt and these plants will be more likely to survive a drought. Frequent light waterings only moisten the top of the soil. Considering that roots follow the water the plant is more likely to suffer water stress due to the shallow roots.
When to water? There are two primary ways to determine whether plants need to be watered:
- Check the leaves: typically if the leaves are wilting then it is time to water. However, knowing the habits of individual plants is important. For example, the leaves of an eggplant will wilt in the summer heat and this doesn’t necessarily mean it need to be watered. In that case there is an alternative to determining if it’s time to water.
- Check the soil: if the plants aren’t indicating it’s time to water, the soil will. You can also stick your finger in the soil. Dig down 7 to 10 centimetres into the soil and see if it’s still dry. If so, it’s time to water.
Watering Methods: using efficient watering systems not only will be better for the plant, it can save water and money for you. Here are some common methods of watering.
- Hand water: hand watering with a hose or water can, proves to be one of the less efficient methods in watering because there is a high risk of unequal distribution of water. The most efficient way to hand water is to create a basin near each plant or row and fill it with water. Let it sink in, then move to the next basin. This is best done when plants are small.
- Sprinklers: this is easier than hand watering, but it should be done in the morning so the leaves dry before evening. Wet plants at night are an at risk of disease.
- Drip irrigation: this is the most costly, yet more efficient way of watering the garden. Drip irrigation provides a constant light flow of water near the roots of the plant. It’s costly because of the parts involved and can required maintenance from time to time.
- Mulch: though not a watering system per se, mulch is critical to conserving soil moisture and keeping the water hungry weeds away. One can easily make their own organic mulches from materials like straw, pine straw, bark mulch and untreated grass clippings. Mulch reduce the amount of watering and weeding necessary.
• Potting soil: for those who primarily use containers to grow in their urban or community garden, one option is to use potting soil. Potting soil consists of peat moss, pine bark, and either perlite or vermiculite (to provide air space). Especially if you are unsure of your native soil quality, buying or making your own potting soil can be a good option. Potting soil also tends to be quite lighter than native soil, therefore making it easier to carry around the garden. Potting soil not only is lighter, but also more aerated leading to less risk of root rot in potted plants.
• Native Soil: especially with larger gardens, buying potting soil may be a bit too expensive and making your own may be too time consuming of labour intensive and native soil may be the best choice. Plus it’s always preferable to use what is already there if possible.
Soil Check! Before using native soil one should to check the soil quality. It is important to check certain aspects of the spoil before beginning your garden, such as the nutrients which are present or need to be enriched, the pH levels, and also levels of contamination (particularly in urban gardens). There are various methods to approach these issues, however, in many municipalities urban and community garden projects can actually apply to receive professional help on testing the soil quality. Also, other techniques such as building a ‘raised bed’, growing in boxes, bottles, buckets or pots are ways to have better control over the quality of soil in your garden.
- Composting: composting requires making a pile of moist organic matter known as green waste (leaves, food waste) and then waiting for the materials to break down after some weeks or months.
Mixing compost with your soil is an easy and natural way to enrich your soil. And it’s a nice solution for your household organic waste.
On can easily construct a compost bin out of household items and keep it in or outdoors all year long depending on your local weather. Just be careful what you put in the compost. Typically animal products, waste, or other rotten foods should not go in your compost bin.
Selecting Seeds and Crops:
- When choosing seeds, choose organic if possible.
- Do your research and make sure you choose crops appropriate for your climate and environment.
- Much is possible, even in small space so don’t get discouraged if you want to grow lots of healthy food, but don’t have much space! In small urban gardens, consider growing an assortment herbs in a pot together. Actually, most any vegetable will grow in a container. Leafy greens are usually the most nutritious crops you can grow just about anywhere.
- If you are concerned about contaminated soil, fruiting trees and plants are usually the best choice, whereas, root vegetable like potatoes and carrots are not appropriate for potentially contaminated soil.
- Pruning Shears
- Gardening knife
- Garden rake
- Watering can
- Plant Markers
BE SUSTAINABLE! Choose quality tools. Keep them sharp, clean and in good repair so they last a long time.
2.2 – Engage your community
- Begin by bringing people and different organizations together to learn which issues are important for the community.
- Discuss how a community garden – whether it is a communal space, individual plots, or some other type of community cooperative – can satisfy the needs of the local community.
- If you decide that a community garden will benefit the community, collaborate on ideas and goals through regular community meetings.
- Develop a plan of action.
- Get people energized and organized.
- Implement the plan and enjoy the fruits of your labour.
Importance of the discourse and consultation of all the participants and interests in the project
To enhance a collective dynamic, pedagogical and fostering envy project, a sense of creative agency must be upheld for all the contributors. To get the support from the responsible people in the community and be assured that the garden will meet the needs of the people, some or all of the following steps below are necessary:
- Develop a plan of the project. Before engaging the community, you should make a plan first. Give your contributors something to work with right away.
- Consultation with officials of the community. Talk to the municipal officials in the community with the plan of the community garden. Get the approval from the responsible people and ask for suggestions of the location of the garden.
- Consultation of the people in the community. Make a date to meet with all the people in the community. Talk about the project with them and ask for suggestions of the project like which kind of garden they want to start ,what kind of plants, and how to get people energized and organized in the community garden.
2.3 – Design your garden
Decide what you want to grow
It’s better to grow vegetables that continue to produce after first harvest. Here are 8 vegetables we can grow easily and just about anywhere.
You can regrow scallions by leaving an inch attached to the roots and place them in a small glass with a little water in a well-lit room.
When garlic begins to sprout, you can put them in a glass with a little water and grow garlic sprouts. The sprouts have a mild flavor then garlic and can be added to salads, pasta and other dishes.
Bok Choy can be regrown by placing the root end in water in a well-lit area. In 1-2 weeks, you can transplant it to a pot with soil and grow a full new head.
Put carrot tops in a dish with a little water. Set the dish in a well-lit room or a window sill. You’ll have carrot tops to use in salads. Better yet, if you don’t cut back the new growth you’ll end up with flowers which turn to seeds from which you can grow a new crop and then repeat again and again.
Put clippings from basil with 3 to 4-inch stems in a glass of water and place it in direct sunlight. When the roots are about 2 inches long, plant them in pots to and in time it will grow a full basil plant.
Cut off the base of the celery and place it in a saucer or shallow bowl of warm water in the sun. Leaves will begin to thicken and grow in the middle of the base, then transfer the celery to soil.
Put romaine lettuce stumps in a 1/2 inch of water. Re-water to keep water level at 1/2 inch. After a few days, roots and new leaves will appear and you can transplant it into soil.
The stems of cilantro will grow when placed in a glass of water. Once the roots are long enough, plant them in a pot in a well-lit room. You will have a full plant in a few months.
Select the containers or the open space for potting or planting
How to plant depends on what you decide to plant. Most plants can be grown in plastic bottles, flower pots, old shoes, used cups or even some cans. But if u want to grow more, you can pick some bigger containers.
For community gardens, an empty wall facing to the sun, an open plot of dirt or even just an open area with pallets are all good options
Useful materials for potting and planting
- potting soil
- standard gardening pots
- plastic bottles
old shoes, cups or umbrellas
- Wooden pallets
The possibilities with pallets: fences, sheds, vertical and horizontal beds.
When designing your garden, wooden pallets can become one of your most useful building materials. Wooden pallets are an easily accessible, cheap, and, in many cases, a free material which is perfect for building garden fences, sheds and other vertical/ horizontal garden bed structures. The easiest way to get a hold of pallets is by asking local store owners if you can take their pallets leftover form large deliveries. Usually, it costs the store money to dispose of the pallets anyways so in many cases they are happy to give them away instead. Now use your imagination and put to good use the power of the pallet!
A practical example: square foot gardening
Square foot gardening is the practice of partitioning a growing area into small, typically 12’x12’ (30x30cm) square sections (12’ equaling one foot, hence the name). The aim is to help in the creation of a small but efficient vegetable garden. The result is a simple and orderly garden. Sound appealing? You can use a 30 x 30cm square with a grid that divided it into 9 squares with equal lengths of 4 feet on each side.
To encourage a variety of different crops over time, each square would be used for a different kind of plant, the number of plants per square depending on an individual plant’s size. For example, a single tomato plant might take a full square, as might herbs such as oregano, basil or mint, while most strawberry plants could be planted four per square, and up to sixteen per square of plants such as radishes. Tall or climbing plants such as maize or pole or beans might be planted in a northern row (south in the southern hemisphere) so as not to shade other plants, and supported with lattice or netting.
How To build a Square Foot Garden? It’s Simple!!!
- Step 1: Build a ‘raised bed’ out of cement bricks, pallets, or whatever else you can find that seems appropriate.
- Step 2: Create a grid that divides you garden into ‘square foot’ sections. 4 x 4 or less is best! Nobody has arms long enough to reach further than that!
- Step 3: Fill with soil
- Step 4: Start planting! Plant an appropriate number of seeds in in each square and remember to research your seeds needs in regards to space, watering, sunlight, depth…etc.
Basic guidelines to seed spacing in a Square foot Garden for plants that typically require…
- 12 inches of spacing = 1 per Square
- 6 inch spacing = 4 per Square
- 4 inch spacing = 9 per square
- 3 inch spacing = 16 per square
Hopefully you are now with the a basic understanding of what it takes to create an Urban Community Garden and you are excited to enact the power of plants. Read on! Here you can discover real life examples of different community garden projects from around the world! | <urn:uuid:91d1b2f7-abdb-4c92-bfef-2ef4d0c931fb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://plantingcities.eu/oer/from-the-ground-up/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374391.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306035529-20210306065529-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.930705 | 3,430 | 3.5 | 4 |
The majority of research in nutrition clearly demonstrates that carbohydrate-rich foods reduce the risk of most chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Advocates claim that low carbohydrate intake will improve our body’s insulin/blood sugar balance, thereby fostering weight loss. Although preliminary research has shown slightly more weight loss over the short term with lower carbs, long-term studies demonstrate otherwise.
A recent one-year randomized study compared many of the leading diets, including low-carb diets and the traditional low-fat diet. It was found that all the diets were similarly effective at reducing weight and lowering cardiovascular risk factors. The traditional low-fat diet was found to be the most practical; therefore compliance was best with this diet.
Critical for Weight Loss and Health
The majority of research in nutrition clearly demonstrates that carbohydrate-rich foods–specifically fruit, legumes, vegetables, and whole grains–reduce the risk of most chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
These foods are loaded with antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, healthy fats, healthy low-glycemic carbohydrates, and fibre. Together these compounds protect our bodies from disease and optimize metabolic rate. Diets that dramatically lower the intake of these valuable nutrients would also miss many health benefits. The long-term consequences of eliminating healthy carbohydrates could be catastrophic to nutritional health.
Further, carbohydrate-rich whole grains such as oat bran contain a soluble form of fibre that acts to stabilize blood sugar levels, reduce cholesterol in the blood, and curb appetite.
Dietary Supplements and the Bulge
Restricting calories often restricts the intake of essential nutrients. Inadequate intake of any nutrient could affect health and metabolic rate. A balanced one-a-day multivitamin and mineral supplement from a reputable company acts as an insurance policy to fill the nutrient gaps.
An essential fat supplement such as organic flaxseed oil would also be helpful, particularly when the intake of fat is overly restricted. Interestingly, fish oils have been found to support weight loss in obese individuals with hypertension due, possibly, to its stabilizing effects on blood sugar levels.
Current studies suggest that a higher intake of low-fat calcium-rich foods is associated with a lower prevalence of obesity. Although calcium supplements do not appear to benefit weight loss, a diet providing 900 to 1,100 mg of calcium from food is a good strategy.
Time-tested Strategies for Successful Weight Loss
Maintaining weight loss is the greatest challenge for most dieters. The National Weight Control Registry has compiled a list of strategies that have worked for dieters.
Be easy on yourself. It takes time and patience to change your lifestyle; weight loss is never linear. Focus on the health benefits of these changes.
Allow Periodic Indulgence
It’s okay to have some chocolate, chips, or ice cream periodically. Try healthier options such as 70-percent chocolate, or certified organic chips baked with nonhydrogenated oil.
Frequently Monitor Your Weight
This gives you clues about whether you are on track so you can make modifications to your program. It also creates body awareness.
Exercise for One Hour Daily
Becoming active on a regular basis is critical. The key is to just get moving: go for a walk, play some tennis, or join a gym. Walk to the grocery store, or take the stairs at work.
Every bit of activity helps.
Consume Five Small Meals per Day
Consuming three smaller meals with healthy snacks throughout the day will foster stable blood sugar levels, thereby controlling appetite and improving moods and metabolic rate.
Follow a Balanced Diet Rich in Healthy Carbohydrates and Low in Fat
This diet involves portion control, and moderate intake of fat. Emphasize whole grains, vegetables, legumes, fruit, lean meats, fish, poultry, and low-fat dairy. | <urn:uuid:03c71764-f2c1-413e-894f-8a198870a0a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://getwillhealthy.com/2015/04/24/lose-the-bulge-not-the-carbs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.929213 | 797 | 3.25 | 3 |
Key word: plan
1 Verb + plan
Use the correct form of these verbs:
change go ahead with
- It’s important that you all look ahead and ____________ plans for the future.
- We had to____________ our holiday plans at the last minute, when my mother was taken into hospital.
- The school was forced to____________ its plans for a new library due to a lack of financial support.
- I’m afraid the picnic had to be cancelled. The bad weather ____________ all our plans.
- The committee unanimously ____________the plan. Not one person opposed it. Everybody supported it.
- Yesterday the government ____________ plans to create thousands of new jobs.
- If I ____________ my plan to open a restaurant, can I count on your support? I’ll need good advice and some financial backing to____________ my plans off the ground.
2 Common adjective collocations
Use the following adjectives in these sentences:
audacious contingency crazy
detailed future original
- Although____________ plans were drawn up for a new housing development, it didn’t get planning permission.
- What a____________ plan! It’ll never work. Who on earth thought this one up?
- Managers have drawn up a ____________ plan to keep the factory running if there is a power failure.
- We looked at a number of different plans for a bridge over the river, but after much discussion we decided to stick with the ____________ plan of building a tunnel under it.
- The interviewer asked me what my ____________ plans were. I could only tell him that they were dependent on getting this job!
- The prisoners put together an ____________ plan to escape from prison using a helicopter.
3 Noun + preposition + plan
Complete the sentences with these nouns:
beauty change details
favour opposition success
- There’s been a _____________ of plan. We’re leaving next week instead of this week.
- We expect to come up against a lot of _____________ to the plan. A number of people have voiced their objections to it already.
- Remember that the_____________ or failure of the plan depends on you.
- Everybody wants to know how the government is going to pay for its ambitious proposals, but the PM wouldn’t give away any_____________ of their plan.
- The government pledged its support for the plan to build a new runway at Gatwick airport. However, none of the local residents are in _____________ of the plan.
- The_____________ of this plan, what makes it so good, is that it won’t cost the members of the club a penny!
In 1-3 ‘cancel’ and ‘drop’ are also possible.
In 1-4 ‘spoiled’ and ‘scuppered’ are also possible.
2. Note these ways of expressing opposition to a plan:
We remain strongly opposed to these new plans.
Parents are fiercely opposed to the plan to close the local primary school.
I am totally opposed to the plan to legalise the use of cannabis for personal use.
We are all fundamentally opposed to this plan to change the voting system.
The workers are bitterly opposed to the plan to increase the length of the working day.
3. Note these expressions:
There was an airline strike, so all our plans fell through at the last minute.
I don’t have any plans for the weekend.
Your best plan would be to take the train.
If everything goes according to plan, we should arrive around midday.
It soon became obvious that plan A wasn’t going to work, so we had to resort to plan B.
1 make 2. change 3. scrap 4. wrecked
5 approved 6. announced 7. go ahead with, get
- detailed 2. crazy 3. contingency 4. original 5. future 6. audacious
- change 2. opposition 3. success 4. details 5. favour 6. beauty
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- Improve Your Vocabulary in IELTS Speaking & Writing – Key Word: Thing - April 1, 2018
- Boost Your Lexical Resource – Key Word: Rule - March 26, 2018
- Using Collocation to Boost Your IELTS Score – Key Word: promise - November 20, 2017 | <urn:uuid:6ea9a368-eff9-4525-aaf7-871acf7652d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://ieltsmaterial.com/using-collocation-to-boost-your-ielts-score-key-word-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589029.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716002413-20180716022413-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.919255 | 1,034 | 2.65625 | 3 |
1844 – Born on February 20th in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian seaman and adventurer who was the first man in recorded history to sail around the world singlehandedly. 1865 – He became a naturalized American citizen and settled in San Francisco. 1887 – His ship got wrecked and sold it to pay off ..
1676 – Born in Largo, Fife, Scotland. Scottish sailor who was the prototype of the marooned traveler in Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe. 1695 – Selkirk ran away to sea and he joined a band of buccaneers in the Pacific. 1703 – Was sailing master of a galley on a privateering expedition. 1704 – After ..
1975 – Born on the 16th of September in Hadera, Israel. 1995 – He won the ASA Boardsailing Championship in Eilat, Israel. 1996 – Won an Olympic bronze medal for windsurfing, and was named Israeli Sportsman of the Year. 1999 – He won the International ASA Windsurfing Championship in Eilat. 2000 – He did not .. | <urn:uuid:dde90a89-44d1-4127-b5e9-faf748741b2e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://s9.com/Biography/category/naval-officer/sailor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516071.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023044407-20181023065907-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.959081 | 227 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A few months ago I wrote a blog post about the health benefits of coffee, particularly benefits to cardiovascular health and cancer risk. Today I would like to add to that research, with two new studies (seen in Life Extension magazine's August 2015 issue).
One of these, published in the journal Heart, is more evidence showing a protective effect against cardiovascular disease. This study involved 25,138 participants undergoing CT scans for coronary artery calcium scoring over two years; not too bad. Participants who consumed 1-2 cups of coffee daily had a 13% lower risk of detectable coronary artery calcium in comparison to those who never drank coffee. However, people who consumed 3-4 cups of coffee daily had a 40% reduced risk. Calcification is a measure of atherosclerosis, and it does not mean that you should avoid calcium-containing foods, or supplements either if it is necessary for you, such as if you have coeliac disease or osteoporosis (especially if it is responding to supplementation). As we learnt in nutritional biochemistry, inflammation and oxidative stress drive atherosclerosis, but don't treat it on your own, you must find a supportive practitioner.
The other study suggests a protective effect of coffee against developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Over 4,000 participants in Sweden, as well as over 1,000 participants in the United States had their coffee intake over the past 1, 5 and 10 years ascertained, and this was compared between patients with MS and those without it. Overall, there was a 33% lower risk of MS among people consuming 6 or more cups of coffee per day the year before diagnosis, though I do not see myself recommending this level of coffee consumption ever. In the US participants, 4 or more cups of coffee daily was associated with a similar reduction in risk, and high intake 5 or 10 years before diagnosis also seemed to have given significant protection. This may have been due to the relative greater ease of natural vitamin D production among the US participants, as multiple studies have shown protective effects of vitamin D too. I usually drink one cup of coffee in a day, and I am not recommending increasing coffee consumption solely to prevent MS or CVD, as there are many ways of preventing these. I am saying, however, that if you currently drink coffee, you do not need to give it up, but if it is causing you problems such as adrenal fatigue, then reducing your intake may be advisable. | <urn:uuid:d610523e-b228-4d6b-9386-3c877077e0e5> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://springchickenhealth.blogspot.com/2016/01/more-good-news-for-coffee-lovers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590199.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718135047-20180718155047-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.965453 | 491 | 2.5625 | 3 |
People with eating disorders are significantly more likely to also have body dysmorphic disorder
According to new research released in Eating and Weight Disorders, patients with eating disorders, like anorexia or bulimia nervosa, could be significantly more likely to also suffer from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The study was conducted by Anglia Ruskin University.
Body dysmorphia is defined by an excessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in one’s physical appearance, more often exhibited in women as opposed to men.
As part of the new study, over 1,500 participants were surveyed online to assess body dysmorphic disorder prevalence rates.
“Cross-sectional study of 1665 health club users recruited online completed a battery of surveys,” the findings explain. “BDD prevalence rates were calculated and logistic regression models were created in two sub-samples: indicated or no-indicated eating disorder symptomology.”
Based on their findings, the team at Anglia Ruskin University was able to determine that patients with body dysmorphic disorder were significantly more likely to also exhibit symptoms of an eating disorder, by as much as 12 times more.
“This study provides more evidence of the complex relationship that exists between BDD and eating disorders,” the co-authors concluded in the study.
“Furthermore, it is recommended that practitioners working with BDD subjects should screen for eating disorders due to the high morbidity associated with eating disorders.” | <urn:uuid:f3791973-5d66-4ecb-bfbc-102866b9e5f0> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.mentaldaily.com/article/2020/10/body-dysmorphia-is-about-12-times-more-severe-among-people-with-eating-disorders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724001211-20210724031211-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.982871 | 307 | 2.984375 | 3 |
- Social / political context
- Religious / philosophical context
- Literary context
- The Bible: Creation: see Religious / philosophical context
- The Prometheus myth
- The doppelganger
- The monster's reading: Plutarch, Milton and Goethe
- The Romantics: Coleridge, Lamb, Southey, de Quincey
- Title page to the first edition
- Volume 1
- Volume 2
- Volume 3
Function in the novel
Henry Clerval functions in the novel as:
- the good and faithful friend, another member of the supportive circle from Frankenstein's childhood
- like other members of that circle, he is ultimately powerless to save Victor from himself.
Comparison with other characters
Like Captain Walton and Victor himself, Henry is eager in his pursuit of knowledge. However:
- his studies are more humanistic – classical and oriental languages
- he is also better able to balance study and scholarship with other aspects of life.
Effect on Victor
When he is in Henry's company, Victor:
- is temporarily distracted from his scientific concerns
- lives a more balanced life
- participates more fully in a social world.
This is particularly true during Victor and Henry's first extended period of companionship, described in Volume 1, Chapter 5, and rather less so when they visit England and Scotland in Volume 3, Chapters 1 and 2. On the first occasion, however, their brief idyll is interrupted by the news of William's murder, while in the second case Victor leaves Henry in order to fulfil his undertaking to create a mate for the monster.
Causes of death
When Henry summons his friend to resume their travels, Frankenstein dismantles his laboratory and destroys his second creation. It is soon after this that Henry's body is discovered and Victor is accused of his murder.
- Henry's death is Victor's punishment for failing to keep his promise
- like everyone else in Frankenstein's immediate circle, Henry is doomed to be destroyed by his friend's own creation.
Scan and go
Scan on your mobile for direct link. | <urn:uuid:3ae8bb29-0c4f-48c4-816a-6e8cc3b6f8fd> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://crossref-it.info/textguide/frankenstein/7/383 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056900.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919190128-20210919220128-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.955236 | 430 | 3.546875 | 4 |
From Space.com: Old Moon Images Get Modern Makeover
WOODLANDS, Texas — Think of it as a space age twist to that adage: Something old, something new…something borrowed, something blue.
Back in 1966 and 1967, NASA hurled a series of Lunar Orbiter spacecraft to the moon. Each of the five orbiters were dispatched to map the landscape in high-resolution and assist in charting where best to set down Apollo moonwalkers and open up the lunar surface to expanded human operations.
Imagery gleaned from the Lunar Orbiters over 40 years ago is now getting a 21st century makeover thanks to the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP).
By gathering the vintage hardware to playback the imagery, and then upgrading it to digital standards, researchers have yielded a strikingly fresh look at the old moon. Furthermore, LOIRP’s efforts may also lead to retrieving and beefing up video from the first human landing on the moon by Apollo 11 astronauts in July 1969.
Dennis Wingo, LOIRP’s team leader, detailed the group’s work in progress during last week’s 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
Teamed with SpaceRef.com, LOIRP’s saga is one of acquiring the last surviving Ampex FR-900 machinery that can play analog image data from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. Wingo noted that the work is backed by NASA’s Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, the space agency’s Innovative Partnership Program, along with private organizations, making it possible to overhaul old equipment, digitally upgrade and clean-up the imagery via software.
LOIRP is located at NASA’s Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, Calif. There, project members are taking the analog data, converting it into digital form and reconstructing the images.
By moving them into the digital domain, Wingo said, the photos now offer a higher dynamic range and resolution than the original pictures, he added.
“We’re going to be releasing these to the whole world,” Wingo said.
Use of the refreshed images, contrasted to what NASA’s upcoming Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission is slated to produce, has an immediate scientific benefit. That is, what is the frequency of impacts on the Moon’s already substantially crater-pocked surface?
“We’ll be able to get crater counts,” Wingo told SPACE.com. “LRO imagery of the same terrain imaged decades ago will provide a crater count over the last 40 years.”
Frozen in time
There’s also a more down to Earth output thanks to LOIRP scientists.
They have used a Lunar Orbiter 1 image of the Earth for climate studies, basically a snapshot frozen in time that shows the edge of the Antarctic ice pack on August 23, 1966.
The team is working with the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colorado to correlate their images of the Earth with old NASA Nimbus 1 and Nimbus 2 spacecraft imagery that flew at about the same time — in the mid-1960s — as the Lunar Orbiter 1. Nimbus satellites were meteorological research and development spacecraft.
Wingo said that the original Nimbus images may have been recorded on an Ampex FR-900 – so by processing the original Nimbus tapes there is a very good chance that they can provide NASA with polar ice pack data from ten years earlier.
One treasure hunt outing by LOIRP may lead to finding what some term as “lost” Apollo 11 slow scan tapes, Wingo said.
“We don’t think they are lost. People have been looking for the wrong tapes,” he said, explaining that they were recorded on Ampex FR-900 equipment — not on another type of recorder as previously thought.
Wingo said those Apollo tapes are stored at the Federal Records Center, labeled and ready for a look see.
“We think for the 40th anniversary of Apollo we may be able to get the original slow scan tapes,” Wingo said. If so, the hope is to recover them and give the public a higher-quality, never-before-seen view of human exploration of the Moon.
There is a lesson learned output from LOIRP.
In the beginning, very few people thought this could be done…but now they have seen the results,” Wingo said.
It is not enough to have 100 year recording medium, Wingo explains. Without the retention of the specific era equipment that images are archived on, it will be impossible for future generations to recover older NASA or other satellite data, he advised.
This is a general issue, not specific to the Lunar Orbiter program. The retention of critical hardware should be a requirement for flight efforts. The original historic Apollo 11 slow scan images have been lost due to inattention to this critical detail, Wingo concluded.
(h/t to Gary Boden)
UPDATE: Dennis Wingo responded in comments, and offers this LA Times story on the real trials and tribulations of this project.
We owe Mr. Wingo and his team, and especially Nancy Evans, a debt of gratitude for preserving space history against the odds. – Anthony | <urn:uuid:b249257f-57ac-473f-8a72-1131691388f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/03/31/using-old-nasa-imagery-to-look-at-antarctic-ice-in-the-1960s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824395.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00082-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930101 | 1,104 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Today is American Thanksgiving. It is not in Canada. I guess it’s RED THURSDAY, so they say… the day before BLACK FRIDAY.
Canada celebrates Thanksgiving on the second Monday in October. But, why then? Why doesn’t Canada celebrate Thanksgiving the same day as the United States?
Basically, Thanksgiving is a day to give thanks and is not based on a historical date like Christmas. So, the entire world does not celebrate Thanksgiving and even those that do, frequently celebrate on different dates than the United States. Canada is a perfect example.
Canada’s Thanksgiving is based on a bountiful harvest and not on the Pilgrims and the New World like the Unites States holiday. The reason it occurs earlier than the US Thanksgiving is that Canada is north of the United States and because of this the harvest season occurs earlier during the year. It only makes sense for Canada to celebrate its fall harvest during their fall and harvest time! It’s actually a very beautiful time to celebrate and be thankful.
The First Canadian Thanksgiving?
The first Canadian Thanksgiving goes back even further than the United States. Back in 1578 an English explorer named Martin Frobisher was trying to find a northern route to the Orient. He was not successful in his quest, but he did end up establishing a settlement somewhere along what is Newfoundland today. Despite not making it to the Orient Frobisher was thankful the journey had been safe and decided to have a day of thanks. This resulted in the first Canadian Thanksgiving.
During this same time frame many French settlers were making their way to the area and also began having days of thanks during the harvest time. They, like the American Pilgrims, invited local Indians to take part in their feast.
This is how the Canadian Thanksgiving started and why Canada doesn’t celebrate on the same day as the United States. BUT…
we still have BLACK FRIDAY SALES! Although I’m not sure why considering it’s a US marketing ploy…EVERYONE wants a good deal!
So..Happy Thanksgiving to our American Family & Friends. May you have a wonderful day. | <urn:uuid:676c439a-192b-4b7e-8606-a417b17c514a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://justaneastcoastgirl.com/2015/11/26/but-we-still-have-black-friday-sales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823168.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018233539-20171019013539-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.975192 | 445 | 3.390625 | 3 |
What do we want to know?
Supporting children who are deemed to have 'emotional or behavioural difficulties' (EBD) or 'social, emotional and behavioural difficulties' (SEBD) within mainstream classrooms raises interesting issues for the intersection of behaviour management policies, inclusive schooling and the drive for raising academic standards. This review assesses the effectiveness of different strategies for supporting children with EBD in mainstream primary classrooms in ways that facilitate teaching and learning for all children.
Who wants to know?
School staff (e.g. teachers, special educational needs co-ordinators), trainee teachers, initial teacher education providers, parents and children.
What did we find?
- Behavioural strategies such as the use of rewards for good behaviour were found to have positive effects on reducing disruptive and off-task behaviour.
- One programme teaching children a self-instruction technique to monitor their own behaviour was effective. Other strategies using similar cognitive-behavioural techniques, which take account of the capacity of individuals to understand and reflect on their behaviour, require further evaluation.
- A range of cognitive-behavioural strategies for reducing aggression or improving social skills was found to have immediate positive effects but no long-term effects.
- Changing seating arrangements for pupils from groups to rows had a positive impact on time on task.
- The use of Circle Time as a way of improving behaviour needs more evaluation.
- Issues considered to be important in relation to implementing strategies were: (according to teachers) simplicity and acceptability, consistency across the school and avoiding 'top-down' implementation; and (according to children) consulting and listening to children.
What are the implications?
The interventions listed above have been shown to work by at least one reliable evaluation. More research is needed in relation to other interventions.
How did we get these results?
