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In 2012, more than one-in-three men from disadvantaged backgrounds lived alone in their early 40s. This compared with only one-in-seven men from rich backgrounds living without a partner. This disparity has strengthened the link between the incomes of families across generations, thus reducing social mobility.
These are among the findings of a new working paper published by the Institute for Fiscal Studies entitled ‘Intergenerational income persistence within families’. The paper explores the importance of family background for household income using a variety of sources, and was produced with funding from CLOSER.
It is well known that the sons of richer parents tend to go on to have higher earnings. However, this new research shows that they also benefit from being more likely to have a partner, and from that partner being more likely to have higher earnings. Even among men in couples, the partners of men from richer backgrounds earn 73% more than the partners of men from poorer families.
Female earnings are an increasingly important component of household income and so these trends significantly reduce the household incomes of men who grew up in poor families compared with those of men who grew up in rich families. And this is a new phenomenon. Amongst men born 12 years earlier, the differences in partnership status and partner earnings by family background were considerably smaller. This change in household composition has strengthened the link between the incomes of parents and children and hence reduced social mobility.
Key findings include:
• The earnings gap between men with richer parents and their counterparts from less well-off backgrounds is widening. In 2012, employed 42-year-old men whose parents were among the richest fifth of households earned on average 88% more than those from the poorest families. In 2000, the equivalent gap for men of the same age was 47%.
• More than one-in-three men aged 42 from the poorest fifth of families did not live with a partner in 2012, compared with only one-in-seven men from high-income backgrounds. This is the result both of lower rates of marriage and of higher rates of relationship breakdown amongst men from low-income families. Men from low-income households were more than twice as likely to be divorced as those from high-income backgrounds (11% rather than 5%) and almost twice as likely never to have been married (36% rather than 20%). Amongst men born 12 years earlier, there was little difference in partnership status by family background.
• Those from rich backgrounds paid more than twice as much in income tax and National Insurance as those from poor backgrounds in the year 2012. This reduces the intergenerational persistence in inequality: employed men from rich backgrounds have gross earnings 88% higher on average than those from poor backgrounds, but net incomes only 63% higher. The differential tax burden has grown over time.
• Men from poorer backgrounds are twice as likely to be out of work as those from richer backgrounds. Only 7% of men growing up in the richest fifth of households were out of work at age 42 in 2012, while more than 15% of men from the poorest fifth of households were out of work. Men from poorer backgrounds are also more than twice as likely to receive disability benefits as those from better-off families (11% rather than 4%). As men in work typically have more income than those not in paid work, this accentuates the level of intergenerational income persistence.
Alison Park, Director of CLOSER, said:
“This new research highlights the role of longitudinal studies in helping us understand how society is changing from generation to generation. It shows how existing differences in the earnings of men from richer and poorer backgrounds are exacerbated by a new divide, with poorer men in their early 40s being less likely than those from wealthier backgrounds to be living with a partner.”
Chris Belfield, a research economist at IFS and an author of the paper, said:
“Focusing solely on the earnings of men in work understates the importance of family background in determining living standards. As well as having higher earnings, those from richer families are more likely to be in work, more likely to have a partner and more likely to have a higher-earning partner than those from less well-off backgrounds. And all these inequalities have been widening over time.”
Notes to Editors:
1. The IFS working paper entitled “Intergenerational income persistence within families” by Chris Belfield (Research Economist at the Institute for Fiscal Studies), Claire Crawford (University of Warwick and IFS), Ellen Greaves (University of Bristol and IFS), Paul Gregg (University of Bath) and Lindsey Macmillan (UCL Institute of Education). www.ifs.org.uk
2. This research was carried out as part of CLOSER (Cohort and Longitudinal Studies Enhancement Resources). CLOSER aims to maximise the use, value and impact of the UK’s longitudinal studies. Bringing together eight leading studies, the British Library and the UK Data Service, CLOSER works to stimulate interdisciplinary research, develop shared resources, provide training, and share expertise. CLOSER is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Medical Research Council. Its lead research partner is the UCL Institute of Education.
3. About UCL (University College London): UCL was founded in 1826. We were the first English university established after Oxford and Cambridge, the first to open up university education to those previously excluded from it, and the first to provide systematic teaching of law, architecture and medicine. We are among the world’s top universities, as reflected by performance in a range of international rankings and tables. UCL currently has over 38,000 students from 150 countries and over 12,000 staff. Our annual income is more than £1 billion. www.ucl.ac.uk | <urn:uuid:9d69ae62-9913-4523-8366-0c01dbbd3f9f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.closer.ac.uk/news-opinion/news/men-poor-backgrounds-earnings-single-rich-families/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998339.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617002911-20190617024911-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.974494 | 1,190 | 3.125 | 3 |
Quest Time Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)
What is Intervention?
Intervention is an opportunity for students to work with their own teachers to make up missing work or to get the help they need in any class. Students who have an F or I on any daily progress report or students who just need to make up work because of absences will have this opportunity during Quest Time. Keep in mind that an ‘I’ means you have an Incomplete in a class. You could be missing a few assignments, need to make up a quiz or test, or work on a report. Teachers have the ability to assign an ‘I’ grade even if the actual class grade is a C or above.
What is Enrichment?
Enrichment is an opportunity that students earn by turning in their work on time and receiving passing grades. A variety of activities will be available for students to participate in. Students may also choose to use this time to visit an Intervention room if they need additional help in a class.
How will I know if I need to go to Intervention?
Every day you will receive a progress report during 3rd period. You will need to go to Intervention if you have a D, F, or I in any class. You can also choose to go to an Intervention room if you need extra help on an assignment or if you have work you’d like to make up. This is the best time to visit with your teachers about class work.
What if my teacher’s room is full when I go there for Intervention?
If you have a deficiency in another class, you will need to go to that class instead. Some departments may have a different teacher doing Intervention for the same subject that day. You can check with them to see if they are willing to have you in their classroom.
What if I lose my Progress Report? Can I still get into an Enrichment activity?
Unfortunately, you may not. Your progress report is your daily ticket to get in to any room. It is your job to hang on to it – we will not print another one for you if you lose it. If you don’t have your progress report, you can still attend an Intervention class. If you don’t make a decision about where to go or if you lose your progress report, you will have to go to Administrative Fun Time (see schedule for room number each day).
If I finish my intervention early, can I go to another activity or to a different Intervention room?
Not that day. Once you enter a room, you must stay there for the entire period.
What if my teacher doesn’t update my grades right away?
You will not be able to attend other activities until your progress report shows that your grade has improved. You may need to report to that teacher again. Teachers will be entering grades regularly (minimum once a week.) Think of it this way – if you fail a test on Tuesday, but your teacher doesn’t update grades until Friday, you might miss two days of Enrichment. However, you might also fail to turn in assignments, yet your progress report doesn’t reflect this and unless you self-select to go to intervention, you are allowed to attend Enrichment. Things will even out in the end.
Can my teacher sign a note saying I’m caught up so I can go to Enrichment?
No. Your progress report is the final word. In order to get into Enrichment activities, you must present a progress report that shows you have earned that opportunity – that means no deficiencies.
What if I’m passing everything?
Excellent! Give yourself a high five for working hard. You can choose from the list of Enrichment activities or go to an Intervention teacher if you need help on something. Keep it up! | <urn:uuid:48f80534-1243-439b-bc96-042c5e8d8426> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://sjhs.nebo.edu/content/quest-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887981.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119125144-20180119145144-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.958509 | 795 | 2.578125 | 3 |
regular military establishment went forward slowly. The several companies recruited in Brazoria and Galveston were mustered at Houston in mid-October 1838, before being assigned to duty on the frontier. Western citizens were calling loudly for aid in checking the border warfare, in maintaining peace and security, and in affording protection and encouragement to the Mexican traders, who were exceedingly desirous of continuing a friendly intercourse with the Texans. Every messenger from the west, reported the Telegraph, brings "intelligence of new depredations committed either by lawless bands of our own citizens, or by parties of Mexican marauders."
For several months after their formation, the mounted companies were stationed near Béxar and Gonzales for the protection of the western counties, but they were withdrawn in May 1839, for a contemplated Indian campaign to the upper Brazos and Trinity; and the company of rangers that remained at Seguin as a part of Captain Mathew Caldwell's command was disbanded on May 15 at the expiration of the term of service for which the men had enlisted.
A combination arsenal and armory was constructed at Houston under the supervision of Colonel George W. Hockley. By the end of October 1838 it was under the command of Samuel W. Jordan, acting captain of ordnance, and was described as being in excellent shape and possessing eighteen well-trained workmen. Many of the old muskets taken from the Mexicans in the battle of San Jacinto had been completely repaired at a cost of less than three dollars each. According to the report of the Secretary of War in October 1838, the Republic's military stores consisted of the following items, located at Houston, Galveston, and Post West Bernard:
partments, Submitted to Congress by the President. By order of Congress, p. 13.
125. Telegraph and Texas Register, Oct. 20, 1838.
126. Ibid., May 21, 1839; Report of the Secretary of War to Sam Houston, Department of War, City of Houston, Oct. 31, 1838, in Houston, Documents from the Heads of Departments, p. 13.
127. S. W. Jordan, Acting Captain Ordnance, to G. W. Hockley, Secretary of War, Houston, Oct. 6, 1838, in Houston, Documents from the Heads of Departments, pp. 13-14.
128. Report of the Secretary of War to Sam Houston, Department of War, City of Houston, Oct. 31, 1838, in ibid., p. 13. | <urn:uuid:90e6b492-5db8-4f54-ad5a-474248f1a71b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://supsites.tshaonline.org/nance/jn_043.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545090.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522063657-20220522093657-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.975834 | 538 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Profile of amblyopia at Sabatia Eye Hospital
Background: Amblyopia is a visual development disorder whose onset is in childhood. It becomes resistant to treatment after the critical age of 7 – 8 years when the visual system is estimated to have matured. Early
diagnosis is vital to the prevention of visual impairment caused by amblyopia.
Objective: This study aims to determine the proportion and profile of amblyopia among children who presented at the Sabatia Eye Hospital in 2014.
Methods: This was a quantitative, hospital-based, retrospective case series. All children aged below 16 years who fit the amblyopia case definitions and were seen at Sabatia Eye Hospital between 1st January and 31st December 2014 were included in the study. The 2014 outpatient records were used to recruit the study population.
Results: A total of 268 patients (451 eyes) were recruited in the study from the 4,269 files assessed, giving a proportion of 6.3%. Most patients [183 (68.28%)] had bilateral amblyopia. Refractive amblyopia (56.54%) was the most common type and it was predominantly due to ametropia. Two thirds of children with refractive amblyopia
presented after the age of 8 years. The second most common type of amblyopia was combined (31.49%) followed by sensory deprivation (9.31%) and strabismic (2.66%) amblyopia. Moderate amblyopia (58.47%) was more common than deep amblyopia (41.53%) and was predominantly due to refractive errors.
Conclusion: Refractive amblyopia is the most common type of amblyopia and has a predominantly late diagnosis. Pre-school vision screening programmes are recommended for early diagnosis and timely treatment.
Key words: Amblyopia, Paediatric ophthalmology, Kenya, Sabatia Eye Hospital, Strabismus, Refractive error, Sensory deprivation
Skuta G, Cantor L, Weiss J, Raab E, Aaby A, Bloom
J, et al. American Academy of Ophthalmology
(AAO) Basic and Clinical Science Course.
Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Section
2012 -2013. Canada. Lifelong Education for the
Ophthalmologist. 2012. P61-69.
Holmes J, Lazar E, Melia M, William F, Dagi L,
Donahue S, et al. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator
Group. Effect of age on response to amblyopia
treatment in children. Archives Ophthalmol. 2011;
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (Scheiman
M, Hertle R, Beck R, Edwards A, Birch E, Cotter S,
et al). Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in
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Factors affecting the outcome of children treated for
amblyopia. Eye. 1994; 8 (6): 627-631. doi: 10.1038/
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The UK NSC recommendation on Vision defects
screening in children. Last review December 2013.
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and Strabismus (AAPOS). Vision Screening
Njambi L, Kariuki M, Masinde MS. Ocular findings
in children attending occupational therapy clinic at
Kenyatta National Hospital. MMed Ophthalmology
thesis. University of Nairobi. 2008.
Kalua K, Masinde MS, Njuguna MW. Strabismus as
seen in children at University of Nairobi, Kenyatta
National Hospital. MMed Ophthalmology thesis.
University of Nairobi. 2002.
Sapkota K, Pirouzian A, Matta NS. Prevalence of
amblyopia and patterns of refractive error in the
amblyopic children of a tertiary eye care center of
Nepal. Nepalese J Ophthalmol. 2013; 5(9): 38-44.
Woldeyes A, Girma A. Profile of amblyopia at the
Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic of Menelik II
Hospital, Addis Ababa. Ethiopian J Health Develop.
; 22(2): 201-205 doi: 10.4314/ejhd.v22i2.10073.
Mehari ZA. Pattern of childhood ocular morbidity in
rural eye hospital, Central Ethiopia. BioMed Central
(BMC) Ophthalmol. 2014; 14: 50.
Chua B, Johnson K, Martin F. A retrospective review
of the associations between amblyopia type, patient
age, treatment compliance and referral patterns. Clin
Experimental Ophthalmol. 2004; 32(2): 175–179.
Sharma P, Maitreya A, Dhasmana R. Clinical
profile of amblyopia in children in a tertiary care
centre, Uttarakhand. Uttaranchal J Ophthalmol.
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Menon V, Chaudhuri Z, Saxena R, Gill K, Sachdev
MM. Profile of amblyopia in a hospital referral
practice. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2005; 53(4): 227-234.
Woodruff G, Hiscox F, Thompson JR, Smith LK.
The presentation of children with amblyopia. Eye
(London). 1994; 8 (6): 623–626.
Ganekal S, Jhanji V, Liang Y, Dorairaj S. Prevalence
and etiology of amblyopia in Southern India: Results
from screening of school children aged 5–15 years.
Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2013; 20(4): 228–231.
The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group
(Varma R, Deneen J, Cotter S, Paz S, Azen S, Tarczy-
Hornoch K, Zhao P, et al.) The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric
Eye Disease Study: Design and Methods. (MEPEDS).
Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006; 13: 253–262.
Friedman D, Repka M, Katz J, Giordano L, Ibironke
J, Hawse P, Tielsch J. Prevalence of amblyopia and
strabismus in White and African-American children
aged 6 through 71 months: The Baltimore Pediatric
Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116(11):
Høeg TB, Moldow B, Ellervik C, Klemp K, Erngaard
D, la Cour M, Buch H. Danish Rural Eye Study: the
association of preschool vision screening with the
prevalence of amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014
Chia A, Dirani M, Chan Y, Gazzard G, Kah-Guan Au
Eong, et al. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus
in young Singaporean Chinese children. Invest
Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2010; 51(7): 3411–3417.
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Food We Eat
From the coffee you drink in the morning to the chocolate you eat after dinner, food from the Amazon quietly makes its way into all of our lives. Ensuring that this food continues to make its way to people around the world, without causing a catastrophe in the rainforest, is a global conservation priority.
The Amazon is the largest land-based “carbon sink” on the planet — so important to our global climate that many people have called it “the lungs of the Earth.” Its forests absorb destructive greenhouse gases like CO2, filter the air we breathe and keep the entire planet hospitable to life.
Jobs and Prosperity
Some 31 million people live in the Amazon region, and their livelihoods depend directly on the natural resources in their backyard. For example: The market for açai berries, a “superfood” used in vitamins and energy drinks, generates more than US$ 250 million per year in the Brazilian state of Amapa alone — creating thousands of jobs in harvesting, transportation, processing and sales.
Water We Drink
In just one day, more than enough fresh water flows through the Amazon River to supply New York City for an entire year. Tens of millions of people in the Amazon depend on this water for their daily survival — and scientists have shown that much of the rainfall from regions outside the Amazon actually originates in the region.
Medicines from Nature
As many as 120 prescription drugs sold worldwide today derive directly from plants found in rainforests — including the Amazon, the largest rainforest in the world. And more than two-thirds of all medicines found to have cancer-fighting properties come from rainforest plants. Still, the vast majority of tropical rainforest species have yet to be analyzed for their medicinal value. | <urn:uuid:b6a98625-4107-41ae-85a7-07433cbd1a1e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.conservation.org/where/pages/amazonia.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463606.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00264-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940618 | 365 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Barrels of Biogas
There has never been a prohibition against innovation. Breweries, distilleries and related industries are using biomass and waste to produce renewable energy.
Founded in 1986, Abita Brewing says it is the 30th largest commercial brewer in the nation. In 2008, the company expected to exceed 85,000 barrels of production and $16.5 million in revenue.
Beer is brewed by first milling malted barley into grist to expose starches in the grain. The grist is then mixed with warm water to make mash. Enzymes in the mash convert starches to sugars. Sugary wort is then drained and the leftover mash is sprayed with hot water to sparge the remaining wort from the mash. The wort is then boiled with hops and run through a whirlpool to remove solid proteins and hops fibers. The wort is then cooled and fermented into beer using yeast. As the beer ages, the yeast settles and is drained off. Finally, the beer is filtered to produce a finished product.
During the brewing process, anything that isn't put into a keg or bottled is considered waste, including spent grain, spent hops, sugars, proteins and yeast. "We have a lot of yeast because we make a lot more yeast than we can use," Blossman says. Specialty brews that rely on raspberry puree or strawberry juice for flavor also produce waste from those ingredients. "And when we're filtering and filling, we lose actual beer, too," he says. But one man's trash is another man's treasure, which is why Abita Brewing is turning waste into energy.
A portion of the waste Abita Brewing produces is turned into energy in the form of animal feed. Proteins from the brewery waste are mixed with spent grains and sold to a local dairy farmer. The rest "goes down the drain," Blossman says, but not into a sewer. Instead, the waste is fed to a 570,000-gallon Siemens Water Technologies anaerobic digester, which can convert 75,000 gallons of brewery waste per day into biogas. The methane-rich gas is then fed to the brewery's boiler, displacing the need for fossil fuel natural gas. Installed in April 2008, the system currently processes 45,000 gallons of brewery waste per day and produces 490 million cubic feet of biogas each month.
Blossman says he is pleased with how well the digester works. "So far, we have been very successful in the quality of the gas," he says. "We have tested it three or four times and every time it shows us that we have about 92 percent methane, which is incredible. We have a very clean gas." Blossman notes that biogas can be very corrosive. "Ours isn't, but we still go through the steps of drying it and putting it through an iron sponge, which is designed to take out any of the natural acids that are in the gas, which keeps it from pitting the steel of our boilers," he says.
Prior to installing the digester, Abita Brewing used an aerobic system to treat wastewater, Blossman says. "It was a good system and it worked," he says, "but we were outgrowing the system pretty quickly, and so we needed to add capacity. And when we decided to add capacity, we decided to change technologies and go to an anaerobic system."