Twenty-eight outcome evaluations were included in the review, of which eighteen were from the US and four from the UK. It includes reports published up to 1999. A later report covers evaluations published between 1999 and 2002.
This summary was prepared by the EPPI-Centre
This review should be cited as: Evans J, Harden A, Thomas J, Benefield P (2003) Support for pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD) in mainstream primary classrooms: a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions. In: Research Evidence in Education Library. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. | <urn:uuid:af30a774-dcc9-4fb4-8e1b-aab0cd1f9935> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=124 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098059.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00239-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949306 | 513 | 3.40625 | 3 |
B.C.’s War in the Woods is entering a new phase. Will it be the last?
More than two years after the province promised to implement recommendations set out in the...
What happens when an electric vehicle battery the size of a small dinner table reaches the end of its life?
That’s the question jurisdictions across Canada and the world are grappling with as more and more electric vehicles hit the roads in the coming decades. In B.C., government estimates there will be more than 2.5 million of these vehicles cruising along the province’s roadways by 2040.
With so much focus in B.C. on growing the mining sector and especially supplying minerals for the clean energy revolution, critics say the province is overlooking the potential economic benefits of extracting materials from used-up electric vehicle batteries — materials that don’t require the creation of new, environmentally impactful, mines.
There are already more than 60,000 electric vehicles on B.C.’s roads. Each car is equipped with a lithium-ion battery and while the design of those batteries is much the same as the one in your smartphone, electric vehicle batteries are, by necessity, much bigger. A single car battery can weigh several hundred kilograms and is made up of materials like manganese, graphite, nickel, cobalt and lithium.
These behemoths of the battery world have an average lifespan of eight to 15 years, which means as the electric vehicle market continues to grow, B.C. faces an important opportunity to rethink the recycling sector.
It’s work that’s already underway across the continent.
Kunal Phalpher, chief strategy officer at Li-Cycle, a Toronto-based lithium-ion recycling company with four facilities operating and under construction across North America — including in Kingston, Ont. — said the more batteries become available, the better the opportunities become for recyclers.
He said it’s crucial to plan for recycling right at the start of the electric vehicle growth curve.
“In the next eight to 10 years we’re going through this first wave of rapid growth and rapid increase in demand for these materials where you’re still going to need new primary resources [from mines],” he told The Narwhal.
“But it’s also the time to build up infrastructure to manage [batteries] at end of life so that we can continue to chip away and increase the percentage of recycled material back into the battery.”
Phalpher said he anticipates a sector-wide shift to reusing more materials. Electric vehicle batteries aren’t currently produced with recycled minerals because there’s not enough supply, he said.
“But as we get into the next decade, we’ll start to see a sharper increase in that,” he said. “And then you can eventually work towards not having to build new resources for pulling material out of the ground and really drive [production] through secondary sources.”
Until the time comes when recycling facilities start receiving high quantities of depleted batteries, the demand for minerals is expected to continue to increase exponentially.
While B.C. is not a source of cobalt, nickel and lithium, it is home to several copper mines and a major aluminum smelter — materials commonly used in auto manufacturing.
The basic composition of electric vehicle batteries is projected to remain fairly constant over the coming years, but one mineral found in B.C. is showing promising results in extending the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries.
Tellurium can be mined directly or sourced as a by-product produced during copper smelting.
In northwest B.C., just south of Smithers, First Tellurium’s proposed tellurium, silver and gold mine could become a key supplier in the electric battery boom.
First Tellurium points to research in Singapore and Texas where tellurium was added to existing lithium-ion technologies, the results of which “extend battery life up to 400 per cent and in some cases hold 10 times the charge.”
The Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions launched a three-year project in 2021 to research the possibilities of using tellurium to manufacture safer and more efficient electric vehicle batteries.
“Extending the range and safety of zero-emission vehicles would help accelerate adoption rates around the world, and support progress towards a sustainable circular economy through raw material recycling,” Bentley Allan, associate director of the institute, said in a press release.
The experiment with tellurium is just one example of many projects aimed at reducing demand and increasing efficiency, according to Michael Stanyer and Balakrishnan Venkata with Plug in BC, an electric vehicle advocacy program run by the Fraser Basin Council.
“There are so many other cases that people have been researching and working on in order to reduce the need for these rare metals that are being used,” Venkata said over a Zoom call, noting a Surrey-based company called American Manganese, which is working to recover raw materials from spent batteries to produce new ones. “They’re able to get close to 100 per cent recovery of all materials that can be used in the new batteries.”
Stanyer noted Vancouver’s hybrid vehicle taxi fleet means the city has experience dealing with used car batteries.
“The batteries in those have been around for a long time and there’s a well-developed sort of niche ecosystem, removing and replacing and using those batteries and getting them into secondary storage or sort of stationary energy storage projects.”
But in anticipation of the rush for electric-vehicle resources in B.C., onlookers are saying the province should be doing much more to ensure the leftover potential in depleted batteries is being mined. And as B.C. positions itself as a supplier of responsible minerals, critics say the province must do more to ensure the mining for clean technology is itself clean.
Nikki Skuce, director at Northern Confluence, a responsible mining advocacy organization, sees the repurposing of battery waste streams as a way to potentially mitigate the negative impacts of mines in B.C.
The province needs “to really amp up repurposing and recycling and also diminish our consumption,” Skuce told The Narwhal.
Skuce, whose organization is part of the B.C. Mining Law Reform Network, has advocated strenuously for changes to B.C.’s mining laws, some of which have not been reformed for more than a century. Mining watchdogs and critics became more vocal about flaws in B.C.’s mining legislation and regulatory oversight in the wake of the Mount Polley mine spill, one of Canada’s largest environmental disasters. In 2014, the tailings dam at the Mount Polley mine in central B.C. failed, releasing 24 million cubic metres of contaminated waste into lakes and waterways, a catastrophic event which mining watchdogs say could be repeated elsewhere in the province unless B.C. strengthens its regulations.
Early last year an internal audit from the B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation found the province still has much work to do in the wake of Mount Polley to ensure its mines, and particularly the tailings ponds that hold mining waste, are safe.
Some positive developments have already come out of advocacy work for cleaner and safer B.C. mines. First Tellurium’s proposed mine, for example, is one of the first Canadian projects to join the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance, a third-party certification program that rates mines on sustainability and responsibility.
“First Tellurium proudly adheres to and supports the principles and rights set out in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and in particular the fundamental proposition of free, prior and informed consent,” the company said in an emailed statement about recent developments in the electric vehicle battery sector.
Yet ongoing concerns with B.C.’s mining regulations are part of the reason Skuce and others are encouraging the province to take electric vehicle battery recycling seriously.
Skuce co-authored a recent report for the Pembina Institute that calls on B.C. to work with the federal government and learn from other jurisdictions like California, which is already well on its way to supporting battery recycling.
The report notes that B.C. is poised to reap the economic rewards from jumping on the recycling bandwagon.
“As an early leader in [electric vehicle] adoption, B.C. will see growing demand for end-of-life recycling, which offers the province the opportunity to also emerge as an early regional leader in battery recycling in the Pacific Northwest, and capture the associated economic benefits.”
And those benefits could be quite notable.
Once recovered, the mineral components of batteries can be sold and used in numerous applications, including the production of new batteries — a practice which could reduce the cost of new electric vehicle manufacturing. The extraction and recycling process also drives employment directly from what would otherwise be a waste stream.
A 2020 report published in the journal Sustainability notes recycling is set to become an increasingly robust industry, playing an important role particularly in local economies.
“Recycling is expected to become a significant industry in the future,” the report notes, “generating billions of dollars in revenue, tax income and jobs, many of which would be in countries and regions that currently do not benefit from battery-related industrial activities.”
The report also notes that because transporting used electric vehicles batteries can be so expensive, there are “strong incentives” for places like B.C. to localize recycling infrastructure.
What’s more, battery recycling is anticipated to lead to a global decrease in the need for rare earth mines. According to a report by the International Zero-Emission Vehicle Alliance, of which B.C. and Canada are members, “developing recycling streams to recover approximately 90 per cent of the critical battery materials can significantly reduce the need for raw material mining from 2040 on.”
The alliance’s analysis found that such recycling could reduce the need for new material mining by 20 per cent in 2040 and 40 per cent in 2050.
In addition to creating jobs and economic opportunity, there’s another incentive when it comes to finding ways to repurpose spent electric vehicle batteries: dangerous waste.
As a means to push forward its plans for increasing the electric vehicle sector to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, B.C. passed legislation in 2019 that requires auto manufacturers to meet provincially mandated electric vehicle sales targets. By 2025, 10 per cent of all new light-duty vehicles sold need to be zero-emission vehicles and that percentage scales up to 30 per cent by 2030 and 100 per cent by 2040.
“We’ve got really ambitious targets for [electric vehicle] adoption and the early ones have already been surpassed,” Skuce, with Northern Confluence, said. “We’re going to start seeing more in the waste stream soon.”
She said the province needs to navigate trade regulations and issues of hazardous waste transport, given electric vehicle batteries have a habit of catching fire or exploding if handled improperly.
“In developing a strategy looking ahead, you can see where all of these potential barriers are, and what needs to be shifted for this particular stream — and opportunity — to ensure that it can be done safely in British Columbia.”
B.C.’s Ministry of Jobs, Economic Recovery and Innovation said a number of initiatives are already underway to support the sector.
“With the highest uptake rates of electric vehicles in North America, and a number of local companies across the [electric vehicle] supply chain, B.C. is positioned to become a leader in the industry,” a ministry spokesperson said in a statement to The Narwhal.
They highlighted the Innovative Clean Energy Fund, which “provides support for pre-commercial clean energy technology projects, clean energy vehicles, including producing low-cost, high-performance batteries for electric vehicles.”
Such incentive programs are important for the fledgling battery recycling industry, because as Environment and Climate Change Canada put it, the remaining barrier to progress is cost.
“Currently, the economics of [electric vehicle] battery recycling may not provide sufficient market incentives to capture all of the batteries reaching the end of life,” the federal ministry wrote in an email to The Narwhal. “One of the main barriers to scaling up [electric vehicle] battery recycling is the cost of reverse logistics: the process to collect and transport end-of-life [electric vehicle] batteries from consumers to recycling facilities.”
Li-Cycle’s Phalpher agreed.
“One of the challenges of the industry has always been logistics costs — distance and weight result in high cost,” he said, adding Li-Cycle is building facilities in New York, Arizona and Alabama as a means to reduce transportation costs.
“B.C. definitely needs a strategy around that and I think that needs to happen now, or yesterday, but we do have some initiatives happening in the province,” Skuce said.
Those initiatives include the province’s extended producer responsibility program, which B.C. launched last year. The five-year program is designed to ensure manufacturers — including electric vehicle battery producers — are responsible for recycling their own products.
“B.C. is committed to having producers be fully responsible for collecting and recycling the products and packaging it puts into the B.C. marketplace, shifting the responsibility and costs from local government and taxpayers to producers and consumers,” the province’s Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy told The Narwhal.
The ministry noted hybrid and electric vehicle batteries will be added to provincial recycling regulations in 2023 and the programs and processes to ensure those batteries are being recycled should be up and running by 2026.
The producer responsibility program requires companies to “manage their products to the highest level possible on the pollution prevention hierarchy,” the ministry stated, listing the hierarchy as “reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, residuals management.”
The program may require producers to “redesign products that are more recyclable or invest in research and development projects to improve recycling and drive technological innovation,” according to the ministry.
This last point is key, Skuce said, explaining that not only is the technology new and rapidly evolving, there’s also no standardization of how electric vehicle batteries are built, which in turn leads to challenges within the recycling sector.
“There needs to be government regulation and policies so that these batteries are built to recycle,” she said. “And that that information is transparent — of how to dismantle and recycle them and all the different components within them — because that’s a basic thing that doesn’t exist right now.”
In the Pembina report, Skuce and her co-authors note the difficulties of recycling car batteries are not insurmountable but certain aspects pose challenges.
“Currently, less than five per cent of batteries are recycled worldwide, because it’s a far more complicated process than recycling old household batteries,” the report states. “Before they can be recycled, batteries must be discharged, stabilised and then dismantled to at least the module level, so that cell components can be separated into different material streams.”
Phalpher agreed it’s complicated but notes the five per cent statistic includes consumer products such as laptops and smartphones and is more about collection of dead batteries, particularly household items, than the actual recovery of raw materials.
“If your car dies, you don’t go buy a new car and leave the old one in the garage — you take it to the dealer and the car companies are a little bit more focused on circularity in the raw materials,” he said, explaining it’s difficult to track how many batteries are actually being returned to recycling facilities.
Per battery, however, it’s a much more cheerful statistic.
“We recover up to 95 per cent of the various materials in the lithium-ion battery,” he said.
Skuce noted B.C. is already home to one of the largest recycling facilities in North America — Retriev Technologies, based in Trail. Retriev recently announced a merger with U.S.-based Heritage Battery Recycling, which includes operations in southern California. The state has more than 400,000 electric vehicles on its roads currently and recently struck a task force to advise its government on electric vehicle battery recycling.
On Canada’s national scale, the federal government acknowledged the need to encourage the development of recycling infrastructure.
“Recycling of the lithium and other critical metals will be key to meeting the projected global demand for the metals associated with increased adoption of batteries for [electric vehicles] and other stationary energy storage systems while also reducing the environmental impacts from end of life batteries,” Environment and Climate Change Canada said.
The ministry noted it is collaborating with other federal departments to “develop a sustainable battery innovation and industrial ecosystem in Canada, including establishing Canada as a global leader in battery manufacturing, recycling and reuse.”
The ministry added it is also “exploring innovative ways to enable [electric vehicle] batteries to have a ‘second life,’ when no longer suitable for powering vehicles, in stationary energy storage applications.”
Phalpher said jurisdictions need to work together to facilitate the recycling process.
“On the large volume side, which is the transport of batteries, I think what would help … is just streamlining regulations around permitting recycling facilities and transport,” he said. “In Canada, for example, there’s slightly different regulations and paperwork to transport batteries and how you classify batteries to get them to a waste facility. Harmonizing some of the rules would just make it easier for customers and companies.”
Skuce agreed and noted the Pembina report calls on the province to engage with “neighbouring jurisdictions to ensure efficient and safe collection and transport of batteries for recycling purposes, including across borders.”
She said the bottom line is simple.
“With B.C. being a leader in adopting [electric vehicles], it should also be a leader in repurposing or recycling.”
Updated Feb. 6, 2022, at 11:20 a.m. PT: This article was corrected to note the location of Retriev Technologies is Trail, B.C., and not Field as previously reported.
Federal Environment Minister Steven Guilbeault says he doesn’t believe the Ontario government’s claims about the need to build homes in the Greenbelt, and could intervene...Continue reading
More than two years after the province promised to implement recommendations set out in the...
Two provinces and eight states agreed to limit water transfers around the Great Lakes basin....
The need for Ontario to build 1.5 million homes over the next decade forms the... | <urn:uuid:655a1736-5a9f-44f8-b4b2-a8b4ab371ee3> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://thenarwhal.ca/electric-vehicles-canada-battery-recycling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.945391 | 3,988 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Definition of overprize in English:
verb[with object] rare
Value too highly; overrate.
- His mind had in it too much of that intellectual pride which scorns labor, and overprizes victory, to meet with unqualified admiration.
- Though I refrain from overprizing originality, I cannot help valuing novelty at its full worth.
- Parents overprize their children, while they behold them through the vapours of affection.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:b3570e98-0e9d-4f8a-a30b-8738028f1405> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/overprize | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246650671.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045730-00217-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943832 | 126 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Have you ever ever noticed that your youngsters are likely to forget about 2-3 months of mathematics throughout interim breaks? Let’s take addition worksheets for instance; right here we cowl subtopics like addition with footage, addition with and with out regrouping, addition phrase problems, addition with blended operations, addition with photos and extra. Tell college students up to grade 8 about AAA Math if they need a web based math practice resource.
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Outlines For Fast Advice Of Math Reviews
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Along with providing workouts that cowl essential math skills, there are video games and puzzles. Thus, smaller classroom sizes, or even one-on-one studying, are advisable to maximize the advantages of the maths tutoring. Furthermore, video games may provide a fun and interactive manner for children to be taught new data and ideas, which may make the educational process rather more satisfying and memorable.
Realistic Online Mathematics For Kids Methods For 2019
How this can work is, a father or mother or faculty could contact us for custom games on any math subject. ByteLearn’s interactive options have interaction students within the learning process, making it a worthwhile software for both home teachers and college students. One of the crucial common dinosaur math games is “Dino Sprint.” On this sport, gamers management a dinosaur character and should remedy math issues to move by way of the game.
Time Video games – Youngsters can apply telling time by playing these enjoyable games. has created online games and printable worksheets to make learning math much more pleasant. There are also a lot of educational apps and websites that offer zombie-themed math games for kids.
These games typically involve matching or matching objects, which helps youngsters to learn to affiliate and keep in mind specific items of information. Remember the cheer Two, 4, six, eight, who do we appreciate?” Chants, raps, and songs will help youngsters commit math details to lengthy-time period reminiscence, and they’re simply incorporated into lengthy automotive journeys or walks to the park. | <urn:uuid:612db9f4-408b-448c-804d-fee48026ce4c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://641areacode.com/revealing-rapid-systems-for-math-websites-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.935457 | 711 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A computer that has an IP address and a Subnet Mask can talk directly with other computers that share the same Subnet Mask and have IP addresses within the same IP network.
But what about a computer that wants to talk with something that has an IP address on another IP network? In the below example the left computer belongs to IP network 192.168.1.0 and the right computer belongs to IP network 192.168.2.0 – two different IP networks.
In previous parts, we concluded that to be able to communicate with other IP networks a router must be used. The computers above need to communicate via a router. But how does the traffic actually end up in a router?
To find its local router the computer needs a so-called Default Gateway, sometimes simply called a Gateway. A Default Gateway is always a router that can connect to more than one IP network and can route traffic between those IP networks. The router will have its own IP address on each IP network that it connects to.
A computer can only talk with other IP addresses within its own IP network. So for the computer to be able to communicate via a router, at least one of the router’s IP addresses must belong to the same IP network as the computer.
When the router hands out an IP address and a Subnet Mask to the computer it also sends out its own IP address to the computer and tells the computer to use that address as its Default Gateway.
With the help of the Default Gateway address, the computers can then find their way to all other IP networks in the whole world. The computer knows that it can talk directly with any other IP address on the same IP network as itself. But as soon as it needs to talk to any other IP network it just needs to send the traffic to the Default Gateway, which is the router. Then the router will take over responsibility for routing the traffic towards the destination on the Internet.
So you could say that by sending the traffic to the default gateway the computer is delegating responsibility for forwarding the traffic to the router. The computer will trust that the router can find the destination. In turn, the home router will then trust the ISP’s routers to take over responsibility for forwarding traffic further along the path toward the destination. | <urn:uuid:7d547454-e7e4-4bd0-ab65-ee63cddb9836> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.homenethowto.com/basics/default-gateway-finding-other-ip-networks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413097.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531085047-20200531115047-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.96113 | 463 | 4.34375 | 4 |
On 11 August 2017, public health officials confirmed the presence of fleas infected with the plague in two Arizona counties, Navajo and Coconico.
Navajo County released a statement on their Facebook page informing residents of the discovery:
NCHD have notified the residents and the burrows, which are located on private property, which will be treated. The area will be closely monitored to determine if further action is required.
Navajo County Health Department is urging the public to take precautions to reduce their risk of exposure to this serious disease, which can be present in fleas, rodents, rabbits and predators that feed upon these animals. The disease can be transmitted to humans and other animals by the bite of an infected flea or by direct contact with an infected animal. To limit possible exposure, people are encouraged to avoid rodent burrows and keep dogs on a leash as required by Arizona State law.
An abundance of active prairie dogs doesn’t indicate disease is present. However, a sudden die-off of prairie dogs and rodents, may be an indicator of plague. Persons noticing a sudden die-off of rodents or rabbits are urged to contact the Navajo County Health Department.
Symptoms of plague in humans generally appear within two to six days following exposure and include the following: fever, chills, headache, weakness, muscle pain, and swollen lymph glands (called “buboes”) in the groin, armpits or limbs. The disease can become septicemic (spreading throughout the bloodstream) and/or pneumonic (affecting the lungs), but is curable with proper antibiotic therapy if diagnosed and treated early.
On 3 August 2017, Coconino County issued a press release regarding similar findings on fleas found on prairie dogs:
The Coconino County Public Health Services District has identified fleas containing plague.
CCPHSD is urging… https://t.co/Qya39jF7LI
— Coconino County (@CoconinoCounty) August 3, 2017
Although the disease’s historical specter loomed large, its presence was neither novel nor cause for widespread alarm. The Washington Post reported that the illness has come and gone in various U.S. states since the 1920s:
Today, fatal human cases are rare, averaging just seven a year in the United States dating to the mid-1920s, when the disease swept through Los Angeles, the last significant outbreak in a major American city. Arizona, California, Colorado and New Mexico experience the highest concentration of cases, though since the 1970s, plague has appeared in Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming and parts of western Texas.
Moreover, infectious disease expert Claire Panosian Dunavan told Health.com that even in “bad” years, very few Americans were sickened by the “very, very rare” illness:
Above all, put plague in perspective, says Dr. Dunavan. “I’m all for people becoming educated about different infectious diseases, but a report reminded me that in 2015, a ‘banner year’ for plague, we had 15 cases and 4 deaths throughout the U.S.,” she says. “That’s a significant mortality rate, but the number of total cases is also quite small. In terms of what kills people day in and day out, plague is very, very rare.”
Arizona was not the only state where public health officials confirmed the presence of plague-infected fleas in 2017. Two months earlier, the New York Times reported:
Health officials in New Mexico have more experience with plague than many might expect: Every year for the last few years, a handful of people in New Mexico have come down with plague. One person has died.
In 2015, an Oregon teenager was diagnosed with bubonic plague attributed to a flea bite acquired during a hunting trip. | <urn:uuid:fbd845a0-9037-42bf-8aab-86c66f3ee3c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.snopes.com/news/2017/08/15/plague-found-in-fleas-in-two-arizona-counties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663019783.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528185151-20220528215151-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.959324 | 804 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Vertebrates usually show evidence of six aortic arches in development, suggesting that this was the primitive condition. (The greater number in the living jawless vertebrates, lampreys and hagfishes, may represent a later addition of more posterior arches.) No extant vertebrate retains 6 aortic arches (arch 1 is always absent), but this first arch can be seen in the embryology of vertebrates.
© 2007-2010 Christine Janis, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Colleen Brogan '10, Student Technology Assistant
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. | <urn:uuid:efe7c7f9-95f0-4864-b533-939e1ee8c0da> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.brown.edu/cis/sta/dev/vascular_evolution/1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121418.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00070-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869018 | 126 | 2.84375 | 3 |
While both boys and girls will reach their peak growth spurts during these years, it is not always easy to predict when an athlete has reached his or her adult height and body composition. That said, adolescents at this age will be able to better understand their strengths and weaknesses and are fully aware of what it means to be part of team as well as able to accurately view their own abilities and the abilities of others.
They also may be prone to more anxiety as their capacity to think abstractly is more fully developed. Winning and losing may mean more to them and contribute to how they perceive themselves in their peer groups as well as how they form a sense of their identity. While these athletes may begin to look and talk like adults, they are still not fully adult. For example, their visual capacities are still developing. Some researchers indicate that peripheral vision can still improve functionally well into the teen years. This has obvious implications for field awareness, which should be considered by their coaches as they evaluate players and construct drills. The frontal lobes of the adolescent brain, which affect organization, planning, sequencing and impulse control, are still developing. So, once again, focusing on keeping drills clear, time-limited and concise are critical.
Instructions should still be clear and easy to follow, even if the capacity to handle more information exists in adolescents. Also, while the attention span of this age group is greater than elementary school athletes, it is still important to keep practices concise and active. Practices that extend beyond two hours often lose the attention of most adolescents as well as expose them to fatigue and injury as well as burnout. The challenge for adults working with adolescents is to recognize their growing abilities while keeping an eye out for the areas that are still maturing.
The Coaches Challenge
These athletes still need much support and guidance and may not be ready for the prime time adult pressure that they will experience as college students and beyond. Playing time at this age, particularly at the high school levels, may now be based more on ability. A critical challenge for coaches at this stage is to create roles so that all team members feel valued, even if their playing time is limited.
This article was adapted by Dr. Ginsburg’s original posting on the US Lacrosse website and from the book Whose Game Is It, Anyway?, Ginsburg, Durant and Baltzell | <urn:uuid:d57d8dda-d7d1-4f96-9e04-ceeef5fa2406> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.sportswise.us/age-appropriate-play-for-ages-13-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256082.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520162024-20190520184024-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.980883 | 478 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and are mainly caused by blockages that prevent blood from flowing to the heart, brain and other parts of the body. The Quality Outcomes Framework 2014/15 (NHS Digital, accessed 31 May 2016) shows that the main types of CVD are: coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and high blood pressure (hypertension).
Most premature deaths from CVD are preventable, and hospital admissions represent a burden to health and care services.
CVD increases in prevalance with age. With an ageing population and the current rising levels of obesity and diabetes in the UK, investment in primary prevention is essential in reducing premature deaths (mortality) and ill health (morbidity) from CVD in the population as a whole and reducing the cost burden on health and care services.
Key inequalities and risk factors
A number of health inequalities exist:
- Gender - Men are significantly at higher risk of mortality from CVD than women.
- Ethnicity - Incidence rates of stroke are higher in the black population (even after adjusting for social class, age and sex). Death rates from CVD are approximately 50% higher than average among South Asian groups.
- Age - CVD increases in prevalence with age and support tends to be focussed on the older stroke survivors with the experience of care and outcomes in younger victims and more active stroke survivors being less understood and supported.
- Deprivation - Premature death rates from CVD are up to six times higher among lower socioeconomic groups than among more affluent groups. Whilst deaths from CVD have fallen, the decline has been smaller in more deprived communities. CHD and stroke were all highest in the lowest socio-economic group and lowest in the highest socio-economic group where there are links to poor health literacy affecting access to and take up of preventative services and healthier lifestyle choices, e.g. smoking and healthier eating.
NHS Choices lists a number of risk factors associated with CVD that include:
- high blood pressure (hypertension)
- high blood cholesterol
- lack of exercise
- being overweight or obese
- family history of heart disease
- ethnic background
Many of the above risk factors are linked. This means that if a person has one risk factor, they are likely to have others. CVD is also linked to a range of heart conditions, and good self-care, regulation and management can avoid unnecessary primary care intervention.
In addition, people with co-occurring high depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities (such as cardiovascular disease) have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Facts, figures and trends
Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels (World Health Organisation) and include:
- coronary heart disease: disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
- cerebrovascular disease: disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
- peripheral arterial disease: disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
- rheumatic heart disease: damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria
- congenital heart disease: malformations of heart structure existing at birth
- deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the single most common cause of premature death in the UK.
Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. The most common reason is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels. Strokes can be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain or by blood clots.
According to research by NICE, CVD is increasingly common after the age of 60, but rare below the age of 30.
The Quality and Outcomes Framework 2014/15 (NHS Digital, Accessed 31 May 2015) measures the percentage of people registered with each GP Practice in England who are recorded as having specific diseases. The percentage of patients with cardio vascular diseases recorded on practice disease registers in the Bracknell Forest and Ascot CCG area with CVD is as follows:
Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular condition in the Bracknell Forest and Ascot CCG area, followed by coronary heart disease (CHD). Prevalence is lower in the CCG area compared to England, but mirrors the national picture across all cardiovascular diseases.
Raw data is available from the Public Health Profiles, NHS Health Check data and Cardiovascular Profiles, however, please note due to data collection changes in 2011, comparisons with previous years should be made with caution.
Not all people will be aware they have or have been diagnosed with specific conditions. The percentage of people in the population expected to have a specific condition have been estimated by studying the risk factors for developing the condition amongst those with a known diagnosis. The more present these risk factors are in the population, the higher the percentage estimates will be. These modelled estimates by the Berkshire Public Health Team and can be compared to QOF figures to determine the level of unidentified need in the population as follows:
Mortality from CVD in people aged less than 75
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major causes of death in under 75s in England. The mortality rate from CVD is measured by the Public Health Outcomes Framework. In Bracknell Forest, the mortality rate is 60.5 people aged under 75 per 100,000 population:
However, most premature deaths from CVD among people aged less than 75 are preventable, that is, deaths could have been prevented if determinants of ill health and underlying causes could have been identified or avoided. The Public Health Outcomes Framework records the rate in 2012-14 for people in Bracknell Forest as 40.2 people under 75 per 100,000 population:
Generally, the rate is historically below the south east and England averages for both measures.
The rate of mortality and preventable mortality from CVD has fallen consistently over the last decade. However, when broken down by gender, the 2014/15 mortality rate in Bracknell Forest for females is 37.5 per 100,000 population and the mortality rate for males is 84.3 per 100,000 population. Again, whilst similar to the south east and England averages, this shows significantly more men dying from cardiovascular disease.
In Bracknell Forest, deaths from heart disease per 100,000 population aged 35 years and over attributable to smoking are lower but statistically similar to the England average:
Mortality data for individual Bracknell Forest wards calculated by the Berkshire Public Health Team shows that Priestwood and Garth ward has the highest mortality rate and Warfield Harvest Ride has the lowest mortality rate in the borough for all CVD. This information should be read alongside the ward profiles for each area.
The risk of developing CVD is influenced by our diet and physical activity since childhood. Our risk as adults is determined by a wider range of factors:
Claire D’Cruz (2013)
Most deaths caused by cardiovascular disease are premature and could easily be prevented. NICE guidance recommends a range of lifestyle changes for prevention including:
- stopping smoking
- eating a healthy diet
- reaching and maintaining a healthy weight
- increasing physical activity
- reducing alcohol consumption
These are echoed by the NHS Choices website along with advice for parents and carers to consider for their children with regard to fat, salt, sugar and exercise. The Government Eatwell guide is a colourful tool which families may find helpful.
NHS Health Checks
Health Checks are for patients between the ages of 40 and 74 who will be invited (once every five years) to have a check to assess, raise awareness and support them to manage their risk of cardiovascular disease.
Modelling suggests that high uptake will lead to substantial reductions in premature mortality and local authorities have a legal duty to make arrangements to provide the NHS Health Check programme to 100% of the eligible population over a five year period and to achieve continuous improvement in uptake.
The percentage of people the eligible population in the Bracknell Forest and Ascot CCG area, aged 40 – 74 years:
- offered an NHS Health Check per financial year has improved from 14.3% in 2013/14 to 19.3% in 2014/15 which compares favourably with the 19.7% England average
- in receipt of an NHS Health Check per financial year has also improved from 10.5% in 2013/14 to 12.3% in 2014/15 which exceeds the 9.6% England average
As most premature deaths from CVD are preventable, hospital admissions represent a burden to health and care services.
Coronary heart disease
Admissions for CHD per 100,000 people of all ages in the Bracknell Forest CCG area has fallen between 2003 and 2014. Recent figures show the rate is below the England average. There were 135,904 recorded deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system in England and Wales in 2014.
Between 2004 and 2014, the rate of hospital admissions for stroke has only been above the national average on four occasions. However, recent rates have fallen below the national average every other year. There were 15,570 recorded deaths due to stroke in England and Wales in 2014.
Local services and support
There are a range of services within Bracknell Forest that can deliver or support intermediate care functions. The main service is the Community Response and Reablement Team, which delivers intermediate care in people’s homes and own communities as well as in the local bed based service in the Bridgewell Centre. Services such as community hospitals, Rapid Access Community Services, Community Health Clinics, specialist nurses, GP services, district nursing, physiotherapists and social care teams also have a role in intermediate care.
The 2016 Stroke Services Review with Bracknell Forest and Ascot CCG is a review and assessment of the type and quality of care and treatment received by people affected by stroke in order to improve chances of survival and recovery.
Want to know more?
Bridging the gaps: Tackling inequalities in cardiovascular disease (Heart UK, 2013) – a comprehensive review and assessment of evidence, policy, legislation regard CVD as one of the conditions most strongly associated with health inequalities.
Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Strategy – Improving outcomes for those with or at risk of developing Cardiovascular Disease (Department of Health, 2013) – government strategy setting standards for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of CVD, and improving intelligence, monitoring and research into CVD to enable risk stratification to identify families or individuals at high risk.
Community Response and Reablement Team (Bracknell Forest Council) – information about intermediate care in people’s homes and communities, such as community hospitals, Rapid Access Community Services, Community Health Clinics, specialist nurses, GP services, district nursing, physiotherapists and social care teams also have a role in intermediate care.
Health matters: getting every adult active every day (Public Health England, 2016) – summary facts and figures, descriptions of physical activity and how benefits extend beyond physical health to include mental wellbeing, and how it can be used in a number of care pathways for cancers, diabetes, dementia, cardiovascular disease, falls and hip fractures.
Hypertension in adults (NICE 2013, updated 2015) – quality standard providing specific, concise quality statements, measures and audience descriptors to provide the public, health and social care professionals, commissioners and service providers with definitions of high-quality care. Covers the management of primary hypertension in adults, including diagnosis and investigations, treatment to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, monitoring of treatment efficacy, and specialist referral.
Joint Commissioning Strategy for Intermediate Care 2015-2018 (Bracknell Forest Council, 2015) – sets out the commissioning priorities for intermediate care based on an evidence review of national policy and research and the views of local people, service providers and commissioners.
Obesity and the Environment briefing: Regulating the growth of fast food outlets (Public Health England, 2014) - this briefing also summarises the importance of action on obesity (which has an impact on cardio-vascular disease) and a specific focus on fast food takeaways, and outlines the regulatory and other approaches that can be taken at local level.
National Stroke Strategy (Department of Health, 2007) - a quality framework to secure improvements to stroke services, to provide guidance and support to health and social care commissioners, and inform the expectations of patients and their families by providing a guide to high quality health/social care services.
Stroke in adults (NICE, 2010 updated 2016) – guidance which covers diagnosis and initial management, acute-phase care, rehabilitation and long-term management of stroke in adults (aged over 16 years).
Stroke rehabilitation in adults (NICE, 2013) - evidence-based advice on the care of adults and young people aged 16 years and older who have had a stroke with continuing impairment, activity limitation or participation restriction
This page was created on 27 February 2014 and updated on 21 June 2016.
Cite this page:
Bracknell Forest Council. (2016). JSNA – Cardiovascular disease. Available at: jsna.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/living-working-well/health-conditions/cardiovascular-disease (Accessed: dd Mmmm yyyy)
Email to report a broken link on this page. | <urn:uuid:269d1771-410a-4121-bfec-9089a7b47505> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://jsna.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/living-working-well/health-conditions/cardiovascular-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592202.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217000422-20171217022422-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.938875 | 2,809 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The fifth son of Aethelwulf, Alfred was born in 849. He came to the throne in 871. Immediately, he was met with the daunting task of ridding his country of the Vikings. The Viking raids had established many Danish settlements, and in 867, the Vikings seized York and established a kingdom in southern Northumbria. The Vikings had already defeated both East Anglia and Mercia. Finally, in 870, the Danes attacked the only remaining independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom – that of Wessex, whose forces were commanded by King Aethelred and his younger brother Alfred.
In 871, Alfred defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Ashdown, but soon his older brother Aethelred was killed, and Alfred came to the throne. In 878, the Danish king Guthrum seized Chippenham in Wiltshire, providing the Danes with a stronghold in the area. With a small army made up of his royal bodyguards, thegns (the King’s followers) and Aethelnoth, earldorman of Somerset, Alfred withdrew to make a stand in the Somerset tidal marshes.
From his fortified base at Athelney in Somerset, Alfred led quick strike raids against the Danish forces. In May 878, Alfred defeated the Danes at the Battle of Edington. However, Alfred realized he could not drive the Danes from the rest of England, so he sought a peace treaty. King Guthrum converted to Christianity with Alfred as godfather to his children.
“In 886, Alfred negotiated a partition treaty with the Danes, in which a frontier was demarcated along the Roman Watling Street and northern and eastern England came under the jurisdiction of the Danes – an area known as ‘Danelaw.’ Alfred, therefore, gained control of areas of West Mercia and Kent, which had been beyond the boundaries of Wessex.” (The Official Website of the British Monarchy)
Alfred changed how the British army responded to a crisis by developing a “rapid reaction force,” which would respond to immediate attacks from the outside or within the kingdom. He also encouraged the establishment of well-defended settlements along the southern border. “These well fortified market places (‘borough’ comes from the Old English burh, meaning fortress); by deliberate royal planning, settlers received plots and in return manned the defences in times of war. (Such plots in London under Alfred’s rule in the 880s shaped the street plan, which still exists today between Cheapside and the Thames.)
This obligation required careful recording in what became known as ‘the Burghal Hidage’, which gave details of the building and manning of Wessex and Mercian burhs according to their size, the length of their ramparts and the number of men needed to garrison them.
Centred round Alfred’s royal palace in Winchester, this network of burhs with strongpoints on the main river routes was such that no part of Wessex was more than 20 miles from the refuge of one of these settlements. Together with a navy of new fast ships built on Alfred’s orders, southern England now had a defence in depth against Danish raiders.”
In 891, Alfred’s greatest fame began. He compiled the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, written in the language of the people, rather than the Latin used by the church, outlines the political, social, and economic events that marked the history of Britain. Later, he translated Orosius’s Historia Adversus Paganos and Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation. Alfred died in 899 at the age of 50. He was the only English king to be called “Great.” | <urn:uuid:484702f0-3c51-4c7b-9424-1e0abee041ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://reginajeffers.blog/2012/02/07/alfred-the-great-englands-strong-and-righteous-ruler/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426693.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727002123-20170727022123-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.974017 | 794 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)/Fetal growth restriction (FGR)
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), also known as fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition in which a baby's growth slows or stops when they are in the womb.
It occurs in around 3 in every 100 pregnancies. Unborn babies with fetal growth restriction can grow so slowly in the womb that they are at risk of death or illness. If the growth restriction is severe, the baby may have to be delivered so it is a cause of premature birth.
Causes of intrauterine growth restriction
The majority of cases of IUGR/FGR are caused by failure of the placenta but there are also several other factors that could cause a baby's growth to slow down:
- multiple pregnancy
- the mother smoking or using drugs during pregnancy
- the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy
- Antiphospholid Syndrome.
Signs and symptoms of intrauterine growth restriction
IUGR/FGR is normally diagnosed during routine antenatal appointments. Your baby’s size is monitored throughout your pregnancy in your routine appointments. The midwife will palpate your stomach gently to feel the baby’s size, and they will measure the height of your baby.
Around 10 in every 100 babies are small for gestational age (SGA). These means they are under the tenth centile in size. Most of these are small for normal reasons, such as the mother’s size and ethnicity, but around a third will be due to intrauterine growth restriction.
Treatment for intrauterine growth restriction
If IUGR is suspected, you will be sent for a scan for confirmation. You will be closely monitored and the treatment will depend on the level of growth restriction and the stage of pregnancy you are at. If the growth restriction is severe, your healthcare team may recommend delivering the baby.
Read more about delivering a premature baby
Read more about alcohol in pregnancy
Read more about smoking in pregnancy
The causes and problems of premature birth
Your premature baby:
You can also read about
NICE (2008) Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
NICE (2011) CG129 Multiple pregnancy: The management of twin and triplet pregnancies in the antenatal period, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
Norman J (2011) Preterm labour, managing risk in clinical practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
RCOG (2013) The Investigation and Management of the Small–for–Gestational–Age Fetus. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
James D, Steer P (2011) High risk pregnancy, management options. Fourth ed, Elsevier Saunders. | <urn:uuid:2e1441b9-9a85-4eeb-af85-83bd424b42f5> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.tommys.org/page.aspx?pid=977 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644063666.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025423-00301-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926714 | 584 | 3.109375 | 3 |
As we progress into the 21st century it is difficult to imagine a world without print. In fact, there are very few places on earth were print does not exist, no signs, billboards, newspapers, letters, packaging, books or money. For the last 500 years, printing has been a growth industry, and as we will discover, the industry to mass-produce a product.
To discover the history of automation and process integration in the prepress and print industries, we journey back in time, back to the Han Dynasty circa 220 A.D. in China. Here, an inventive soul carved the image of flower on a piece of stone then, made a hand rubbing of the image using dyes to mark a piece of silk cloth. This seemingly innocent act is the first known example of print and it would change the way humans communicate for millennium to follow.
In Chinese culture, four great inventions are celebrated to this day, inventions they spread to the rest of the world. They are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and print. Two of these inventions create the foundation of our industry today; papermaking pre-dated the invention of print by almost 200 years. In these early years though paper was not a suitable substrate for printing, in fact it was mainly used for another purpose that is still popular today. Think soft, absorbent; multiply rolls used in a small private rooms for hygiene, (yes the Chinese invented toilet paper around 25 A.D.) documents on the other hand, were written on parchment or velum, a substance made from animal skins.
Although the term prepress would not be used for centuries, it clearly predates print; the stones must have been engraved prior to printing. To understand how prepress has led the advancement and technical evolution of the print industry, we need to follow the path of innovation a path that leads us from the Orient through Persia to Medieval Europe.
From China, printing travelled through Korea to Japan, in the early years, printing was mostly used to decorate textiles. (We will discover in later years that prepress technology and textile technology share unique relationships). The art of printmaking relied on stone carvings until the Tang Dynasty (670 A.D.) it is here that woodblock carvings began to replace stone, it is during this period as well that paper began to be used as a print substrate. Two early uses of paper printing are of Buddhist texts, the Dharani Sutra printed on hemp paper around 650 to 670 A.D. and the Lotus Sutra approximately 690 to 699 A.D.
From the birth of print to the earliest examples of printed-paper spans a period of six hundred years. This evolution continues at an increasing pace throughout history. Next, we will explore the origins of two technologies that enabled development of the modern printing process.
Bio: Stan Carmichael is a photographer by trade who found his way into the pre-press automation business from 1981 through 2005. During this time he directed Canadian sales and customer service efforts for a variety of pre-press technology manufacturers including Crosfield, Indigo, and Xeikon.
Stan remains active in the graphics industry providing sales mentoring and coaching to select individuals as well as sales and marketing consultation to technology suppliers.
Image Source: Jin dynasty government, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:c33d4834-ad58-4883-a851-bf98dfe24c90> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://significans.com/blog/the-birth-of-print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587854.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026072759-20211026102759-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.956899 | 679 | 3.421875 | 3 |
An Iowa man completed his Lent-long beer fast on Sunday, marking the occasion with a bacon smoothie. During the 46-day feat, J. Wilson consumed only beer and water, emulating a centuries-old tradition once practiced by the Paulaner monks of Munich, Germany. How long could a man survive on beer and water?
Not more than a few months, probably. That’s when the worst effects of scurvy and protein deficiency would kick in. (Liver disease is a serious risk of chronic alcohol use, but it takes longer to arrive.) If you kept to a strict beer diet—and swore off plain water altogether—you’d likely die of dehydration in a matter of days or weeks, depending on the strength and volume of beer consumed. There’s plenty of water in beer, of course, but the alcohol’s diuretic effect makes it a net negative in terms of hydration under most conditions.
Scurvy would be an ironic cause of death for a beer-dieter, since the drink was long considered a prophylactic against the disease. For much of the 1700s, doctors administered beer, wort, and malt to prevent the lethargy, wounds, gum disease, fever, and eventual death caused by scurvy. Legendary British explorer Captain James Cook touted the anti-scorbutic effects of beer; his sailors’ rations typically included a gallon per day. (The low-alcohol, made-from-concentrate brew would be unrecognizable today.) Beer’s failure to quell major outbreaks of scurvy, like those at the siege of Gibraltar in 1780 and aboard the HMS Jupiter in 1781, helped disprove the theory. In 1795, the British admiralty adopted lemon juice as the official cure.
One serving of beer contains between zero and 30 milligrams of vitamin C, depending on the recipe. But the alcohol also makes drinkers urinate vitamin C faster than usual, which is one reason doctors are supposed to monitor chronic alcoholics for scurvy. In the 1920s, British researchers tested the effects of a beer-based diet on two Rhesus macaque monkeys. Each animal received up to 200 milliliters of India pale ale each day, along with some other foods lacking in vitamin C. “Well-defined symptoms” of scurvy appeared after 37 days for one and after 57 days for the other.
Aside from vitamin C, beer is notably deficient in vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as thiamine, protein, and fat. If scurvy didn’t set in first, the thiamine deficiency known as beriberi might be deadly. If left untreated, beriberi can trigger heart failure. Protein deficiency is another major risk, with the potential to cause muscle wasting and anemia. To get the recommended daily intake from beer, you’d have to drink about 3.5 gallons a day.
Got a question about today’s news? Ask the Explainer. | <urn:uuid:fa06e3e4-d3b6-4cd6-9f88-9a2ca7feef2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2011/04/the-budweiser-diet-how-long-can-you-survive-on-beer-alone.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103322581.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626222503-20220627012503-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.949072 | 637 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Polyaspartic Coating Technology
The chemistry is based on the reaction of an aliphatic polyisocyanate and a polyaspartic ester, which is an aliphatic diamine. This technology was initially used in conventional two-component polyurethane solvent-borne coating formulations because the polyaspartic esters are excellent reactive diluents for high solids polyurethane coatings.
More recent developments in polyaspartic coating technology have concentrated on achieving low or near-zero VOC coatings where the polyaspartic ester is the main component of the co-reactant for reaction with a polyisocyanate. The unique and adjustable reactivity of the polyaspartic esters allows for the design of fast-curing coatings tailored to the needs of the application. The fast curing feature of these coatings can provide significant, money-saving productivity improvements, along with high-build, low-temperature curing, and abrasion and corrosion resistance.
The name polyaspartics has recently become popular among formulators in the industry due to the need to differentiate it from polyureas and polyurethanes. By definition, a polyaspartic is an aliphatic polyurea because it is the reaction of an aliphatic polyisocyanate with a polyaspartic ester – which is an aliphatic diamine. However, polyaspartic coatings are very different in both application and coating performance properties from conventional polyureas. For example, polyaspartics allow the formulator to control the rate of reaction and cure, thus, potlife of the two-component mixture can range from five minutes to two hours. While spray application techniques include the use of plural component spray equipment, many applications can be applied with conventional sprayers, making application much less complicated and less prone to error.
Polyaspartic technology is closer in its applications and performance characteristics to 2-component aliphatic polyurethane coatings. It is often used as a topcoat due to its non-yellowing nature. But, here too, there are noteworthy differences. The polyaspartic coatings, for example, can be formulated to very high solids (70-100% solids) and applied at higher film builds (up to 15 mils WFT in a single coat) than typical two-component aliphatic polyurethanes. Because polyaspartics are much faster drying than typical aliphatic polyurethanes, they are often used in applications where fast cure means improved productivity in the painting operation. | <urn:uuid:a9bb7510-8750-4435-ba2e-ce8e151cd7f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.chinapowdercoating.com/polyaspartic-coating-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.942238 | 540 | 2.625 | 3 |
Even when you’re producing a newspaper for faculty college instruction, distributing investigation research, or even finishing a postsecondary job, you can find a number of essential topics written down you have to followalong with
Sharing: Thorough data bases.
Doc advice could be your character of the files. It offers a viewpoint, debate, location, idea, or concept. It can’t be tiny and may readily cope with it by means of brief or information info and also cannot be settled while in the practice of edited or designed variant. In addition, what found in the record has to be immediately directly from service of their info.
Sharia legislation: Establishing regulations.
Implementation may be the sole means to program everything things to add from the newspaper and also the way to show thoughts online thoughts. As you’re surfing or offering facts to encourage major problems, you are able to include them into your own pages. Emotional thoughts support organize drainage, and vital conversation of thoughts and data.
About three criteria: Compose in language as ordinary as well as usual.
Text composing makes use of txt messaging. Languages, opinions, abbreviations, and contractions aren’t permitted.
Nobody will create,”Professor Professor is joyful!” Alternatively, an individual might produce,”The professor doesn’t really feel comfortable”
Two groups: Fill from the selection.
Establish what you’re speaking about. Usually do not begin the sentence together with”these” when they”usually do not” reunite into the group. Compose the category you’re speaking to.
Be mindful concerning the arrangement from the code. Consider the paragraph: “The boy also knows that which he needs to do.” “this content” gets got the secret, but”these” so”university student” is plural. Alternatively, create:”Pupils comprehend that which they ought to perform.”
Think about the next instance: “Everybody believes that they have been smart” “Everybody” is talking , however”they truly are” plural. Considering that the”identify” yields to”anybody,” those 2 words concur using all the code. 1 strategy to do that sentence would be “Many folks believe that they’re smart” Be aware the fixed words also have used precisely the significance of the code. This really is due to”he” or”she” gets got the significance of sex, that ought to really be avoided written down. To steer clear of unauthorized usage of”she or he” or”she or he,” the writers usually utilize sex, species, and also special types.
Rule 5: Don’t write at first or minute.
don’t compose in the very first individual “I” or”us” or another person “you personally”. But, you can find a number of distinctions. By way of instance, at a health assessment at which a research worker requires a task for a candidate, then ” the researcher can switch out of the thirdperson towards the very first man from the hunt department. But unless there’s a reasons I produce at the very first or 2nd, then a 3rd person ought to really be kept at the bible.
Rule 6: Attending
Contemplate for release and word. Can not attempt and enlarge your writing into some or collection of webpages which you have setup. Explain that which you need to express publicly and attentively.
7 Commandments: Cite your resources.
Worker function is very important to give that loan by which it isn’t suitable, or utilize phrases, thoughts, diagnostics, or images.
Eventually, if it’s about using this phrase, text, mark, etc, keep in mind that on-line tools are all readily available. Utilize them. | <urn:uuid:4db057f3-ee9d-4214-884f-3feff3041ac3> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.mbdanceapparel.com/2019/04/16/the-most-important-rules-of-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668712.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115195132-20191115223132-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.936771 | 842 | 2.5625 | 3 |
School Readiness Workshop
Are you curious about finding the answers and learning more about school readiness?
School Readiness: Nurturing Young Brains – this 1½hr workshop is available to parents of children aged 3 to 5 years.
This one-off face to face session will help the whole family to prepare and adjust to school life. Based on the Five to Thrive approach, along with the Ready Child, Ready Family, Ready School model, you will explore and discover what it really means to be school ready.
When you are thinking about your very young child starting school it can raise many questions, feelings, and emotions for you and your family. Some of those thoughts and feelings may cause both worry and excitement about this big milestone ahead. Some of your questions may be:
• What does school readiness actually mean?
• Will my child be physically & emotionally ready for school when the time comes?
• What will I need to do to make sure my child and the family are prepared?
• What resources will my child need for starting school?
• How will I cope when my child starts school?
• How will the school help me and my family to settle and feel included?
Contact Phone Number - | <urn:uuid:c1652f59-3cf6-4eb5-827d-e86bd0134a7c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://unityonline.org.uk/event/school-readiness-workshop-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.955628 | 250 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The mysterious illness that has killed dozens of Cambodian children may be a deadly strain of hand, foot and mouth disease, a common childhood illness. Lab tests have confirmed that a virulent strain of the disease called EV-71 was responsible for some of the 59 cases of illness reviewed in Cambodia since April, including 52 deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Cambodian Health Ministry.
The numbers of cases and deaths have been scaled down since an initial report put the caseload at 62. Epidemiologists are now interviewing parents and still trying to determine a cause for all the cases; in many, relevant medical information may have been omitted and not all the children were tested before they died. “As far as I’m aware, EV-71 was not identified as a virus in Cambodia before,” Dr. Nima Asgari, who is leading the WHO investigation, told the Associated Press.
The Institut Pasteur in Cambodia tested samples taken from 24 patients and found that 15 came back positive for EV-71.
EV-71 has been reported in other regions of Asia, including Vietnam and China. This strain of the disease can cause paralysis, brain swelling and death. In Cambodia, most affected children were under age 3, and many experienced severe respiratory symptoms that escalated quickly; some also developed neurological symptoms.
Hand, foot and mouth disease gets its name from a rash that appears on infected persons’ palms and soles (sometimes with blisters), along with painful, red, blister-like lesions on the tongue, gums and inside of the cheeks. Asgari told the AP that blistering was reported in only some of the Cambodian cases, but that steroids administered by doctors could have masked the symptom.
Early symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease include fever, followed by sore throat and sometimes a poor appetite and malaise. One or two days after the fever begins, painful sores may develop in the mouth or throat, and rashes may then appear within one or two days after that. The usual incubation period — the time from infection to first symptoms — is about three to seven days.
The disease, which is caused by enteroviruses — the same family as polio — is moderately contagious and is spread through sneezing, coughing and contact with blisters or infected fecal material. Although no vaccine or specific treatment exists, the disease is typically mild and most children recover in 7 to 10 days without medical treatment, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The CDC notes also that children with hand, foot and mouth disease are most contagious during the first week of illness, but can continue to spread the disease long after symptoms have disappeared because the viruses that cause it can remain in the feces for weeks. Also, infected people who show no symptoms of the disease can still spread the viruses to others.
Hand, foot and mouth disease should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease which affects cattle, sheep and swine.
Although the U.S. is not experiencing a similar outbreak, hand, foot and mouth disease can be contracted by anyone. Between November 2011 and February 2012, the CDC received reports of 63 people with symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Alabama, California, Connecticut and Nevada.
To prevent the disease, the CDC recommends:
- Washing your hands often, especially after changing diapers
- Thoroughly cleaning objects and surfaces (toys, doorknobs, etc.) that may be contaminated with a virus that causes the disease
- Avoiding close contact (like kissing and hugging) with people who are infected | <urn:uuid:c2e3effd-f7a4-49fb-99df-d94154626b31> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://healthland.time.com/2012/07/09/cambodian-childrens-deaths-linked-to-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.970858 | 745 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Most of us in Rhode Island have been conditioned to point with pride at Roger Williams, great contribution to freedom of religion. This, of course, is rightly so, but we often forget that Williams also made a great contribution in the field of brotherhood and understanding between the English colonist and the American Indian. This was done at a time of extreme prejudice, ignorance and misunderstanding. As in the field of religious freedom, Williams was practically alone in his attempt to understand and respect the American Indian.
One of the major reasons that the young preacher was banished from the Puritan colony in Massachusetts was his insistence that the land belonged to the Indians rather than the king of England. Williams’ preaching on this subject so infuriated the Elders of the Church in Massachusetts that they ordered him to stop preaching along those lines.
Not only did Williams differ with the authorities on the concept of landownership, but he treated the Indians in a manner quite different from most Englishmen. Williams, feeling he was a “guest” in America, extended friendship and respect to the Wampanaogs and Narragansetts and welcomed them to his church. This was done at a time when most of his fellow Englishmen regarded their “hosts” as dirty, lazy, immoral heathens, incapable of salvation. He mad a great effort to learn their language and spent many hours with them discussing the universe, eating their food and sleeping in their wigwams. The much more patient, tolerant and understanding Indians recognized that Williams was a remarkable man. A strong bond of friendship and love grew between the preacher and the leading sachems, Canonicus, Miantonomi and Massasoit.
When in January of 1636 Williams was forced to flee from the Massachusetts colony to escape being banished to England, his life was saved by the friendliness and hospitality of the Wampanoags. Williams and his friend Thomas Angell, often half-starved and frozen, were welcomed in the wigwams where the meager food supplies of the Indians were freely shared with them. When they finally reached Massasoit’s camping ground at Montaup (Mount Hope, Bristol), they were guests of the Wampanoags sachem for the remainder of the winter. Here, the mutual respect and friendship grew into a very strong bond that was primarily responsible for the manner in which Rhode Island was settled.
In the spring of 1616, Massasoit gave Williams land about 10 miles north of Montaup, in the area we would today call Rumford-Seekonk-Rehoboth. Feeling secure in the concept that Massasoit’s generosity was all that was needed, Williams sent for his followers, including such men as Francis Wicks, Richard Waterman and Joshua Verrin. The good will and help of the Indians was not enough, however, for shortly after the small band of dissidents had felled the trees and built houses and furniture, they ere told by Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony that Plymouth owned the land and that soldiers would be sent to burn the houses if they didn’t leave. | <urn:uuid:8cdedfc0-db52-4581-87af-b65bf710ec77> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://warwickonline.com/stories/Roger-Williams-Apostle-of-brotherhood,72047?content_class=1&town_id=1&sub_type=stories | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097757.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00060-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98181 | 641 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Rocky mountain spotted fever
and typhus fever group
All external hyperlinks are provided for your
information and for the benefit of the general public. The Department of
Health Services does not testify to, sponsor, or endorse the accuracy of
the information provided on externally linked pages.
infections are caused by a variety of bacteria, and are most often
transmitted to humans by infected fleas, lice, mites, and ticks.
Rickettsial infections include Rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus
fever group, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis.
Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) belongs to the
spotted fever rickettsial group of tickborne infections. RMSF disease is
caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted to humans by
the bite of an infected American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and
other tick species. Onset of illness begins about 1 week after an
infected tick bite. Symptoms of illness include acute onset of fever,
headache, malaise, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, rash. Severe illness may
involve neurologic symptoms. Clinical laboratory findings may include
thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, leucopenia, and elevated live enzymes.
Only 13 cases were reported in Wisconsin between 2007 and 2010. Most of
these infections were acquired outside of Wisconsin.
Typhus fever group (Murine typhus)
Typhus fever is a tickborne rickettsial disease caused
by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas (rodents, flying
squirrels, other small mammals) and human body lice. Typhus fever cases
have been reported among travelers to Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.
In the United States, cases have been reported from California, Hawaii, and
Tickborne infections home
mountain spotted fever fact sheet - Hmong -
Prevention and control of tickborne
Rocky mountain spotted fever - CDC
health information - CDC
Information for health professionals
Typhus fever is not notifiable in Wisconsin or nationally reportable, but because of cross-reactivity in serologic
testing to spotted fever rickettsial group (including RMSF),
investigation of laboratory positive reports may be necessary to rule
out RMSF infection.
Local Health Departments - Regional offices - Tribal agencies
Diep Hoang Johnson
Vectorborne Disease Epidemiologist
Wisconsin Division of Public Health
Bureau of Communicable Diseases and Emergency Response
(Phone 608-267-0249) (Fax 608-261-4976)
August 05, 2014 | <urn:uuid:3c3efbd1-ba4e-4f19-9170-2f66ff48973a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/communicable/TickBorne/RockyMountainSpottedFever.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657126053.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011206-00021-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.832848 | 576 | 3.484375 | 3 |
It is one of the most common herbs found in India. The herb is also known by the names of Indian gooseberry or amalaki. Fruit of this broad-leaf herb, known by the same name, is eaten very commonly across Indian subcontinent because of its medicinal properties and health benefits. Amla is one of the richest sources of vitamin C, containing around 445 mg of vitamin C for every 100 grams of its weight. The herb also consists of gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, and flavonoids. Herbal remedy practitioners have been using the benefits of amla for nearly six thousand years.
The herb is one of the richest sources of vitamin C and has antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Morpheme Amla can prove to be an extremely helpful remedy for multiple diseases and disorders.
- 100% pure extract of high-quality Indian gooseberry – one of the richest sources of vitamin C.
- Beneficial when taken for conditions like arthritis, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, etc.
- Helpful in management of diabetes, age-related renal diseases, and high cholesterol.
- Assists in improving visual acuity and preventing hair fall; also promotes hair regrowth.
- Aids in keeping various bacterial and viral infections away.
- Promotes rejuvenation and fertility.
- Helpful in medical conditions like gastroesophageal infections, constipation, diarrhea, and cirrhosis of liver.
- Expedites process of recovery post surgery.
- Promotes overall physical well-being.
- Can be included in regular diet.
- Can be taken for prolonged periods without any side-effects.
- Available in easily-consumable veggie capsule form.
Medicinal Benefits of Amla
Amla has been found to be a beneficial remedy in diseases like osteoporosis, pancreatitis, arthritis, diabetes, etc. It also possesses properties that help in treatment of age-related renal diseases and high levels of LDL cholesterol. Because of high vitamin C content and its antimicrobial and antiviral properties, it is helpful in quick recovery post surgeries, and even chemotherapy.As amla contains flavanoids, it acts as an effective antioxidant substance and discharges toxins from the body in a natural way. High concentration of vitamin C assists in strengthening the body’s self-defense mechanism, thereby preventing chances of frequent diseases and illnesses.
Amla also has a cooling effect on the body; it helps in elimination of excessive heat from the body and helping in regulation of body temperature. Therefore, amla is used in various refreshing sherbets to keep the body temperature regulating during higher temperatures, especially during summers. The herb is also renowned for its light post-digestive effects and has a high value as an effective digestive agent. It is extremely helpful in relaxing constipation, reducing fever, purifying blood, reducing cough, and even alleviating conditions like asthma.