Besides being able to capture and use biogas, moving to an anaerobic digester has provided Abita Brewing with additional benefits: the system requires less manpower, less energy and it smells better, too.
"In an aerobic system, you have a population of bugs that actually grow a lot more," Blossman says. "It's like yeast, it keeps growing and growing and you have to constantly take solids out of the system and dewater them, whereas in the anaerobic system, you don't have nearly the growth of the bugs.
"The other thing is that it requires a lot less energy," he says. "The aerobic system had these huge air blowers to stimulate the aerobic bacteria and that required energy.
"And I like the fact that it is totally sealed and we have an odor recovery system, and so we're better neighbors now," he says. "When an aerobic system is operating perfectly, you won't have much of a smell, but inevitably you do-I know from experience that you do-whereas with this system, we haven't had one complaint from a neighbor. You just don't smell it, because everything is enclosed. Anything that you're losing, you don't want to lose, because that's gas and you want to keep it."
Switching from an aerobic to an anaerobic treatment system wasn't cheap. Blossman says the anaerobic digester cost Abita approximately $1.5 million, whereas a similar-sized aerobic system would have been $900,000 or less. "But in the long run, we thought it was a better fit for us," Blossman says. "We liked the idea of using our own gas. We try to be as green as we can around here and we have had the luxury of being in business for 23 years and so we can do these kinds of things. If we had tried to do it 15 or 20 years ago, we wouldn't have had the resources to do it. But now, we don't have to be as picky about our payback."
Breweries aren't the only ones recycling waste for energy. Distilleries, too, are producing energy along with spirits. Bacardi Limited, which has 31 plants around the world, makes Bacardi rum, Grey Goose vodka, Dewar's blended scotch whiskey, Bombay Sapphire gin, Cazadores tequila and more. The company also produces energy. According to Stephen Harvey, global environment, health and safety director for Bacardi, the company has patented its own technology for using anaerobic digestion to treat rum distillery wastewater and to produce energy from biogas. The company has licensed its technology to several other companies, including Cervecería India Inc. in Puerto Rico and Brugal & Co., C. por A. in Santo Domingo.
Harvey says the company's first anaerobic digester was commissioned in 1982 at Bacardi's largest distillery in Cataño, Puerto Rico, with additional digesters built in 1992, 2000 and 2003. The system, engineered by Black & Veatch Holding Co., treats 1.2 million gallons of still bottoms, unfermented molasses and water from the distillery each day and has the capacity to treat 2 million. The 7 million cubic meters of biogas produced annually is fed to boilers to make steam, which is used in the distillery to make rum.
"Last year, the Cataño plant derived more than 30 percent of its energy requirements from naturally created biogas," Harvey says. "[We] avoided consuming more than 5 million liters of nonrenewable fuel oil, which would have generated more than 16,000 metric tons of CO2. The distillery is currently investing nearly $7 million to build a cogeneration facility, which will produce electricity from the biogas, to further enhance the site's energy efficiency and lower its carbon footprint."
Another Bacardi facility that uses anaerobic digestion is the Martini & Rossi plant in Pessione, Italy, near Turin, which produces 12 million cases per year and is Bacardi's largest bottling operation. Harvey says the system, which was engineered by Biotechnical Processes International Ltd., was commissioned in 1998 to treat wastewater produced during blending, filtration, clarification and bottling operations, mostly from washing equipment. The wastewater contains sugars, vermouth, alcohol and other dissolved organics. The system treats 200,000 gallons per day at capacity. The 180,000 cubic meters of biogas produced annually is fed to a cogeneration facility that produces electricity and hot water.
The electricity powers the wastewater treatment system and also the production area. The hot water supplies 50 percent of the heat for the treatment system.
Overall, the Martini & Rossi operation is renewable intensive, where "92.5 percent of operational waste is recycled," Harvey says, "including solids such as paper, wood, glass, cartons, metal and plastic."
A third Bacardi facility with an anaerobic digester is Gemini Distillers, a Bacardi partner, in Nanjangud, India. Gemini supplies alcohol to Bacardi, and Bacardi owns and operates a distillation unit there to produce rum. The anaerobic digester was commissioned in 1990 to treat 110,000 gallons of still bottoms per day, with capacity to treat 130,000. The 3 million cubic meters of biogas produced annually is burned to generate high-pressure steam to power a turbine to generate 90 percent of the distillery's electricity. Exhaust steam is used to distill rum. The system originally was a fixed-film, random media technology built by Shakthi Sugars Ltd., later changed to an arranged media technology built by Lars Enviro Pvt. Ltd.
"All three sites benefit from deriving a stable source of energy from what would otherwise be a waste stream," Harvey says. "Biogas is a sustainable form of renewable energy that helps Bacardi reduce its carbon footprint with the added benefit of providing the sites cost stability at a time when fossil fuel prices have seen considerable fluctuation."
Ryan C. Christiansen is a Biomass Magazine staff writer. Reach him at email@example.com or (701) 373-8042. | <urn:uuid:5183c43d-d5bd-4d33-9692-c7e98950edbf> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.biomassmagazine.com/articles/2540/barrels-of-biogas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051244/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00013-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964991 | 2,020 | 3.375 | 3 |
For many, it seemed like a bit of trickery, a joke, a send-up for Will Rogers or Groucho Marx.
So says religious studies scholar Leigh Eric Schmidt of Father’s Day, adding that while such an event “seemed all but inevitable” when Mother’s Day quickly became a sensation, “many people found it laughable.” A 1914 letter to the New York Times mocked Father’s Day, suggesting satirically that Americans also hold “Maiden Aunty Day” and “Household Pet Day.” Twenty-four years later, the same paper continued to find that “supporters of Father’s Day invariably had to undertake their promotions ‘in the teeth of quipsters and a distinct lack of paternal enthusiasm.'”
(“What day is it?”, I asked my four-year old son this morning, doing the hard work of research. He thought for a moment, then asked back, “The 15th?”)
According to Schmidt, the earliest Father’s Day (actually, Fathers’ Day — which I prefer, as with its maternal precursor) celebrations in Spokane, Washington (ca. 1910) provoked not only ridicule, but controversy, at the intersection of gender and religion. The young woman often credited with launching all this, Sonora Dodd, had a “distinctly ‘feminized'” vision of the holiday, “with core concerns about Father’s role in the home and the protection of womanhood…. the images of fatherhood were often tender, gentle, sentimental, and companionate…. The church rituals that were developed for the event often mirrored the sentimental, flower-filled liturgies of Mother’s Day” (Consumer Rites, p. 277). In response, local “muscular Christianity” advocates like the Presbyterian preacher Conrad Bluhm framed Fathers’ Day as a “welcome reminder of the patriarchal potency of the faith,” describing the day as “rugged, husky, stalwart.”
But fascinating as I find all this on a scholarly level, let me take off my historian’s hat for a moment…
As a father myself, I totally understand the chief reason, according to Schmidt, that this day has long inspired jokes: “Father’s Day was comical in part because fathers seemed so out of place or uncomfortable in this holiday world of sentimental gifts and domestic flattery” (pp. 280-81). So it’s with a keen sense that many of us don’t (claim to) like to be the center of such attention in mid-June that I offer the following public tributes.
I’ll start by going lightly in embarrassing my father-in-law, Rev. Dennis Hanson — since he probably got a dose of that already this morning when his seminarian son guest-preached at his church. But quickly: Denny is the most pastoral pastor that I know, a tireless lover of neighbors (those he knows well — his family above all — and those he’s just met, whom he immediately makes welcome) and a humble lover of God. (I doubt that someone as Lutheran as Denny wants his name, “lover,” and “God” so close together in a sentence, but hey, it’s my blog!)
But I won’t spare my own father, Dr. Richard Gehrz. See, Dad is not only my main model for fatherhood, but my chief inspiration as a professional. Historians aren’t supposed to write hagiography, but what can I say: Dad is the most brilliant, hard-working man that I know, utterly committed to serving others with his gifts, time, energy, and ample vision.
Dad blazed through the University of Minnesota in something like two-and-a-half undergraduate years of intense study of math and chemistry (with a token humanities course along the way: a music appreciation class that instilled a lifelong love of opera), then went straight into medical school, where he found his calling as a pediatrician. While he helped to found the intensive care unit at Children’s Hospital in St. Paul (personally saving the life of at least one child that I later went to school with), by the time of my adolescence he was chiefly channeling his many abilities and unbelievable work ethic into medical research, becoming one of the world’s foremost experts on human cytomegalovirus, a common cause of birth defects and a significant threat to people with depressed immune systems, like AIDS patients. Some of my favorite memories of childhood are set at Children’s annual Christmas party, where Dad often played Santa Claus for patients — taking my brother and I along as “elves” for a visit to the kids in the oncology ward.
So as I was beginning to contemplate my educational and professional path, I had a father who conducted cutting-edge research, flying to conferences in Paris and serving on committees for the National Institutes of Health. But then, just as I was heading off to college, Dad decided on a remarkable change of direction.
Also a professor of pediatrics at the University of Minnesota, Dad had opportunities to take on leadership roles in elite medical school, but instead he relocated to an impoverished, pediatrician-less county in rural southwestern Virginia and set up a new practice. Over twenty years later, he still treats thousands of patients a year; I hope those parents recognize that their children are being served by a man who has the diagnostic genius of Gregory House without any of that TV doctor’s misanthropy.
On the side, Dad has taught himself photography and revived an earlier interest in computer programming. And I’m not even getting into the calling that he might feel is most important: as a deacon in a local Baptist church, where Dad has almost single-handedly launched a thriving youth basketball league in the church gym that reaches out to the neighboring community.
For all of these accomplishments, I’m most struck by something Dad told me, long before I’d become a father myself: that the most important thing he’s ever done is have children, and that he’s very proud of all of them.
Happy Fathers’ Day, Dad! | <urn:uuid:1f557cd0-20b1-4c06-aa37-fb534fbbe98d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://pietistschoolman.com/2014/06/15/happy-fathers-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510969.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017023458-20181017044958-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.967177 | 1,331 | 2.59375 | 3 |
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
A Pokémon's cry is the sound it makes. In most of the franchise's interpretations, this is only its name and various phrases derived from its name. However, there are several instances of talking Pokémon.
In the games
When a Pokémon is released from its Poké Ball, it will call out its cry, which consists of an electronically made "noise". It will also cry out when using certain moves, such as Growl and Hyper Voice. If the Pokémon faints or comes into battle when injured during Generation III and Generation IV, the cry will sound, but it will be altered slightly. Pokémon with evolutionary relations to each other (such as Charmander and Charmeleon) will often have notably similar cries, though others may sound very different (such as Kirlia and Gallade).
In the wild, cries of the Pokémon found in the player's current location can occasionally be heard in the Generation III Hoenn- and Kanto-based games. Also, if the player's first Pokémon in his or her party has the ability Swarm, then these cries will be more common than before.
In the anime
Most Pokémon will only say their names, and will communicate using those syllables. For example, Ash's Pikachu has been known to use the three syllables in the word "Pikachu" in various combinations to refer to several characters, including Ash (Pikapi), Misty (PiKachupi), Brock (PikaChu), Togepi (Pipipi), Team Rocket (Pipikachu), and "My name is Pikachu" (Pika, Pikachu).
Due to Pokémon being dubbed, sometimes, the original cry of a Pokémon is preserved in the anime, more often than not if the name is either similar or the same in Japanese and English. An example of this would be Charizard, which can, if listened to closely enough, be heard to cry out Lizardon instead. Likewise, all Onix can be heard to cry out Iwark. Krabby's cry, which sounds similar to "cookie", is sometimes used as an internet meme. Also, Wooper's cry sounds like "upah!" which is its Japanese name, Upah.
Some Pokémon, such as Victreebel, Porygon, Starmie and Staryu, cries are unrelated to their names at all. For example, Victreebel makes a screeching sound while Staryu has a cry that sounds like "hyah!!!".
- Three pairs of Generation I Pokémon share the same cry, despite not being related by evolution.
- Pikachu is the only Pokémon to have its cry changed without changing forms. In Pokémon Yellow, Pikachu's cry is actually provided by Ikue Ohtani. This is also the case if the starter Pikachu from Yellow is brought to battle in Pokémon Stadium or Pokémon Stadium 2.
- Shaymin's Sky Forme and Land Forme have different cries, making it the first Pokémon to have different cries for different forms.
- From Generation II onwards, possibly due to improved technology, very few Pokémon were released with cries similar to another; those that do have similar cries are usually related by evolution as they were in Generation I. As the generations continue to pass, the calls of new Pokémon seem much cleaner and more refined, while the cries of Pokémon released in previous generations, in comparison, sound more like the electronic beeps they are. In particular, the cries of new Pokémon in Generation IV are mostly recognizable digitized sounds, such as birds chirping for Starly or a xylophone being played for Kricketot.
- Despite there being 151 Pokémon in Generation I, there are only 37 completely different cries in the game. However, different Pokémon's cries are either pitched up, down, faster, slower, or disable one of the sound channels, making it harder to recognize. For example, Charmander and Charmeleon's cries are the same, but an instruction in the game tells the pitch for Charmeleon to be lower than Charmander's. Despite this, some Pokémon share the exact same cry with no sound tweaking, such as Charizard and Rhyhorn. In Generation II, there were 30 new cries introduced, applying the same rules as before (along with some Generation II Pokémon using the Generation I cries). | <urn:uuid:5d68c89d-1360-41b2-9cfb-59d37147a6d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/w/index.php?title=Cry&oldid=769242 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608084.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525140724-20170525160724-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.956525 | 892 | 2.875 | 3 |
Secretive X-37B Space Plane Launches on New Mystery Mission
2011 03 07
By Mike Wall | Space.com
After being delayed a day by bad weather, the U.S. Air Force’s second X-37B robotic space plane blasted off from Florida this afternoon (March 5) on a mystery mission shrouded in secrecy.
The Air Force’s second X-37B space plane soars toward space atop an Atlas 5 rocket after launching from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on March 5, 2011.
CREDIT: United Launch Alliance
The unmanned X-37B mini-shuttle — known as Orbital Test Vehicle 2 (OTV-2) — took to the skies from Cape Canaveral at 5:46 p.m. EST (2246 GMT) today, tucked away in the nose cone atop a huge Atlas 5 rocket.
"Liftoff of the Atlas 5 rocket and the second experimental X-37B, America’s miniature military space shuttle," the Air Force Space Command wrote in a Twitter post as the Atlas 5 streaked into the Florida skies.
The space plane was originally scheduled to launch yesterday, but cloudy, windy conditions scrubbed two attempts. And a technical glitch caused the X-37B to miss a launch window earlier this afternoon; a faulty valve had to be replaced in a last-minute repair.
The X-37B’s mission is classified, but Air Force officials have said the vehicle will be used to test out new spacecraft technologies. Shortly after launch, the mission went into a scheduled media blackout, with no futher public updates.
Today’s launch marks the start of the X-37B program’s second space mission. The Air Force’s other X-37B plane, known as OTV-1, returned to Earth in December 2010 after a similarly mysterious seven-month maiden mission.
The X-37B spacecraft looks a bit like NASA’s space shuttles, only much smaller. The vehicle is about 29 feet long by 15 feet wide (8.8 by 4.5 meters), with a payload bay about the size of a pickup truck bed. By comparison, two entire X-37Bs could fit inside the payload bay of a space shuttle.
The space plane, built by Boeing for the U.S. military, can fly long, extended missions because of its solar array power system, which allows it to stay in orbit for up to nine months, Air Force officials have said.
What exactly the vehicle does while circling the Earth for so long is a mystery, since the craft’s payloads and missions are classified. Partly as a result of the secrecy, some concern has been raised — particularly by Russia and China — that the X-37B is a space weapon of some sort.
But the Air Force has repeatedly denied that charge, claiming that the X-37B’s chief task is testing out new hardware for future satellites — instruments like sensors and guidance, control and navigation systems. And that’s likely to be the case, experts say.
"It gives the Air Force the ability to test-fly some of this hardware," said Brian Weeden, a former Air Force orbital analyst who works as a technical adviser for the nonprofit Secure World Foundation.
Weeden suspects the X-37B is testing gear for the National Reconnaissance Office, the intelligence agency that builds and operates the U.S.’s spy satellites. That would explain all the secrecy, he said.
CREDIT: Karl Tate, SPACE.com
Second mission for the X-37B
The Air Force’s other X-37B, known as OTV-1, launched last April and returned in December after spending 224 days in space. While its mission was also classified, technology-testing was OTV-1’s primary job, too, Air Force officials have said.
And things presumably went well, experts say, or the Air Force wouldn’t be launching the craft’s twin a few short months later.
While the X-37B is likely trying out new hardware, the vehicle itself is experimental — hence the "X" designation — so these flights should also help the Air Force assess the space plane as well as its payload.
"Part of its mission is to test out reusable technologies and to see how quickly they can turn around these vehicles and launch them again," Weeden said.
Boeing’s Space and Intelligence Systems division builds the X-37B for the Air Force. Originally, NASA used the space plane as an experimental test bed until funding for the project ran out in 2004.
The vehicle then passed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and was ultimately turned over to the Air Force in 2006.
Article from: space.com
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|More News » | | <urn:uuid:53f277b5-b5a9-41ce-b126-6bc6d08527ab> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.redicecreations.com/article.php?id=14453 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830074.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00280-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920899 | 1,665 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Hormones and Anxiousness: What’s the text?
Hormones and Anxiousness: What’s the text?
As people, it is normal to experience anxiety from time to time. Nonetheless, if you are one of several millions who encounter anxiety frequently, you might be looking for an effective way to an end. While many cases of anxiety are normal as a result of the stresses of every day life, you could encounter significant boutsof emotional distress that have the charged capacity to affect your wellbeingand that of these near to you.
Determining the main cause of one’s anxiety can show invaluable to locate a satisfactory way of coping. Hormones may play a crucial role in your anxiety, as can a true range other facets perhaps you are unacquainted with. Hormones and anxiety tend to be associated. anxiousness is due to any wide range of hormonal imbalances, wreaking havoc on your own psychological state in severe situations. In the event that you suspect that hormone imbalance might be to blame for your anxiety, it’s really an idea that is good become acquainted with exactly how particular hormones and anxiety can impact your psychological state.
What exactly is A panic attacks?
You will find several types of anxiety, and everybody experiences them differently. These emotions of anxiety might come seemingly out of nowhere, or there might be a correlation that is direct your anxiety and other life events. A few examples of anxiety problems consist of Panic Condition, Personal Anxiousness or Generalized Panic Attacks.
As the mental outward indications of anxiety are hard adequate to deal That may with for some people, there is also a host of physical symptoms accompany anxiety problems. Some basic apparent symptoms of anxiety include…
Panic, unease or fear;
Cool arms or legs;
Just How Are Hormones and Anxiousness Associated?
The human body contains a large number of various hormones and additional sub-hormones which will subscribe to hormone imbalances, that may bring about anxiety. While the idea that hormone instability may cause anxiety is undisputed, some specialists believe nearly all hormone imbalances usually do not produce anxiety but, instead, exacerbate it. Both males and females is suffering from hormone imbalance, however it is additionally feasible why these imbalances that are hormonal are brought on by already-existing anxiety.
Several of the most typical kinds of hormonal imbalance include the annotated following:
Many reports have indicated that the results of menstruation on particular hormones may either donate to or heighten anxiety. Other typical psychological signs associated with menstruation include irritability, Depression, anger, nervousness and oversensitivity.
Your body releases adrenaline when stressed, helping to make surges of adrenaline an indicator of anxiety. In a few situations, though, anxiety could harm your body’s adrenaline symptom by releasing adrenaline without caution, that may donate to emotions of anxiety or unease.
Pregnancy has a severe effect on hormones, that could cause number of cbd tincture oil personality modification, including anxiety.
Which Hormones Can Impact Anxiousness?
Hormones are, in various ways, messengers to your mind. Your system wouldn’t be in a position to create sufficient quantities of neurotransmitters without particular hormones. Some hormones which could donate to anxiety through the following:
Cortisol is just one anxiety hormones aided by the possible to cause anxiety. Your human body releases cortisol if you are mentally stressed. Analysis has shown that excess amounts of this stress hormone might end in both despair and anxiety, causing the likelihood of a panic attack. Facets that increase or decrease cortisol production – as an example, deficiencies in workout – might cause anxiety.
Intercourse hormones like estrogen and testosterone may play a role in anxiety as they’ve been current during durations of extreme hormone changes, such as for instance Menopause and pregnancy.
Medical issues like hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, can result inthe overproduction of numerous hormones, which could trigger panic and axiety attacks. If you’ve got a condition like hyperthyroidism, your system begins to increase its metabolish, which could cause hyperventilation, a heightened heartrate along with other symptoms that are physical. On the other side hand, hypothyroidism does occur whenever your system lacks the thyroid hormone, which could additionally add to cases of anxiety.
How Do I Manage My Anxiety?
Whether your hormonal instability is caused by thyroid problems or a variety of other causes, if you should be experiencing anxiety, finding an acceptable approach to administration is a must to quality that is maintaining of. Anxiety brought on by a hormone instability is curable. There are a number of steps you are able to decide to try help keep hormonal stability. Select techniques can be Highly effective in coping with anxiety, and reducing your anxiety might alsomake it possible to balance your hormones.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, is impressive when it comes to handling of specific anxiety problems. This method that is proven of has helped millions alter their means of thinking, leading to a reduction in anxiety along with other conditions that are related. The cause of CBT’s success among clients might be its framework. With CBT, patients are earnestly tangled up in their data data recovery because they keep a feeling of control.
Visibility therapy is one kind of CBT which has been especially effective in dealing with particular phobias and obsessive-compulsive problems. The aim of Exposure therapy is to reduce anxiety and fear reactions by slowly exposing a topic to a situation that is feared. They figure out how to be less sensitive and painfulduring a period of time.
Dialectical Behavioral Treatment (DBT)
Dialectical behavioral treatment (DBT) combines cognitive-behavioral practices with ideals from Eastern meditation to market acceptance and modification. DBT involves specific therapy and team treatment sessions that Teach the charged energy of mindfulness as well as other abilities which can be effective in tolerating distress and emotions that are regulating.
It’s important to confer with your medical practitioner if you should be experiencing anxiety or anxiety attacks as these might have effects that are adverse your overall wellness. Ensuring you are receiving appropriate nutrition, sufficient workout and rest is useful in maintaining good health that is mental. Normal remedies that are herbal other hemp supplements, whenever coupled with a proper diet and|diet that is healthy workout, can be also be effective in handling your problem. Get hold of your medical practitioner about regarding hormones and anxiety; this can help you Pinpoint the very method that is best of administration .
Can be your anxiety as a result of hormone uncertainty? How can you handle your anxiety? you think there was a connection between hormones and anxiety? Take a moment to write to us your ideas into the remark part below. | <urn:uuid:f9b6ae50-72ae-44a3-8e87-6ebb81ffbbfd> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://guide4visa.com/hormones-and-anxiousness-whats-the-text-19.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573284.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918110932-20190918132932-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.936772 | 1,404 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Yeast is a single-celled organism that reproduces asexually and has been used in baking and brewing for thousands of years. There are at least 1,500 species of yeast, all of which are technically living organisms. Yeast occurs naturally in the environment and is in the same biological family as fungi such as mushrooms.
The most common use of yeast has been in the making of bread. The yeast reacts with oxygen and helps leaven bread, or make it rise. During Passover, Jewish people will remove the yeast from bread to make flatbread. There is evidence the ancient Egyptians used yeast to make bread around 4,000 years ago.
Brewing wine and beer has also used yeast for centuries to ferment the mixture to make it alcoholic. Different kinds of yeast are used to make ale, lager, spirits and wine. It makes alcohol by reacting with the sugars that naturally occur in these drinks.
Root beers and other soft drinks use yeast to add flavor, but the fermentation process is stopped before the drink becomes alcoholic. This means the drinks are much sweeter than their alcoholic counterparts and contain more carbon dioxide. They also normally have a very low alcohol content, although this is usually around 0.1 percent.
Due to the cellular makeup of yeast, many scientists use it to learn more about human genetics. Studies of yeast cultures led directly to the mapping of the human genome.
Most recently yeast has been used in the production of biofuels. This is because the yeast turns sugar into ethanol which can be used as a diesel substitute in vehicles. The process it goes through is identical to that of making beer or wine.
Many of the probiotic drinks available now use yeast as a supplement. Many vegetarians use yeast as a supplement due to low protein and vitamin amounts in their normal diet.
Yeast can also be processed to create yeast extract. This is then used in a variety of food products such as Marmite and Vegemite. | <urn:uuid:24a87915-9fa0-4440-abdc-d4a51785ebaa> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://sciencing.com/common-uses-yeast-8217336.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378043.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307170119-20210307200119-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.968668 | 399 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The key idea of number strategies at level 3 is that numbers can be partitioned and combined to solve more complex addition and subtraction and simple multiplication and division problems.
At level 3 students are able to apply a range of strategies to solve addition and subtraction problems including larger numbers and problems that involve multiple steps. There are a number of strategies that involve part-whole thinking at this level. These include:
- Compensation: For example, to solve 53 – 28; 53 – 30 = 23, 23 + 2 = 25.
- Reversibility: For example, to solve 43 – 38; solve as 38 + ? = 43.
At this level students are also able to derive simple multiplication facts from known facts. For example, if they know 5 x 5 = 25, they would be able to use this to work out that 5 x 6 = 30.
Further information on number strategies can be found in the books supporting the Numeracy Development Projects.
This key idea develops from the key idea of number strategies at level 2 where students can partition and combine numbers to solve simple addition and subtraction problems.
This key idea is extended in the key idea of number strategies and knowledge at level 4 where students can represent and operate on rational numbers in a variety of ways. | <urn:uuid:1b7a04f4-2e6d-4c96-8d36-cbe7e08b33f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://nzmaths.co.nz/number-strategies-level-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545090.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522063657-20220522093657-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.931135 | 261 | 4.4375 | 4 |
If you jump into a lake or swimming pool immediately after eating, there is a very high probability that you will cramp up and drown or get sucked into the pool filter or get eaten by lake sharks. Or something equally terrible.
According to the American Red Cross and scores of doctors, including and Dr. Charles Smith of the Family and Preventative Medicine Department at UAMS, there is no medical evidence to support this myth. “In reality,” says Dr. Brian Udermann of the University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, “There has never been a documented case of someone drowning because they had a large meal before they took a dip in a lake or a pool.”
Most rules that don’t exist are with us because they’ve picked up steam. Your mom says it because she heard her mom say it. It’s posted on the sign at the public pool so it must be serious. Most of the time, we follow rules that don’t exist because we’ve always followed them. Instead of following blindly, make a point to stop and ask why. A simple search on the internet solved the case for me in five minutes.
Here’s the truth: When you eat, an increased supply of blood flows to your stomach and intestines to absorb the nutrients, meaning that there is less blood available to deliver oxygen and remove waste from exercising muscles. However, you have more than enough oxygen to do both activities just fine. If you decide you’re going to swim the English Channel or challenge Michael Phelps to a race, you might cramp up a bit. But you’re not gonna drown.
Or get eaten by lake sharks. | <urn:uuid:aa6761ff-56be-49d9-8f21-3f9ff0b1712b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://escapeadulthood.com/blog/2011-07-10/rule-11-thou-shall-wait-30-minutes-to-swim-after-eating.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669868.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118232526-20191119020526-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.96263 | 352 | 2.546875 | 3 |
If and are elements of a poset, then their meet, or infimum, is an element of the poset such that:
if and , then . Such a meet may not exist; if it does, then it is unique.
In a proset, a meet may be defined similarly, but it need not be unique. (However, it is still unique up to the natural equivalence in the proset.)
The above definition is for the meet of two elements of a poset, but it can easily be generalised to any number of elements. It may be more common to use ‘meet’ for a meet of finitely many elements and ‘infimum’ for a meet of (possibly) infinitely many elements, but they are the same concept. The meet may also be called the minimum if it equals one of the original elements. | <urn:uuid:300a78fc-5260-429d-97fe-096c63d557c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/meet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170993.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00265-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946406 | 178 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Second only to Biology, Geography is a key constraining factor on human history. In particular, geography places critical constraints on the type of food that can be acquired in any one area. Unfortunately, Geography has fallen out of favor for explaining human history, so there are not as many books on the subject as I think that there should be.
I recommend that you read these book summaries in the following order:
- “Guns, Germs, and Steel” by Jared Diamond
- “Origins: How Earth’s History Shaped Human History” by Lewis Dartnell
- “Revolutions That Made the Earth” by Tim Lenton and Andrew Watson
- “Biogeography and Long-Run Economic Development” by Olsson and Hibbs
- “Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development” by Easterly and Levine
If there is a book that you find particularly interesting, please support the author by buying the book.
At the risk of shameless self-promotion, I believe that my book, “From Poverty to Progress,” gives an excellent overview on the geographical constraints on human development. | <urn:uuid:abbf1167-bd91-416a-89b2-a288a2167deb> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://techratchet.com/geography-in-history-learning-path/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153816.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729043158-20210729073158-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.94448 | 253 | 3.09375 | 3 |
bilharzia, bil′hr-zi-a, n. a human parasitic flat worm in the fluke or Trematode order, with differentiated sexes.
What do the Wa-kamba know of sanitation, hæmaturia, and the larva of bilharzia!
bilharzia, especially in Egypt and South Africa, causes haematuria.
In the same year the Schistosomum hematobium was shown to be the cause of the bilharzia disease by Bilharz.
The larv of bilharzia closely resemble those of Fasciola hepatica, which latter may be appropriately noticed in this place.
Bilharzia Bil·har·zi·a (bĭl-här'zē-ə) | <urn:uuid:460cdf2b-354f-4c09-8b3f-e04d6fd0166b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bilharzia?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00141-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.720812 | 173 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Poverty combined with structural factors that perpetuate social marginalisation cause women to be doubly disadvantaged. Promoting self-help groups (SHGs) has been the institutional response of development practitioners, governments, civil society and donors, especially in South Asia. It however remains unclear whether and to what extent SHGs empower women and if, there are any adverse consequences to participation in SHGs for women, particularly in the form of domestic violence.
This brief summarises the key findings from a recent 3ie systematic review by Carinne Brody, Thomas De Hoop, Martina Vojtkova, Ruby Warnock, Megan Dunbar, Padmini Murthy and Shari L Dworkin on the effectiveness of economic self-help group programmes in improving women’s empowerment.
This systematic review synthesises evidence from 23 quantitative studies and 11 qualitative studies to understand the effectiveness of SHGs in empowering women. Of the 34 studies included, 26 studies evaluated programmes in South Asia (mainly India), one in East Asia, and two each in Latin America and the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
- SHGs do positively impact women’s empowerment in some dimensions, particularly economic and social empowerment.
- Participation in SHGs does not lead to increased domestic violence for women.
- Impact is found to be higher when participation in SHGs is accompanied by a training programme.
- SHGs can be exclusionary in as much as they do not mostly include the poorest of the poor. | <urn:uuid:c3ebe658-94d7-415f-b9ea-35f23d5dc3bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.3ieimpact.org/en/evidence/briefs/systematic-review-briefs/details/do-self-help-groups-empower-women-evidence-from-a-systematic-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864139.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621094633-20180621114633-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.914992 | 304 | 2.625 | 3 |
Yesterday it was NBC that bore the brunt of President Trump’s most recent harangue about fake news. And this time, he didn’t just attack NBC’s reporting, he also threatened to revoke the network’s broadcast license, hinting at a more aggressive political maneuver to come if needed to silence the opposition.
Despite Trump’s recent proclamation that he invented the moniker fake news, efforts to delegitimize opponents in the press have actually been deeply ingrained in American politics since the nation’s founding, and politically dangerous. While the First Amendment protects freedom of the press, in 1798, the specter of “fake news” fueled passage of the Sedition Act, which limited the scope of legal criticisms of the government. Like John Adams before him, Trump’s attacks threaten to stifle and undermine the press, but if he acts on them, they also might just blow up in his face.
In the 18th century, fake news was out of control. The earliest U.S. newspapers shared news with little regard for accuracy. In 1731, Benjamin Franklin, who was then the editor of the Pennsylvania Gazette, expressed a widely-held sentiment when he suggested that printers should simply print whatever came in over the transom in hopes that “when Truth and Error have fair Play, the former is always an overmatch for the latter.”
By the era of the American Revolution, many printers took advantage of this precedent to build powerful political platforms. They frequently printed rumors and outright fabrications that confirmed their previously-held beliefs while insisting that it was not their job to verify news before printing it. In short, these outlets functioned much more like modern social media feeds than today’s newspapers or broadcast news programs.
As Federalists and Republicans grew increasingly distrustful of one another in the heated partisan cauldron of the 1790s, concern about fake news exploded. Commentators frequently complained that Americans were being “seduced” and “misled” by “delusions and misrepresentations.” Some Americans feared that these falsehoods were subverting the democratic process — and rumors ran rampant that printers, pamphleteers and provocateurs were colluding with agents from Britain or France.
In June, 1798, as the United States was slipping into the “Quasi-War” with France, arch-Republican printer Benjamin Franklin Bache published a letter from the French Foreign Minister Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand that tried to smooth over some of the diplomatic challenges facing the two nations. In response, Federalist commentators pounced on Bache for printing, as they saw it, lies from a foreign adversary. On the floor of the House of Representatives, Federalist George Thatcher denounced Bache as a foreign agent acting under the “order of the [French] Executive Directory.”
Federalists, led by President John Adams, dominated government and had grown tired of news accounts that they believed were intended to delegitimize their leadership. They used Talleyrand’s missive to push the so-called Alien and Sedition Acts, which limited the freedom of the press and the movement of foreign nationals.
They based the sedition law on the premise that the First Amendment never intended to protect false news. After its passage, Virginia lawyer Charles Lee defended the law by claiming that the Sedition Act did not restrain “truth, but endeavours to suppress wicked falsehoods.”
Congressional opponents of the Sedition Act argued that published falsehoods were a necessary byproduct of a free press. The Geneva-born Pennsylvania Congressman Albert Gallatin — who was precisely the kind of foreign rabble-rouser that Federalists distrusted — warned that if the proposal became law, it would allow the Federalists to intimidate and clamp down on purveyors of real news, leaving Americans with only their side of the story.
Gallatin’s accusation proved to be correct. After Adams signed the Sedition Act into law, his government quickly prosecuted printers and others for critical statements and reprinting news with which they disagreed.
Meanwhile, Federalists spread their own fake news with impunity. Henry Van Schaack, a New York Federalist, for example, asked a friendly newspaper editor to print some news that would serve “those federalists who have not information enough to invent any thing themselves from which they can make beneficial Deductions.” If he had “no news from abroad,” Van Schaack suggested, “why don’t you fabricate some?”
Ultimately, the Federalists’ gambit backfired. The electorate revolted against their attempts to limit press freedom. Anger over the Sedition Act contributed to Adams’ failed reelection bid and the national decline of the Federalist party. Moreover, in response to the Sedition Act, Americans articulated the robust vision of press freedom that we often take for granted today. In a final, ironic twist, Federalist writers and printers quickly found themselves victims of their own legislation after Thomas Jefferson won the presidency and began prosecuting his adversaries at an even higher rate than the Adams administration had done.
The Federalists were drawing on English common law precedents, which provided for the prosecution of speech that could destabilize the government. But in doing so, they failed to distinguish between their party and the government it controlled. They justified their restriction on free speech by reframing challenges to their leadership as unpatriotic attacks on American order and unity. This was their fatal mistake.
Today, President Trump is making a similar mistake. In response to an adversarial press and its investigative reporting, he has branded the mainstream media as not only his enemy but also the “enemy of the American people.” These attacks on the media might be dismissed as inappropriate, but harmless, bluster, if not for his musings about “opening up” libel laws so that he can sue media outlets for inaccurate reports or his new threat to challenge NBC’s broadcasting license.
Even more alarmingly, since the election, Trump has appropriated the term “fake news,” as a weapon to be deployed against his enemies. The phrase was originally intended to describe the manipulative and demonstrably false news stories (such as the infamous “Pizzagate” or the false claim that Pope Francis endorsed then-candidate Trump) that spread rapidly through social media and arguably contributed to Trump’s surprising victory.
But, like John Adams and the Federalists, Trump’s use of “fake news” serves political purposes. Instead of targeting conspiracy theories and hoaxes, Trump has unleashed the phrase against mainstream media coverage with which he disagrees in an attempt to blur the boundaries between respectable media outlets and purveyors of deception and to delegitimize portions of the American media that dare to criticize him in any way. Baldly attempting to advance this goal, Trump’s press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders recently insisted that there was “no difference” between the fake news created by Russian propagandists and American reporting that Trump’s team has deemed inaccurate.
Federalists pursued this same strategy in 1798. They took advantage of public anxiety concerning fake news to reimagine dissent as disorder and clamp down on their adversaries’ press freedoms.
Yet President John Adams and his allies misread the moment, resulting in dire electoral consequences. It is unclear if President Trump and the Republican Party will follow the Federalists down this path. Yet if the response to the 1798 Sedition Act is any guide, not only would they threaten a freedom essential to our democracy, but their political opponents just might get the last laugh. | <urn:uuid:acd0d70a-8754-4058-a9bb-82b93bc8653e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/10/12/why-trumps-assault-on-nbc-and-fake-news-threatens-freedom-of-the-press-and-his-political-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823817.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212091014-20181212112514-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.970117 | 1,583 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What does LAD mean in Educational?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand LAD in the Community field in general and in the Educational terminology in particular.