Amla has also been known to be related with enhancement of potency and improvement of overall sexual health in males. It is also believed to strengthen the heart, stimulate hair growth, prevent hair fall, benefit the eyes, and even enhance intellect. Because of its wide variety of effective medicinal benefits, it is one of the major constituents in chyawanprash, a health tonic, and a lot of hair products, like oils, shampoos, and even conditioners.
Health Benefits of Amla
This nutrient-rich herb is especially utilized in number of hair care and eye care products, as it helps prevent hair fall and also promote hair regrowth. Also, it is believed to improve the visual acuity to a significant degree; people with nearsightedness and farsightedness have found the herb quite helpful in improving their eyesight. Furthermore, the herb is very helpful in medical conditions like diabetes, bacterial infections, and diarrhea. It is also useful in restricting the process of aging and quick recovery from conditions like cirrhosis of the liver.
In addition to all the above, amla aids in process of digestion and helps prevent conditions like constipation and diarrhea. In addition to improving various bodily systems individually, it also is very helpful for overall physical well-being. | <urn:uuid:da99db23-b210-47c0-a2be-e3853e480d4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.ayurvedicnaturalcure.com/shop/immunity-boosters/amla-supplement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608617.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525233846-20170526013846-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.945094 | 868 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If the stress position is usually found at the end of a sentence, the topic position is usually found at the beginning, identifying the subject under discussion and providing context for all subsequent information. Consider two of Gopen and Shaw's examples: "Bees disperse pollen," and "Pollen is dispersed by bees." On the surface, both sentences seem to give us the exact same information. However, with "bees" in the topic position, we would expect to find the first sentence in a paragraph about bees. The second sentence, instead, tells a story about pollen, presumably leading the reader on to more information about pollen. Here, the topic position gives us the context for all following information.
The topic position also serves another important function: it links old information, previously presented in the text, to new information that will appear in the subsequent stress position. By properly exploiting topic and stress positions, the writer can present information seamlessly and logically, in a manner that is both easy to understand and pleasing to read; this is what professional writers refer to as the "flow" of a passage. However, improper use of both can lead to chaos in a seemingly well-constructed paragraph. Case in point: Gopen and Shaw's next example, taken from an actual published paper.
"Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are approximately uniform. Therefore, in first approximation, one may expect that large ruptures of the same fault segment will occur at approximately constant time intervals. If subsequent main shocks have different amounts of slip across the fault, then the recurrence time may vary, and the basic idea of periodic mainshocks must be modified. For great plate boundary ruptures the length and slip often vary by a factor of 2. Along the southern segment of the San Andreas fault the recurrence interval is 145 years with variations of several decades. The smaller the standard deviation of the average recurrence interval, the more specific could be the long term prediction of a future mainshock."
Here I'm going to quote Gopen and Shaw directly, because I can't express it any better than this:
"This is the kind of passage that in subtle ways can make readers feel badly about themselves. The individual sentences give the impression of being intelligently fashioned: They are not especially long or convoluted; their vocabulary is appropriately professional but not beyond the ken of educated general readers; and they are free of grammatical and dictional errors. On first reading, however, many of us arrive at the paragraph's end without a clear sense of where we have been or where we are going. When that happens, we tend to berate ourselves for not having paid close enough attention. In reality, the fault lies not with us, but with the author."
The main problem with this passage, they explain, is that the topic positions are constantly occupied by new material, in the place where readers expect to find context and linkage with old material. Because of this, it's difficult to determine exactly what story is being told: is it about the rate at which tectonic plates move? The recurrence time between shocks? The San Andreas fault? The topics jump around so much that one could read the passage through two or three times and not be entirely sure. Instead of finding the topics of the sentences in their expected positions at the beginning, as readers we must instead search through the passage and pick out the information that seems to be repeated relatively often, which we must then assume to be the topic of the entire paragraph. Many of the sentences seem to provide information about recurrence time, though this never explicitly appears in the topic position of any given sentence. If old material is not found in the topic position, it's also difficult to determine what, exactly, is the new information worthy of emphasis in each sentence. Using the assumption that the paragraph is about the recurrence interval between earthquakes, Gopen and Shaw proceed to highlight the most likely candidates for the available topic positions (linking backwards) and stress positions (important material presented for the first time), and they rewrite the passage as follows:
"Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are roughly uniform. Therefore, nearly constant time intervals (at first approximation) would be expected between large ruptures of the same fault segment. [However?], the recurrence time may vary; the basic idea of periodic mainshocks may need to be modified if subsequent mainshocks have different amounts of slip across the fault. [Indeed?], the length and slip of great plate boundary ruptures often vary by a factor of 2. [For example?], the recurrence intervals along the southern segment of the San Andreas fault is 145 years with variations of several decades. The smaller the standard deviation of the average recurrence interval, the more specific could be the long term prediction of a future mainshock."
Although the paragraph is more slightly more readable, the logical gaps between sentences remain. To fill them, Gopen and Shaw propose "however", "indeed", and "for example", but only the original authors could tell us whether these connecting words represent their intended meaning. Even in the revised version, it is still unclear exactly what the authors are preparing us for in the rest of their article. Will we learn more about earthquake prediction? Or the difficulties in earthquake prediction? Something else entirely? Although the paragraph is structurally more sound after editing, its deficiencies in communication become much more obvious.
To improve the flow and readability of texts, then, Gopen and Shaw provide the following guideline:
"Put in the topic position the old information that links backward; put in the stress position the new information you want the reader to emphasize."
In this way, the writer is consistently providing context for readers, while drawing their attention to the material most deserving of emphasis. By using the topic position to link backwards, sentences flow seamlessly from one to the next, without logical gaps, while the stress positions contain the "take-home message" right where the readers expect to find it.
More to come! Stay tuned....
Gopen, G. and J. Shaw. "The Science of Scientific Writing." American Scientist. Nov.-Dec., 1990. Accessed from http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-science-of-scientific-writing/. | <urn:uuid:1e9d81a7-cbcf-47b4-8e2a-55f1efa27b51> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.englishservicesforscientists.com/speaking-science-blog/reader-expectations-part-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.946491 | 1,352 | 3 | 3 |
The interior of a nuclear fusion reactor
Scientists in China made the headlines at the beginning of February when it was revealed that they successfully produced hydrogen gas more than three times hotter than the core of the Sun.
Crucially, the scientists were able to maintain that temperature -50 million degrees celsius - for 102 seconds.
Scientists are hoping to reproduce the same process which occurs in the sun
The experiment means nuclear fusion experts are a step nearer to replacing depleting fossil fuels with limitless nuclear energy powered by the ultra-high temperature gas.
This was followed by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) in Germany, who used an experimental nuclear fusion reactor called the Wendelstein 7-X stellar fusion device to create hydrogen plasma – a step in the right direction to nuclear fusion.
However, despite the impressive feats in these respective countries, one of the UK’s leading researchers in the field has said that it will be us who makes the major breakthrough.
The plasma made in Germany
Dr David Kingham, CEO of Tokamak Energy – a leading company in the production of tokamak machines which are devices used to produce nuclear fusion – told Express.co.uk that the UK “really ought to” roll out nuclear power plants first.
Dr Kingham said: “We have the world leading device here at Culham Laboratory – the Jet Tokamak.
“It still holds the record for producing the most power at 16 megawatts and Tokamak Energy is based here – partly because of the history history of fusion research at Culham, and partly because of the cluster of activity in superconducting magnets.
“We think we could get first production of [nuclear fusion] electricity by 2025 and then energy into the grid might be a further five years.”
The Oxfordshire-based CEO goes on to say that this will create a booming industry in the country.
Dr Kingham: “At the moment there are about 1000 people employed in southern England in fusion, mainly supplying publicly funded research.
“But we’d be talking about many tens of thousands employed in the future if we can get a technology that will roll out to large scale deployment.”
A Tokamak Energy machine
He adds that although the achievements in China and Germany are impressive, they’re not the future of nuclear fusion.
Dr Kingham continued: “The Wendelstein device in Germany is a big scientific achievement but it’s a very complicated and quite large device that has taken more than 10 years to build.
“Great science, and there will be more great science from it over the next few years, but I think to many people it doesn’t look like a route to fusion energy.
Dr David Kingham
“The East Tokamak in China uses a conventional low temperature superconductor and they achieved 100 seconds plasma, setting a record.
“Again it’s great science and great deployment of the technology, but we think the next generation of superconductors are going to be required to make the breakthrough to fusion power and these were a new type of high temperature superconductor will enable to us to have more compact Tokamak devices.”
Dr Kingham says that electricity will be in the National Grid as a result of nuclear fusion by 2030, and hopes that a couple of decades later it will be our main source of energy.
He said: “Potentially it could be a major source of electricity by 2050 and we’re going to need something because the climate change problems are not going to go away and by 2050 we really need new clean, green electricity.
“Fusion needs to be very firmly there as one of the most exciting options for future electricity supply.” | <urn:uuid:3b634669-698a-40fa-8298-1bb864110e30> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/644339/EXCLUSIVE-UK-FIRST-country-roll-out-nuclear-fusion-power-plants-say-experts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00513-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947537 | 788 | 3.359375 | 3 |
I teach students to read deeply, write freely, dialogue openly, think wisely, and act compassionately. These skills, practices, and dispositions—which call students to develop both habits of mind and habits of heart—allow students to live more deeply and fully, can be useful for their current or future careers, and will empower them to continue growing long after their time in my courses has come to an end.
Teacher as Gardener, Teacher as Tree (Teaching Philosophy)
Now I am a woman longing to be a tree
—Joy Harjo, Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings
On the first day of class, I often pass out notecards for students to fold into “tents” to write their names on and place on their desks. On the side opposite the names, I ask the students to draw an image to use to introduce themselves to the class. With first-year writing students, I ask for a literal representation. With literature students, I ask for a metaphor. So a student might draw a guitar in the one case because she likes to play or in the other case because, even though she feels a little out of tune, she also feel strung together enough to make music with her life. I usually draw a tree. On the literal level, the tree represents my love for, well, trees. On the figurative level, the tree represents my teaching philosophy in two ways.
To begin with, the tree can represent the way that I see my students as plants and myself as a gardener. In other words, the students are living, growing beings, and I cultivate that growth. Many acts of gardening correspond to acts of teaching:
- When I provoke students’ curiosity, I prepare the soil.
- When I address prior or common misconceptions, I pull out weeds.
- When I scaffold learning, I place stakes and trellises for vines to grow on.
- When I help students manage their time and priorities, I ward off weevils.
- When I give students challenging texts and tasks, I spread compost.
- When I give constructive feedback, I prune.
- When I celebrate student progress, I water.
- When I trim my syllabus to not overwhelm students, I provide shade.
- When I step back to let learning unfold, I provide access to sunlight.
- When I allow growth to take its time, I wait as every gardener must.
- When I find students deeply engaged in the learning process and producing work of quality surpassing what they had previously produced, I enjoy the flowers that have finally bloomed.
Like all good gardeners, I also constantly work to improve my craft, to better understand the varieties of plants, to adjust to changing weather patterns. For this, I can talk with other gardeners/teachers, read horticulture/pedagogy books, and experiment in the garden/classroom. Indeed, one of the most beautiful things about gardening and teaching is that plants and students alike are inexhaustibly living and growing entities, about the cultivation of which one can always learn more.
Some examples from my teaching repertoire follow. In each, I do not merely tell students what I want them to know. Since students have to be actively engaged in learning the ideas, skills, and dispositions for themselves, I take up the work of the teacher as gardener by considering the direction in which I would like them to grow and providing specific activities and materials that will guide and encourage the learning process.
Rhetoric in First-Year Writing. Upon entering college, many students understand writing primarily as a matter of following the teacher’s instructions. In English Composition II, I want them to come to see writing as a matter of shaping words to influence audiences in light of the students’ own purposes as writers. In one writing project, I ask students to imagine themselves as interns at a fictional philanthropic organization called Positive2 (“positive squared”). They write to a potential donor to ask for support for a social issue of the student’s choice. While I give the students some direct instructions—for example, telling them to use the classical argument structure (exordium, narratio, propositio, etc.)—I ask them to make certain decisions themselves, including “How many sources to use?” “How long to make it?” and “How formal a tone to take?” I help students make these decisions by guiding them through audience and purpose, samples of this sort of writing, and criteria for the project. (Download “Writing 5: Persuasive Essay” [PDF].)
Interpretation in the English Major. When English majors begin taking literature courses, they often rely on teachers (or CliffNotes) to tell them what the texts they read mean. In American Literature, I want students to ask their own questions, consider multiple possible interpretations, and weigh textual evidence supporting or contradicting each. In one discussion activity, I have students act out a written dialogue where two characters I’ve created, Armadillo and Rabbit, discuss John Steinbeck’s The Pearl. Rabbit proposes that the text, which the students have just read, boils down to the aphorism, “the love of money is the root of all evil.” Armadillo thinks it’s not that simple. Pairing up, the students continue Armadillo’s line of reasoning by coming up with reasons and textual support for why Rabbit has proposed a superficial reading. They then brainstorm possible alternative interpretations. (Download “Armadillo and Rabbit Discuss The Pearl” [PDF].)
Contemplation in General Education. College students in general education literature courses often assume literary texts are like crossword puzzles, to solve as quickly and painlessly as one can. In Introduction to Literature, I want students to slow down, read and reread, and connect with texts on an affective level. For one lesson, I ask students to bring painting supplies to class. Playing Gregorian chant in the background, I give the students the entire session to respond creatively to the text they have read for the day, The Book of Joel (a bit of Bible as literature). I ask them to copy out a particular passage to respond to before they begin. Then I invite illustrations of elements in the text or an abstract emotional responses, encouraging them to realize that the point isn’t to produce a painting but to slow down and connect with the text. (Download “Painting as a Reading Practice” [PDF].)
The metaphor of teacher as gardener speaks to what I do as a teacher. But I have also learned what the limits of doing are, where I have to stop doing as a teacher and start being as a teacher. This shift requires a new metaphor to describe myself as a teacher. Yes, the tree I draw to introduce myself to students speaks well to the idea that they are plants whose growth I will tend to. But it also speaks to my highest aspiration as a teacher. The second metaphor is that, as a teacher, I would like to be the tree.
Gardeners cannot force plants to grow or to be healthy. Gardeners can do their part and must then trust the laws of nature, which are not always known or predictable when it comes to living and growing things, to do the rest. I would like to live my life like a tree. While living and growing themselves, trees encourage the life and growth of other organisms—birds who land in the branches, squirrels who eat the nuts, mosses that hang in the branches, insects that live in the bark, humans who breath the oxygen, and so forth. As a teacher, I aspire to live in such a way that my own continuing vitality and growth contribute to an environment in which my students are encouraged and helped to themselves be more alive. As a tree-teacher, I aim to be open, generous, curious, creative, compassionate, understanding, thoughtful, rational, analytical, connected, present, awake, committed, caring, and engaged—so students can be too. Though harder to document, it is my hope that this inner treeness seeps out and informs and shapes all of my other acts and conditions as a teacher.
In short, I want to do certain actions that influence students, and I want to be a certain kind of person who wears off on students. Doing well requires pedagogical skill, knowledge, and creativity. Being well requires personal growth, depth, and integrity. Doing frames a space for learning. Being leaves that space open for that which cannot be predicted or controlled, which must be a gift—that element of inspiration, connection, relationship, insight—which we cannot demand or create, for which we can only prepare ourselves and our students, for which we can only be grateful. When that happens, I know what I have simply done, and been, my part. When it doesn’t, I go back to the drawing board and try to figure out how to do and be my part better.
- American Literature
- World Literature
- Contemporary Literature
- Latina/o Literature in the US
- Native American Literature
- Ecology, Theology, and Literature
- Literature and the Environment
- Poetry of the 1950s
- Introduction to Literature
- Introduction to Humanities
- English Composition I
- English Composition II
- Academic Research and Writing | <urn:uuid:30fbf699-5d7f-4f38-a2dc-df076884d1b3> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://paultcorrigan.com/teaching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039560245.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422013104-20210422043104-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.952898 | 1,955 | 3 | 3 |
TEFL Breakdown - What Subjects Will Your TEFL Course Cover?
Whether you choose an online format or an in-class option for your TEFL certification course, the overall goal is to provide you with all the skills and knowledge necessary to be an effective teacher in your post-course classroom. But what exactly are the skills and knowledge you will learn? While the exact content may vary from course to course, here we break down some of the general topics that you are likely to study.
The Role of the Teacher
What is the role of the teacher in a modern English language classroom? What are they there to achieve and how should they go about it? Should the teacher be a lecturer or a conversation facilitator? When should they correct errors during the class? Your TEFL certification course will provide the answers to all these questions and many more besides.
This crucial subject covers many areas, not least, how to deal with difficult behavior in the classroom. During the course, you will learn how to manage a wide range of issues without resorting to outdated disciplinary measures that you might remember from your own school days. You will also learn how different desk layouts can affect your students’ learning and how to keep the class engaged so they don't resort to watching the clock.
You probably won’t be surprised to learn that your future English classes will run more efficiently and be more rewarding for your students if they have been properly planned in advance. However, as with many things in life, ESL lessons don’t always go exactly to plan. Because of this, your TEFL course will not only show you how to effectively plan your lesson but also how to predict any problems that might arise during its delivery and how to overcome them.
One thing that separates language teaching from many other subjects is that it requires the teacher to focus on multiple skills: speaking, writing, reading, and listening comprehension. And unfortunately, there is no single teaching strategy that can address all four skills together. In order to develop your students’ abilities in all of these areas, your TEFL course will provide key ideas for developing your lessons based on the specific needs of those in your class.
One part of language learning that many students find the hardest to master is correct pronunciation. In different parts of the world, you will find that students have unique challenges with the pronunciation of certain words and letters. During your TEFL certification course you will learn how to deal with these issues and how to design specific lessons and activities to ensure your students have the best possible help in this difficult area of learning.
Testing the language level of your new students and testing the progress they have made at different points in the curriculum are important areas of a teacher’s job that need a considerable amount of planning. Your TEFL course will provide plenty of coverage of this issue to ensure you can confidently choose the right approach in any given situation.
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Now that you know what a TEFL course involves, what are you waiting for?
As you can see, a good quality TEFL course covers a wide range of important subjects. By combining all that you learn about each of these, you should be able to walk into your first teaching job fully confident that you can plan and deliver engaging and effective lessons that will give your students the best possible chance of success.
Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad.
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- You're Never Too Old to Change Your Life and Do a TEFL Course
- 10 Questions You Need to Ask Before Enrolling In a TEFL Course
- Top Tips for Taking an Online TEFL Course
- All You Need to Know When Teaching Multi-Level ESL Classes
- 10 Tips to Help Your Students Follow Directions When Teaching English Abroad
- What’s Stopping You from Teaching English Abroad? | <urn:uuid:dd52a713-3bbf-4da4-b09a-d9b3a3e27085> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.teflcourse.net/blog/tefl-breakdown-what-subjects-will-your-tefl-course-cover-ittt-tefl-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.945968 | 815 | 2.75 | 3 |
Happy Monday to one and all! As this begins another new week – thank God, it’s Monday! #TGIM
It’s also Martin Luther King Day! For great information about the history and celebrations going on today, in his honor, check out https://www.kidsdiscover.com/quick-reads/celebrate-martin-luther-king-day/ and https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/martin-luther-king-day.
People from all different races and backgrounds take time on this day to come together and to work together, celebrating our similarities as well as our diversities. Today is a special day to “love thy neighbor” and to lift others up. According to TimeAndDate.com, “Recent federal legislation encourages Americans to give some of their time on Martin Luther King Day as volunteers in citizen action groups.”
In other words, MLK Day is nationally recognized as a day of service, as so many hundreds of thousands of people across the country observe this day by giving back to their communities, as the reverend, Dr. King, did during his short but impactful lifetime. It’s such a great, positive way to begin the new year, by making a commitment to your community to make it a better place.
What will you do to honor this day? Some people organize and hold food and clothing drives to help the homeless and downtrodden. Others have peace parades/marches to celebrate equal rights for all. Museums, schools and other such organizations teach people about the history of oppression and segregation in our country and what we can still do to keep the doctor’s “Dream” alive and thriving.
Mom was actually a big advocate for loving our fellow man/woman. Mom was always questioning why we all just can’t get along, as we’re all God’s children. So often, as Mom and I (and my husband) have experienced, personally; people can’t even find friends within the same family unit these days. Mom always felt that the cohesive family unit was so important to our troubled world. Nonetheless, she continued to hope, as do I – still.
Mom emphasized throughout many of her “Food-for-Thought” articles and editorials, the importance of really caring about each other. She held a strong faith in LOVE and all the things it could overcome and yield, including dreams coming true. Now is the time to make dreams come true! What would you attempt, if you knew you couldn’t or wouldn’t fail? Mom would have answered, “probably nothing that you couldn’t [or wouldn’t] attempt, now, without a reasonable chance of success. But, by removing the risk you might attempt things that were a bit more daring or slightly more challenging.”
‘I take risks because anything worthwhile is worth taking a risk for… You can’t stay in bed your whole life.’ – Carol Burnett
FROM MOM’S MEMORIES…
As seen in…
This is not a Cook Book! It’s Gloria Pitzer’s Food for Thought (Secret Recipes, St. Clair, MI; Oct. 1986, p. 24)
DREAMS COME TRUE
THE BEST PART about having a dream is knowing that it just may come true – or, at least, we hope it will. Having a dream, having a goal, gives us hope; and it is hope that keeps us going, enabling each of us to meet whatever the world dishes out. Having a dream that fills us with hope is not… the same as living in a dream world, which often separates us from the reality of what’s happening around us.
I have a whole pile of dreams that keep me going, day-after-day, hoping that one of these will materialize. I fall back on one of these dreams when the ugly side of reality threatens to subdue me or appears to take a valued feeling away from me. I pull out my dreams every so often, whenever I feel I need the renewed strength of knowing that there is something I can look forward to that will be better than what has already transpired.
Dreams come true when they are within the realm of what we are capable of making happen. Dreams are the myriad opportunities that lie just beyond our smallest hope that we can [be, do and/or] have something better!
Everyone should be or, at least, have a good example to follow. As Mom once wrote, about her mom in her self-published book, This is not a Cook Book (Secret RecipesTM, St. Clair, MI; Oct. 1986, p. 8), which I shall repeat from me to Mom – as this is a perfect example of loving inspiration – ‘My mother is another good example I’ve followed. Her best gift, and greatest asset, is that she’s always been a patient listener and a wise adviser. She was absolutely loyal to my father…The world could turn [its] back on her children, but she would always be there for them when we needed her. She’s given me an example that’s going to be tough to equal.’
‘I’ve had so many good examples to follow – I’ll try to be one, myself, to somebody else.’ – Gloria Pitzer, This is not a Cook Book… (Secret RecipesTM, St. Clair, MI; Oct. 1986, p. 8)
MORE FROM MOM’S MEMORIES…
Excerpts by Gloria Pitzer from…
My Cup Runneth Over – And I Can’t Find My Mop, (Secret RecipesTM, St. Clair, MI; Dec. 1989, pp. 11 & 40)
IN CARING & LOVING
EVEN IN MY WRITINGS, I am quick to talk about caring and loving, because [it seems] we just don’t have enough of it. [I am] anxious to convey, through my writings, the real need to care about each other and to keep on caring, even when it [appears] to be useless and without the love being returned.
One quote that I have enjoyed sharing with my readers on this subject, which is unrelated to food for the table but very much a part of the FOOD FOR THOUGHT that I include in all of my writings, was something that I heard at a lecture years ago. The [speaker] advised [us] that sometimes we must love people, even when we DON’T want to, until we DO want to, in order to feel the full effects of that love. (p. 11)
We cannot lose sight of our need to care about each other, to strengthen our values and live by that yardstick. Then, wringing our hands with worry when the world seems to be in a state of chaos won’t send us running for synthetic comforts, escapes and restitutions that spell out ‘getting even’ rather than ‘going forward’. And it was the ‘going forward’ that I worked on so much in those early days…
All I could strive for then, and still do, is the consistency of purpose, the honesty in presentation and freshness of the ideas – whether in the form of a recipe, to imitate a famous food, or as an uplifting article on how to better understand your real self-hood and your relationship with others. (p. 40)
‘While I always spiced [my] columns with humor, I tried to make a point in each that would emphasize that we [should] care about each other [and] be more forgiving too. Whether it is cooking or companioning, my newsletters…carry articles, good thoughts and even suggestions on how to best show that we care about others.’ – Gloria Pitzer, My Cup Runneth Over and I Can’t Find My Mop (Secret RecipesTM, St. Clair, MI; Dec. 1989, p. 20)
ONCE MORE, FROM MOM’S MEMORIES…
Excerpts, written by Gloria Pitzer, from…
This is not a Cook Book! It’s Gloria Pitzer’s Food for Thought (Secret RecipesTM, St. Clair, MI; Oct. 1986, pp. 25 & 29)
Just as a mirror reflects the image in front of it, so it seems that loving people in our midst, bring out a loving nature in those around them. To reflect that kind of feeling is the greatest peace and the best tranquilizer! ‘There may be peace without joy and joy without peace but the two, combined, make happiness.’ – Lord Tweedsmuir [aka: John Buchan] (p. 25)
Life’s most precious gifts don’t come in packages. They come from the heart, wrapped in love… We seem to be living in a ‘keep-your-distance’ and ‘don’t get me involved’ world! People who are potentially caring, compassionate individuals should, but don’t always, care about each other! Some people profess to accept this kind of relationship with others. They endorse the indifference of people who make no demands on each other, who offer no depth, no devotion and no dimension in their relationship. And, by golly, a lot of people are willing and able to settle for cardboard communication when, with a little effort on their own [part, they] could have a perfectly lovely, lasting experience with another potentially caring human being! (p. 29)
Additionally, Mom also printed the following poem (pictured below), in part (the latter half), on page 30 of her book, This is not a Cook Book! It’s Gloria Pitzer’s Food for Thought (Secret RecipesTM, St. Clair, MI; Oct. 1986) – however, I could not find an original source, nor author for it.
ONCE MORE, FROM MOM’S MEMORIES…
Excerpts, written by Gloria Pitzer, from…
This is not a Cook Book! It’s Gloria Pitzer’s Food for Thought (Secret RecipesTM, St. Clair, MI; Oct. 1986, p. 34)
WHEN YOU HEAL THE HURT
IT HAS BEEN SAID that ‘when God closes a door, He opens a window’ – for those who have the wit to discover it. Among the ill, the handicapped, the disfigured… are an astonishing number of people who have found their ‘windows’. In quiet resurrections, they have risen out of their pain and despair and shattered hopes to new ambitions, new satisfactions and new happiness.
Though largely unsung, these men and women have in them the stuff of heroes! Their battles of necessity are fought alone… in endless hours and days and months. But, in these battles, they somehow develop a special kind of courage and, sooner or later, the breakthrough comes. Then, in spite of all the odds against them, they dare to say: ‘I may not have much candle left but, with what I have, I’ll shed a light.’
So, if you can’t be a lighthouse – be a candle! Let your light shine so that those on whom it may fall, will be blessed; and, like a springboard, bounce right back to make you feel good about it… There’s an old English verse that always comes back to me… [in picture, below – I could not find an original source, nor author for it, other than “From the wall of an old inn, Lancaster, England by Anonymous”] …when I think of how nice it would be if this were not a ‘keep-your-distance’ and ‘don’t get me involved’ world!…
DON’T GIVE UP
PEOPLE NOWADAYS give up too easily. They’ll donate a dollar to an anonymous recipient of any given charity, but won’t give two words to an offended neighbor – the two most important words of successfully living side-by-side – ‘I’m sorry.’
You don’t throw away the patient because the bandage needs changing. You try again… and again for some common ground of understanding. Otherwise, how will we, as a society, ever be able to love our neighbors across the world, until we have first learned to love those across the street? (p. 50)
This year, in honor of #52Chances and #MemorableBeginnings, I want to offer you a recipe each week from Mom’s “Original 200” Secret RecipesTM collection – as these are the memorable beginnings of the Recipe DetectiveTM. The following recipe, which also represents today as National Cheese Lover’s Day, is for Mom’s imitation of a baked cheesecake like she had, once, at Neiman Marcus…#CheeseLoversDay
P.S. Food-for-thought until we meet again, next Monday…
As I’ve mentioned for the past couple of weeks, NationalDayCalendar.com recommends that we… “Stop shaming Monday and look at what Monday has to offer… 52 CHANCES to see a beautiful sunrise… share your talents with the world… teach someone a new skill that will better their lives…” For me, this year, Mondays are 52 CHANCES to tell Mom’s story, again, and share another one of her copycat recipes; hopefully, re-inspiring love in the kitchen, in the home and family, throughout the neighborhood and around the world. Three down, 49 to go!
Gloria Pitzer’s Cookbook – The Best of the Recipe Detective is available for sale, at $20.99 each, through the publisher, Balboa Press, at https://www.balboapress.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-001062252; it’s also available in eBook form, for $3.99, at https://www.balboapress.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-001062253 – ENJOY! | <urn:uuid:8e2529dc-3ca9-4ec6-972b-7e094d8e49a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://therecipedetective.com/2020/01/20/mondays-memories-of-my-mom-dreams-come-true/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710962.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204040114-20221204070114-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.949971 | 3,060 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Gong Xi Fa Cai is a common greeting you will hear during Chinese New Year. The Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is a major holiday and a festive occasion celebrated in places with significant Chinese populations. This year, Chinese New Year falls on January 28.
In the Philippines, the Chinese New Year is much anticipated by the Filipino-Chinese communities. Many colorful customs and traditions are observed during this time, which are similar to those practiced in mainland China. Some of the more popular ones are the following:
CLEANING THE HOUSE
Before the Chinese New Year celebrations, people meticulously clean their homes. They scrub the walls, sweep the floor, change linens and dust the entire house. This is their way of showing respect to the family and their ancestors.
PAYING OFF DEBTS
People also pay off all their financial obligations before the Chinese New Year. Carrying any burdens from the previous year is believed to bring bad luck, so people try to settle all their debts.
GIVING RED ENVELOPES
Giving red envelopes or hongbao is also a custom observed during Chinese New Year. These red envelopes contain money and is commonly given to kids as Chinese New Year gifts. The color red is a symbol of happiness and blessings. Giving away red envelopes bestows good wishes and luck upon the receiver.