Find a translation for LAD in other languages:
Select another language:
What does LAD mean?
- chap, fellow, feller, fella, lad, gent, blighter, cuss, bloke(noun)
- a boy or man | <urn:uuid:968f2810-d95e-4f44-8d6a-e4847675c3f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.abbreviations.com/term/246746 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947957.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425193720-20180425213720-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.844186 | 99 | 2.578125 | 3 |
1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, Københavns Universitet2 unknown3 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, Københavns Universitet
The paper presents an annotated catalogue of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of Cyprus, based on literature scrutiny and on hitherto unpublished material. A total of 21 species belonging to 14 genera, 9 families and 7 orders are recorded from the island. Three species are regarded as new to science, but are not formally described, and the status of another three is yet to be clarified. Pachyiulus cyprius Brölemann, 1896 and Strongylosoma (Tetrarthrosoma) cyprium Verhoeff, 1902 are established as junior subjective synonyms of Amblyiulus barroisi (Porat, 1893) and T. syriacum (Humbert & DeSaussure, 1869), respectively, both syn. nov. The present-day diversity of the Cypriotic millipede fauna is analysed in the light of past geological events. It is presumed that the fauna originated from the late Miocene, when Cyprus was formed as a result of uplift of the sea floor. During the Messinian salinity crisis, some 6–5.3 mya, land bridges existed between the island and the neighbouring Taurus Mts. (Turkey) and the region of Latakia (Syria), which are supposed to have served as migratory pathways for various millipede taxa. | <urn:uuid:62f1c275-b2fd-46ed-82f0-118dbf47770d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/catalog/269108212 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476990033880.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020190033-00466-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901766 | 333 | 2.96875 | 3 |
We now look at the Published Sources section of the Canadian Genealogy Centre. The first subject is Newspapers. They break them down into daily, ethnic, Native and student newspapers.
The Canadian Genealogy Centre explains what you may find in newspapers and provide several useful links to online sources. They also have a link to what they call Newspapers List. This is a whole section on what newspapers are available at Library and Archives Canada. The introduction gives a brief explanation and then you can use the links on the left side to go to other options such as microform holdings. Here you will get a brief description on how to search the records. You then choose the link Geographical List and this takes you to a list of the provinces and territories. Click on the one of your choice and this provides a list of the newspapers available for your area of interest. The list is alphabetical by geographic location and provides the dates and microform type available. You also get the call number so you can order the newspaper.
The Indexes to Canadian Newspapers provides a series of online and other sources to find indexes to Canadian newspapers. The topics include general, geographical, source title and newspaper title.
You can also check lists for Canadian newspapers currently received, Aboriginal newspapers, Canadian Ethnic newspapers currently received, International newspapers currently received and news online.
City Directories is the next topic. You get a description of what you may find in city directories and why they are useful to the genealogist. The earliest directory in Quebec City is 1791; Montreal is 1819; and Toronto is 1832. They provide research tips and a few digital images to show you what to expect.
Local Histories and Family Histories are the next two topics. They are very similar in what is offered. They both have a short description of what you will find and a link to a Bibliography List. When you use the link it takes you to a long list of bibliography subjects. When you chose Local or Family Histories you get a concise list of books.
Official Publications is the last option in Published Sources. LAC talks about the Canada Gazette, the Statutes of Canada and Sessional Papers and what might be found in them. There is also a link to AMICUS the online catalogue for LAC.
©2010 – Blair Archival Research | <urn:uuid:52f97659-1d08-4f25-98bc-95814561d6db> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://blog.familyhistorysearches.com/2010/07/the-canadian-genealogy-centre-%E2%80%93-published-sources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118108509.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124164828-00226-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947599 | 473 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Dangerroom reports on a new technology being developed for the Navy, the Anti-Submarine Warfare Continuous Trail Unmanned Vehicle, or ACTUV,. This unmanned surface vessel is intended to dog potentially hostile subs during that awkward period when tensions are high, but before the first shots are fired. The idea is that once the sub is located, one of these unmanned (and at least for now, unarmed) surface vessels will be assigned to trail it using active sonar and other sensors. This should cost less than maintaining a continuous track using Maritime Patrol Aircraft, and would allow manned vessels to avoid coming within range of the sub. If shots are fired, presumably the ACTUV would be the first to go, but it would be a minor loss, and allow the manned vessels to avoid being surprised.
The technology may also have some implications for the Coast Guard. We might see a smaller version of this launched from a cutter to augment the cutter’s radar picture. The technology for this requires developing an artificial intelligence capable of applying the rules of the road–essentially a computer OOD. Some day the Coast Guard may be asked to approve fully autonomous merchant vessels plying the trade routes with no one aboard. | <urn:uuid:b0f839a7-a079-43c7-9ddd-fda3509f73f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://chuckhillscgblog.net/2012/12/29/coming-unmanned-surface-vessels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593208.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722100513-20180722120513-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.948501 | 244 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Metropolitan city (pop., 2003 est.: 2,540,647), capital of North Kyongsang province, southeastern South Korea. For centuries the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of South Korea, it developed during the Choson dynasty (1392–1910) into one of the country's three big market cities. It has important textile industries but is best known for the apples grown in the surrounding area, which are exported throughout East and Southeast Asia. The area attracts visitors to its several parks, ancient pagodas, and the 9th-century Buddhist temple containing the Tripitaka. It is home to many universities and colleges.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Taegu, visit Britannica.com.
Seen & Heard
What made you look up Taegu? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here. | <urn:uuid:b0c59881-8ef4-4e36-89ea-76ce1637e809> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/taegu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768724.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00175-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945607 | 191 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Written by Dr. Perry, PhD
“I have everything I need in my daydreams. A big home, fast car, money and tons of good friends. I could never have that in my so-called real life so why try?” ~Anonymous
Maladaptive daydreaming is a psychological concept that was first introduced in 2002 by Eli Somer, a clinical psychologist who specializes in traumatized patients. Dr. Somer found that patients who suffer early trauma regularly escape into a world of imagination where they fantasize compensatory empowering stories. Through these stories, they live a life full of experiences they were missing or missed in their real lives. Somer named this phenomenon “Maladaptive daydreaming.” In 2011, another study by Jayne Bigelsen and Cynthia Schupack showed maladaptive daydreaming in individuals who had no childhood trauma. It appears that this form of daydreaming is wide-spread and practiced by many regardless of whether they experienced early childhood trauma.
Maladaptive daydreaming is a psychological concept that is yet to be recognized as a disorder. It describes extensive fantasy activity that replaces human interaction and/or interferes with academic, interpersonal or vocational functioning. Dr. Somer and others are currently working on research to prove maladaptive daydreaming is a valid disorder that differs from normal daydreaming. It is somewhat controversial because other psychologists consider daydreaming as a normal part of being human. They tend to believe that if the daydreaming is causing problems, most mental health professionals will be able to help without labeling it as a pathology. Also, there are those who self-report experiencing maladaptive daydreaming and embrace the experience as a positive one adding to their creativity.
Maladaptive daydreaming is different from normal daydreaming. Typically, a normal daydream is spontaneous, lasts for a short period of time and is the result of mind wandering. Normal daydreaming is fantasy related. A person experiencing normal daydreaming usually is accomplishing something amazing or experiencing something extraordinary. On the other hand, maladaptive daydreaming is a daydream on steroids. A person with maladaptive daydreaming will spend many hours a day daydreaming and creating an alternative and complex fantasy world. According to Dr. Somer, a person who experiences maladaptive daydreaming can create an alternative world with an alternative family and have the same daydream for years. A maladaptive daydream is detailed and elaborate. It can have different characters and story plots. The characters can have real lives and the daydreamer will become emotionally attached to these characters even when they acknowledge that they are not real. It is important to note that the person who experiences maladaptive daydreaming is fully aware that the day-dream characters are not real and can differentiate between what is real and unreal. The person suffering from maladaptive daydreaming might have started by enjoying their complex daydreams, but soon find that it has become an addiction and is no longer volitional. The created world becomes much more satisfying than the real world.
According to Somer maladaptive daydreaming is an exercise in compensation. Extremely shy and introverted or socially anxious people will find great solace in imagining themselves hanging out with famous people or being extremely famous. Abuse survivors are often super hero’s rescuing others. They dream of an idealized self in a world that caters to them. Somer states the ability to daydream with such detail is not the problem. He states that they are “Born with a special capacity to visualize very vividly… and this is “sort of a gift.” The problem occurs when the person finds themselves living in two worlds and they find it hard to engage in the real world. The daydreaming is so excessive it begins to interfere negatively with their life. The fantasy world begins to take over their lives and causes problems such as the following:
1. Interferes with the real world
A person experiencing maladaptive daydreaming will isolate themselves in order to engage in their fantasy life. Somer states that they spend about 60 percent of their waking time fully immersed in their fantasy world. They are able to engage fully with the characters they have created and exhibit emotions evoked by these characters. Maladaptive daydreaming is almost always accompanied by repetitive body motions such as pacing and rocking. These behaviors ultimately interfere with work, relationships, and general activities. The daydreaming is so excessive that they have no time to live their life.
2. The daydreams occur involuntarily
Maladaptive daydreamers report that the daydreams become involuntary and are highly immersive and repetitive. They can experience the perseveration seen in people with obsessive-compulsive disorders. During monotonous tasks, they may constantly shift inward involuntarily.
3. Difficulty disengaging from the daydream
Maladaptive daydreamers have trouble shifting their attention back to the real world. They can become fully immersed in the world they have created. Their daydreaming experiences are lifelike. They are able to enter a different time and place. They are able to have adventures and relationships with the characters they have created. Imagine how difficult it must be to part with a world that has been created solely to cater to your own desires.
Many Maladaptive daydreamers report that they are not able to stop their intense daydreaming. They become addicted to the world they have created. They will continue to isolate themselves in order to live in their fantasy world even to the detriment of their real lives. They will spend the entire day alone getting pleasure from their immersive vivid daydreaming.
Somer’s long-term goal is to have maladaptive daydreaming formally recognized as a psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders used by clinicians all over the world to diagnose and treat mental health patients.
This article is not meant to diagnose or be a guide for self-diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to educate readers on maladaptive daydreaming.
The thoughts expressed in this blog post are my own and are not meant to create a therapeutic relationship with the reader. This blog does not replace or substitute the help of a mental health professional. Please note, I am unable to answer your specific mental health questions as I am not fully aware of all of the circumstances.
Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology
M.A. in Clinical Psychology
B.A. in Psychology
© 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | <urn:uuid:84bde66a-aa6a-4b2e-aada-4306933903a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://makeitultrapsychology.wordpress.com/2017/07/12/4-signs-of-maladaptive-daydreaming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000175.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626053719-20190626075719-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.957115 | 1,353 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A test developed by Italian researchers can measure “free” levels of copper in your blood. This form of the metal is unbound and circulates freely through your body. If too much of it builds up, it can make its way into your brain.
This causes damage that can lead to Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, about 60% of Alzheimer’s patients show signs of copper damage.1
Scientists found that higher levels of free copper predict the development of Alzheimer’s in people with mild cognitive impairment. Subjects with 1.6 micromoles per liter (μmol/l) or more in their blood had a 50% chance of developing Alzheimer’s over four years. This risk was almost three times higher than those with less than 1.6 μmol/l of free copper.2 But there’s more to it than that…
The study revealed that higher levels of free copper raised risk almost as much as—and independently of—having a deadly gene mutation.
It was discovered years ago that a mutation of the ApoE gene—ApoE4—may play a role in Alzheimer’s. Having ApoE4—compared to the neutral and even helpful variations of the gene—can damage blood vessels that send nutrients to your brain. Mice with this gene variation had weaker blood brain barriers. You can thank inflammation for that. It allowed harmful proteins to slip through and attack their brains.3
Having this mutation makes it easier for copper to reach your brain and cause damage. So if you have ApoE4 and high levels of free copper, your Alzheimer’s risk could be much higher than you think.
You may not be able to do anything about the mutation…but there are natural ways to help reduce the amount of unbound copper in your blood.
Copper is hard to avoid—especially if you’re eating nuts, seeds, and kale. But zinc binds to copper. Adding zinc to your diet will help round up extra copper and keep it out of your brain.
You’ll find high amounts of zinc in beef liver, bitter dark chocolate, eggs, and oysters. Getting enough natural vitamin E from avocados and wild-caught salmon can also prevent Alzheimer’s.
But these aren’t the only ways to protect your brain…
The decades’ worth of research on one natural herb is impressive to say the least… And Big Pharma knows it. They’re trying to turn this extract into a drug.
And when they do, they’ll try to sell it to you for hundreds of dollars.
You can get the safe, natural version now, for just pennies a day.
All the details are revealed right here.
In Good Health,
Publisher, INH Health Watch | <urn:uuid:e6942dba-c942-4111-9b28-436ff0afa1af> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.institutefornaturalhealing.com/2015/12/too-much-of-this-metal-raises-alzheimers-risk-by-up-to-50/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.919775 | 585 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Do scientific discoveries confirm the existence of God?
It’s like a puzzle. If you bring all the facts together what kind of picture do you get?
I am going to use scientific discoveries as I deal with the question of the existence of God.
Science and God
We use science to describe reality as best we can.
Scientific discoveries are like pieces of a puzzle.
If you bring all the pieces together. What kind of picture of the origin of life do you get?
First of all, there are limitations.
God cannot be studied as if He is part of our experiment.
God lives in another dimension.
But some skeptical people say:”God is the invention of our own imagination”.
So the first question is:”Does God exist?”
Does God exist?
Let’s assume that God does not exist.
Than life itself is just a coincidence and has no meaning whatsoever.
Could this be true?
Let’s observe the facts.
- Our universe has been created by the Big Bang. Only a greater power could have made the Big Bang possible.
- Our earth stays in a relatively safe environment in space. Many factors are of importance to define the conditions that make life possible. The position of our earth and natural laws that exist display a well designed, integrated whole.
- Consider the design of our DNA. This is a complex unique code of information. It defines what kinds of protein molecules must be built. Just one simple cell consists of three to five hundreds protein molecules.
- Or look at the ‘eye’. This is a perfectly integrated system in which 40 subsystems perfectly work together. Millions of cells are involved. The complexity is amazing!
- At microscopic level we can observe an enormous complexity of brains human cells, eyes and DNA.
Do you think that perfectly biological systems are the result of processes created by coincidence?
I mean do you believe that nothing produces something?
And coincidence produces huge interrelated complex systems?
Based on what we can observe we know we need intelligence to create complex systems of information.
The second law of thermodynamics states that systems reduce in complexity as time proceeds.
But there is more
But there is even more than only the material part.
Coincidence can not explain all the stars and colors we can see.
Coincidence can not explain the existence of our consciousness, of truth, justice and love.
So, the existence of God is the best explanation to understand the reality we observe.
The famous scientist Albert Einstein once said:
”God reveals Himself in the well designed order with harmony of everything that exists”.
Nowadays, quite a number of scientists believe that a higher intelligence is behind the design of our life on earth.
This higher intelligence belongs to God.
The majority of the world’s population believes a Creator exists.
But there are many different religions based on different stories of people who wrote about God.
I explain in part 3 how you can assess the reliability of a religion.
Especially, I will explore the value of the Christian faith.
Thanks for watching part 2. I hope we meet again in part 1 or 3. | <urn:uuid:aaddf4a7-7636-47f7-97f4-b771a5482c49> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://search4truth.eu/my-story/the-reason-for-god/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991641.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511025739-20210511055739-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.917672 | 669 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This video does an excellent job of explaining how population growth has happened with beautiful visualizations. Click through to watch it. It’s worth it.
What comes next
It would be nice to have a visualization that could combine population growth visualizations with quality of life visualizations. Quality of life was pretty dismal in the beginning – infant mortality was high, maternal death was high, life times were short and much more of them were spent in grueling conditions. The rising tide of domestic agricultural practices raised all boats. But then quality of life started to become stratified – some people in some places had it pretty good while others were still facing not such great conditions. Now quality of life is extremely stratified but starting to diminish globally and will continue to diminish as the impacts of climate change set in (not to mention the non-climate related concerns associated with what happens when the planet starts to reach its limit in terms of how many human lives it can support at high levels of ‘quality of life’). Fewer people will be able to eat meat regularly (which may or may not be considered an indicator of high quality of life), more people will get asthma as we all move to cities congested with the exhaust of internal combustion engines and coal-fueled power plants, more people will live in drought stricken places, and more people will end up in conditions of poverty if rates of inequality continue as they are.
The video is beautiful as it is. But the beautiful polish helps obscure the notion that population growth is not necessarily a good thing.
Cole, Adam and Starbard, Maggie. (31 October 2011) Visualizing how a population grows to 7 billion. NPR.org. | <urn:uuid:78edf7d5-eaad-4c09-9838-a658b2d3f711> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://thesocietypages.org/graphicsociology/2011/10/31/visualizing-world-population-growth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541066.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00088-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971658 | 343 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A well-maintained and constructed septic system will better withstand the stresses of heavy rains or flooding. Regular inspection is necessary to ensure proper functioning.
During heavy rains and floods, the ground can become saturated, preventing proper operation of the system. For example, a septic tank can collapse or float out of position. Signs that a septic system is not working properly include the following:
- Sinks drain slowly
- Toilets drain slowly
- Floor drains overflow
- Sewage becomes visible outside the home
For more information about septic systems, see the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Managing Septic Systems to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water [PDF - 132.49 kb].
To prepare your septic system before an emergency such as a flood, hurricane, or earthquake:
- Seal the manhole and or inspection ports to keep excess water out of the septic tank
- Be sure your septic tank is at least half full to prevent it from collapsing or floating
- If your septic system requires electricity,
- Turn off the pump at the circuit box before the area floods
- Waterproof all electrical connections to avoid electrical shock or damage to wiring, pumps, and the electrical system
During an emergency such as a flood, hurricane, or earthquake, reduce the amount of water used by limiting toilet flushing, dishwashing, washing clothes, and showering.
Severe flooding can put drinking water wells at increased risk for contamination from flood water that may contain sewage. Avoid contact with any standing water that may contain sewage.
CAUTION: Do not drink well water until you know it is safe. Use a safe water supply like bottled or treated water (learn how to make water safe).
Be aware that flood water may contain sewage. For more information about how to protect yourself and your family, visit CDC’s After a Hurricane or Flood: Cleanup of Flood Water.
Precautions related to septic systems include:
- Avoid contact with any septic system electrical devices until they are dry and clean.
- Do not pump out the septic tank more than halfway or the tank may float out of the ground.
- Reduce all nonessential water use (for example, dishwashing, washing clothes, showering).
- Flush toilets as little as possible or use a temporary toilet.
If you suspect septic system damage, get the system professionally inspected and serviced. Contact your health department for a list of septic system contractors who work in your area.
For septic system maintenance guides and other information, see:
- First Aid for a Flooded Septic System (National Environmental Services Center) [PDF - 195.37 kb]
- Septic Systems – What to do after a Flood (EPA)
- Flooded Private Sewage Systems: Safety, Sanitation and Clean-Up Concerns (National Ag Safety Database)
- Septic (Onsite) Systems, Tools and Resources (EPA)
- Water Quality Information for Consumers: Septic Systems and Wastewater (Cornell University) | <urn:uuid:9541d47b-a5b4-4c83-8545-0e50d88e9624> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/emergency/septic/septic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678592.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00158-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892701 | 635 | 3.375 | 3 |
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 7,926 terms related to cancer and medicine.
Browse the dictionary by selecting a letter of the alphabet or by entering a cancer-related word or phrase in the search box.
- listen (PRA-luh-TREK-sayt)
A drug used in the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (a fast-growing form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Pralatrexate may block the growth of cancer cells and cause them to die. It is a type of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. Also called FOLOTYN. | <urn:uuid:7ee670cf-ca71-4ba4-a61d-296f9f48d4eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=657510 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00091-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874922 | 158 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Introduction What is social media ? All media found on internet based applications where the content is user generated. Social media is inexpensive and widely accessible. Spreads information quickly to large numbers of people. Generally communicates simple ideas.
The media monitor social media, especially twitter.
Youth use it as their primary source of information.
You’ll reach people you never otherwise reach.
It will enhance other parts of your campaign.
All of the competition is benefiting from it.
Traditional forms of media are in decline.
Why use it ? Introduction
The power of social media is integration. Photos, messages, themes, press releases, statements , branding, videos. They all need to be cross-posted on all social media applications. The value of a consistent message can be as powerful as the message itself. Marshall McLuhan’s ‘the media is the message’ still forms the cornerstone of media theory today. This Canadian foresaw the concept of the ‘global village.’
Essential Social Media Applications Include: Introduction
Facebook Facebook is a multi-purpose social networking tool. Users generate content such as videos, photos, comments, links, and events. It suggests content and friends to each user. It can replace the need for a website and integrates most other forms of social networking.
Create a politician page. This is public, not private. Add a professional photo. Users ‘Like’ a page to receive regular updates. The wall contains the most recent additions, videos, posts from other users. Fill in the mission statement. Complete standard info. *Must have a personal Facebook account to create a politician page. Facebook: Anatomy
Events are shown as are notes or other items. Monitor and respond to Comments. So who likes an item. Click Share to post the Politican Page to your own Personal Page to get more ‘ Likes’ Facebook: Anatomy
This is the INFO tab. The more info you fill in, the more likely it is media and others will contact you. Anyone can see your page. Facebook: Anatomy
Have the media manager manage Facebook.
Make friends, recommend page to friends.
Make comments, put up photos from all events.
Post press releases, videos.
‘ Like’ other content. It will show on your page.
Plan strategic updates for supporters.
Cross link to your other social media.
Integrate with YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Website.
Sync with all other activities.
Provide options for donating, joining party, volunteering on the page, make sure they all feed back to the same donate/join/volunteer methods.
Monitor and create content daily or else people won’t ‘Like’.
Twitter Twitter is fast becoming the most important social media tool today with over 200 million users tweeting 140 character messages 65,000,000 times each day and growing. It is simple and powerful messaging. It’s simple, easy to use, and extremely powerful.
Increase number of followers
Increase in traffic to your website
Get information to media outlets quickly.
Notify people of new videos, photos, events, etc.
Short message bursts
Type of messages: Purpose:
Twitter: User signs up for an account. You become popular as a source of info. Your followers grow and your tweets get better. You tweet everyday and follow tweets everyday by doing searches focused on topics of interest to your followers and you. You start following tweets by other users. How does it work? Other users start following you, when you follow them! Other users start following you by reading your tweets in searches. You start to tweet. You use tweets to notify everyone about everything in your campaign. You read tweets to find feedback, cross-post to other forms of social media and enhance your own campaign.
@rob_hines represents a twitter user. Twitter: Anatomy of a Tweet RT @rob_hines 4 Immediate Release #GPC opens candidate nominations in Delta--Richmond East http://on.fb.me/goc59c #cdnpoli #vancouver #news #cdnpoli represents a topic. RT is a re-tweet. A re-posted tweet. Credit is given to the original author immediately after typing RT. Shorten when possible. You only have 140 characters. Condense URL’s to save space, 140 character maximum. #topics are added at end to make tweets more searchable Add #topics within tweet for maximum efficiency.
Twitter: Fill in profile info! Tweets scroll. User suggestions. Followers and Following.
Twitter: #Hashtags & @Users #gpc Green Party of Canada #lpc #cpc #ndp Liberal, Conservative, New Democrat #cdnpoli Canadian Politics #bcpoli #onpoli BC ON Politics #hoc House of Commons #cbc Canadian Broadcasting Corp @canadiangreens The GPC! @elizabethmay The Leader @kady CBC political twit addict *Look for users and topics in your area: #vancouver #to @barriegreens etc. These are the #topics and @users common for national political use in Canada that you need to be aware of.
Blog A blog is a web log. Think of it as an online journal. Entries are made on a regular basis. Blogs are not in use as much now as Facebook can replace many of the same functions. These journal like entries can be broadcast using RSS feeds. RSS feeds are links to updates of a website.
YouTube is a website for video-sharing. Almost everyone uses YouTube, at least to watch videos. Approximately 35 hours of content is added each minute. Users can view, upload, and share video’s. YouTube search engine is the second most used on the web behind google. YouTube
Your personal message (talking to camera, interview)
YouTube What do you need? A camera $200 A YouTube account (free) An external microphone A tripod
LinkedIn LinkedIn is a professional social networking site used in over 200 countries with more than 86 million users. It is like facebook except the information contained on profiles are more oriented toward career information.
This is an automated twitter feed on facebook. Integration
This is a twitter box that can be placed on a website Integration This is a facebook box that can be placed on a website This is a YouTube box that can be placed on a website
This is a much larger, more interactive facebook box, that can be placed on a website. Integration A user browsing by this article can share a link using these buttons below. See addthis.com
Pulling it all together
Track anyone you can ID as a Voter
Respond to all inquiries.
Request volunteers and make sure respondents get put in touch with the volunteer coordinator.
Most important, monitor media responses and have the media coordiantion and/or candidate respond as required.
Invite people to interact.
Ask friends/users to share your content on their page.
Create surveys, ask questions.
Crosspost everything possible.
So... Social media is not a one time hit It is not a science It is not without effort You do not have to do it all by yourself No secret No
So... Everybody can learn to use social media You show that you care and want to interact It increases your overall visibility It works even better the more you collaborate The combination is reinforcing Continuous effort Yes
Thank You! And all the best! Credits: Jo Cops Luc Robijns Johan Hamels Rob Hines | <urn:uuid:25644a89-8264-4f19-b46b-8c4564f4d995> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.slideshare.net/johanhamels/101206-social-media-presentation-6165315 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507449999.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005729-00179-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869164 | 1,555 | 3.046875 | 3 |
When students at ACS Cobham International School (UK) got iPads, Richard Harrold saw an opportunity. As an assistant principal at the lower (elementary) school, he had been hearing glowing reports from other educators about students seeing remarkable gains when using iPads. Were the gains real? And was the effect due to something special about the iPad, or were students just responding to the newness of the technology?
Harrold decided to find out. With the help of his school’s “Project i” team, he launched a formal study with 1 stand 2 ndgraders to see if they would experience the same increases in engagement and understanding that he had been hearing about from other educators.
Harrold's study confirmed the benefits of iPads in schools:
- iPads benefit learners of different ages, sometimes in different ways
- iPads have special benefits for learners in the very early grades
- The iPad makes typing easier for 1 stand 2 ndgraders
More generally, results indicated that:
- iPads improve student engagement
- “iPad buddies” collaborate more
- iPads boost perseverance
The effects discovered were more than a reaction to a fun, new “toy.” In fact, to ensure that their results were not due to a honeymoon period, the team delayed the study until learners had been using their iPads for a full eight months.
These findings are exciting, especially for learners requiring intervention. Struggling students can be harder to engage and may have trouble enduring learning challenges. Giving them the opportunity to use an iPad-based intervention can motivate learners to persevere and achieve.
In a time where “grit” is getting a lot of attention as a key indicator of future success, anytime that perseverance goes up – as with iPad use – educators would be wise to take notice. But don’t rule out the appeal of classic technologies. Early-grade learners would still rather read a bound book than an ebook on iPad.
Harrold, R. (2012). Measuring the Effect of iPads in the Classroom. The International Educator.Retrieved from: http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/74482139/measuring-effect-ipads-classroom
Harrold, R. (2012). The iPad Effect: Leveraging Engagement, Collaboration, and Perseverance. The International Educator. Retrieved from: http://www.tieonline.com/view_article.cfm?ArticleID=100 | <urn:uuid:b6f3a901-9c6a-497a-85d9-f1b80709733f> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.scilearn.com/blog/ipads-in-schools-student-engagement-intervention | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936981.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419150012-20180419170012-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.95796 | 526 | 3.53125 | 4 |
On the Trail of a 40-Foot Anaconda
The fifth hidden wonder of South America.
By Joshua FoerPosted Thursday, Feb. 17, 2011,PACAYA SAMIRIA, Peru—Of all the crazy mythical creatures that starry-eyed monster hunters have gone in search of—the Yeti, Sasquatch, Nessie, the chupacabra—South America's giant anaconda would seem to be the least implausible. None of the Amazon's early explorers dared emerge from the forest without a harrowing tale of a face-to-face encounter with a humongous snake. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was practically a requirement of the jungle adventure genre. English explorer Percy Fawcett (of Lost City of Z fame) reportedly shot a 62-foot anaconda in 1907 while on a surveying mission in western Brazil. Cândido Rondon, who led Teddy Roosevelt's famous journey down the River of Doubt, claimed to have measured a 38-footer "in the flesh." In 1933, a 100-foot serpent was said to have been machine-gunned by officials from the Brazil-Colombia Boundary Commission. According to witnesses, four men together couldn't lift its head. The photos, of course, were lost.Had they been captured alive, any of these giants would have merited the $50,000 bounty that the New York Zoological Society (later the Wildlife Conservation Society) offered for much of the 20th century to anyone who could bring a 30-foot snake back to the Bronx Zoo. Though thousands of anacondas have been caught, measured, and released by scientists over the years, few have ever surpassed 18 feet. Still, stories of Amazonian megasnakes continue to surface every few years, and they continue to inspire credulous souls to set off into the jungle. People like Dylan and me.
Read rest here: http://www.slate.com/id/2285539/
Mystery photo of 'English Loch Ness Monster' taken in Bowness
A MYSTERIOUS 'monster' - dubbed Bow-nessie - appears to have been caught on camera for the first time. A shape claimed to be a giant beast — said to be up to 50ft long — was spotted emerging from the depths of Lake Windermere near Bowness in Cumbria, last week. In the grainy picture, which is eerily reminiscent of classic snaps of the famous Loch Ness Monster, an animal's humped back seems to be visible. Enormous rippples can be seen in its wake as the dark shape passes in front of foliage growing from the misty lake. But can it really be the beast of legend? Kayakers Tom Pickles, 24, and Sarah Harrington, 23, who took the picture, told today how they were left "petrified" and quickly paddled to the safety of the shore after encountering the monster. IT graduate Tom said: "At a distance I thought it was some sort of large dog then I realised just how long it was. There was no way a dog would be out that far in any case. "Each hump moved in a rippling movement and it appeared to have a huge shadow around it suggesting it was much bigger underwater. "Its skin was like a seal's but its shape was completely abnormal. We watched for about twenty seconds before it plunged out of sight."
Read rest and see pics here : http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3417860/Bow-nessie-Mystery-photo-of-English-Loch-Ness-Monster-taken-in-Bowness.html | <urn:uuid:614acccd-6461-4052-9229-e795cd45e2a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://cryptozoo-oscity.blogspot.com/2011/02/search-for-giant-anaconda-and-bow.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424154.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722222652-20170723002652-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.961331 | 774 | 3.078125 | 3 |
You’re studying this on the Web that’s at present dwelling to an estimated 1.9 billion web sites. That’s a billion with a ‘B’. Weirdly sufficient, although, it’s not all that lengthy because the complete Web had just one solitary web site. This was the primary web site ever created, launched on August 6, 1991.
It could have been a easy, text-based web site with details about the World Broad Internet mission, however that internet web page held the seed of all of the web sites that may quickly populate the digital panorama over the following three brief a long time. We’re fascinated to inform the story of that first web site on the Web.
The World Broad Internet Venture
Cyberpunks might need fantasies in regards to the Web being a radically decentralized, peer-to-peer, non-hierarchical house, however the reality is we have now the federal government to thank for the World Broad Internet. Extra precisely, we have now the collaboration between a number of European governments on the European Group for Nuclear Analysis (CERN) to thank.
The World Broad Internet (WWW) Venture at CERN was a mission headed by British pc scientist Tim Berners-Lee. He was attempting to resolve the issue of the way to share info, knowledge, and assets between completely different gadgets in varied places.
Berners-Lee proposed an answer that used hypertext to attach (or ‘hyperlink’) paperwork saved on separate computer systems, offered each machines had been related to a newish community referred to as the Web. Although his first proposal was rejected, his second shot bought the backing of his managers and went into manufacturing.
So as to flip his imaginative and prescient right into a actuality, Berner-Lee had first to develop HyperText Markup Language (or HTML, the language used to code internet pages), Hypertext Switch Protocol (or HTTP, the protocol used to fetch HTML recordsdata), and Uniform Useful resource Locators (or URLs, the addresses used to navigate to an internet web page).
Over 30 years later, HTML, HTTP, and URLs nonetheless kind the spine of the Web we use at this time.
What Was the First Web site
Regardless of the actually limitless alternative of domains, Berners-Lee selected to launch the world’s first web site on the wildly forgettable handle, information.cern.ch. Whereas that important area is now dwelling to details about the primary web site ever, variations of that web site are nonetheless accessible to view.
If somebody had been to navigate to that handle in 1991, they’d have discovered a splendidly retro-looking line-mode model of the web site:
Because the green-on-black pc output of the early 90s is prone to make trendy Web customers’ heads spin, CERN has kindly additionally created an up to date model of the web site appropriate for at this time’s browsers:
However what was really contained on the planet’s first web site? Properly, because the web site was meant to be the place to begin for an enormous community of interconnected web sites – i.e. the Web we all know at this time – the primary web site featured directions about constructing different web sites.
It offered assets for builders to grasp HTML, HTTP, and URLs and defined how hyperlinks might be used to hyperlink to the content material.
There have been no advertisements, no photos, nothing to promote, and nothing to distract you. Berners-Lee merely needed to encourage others to make use of the know-how he’d constructed to create digital areas for themselves and to turn into extra interconnected. His solely name to motion was to study and create.
Development of the Internet and the Lack of the First Web site
Berners-Lee launched the primary web site in the midst of 1991, and by 1992 there had been a 1,000% improve within the variety of web sites. That’s to say, by 1992 there have been ten internet pages stay.
By 1994, the World Broad Internet had actually bought some momentum going, with over 3,000 web sites accessible on the Web. At this level, it was potential to listing all web sites in printed listing books, like a telephone e-book.
Bodily directories turned out of date and inconvenient in simply a few years, although. By 1996, greater than 2 million web sites had been printed, which is when Google was launched to assist the rising base of Web customers discover their method round our on-line world.
That is the place we have now to come back clear: the screenshot of the ‘first web site’ above is just not the unique web site Berners-Lee constructed. In all the joy across the success and development of his mission, the primary web site was misplaced off the Web.
We solely have the instance above, due to the work of Web historians, who in 2013 launched a mission to get better and revive the first-ever web site. Fortunately, it turned out that Berners-Lee himself had made a duplicate of his total authentic web site onto a floppy disc, which was later tracked down and used to relaunch the location.
It now exists as a form of on-line exhibit anybody can go to to gaze into the digital previous.
Steve Jobs Helped Create the World Broad Internet
Okay, this final subheading could be slightly deceptive since Steve Jobs by no means labored at CERN, not to mention on the WWW Venture. Nevertheless, the Apple creator did have a small hand in its success.
That’s as a result of the pc Berners-Lee used to construct and host the primary web site ever was a NeXT pc designed by Steve Jobs.
Whereas it could be stunning to listen to such a well-recognized title pop up on this story, it’s value making an allowance for that the early computing neighborhood was comparatively small.
We would all spend our lives on-line at this time, however again when the primary web site launched, Web customers had been a part of a tightly-knit membership. Berners-Lee and his contemporaries envisioned a future unimaginable to most. | <urn:uuid:adc4473e-6532-4bf0-9fb8-d768e0513d85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://moneylister.com/the-shocking-historical-past-of-the-worlds-first-web-site/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.948328 | 1,290 | 3.015625 | 3 |
About Payments System in PNG
What is the National Payments System?
The National Payments System (NPS) encompasses everything to do with the movement of money. This involves a network of financial institutions and payment services providers (PSPs) along with the supporting technology, processes, procedures and legislation that together enable funds to be moved from payers (or senders) to payees (recipients) in whatever form or at whatever time, across the whole economy. The NPS therefore affects every individual, business and organisation in the country, including government.
In PNG we pay each other and businesses using a variety of financial instruments, including:
- Electronic payments
- Real Time Gross Settlement
- Direct Credits
- Card & Mobile Payments.
Why are Payments Systems Important?
The National Payments System is a vital part of a country’s economic and financial infrastructure. Its efficient functioning, allowing transactions to be completed in a timely, reliable and secure manner, contributes to overall economic performance.
An efficient and reliable NPS:
- Promotes economic development and growth by:
- Enabling more efficient use of money
- Enabling the fast transfer of money between parties in different locations
- Reducing the risk of theft and fraud
- Reduces the reliance on cash
- Supports financial inclusion and the development of small and rural enterprises
- Minimises the risk of financial shocks
- Makes PNG more attractive as a place to do business.
What is BPNG’s Strategy for the National Payments System?
BPNG’s vision for the NPS was set out in a foundation document prepared in 2008 – Vision and Strategy for the future PNG National Payments System. In short, this document set a path to make PNG less reliant on paper based financial instruments (cash and cheques) through the use of modern electronic forms of payment, supported by enabling legislation. To this end, BPNG launched the National Payments System Development Programme on the 30th of November 2009. With the enactment of the National Payments System Act 2013 and the implementation of KATS and REPS, significant progress has been made to achieve the vision for the NPS
The strategy was refreshed in 2015 with the publication of Strategy and Action Plan for the Development of the PNG National Payments System 2015-2018. The strategy is currently being updated to incorporate the latest developments in payments.
What is BPNG’s role in the National Payments System?
BPNG has three roles in the PNG NPS. It is:
- The Regulator and Overseer
- The Operator of critical payment systems, and
- A Participant in its own right as a bank, in particular being banker to the government.