HAVING NEW YEAR’S EVE DINNER WITH FAMILY
The Chinese New Year is also the time where families get together. People usually have New Year’s Eve dinner at home where fortune food like fish, dumplings, spring rolls and longevity noodles are served.
EATING NIAN GAO OR TIKOY
Nian gao or Tikoy in the Philippines is a sweet delicacy prepared from glutinous rice that is traditionally eaten or given away during the Chinese New Year. Nian gao means “higher year.” When you give someone nian gao or tikoy, it means you are wishing that person prosperity in the coming year.
PERFORMING DRAGON DANCES
Dragon dances are likewise performed on the streets by people wearing colorful dragon costumes. A team of dancers carry the Chinese dragon on poles and mimics the movements of the dragon to the accompaniment of cymbals, drums and gongs. To the Chinese people, the dragon symbolizes power and prestige and is believed to bring good luck.
SETTING OFF FIREWORKS
The Chinese New Year celebration is not complete without fireworks. The Chinese believe that setting off fireworks when the clock strikes 12:00 on New Year’s Eve will drive away evil spirits and bring good fortune in the coming year. | <urn:uuid:a7a9df63-f284-4dfa-8ea4-f19fccfddc42> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://blog.egetinnz.com/2017/01/23/chinese-new-year-customs-and-traditions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480272.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216105514-20190216131514-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.946137 | 551 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Every now and then I find a story about an ordinary woman in history. Elizabeth Crofts is just one of those cases. She was involved in a curious incident during the reign of the Tudor Queen Mary I and ended up being accused of trying to undermine the Catholic Church and the crown of England. There is not much information on Elizabeth before she appears in the chronicles in 1554. It is believed she was a serving maid and about eighteen years old at that time which means she was born c. 1535. Her story appears in Protestant and Catholic chronicles and the story doesn’t vary in any of the sources.
England had endured much in the name of religion during the reigns of Kings Henry VIII and Edward VI. In an effort to dissolve his marriage to Katherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had broken with the Catholic Church, denying the pope was the head of the church in England and making himself Supreme Head of the Church. This was followed by the Dissolution of the Monasteries. During the reign of Edward VI, the Protector Edward Seymour and later John Dudley, Earl of Northumberland took the church even further away from Catholicism, promoting Protestant and Evangelical beliefs and doing away with Catholic ritual.
When the devoted Catholic Mary I became queen upon the death of her brother Edward, the whole country knew she would try to return England to the Catholic fold. She also wanted to get married and concluded a marriage agreement to wed her cousin, the very Catholic King Philip II of Spain. Needless to say, this match was not at all popular with the people of England. With Philip coming to England, Protestants were worried there would be a backlash and wide-scale persecution.
The marriage was planned for July 25. It is not known if she was Protestant or Catholic but on March 14 of 1554, Elizabeth was convinced and perhaps paid by Protestant advocates to hide herself behind the false exterior wall of a house on Aldersgate Street in a section of London where a large reformist population lived. While concealed, she began to make whistling noises with a special whistle given to her by a servant of Sir Anthony Nevill (or possibly Knyvet) named Drake. She also began to speak anti-Catholic propaganda and many who heard her believed she was an invisible spirit or some kind of angel. They called her “the angel (or bird) in the wall”.
She spoke heresies and treason against Queen Mary, King Philip and the Catholic Church. She would answer questions put to her by a clerk, an actor and a weaver who were part of the trickery. These men fired up the crowd by saying “the voice in the wall” would reveal the truth behind appearances and differentiate religious falsehoods. Elizabeth gave answers meant to provoke the crowd.
When asked “What is the mass?” Elizabeth replied “Idolatry”. When asked about the act of confession she replied with condemnation of all Catholic practices. When asked about the marriage of the Queen and the coming of the Spaniards, she implied there was divine disapproval of the Queen and King Philip. When the clerk yelled “God save Queen Mary” there would be silence behind the wall. When he cried “God save the Lady Elizabeth” (the future Queen Elizabeth I), she would say “So be it”.
The entire incident appears to have been well prepared and very successful. Elizabeth attracted huge crowds with her performance. By the second day, the throng apparently reached as many as seventeen thousand. After several days of the spectacle, the imposture was discovered. The wall was pulled down and Elizabeth was arrested. She was imprisoned in Newgate and later spent some time in the prison on Bread Street.
On July 6 (or possibly July 15), Elizabeth was forced to do penance by standing on a scaffold near the preacher at Paul’s Cross and confess that her performance had only been a ruse. She stated she had offended God and the Queen’s majesty…to her great shame and she denounced her accomplices. After her confession, she was returned to Newgate and later she was released. Although one of her corrupters was pilloried, Elizabeth herself was never held fully responsible for her actions. Londoners felt she had either been led astray or that she was merely mad. All trace of Elizabeth Crofts then disappears from the records.
Further reading: “Bloody Mary” by Carolly Erickson, entry on Elizabeth Crofts in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography written by Daniel Hahn | <urn:uuid:ef36fd16-3f31-4bdb-8f56-c849dad89aef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/tag/elizabeth-crofts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570730.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807211157-20220808001157-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.988707 | 941 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Published 3:14 pm, Thursday, September 5, 2013
Cicadas have large bullet-shaped bodies and huge wings. Their most recognizable characteristic is their mating call, a relentless, buzzsaw-like whining that can be as loud as 100 decibels. These noises are caused by rapid vibrations of ribbed, drum-like plates called tymbals on the male insect's exoskeleton.
We don't necessarily see or hear the same species of cicada every year. Some cicadas emerge from the ground in May and June, in very large numbers, at predictably synchronized intervals of 13 and 17 years. These broods are given a distinguishing numerical number to identify them. Annual cicadas differ from periodic cicadas in that they have a shorter life cycle, between two and eight years, and they do not emerge in large broods but rather in limited and unsynchronized numbers, seeming to reappear annually. This cicada is often colloquially called the "dogday harvestfly" because it emerges near summer's end.
Although early colonists compared them to locusts, cicadas are actually kin to aphids and stinkbugs. Hearing the annual cicada's last droning song signals the peak of summer, and the prelude to another season's turn. | <urn:uuid:01193825-b7f3-4c0e-aa74-1de4ddb21aae> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.timesunion.com/living/article/Backyard-Naturalist-4789727.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119782.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00143-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953515 | 269 | 3.375 | 3 |
The brown bear has a statewide distribution in Alaska. As far as trophy hunters are concerned, brown bears and grizzlies are two different animals, and this distinction is carried forward in both the Boone & Crockett and the Safari Club International records books. Each bear has different scoring standards, and both organizations draw lines on the map of Alaska to delineate the geographical boundaries of what they consider a brown bear, or a grizzly. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) makes no such distinction, and both bears are treated the same for regulatory purposes. Most hunters recognize a bear that has access to salmon as a brown bear. This includes bears found in most coastal areas, or along most of the major river systems in the state. Grizzlies are generally thought to be bears found in some parts of the Interior and in the Arctic.
Brown / grizzly bears vary in color from dark chocolate brown, to blond. Some regional color variations occur and are highly prized, such as the so-called "Toklat" coloration; dark legs, dark face, and lighter-colored body hair. A "silvertip" is a bear with darker underfur and bleached out guard hairs that turn nearly white at the tips. Most brown / grizzly bear hunters are concerned primarily with the trophy value of the animal, however some do eat the meat as well, particularly meat from bears that have been dining on vegetation for some time. Meat from bears that are dining on carrion or fresh meat can be unpalatable. With the exception of some subsistence hunts, hunters are not required to salvage the meat of brown / grizzly bears. Shooting sows is not prohibited, but it is generally discouraged; ADF&G has produced a DVD instructing hunters in how to tell the difference between male and female bears.
Brown / grizzly bears are hunted in both the spring and the fall. Spring hunts typically occur in April and May. Bear hunting typically resumes in earnest in September and October, and lasts until the bears den up in the latter part of October.
(map courtesy ADF&G)
Brown / grizzly bears are distributed statewide. Bear density per square mile is highly variable, with the lowest density occuring in the Arctic, and the highest densities occurring on the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and the ABC islands in Southeast. Generally densities are influenced by the availability of food in an area, with salmon providing an incentive for larger numbers of bears crowding some streams.
Game Management Units: GMU 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5
Southeast Alaska has a healthy brown bear population, however the thick vegetation in this area makes spotting one from a distance a real challenge. Focus your efforts on tidal flats, shoreline areas and large openings above treeline. Spring bears find themselves on the tide flats and coastlines, feeding on emergent vegetation, kelp, or other edible plant or animal life that washes up with the tides. Look for tide flats that have clam beds. Bears can sometimes be spotted and appoached from a distance while they are distracted digging clams at low tide. Try to plan your spring hunt to coincide with minus tides to maximize your opportunities. A popular technique is to cruise the shoreline areas and glass from the boat. Once a bear is located, it is examined from a distance for it's trophy value before a stalk is made. In the fall, focus on salmon streams or glass clear-cut areas or other openings above treeline for bears feeding in berry patches. Owing to the close vegetation found along salmon streams, extreme caution is urged. Perhaps the most well-known area to hunt brown bears in Southeast is the ABC Islands (Admiralty, Baranof and Chicagof), however many other islands also produce brown bears, along with the mainland.
Game Management Units: GMU 6, 7, 8, 14C, 15
Brown bears are found throughout the Kenai Peninsula, however spring bears are widely-scattered because denning sites exist all the way from the mountains out onto the Kenai flats.
Region 3 (Interior, central & eastern Brooks Range)
Game Management Units: GMU 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26B, 26C
The eastern Arctic has a healthy grizzly population and it's not uncommon to run into one while you're hunting moose or caribou up that way. The central Interior sports good numbers as well, and some of these bears will be a bit larger than the Arctic grizzlies, due to good access to salmon in some river systems.
Region 4 (Southcentral, Alaska Peninsula, Aleutians)
Game Management Units: GMU 9, 10, 11, 13, 14A, 14B, 16, 17
Southcentral Alaska has a stable and healthy brown bear population and as you go west, it gets even better. Katmai National Park, out toward the Alaska Peninsula, is a very popular bear viewing area, and is of course off-limits to hunters. But there are many places to hunt brown bear in this area.
Region 5 (Western Brooks Range, west coast to Bristol Bay)
Game Management Units: GMU 18, 22, 23, 26A
Region 5 contains a many square miles of open tundra, much of which produces berries by the fall hunting season. Bears are attracted to these areas, and if you can find an elevated perch from which to glass, opportunities can be very good at times. Alternatively, you can consider glassing your moose or caribou kill site(s) for black bears three or four days after you have finished packing meat.
There are several ways brown / grizzly bears are hunted in Alaska. Regardless of the methods used, timing is everything. Whereas moose may be taken fairly consistently in mid-morning, bears are early risers or, in some cases, totally nocturnal. If you linger over breakfast, your chances of seeing larger bears could drop significantly. Let's look at some methods of hunting brown / grizzly bears in Alaska.
With limited exceptions mostly restricted to predator control situations, the baiting of brown bears is illegal in Alaska.
Salmon are a primary food source for brown bears during the summer and fall months. And because salmon are found in streams that are often choked with thick vegetation along the banks, one of the best ways of encountering them is to sit on a stand or stalk very quietly along the banks. Sneaking along a salmon stream, hoping to encounter a brown bear at close range is about as close to the polar opposite safe behavior you are supposed to follow in bear country, but sometimes it's the only way you will see one.
The primary method of hunting brown / grizzly bears is spot and stalk, and it can be accomplished in open country, above riparian zones along salmon streams, or from mountainsides and even valleys. The most important component of good spot and stalk hunting is the location of your stand. Choose a glassing position that allows a good view of prime habitat. Habitat quality is mostly determined by available food sources. Are blueberry patches nearby? Is there a kill nearby? Does a salmon stream flow through the area? These things will attract bears. Choose a location that overlooks these places. Next, ensure that your position allows the prevailing winds to carry your scent away from the area you are glassing. To determine wind direction, first look for cloud movement overhead. Then factor in the configuration of the terrain. Wind flows through an area the same way water moves through a stream bed; it flows over and around hillocks, cut banks and tall vegetation, forming back-eddies and swirls as it moves. For the most part you want to position yourself anywhere from directly downwind to about 40 degrees downwind of the area you're glassing. You can get by with positioning yourself directly cross-wind from the target area, but you may have have a lot less options when it comes to making a stalk. You'll probably have to hook downwind and then make your way into the wind to make your stalk.
Is it a Brown Bear or a Grizzly?
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game recognizes two subspecies of brown bear in Alaska; brown bears of the Kodiak / Afognak archipelago (ursus arctos middendorffi) and brown bears found elsewhere in Alaska (ursus arctos horribilis). The Kodiak bears are thought to have a genetic connection with bears found in Russia and are genetically distinct from other brown bears in Alaska. The greatest distinction of the Kodiak bears as far as trophy hunters are concerned is skull size, with Kodiak bears edging out the Alaska Peninsula bears by a small margin (generally Kodiak bears have wider skulls, and the Peninsula bears are slightly longer).
Generally speaking, hunters recognize that a brown bear is any bear that potentially has access to salmon. That's why the Boone and Crockett Club's original guidelines indicated that any bear taken within 50 miles of the Alaska coastline was a brown bear. More recently, in recognition of the many brown bears that are found far inland, the map was redrawn. Lines on a map are somewhat arbitrary though, and brown bears are certainly found in "grizzly country" and vice-versa.
For scoring purposes, the Boone and Crockett Club requires that bears taken in the following areas be scored as brown bears: GMUs 1-17, and portions of GMUs 18 & 19 lying south of the 62nd parallel. Bears taken outside this area are scored as grizzlies.
From the standpoint of the Alaska hunting regulations, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game considers all brown bears and grizzlies found in Alaska to be the same animal.
Though the Alaska hunting regulations permit the taking of boars and sows (the taking of sows with cubs is generally prohibited), the intent of ADF&G and of most hunters is to take mature males. The reason both are allowed is to accommodate hunters who cannot easily tell the difference in field conditions. That said, learning how to tell boars from sows is a skill worth honing. Here are a few pointers.
As a rule, mature boars are larger than sows, sometimes as much as twice the size of a sow the same age. Because breeding season is in the spring, if you see two bears together and one is obviously pursuing the other, chances are the bear chasing the other is a boar. Another good indicator is the shape of the head. Boars have wider and blockier heads than sows, and sows appear to have longer snouts and narrower heads. Skull configuration is a lot like looking at the heads of dogs, so if you can tell a male hunting dog from a female by the shape of the head, you're well on your way to learning how to tell a boar from a sow.
Judging any bear in field conditions is a skill that can only be acquired from experience. That said, certain principles are generally accepted when it comes to determining trophy value of a bear. Because the most common hunting technique for hunting brown / grizzly bears is spot and stalk, it's likely that your first opportunity to judge a bear in the field will be by direct observation of a particular animal.
Though there are notable exceptions, look for bears that don't show a lot of daylight between the belly and the ground; as bears age they gain weight. Lean, lanky-looking bears are probably younger animals. There are exceptions with some very large bears, but those bears have noticeably longer bodies in proportion to their heads. Larger bears also appear to have longer necks.
In some areas, larger bears are nocturnal, or nearly so. This means that your chances of spotting a bigger male are better in early morning or late evening.
The bear's gait is sometimes a clue to it's size. Smaller bears tend toward faster, jerky movements and other behaviors that suggest a lack of confidence. Larger bears sometimes eat smaller bears, so their nervousness is understandable. Bears that exhibit slower, ponderous movements might demand a closer look.
Look the bear over carefully from all sides, if possible. Whether it is a spring or a fall bear, the hide can be rubbed clear down to the skin, rendering the hide worthless as a trophy. Pass on such bears, and hold out for something with more hair.
Another indicator of a bear's size is the width of its track. Measure the width of the front pad imprint and you can rough-guess the squared size of the animal. Generally, the width of the front pad is measured and two inches is added to calculate the squared size. For example, a pad width of six inches would be an eight-foot bear, a width of seven inches would be a nine-footer and a width of eight inches would be a ten foot bear.
As brown / grizzly bears mature, their claw color often fades from brown to nearly white. Old bears often have white claws.
With the exception of subsistence hunters, most hunters give some thought to the size of an animal before they harvest it. Whether such considerations are based on the conservation ethic of wanting to take mature animals that are in their waning reproductive years, or simply trophy-collecting standards, the preference is generally to take larger animals. Some years ago the Boone and Crockett Club was established as a way to recognize animals of unusual size.
If you plan to have your bear officially scored for records-book purposes, the only qualifying measurement used by the Boone and Crockett Club is the size of
the skull. The measurements are simple; use a caliper to measure the overall length of the skull, and measure the width at the widest point (the zygomatic arch). Measurements are made to the nearest 1/16 of an inch. Add these two numbers together for the final score.
Note that to be officially scored in the Boone and Crockett records, the skull must be dried for 60 days after the animal was killed, and must be scored by an official measurer with the club.
A grizzly skull must score a minimum of 23 inches to make the Boone and Crockett records, and a brown bear must measure at least 26 inches.
As an indicator of the true size of the animal, most hunters are interested in the size of the wrapper the bear came in. This is derived by measuring the flat, unstretched hide. Measure the length from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail, then measure the width from the end of the claws, across the front legs. Add these two numbers together and divide by two. The resulting figure is the "square" measurement of the hide. This is the number heard most often around bear camp; the "squared" measurement of the bear.
Take your measurements after fleshing, but before salting in order to determine the actual size of the hide. Fat and muscle tissue left attached to the hide prevent it from laying completely flat, and give you a smaller measurement than a properly fleshed hide.
Some guide services have been known to fudge the numbers by stretching the hide before measurement. This embarrassing tactic does little to determine the actual size of the animal, however it does serve to inflate the ego of the shooter and the reputation of the guide service beyond their natural proportions.
Here is a list of additional resources on brown bear biology, hunting tactics, meat and trophy care, and protecting yourself from problem bears. | <urn:uuid:7d1d36de-1cfc-4324-8e4a-ec8dcc6c74d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.alaskaoutdoorssupersite.com/brown-bear | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.950883 | 3,187 | 2.703125 | 3 |
NCDC’s Snow Cover Products
Snowfall can affect everything from business operations to travel to soil moisture available for the growing season and more. At regional and local scales, water resource managers, flood forecasters, and farmers need to know how much water content is in snow and when it will melt. On a larger scale, runoff from melting snow feeds streams and rivers that supply water for agriculture and cities. Knowing when and how quickly snow will melt is essential for forecasting if runoff from snowmelt will soak into the ground or cause flooding. NCDC produces several products that can be used to monitor snowfall and snow cover throughout the winter, some of which are described below.
NCDC’s Regional Snowfall Index ranks significant snowstorms that affect the eastern two-thirds of the United States on a scale from one to five, placing snowstorms and their societal impacts into a historical perspective on a regional scale.
Recent U.S. snowfall and snow depth maps are available from NCDC for the most recent one, two, three, and seven-day period by state or for the entire contiguous United States. An interactive, GIS-based U.S. snow monitoring map is also available from NCDC, with data back to 2006.
Snow cover extent data is available from 1967 to 2014 for North America and Greenland, the Northern Hemisphere, Eurasia, and North America. Additional snow cover maps are also available for the contiguous United States, Alaska, and the Northern Hemisphere.
Preliminary U.S. daily snowfall and snow depth amounts collected from the National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observer stations and NWS First Order stations are also available from NCDC. These daily observations are available as a text file for each month from July 2005 to the present.
As part of NCDC’s monthly climate reports, the National Snow and Ice Report includes an overview of conditions as well as a summary of notable snowstorm events during each month. Annual reports, such as the 2013 National Snow and Ice Annual Report, are also developed for the previous 12 months each January.
For more information on these products and others, visit NCDC’s Snow and Ice page. | <urn:uuid:b95c4df8-841f-494e-a4d2-98da3f0cb73c> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://ncdc.noaa.gov/news/ncdc%E2%80%99s-snow-cover-products | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380394.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00163-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941265 | 447 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Ads, Glorious Ads! How would we know what we want with out being told, sung to, danced, designed, and trailered. But, on the flip side how far has society gone on adding warning labels to everything? Now its chairs due to poor health conditions that can be attributed to habitual sitters (just like smokers). What’s next – vegetables?
The Next New Label
Years ago we attributed the most unhealthy people were those who had careers where auto or truck travel over distance was required. The hours, weeks, months , and years with this requirement in this career in a normally unhealthy position was one of the largest contributors to poor health rather than the first thought of impact or accident. As the computer age dawned and the virtual digital age became the ruler of careers and now for many virtual lives and social connections our time sitting has more than tripled and so has our health problems. These health problems range from neck pain, back pain, headaches, sciatica to onset of disease processes including obesity. Although one solution may be to reactivate your Wii Fit, the other more realistic solution should be to take heed to the warning that prolonged sitting has detrimental effects on our health and to take responsibility for our actions rather than banning the chair.
In a study performed at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Louisiana, a Physiologist, Marc Hamilton, discovered that when he prevented lab mice from standing up, an enzyme that burns fat gets turned off, which can lead to weight gain. “This enzyme is virtually shut off within hours of not standing, completely independent of diet, completely independent of weight changes.” Hamilton further stated that, “Sitting has become the most common human behavior; literally, it outstrips the amount of time we spend sleeping.” Drawing a parallel of sitting to a new form of smoking – an occurrence that was at one time was so common, acceptable and advertised that people were reluctant to see the health hazard it posed. The two primary parallel components being that both smoking and sitting are silent and take years to develop serious disease processes.
To add more specific facts, another study published by the American Journal of Epidemiology showed that sitting for long stretches, more than six hours a day, can make someone at least 18 percent more likely to die from diabetes, heart disease and obesity than those sitting less than three hours a day.
At our practice we see how human behaviors shape our society. The evolution of technology has impacted the way we use our bodies. Humans have moved from the active life of being hunter-gatherers to becoming agriculturalists. The Industrial Revolution moved us to factories and the ‘technological revolution’ landed us behind desks and into the culture of sitting too much and living a sedentary lifestyle that is already contributing to sickness, pain and dis-ease.
The poor posture and sitting pandemic is serious and going to have predictably devastating effects on your health and the health of the next generation unless we change our behaviors.
Computers and technology are here to stay. So ergonomics and the accountability of our actions will be crucial to gaining our freedom back.
Here are three simple posture tips you can begin today:
- Get a standing desk so you can do your work standing
- Take regular breaks. Get up every 30-60 minutes to stretch for 30-60 seconds.
- Do not sit down on the sofa after your evening meal. Stand and stretch for 10 minutes. Bonus! It will also stimulate your metabolism!
Ready To Help!
Is your future health worth a few minutes and a few minor changes in your behaviors? Absolutely!
If your are ready to improve your flexibility, stop degenerative changes, arthritis and many other conditions plus increase your energy call our office today. Our expert team is ready to help you stand up against today’s lifestyle health challenges.
Let’s Not Take This Sitting Down!
For Your Health,
Dr. Scott Van Dam | <urn:uuid:fb9a5768-fb6c-4fad-af16-cfcaaee2ba5a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://vandamchiropractic.com/chiropractic/fargo-nd-chiropractor/a-new-health-warning-label-for-chairs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401063607-20230401093607-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.955155 | 819 | 2.828125 | 3 |
AshEse Journal of Physical Science
Vol. 3(3), pp. 044-045, May, 2019
© 2019 AshEse Visionary Limited
Philosophy of mathematics: About afterlife and other philosophical thoughts
Adib Ben Jebara
Received: May, 2019; Accepted date: May, 2019
A soul is partly made of thoughts. Thoughts are mathematical waves. Brain waves are something else. Anything mathematical is eternal (“non-perishable”). Thus souls are immortal. Afterlife is for souls, not for bodies. For the first time in the History of mankind afterlife is proven to exist in some way. With afterlife being no more a matter of faith, there is a new intellectual horizon.
Keywords:Mathematical waves, brain waves, eternal
In front of (when we face) complexity, there are shortcuts. The existence of shortcuts is a consequence of the existence of God. To know histories help to find shortcuts; to know where a doubt persists helps to find shortcuts. We often have to be interested in 1963.
Until 1963, there was no option for extreme specialization. This theory of shortcuts fits in the theory of total quality management. Anti-intellectualism, bureaucratic behavior and extreme specialization prevent shortcutsand being not result oriented.
AN EXAMPLE OF SHORTCUT
A soul is partly made of thoughts. Thoughts are mathematical waves. Brain waves are something else. Anything mathematical is eternal (“non-perishable”). Thus souls are immortal. Afterlife is for souls, not for bodies. For the first time in the History of mankind afterlife is proven to exist in some way. With afterlife being no more a matter of faith, there is a new intellectual horizon. A mathematical wave is a curve such as a sinusoidal curve which is represented in a plane with two axes and the first axis being time. Thoughts are mathematical waves because brain waves are the same for different thoughts. Spiritual energy is the other component of the soul and is eternal as it is related to mathematics, but not mathematics. Another idea is that there will be no resurrection of bodies. The evolution had as a goal the immortality of the soul. I used an
electroencephalogram about the brain waves being not influenced by wild thoughts. Souls who are able to think during an infinite time will have afterlife. Thoughts appear in a mathematical sky and are seen with the eye of the soul. A model for the soul is approximately a machine of Turing which can read and write an infinite number of symbols.
The importance of medicine is a paradox. Alexandre Koyre wrote that Galileo sent the Earth in the Skies, meaning the mathematical theories of the Skies. From what I understood, that was allowed by the coming of Jesus Christ, man-god.
I have a doubt about that point of view because of the existence of Archimedes about 200 years before Christ. We should go to a more contemplative science where we take moreawareness of the meaning of the principles adopted.We invest too much in experimentation and not enough in new theories,overcompensating for the error of the middle Ages in Europe.
We are not aware that the foundations of science can be questioned.
From a work of Kurt Godel, we know that there are an infinityof mathematical axioms to be discovered. In the other sciences, there are also principles to be discovered.When there is a controversy, most of the time, if the people involved are intelligent,
the truths is (lies) in an opinion which is somewhere in the middle.
The existence of commentsdenotes a lackof creativity such as the creativity that has manifested itself in Europe in the 17th century andin Europe and America at the beginning of the 20th century.
Book : “A philosophy for scientists” by Adib Ben Jebara
Shield Crest Publishing UK 2015. | <urn:uuid:dcdd0081-152c-478f-82c7-5b5988bf1829> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://ashese.co.uk/ajps-v3-issue-3/philosophy-of-mathematics-about-afterlife-and-other-philosophical-thoughts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077843.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414155517-20210414185517-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.927119 | 796 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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To make sure that you collect valid survey outcome, make certain you include instructions on the best way to answer the survey questionnaire. A good example is the heating of a house that utilizes all 3 principles. It’s also important to determine the amount of analysis. Most diamond formation probably happened in the Earth in the very first couple billion decades of the planet’s history. It’s also hard to observe the way the complete quantity of helium could have been produced. An asteroid with significant quantity of gold wreaks havoc with the planet’s economy. | <urn:uuid:20661e2b-2ce1-4681-a522-67d5ad0cc987> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://rally-lydnad.se/630-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921104758-20190921130758-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.946769 | 1,038 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In simple words, Named Data Networking (NDN) is recently introduced architecture as a substitution for existing host-based IP networks to deliver the contents by IP and data packets. In the existing method, the packets are distributed over the network based on the IP address. On the contrary, the NDN method follows “data-name” in every packet for easy data identification and distribution. On using packet names, the router makes decisions over packet forwarding. It is easy for routers to cache packets and enhance network bandwidth. In this way, it substitutes the host-intensive IP networks with data-intensive networks. Overall, NDN enables data dissemination with its caching content.
This page provides an opportunity for active scholars to know the developments of named data networking for software-defined vehicular networks from research perspectives!!!
Both Software-defined Network (SDN) and NDN are common in altering inherited networking architectures. On the one hand, NDN uses data-name instead of IP address for better and fast internet architecture. On the other hand, OMNET++ SDN detaches the control plane from the data plane for service management in the absence of physical interference. One more common factor of NDN and SDN is transmission over different interfaces. And, currently, both technologies are widely developing in vehicular networks. Our technical legends are intelligent in designing and developing innovations in NDN-SDN for enhancing vehicular network performance. Here, we have given our upgraded technical skills in NDN-SDN for VN.
Our Skills and Knowledge in NDN
To ease the vehicular networks programmability, SDN based vehicular network was introduced. It specifically handles key parameters such as safety, heterogeneity, trustworthiness, routing, flexibility, etc.
Likewise, Named Data Network aims to use data name in the place of IP address to ease the data identification, requesting, forwarding, and retrieving. For this purpose, it created a new architecture that works based on any information / content-centric network. And, NDN is capable to collaborate with both vehicular networks and software-defined networks. Below, we have given some key taxonomies of software-defined vehicular networks that every scholar should be aware of before undergoing deep research on NDN.
In point of fact, here we have combined SDN, NDN and vehicular networks in one place. The primary motive of this collaboration is to give advantages and specializations of SDN on named data in vehicular network. As a result, it helps to achieve the efficient resource usage in the network. This collaborated network is made up of:
Additionally, the integration of NDN in-network entities makes effective network management. Overall, it manages the flow of data and enables fast data requests and responses in a vehicular network. Technically, it is challenging to integrate all these areas in one. So, our resource team has collected numerous solutions to overcome all possible issues in developing SDN-controlled VNDN (Vehicular Named Data Network). Here, we have given some key challenges of Named Data Networking for Software-Defined Vehicular Networks.
As mentioned earlier, our resource team is well-equipped with a strong technical foundation in both fundamental and advanced technologies for integrating NDN with SDN-based Vehicular networks. Consequently, this integration of areas yields more benefits among digital society developments. So, our experts choose the research areas which surely create a more positive contribution to digital society. And, we collected countless thought-provoking research notions for the benefit of our handhold scholars. Here, we have highlighted the top three research ideas from the latest research areas of NDN-based SDVN.
In addition, we have also given a few more current areas/topics of NDN-based SDVN. Additionally, we have given the emerging challenges with their corresponding findings. Similarly, we also support you in other areas and provide you best-fitting solutions through modern technologies. Further, we also motivate you to bring your own ideas and guide from research problem identification to experimental result analysis.
Basically, the efficiency of the computer network model is affected by several parameters. Similarly, NDN over SDVN network also has some parameters that influence the performance of the model. On experimenting with the NDN-based content delivery, the following parameters are needed to be considered. In this, we have given content parameters followed by system and workload parameters. Further, our developers also guide you to choose the parameters appropriately to boost system performance.
Open Issues and Research Roadmap
Certainly, SDN, NDN, and vehicular networks are individually advantageous in different aspects. When we integrate all three in one place, it is even advantageous in creating new achievements. Although this collaborative field is beneficial in multiple aspects, NDN is a newly developed architecture. So, it still facing various scientific issues in the travel of seamless evolution. Here, we have given you some significant open issues in NDN in SDVN.
So far, we have discussed the role of SDN and NDN in delivering named content over vehicular networks. In this, we have debated on the functionalities and advantages of SDN-NDN, NDN-based VN, SDN-based VN, and NDN in SDVN. And also, we have discussed the modern architecture of NDN with their future transition.
Then, we have discussed the current research challenges of real-time execution and parameters to elevate the performance of the system. Though NDN and SDN are moving towards the direction of maturity, it still needs research concern to create a strong groundwork for managing dynamic mobile networks like a wireless vehicular network. So, we have framed several solutions for Named Data Networking for Software-Defined Vehicular Networks applications.
On the whole, we support you in every stage of your studies like research, development, and manuscript writing (with unlimited revisions). To the great extent, we also assist in paper publication on reputed journals like Springer, IEEE, ScienceDirect, etc. We assure you that our research works are 100% plagiarism-free and 100% top-quality. So, reach us to reach your research destiny within your stipulated time. | <urn:uuid:a30a4aba-e79b-4866-a1ea-9a37f383f437> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://omnet-manual.com/named-data-networking-for-software-defined-vehicular-networks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100540.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205010358-20231205040358-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.921913 | 1,264 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Happiness has everything to do with your emotional life, including your emotional memories, but perhaps not in the way you imagine. Happiness, according to the dictionary definition, is “a state of well-being and contentment” or “a pleasurable or satisfying experience.” 1 Yet, from a psychological point of view, a state of happiness arises from the complex interaction among your biology, biography (history and culture), and physiological sensations. The experience of positive emotions, such as elation, gladness, relief, bliss, or amusement is “scripted” early in life by the circumstances around which such emotions have been felt. If your family, culture, or environment discouraged the expression of intensely felt positive emotion, for example, you may fear judgment or some other obstacle when you are excited. Regardless of how the circumstances of your past might impact your interpretation of an emotion in the present, its actual source is biological and remains constant. Our emotional responses originate in our brain. They serve to direct your attention and motivate your behavior by creating various responses. The emotion that follows includes images and thoughts you attribute to what you feel in your body.
So, then, how do you become happy or get happier? Among nine core emotions, only two are involved in creating the emotions and sensations that lead to an experience of happiness. They include, on a mild-to- intense-spectrum, enjoyment-joy and interest-excitement. 2
You may recognize a smile or laughter as the expression of enjoyment-joy. The smile of joy may be relief, as well as the sudden reduction of pleasure that is found in an orgasm or following a good meal. 3 Yet the enjoyment produced by the conscious experience of a smile may also be the result of retrieved unconscious memories of your own past smiles. 4 Similarly, simply remembering, anticipating, or imagining may evoke the smile of joy, and that this capacity in humans serve a social significance as it ties us to others. 5 Thus, we might infer that happiness, based on the experience of enjoyment-joy, is more than just good feeling; it is a foundation upon which human connection is based.
The emotion of interest-excitement can also create an aura of happiness, as well as connect humans, since it is often activated or accompanied by pleasurable looking or listening, and by sexuality. 6 Excitement is a crucial emotion since it attracts and holds a person to a particular wayof life; that is, we are what excites us. 7 Without the activation of excitement, whether it is from thinking, doing, imagining, or interacting, we can feel tired and lifeless.
Excitement, combined with other emotions, such as fear or shame, produces a potent combination. A frightening amusement park ride is concurrently exciting. And many people link shame or humiliation to excitement in their sexual encounters. In any case, the resulting positively elevated feelings can be interpreted as happiness.
Some theorists have speculated that interest motivates novelty-seeking and exploration, in contrast to enjoyment which motivates attachment to familiar events, such as having a favorite restaurant or vacation destination. 8 Although trying something new may end up in disappointment, novelty-seeking builds knowledge and skills, and it certainly can provide you with the experience of happiness.
Interest is an emotion associated with curiosity, exploration, and information seeking. 9 Interest can make you happy. In an interview with Charlie Rose, Margaret Atwood noted that, “happiness is a byproduct of being interested in what you do.” 10 The emotion of interest– both being interested and interesting—also can profoundly affect one's physiological and psychological well-being. According to a study, a sense of purpose, meaning, and engagement with life, referred to as eudaimonic well-being, predicts physical health (including lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol), and is protective against psychopathology. 11
Given that positive emotions can provide the resources for happiness, the trick you must use to create it is to welcome those emotions when they are activated. But you must remember that the feelings associated with the activation of any emotion are short-lived since emotion is triggered in response to something specific. We do not experience enjoyment, joy, interest, or excitement all of the time, any more than we continuously experience any of the negative emotions. Both positive and negative emotions are part of humanness, and the positive emotions we experience that create happiness are differently important than the negative ones from which we can learn. But certainly, the positive ones do feel better.
(For information about my books, please see my website: www.marylamia.com)
1 Merriam-Webster, 2016.
2 Tomkins, S. S. (1962/1991), Affect Imagery Consciousness: The Positive Affects (Vol. 1), New York: Springer.
3 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
4 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
5 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
6 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
7 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
8 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
9 Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2,
300-319; Izard, C. E., & Ackerman, B. P. (2000). Motivational, organizational, and regulatory functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (2nd ed., (pp. 253-264). New York: Guilford Press.
10 Rose, C., Season: 22, October 2013.
11 Heller, A.S.; van Reekum, C.M.; Schaefer, S.M.; Lapate, R.C.; Radler, B.T.; Ryff, C.D; & Davidson, R.J. (2013). Sustained Striatal Activity Predicts Eudaimonic Well-Being and Cortisol Output. Psychological Science, 23. | <urn:uuid:160198b5-bcc9-4576-a109-4cd89418a9af> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.therapytoday.com/can-you-be-happier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315558.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820180442-20190820202442-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.934536 | 1,289 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Created by CK-12 Foundation/Adapted by Christine Miller
This man is on his way to coming in third in an international hot dog eating contest (Figure 15.3.1). It may look as though he is regurgitating his hot dogs, but in fact, he is trying to get them into his mouth and down his throat as quickly as he can. In order to eat as many hot dogs as possible in the allotted time, he pushes several into his mouth at once, and doesn’t bother doing much chewing. Chewing is normally the first step in the process of digestion.
of food is a form of , in which the food is broken down into small molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. Digestion occurs when food is moved through the digestive system. This process begins in the and ends in the . The final products of digestion are absorbed from the digestive tract, primarily in the small intestine. There are two different types of digestion that occur in the digestive system: and . Figure 15.3.2 summarizes the roles played by different digestive organs in mechanical and chemical digestion, both of which are described in detail below.
is a physical process in which food is broken into smaller pieces without becoming changed chemically. It begins with your first bite of food (see Figure 15.3.3) and continues as you chew food with your teeth into smaller pieces. The process of mechanical digestion continues in the stomach. This muscular organ churns and mixes the food it contains, an action that breaks any solid food into still smaller pieces.
Although some mechanical digestion also occurs in the small intestine, it is mostly completed by the time food leaves the stomach. At that stage, food in the GI tract has been changed to the thick semi-fluid called . Mechanical digestion is necessary so that chemical digestion can be effective. Mechanical digestion tremendously increases the of food particles so they can be acted upon more effectively by digestive enzymes.
is the biochemical process in which in food are changed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into body fluids and transported to cells throughout the body. Substances in food that must be chemically digested include , s, s, and . Carbohydrates must be broken down into simple s, proteins into s, lipids into and glycerol, and nucleic acids into nitrogen bases and sugars. Some chemical digestion takes place in the mouth and stomach, but most of it occurs in the first part of the small intestine ().
Chemical digestion could not occur without the help of many different digestive enzymes. are proteins that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical reactions. Digestive enzymes are secreted by or by the of epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract. In the , digestive enzymes are secreted by s. The lining of the secretes enzymes, as does the lining of the . Many more digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine cells in the and carried by ducts to the small intestine. The following table lists several important digestive enzymes, the organs and/or glands that secrete them, the compounds they digest, and the pH necessary for optimal functioning. You can read more about them below.
|Digestive Enzyme||Source Organ||Site of Action||Reactant and Product||Optimal pH|
|Salivary Amylase||Salivary Glands||Mouth||starch + water ⇒ maltose||Neutral|
|Pepsin||Stomach||Stomach||protein + water ⇒ peptides||Acidic|
|Pancreatic Amylase||Pancreas||Duodenum||starch + water ⇒ maltose||Basic|
|Maltase||Small intestine||Small intestine||maltose + water ⇒ glucose||Basic|
|Sucrase||Small intestine||Small intestine||sucrose + water ⇒ glucose + fructose||Basic|
|Lactase||Small intestine||Small intestine||lactose + water ⇒ glucose + galactose||Basic|
|Lipase||Pancreas||Duodenum||fat droplet and water ⇒ glycerol and fatty acids||Basic|
|Trypsin||Pancreas||Duodenum||protein + water ⇒ peptides||Basic|
|Chymotrypsin||Pancreas||Duodenum||protein + water ⇒ peptides||Basic|
|Peptidases||Small intestine||Small intestine||peptides + water ⇒||Basic|
|Deoxyribonuclease||Pancreas||Duodenum||DNA + water ⇒ nucleotide fragments||Basic|
|Ribonuclease||Pancreas||Duodenum||RNA + water ⇒ nucleotide fragments||Basic|
|Nuclease||Small intestine||Small intestine||nucleic acids + water ⇒ nucleotide fragments||Basic|
|Nucleosidases||Small intestine||Small intestine||nucleotides + water ⇒ nitrogen base + phosphate sugar||Basic|
Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates
About 80% of digestible carbohydrates in a typical Western diet are in the form of the plant amylose, which consists mainly of long chains of and is one of two major components of . Additional dietary carbohydrates include the animal polysaccharide , along with some sugars, which are mainly .
The process of chemical digestion for some carbohydrates is illustrated Figure 15.3.4. To chemically digest amylose and glycogen, the enzyme is required. The chemical digestion of these polysaccharides begins in the mouth, aided by amylase in saliva. also contains mucus — which lubricates the food — and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal alkaline conditions for amylase to work. Carbohydrate digestion is completed in the small intestine, with the help of amylase secreted by the pancreas. In the digestive process, polysaccharides are reduced in length by the breaking of bonds between glucose monomers. The macromolecules are broken down to shorter polysaccharides and disaccharides, resulting in progressively shorter chains of glucose. The end result is molecules of the simple sugars glucose and maltose (which consists of two glucose molecules), both of which can be absorbed by the small intestine.
Other sugars are digested with the help of different enzymes produced by the small intestine. Sucrose (or table sugar), for example, is a disaccharide that is broken down by the enzyme sucrase to form glucose and fructose, which are readily absorbed by the small intestine. Digestion of the sugar lactose, which is found in milk, requires the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose are then absorbed by the small intestine. Fewer than half of all adults produce sufficient lactase to be able to digest lactose. Those who cannot are said to be lactose intolerant.
Chemical Digestion of Proteins
Proteinsno post consist of polypeptides, which must be broken down into their constituent before they can be absorbed. An overview of this process is shown in Figure 15.3.5. Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and small intestine through the action of three primary enzymes: (secreted by the stomach), and and (secreted by the pancreas). The stomach also secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl), making the contents highly acidic, which is a required condition for pepsin to work. Trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine require an alkaline (basic) environment to work. from the and bicarbonate from the pancreas neutralize the acidic as it empties into the small intestine. After pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin break down proteins into peptides, these are further broken down into amino acids by other enzymes called s, also secreted by the pancreas.
Chemical Digestion of Lipids
The chemical digestion of lipids begins in the mouth. The salivary glands secrete the digestive enzyme , which breaks down short-chain lipids into molecules consisting of two fatty acids. A tiny amount of lipid digestion may take place in the stomach, but most lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine.
Digestion of lipids in the small intestine occurs with the help of another lipase enzyme from the pancreas, as well as bile secreted by the . As shown in the diagram below (Figure 15.3.6), bile is required for the digestion of lipids, because lipids are oily and do not dissolve in the watery chyme. Bile emulsifies (or breaks up) large globules of food lipids into much smaller ones, called micelles, much as dish detergent breaks up grease. The micelles provide a great deal more surface area to be acted upon by lipase, and also point the hydrophilic (“water-loving”) heads of the fatty acids outward into the watery chyme. Lipase can then access and break down the micelles into individual fatty acid molecules.
Chemical Digestion of Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in foods are digested in the small intestine with the help of both pancreatic enzymes and enzymes produced by the small intestine itself. Pancreatic enzymes called ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease break down RNA and DNA, respectively, into smaller nucleic acids. These, in turn, are further broken down into nitrogen bases and sugars by small intestine enzymes called nucleases.
Bacteria in the Digestive System
Your large intestine is not just made up of cells. It is also an , home to trillions of bacteria known as the “gut flora” (Figure 15.3.7). But don’t worry, most of these bacteria are helpful. Friendly bacteria live mostly in the large intestine and part of the small intestine. The acidic environment of the stomach does not allow bacterial growth.
Gut bacteria have several roles in the body. For example, intestinal bacteria:
- Produce vitamin B12 and vitamin K.
- Control the growth of harmful bacteria.
- Break down poisons in the large intestine.
- Break down some substances in food that cannot be digested, such as fibre and some starches and sugars. Bacteria produce enzymes that digest carbohydrates in plant cell walls. Most of the nutritional value of plant material would be wasted without these bacteria. These help us digest plant foods like spinach.
A wide range of friendly bacteria live in the gut. Bacteria begin to populate the human digestive system right after birth. Gut bacteria include Lactobacillus, the bacteria commonly used in probiotic foods such as yogurt, and E. coli bacteria. About a third of all bacteria in the gut are members of the Bacteroides species. Bacteroides are key in helping us digest plant food.
It is estimated that 100 trillion bacteria live in the gut. This is more than the human cells that make up you. It has also been estimated that there are more bacteria in your mouth than people on the planet — there are over 7 billion people on the planet!
The bacteria in your digestive system are from anywhere between 300 and 1,000 species. As these bacteria are helpful, your body does not attack them. They actually appear to the body’s immune system as cells of the digestive system, not foreign invaders. The bacteria actually cover themselves with sugar molecules removed from the actual cells of the digestive system. This disguises the bacteria and protects them from the immune system.
As the bacteria that live in the human gut are beneficial to us, and as the bacteria enjoy a safe environment to live, the relationship that we have with these tiny organisms is described as mutualism, a type of symbiotic relationship.
Lastly, keep in mind the small size of bacteria. Together, all the bacteria in your gut may weigh just about two pounds.
Control of the Digestive Process
The process of digestion is controlled by both hormones and nerves. Hormonal control is mainly by hormones secreted by cells in the lining of the stomach and small intestine. These hormones stimulate the production of digestive enzymes, bicarbonate, and bile. The hormone secretin, for example, is produced by endocrine cells lining the duodenum of the small intestine. Acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach triggers the release of secretin into the bloodstream. When the secretin returns via the circulation to the digestive system, it signals the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas. The bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic chyme. See Table 15.3.2 for a summary of the major hormones governing the process of chemical digestion.
|Hormone||Source Organ||Target Organ||Trigger||Result|
|Gastrin||Stomach walls||Stomach||High protein intake||HCL and pepsin release, stomach churning|
|Acidic chyme entering the duodenum||Release sodium bicarbonate, release bile|
|Partially digested fat and protein in duodenum||Release lipase, trypsin, release bile|
Nerves involved in digestion include those that connect digestive organs to the , as well as nerves inside the walls of the digestive organs. Nerves connecting the digestive organs to the central nervous system cause smooth muscles in the walls of digestive organs to contract or relax as needed, depending on whether or not there is food to be digested. Nerves within digestive organs are stimulated when food enters the organs and stretches their walls. These nerves trigger the release of substances that speed up or slow down the movement of food through the GI tract and the secretion of digestive enzymes.
When digestion is finished, it results in many simple nutrient molecules that must go through the process of from the lumen of the GI tract to or vessels, so they can be transported to and used by cells throughout the body. A few substances are absorbed in the and . Water is absorbed in both of these organs, and some minerals and vitamins are also absorbed in the large intestine, but about 95% of nutrient molecules are absorbed in the small intestine. Absorption of the majority of these molecules takes place in the second part of the small intestine, called the . There are, however, a few exceptions — for example, iron is absorbed in the , and vitamin B12 is absorbed in the last part of the small intestine, called the . After being absorbed in the small intestine, nutrient molecules are transported to other parts of the body for storage or further chemical modification. Amino acids, for instance, are transported to the liver to be used for protein synthesis.
The epithelial tissue lining the small intestine is specialized for absorption. It is highly enfolded and is covered with and , creating an enormous surface area for absorption. As shown in Figure 15.3.8, each villus also has a network of blood and fine lymphatic vessels called close to its surface. The thin surface layer of epithelial cells of the villi transports nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine into these capillaries and lacteals. Blood in the capillaries absorbs most of the molecules, including simple sugars, amino acids, glycerol, salts, and water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C and the many B vitamins). Lymph in the lacteals absorbs fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K).
Feature: My Human Body
The process of digestion does not always go as it should. Many people suffer from indigestion, or dyspepsia, a condition of impaired digestion. Symptoms may include upper abdominal fullness or pain, heartburn, nausea, belching, or some combination of these symptoms. The majority of cases of indigestion occur without evidence of an organic disease that is likely to explain the symptoms. Anxiety or certain foods or medications (such as aspirin) may be contributing factors in these cases. In other cases, indigestion is a symptom of an organic disease, most often gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastritis. In a small minority of cases, indigestion is a symptom of a peptic ulcer of the stomach or duodenum, usually caused by a bacterial infection. Very rarely, indigestion is a sign of cancer.
An occasional bout of indigestion is usually nothing to worry about, especially in people less than 55 years of age. However, if you suffer frequent or chronic indigestion, it’s a good idea to see a doctor. If an underlying disorder such as GERD or an ulcer is causing the indigestion, this can and should be treated. If no organic disease is discovered, the doctor can recommend lifestyle changes or treatments to help prevent or soothe the symptoms of acute indigestion. Lifestyle changes might include modifications in eating habits, such as eating more slowly, eating smaller meals, or avoiding fatty foods. You also might be advised to refrain from taking certain medications, especially on an empty stomach. The use of antacids or other medications to relieve symptoms may also be recommended.
- Digestion is a form of catabolism, in which food is broken down into small molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. Digestion occurs when food moves through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The digestive process is controlled by both hormones and nerves.
- Mechanical digestion is a physical process in which food is broken into smaller pieces without becoming chemically changed. It occurs mainly in the mouth and stomach.
- Chemical digestion is a chemical process in which macromolecules — including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids — in food are changed into simple nutrient molecules that can be absorbed into body fluids. Carbohydrates are chemically digested to sugars, proteins to amino acids, lipids to fatty acids, and nucleic acids to individual nucleotides. Chemical digestion requires digestive enzymes. Gut flora carry out additional chemical digestion.
- Absorption occurs when the simple nutrient molecules that result from digestion are absorbed into blood or lymph.
- Define digestion. Where does it occur?
- Identify two organ systems that control the process of digestion by the digestive system.
- What is mechanical digestion? Where does it occur?
- Describe chemical digestion.
- What is the role of enzymes in chemical digestion?
- What is absorption? When does it occur?
- Where does most absorption occur in the digestive system? Why does most of the absorption occur in this organ, and not earlier in the GI tract?
Food for thought: How your belly controls your brain | Ruairi Robertson | TEDxFulbrightSantaMonica, TEDx Talks, 2015.
How the food you eat affects your gut – Shilpa Ravella, TED-Ed, 2017.
What causes heartburn? – Rusha Modi, TED-Ed, 2018.
Bile from the liver and lipase from the pancreas help digest lipids in small intestine by CK-12 Foundation is used under a CC BY NC 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) license.
Betts, J. G., Young, K.A., Wise, J.A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D.H., Korol, O., Johnson, J.E., Womble, M., DeSaix, P. (2013, June 19). Figure 23.28 Digestion and absorption [digital image]. In Anatomy and Physiology (Section 23.7). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/23-7-chemical-digestion-and-absorption-a-closer-look
Brainard, J/ CK-12 Foundation. (2016). Figure 6 Both bile from the liver and lipase from the pancreas help digest lipids in the small intestine [digital image]. In CK-12 College Human Biology (Section 17.3) [online Flexbook]. CK12.org. https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-college-human-biology/section/17.3/
OpenStax. (2016, May 27) Figure 11 Villi are folds on the small intestine lining that increase the surface area to facilitate the absorption of nutrients. [digital image]. In OpenStax, Biology (Section 34.1). OpenStax CNX. https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@10.53:Oestf0YE@6/Digestive-Systems
TED-Ed. (2017, March 23). How the food you eat affects your gut – Shilpa Ravella. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sISguPDlhY&feature=youtu.be
TED-Ed. (2018, November 1). What causes heartburn? – Rusha Modi. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jP-9AD0wMOk&feature=youtu.be
TEDx Talks. (2015, December 7). Food for thought: How your belly controls your brain | Ruairi Robertson | TEDxFulbrightSantaMonica. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awtmTJW9ic8&feature=youtu.be
The process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by blood or lymph.
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.
The opening in the lower part of the human face, surrounded by the lips, through which food is taken in and from which speech and other sounds are emitted.
A long, narrow, tube-like organ of the digestive system where most chemical digestion of food and virtually all absorption of nutrients take place.
The physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces by organs of the digestive system, for example chewing food.
Chemical breakdown of large, complex food molecules into smaller, simpler nutrient molecules that can be absorbed by blood or lymph. Usually involves a digestive enzyme.
A thick, semi-liquid mixture that food in the gastrointestinal tract becomes by the time it leaves the stomach.
The measure of how much exposed area a solid object has, expressed in square units.
A very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by the polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers).
A biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1. Complex carbohydrates are polymers made from monomers of simple carbohydrates, also termed monosaccharides.
A class of biological molecule consisting of linked monomers of amino acids and which are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes.
A substance that is insoluble in water. Examples include fats, oils and cholesterol. Lipids are made from monomers such as glycerol and fatty acids.
A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
The generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. The various types of sugar are derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins.
Long chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group and a methyl group at opposite ends. Can be either saturated, containing mostly single bonds between adjacent carbons, or unsaturated, containing many double bonds between adjacent carbons.
The first and shortest of three parts of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs.
Biological molecules that lower amount the energy required for a reaction to occur.
Gland such as a sweat gland, salivary gland, or mammary gland that secretes a substance into a duct that carries the secretion to the outside of the body.
The innermost tunic of the wall. It lines the lumen of the digestive tract. The mucosa consists of epithelium, an underlying loose connective tissue layer called lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa.
One of many exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva into the mouth through ducts.
A sac-like organ of the digestive system between the esophagus and small intestine in which both mechanical and chemical digestion take place.
A long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
Polysaccharides are carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together. They range in structure from linear to highly branched.
Glucose (also called dextrose) is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.
A stored form of glucose used by plants.
A multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
The sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage.
An enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.
A fluid secreted by salivary glands that keeps the mouth moist and contains the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase.
The chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.
A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, trypsinogen.
A digestive enzyme which breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas and converted into an active form by trypsin.
Fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder that is secreted into the small intestine to help digest lipids and neutralize acid from the stomach.
An organ of digestion and excretion that secretes bile for lipid digestion and breaks down excess amino acids and toxins in the blood.
An enzyme which breaks down peptides into amino acids.
A pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
A community of livings things interrelated with their physical and chemical environment.
The body system which acts as a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.
One of two main divisions of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Process in which substances such as nutrients pass into the blood or lymph.
A body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
A fluid that leaks out of capillaries into spaces between cells and circulates in the vessels of the lymphatic system.
An organ of the digestive system that removes water and salts from food waste and forms solid feces for elimination.
One of three sections that make up the small intestine. The jejunum is located between the duodenum and the ileum.The jejunum makes up about two-fifths of the small intestine. The main function of the jejunum is absorption of important nutrients such as sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids.
The third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum.The ileum helps to further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine.
A microscopic, finger-like projections in a mucous membrane that form a large surface area for absorption.
One of many tiny projections covering each villus in the mucosal lining the small intestine that increases its absorptive surface.
The smallest type of blood vessel that connects arterioles and venules and that transfers substances between blood and tissues.
A lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. | <urn:uuid:4bc1cf42-b552-465e-9b93-94e11c5840d8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/17-3-digestion-and-absorption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038085599.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415125840-20210415155840-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.919694 | 6,002 | 3.703125 | 4 |
At the time of his assassination in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr., was widening his scope. He had been the unquestionable leader among many important change-bringers of the Civil Rights Movement, but by 1968 he felt that enough had been accomplished for him to add poverty and war to his agenda.
Some of his fellow African American activists disagreed, just as some had disagreed about King’s devotion to non-violence. For me, both of these moves on King’s part mark his singularity.
In some ways, King’s non-violence was almost too white-friendly. Many believe that his reputation has been co-opted and rendered touchy-feely, even impotent, by the powerful who treat him as though he were not a radical. What many celebrate on MLK Day is this user-friendly Christian MLK.
But King’s inclusion of poverty and war on his agenda mark him as a social reformer of an extraordinary order. In 1968, he was attempting to organize the “Poor People’s Campaign” and had come to believe in a guaranteed income as a way to combat poverty. He stated very clearly that he sought to address issues that created poverty among both black and white. He also believed, as the video above indicates, that the Vietnam War was an enormous moral wrong, and that the powerful of whatever race that promulgated war were wrong. He knew that war was also about money. And he showed that he was a kind of Christian that is all too rare these days: one who was dedicated to justice and fairness and the good of all humans, no matter their station or situation.
Today I’m not here to debate whether there is ever a justifiable war or whether a guaranteed income would have the desired effect, but to note that Martin Luther King, Jr., saw beyond immediate, personal causes. This is so rare as to be a miracle. Just this week, Harper’s magazine, in its often devastating Index (description), noted that 57 (out of 535) members of the U.S. Congress are among the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans (info from the Center for Responsive Politics). I will bet that if you asked after the wealthiest 5 percent, members of Congress would be overwhelmingly members of the club. Most of them, it seems, find it impossible to look beyond their own self-interests in forming policy. And that is the simple and only reason I can see that we are still indulging in tax breaks for those wealthiest of Americans. It has been demonstrated over and over that that stuff does not trickle down. We are not really living in a representative government, but an oligarchy.
I don’t know what Martin Luther King, Jr., would have done in the face of today’s current political scene. He would have turned 83 years old yesterday, and it would be possible that he’d still be alive had he not been assassinated. My bet, however, is that in spite of his all-too-human fondness for silk suits and pretty women, he would have preached for us to set narrow personal interests aside for the sake of the humanity that he loved so much. He was the genuine item, and I pay him all due respect on this day, both as a non-violent activist and a radical reformer. | <urn:uuid:8b338dca-0ff0-4588-b8e0-615593e16be3> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://joyouscrybaby.com/tag/martin-luther-king-jr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256381.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521122503-20190521144503-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.988766 | 695 | 2.703125 | 3 |
FRANKFORT, Ky. (Aug. 7, 2009) – Although summer school vacations are winding down, state water quality and public health officials are urging swimmers to continue healthy swimming behaviors that will help prevent the spread of waterborne illness.
State officials are also reissuing swimming advisories for specific areas of Kentucky waterways.
“This information is provided to our citizens to help them make informed, good public health decisions about how and where they swim,” said Dr. William D. Hacker, M.D., commissioner of the Department for Public Health (DPH). His department works with the Division of Water (DOW) in the Energy and Environment Cabinet to issue Kentucky’s swimming advisories.
Guy Delius, director of DPH’s Division of Public Health Protection and Safety (DPHPS), said safe swimming habits also are needed in public pools.
“Thousands of Kentuckians visit our public pools throughout the season, and these simple recommendations will help ensure the water will remain clean and our citizens healthy,” Delius said.
Waterborne illnesses are caused by microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Esherichia coli (E. coli) and Shigella and are spread by accidental swallowing of water contaminated with fecal matter. E. coli is the major species in the fecal coliform group. Because it is generally not found growing and reproducing in the environment, E. coli is considered the best indicator of fecal pollution and the possible presence of disease-causing bacteria and other microorganisms.
Chlorine kills bacteria, but disinfection takes time. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and environmental health specialists recommend these healthy swimming practices to keep bacteria out of the pool:
1. Do not swim when you have diarrhea.
2. Do not swallow pool water or get pool water in your mouth.
3. Shower before swimming and have your children shower.
4. Wash your hands after using the toilet or changing diapers.
5. Take children on bathroom breaks or change diapers often.
6. Change children’s diapers in a bathroom, not at poolside.
Swimmers should also heed swimming advisories issued to protect the public from contaminants in some areas of Kentucky waterways. The DOW and DPHPS agree advisories issued last summer will remain in effect due to high levels of E. coli.
People should avoid swimming and other recreational contact with waters in the areas specified below because of the bacteria, which occur in human and animal waste and indicate the presence of untreated or inadequately treated sewage. Swimmers should also refrain from swimming in waterways for at least 48 hours following heavy rains. The runoff from heavy rains can raise bacteria levels in the water, introduce dangerous debris and turn slow streams and storm ditches into raging rivers.
Swimming advisories will remain in effect for the following waterbodies:
Upper Cumberland River
· The Cumberland River from Fourmile Bridge (Highway 2014) to Pineville at the Highway 66 Bridge and from Wallins Creek Bridge (Highway 219) to Harlan.
· Martins Fork from Harlan to the Cawood Water Plant.
· All of Catron Creek, all of Clover Fork and all of Straight Creek.
· Poor Fork from Harlan to Looney Creek.
· Looney Creek from the mouth to Lynch Water Plant Bridge.
Illegal straight pipe discharges, failing septic systems and bypasses from sewage collection systems contribute to water quality problems in these areas.
· North Fork of the Kentucky River upstream of Chavies.