In undertaking these roles BPNG has a statutory obligation under the Central Banking Act 2000 to take all steps necessary to ensure the Payments System functions efficiently and reliably. While payment systems produce significant economic benefits to a country they can also involve significant risks at both a micro and economy-wide level, and the failure of the NPS to function smoothly can have devastating effects on a country’s economy. BPNG manages these risks across a number of Departments including Payments System Oversight and Supervision.
As custodian of the NPS, BPNG operates two key electronic systems:
- Kina Automated Transfer System (KATS), for:
- Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
- Direct Credits
- Cheque processing.
- The PNG National Switch, for:
- Card payments
- Mobile payments.
In order to ensure reliability of these systems, BPNG has a number of backup systems which will activate in the event of a failure in one of the main systems. In addition, BPNG has specialist staff on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to resolve any issues that may arise in a timely manner. | <urn:uuid:d9337bc7-7587-4cb2-9c9e-0ad473868110> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.bankpng.gov.pg/payment-system/payment-system-in-png/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210616.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923081833-20200923111833-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.922326 | 781 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Design in educational technology : design thinking, design process, and the design studio
- Brad Hokanson, Andrew Gibbons, editors.
- Cham ; Springer, .
- Physical description
- x, 273 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
- Educational communications and technology
Education Library (Cubberley)
|LB1028.3 .D465 2014||Unknown|
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Introduction 1) Design, Designers and Reflection-in-Action 2) Eight Views of Instructional Design and What They Should Mean to Instructional Designers 3) Critical Issues in Studio Pedagogy: Beyond the Mystique and Down to Business 4) In Education We All Want to Be Nice: Lessons Learned from a Multidisciplinary Design Studio 5) Instructional Design in a Studio Environment: What Happens When Design Meets Hollywood? 6) Understanding and Examining Design in Action with Cultural Historical Activity Theory 7) Instructional Design Cases: Documenting precedent in instructional design 8) The Many Facets of Design and Research in Instructional Design 9) Reconceptualizing Instructional Message Design: Toward the Development of a New Guiding Framework 10) Development of Design Judgment in Instructional Design: Perspectives from Instructors, Students and Instructional Designers 11) Ethics as Design: Rethinking Professional Ethics as Part of the Design Domain 12) EDISYS: A Tool for Enhancing Design Inquiry Systems 13) Design-Thinking for Engineering Quality Instructional Design Processes Through Leadership Competencies and Modeling 14) Design Thinking and Higher Education Administration 15) The Half-Known World.
- (source: Nielsen Book Data)9783319009261 20160612
- Publisher's Summary
- This book is the result of a research symposium sponsored by the Association for Educational Communications and Technology [AECT]. The fifteen chapters were developed by leaders in the field and represent the most updated and cutting edge methodology in the areas of instructional design and instructional technology. The broad concepts of design, design thinking, the design process, and the design studio, are identified and they form the framework of the book. This book advocates the conscious adoption of a mindset of design thinking, such as that evident in a range of divergent professions including business, government, and medicine. At its core is a focus on "planning, inventing, making, and doing." (Cross, 1982), all of which are of value to the field of educational technology. Additionally, the book endeavors to develop a deep understanding of the design process in the reader. It is a critical skill, often drawing from other traditional design fields. An examination of the design process as practiced, of new models for design, and of ways to connect theory to the development of educational products are all fully explored with the goal of providing guidance for emerging instructional designers and deepening the practice of more advanced practitioners. Finally, as a large number of leading schools of instructional design have adopted the studio form of education for their professional programs, we include this emerging topic in the book as a practical and focused guide for readers at all levels.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9783319009261 20160612
- Educational technology.
- Publication date
- 9783319009261 (cloth)
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Canada Country Profile
Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia. However, its population is only about one-fifth of Russia's. Nearly 90% of Canadians live within 200km of the border with the United States, which means that Canada contains vast expanses of wilderness to the north.
Full name: Canada
Population: 33.8 million (UN, 2010)
Largest city: Toronto
Area: 9.9 million sq km (3.8 million sq miles)
Major languages: English, French (both official)
Major religion: Christianity
Life expectancy: 79 years (men), 84 years (women) (UN)
Monetary unit: 1 Canadian dollar = 100 cents
Main exports: Machinery and equipment, automotive products, metals and plastics, forestry products, agricultural and fishing products, energy products
GNI per capita: US $42,170 (World Bank, 2009)
Internet domain: .ca
International dialling code: +1
Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by a Governor-General
© 2008 The Independent United Order of Mechanics www.iuomwh.org All Rights Reserved Professional Internet Solutions Contents may not be duplicated or reproduced without the express written consent from International Headquarters. | <urn:uuid:50be376e-b379-48a2-8677-954d3812f28b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.iuomwh.org/canada.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.872453 | 263 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Relief Society Lesson 25: Truths from the Savior’s Parables in Matthew 13
From the Life of Joseph Smith
Among other subjects, Joseph Smith and the other brethren studied Hebrew, the language in which most of the Old Testament was originally written. The Prophet’s journal for this period shows that he studied Hebrew nearly every day, often for many hours a day. His journal entries include words such as “Spent the day in reading Hebrew” or “Attended school and read Hebrew.” On January 19, 1836, he recorded: “Spent the day at school. The Lord blessed us in our studies. This day we commenced reading in our Hebrew Bibles with much success. It seems as if the Lord opens our minds in a marvelous manner, to understand His word in the original language.” A month later, he wrote: “Attended the school and read and translated with my class as usual. My soul delights in reading the word of the Lord in the original.”
Why would someone who had the ability to translate by the power of God be interested in learning ancient languages, and understanding the Bible better through secular training? What might this suggest about the relationship between spiritual and academic learning?Joseph Smith’s experience in the School of the Elders is just one evidence of his love for the scriptures. He studied the scriptures diligently, finding in them solace, knowledge, and inspiration throughout his life. Significantly, it was a passage from the Bible that led him to seek wisdom from God and receive the First Vision when he was just 14 years old (see James 1:5).
Can you relate to this love for the scriptures? What methods of scripture study have you found most helpful?
Teachings of Joseph Smith
The Savior taught in parables so that those who believed in His teachings could gain greater light, while those who rejected His teachings would lose the light they had.
This sounds pretty harsh. Why would the Savior teach in a way that would cause some to lose the light they had?
We again make remark here—for we find that the very principle upon which the disciples were accounted blessed, was because they were permitted to see with their eyes and hear with their ears—that the condemnation which rested upon the multitude that received not His saying, was because they were not willing to see with their eyes, and hear with their ears; not because they could not, and were not privileged to see and hear, but because their hearts were full of iniquity and abominations; ‘as your fathers did, so do ye.’ [Acts 7:51.]
The problem with those who are condemned seems to be lack of belief, a lack of willingness to see. Why is this quality so important? Why might people be unwilling to listen? Do you listen to everyone you encounter who says they have a religious message to share? Should you?
“… Men are in the habit, when the truth is exhibited by the servants of God, of saying, All is mystery; they have spoken in parables, and, therefore, are not to be understood. It is true they have eyes to see, and see not, but none are so blind as those who will not see; and, although the Savior spoke this to such characters, yet unto His disciples he expounded it plainly; and we have reason to be truly humble before the God of our fathers, that He hath left these things on record for us, so plain, that notwithstanding the exertions and combined influence of the priests of Baal, they have not power to blind our eyes, and darken our understanding, if we will but open our eyes, and read with candor, for a moment.”
How do you understand Jesus’ use of parables? Are they supposed to be confusing? What do you make of the fact that Jesus uses examples from his listener’s everyday lives (wheat, seeds, etc.)? (An interesting point here is that the parables include both male and female protagonists.)
Are there times when it’s legitimate to say that something is a mystery, and we can’t understand it?
The parable of the sower shows the effects of preaching the gospel; it also shows that the Savior established His kingdom in the meridian of time.
“But listen to the explanation of the parable of the Sower: ‘When any one heareth the word of the Kingdom, and understandeth it not, then cometh the wicked one, and catcheth away that which was sown in his heart.’ Now mark the expression—that which was sown in his heart. ‘This is he which receiveth seed by the way side.’ [Matthew 13:19.] Men who have no principle of righteousness in themselves, and whose hearts are full of iniquity, and have no desire for the principles of truth, do not understand the word of truth when they hear it. The devil taketh away the word of truth out of their hearts, because there is no desire for righteousness in them.
Why do some people have a “principle of righteousness in themselves,” and others don’t? If someone doesn’t have a desire for truth, is there a way to develop such a desire?
The parable of the wheat and tares teaches that the righteous and wicked will grow together until the end of the world, when the righteous will be gathered and the wicked burned.
“Now we learn by this parable, not only the setting up of the Kingdom in the days of the Savior, which is represented by the good seed, which produced fruit, but also the corruptions of the Church, which are represented by the tares, which were sown by the enemy, which His disciples would fain have plucked up, or cleansed the Church of, if their views had been favored by the Savior. But He, knowing all things, says, Not so. As much as to say, your views are not correct, the Church is in its infancy, and if you take this rash step, you will destroy the wheat, or the Church, with the tares; therefore it is better to let them grow together until the harvest, or the end of the world, which means the destruction of the wicked, which is not yet fulfilled. …
Why doesn’t God keep the wheat “pure” by removing the tares?
In this parable (and others), people seem to be either wheat or tares, righteous or wicked, in one camp or the other. Does this mean we should categorize people in this way?
“ ‘As, therefore, the tares are gathered and burned in the fire, so shall it be in the end of the world’ [Matthew 13:40]; that is, as the servants of God go forth warning the nations, both priests and people, and as they harden their hearts and reject the light of truth, these first being delivered over to the buffetings of Satan, and the law and the testimony being closed up, … they are left in darkness, and delivered over unto the day of burning; thus being bound up by their creeds, and their bands being made strong by their priests, [they] are prepared for the fulfillment of the saying of the Savior—‘The Son of Man shall send forth His angels, and gather out of His Kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity, and shall cast them into a furnace of fire; there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.’ [Matthew 13:41–42.]
“We understand that the work of gathering together of the wheat into barns, or garners, is to take place while the tares are being bound over and preparing for the day of burning; that after the day of burnings, ‘the righteous shall shine forth like the sun, in the Kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear’ [Matthew 13:43].”
What are our responsibilities now, in the time before the judgment? Do we have responsibilities regarding the tares as well as the wheat?
The parable of the mustard seed teaches that the Church and kingdom of God, established in these last days, will spread throughout the earth.
“The Kingdom of Heaven is like unto a mustard seed. Behold, then, is not this the Kingdom of Heaven that is raising its head in the last days in the majesty of its God, even the Church of the Latter-day Saints, like an impenetrable, immovable rock in the midst of the mighty deep, exposed to the storms and tempests of Satan, that has, thus far, remained steadfast, and is still braving the mountain waves of opposition, which are driven by the tempestuous winds of sinking crafts, which have [dashed] and are still dashing with tremendous foam across its triumphant brow; urged onward with redoubled fury by the enemy of righteousness? …
Why do you think the kingdom is compared to a seed growing into a tree? It’s interesting that Joseph Smith shifts the metaphor to that of a rock. What do these images make you think of?
The testimonies of the Three Witnesses and the latter-day scriptures are like the leaven that was hidden in meal; the parable of the net teaches about the worldwide gathering.
“ ‘Again, the Kingdom of Heaven is like unto a net that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind, which when it was full they drew to shore, and sat down, and gathered the good into vessels, but cast the bad away.’ [Matthew 13:47–48.] For the work of this pattern, behold the seed of Joseph, spreading forth the Gospel net upon the face of the earth, gathering of every kind, that the good may be saved in vessels prepared for that purpose, and the angels will take care of the bad. ‘So shall it be at the end of the world—the angels shall come forth and sever the wicked from among the just, and cast them into the furnace of fire, and there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth. Jesus saith unto them, Have you understood all these things? They say unto Him, Yea, Lord.’ [Matthew 13:49–51.] And we say, yea, Lord; and well might they say, yea, Lord; for these things are so plain and so glorious, that every Saint in the last days must respond with a hearty Amen to them.
What does it mean that the net gathered “every kind”? This is often discussed in terms of geography and the gospel going throughout the world—are there other ways of thinking about it? | <urn:uuid:ddee076c-44d9-4b97-9444-5d44d0c0b5e1> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.the-exponent.com/relief-society-lesson-25-truths-from-the-saviors-parables-in-matthew-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.973983 | 2,245 | 3.375 | 3 |
Trac Ride Shade Structure
A Small Gallery
Shade Structure Details
As children spend more time outdoors and we gain knowledge of the dangers of skin cancer, shade on playgrounds becomes a critical issue.
Traditionally, shade has been provided by trees but has been difficult to provide on new playgrounds, especially in western states. Independent shade structures, shade awnings attached to the building, and equipment that includes shade covers are all appropriate approaches to this issue.
An outdoor play space should be divided into distinct activity areas, both to ensure safety and to provide suitable locations for different types of play. Provide both sunny and shaded places, and a covered area so that children can get outdoors on rainy days or in the heat of a summer day. | <urn:uuid:14160f86-40c5-4fad-8e99-fe35053f0051> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://childforms.com/tracforms/Shade-Structure-Trac-Ride.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647251.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320013620-20180320033620-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.956186 | 153 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Use of Thermography, or heat differentiation, to detect human ailments, has been documented throughout medical literature over the centuries. The first recorded use of temperature associated with disease, appeared in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Considered the oldest medical text, this text concentrated on 47 individual case studies, six of which included temperature variations. Date of the Papyrus was 1700 B.C. This then, places the origin of Thermology during the age of the pyramids, with Imhotep, the first known physician in recorded history.
As early as 400 B.C., physicians would place wet mud or slurry of wet clay over the abdomen and where the clay dried first, was considered the site of disease. Hippocrates is quoted as saying “…should one part of the body be colder or hotter than the other, disease is present in that part.” The early Greek physicians regarded changes in temperature, as a reflection of change in the four basic elements (fire, water, earth and air). They also considered fever to be a specific disease entity as opposed to being only a symptom of disease.
In the second century A.D., Heron of Alexandria, developed a special bulb called a thermoscope. Although this was the first step in an attempt to quantify heat, additional advances in thermal measurement ceased until Galileo’s work in approximately 1592.
Galileo re-introduced the concept of the thermoscope, and with his friend, Sanctorio Sanctorius, converted the thermoscope into a crude thermometer. In order to correlate the relationship between body temperature and a patient’s state of health, the thermoscope was graduated into 110 arbitrary divisions.
In the early 1700’s, Herman Boerhaave established important clinical information at the University of Leyden, with a special thermometer made by Fahrenheit.
Additionally, specific determination of temperature reference points, including 32°ƒ as the melting point of ice and 96°ƒ as the standard human temperature, were set by Fahrenheit. Several years later the freezing of water was set by Celsius (an astronomy professor) at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
Dr. Boerhaave’s students, Dr. Dehaen and Dr. Van Swieten in Vienna, prepared several volumes of data correlating temperature and disease. Many years after Dr. DeHaen’s death, thermometry continued to be investigated by numerous scientists and physicians, but failed to receive general medical recognition regarding its importance.
Sir William Hirshel, King George III’s Royal Astronomer, created the first thermogram, using colored filters in a large refracting telescope. The invisible rays of the sun were termed at that time, “Infrared” (beneath red).
The actual beginning of modern thermometry was in 1835, when Becquerel and Breschet evaluated temperature variances in different body areas. Their instrument was a thermo-electrical device, which they utilized to establish that temperature in inflamed regions was higher than in normal areas. It was also established, at this time, that 98.6°ƒ or 37°C was the mean healthy human temperature.
In 1844, Henri Roger recorded temperatures for several types of febrile diseases. His major contribution in thermology was that he recorded temperature variables in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment course. In 1870 Allbutt introduced the self- registering mercury thermometer, which is the prototype of those used in clinics today.
Between 1851-1877, Dr. C.A. Wunderlich studied over 25,000 cases, correlating temperature variances and the patient’s state of disease. To do this, he relied on Allbutt’s mercury thermometer and based on his work, wide scale use of thermometry soon followed.
In the early 1920’s, research turned to the recording of the infrared spectrum in photography based on refraction and reflection of infrared (IR) waves from outside sources. At the 1924 Palmer Lyceum, a new approach to spinal heat evaluation was introduced to the chiropractic profession. The instrument was called an NCM (neurocollometer) and was invented by Dossa Evans, with clinical development by Dr. B. J. Palmer.
Research in infrared photography and the development of special infrared sensors continued to be refined throughout World War II and the Korean conflict. During this period much of the data and equipment developed was classified “Top Secret.” Military use of infrared included such applications as troop movement detection and the development of heat-seeking missiles.
In 1948, Dr. Leo Massopust took the first known clinical thermograms. His primary images were of vascular patterns in the extremities and breasts, but he did evaluate other skin surfaces, as well. A Canadian physician, Dr. Ray Lawson, established the first known medical application for modern thermography with extensive research regarding breast patterns. He published his first paper in 1956, entitled “Implications of surface temperature in the diagnosis of breast cancer.” Shortly after Dr. Lawson’s work, a good amount of thermographic information was de-classified by the military and research on medical applications for infrared imaging slowly began again.
In 1963, a composite of 28 papers on thermography were submitted for publication with the New York Academy of Sciences. In 1965, Dr. George E. Chapman published the first work on Dental and Facial Thermography. In 1968, the American Academy of Thermology was formed, noting this was the first organization of physicians utilizing Thermal Imaging. Also, research was beginning in breast thermography with Dr. M. Gautherie at the Louis Pasteur University in France.
In 1972, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare declared that thermography was beyond experimental in the following areas:
- 1. Evaluation of the female breast.
- 2. Vascular analysis.
- 3. Extracranial evaluations
- 4. Neuromusculoskeletal analysis
In 1974, a large national study of thermography was established regarding breast cancer. The study was seriously flawed, equipment was not standardized, technique was not controlled, data analysis was not consistent and very few individuals involved in the study were trained or utilized thermography in their practices. This study is frequently the one referenced by physicians, often radiologists, with competitive interests, in order to advance the value of mammography and MRI, as opposed to thermography.
Development of a specific analytical system for breast thermal imaging was established in France, at the Louis Pasteur University. The “TH” system was developed and refined and remains the cornerstone of breast thermal scoring today. In 1978, Clinical Thermography Associates Research Clinic was established under the direction of George E. Chapman and Barbara A. Britt with hundreds of research projects and published papers over the years. Additionally, over 500 physicians and technicians, have been formally trained and certified in thermography at CTA Laboratories to date. In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s C. Wexler and W. Hobbins also established research and diagnostic centers, helping to develop and train physicians and technicians.
In 1982, the first text was published with scientific techniques and protocols regarding medical thermography by Barbara A. Britt. This work provided specific standards for scientific reproducibility and controlled thermography. Also, in 1982 the Bureau of Medical Devices, Federal Drug Administration (FDA) classified medical teletherm-ography as a Category II device limiting its use to conditions where variations of skin temperatures might occur. The FDA suggests the following applications:
- 1. Abnormalities of the female breast.
- 2. Peripheral vascular disease.
- 3. Musculoskeletal disorders.
- 4. Extracranial cerebral vascular disease.
- 5. Abnormalities of the thyroid gland.
- 6. Various neoplastic and inflammatory conditions.
In 1983, the first college-approved thermographic course, receiving both re-licensure status and given C.C.E. approval, was presented in Pasadena by Dr. George E. Chapman and Barbara Britt.
Also, in 1983, multiple physicians groups were formed developing a foundation for training, certification and utilization of thermography. The more notable of the groups were the International Academy of Clinical Thermology, the International Thermographic Society, and the Neuromusculoskeletal Thermographic Society.
In 1984, Clinical Thermography was approved by the California Chiropractic Board of Examiners as being within a Chiropractors Scope of Practice. Thermography was also included into the California Workers’ Compensation program in that same year using the RVS code 76000. In 1985, Thermography was included into Medicare and specific codes were established for payment of breast thermal imaging. In 1988, the U.S. Department of Labor authorized the use of thermographic imaging for Federal Workers’ Compensation claims.
In 1988, the American Chiropractic Association established the first recognized College of Thermal Imaging and continues to be one of the recognized chiropractic specialties. The first recognized Diplomate credentialing program in thermography was presented at Cleveland College in 1989 under the direction of Dr. George. E. Chapman.
In 1991 thermography was listed in the ICD9cm Coding manual (International Classification of Diseases). In 1992, thermography was listed in the CPT Coding Book (Current Procedural Terminology), which is a publication of the American Medical Association. Both books continue to list thermography, noting that the coding has remained unchanged through 2008.
In 1992, the International Chiropractic Association established the International College of Thermography. In 1992, HCFA provided a limited review of thermography and indicated that it did not meet the criteria necessary for inclusion with Medicare. Breast thermography was then dropped from Medicare coverage and breast mammography was introduced. This appeared to be more of a political maneuver than a scientific one, noting that there were well over 4,000 articles written and published in peer reviewed journals and multiple texts and professional colleges of thermology with experts to provide input. It was a surprise to review the HCFA opinion, noting that only 77 references were listed, no experts from the colleges were included and no textbooks were reviewed for the published opinion.
In 1995, the British Medical Journal “Lancet” reported on problems with mammography and research that had been doctored or misrepresented. Papers indicating the dangers of mammography were beginning to be published and major concerns began to develop that mammograms were not as accurate or as safe as previously thought. Evaluation of mammography continued for the remainder of the 1990’s and a renewed interest developed in thermal imaging, with the advent of newer computerized digital equipment and high resolution imaging devices.
Today, thermography has gained the interest of patients and physicians, and many entrepreneurs. Clinical Thermography appears to have a bright future and is again finding a unique position in modern medicine. | <urn:uuid:d01412ba-1804-49d9-88f2-e2786d121fe6> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://clinicalthermography.com/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517628.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024001232-20181024022732-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.962146 | 2,285 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Photo by Ondřej Žváček
By Heidi Noroozy
Every great city needs a symbol. Or so Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi might have been thinking when he commissioned the construction of Borj-e Shahyad Aryamehr (King’s Memorial Tower) in 1971. Built to mark the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great, the tower was also a tribute to the shah himself. The second half of its name, Aryamehr, or “Light of the Aryans,” was one of Shah Mohammed Reza’s titles. (He was also called “Shahanshah, or “King of Kings.”) After the 1979 Islamic Revolution that deposed him, the tower was renamed Borj-e Azadi (Freedom Tower).
Shaped like an upside-down Y, the tower stands 164 feet above the peaceful oasis of a green park vast enough to shield it from the maelstrom of the city’s relentless traffic. The structure is covered by 8,000 blocks of white marble from Isfahan Province in central Iran. The complex today houses a Koran museum and audiovisual exhibition center. A fountain bubbles forth at the base of the tower, and a viewing platform at its top affords magnificent views of the city (at least when smog doesn’t get in the way). From certain angles, the building even looks a bit like a headless sphinx.
|Under the arches|
Azadi Tower was designed by Hossein Amanat, a 24-year-old architect who won the commission in a competition. He incorporated ancient Persian styles with Islamic and modern architecture. The chahar taq (four arches) design dates back to the pre-Islamic Sassanid period (205–261 AD), and the pointed vault in the center is an Islamic element that represents the mihrab, or prayer niche in the wall of a mosque. And the park that fills the vast square with trees, flower beds, and fountains is fine example of a Persian garden.
Amanat, a Baha’i, may have even incorporated symbols of his religious faith in the form of the auspicious number nine: The sides of the structure each bear nine grooves, and there are nine windows in the tower’s high walls. Whether or not he added this symbolism intentionally is the subject of much speculation.
During the Islamic Revolution, Azadi Tower became a focus of anti-government demonstrations, when crowds of dissatisfied citizens gathered under its arches to call for an end to the monarchy. That tradition was taken up again in 2009, when supporters of Iran’s defeated presidential candidate, Mir Hossein Mousavi, congregated in the square to protest what they saw as a stolen election.
|Azadi Tower at night|
Photo by Alireza Javaheri
But Iran’s theocracy also claims the tower as its own, an enduring symbol of their victory over the monarchy. Pro-government demonstrations are held there, as are important national celebrations such as anniversaries of the Islamic Revolution.
On my first few trips to Iran, before a new international airport was built south of Tehran, Azadi Tower was always my first glimpse of Tehran on the road from Mehrabad Airport to my in-laws’ house. With its unusual architecture bathed in ethereal light, it stood like a beacon against the night sky, welcoming me to a city filled with exotic sights, sounds, and tastes, waiting to be explored. | <urn:uuid:adf969ee-d782-4ef0-b3e6-92f15b626ccf> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://noveladventurers.blogspot.com/2012/12/azadi-towergateway-to-tehran.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480905.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216170210-20190216192210-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.949825 | 749 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Researchers discover that proteins BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 inhibit the growth of medulloblastoma tumors, while inducing malignant cells to develop into normal neurons, a finding that may lead to better treatments for the cancer
MEMPHIS, Tenn., March 14 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- A discovery by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists suggests a safer way to treat medulloblastoma, a rare but often fatal childhood brain tumor. The group found that one of the brain's signaling pathways inhibits the growth of the highly aggressive cancer cells.
The researchers discovered that three proteins, designated BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7, halted the growth of medulloblastoma tumors and induced the malignant cells to develop into normal neurons.
"We think we have identified a pathway that can be used to prevent tumor formation and a potential target for therapy," said Martine F. Roussel, Ph.D., a member of the St. Jude Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology. A report on this work appears in the March 15 issue of "Genes & Development." Roussel is the paper's senior author. Several research teams are seeking to decipher the intricate signaling mechanisms that govern the proliferation of cells called granule neuron progenitors (GNPs). These cells go on to develop into neurons in the cerebellum during the first year of life. But the disruption of this differentiation process can trigger medulloblastoma.
Previous research had shown that spurring GNPs to differentiate into neurons requires that BMPs bind to a set of receptors on the cell surface. This binding results in blocking the activity of a signaling pathway triggered by another molecule called Sonic hedgehog.
"What was not known, and what we now find, is that the effect of BMPs on normal GNP cells is almost exactly mimicked in GNP-like tumor cells," Roussel said.
In cell culture experiments, her group found that BMPs rapidly cause the degradation of a protein called Math1, which occurs in dividing GNPs, but not in non-proliferating neurons. Twelve hours after BMP treatment, researchers could detect no Math1 and cell growth soon stopped.
The exact way Math1 works remains unknown. However, in mice the protein is vital to the formation of a normal brain. Mice genetically altered so they do not carry the gene for Math1 failed to develop cerebella.
The St. Jude team also performed gene transfer experiments in mice to test BMPs as a possible medulloblastoma treatment. Using a genetically altered virus, scientists inserted the BMP gene into the cancer cells and showed that the transfer not only halted tumor growth, but induced the cancer cells to change into neurons.
Other authors of this study include Haotian Zhao, Olivier Ayrault and Frederique Zindy (St. Jude) and Jee-Hae Kim (Rockefeller University, New York).
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, a Cancer Core Grant, La Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale, the Gephardt Endowed Fellowship Signal Transduction and ALSAC.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is internationally recognized for its pioneering work in finding cures and saving children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. Founded by late entertainer Danny Thomas and based in Memphis, Tenn., St. Jude freely shares its discoveries with scientific and medical communities around the world. No family ever pays for treatments not covered by insurance, and families without insurance are never asked to pay. St. Jude is financially supported by ALSAC, its fundraising organization. For more information, please visit http://www.stjude.org.
|SOURCE St. Jude Children's Research Hospital|
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:368d2a8f-525d-4bfc-bddf-5e4ab32e9251> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-technology-1/St--Jude-Finds-Signaling-System-That-Halts-the-Growth-of-a-Childhood-Brain-Cancer-1525-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280834.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00376-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931863 | 806 | 3.140625 | 3 |
There’s a mystery in the Brooklin Cemetery. A semi-rare Camperdown Elm is the centerpiece there. Its branches writhe over the grave of Brooklin’s Rodney S. Blake, a crew member who drowned when the paddlewheel steamer Portland sunk in 1898 and all aboard perished. Here's an image of the tree taken last week:
This human-engineered weeping elm, which appears to be over 100 years old, had to be put in the Cemetery deliberately – Camperdowns can’t be grown from seed; they’re “cultivars” created by grafting. But, no record of any planting or grafting of this tree has been found. Materials in the well-regarded Brooklin Keeping Society show that research into the tree’s origins was unsuccessful; Blake's granddaughter is quoted there as saying that no family lore about the tree exists.
During the summer, the Camperdown weeps lush leaves over the leaning gravestones:
While the history of our tree is not clear, the history of the Camperdown Elm species is. About 1837, David Taylor, the chief forester on the Earl of Camperdown’s estate in Dundee, Scotland, discovered a young mutant Wych Elm in the forest. The tree had an interesting weeping and contorted shape and was replanted as a feature on the Earl’s house grounds, where it is today. Taylor grafted a cutting of that “sport” tree to a trunk of a normal Wych Elm, producing a weeping cultivar now known as a Camperdown Elm (Ulmus glaba ‘Camperdownii’).
All subsequent Camperdowns are part of a line of cuttings that started with that original tree. The trees were very popular in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. They are perhaps at their most dramatic during snow storms, such as this one in Brooklin:
Curiously, the Brooklin Cemetery's Camperdown seems to be ignored by most tourists. Perhaps this is because visitors from away mostly come to see the nearby gravestones of Brooklin’s most famous couple, author E.B. White (Charlotte's Web, etc.) and his wife, New Yorker Magazine Fiction Editor and author (Onward and Upward in the Garden) Katherine Sergeant White. | <urn:uuid:234dcdc3-acf8-4b9e-98ed-0fa2ab171bd6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.5backroad.com/journal/2018/1/11/in-the-right-place-contortions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583680452.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119180834-20190119202834-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.963135 | 493 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Global warming is caused by humans
In his Nov. 18 letter, Alvin Lambright claims that human emissions are responsible for “no more than ‘three tenths of 1 percent’ of global warming.” This statement is inconsistent with the scientific consensus, which Encyclopedia Britannica states as “A doubling of CO2 concentrations would ... lead to a warming of 2 to 5°C (3.6 to 9°F) ...”
Compared to preindustrial times, CO2 levels are up 43 percent and world surface air temperatures are up about 1°C, consistent with the scientific consensus forecast, especially considering complicating factors. All natural forcing factors are either in cooling mode over the last 100 years or not affecting temperatures, so more than 100 percent of actual warming is human-caused. The ice ages were primarily caused by Earth’s wobbles as it orbits the sun.
The Paris agreement on climate change, signed by 197 countries, endorses a limit of 1.5°C. In doing so, the global community has effectively defined this level as dangerous. Even with extraordinary effort, we will likely exceed this limit. | <urn:uuid:5dc69a55-93ac-48cc-9a07-1df7b7376b32> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/opinion/readers/2016/11/29/global-warming-caused-humans/94649412/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103331729.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627103810-20220627133810-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.931259 | 241 | 3.328125 | 3 |
IBM Quantum, Microsoft, MITRE, PQShield, SandboxAQ, and the University of Waterloo have joined forces to address the potential threat of quantum computers on current cryptographic systems. The coalition, known as the Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Coalition, aims to accelerate the adoption of post-quantum cryptography in commercial and open-source technologies.
Quantum computers have the potential to crack current encryption schemes that rely on mathematical problems for encryption and decryption. While it would take a classical computer an estimated 300 trillion years to break a 1,024-bit or 2,048-bit RSA key, a powerful quantum computer could theoretically accomplish this in a matter of weeks, days, or even hours.
This poses a significant risk to technologies such as blockchain and cryptocurrency, which rely on mathematical encryption. The PQC Coalition aims to develop standards for post-quantum algorithms, create secure implementations, and integrate these algorithms into cryptographic libraries and protocols.
The coalition’s efforts are crucial as the transition to post-quantum encryption will require significant advancements in algorithm standards, implementation, and integration. By bringing together industry leaders and research organizations, the coalition aims to pool their expertise and knowledge to ensure a smooth and secure transition.
In 2022, a study determined that a quantum computer with 300 million qubits would be required to crack the Bitcoin blockchain fast enough to cause damage. However, the rapidly evolving field of quantum computing could potentially lead to more advanced qubit arrangements, chipsets, and optimization algorithms that could significantly reduce the qubit requirement. Therefore, it is essential to develop quantum-safe encryption to protect against future threats.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has chosen four proposed post-quantum encryption algorithms as candidates for a PQC-safe encryption standard. These algorithms, including CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, SPHINCS+, and Falcon, have been accepted for standardization by NIST, with Falcon expected to follow suit in 2024.
With the acceptance and standardization of these algorithms, the PQC Coalition can now focus on ensuring key institutions such as government, banking, telecommunications, and transportation services can transition from current to post-quantum encryption. This mission requires leveraging the deep knowledge and hands-on experience of the coalition members to build and implement secure cryptographic solutions.
By collaborating and sharing expertise, the PQC Coalition aims to drive the adoption of post-quantum cryptography and ensure the security of critical systems in the face of rapidly advancing quantum technologies. As quantum computers become more powerful, it is crucial to stay ahead of potential threats and protect the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive data.
The coalition’s efforts are essential in shaping the future of encryption and ensuring the long-term security of digital systems. As technology continues to advance, it is crucial to remain vigilant and proactive in developing robust cryptographic solutions that can withstand the emerging threats posed by quantum computers. | <urn:uuid:6cbd055f-2a4b-425c-8dcf-a59273a2cd04> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.australiannationalreview.com/bitcoin-2-0/post-quantum-cryptography-coalition-formed-by-ibm-microsoft-and-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.922958 | 610 | 2.8125 | 3 |
“Celebrating festivals can bring us consciously to what we all experience instinctively in our daily lives, the changing cycles of the seasons and of life itself. Through various festivals and rituals we acknowledge and celebrate our connection to and our responsibility toward each other and the world.”1
Waldorf education epitomizes the concept of natural learning. It views human beings and the natural world as interwoven expressions of spiritual realities, culturing respect and responsibility for the earth, which provides sustenance for us all. The Waldorf philosophy integrates the natural world through everything from outdoor play, to gardening, to bread making, to toy making, to nature stories and of course through the natural toys Waldorf is known for. An often overlooked part of Waldorf’s connection to natural learning is through their celebration of the seasons and seasonal festivals.
The celebration of festivals is an important part of Waldorf education. A festival is a joyous celebration of life, and has the quality of lifting us out of the ordinary and into the mysteries and magic of the rhythm of the seasons. Throughout history, festivals have emerged from people’s connection with their spiritual life and their search for the meaning of human existence. The celebrations are interwoven with the life of the earth and the cycles of nature.
Many faith-based traditions recognize the spiritual realities behind different passages during the year, and that is why special observances cluster together on the calendar. In the Waldorf tradition, festivals are meant to reflect the spiritual reality of what is happening to the earth during important passages during the year.
For example, we can experience the autumn in a natural way as we watch the colorful changing of the leaves, feel the crispness in the air, and taste the tartness of a newly picked apple. We can experience it also, in a spiritual way, if we begin to perceive the beauty around us. The awe of a special sunset can quicken a sense of reverence, stir us to voice a few poetic lines, or feel an inner peace. A common experience of joy and reverence is what allows a festival at a particular time of year to unite a whole community.
Sharifa Oppenheimer, author of Heaven on Earth: A Handbook for Parents of Young Children, says this about festivals: “In earlier times, children were raised within the agricultural calendar. In this way they had the opportunity to live within, and to know in their bodies, long chains of sequences. They knew the steps in a process, and learned the lesson to persist until the goal was attained. From planting a seed and persisting through till harvest, or caring for a new lamb, through shearing, carding, spinning & weaving, these children had an inborn sense of sequencing. In our technological lives which are fractured by phones ringing, screens flashing, and a thousand distractions, it can be difficult for children to have a sense of the long rhythms of life, and the step by step sequences these rhythms involve. To celebrate seasonal Festivals gives our children an opportunity to live these long rhythms, the rhythms of the earth and sun. These children will begin to know the long, slow sequences of their own human lives.”
Singing, dancing, stories, food and sharing are all a part of the festivals of the year. The four main seasonal festivals celebrated in the Waldorf tradition are Easter (spring), St. John’s Tide (summer), Michaelmas (fall), and Christmas/Advent Spiral (winter). May Day is also a major celebration. Let us take a brief look at each of these festivals and how they connect children to nature.
Easter begins the anthroposophical calendar, with a date that varies each year. This season represents the morning of our earthly experience. The long winter has passed. Nature begins to awaken. The energy of rebirth, transformation, healing, and renewal are finally here!
Children experience Nature’s path through the seasons and particularly in the joy of springtime. The tiny buds bursting into flower, the baby birds and animals, the greening grass, all reveal to the child the cycles of life, the breathing in and out of the earth. It is time for dyeing eggs, getting the garden ready for planting, reveling in the mystery of death as a caterpillar and rebirth as a butterfly, and dancing around a May pole.
Other feast days in Spring include: Vernal Equinox, May Day (5/1), Whitsun (50 days after Easter), and Passover.
St. John’s Tide/Summer
St. John’s Tide (June 24th) marks Midsummer in ancient cultures, and also the feast of St. John the Baptist. It is the afternoon of our earthly experience, as we watch the sun reach its high point at this time. It is time to honor the sun, and to pray for good crops. This is a time when all the forces of the earth have grown outward and have spread themselves even beyond the furthest blooming and greening of the plants. It is a time to breathe out, to let go. It is a time when the cosmos brings the spiritual to humankind and, as such, is reflected and revealed to us. Children enjoy activities of an outward and expansive nature. They swim, travel, picnic, walk on the beach, camp, bask in the glow of a bonfire, and attend outdoor festivals, particularly those related to crops like strawberries, blueberries, and corn.