Numerous illegal straight pipe discharges of sewage contribute to water quality problems along this section of the river. However, water quality has continued to improve and is approaching an acceptable level for swimming in some stretches of the river.
· Banklick Creek to its confluence with the Ohio River.
The swimming advisory includes all of Banklick Creek and Three Mile Creek. High E. coli levels in this area are caused by combined sewer overflows and sanitary sewer overflows.
Residential and agricultural areas
The agencies also recommend against swimming or other full-body contact with all surface waters immediately following heavy rain, especially in dense residential, urban and livestock production areas. This recommendation is due to an increased potential for exposure to pollution from urban nonpoint source pollution, bypasses from sewage collection systems, combined sewer overflows and runoff from livestock waste.
State and local agencies continue efforts to reduce E. coli levels. The Cabinet for Health and Family Services works with local health department environmental health staff to ensure that all new septic system installations are properly installed. DOW staff work with wastewater plant operators to ensure sewer overflows are minimized. Both agencies routinely address straight pipe issues and are gradually reducing the number of these discharges across the state | <urn:uuid:7f706833-f113-4a4e-bb0e-effed5fc10d5> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.wkyt.com/wymt/home/headlines/52687607.html?site=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936468546.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074108-00310-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931991 | 999 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Finnish farms and agriculture sector players have worked for several decades to make the use of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers more efficient, while also preventing potential eutrophication caused by runoff into waterways. With the new manure process patented by Valio, nutrients can be recirculated more efficiently. At the same time Valio wants to create a manure ecosystem, i.e. a network in which the different players together pursue local and centralized solutions for manure processing. If successful, the network’s impacts on the environment would be significant.
Every year production animals in Finland generate about 20 million tons of manure; the nutrients contained in the manure are underutilized. Valio is the first in the world to patent a process in 2017 to produce clean water and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer fractions from liquid manure. The benefits are many: the use of liquid manure as a fertilizer would become easier, nutrient cycling would become more efficient, and nutrient runoff would decrease significantly. Now Valio wants to invite farms, technology players, gas and nutrient sector companies, researchers, investors and authorities to join in the manure ecosystem.
“As a responsible milk processor, we want to find new solutions to efficiently return nitrogen and phosphorus to the nutrient cycle. Collaboration is the only way to achieve the government’s circular economy target: by 2025, 50 percent of farm-based manure must be processed. An ecosystem involving many kinds of players and expertise is needed alongside the technology solution developed by Valio. The network would surely find also new, decentralized solutions for processing manure. Geographically, Finland is long and wide, so that’s why decentralized solutions would enable more a sustainable implementation platform. If realized, a manure ecosystem would have significant environmental impacts,” says Juha Nousiainen, Director of Farm Services at Valio.
The most important elements for milk production are a good grass harvest and the feed made from it, and cows that convert grass feed into food. However, there are also challenges associated with feed production:
“In its current form, liquid manure is both a useful fertilizer and a problem. It is problematic because the storing and spreading of the watery manure requires a lot of storage and arable land area, and as the number of cows increases it may be difficult to find enough acreage to spread the liquid manure. Additionally, the nutrient content of liquid manure is quite low, and the utilization rate of nitrogen, in particular, is low. There are also significant costs involved with spreading, and the heavy equipment used burdens and compresses the fields. Better circulation is also needed because the world’s phosphorus resources are limited,” Nousiainen explains.
The process developed by Valio produces clean water as well as organic phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer fractions that are easy to spread on the ground. Biogas production from the dry fractions of manure and other milk chain effluents can also be integrated into the process. The biogas generated in the process can be utilized as transport fuel, for example. The process differs from the separation methods currently in use in that a large portion of the water is removed from the manure fractions and the energy contained in the manure can be utilized as biogas. In the phosphorus separation process, Valio utilizes its expertise in the processing of milk components.
“Valio Group’s 5,500 dairy farms already have good examples of utilizing manure locally. For example, dairy farmer entrepreneur Heikki Junttila from Nivala, Western Finland, has produced biogas at the Heusala farm since the turn of the century. This is a great example of a dairy farm’s own environmental work. Now we are inviting all interested players to join in the manure ecosystem,” Nousiainen concludes. | <urn:uuid:d10e8053-aa7c-4b97-bbe5-994714c77980> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.valio.com/news/eco-friendly-nutrient-cycling-valio-invites-players-to-join-in-the-manure-ecosystem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.945712 | 774 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Medication Monitor: Prescription Drug Overdose in Older Adults
Prescription drug overdose is more common among the older adult population than is generally known. As people age, they tend to take more medications, which can lead to adverse drug events or even unintentional drug overdose. Adults aged 65 and older are nearly seven times more likely to be admitted to the hospital due to adverse drug reactions than did younger adults.1
Moreover, due to issues such as chronic pain, older adults are often prescribed pain killers, including opioids. Older adults who use opioids, regardless of whether they are dependent, are 15 times more likely to overdose than their peers who do not use opioids.2 Not only do opioids confer a high risk of dependency but they also can interact negatively with other drugs. It’s imperative for health care providers to address this issue with health programs that can assist with medication management and provide education regarding risks and behaviors that may lead to prescription misuse and overdose associated with these drugs.
Developed in the 1950s by psychologists working for the US Public Health Service, the HBM attempts to understand why people don’t accept preventive measures for health care issues, such as screening for asymptomatic diseases. Later research applied the model to patients’ responses to symptoms and adherence to prescription regimens.6
The HBM is based on a person’s beliefs regarding health risks and whether a behavior is worth the risk to their health. The model was developed to study health behaviors and to explain why people do or don’t use available public health services related to prevention.7 This model is frequently used to help explain individuals’ health behaviors and develop insight into the underlying perceptions regarding the susceptibility of contracting a disease and the serious impact that disease might have on their health.6,8
An individual’s perception of a disease influences the seriousness of attitude they take toward a disease and thus their health behaviors, the less healthful of which could pose a real threat and increase their risk of developing the disease. To be motivated to avoid risks associated with a disease, individuals must believe that the benefits of changing disease-related health behaviors far outweigh the effort needed to overcome barriers to those behaviors.3
When it comes to prescription drugs, a person’s belief that “more medication is better” or that it’s acceptable to take someone else’s medicine can greatly influence attitudes toward following recommendations. On the other hand, addiction anxiety can contribute to medication nonadherence. With older adults, these seemingly disparate perceptions about medication management actually can combine to contribute to behaviors that can lead to prescription drug overdose.9 The challenge for health providers is to develop medication management and education interventions and programs that will help stop and prevent prescription drug overdose.
Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Medication Adherence
However, some older adults think that if one pill is good for a condition, then two pills must be even better. This perception and behavior could place them at risk of drug overdose. With education about on side effects and the importance of taking medications as prescribed, older adults can make educated medication choices that will help prevent unintentional drug overdose. If older adults believe that taking medications as prescribed will prevent drug overdose, it’s more likely that they will take their medicines appropriately.
Perceived Susceptibility and Severity
Cues to Action
For older adults who are aware of the risk of drug overdose due to medication nonadherence or misuse, cues to action can help prevent adverse events. Behaviors such as taking medications as prescribed, only taking prescribed medications, making regular visits to the doctor, learning about side effects prior to starting a medication, and encouragement from family and friends can all be cues to action toward good medication management. Another cue to action is to utilize a pill sorter to avoid medication mistakes. These steps can help older adults manage pain, avoid prescription drug overdose, and stay healthy.
— Rene’ Wren, OTD, OTR, BCG, is a core faculty member at the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences in Dallas. Wren is American Occupational Therapy Association Board Certified in Gerontology. In addition to her role as instructor, she is a practicing occupational therapist of 20 years working primarily with the geriatric population in the skilled nursing facility and home health settings.
2. Larney S, Bohnert ASB, Ganoczy D, et al. Mortality among older adults with opioid use disorders in the Veteran’s Health Administration, 2000–2011. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:32-37.
3. Theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. In: Hayden J. Introduction to Health Behavior Theory. 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2019:36-58.
4. Herrmann A, Hall A, Proietto A. Using the Health Belief Model to explore why women decide for or against the removal of their ovaries to reduce their risk of developing cancer. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):184.
5. Motavali ZS, Abedi H, Davaridolatabadi E. Self-medication and its effective modifiable factors among elderly referred health care centers in Shahr-e-Kord in 2015. Electron Physician. 2016;8(11):3205-3213.
6. Janevic MR, Connell CM. Individual theories. In: Hilliard ME, Riekert KA, Ockene JK, Pbert L, eds. The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. 5th ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing; 2018:3-24.
7. Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research; Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health. Social and behavioral theories. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Social-and-Behavioral-Theories.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2021.
8. The Health Belief Model. Rural Health Information Hub website. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion/2/theories-and-models/health-belief. Accessed March 23, 2021.
9. Benshoff JJ, Harrawood LK, Koch DS. Substance abuse and the elderly: unique issues and concerns. J Rehabil. 2003;69(2);43-48.
10. Misuse of prescription drugs research report. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/misuse-prescription-drugs/overview. Published June 2020. Accessed March 23, 2021.
11. Brown DA. Principles of pain management in the elderly. US Pharm. 2007;32(6):HS33-HS37. | <urn:uuid:29d9758b-8e3c-4145-a69f-6ca4ebb30676> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/archive/SO21p8.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057036.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920101029-20210920131029-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.922028 | 1,412 | 2.9375 | 3 |
King kavera performed tapasya because he wished to help people. Pleased with him, Shiva appeared and blessed him with a daughter who would fulfil his wish. He named her Kaveri and married her to Sage Agastya. A demon, named Shoorapadma, wanted to trouble people so he prevented rain from reaching the earth. Kaveri prayed to the gods to help the people. One day, Sage Agastya went to a lake for a bath. Since he could not leave Kaveri alone in the ashram, he turned her into water and put her in his kamandala, the utensil for carrying holy water. As he entered the lake, he left the kamandala on the bank. Meanwhile, Ganesha took the form of a crow and overturned the kamadala. The water was released and Kaveri became a river. She helped the suffering people by providing them with water. | <urn:uuid:94797286-91b3-4c62-8cb3-75f5eec3ac6c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.kidsgen.com/fables_and_fairytales/indian_mythology_stories/kaveri.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578582736.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422215211-20190423001211-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.991511 | 196 | 2.828125 | 3 |
International Standard Bible EncyclopediaBAPTISM (NON-IMMERSIONIST VIEW)
I. THE SCRIPTURAL NAMES FOR THE RITE
II. PRE-CHRISTIAN BAPTISM
1. Baptism of Proselytes
2. Baptism of John
3. Baptism in the Pagan Mysteries
III. CHRISTIAN BAPTISM
1. The administration of the Rite
2. The Mode of Using the Water
3. Who May Perform Baptism
4. Who May Receive Baptism
(1) Baptism of Infants
(2) Baptism for the Dead
IV. THE FORMULA OF BAPTISM
V. THE DOCTRINE OF BAPTISM
The Doctrine of Infant Baptism
Baptism (baptisma, baptismos, baptizein) has been from the earliest times the initiatory rite signifying the recognition of entrance into or of presence within the Christian church. We find the earliest mention of the ceremony in the Epistle to the Galatians (Galatians 3:27), written about 20 years after the death of Jesus. There and in 1 Corinthians (1 Corinthians 1:13; 1 Corinthians 12:13) Paul takes for granted that everyone who becomes a Christian (himself included) must be baptized. The rite seems also to have existed among the discipleship of Jesus before His death. We are told (John 4:1, 2) that, although Jesus Himself did not baptize, His disciples did, and that their baptisms were more numerous than those of John.
I. The Scriptural Names for the Rite.
The words commonly used in the New Testament to denote the rite are the verb baptizo, and the nouns baptisma and baptismos; but none are employed in this sense alone. The verb is used to denote the ceremonial purification of the Jews before eating, by pouring water on the hands (Luke 11:38 Mark 7:4); to signify the sufferings of Christ (Mark 10:38, 39 Luke 12:50); and to indicate the sacrament of baptism. It is the intensive form of baptein, "to dip," and takes a wider meaning. The passages Luke 11:38 and Mark 7:4 show conclusively that the word does not invariably signify to immerse the whole body. Some have held that baptismos invariably means ceremonial purification, and that baptisma is reserved for the Christian rite; but the distinction can hardly be maintained. The former certainly means ceremonial purification in Mark 7:4, and in Mark 7:8 (the King James Version); but it probably means the rite of baptism in Hebrews 6:2. Exegetes find other terms applied to Christian baptism. It is called `the Water' in Acts 10:47: "Can any man forbid `the Water,' that these should not be baptized?"; the layer of the water in Ephesians 5:26 the Revised Version, margin (where baptism is compared to the bridal bath taken by the bride before she was handed over to the bridegroom); and perhaps the laver of regeneration in Titus 3:5 the Revised Version, margin (compare 1 Corinthians 6:11), and illumination in Hebrews 6:4; Hebrews 10:32.
II. Pre-Christian Baptism.
1. Baptism of Proselytes:
Converts in the early centuries, whether Jews or Gentiles, could not have found this initiatory rite, in which they expressed their new-born faith, utterly unfamiliar. Water is the element naturally used for cleansing the body and its symbolical use entered into almost every cult; and into none more completely than the Jewish, whose ceremonial washings were proverbial. Besides those the Jew had what would seem to the convert a counterpart of the Christian rite in the baptism of proselytes by which Gentiles entered the circle of Judaism. For the Jews required three things of strangers who declared themselves to be converts to the Law of Moses: circumcision, baptism, and to offer sacrifice if they were men: the two latter if they were women. It is somewhat singular that no baptism of proselytes is forthcoming until about the beginning of the 3rd century; and yet no competent scholar doubts its existence. Schurer is full of contempt for those who insist on the argument from silence. Its presence enables us to see both how Jews accepted readily the baptism of John and to understand the point of objectors who questioned his right to insist that all Jews had to be purified ere they could be ready for the Messianic kingdom, although he was neither the Messiah nor a special prophet (John 1:19-23).
2. Baptism of John:
The baptism of John stood midway between the Jewish baptism of proselytes and Christian baptism. It differed from the former because it was more than a symbol of ceremonial purification; it was a baptism of repentance, a confession of sin, and of the need of moral cleansing, and was a symbol of forgiveness and of moral purity. All men, Jews who were ceremonially pure and Gentiles who were not, had to submit to this baptism of repentance and pardon. It differed from the latter because it only symbolized preparation to receive the salvation, the kingdom of God which John heralded, and did not imply entrance into that kingdom itself. Those who had received it, as well as those who had not, had to enter the Christian community by the door of Christian baptism (Acts 19:3-6). The Jewish custom of baptizing, whether displayed in their frequent ceremonial washings, in the baptism of proselytes or in the baptism of John, made Christian baptism a familiar and even expected rite to Jewish converts in the 1st century.
3. Baptism in the Pagan Mysteries:
Baptism, as an initiatory rite, was no less familiar to Gentileconverts who had no acquaintance with the Jewish religion. The ceremonial washings of the priests of pagan in the religions have been often adduced as something which might familiarize Gentileconverts with the rite which introduced them into the Christian community, but they were not initiations. A more exact parallel is easily found. It is often forgotten that in the earlier centuries when Christianity was slowly making its way in the pagan world pagan piety had deserted the official religions and taken refuge within the Mysteries, and that these Mysteries represented the popular pagan religions of the times. They were all private cults into which men and women were received one by one, and that by rites of initiation which each had to pass through personally. When admitted the converts became members of coteries, large or small, of like-minded persons, who had become initiated because their souls craved something which they believed they would receive in and through the rites of the cult. These initiations were secret, jealously guarded from the knowledge of all outsiders; still enough is known about them for us to be sure that among them baptism took an important place (Apuleius Metamorphoses xi). The rite was therefore as familiar to pagan as to Jewish converts, and it was no unexpected requirement for the convert to know that baptism was the doorway into the church of Christ. These heathen baptisms, like the baptism of proselytes, were for the most part simply ceremonial purifications; for while it is true that both in the cult of the Mysteries and beyond it a mode of purifying after great crimes was baptizing in flowing water (Eurip. Iph. in Tauri 167) or in the sea, yet it would appear that only ceremonial purification was thought of. Nor were ceremonial rites involving the use of water confined to the paganism of the early centuries. Such a ceremony denoted the reception of the newly-born child into pagan Scandinavian households. The father decided whether the infant was to be reared or exposed to perish. If he resolved to preserve the babe, water was poured over it and a name was given to it.
III. Christian Baptism.
1. The Administration of the Rite:
In the administration of the rite of Christian baptism three things have to be looked at: the act of baptizing; those who are entitled to perform it; and the recipients or those entitled to receive it. A complete act of baptizing involves three things: what has been called the materia sacramenti; the method of its use; and the forma sacramenti, the baptismal formula or form of words accompanying the use of the water. The materia sacramenti is water and for this reason baptism is called the Water Sacrament. The oldest ecclesiastical manual of discipline which has descended to us, the Didache, says that the water to be preferred is "living," i.e. running water, water in a stream or river, or fresh flowing from a fountain; "But if thou hast not living water, baptize in other water; and if thou canst not in cold, then in warm" (c. 7). In those directions the prescriptions of the ceremonial for the Jewish baptism of proselytes are closely followed. The earlier canons of the church permit any kind of water, fresh or salt, provided only it be true and natural water (aqua vera et naturalis).
2. The Mode of Using the Water:
The use of the water is called ablutio. According to the rules of by far the largest portion of the Christian church the water may be used in any one of three ways: Immersion, where the recipient enters bodily into the water, and where, during the action, the head is plunged either once or three times beneath the surface; affusion, where water was poured upon the head of the recipient who stood either in water or on dry ground; and aspersion where water was sprinkled on the head or on the face. It has frequently been argued that the word baptizein invariably means "to dip" or immerse, and that therefore Christian baptism must have been performed originally by immersion only, and that the two other forms of affusion and aspersion or sprinkling are invalid-that there can be no real baptism unless the method of immersion be used. But the word which invariably means "to dip" is not baptizein but baptein. Baptizein has a wider signification; and its use to denote the Jewish ceremonial of pouring water on the hands (Luke 11:38 Mark 7:4), as has already been said, proves conclusively that it is impossible to conclude from the word itself that immersion is the only valid method of performing the rite. It may be admitted at once that immersion, where the whole body including the head is plunged into a pool of pure water, gives a more vivid picture of the cleansing of the soul from sin; and that complete surrounding with water suits better the metaphors of burial in Roman 6:4 and Colossians 2:12, and of being surrounded by cloud in 1 Corinthians 10:2.
On the other hand affusion is certainly a more vivid picture of the bestowal of the Holy Spirit which is equally symbolized in baptism. No definite information is given of the mode in which baptism was administered in apostolic times. Such phrases as "coming up out of the water," "went down into the water" (Mark 1:10 Acts 8:38) are as applicable to affusion as to immersion. The earliest account of the mode of baptizing occurs in the Didache (c. 7), where it is said: "Now concerning Baptism, thus baptize ye: having first uttered all these things, baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, in living water. But if thou hast not living water, baptize in other water; and if thou canst not in cold, then in warm. But if thou hast neither, pour water upon the head thrice in the name of Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost." This seems to say that to baptize by immersion was the practice recommended for general use, but that the mode of affusion was also valid and enjoined on occasions. What is here prescribed in the Didache seems to have been the practice usually followed in the early centuries of the Christian church. Immersion was in common use: but affusion was also widely practiced: and both were esteemed usual and valid forms of baptizing. When immersion was used then the head of the recipient was plunged thrice beneath the surface at the mention of each name of the Trinity; when the mode was by affusion the same reference to the Trinity was kept by pouring water thrice upon the head. The two usages which were recognized and prescribed by the beginning of the 2nd century may have been in use throughout the apostolic period although definite information is lacking. When we remember the various pools in Jerusalem, and their use for ceremonial washings it is not impossible to suppose that the 3,000 who were baptized on the day of Pentecost may have been immersed, but, when the furnishing and conditions of Palestinian houses and of oriental jails are taken into account, it is difficult to conceive that at the baptisms of Cornelius and of the jailer, the ceremony was performed otherwise than by affusion. It is a somewhat curious fact that if the evidence from written texts, whether ancient canons or writings of the earlier Fathers, be studied by themselves, the natural conclusion would seem to be that immersion was the almost universal form of administering the rite; but if the witness of the earliest pictorial representation be collected, then we must infer that affusion was the usual method and that immersion was exceptional; for the pictorial representations, almost without exception, display baptism performed by affusion, i.e. the recipient is seen standing in water while the minister pours water on the head. It may therefore be inferred that evidence for the almost universal practice of immersion, drawn from the fact that baptisms took place in river pools (it is more than probable that when we find the names of local saints given to pools in rivers, those places were their favorite places of administering the rite), or from the large size of almost all early medieval baptisteries, is by no means so conclusive as many have supposed, such places being equally applicable to affusion. It is also interesting to remember that when most of the Anabaptists of the 16th century insisted on adult baptism (re-baptism was their name for it) immersion was not the method practiced by them. During the great baptismal scene in the market-place of the city of Munster the ordinance was performed by the ministers pouring three cans of water on the heads of the recipients. They baptized by affusion and not by immersion. This was also the practice among the Mennonites or earliest Baptists. This double mode of administering the sacrament-by immersion or by affusion-prevailed in the churches of the first twelve centuries, and it was not until the 13th that the practice of aspersio or sprinkling was almost universally employed.
The third method of administering baptism, namely, by aspersio or sprinkling, has a different history from the other two. It was in the early centuries exclusively reserved for sick and infirm persons too weak to be submitted to immersion or affusion. There is evidence to show that those who received the rite in this form were somewhat despised; for the nicknames clinici and grabatorii were, unworthily Cyprian declares, bestowed on them by neighbors. The question was even raised in the middle of the 3rd century, whether baptism by aspersio was a valid baptism and Cyprian was asked for his opinion on the matter. His answer is contained in his lxxvth epistle (lxix Hartel's ed.). There he contends that the ordinance administered this way is perfectly valid, and quotes in support of his opinion various Old Testament texts which assert the purifying effects of water sprinkled (Ezekiel 36:25, 26 Numbers 8:5-7; Numbers 19:8, 9, 12, 13). It is not the amount of the water or the method of its application which can cleanse from sin: "Whence it appears that the sprinkling also of water prevails equally with the washing of salvation. and that where the faith of the giver and receiver is sound, all things hold and may be consummated and perfected by the majesty of God and by the truth of faith." His opinion prevailed. Aspersio was recognized as a valid, though exceptional, form of baptism. But it was long of commending itself to ministers and people, and did not attain to almost general use until the 13th century.
The idea that baptism is valid when practiced in the one method only of immersion can scarcely be looked on as anything else than a ritualistic idea.
3. Who May Perform Baptism:
The Scripture nowhere describes or limits the qualifications of those who are entitled to perform the rite of baptism. We find apostles, wandering preachers (Acts 8:38), a private member of a small and persecuted community (Acts 9:18) performing the rite. So in the sub-apostolic church we find the same liberty of practice. Clement of Alexandria tells us that the services of Christian women were necessary for the work of Christian missions, for they alone could have access to the gynaeceum and carry the message of the gospel there (Strom., III, 6). Such women missionaries did not hesitate to baptize. Whatever credit may be given to the Acts of Paul and Theckla, it is at least historical that Theckla did exist, that she was converted by Paul, that she worked as a missionary and that she baptized her converts. Speaking generally it may be said that as a sacrament has always been looked upon as the recognition of presence within the Christian church, it is an act of the church and not of the individual believer; and therefore no one is entitled to perform the act who is not in some way a representative of the Christian community-the representative character ought to be maintained somehow. As soon as the community had taken regular and organized form the act of baptism was suitably performed by those who, as office-bearers, naturally represented the community. It was recognized that the pastor or bishop (for these terms were synonymous until the 4th century at least) ought to preside at the administration of the sacrament; but in the early church the power of delegation was recognized and practiced, and elders and deacons presided at this and even at the Eucharist. What has been called lay-baptism is not forbidden in the New Testament and has the sanction of the early church. When superstitious views of baptism entered largely into the church and it was held that no unbaptized child could be saved, the practice arose of encouraging the baptism of all weakling infants by nurses. The Reformed church protested against this and was at pains to repudiate the superstitious thought of any mechanical efficacy in the rite by deprecating its exercise by any save approved and ordained ministers of the church. Still, while condemning lay-baptism as irregular, it may be questioned whether they would assert any administration of the rite to be invalid, provided only it had been performed with devout faith on the part of giver and receiver.
4. Who May Receive Baptism:
The recipients of Christian baptism are all those who make a presumably sincere profession of repentance of sin and of faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, the Saviour; together with the children of such believing parents. The requirements are set forth in the accounts given us of the performance of the rite in the New Testament, in which we see how the apostles obeyed the commands of their Master. Jesus had ordered them to "make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 28:19)-to "preach the gospel to the whole creation. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that disbelieveth shall be condemned" (Mark 16:15, 16). The apostle Peter said to the inquirers on the Day of Pentecost, "Repent ye, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ unto the remission of your sins; and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit"; and 3,000 were added to the church through the initiatory rite of baptism. The Samaritans, who believed on Jesus through the preaching of Philip, were admitted to the Christian community through baptism; though in this case one of the baptized, Simon Magus, after his reception, was found to be still in "the bond of iniquity" (Acts 8:12, 23). The jailer and all his, Lydia and her household, at Philippi, were baptized by Paul on his and her profession of faith on Jesus, the Saviour. There is no evidence in any of the accounts we have of apostolic baptisms that any prolonged course of instruction was thought to be necessary; nothing of classes for catechumens such as we find in the early church by the close of the 2nd century, or in modern missionary enterprise. We find no mention of baptismal creeds, declarative or interrogative, in the New Testament accounts of baptisms. The profession of faith in the Lord Jesus, the Saviour, made by the head of the family appears, so far as the New Testament records afford us information, to have been sufficient to secure the baptism of the "household"-a word which in these days included both servants and children.
(1) Baptism of Infants.
This brings us to the much-debated question whether infants are to be recognized as lawful recipients of Christian baptism. The New Testament Scriptures do not in so many words either forbid or command the baptism of children. The question is in this respect on all fours with the change of the holy day from the seventh to the first day of the week. No positive command authorizes the universal usage with regard to the Christian Sabbath day; that the change is authorized must be settled by a weighing of evidence. So it is with the case of infant baptism. It is neither commanded nor forbidden in so many words; and the question cannot be decided on such a basis. The strongest argument against the baptizing of infants lies in the thought that the conditions of the rite are repentance and faith; that these must be exercised by individuals, each one for himself and for herself; and that infants are incapable either of repentance or of faith of this kind. The argument seems weak in its second statement; it is more dogmatic than historical; and will be referred to later when the doctrine lying at the basis of the rite is examined. On the other hand a great deal of evidence supports the view that the baptism of infants, if not commanded, was at least permitted and practiced within the apostolic church. Paul connects baptism with circumcision and implies that under the gospel the former takes the place of the latter (Colossians 2:12); and as children were circumcised on the 8th day after birth, the inference follows naturally that children were also to be baptized. In the Old Testament, promises to parents included their children. In his sermon on the Day of Pentecost Peter declares to his hearers that the gospel promise is "to you and to your children" and connects this with the invitation to baptism (Acts 2:38, 39). It is also noteworthy that children shared in the Jewish baptism of proselytes. Then we find in the New Testament narratives of baptisms that "households" were baptized-of Lydia (Acts 16:15), of the jailer at Philippi (Acts 16:32), of Stephanas (1 Corinthians 1:16). It is never said that the children of the household were exempted from the sacred rite. One has only to remember the position of the head of the household in that ancient world, to recollect how the household was thought to be embodied in its head, to see how the repentance and faith of the head of the household was looked upon as including those of all the members, not merely children but servants, to feel that had the children been excluded from sharing in the rite the exclusion would have seemed such an unusual thing that it would have at least been mentioned and explained. our Lord expressly made very young children the types of those who entered into His kingdom (Mark 10:14-16); and Paul so unites parents with children in the faith of Christ that he does not hesitate to call the children of the believing husband or wife "holy," and to imply that the children had passed from a state of "uncleanness" to a state of "holiness" through the faith of a parent. All these things seem to point to the fact that the rite which was the door of entance into the visible community of the followers of Jesus was shared in by the children of believing parents. Besides evidence for the baptism of children goes back to the earliest times of the sub-apostolic church. Irenaeus was the disciple of Polycarp, who had been the disciple of John, and it is difficult to draw any other conclusion from his statements than that he believed that the baptism of infants had been an established practice in the church long before his days (Adv. Haer., II, 22; compare 39). The witness of Tertullian is specially interesting; for he himself plainly thinks that adult baptism is to be preferred to the baptism of infants. He makes it plain that the custom of baptizing infants existed in his days, and we may be sure from the character and the learning of the man, that had he been able to affirm that infant-baptism had been a recent innovation and had not been a long-established usage descending from apostolic times, he would certainly have had no hesitation in using what would have seemed to him a very convincing way of dealing with his opponents. Tertullian's testimony comes from the end of the 2nd century or the beginning of the 3rd century. Origen, the most learned Christian writer during the first three centuries and who comes a little later than Tertullian, in his 14th Homily on Luke bears witness to the fact that the baptism of infants was usual. He argues that original sin belongs to children because the church baptizes them. At the same time it is plain from a variety of evidence too long to cite that the baptism of infants was not a universal practice in the early church. The church of the early centuries was a mission church. It drew large numbers of its members from heathendom. In every mission church the baptism of adults will naturally take the foremost place and be most in evidence. But is is clear that many Christians were of the opinion of Tertullian and believed that baptism ought not to be administered to children but should be confined to adults. Nor was this a theory only; it was a continuous practice handed down from one generation to another in some Christian families. In the 4th century, few Christian leaders took a more important place than Basil the Great and his brother Gregory of Nyssa. They belonged to a family who had been Christians for some generations; yet neither of the brothers was baptized until after his personal conversion, which does not appear to have come until they had attained the years of manhood. The whole evidence seems to show that in the early church, down to the end of the 4th century at least, infant and adult baptism were open questions and that the two practices existed side by side with each other without disturbing the unity of the churches. In the later Pelagian controversy it became evident that theory and practice of infant baptism had been able to assert itself and that the ordinance was always administered to children of members of the church.
(2) Baptism for the Dead.
Paul refers to a custom of "baptizing for the dead" (1 Corinthians 15:29). What this "vicarious baptism" or "baptism for the dead" was it is impossible to say, even whether it was practiced within the primitive Christian church. The passage is a it very difficult one and has called forth a very large number of explanations, which are mere guesses. Paul neither commends nor disapproves of it; he simply mentions its existence and uses the fact as an argument for the resurrection. SeeBAPTISM FOR THE DEAD.
IV. The Formula of Baptism.
The Formula of Christian baptism, in the mode which prevailed, is given in Matthew 28:19: "I baptize thee in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." But it is curious that the words are not given in any description of Christian baptism until the time of Justin Martyr: and there they are not repeated exactly but in a slightly extended and explanatory form. He says that Christians "receive the washing with water in the name of God, the Ruler and Father of the universe, and of our Saviour, Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit" (1 Apol., 61). In every account of the performance of the rite in apostolic times a much shorter formula is in use. The 3,000 believers were baptized on the Day of Pentecost "in the name of Jesus" (Acts 2:38); and the same formula was used at the baptism of Cornelius and those that were with him (Acts 10:48). Indeed it would appear to have been the usual one, from Paul's question to the Corinthians: "Were ye baptized into the name of Paul?" (1 Corinthians 1:13). The Samaritans were baptized "into the name of the Lord Jesus" (Acts 8:16); and the same formula (a common one in acts of devotion) was used in the case of the disciples at Ephesus. In some instances it is recorded that before baptism the converts were asked to make some confession of their faith, which took the form of declaring that Jesus was the Lord or that Jesus Christ was the Son of God. It may be inferred from a phrase in 1 Peter 3:21 that a formal interrogation was made, and that the answer was an acknowledgment that Jesus Christ was Lord. Scholars have exercised a great deal of ingenuity in trying to explain how, with what appear to be the very words of Jesus given in the Gospel of Matthew, another and much shorter formula seems to have been used throughout the apostolic church. Some have imagined that the shorter formula was that used in baptizing disciples during the lifetime of our Lord (John 4:1, 2), and that the apostles having become accustomed to it continued to use it during their lives. Others declare that the phrases "in the name of Jesus Christ" or "of the Lord Jesus" are not meant to give the formula of baptism, but simply to denote that the rite was Christian. Others think that the full formula was always used and that the narratives in the Book of Ac and in the Pauline Epistles are merely brief summaries of what took place-an idea rather difficult to believe in the absence of any single reference to the longer formula. Others, again, insist that baptism in the name of one of the persons of the Trinity implies baptism in the name of the Three.
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• Bible Thesuarus | <urn:uuid:396e5757-449d-4a7d-bf84-d683997bf04e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://bibleencyclopedia.com/non-immersionist.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098468.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00027-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973766 | 6,831 | 3 | 3 |
WELLINGTON, New Zealand: It has taken 26 million years, but scientists say getting the first glimpse at what a long-extinct giant penguin looked like was worth the wait.
Experts from New Zealand and the United States have reconstructed the fossil skeleton of one of the giant sea birds for the first time, revealing long wings, a slender build and a spear-like bill that have them describing it as one elegant bird.
In research published this week in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, the scientists say the bird they have dubbed Kairuku _ Maori for “diver who returns with food” _ stood about 4 feet 2 inches (1.3 meters) tall and had a body shape unique from any previously known penguin, living or extinct. Kairuku lived in the Oligocene period, about 26 million years ago.
The first Kairuku bones were discovered 35 years ago in New Zealand by Ewan Fordyce, a professor of geology at New Zealand’s University of Otago. He recently teamed up with Dan Ksepka, a research assistant professor at North Carolina State University, to reconstruct a skeleton from multiple sets of fossils, using a king penguin as a model.
“It’s pretty exciting,” Fordyce told The Associated Press. “We’ve got enough from three key specimens to get a pretty reliable construction of its body size.”
Fordyce said the bird’s elongated bill may have been useful in catching swift prey and its large body size likely helped it swim longer distances and dive deeper than modern-day penguins.
The bird is about a foot (30 centimeters) taller than the largest modern-day penguin, the emperor. It would have weighed about 132 pounds (60 kilograms), 50 per cent more than an emperor.
When Kairuku was alive, most of modern-day New Zealand was submerged beneath the ocean. The scientists believe the remaining isolated, rocky land masses helped keep the penguins safe from potential predators and provided them with plentiful supplies of food.
Fordyce said there are several reasons why the giant penguins might have become extinct: It could have been from climate change, the arrival of new predators, or increased competition for food from seals and other creatures. | <urn:uuid:2c24fdf7-3b4e-4655-9db4-a89f95a16309> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.dawn.com/news/699376/scientists-reconstruct-extinct-giant-penguin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768561.127/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00138-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955479 | 478 | 3.640625 | 4 |
A remarkably high proportion of criminal activity is associated with narcotic drugs. In the United States, the number of inmates in prisons virtually trebled between 1980 and 1993 to 950,000, and half the increase was linked to drug offences.
The illegal drug business is now a huge transnational industry, worth around $500 billion per year. The main source countries, for either producing or trafficking, are Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Iran, Myanmar, Pakistan, Peru and Thailand. All industrial countries are major consumers, although on a per capita basis the heaviest users are the United States and Canada.
The producing countries can see substantial financial benefits from the drug business. The poorest farmers in Peru or Afghanistan, for example, can obtain a ready and reliable income from drugs when there are few alternative crops. And at the national level, drugs make a substantial contribution to the economy, Bolivia's cocaine industry is thought to be worth as much as 20 per cent of GNP. But there are also heavy social costs, both for local communities and for national institutions, as traffickers infiltrate bureaucracies, bribe decision makers, and create a kind of "systemic violence".
The main consuming countries suffer from the same kinds of social corrosion. Many people resort to drugs out of desperation, but then get dragged into a net of crime to feed their addiction. Institutions in industrialized countries have also been undermined by violence and corruption.
Despite the scale of the problem, and repeated declarations of war on drugs, attempts at suppressing the drug trade have been singularly unsuccessful. Producing countries have been urged to step up military activity in drug producing areas. This can make matters worse, enhancing the power of the military (which may already be infiltrated by traffickers) and potentially heightening violence and human rights abuses. Governments and international agencies have also tried to promote alternative forms of development, though these kinds of efforts are usually undermined by the relative profitability of drug crops.
Consuming countries have also attempted to reduce the demand for drugs. Some have tried tougher law enforcement or workplace drug testing, but these kinds of initiatives tend to succeed more with the better-off consumers who feel they have something to lose; those hard-core drug users who are members of the underclass are not much deterred by a prison sentence or the prospect of losing what is usually a low-grade job. More positive community-based programmes include anti-drug education and treatment for addicts. But the most radical options are decriminalisation or legalization, which have been proposed on the grounds that much of the damage from the drug trade comes from the crime associated with it. This could also make drugs more widely available, though the evidence from the few places that have experimented with liberalization of drug laws suggests that decriminalization will not necessarily increase drug abuse.
There can be no single solution to the drug problem, though the more promising options seem to be those that directly address the causes of drug production, the economics of the drug trade and the harm associated with drug abuse.
Sources: See Globalization adjustments | <urn:uuid:d4af5068-5524-480f-916e-50e6f96fc7f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://everything2.com/title/Drugs+in+the+global+era | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00453-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956202 | 609 | 2.671875 | 3 |
“Louveciennes has always known how to hide its secrets behind thick walls…”
–Le Figaro, March 12th, 1996
Email BARBARA SAPP at: firstname.lastname@example.org
Also, read about Barbara Sapp’s efforts in trying to save Anaïs’s home.
Unlike other celebrated artists’ homes of the first half of the Twentieth Century opened for the public, the former home of Anaïs Nin changed ownership under private sale in June in Louveciennes, France.
The obstacles toward the preservation of the home and grounds began with a local French attitude holding true that Anaïs Nin was not a French writer, but a “Romanciere Americaine” as carved in the marble plaque nailed to the gate of the homesite of her 1930’s “Laboratory of the Soul.” Indeed, Nin was born French, of Danish mother and Spanish father, in the west Parisian suburb of Neuilly in 1903, later to become a naturalized US citizen, seeking refuge on the eve of the First World War. That her now famous Journal was largely written in her adoptive language of English, existing only in translation in France, her works are considered to be books taken “from the American.” Furthermore, another local opinion circulates that since the house was only rented by Nin for six years, not owned, that amount of time is not significant to classify the building and its grounds. Still others have said that the house is an eyesore, without any true architectural distinction. There is perhaps also a hint of prudery surrounding the idea of establishing an historic site dedicated to the life and works of a woman whose free spirit and libertine nature have been spotlighted by the recent publication of her uncensored diaries.
The town of Louveciennes holds precedence over the restoration of its Chateau of Madame DuBarry, the palatial love nest of the Aristocratic courtesan bought privately by a Japanese investor who then proceeded to strip the interior of its elegant parquet floors, gilded cornices and mouldings, chandeliers, mirrors, mantle pieces and marquetry for auction and exportation. This exploitation of a classified national treasure shocked Louveciennes to seek legal action to seize public possession of the Chateau with intervention at the level of the Ministry of Culture, and undoubtedly deepened feelings of zenophobic caution towards foreign investment in local property.
Although Anaïs Nin was to take up other residences during her Paris years, including the renting of the Villa Seurat for Henry Miller and a houseboat on the Seine with her Latin lover Gonzalo More, the house at 2 bis rue Montbuisson in the hamlet of Louveciennes was all that remained untouched by time of a circle of collaborating artists and writers to later epitomize a Paris past. The house is lovingly recalled throughout Nin’s Journals, and could be considered the crucible of her formative years as an artist. “It is above all Anaïs Nin’s most important home in France,” confirms Beatrice Commenge, French translator of the authoress’ Unexpurgated Diaries. It was Anaïs’ wish that her true story be told uncensored after the death of her first husband in 1985.
The latest of several attempts to acquire and restore for the public the seventeenth century cottage near Versailles folded when the French Government made no motion to classify the building an Historic Site. The house and grounds where Nin truly launched her literary career along with the companionship and encouragement of friend, lover and mentor, Henry Miller, and other such artistic colleagues like writer Lawrence Durrell, photographer Brassai, and actor Antonin Artaud, as well as her husband Hugh Parker Guiler, (later New York cinematographer and engraver Ian Hugo), passed through the hands of a local Architect who was granted zoning permission by the town hall of Louveciennes to divide the property into three lots for resale and development. Among them, the house proper which was rented by Nin and then husband Hugo Guiler was arranged for private sale to the son of a French Patrimony official.
Ironically there was to be a Poetry Festival this Spring in Louveciennes, the mention of Nin’s name on the lips of local admirers and quiet keepers of the flame, of which there are many fond Louveciennois eager to see this little piece of history remembered. Indeed the town has been home to the famous and talented over the past century, from Impressionist painter August Renoir to cinema goddess Brigitte Bardot.
A gentleman to whom the Nin home has been an interest, if not a proverbial and political thorn in the side, Pierre Lequiller, Mayor of Louveciennes, was able to guarantee to the literary community only that the exterior of the building be maintained by the new owners. The previous owners allowed the property to fall into a sad state of decay over the last twenty years, the slate and copper roof all but caving in, vandalized with broken windows and over turned furniture, moss and ivy almost blushingly trying to cover the building’s abandoned nakedness. The house, on the outskirts of a leafy and secluded Parisian suburb, became a Mecca for Nin followers over the years. Those content not merely to just look at the house from behind its forbidding rusted gate often found rabbit holes or footholds the length of the property’s enclosure and peered with curiosity into its windows, or even found means of entering the building, some proof remaining of the past visits of squatters and new age travellers scattered about the interior; snuffed out candles with their wax drips on the floor boards and empty wine bottles rolling around underfoot.
Once inside, however, the sad feeling of neglect gave way to an archaeologist’s sense of joy! Traces of the colours on the walls chosen and painted by Anaïs’ own hands; flaming rust orange in the sitting room, peach and aquamarine upstairs, grey in the office room where she used to type furiously.
It seems a miracle that much of the interior remained so preserved, but a frequent rental attitude between tenant and landlord is to spare all unnecessary expense on the other party, and so it would seem that not even a pot of paint was wasted in the last half century! Although the house was emptied of her possessions during the transfer to the next tenants in 1936 (Letter from Anaïs Nin to Michael Fraenkel, 1936), many fixtures and heavy pieces of furniture remained; Solid oaken cabinets lining the walls of the Master bedroom, her white porcelain brass lions’ footed bathtub, a well worn spiral staircase and many ancient fireplaces and woodburning stoves. Oddly, the last tennants to leave in the late 1970’s left piles of personal objects strewn about the house as if some exodus was made post-haste; toothpaste and razors still in the bathroom, spices on the rack in the kitchen, clothes and linens, bicycles and baby carriage, books and magazines in teetering stacks, paintings on the walls and a motley collection of windblown umbrellas stuffed in a stand near the door. The wrought iron lawn furniture that appears in Louveciennes photos of the Nin, Miller, Durrell “Three Musketeers of Montparnasse” troika rusts overturned in the backyard.
Many interested in Nin and preserving this house for posterity as a Paris Writers’ Museum or Artists Workshop tried to establish contact in the last ten years with the former owners, a who were not at that time ready to sell, waiting for an upsurge in the depression in the French Real Estate Market. Film maker Philip Kaufman, director and producer of the 1990 “Henry & June” and his crew approached the owners to inquire after the possibility of acquiring and restoring the actual home for the production. Blinded by Hollywood and the prospect of instant wealth, the owners demanded an outrageous sum, and the film, a budget production that solidified the then-just launching careers of Maria de Madeiros and Uma Thurman, was forced to look for an affordable prototype.
Other sites in Europe have had more success obtaining Historic Classification. Great Britain enjoys a fastidiously organized National Heritage Association, and a standardization of blue plaques denoting historic sites. The Sussex Farmhouse site of Bloomsbury fame, former cottage retreat of Virginia Woolf’s sister, painter Vanessa Bell and her lifelong companion Duncan Grant, recently was saved in a like fashion. A rented property in disrepair, once the scene of the exploits of early Twentieth Century literati, was acquired on a Trust, restored and established as an ongoing writer’s workshop and living museum. Finding the funding to launch and maintain such grand scale projects remains the struggle of the Arts in this day and age.
To many academics, artists and writers, as well as the adoring readers of Nin’s life and works, the house represents the last vestiges of a true literary salon, what Nin liked to call her “Laboratory of the Soul.” Not only in Paris in the Crazy Years was she a Mother of the Arts, but established herself for the next forty years on both coasts in artistic circles after her second flight to America fleeing the repression of the European rise of Fascism on the eve of World War Two. The new owners have not been eager to communicate with Nin circles and wish to consider their acquisition a private affair.
Although resistance toward the division and private sale of the property was voiced by an Association formed in Paris for the Preservation of the Home of Anaïs Nin, and backed by countless petitioning signatures postmarked from around the globe, as well as a brilliant but brief flury of international media attention, the sale of the 3,000 meter square property could only be interrupted for a higher bid and penalty fee over the near one million dollar asking price. Curiously, the most fuss made concerning the sale of the property and rezoning of the garden lot for construction was by French Environmentalists, outraged that the only free rooted palmtree in the Ile-de-France, growing in Anaïs Nin’s garden, would be at risk. A cry of, “Cut down the lindens, but don’t touch the Palm!” was heard at a town meeting in March.
Sadly, many closest to Anaïs Nin, including her surviving husband, Rupert Pole, and life-long editor, Gunther Stuhlmann, have been ever pessimistic about the acquisition of the property. Even Anaïs herself was denied entry to the grounds on a visit pilgrimage to the site in the seventies. Indeed, for the Anglophone community dedicated to Nin’s life and work, information surrounding the status of the building has been difficult to obtain, and shrouded in hearsay. The barriers being many, least of all language ; A crooked and shrewd real estate agent withholding any solid facts from the public, a French pre-sales agreement binding the owner under local legislation to sell only to the signed party should they exercise their option, fait accompli, an owning family disputing even amongst itself the right to possession and divvying of the profits, neighbours, locals and French politicians split in opinion of what should become of the property, and of course, Louveciennes being an exclusive west Parisian suburb of wealth and influence steeped in tradition and French aristocratic history, an impenetrable bastion of the blue-blooded Old Guard not too accommodating to the enquiries of outsiders and the Press, even be they French. The notably right-wing Le Figaro began its March 12th 1996 feature article detailing the circumstances surrounding the sale of the house with the words, “Louveciennes has always known how to hide its secrets behind thick walls….”
Long-since resigned to the difficulty and distance concerning Louveciennes, Rupert Pole continues to dedicate his life to the editing and publication of the Unexpurgated Diaries of Anaïs Nin. The Silver Lake, Los Angeles home that Rupert and Anaïs built together will be left to the Nin estate as a tribute to the writer. Rupert built the home according to Anaïs’ wishes for, “a house of air and glass surrounded by water.” And it was there, reflected in a crystal pool, a Redwood, stone and window-walled Lloyd Wright style home terraced on a hillside in the California pines, far from the glitz and trappings of 1930’s Paris, that she brought life full circle, surrounded by the friends and fruits of her creative efforts.
“I know the history of Louveciennes ended at a certain time. Looking back on it, it was the right time. Even though it’s painful and you are not necessarily aware when you’re finished with a certain experience….” — Anaïs Nin, “A Woman Speaks”, 1976, The Swallow Press
Warmest thanks to all those in support of the Association for the Preservation of the Home of Anaïs Nin.
She is smiling down on us….
Barbara Ann Sapp
Email BARBARA SAPP at: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:29de5e88-de44-40ee-b02d-1c420d3b9ae7> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://anaisnin.org/archives/former-home-of-anais-nin-sold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171126.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124053841-20201124083841-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.955001 | 2,797 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Rodents, such as mice and rats, are common pests, but their dangers go beyond destruction of property and sheer phobias. One rat can carry up to 40 different parasites, and these parasites can carry some of the most dangerous and deadly diseases known to man. As a result, you have to take action against rodents as soon as possible to keep your family/business safe.
Some indicators are:
Presence of fecal droppings
Mice fecal pellets are small, up to ¼ inch in size, have pointed ends, and usually dark-colored. One adult mouse can produce 50-75 pellets daily. The Norway rat produces 40-50 pellets a day. The droppings have blunt ends and are typically ½ inch in length.
Evidence of damage from gnawing
The word rodent comes from the Latin word “rodere” which means “to gnaw”. Mice chew on plastic, wires, cardboard, wood, and will shred paper. Mouse damage holes are small, clean cut and 1-1 ½ inches in diameter Rats commonly gnaw on wooden structures, but will gnaw on a variety of items.
Live or dead rodents found
Presence of strong musty odors and urine
A strong musty odor can be detected in established mice or rat infestations due to their urine and body glands | <urn:uuid:7d8fe322-7fc0-4e67-9146-36aa8746fcc1> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ultimatepestcontrolny.com/residential-rodent-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146066.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225110721-20200225140721-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.939387 | 278 | 3.078125 | 3 |
On 13 August 1521, immense joy flooded the hearts of the indigenous masses of Mesoamerica. Some laughed, others wept. Some felt great relief, others thirsted for revenge. Many prepared their weapons to exterminate, once and for all, their enemies without distinguishing between men and women, old and young. Such was their resentment and hatred – held in check for years – that they wanted to wipe their executioners off the face of the earth.
But a “strange, bearded man” stayed their hand. What were those Indians celebrating? Who was the “bearded man” who prevented the imminent massacre?
They were celebrating that they – Tlaxcaltecs, Texcocotecs, Cholultecs, Xochimilcatecs, and Otomi, among other peoples – together with a small group of men from the sea had defeated a mighty army that, for years, had seemed invincible.
They celebrated the fall of Tenochtitlán. They were celebrating the fact that they had finally put an end to the anthropophagous imperialism of the Aztecs. They wanted revenge on the Aztecs who, for years and years, had snatched their children, their siblings, their parents, to drag them to the “major temple” of Tenochtitlán and, there, to tear out their hearts, literally, while they were still alive, and then to cut their bodies into pieces, so that they would serve, once “slaughtered like pigs or chickens”, as “substantial food” for the Aztec nobility and priests.
The “bearded man” who managed to contain all the anger of those Indians, thirsty for revenge – a thirst accumulated over long years of Aztec subjugation and anthropophagy -, the “strange man” who prevented the genocide – which seemed inevitable – of the Aztecs, was the legendary Hernán Cortés, the liberator of Mesoamerica.
In that region, which today is part of the Republic of Mexico, there was “one oppressor nation”, the Aztecs, and “dozens of oppressed nations”, the Tlaxcalans, the Texcocotecs, the Cholultecs….
Alongside those three hundred brave Spanish soldiers who took Tenochtitlán, fought, side by side, approximately two hundred thousand Indians. At the head of this immense army was an Indian woman: Doña Marina, who had been first a sex slave of the Aztecs and then of the Mayas. She had her “own scores to settle” with the Aztecs.
The writer and analyst Marcelo Gullo.
The conquest of Mexico was made by the Indians who were exploited, oppressed, and harassed by the Aztecs. And that is the whole secret of the history of Mexico, which many are determined to hide, among others, the current president of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Praising the Aztecs and their emperor, Moctezuma, for their great constructions – as the president of Mexico does – is like praising the Nazis and Adolf Hitler for the construction of the best motorways in Germany’s history, which are still being used to this day.
I have repeated more than once, and this has caused the “anger” of the President of the Republic of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, against me, that if Spain had to apologise for having defeated the anthropophagous Aztec imperialism, both the United States and Russia would have to apologise for having defeated the genocidal Nazi imperialism.
To be sure, the battle for Tenochtitlán – which put an end to Aztec imperialism – was bloody, but as bloody, no doubt, as the battle for Berlin, which put an end to Nazi totalitarianism.
So bloodthirsty was that unprecedented anthropophagous imperialism of the Aztecs that today it seems unbelievable that something so monstrous could have happened. But it is so unusual and even unbelievable that that is why it is necessary to “document the facts”.
The archaeological excavations, as well as the fortuitous discoveries that took place as a result of the construction of great public works (such as the Mexico City Metro, for example), allow us to affirm today, with absolute scientific certainty, that such was the number of human sacrifices that the Aztecs carried out, always of people from the peoples enslaved by them, that they used the skulls to build the walls of their buildings and temples.
Each new excavation reveals more and more walls, built with stone and… skulls! Skulls with their teeth facing outwards. The most recent evidence confirming the “holocaust” committed by the Aztecs dates to 2015 when, because of archaeological excavations being carried out next to the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico, a tower of skulls was found which, amazingly, matched, point by point, to the description made by the Spanish chroniclers.
Today, as we have already said, the scientific evidence is abundant and irrefutable: sacrificial stones with traces of haemoglobin, obsidian tools for this work, human skeletons executed by cardioectomy with cut marks on the ribs, decapitations…
When one analyses history without prejudice and does not want to hide the truth, one comes to the conclusion that the Aztecs carried out, as a state policy, the conquest of other indigenous peoples in order to have human beings for sacrificing to their gods and then use the human flesh, thus obtained, as the main food for the nobles and priests, as if it were simple animal protein. Year after year, the Aztecs would snatch their children from the peoples they had conquered, murder them in their temples and then devour them with relish.
“Throughout the rest of the world”, says Mexican philosopher and historian José Vasconcelos, “it has been considered unnatural to kill, and people have killed knowing that they were committing a crime. Only the Aztecs killed for pleasure and by the command of their bloodthirsty god Huichilobos.”
The Mexican archaeologist Alfonso Caso – former rector of the prestigious National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) – explains that “human sacrifice was essential in the Aztec religion”. And it is precisely for this reason that, in 1487, to celebrate the completion of the construction of the great temple of Tenochtitlán – of which President López Obrador inaugurated a monumental model on 13 August – the sacrificial victims formed four rows that stretched along the causeway linking the islands of Tenochtitlán.
It is estimated that in those four days of feasting alone, the Aztecs killed between 20,000 and 24,000 people. However, Williams Prescott, unsuspicious of Hispanism, gives an even more chilling figure: “When, in 1486, the great temple of Mexico was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, the sacrifices lasted several days, and seventy thousand victims perished.”
Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, in his book Historia de América, relates that: “When they took the children to be killed, if they cried and shed more tears, those who took them rejoiced, because they took predictions that they would have many rainsfalls in that year.”
“The number of victims sacrificed per year – acknowledges Prescott, one of the most critical historians of the Spanish conquest and one of the most fervent defenders of the Aztec civilisation – was immense. Hardly any author computes it at less than twenty thousand each year, and there are still some who put it as high as one hundred and fifty thousand.”
Marvin Harris in his famous work, Cannibals and Kings relates: “The prisoners of war, ascending the steps of the pyramids, were seized by four priests, stretched face up on the stone altar and cut open from side to side of the chest with a knife… Then the victim’s heart – usually described as still beating – was torn out. The body was rolled down the pyramid steps.”
Where were the bodies of the hundreds of human beings whose hearts had been cut out at the top of the pyramids taken? What then happened to the victim’s body? What was the fate of the bodies that, day by day, were sacrificed to the gods?
In this respect, Michael Hamer, who has analysed this question more intelligently and with more courage than the rest of the specialists, states: “There is really no mystery as to what happened to the corpses since all eyewitness accounts broadly agree: the victims were eaten.”
And what happened after the anthropophagous imperialism of the Aztecs was defeated, after those first hours of blood, pain, and death? Spain merged its blood with that of the vanquished and with that of the liberated. And let us remember that there were more liberated than defeated. As proof of what we have just said, there is the story of Isabel Moctezuma, the legitimate daughter of Emperor Moctezuma, who after the conquest bcame one of the richest and most influential women in Mexico.
Isabel was already thirty years old when she remarried for the fifth time to the conquistador from Extremadura, born in the city of Cáceres, Don Juan Cano de Saavedra, with whom she procreated five new Spanish Americans, grandchildren of the emperor Moctezuma. His children were Juan Cano Moctezuma, Pedro Cano Moctezuma, Gonzalo Cano Moctezuma, Isabel Cano Moctezuma, and María Cano Moctezuma.
It is important to note that the two sisters, Isabel and María, would become nuns and would live, from then on, in the convent of the Conception in Mexico City. While Juan Cano Moctezuma married Elvira Toledo Ovando and his brother Gonzalo Cano Moctezuma married Ana Prado Calderón. It should be noted that the mestizos Juan and Gonzalo, grandsons of the emperor Moctezuma, married daughters of Spanish noblemen. This small detail should not be forgotten.
Cover of the book Madre Patria, by Marcelo Gullo.
This is the historical truth that I relate in my book Madre Patria and which has irritated his excellency the President of the Republic of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who last August 13th, on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the liberation – for him the “fall” – of Tenochtitlán, accused me, without any kind of proof – and without even taking the trouble to look at my academic record or to gather information about my already long anti-imperialist political career – of being a representative of the colonialist school of thought.
In other historical eras, such offences were settled on the field of honour. Today there are other times, which some call more civilised. That is why I demand of the President of the Republic of Mexico – considering him a man of honour, who seeks the truth – that he calls a proper debate on the Conquest of America – as Emperor Carlos V had the courage to call for in the year 1550 – which could take place at a university in Switzerland, the one of the President’s choice, and which would be attended by five specialists who defend the President’s thesis and five specialists who, like the present writer, maintain that Spain did not conquer America, but rather that Spain liberated America.
I am therefore awaiting the President’s reply, so that I can go to the city of Switzerland of his choice, accompanied by four thinkers chosen by me, to confront, in an academic debate, the intellectuals who, in equal numbers, will be designated by the current President of the Republic of Mexico. | <urn:uuid:89d8ed91-5918-496e-81af-9930d15f52af> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://webhispania.info/history/i-marcelo-gullo-omodeo-challenge-mexican-president-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711064.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205232822-20221206022822-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.975941 | 2,525 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Simplifying complex energy storage interfaces to develop better devices
Every technology that runs our world requires energy on demand. Energy must be stored and made available in order to power electronic devices and illuminate buildings. The large variety of devices that require on-demand energy has resulted in the development of several energy storage strategies.
Many energy storage systems use a combination of chemical and electrical processes to change the form of energy. This process produces an interface, which is the point at which two different materials meet and transform. Scientists must regulate what happens at and around these interfaces in order to create more efficient, long-lasting energy storage systems. But it’s not easy.
“Most research makes a complicated interface and then uses advanced characterization techniques to try to understand it,” said Grant Johnson, the Separation Science program’s head scientist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). “In comparison, we don’t make the whole interface. We prepare each piece separately, which allows us to study the individual components and how they form.”
Their technique is known as ion soft landing. The technology allows scientists to view how individual charged molecules, or ions, that exist at real energy storage interfaces interact with an electrode surface and an electric potential. It separates the chaotic interfaces that exist in real energy storage systems into distinct systems with only one kind of ion and the surface. The researchers may then investigate the role that each molecule plays in the formation of the interface.
Softly landing ions for targeted studies in energy storage
Ion soft landing enables researchers to select a single, specific type of ion by charge and size. The chosen ions then land gently on a conductive surface. This process prepares a precisely defined interface characteristic of the reactions of the selected molecules and surface material.
Once the interface is prepared, researchers may use other instruments to examine how the surface and the molecule interact. This characterization reveals information about the nature of the chemical bonds broken and formed at the interface.
Lithium-ion systems, which power many of our electronics, may be the most familiar energy storage devices. The PNNL research team, however, is exploring even more efficient and potentially transformative energy storage systems. These include lithium-sulfur ions, lithium-based solids, and moving beyond lithium chemistry. For this research, the team starts with an electrolyte solution of molecules and soft lands selected ions, like various lithium sulfides, on lithium metal with an oxygen-rich surface.
They recently discovered one way the negatively charged lithium-sulfur ions play a key role in the operation of these new energy storage devices at interfaces. They found that the ions undergo multiple reactions centered on the reduction and oxidation chemistry of sulfur, rather than lithium.
The findings explain the nature of the sulfur-oxygen bonds and related reacted molecules observed in energy storage devices. The ion soft landing work provides a molecular-level explanation for why oxidized forms of sulfur exist at lithium-sulfur interfaces. Understanding exactly how these important ions turn into solid materials at a model interface helps researchers break down the complicated interfaces in real devices.
“Each time we explore how an individual type of molecule reacts, we learn something new that builds collective knowledge about interface formation,” said Johnson. | <urn:uuid:cc08b1c0-80e6-4eb1-8d08-5166c94d5ca4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://en.smaraad.com/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=191 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943625.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321033306-20230321063306-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.897066 | 665 | 3.671875 | 4 |
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