St. John’s Day is a fire day! Traditionally a large bonfire is built around which the community dances and sings. Human beings add their voice to the harmonies arising from the fragrance and colors, the pollen and potencies of the plant kingdom, as well as the melodious songs of the birds, the sonorous humming of the bees, and the comfortable lowing of pastured cows.
Michaelmas (Sept. 29th) marks the feast of St. Michael. Known as the conqueror of the dragon with his starry sword, Michael gives us strength to slay the dragons of our modern age, such as materialism and egoism. It is the evening of our earthly experience now. The autumn equinox is traditionally a time of mixed feelings, matching the changing of the seasons. In earlier times it was an occasion for gratitude for the harvest’s bounty but also a time of concern about the more challenging days ahead. As the days grew shorter and Summer ceded to Fall it was a time to look inward and find one’s own strength and courage, as opposed to the outward push of spring. It is a time for children to harvest what was sown in the spring and what grew all summer. The earth draws its energy inwards, and so do children. A lantern walk is the main component of the Michaelmas festival.
Christmas (Dec. 25th) is an ancient festival. It is the night of our earthly experience. This festival is celebrated when the sun sends the least power to the earth. The Advent Spiral takes place on the first day of Advent, the fourth Sunday preceding Christmas. The days are short, the nights are long and this festival helps remind children of their ability to bring their own light into darker times. A spiral of greenery is laid out on the floor of a quiet, darkened room and filled with items representing three kingdoms: plant, mineral, and animal (man being the fourth). At the center a lit candle is placed, and each child is given a turn to make his or her way through the spiral to the center, carrying an unlit candle they have made in preparation for this day. When the center candle is reached the children light their own candle off of the central candle and then place it somewhere along the spiral as they make their way back out. As the children place their candle along the path the light in the room slowly grows. It is a quiet and moving experience, both to participate in and to watch.
Other feast days during Winter include: St. Barbara (12/4), St. Nicholas (12/6), Hanukkah, Winter Solstice, Candlemas (2/2), and Valentine’s Day (2/14).
Seasonal festivals are a powerful, rhythmic force in connecting children to nature in a predictable way. Even if you do not subscribe to the Waldorf philosophy, celebrating the seasons is still a wonderful way to connect your entire family to the wonders of nature. Give some thought to how you might be able to usher in each season and help your child explore his or her connection to nature further.
- Festivals by Marilyn Pelrme ↩ | <urn:uuid:478be694-bd4b-402c-b6d1-a8a55e41282e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://naturalparentsnetwork.com/seasonal-festivals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321426.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627134151-20170627154151-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.954049 | 1,771 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Traditionally, when historians read the Gospels with the tools of modern historical practice, they separate the Gospels’ stories and sayings into two piles. In one, they put historically authentic material that they affirm as something Jesus actually said or did. In the other pile they put historically questionable stories and sayings, the passages that historians suspect Jesus’ followers embellished or created. (Historians often call this material “historically inauthentic.”) One of the historians’ favorite tools is the criterion of embarrassment, which affirms the authenticity of stories and sayings that, as John P. Meier wrote, “would have embarrassed or created difficulty for the early Church.” Since we can expect that Jesus’ followers would not have embellished or created material that embarrassed them, any embarrassing material probably accurately reports history.
For example, historians generally agree that the story of Jesus healing the blind man in Mark 8:22-26 reflects authentic history:
They came to Bethsaida. Some people brought a blind man to him and begged him to touch him. He took the blind man by the hand and led him out of the village; and when he had put saliva on his eyes and laid his hands on him, he asked him, “Can you see anything?” And the man looked up and said, “I can see people, but they look like trees, walking.” Then Jesus laid his hands on his eyes again; and he looked intently and his sight was restored, and he saw everything clearly. Then he sent him away to his home, saying, “Do not even go into the village.”
Two aspects of this story might have “embarrassed or created difficulty” for early Christians. First, Jesus appears to rely on saliva’s purported magical properties, in contrast to other healings, where he simply pronounces somebody healed (Mark 10:52) or heals a person just by touching them (Mark 1:31). Second, Jesus’ first attempt to heal the blind man seems to fail, and he has to go back to finish the job. In light of the Two-Source Theory (the hypothesis that the Gospels of Matthew and Luke both used two sources: the Gospel of Mark and a source that is now lost, which scholars call “Q”), the fact that neither Matthew nor Luke includes this story may suggest their authors found it embarrassing and opted to omit it from their Gospels.
Recently, however, a number of historians have questioned the logic of the criterion of embarrassment (as well as of the other criteria of authenticity). First, whether or not Matthew and Luke found this story embarrassing, we have no reason to suspect that Mark found it so. Instead, Mark highlights this story as an analogy for the disciples, whose initial faith in Jesus is rather underwhelming, much like the man who cannot distinguish people from trees. Second, Matthew and Luke include other potentially embarrassing material (the disciples’ failings in Matt 16:22-23 and Jesus’ baptism in Luke 3:21[-1] ), so we cannot explain their omission of this story solely in terms of embarrassment. Third, this story (found only in Mark) fails another criterion of authenticity: multiple attestation (the presence of a story in more than one independent source, such as Q and Mark). The criteria of authenticity, then, do not enable historians to separate the Gospels’ stories into two piles in any straightforward way.
Perhaps the problem is not just that we have turned to the wrong tools to help us separate authentic from inauthentic material. The problem could be the task itself. Instead of sifting through the Gospels looking for authentic material, historians are beginning to look at the Gospels as coherent presentations of Jesus, each with their own perspective. | <urn:uuid:abd4ed6e-09e4-493d-b2ac-8f3e948fa64f> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/criterion-of-embarrassment.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947957.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425193720-20180425213720-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.967751 | 788 | 3.046875 | 3 |
“He sends the springs into the valleys; they flow among the hills. They give drink to every beast of the field; the wild donkeys quench their thirst. By them the birds of the heavens have their home; they sing among the branches. He waters the hills from His upper chambers; the earth is satisfied with the fruit of Your works. He causes the grass to grow for the cattle and vegetation for the service of man, that He may bring forth food from the earth.”
The Bible and Water
One of the oldest Books of the Bible, Job, written almost 4,000 years ago, reveals an understanding of ecological relationships, erosion and distillation, the significance of water to the regeneration of plants, the clouds as water vapour, the process of evaporation and condensation and the water cycle.
“Can the papyrus grow up without a marsh? Can the reeds flourish without water? While it is yet green and not cut down, it withers before any other plant.”
Regeneration of Plants
“For there is hope for a tree, if it is cut down, that it will sprout again and that its tender shoots will not cease. Though its root may grow old in the earth and its stump may die in the ground, yet at the scent of water it will bud and bring forth branches like a plant.”
There is no doubt that animals will be in Heaven. The Bible is clear:
“Now I saw Heaven opened, and behold a white horse…”
The Bible describes the angels around God’s throne as having features and characteristics like that of a lion, a bull and an eagle (Ezekiel 1). God Himself is likened in Scripture to a lion, a leopard, a bear (Hosea 13:7-8) and to an eagle (Deuteronomy 32:11). God made a good and perfect earth, populated by many animals. God directed Adam to name the animals – indicating relationship.
Creation Worships the Creator
The largest book in the Bible, the middle book of the Bible, the Hymn and Prayer book of the Bible, the Psalms, reveal that all of God’s Creation have contact with God (Psalm 93). All God’s Creatures praise Him.
“Praise the Lord from the earth, you great sea creatures… beasts and all cattle; creeping things and flying fowl; …let them praise the Name of the Lord for His Name alone is exalted. His Glory is above earth and heaven.”
“Let everything that has breath praise the Lord.”
The living creatures around God’s throne who are singing Holy! Holy! Holy! is the Lord of Hosts; the whole earth is full of His Glory! are animals (Isaiah 6:3).
“But now ask the beasts and they will teach you; and the birds of the air, and they will tell you; or speak to the earth, and it will teach you; and the fish of the sea will explain to you. Who among all these does not know that the hand of the Lord has done this. In whose hand is the life of every living thing, and the breath of all mankind? Does not the ear test words and the mouth taste its food? Wisdom is with aged men, and with length of days, understanding. With Him are wisdom and strength, He has counsel and understanding.”
There is much in modern technology that is marvelous. However, the incredible complexity and intricacy of God’s Creation is infinitely more marvelous.
For centuries, men dreamed of flying. However, men do not have muscles powerful enough to lift their own body weight into the air.
In 1781 James Watt invented a steam engine that produced rotary power. In 1876 Nikolaus Atto built an internal combustion engine.
The brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright had wanted to fly ever since they had played with kites as boys. Later they learned engineering skills by building bicycles. They realized that the key challenge of flight was to design a craft that could be controlled. A plane that could not be balanced in the air is as useless as a bicycle that cannot be steered.
"How long will the land lie parched and the grass in every field be withered? Because those who live in it are wicked, the animals and birds have perished."
In the course of my missionary work, which has often been spent in bush areas among wildlife, my love for animals has grown and I have sought to learn what the Bible teaches concerning them.
Often I have been asked:
This is some of what I have found in my studies of animals in the Bible. | <urn:uuid:2f790731-711c-4ab8-bff2-3b37afdf78b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.livingstonefellowship.co.za/gods-creation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.959706 | 1,047 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The original name of mosque is Sultan Ahmet Mosque and it is still an active mosque. But it is known as Blue Mosque because of tiles and inner decoration. They used 21,000 tiles for inner decoration. The mosque has 260 windows and 6 minarets. It was constructed by Sedefkar Mehmed Aga between 1609-1616 during the Ottoman Sultan Ahmet I. There is a tomb of founder, a madrasah and a hospice near the mosque as well. | <urn:uuid:3001d8f9-d2a2-4f71-b49e-d118dcdef61a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.istanbultripguide.com/blue-mosque-sultanahmet-mosque/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.981971 | 99 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Balancing the tripod and camera on my shoulder, I carefully climbed along Lake Michigan’s steep and rugged shoreline searching for a rock ledge flat and wide enough to set up for a sunrise over the great lake. A continual onslaught of powerful waves violently crashed against the vertical expanse of rock several feet below me. Frequently, the water impact resulted in a tall fountain of spray that kept the rock surface wet where I knelt behind the tripod. As soon as I set up to shoot, kinetic energy released from a rogue wave brought a torrential splash over the ledge. My reflexes worked well to move the camera back fast enough to avoid drenching the electronics. This was the lake I wanted to photograph more than anything and it was not making it easy.
The day before, we drove over 300 miles from the northwest corner of Illinois to Baileys Grove Campground in Baileys Harbor, Door County. Door County comprises the upper region of Green Bay Peninsula that is surrounded by Green Bay on the west side and Lake Michigan on the east side. One year prior, we stayed in Michigan where I photographed from its eastern shoreline. This time on the Wisconsin side, if I could throw a rock far enough across the lake, it would have landed in almost the same spot where I photographed a year ago from a sandy beach.
Much of Lake Michigan’s eastern shoreline within the state of Michigan is characterized by miles of gentle sand dunes that are created by the prevailing westerly winds. In stark contrast, Wisconsin’s western shoreline is characterized by tall rocky bluffs and rugged cliffs. It is the western portion of the Niagara Escarpment which is most prominent in Green Bay Peninsula. The escarpment rises from the shores of Lake Michigan and drops sharply into Green Bay. On a ledge, the peninsula benefits from the constant air movement from the surrounding waters which helps maintain moderate temperatures in the summer. Indeed, during our week-long stay in August, we enjoyed temperatures that never fell out of the 60 to 75 degree range. The warmer air also provides a longer growing season, perfect for the vineyards and vegetable farms, which we also enjoyed.
The challenging Lake Michigan shoreline cannot be described without mentioning how Door County got its name. Directly above the top of Door County lays Washington Island. Separating the island from the peninsula is a mere 7 miles of important navigational passage that connects Lake Michigan to Green Bay. Appropriately referred to as “Death’s Door”, it is littered with shipwrecks. In 1881, the dangers of this formidable, yet important shipping route led to the construction of a by-pass canal that cuts through the peninsula about 40 miles south of the point.
Door County has a rich Native American and European/French Canadian settlers’ history, but what caught our attention (thanks to the Ephraim Historical Foundation) was the charming bayside community of Ephraim. A few weeks earlier, we were introduced to the intriguing history of Moravian immigrants that settled in Winston-Salem, NC. While the southern community originated from Germany, Ephraim was founded in 1853 by a group of Norwegian Moravians led by the Reverend Andreas Iverson. On the shores of Green Bay, Ephraim soon became a busy shipping point as well as a tourist attraction. By the end of the 1800s, Ephraim’s main source of income was through tourism as hotels and businesses as well as the sale of summer homes attracted summer vacationers.
The Ephraim Historical Foundation has a wonderful walking tour of museums that can be visited within a day. It includes The Iverson House (the oldest framed house in Door County) and the Goodletson cabin which has an interesting history. The Goodletson home was built on Eagle (Now Horseshoe) Island in 1855 but in 1860, the family decided to move to Ephraim. Life was much more difficult back then compared to now, and consequently, people must have put a fair amount of time and energy into figuring out how to make life easier and affordable. Which got me asking the question, if you were living on an island and wanted to move to the mainland several miles away, which would be the most viable solution – wait until winter and drag the cabin across the ice or sail over to the mainland during summer and build a new cabin? Be it for the cost or the work involved in cabin building, the Goodletson family figured out that dragging their home across ice was the best solution. After setting it up in Ephraim, it remained in place for over a hundred years. Now, the original cabin can be visited on Moravia Street, next to the Pioneer Schoolhouse Museum.
When visiting a new place, some things must be experienced and quite often that experience involves food. Vivian and I tend to reserve our measly restaurant budget for exceptional places that represent a location’s unique culture. This time, it was the infamous Fish Boil which is much more than a meal – it is a show. Locals warned us to plan ahead and make our reservations several days in advance, so we reserved a spot at the White Gull Inn five days prior.
We can thank the Scandinavian immigrants for fish boil. Back in the day, it was an economical way to feed large groups of fishermen and lumberjack. Today, the fish boil is more than just a meal, it’s a spectacle. You are asked to arrive 30 minutes prior to being served so that you can experience the show of cooking the meal. It goes something like this. You and about 30 others stand around a large black kettle hanging over a fire behind the restaurant waiting for the water to boil. As soon as the water begins to boil, the fish boiler lowers wire baskets filled with potatoes into the water. Shortly after that, small cuts of whitefish are added. The only seasoning is salt and for every 3 gallons of water, there is a pound of salt in the boiling water. After about 10 minutes, the oils boil to the top. At that moment, the short-lived spectacle begins as the fish boiler pours kerosene onto the fire. With huge flames engulfing the kettle, water quickly boils over leaving behind the salted and cooked potatoes and fish. The fish chunks remain firm and believe it or not, they are tasty. It’s an all-you-can-eat meal topped with homemade cherry pie. Classic Door County cuisine.
Aside from the fish boil, small town charm, farmers markets and history museums, Door County has a variety of wilderness areas to explore – coastal wetlands, forests, meadows and rock ridges. Consequently, we filled our time with hiking and kayaking. Although the temperatures were ideal for outdoor activities, unusual northeasterly winds made the original idea of kayaking along the cliffs of Lake Michigan less appealing. Instead, we opted to take our inflatable kayak up to the Mink River, protected waters off Rowley Bay. A calm and casual day of paddling through a marshy area made us feel like we were back in Florida. Only a few hours earlier, I was standing on a precarious rock ledge trying to protect myself from the cold wet spray of great lake water. Tomorrow, we would hike through maple and birch forests in search of wild turkeys and a lone white pine. Door County packs it all in during the summer months.
As with the driftless area of Iowa, we did not want to leave Door County. As time goes on, we look back on the places we have visited and a few of them, like Door County have left deep impressions on us. I will always remember Door County for the peacefulness we experienced through its charming coastal towns, small farms, lack of noise (no trains!), lack of traffic (driving miles on a back road without seeing another vehicle), and near perfect weather conditions. In our short time, Door County was on its best behavior.
On the final morning of our visit, I walked back to the Cave Point parking lot after two hours of negotiating water spray and rocky ledges to photograph Door County’s “most iconic natural landscape” one last time. For the past week, it was only during my photo shoots at Cave Point that I felt the discomforts of cold wetness that reminded me of the harsh winters that come soon after the fair-weather tourists leave. I wondered if we would ever see this place in the winter. On second thought, I prefer my current impression of Door County to last a very long time.
RV Traveling Issues and Tips
Specific to Wisconsin, prepare to pay for a yearly state park pass. We made reservations at Harrington Beach State Park near Milwaukee and paid for it online. Upon arrival, we learned that out-of-state visitors must pay a daily park fee of $11 ($44 for our 4-day camping stay). So, we opted to buy the yearly pass with the intention of staying at another state park. The take-home message here is, research each state and budget accordingly, and not only for camping at state parks but for day visits as well. | <urn:uuid:00a1f35b-91f7-47a4-a15e-09a2e10826d1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://changing-views.com/2020/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375274.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306162308-20210306192308-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.966255 | 1,886 | 2.625 | 3 |
One of the biggest questions in the universe is whether or not we are alone. The Fermi Paradox seeks to answer this question and try to make sense of our place amongst the cosmos.
The basis of the paradox is if a civilization had the right rocket technology and the will, they could colonize the galaxy in 10 million years. In the scope of the universe, this is a very short amount of time to colonize a whole galaxy. A study was done from the Kepler Space Telescope that found that one in five sun-like stars have an Earth like planet orbiting them. So, why havent they come here?
There are several “explanations” as to why we haven’t made contact with aliens based off of this statement. The first is because the technology to have feasible space travel does not exist, so colonizing of different planets couldnt happen in the first place. The second is that aliens never had the drive to colonize. Maybe they have the technology, but Earth isnt worth colonizing for some reason. Another explanation is that the intelligent life advanced recently and they just havent come yet. We could be the first advanced life form in the universe and none have developed anywhere else. Lastly, we could have already been visited, maybe when the Earth was still developing, so the aliens overlooked us. (Source) Either way, contact with aliens still has not been done, but we also need to answer the question of whether we want them to come or not?
Bill Nye gives his take on the subject and comes up with a possible solution to this paradox: | <urn:uuid:56e9e838-8e6a-435f-b360-e6ce69db5d14> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://oliviaharrison.home.blog/2019/04/28/the-fermi-paradox/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987835748.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023173708-20191023201208-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.971376 | 326 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Recent litigation by the California Attorney General has sparked renewed interest in the role of environmental justice under federal and state project environmental review laws. Some say that inserting environmental justice into environmental review marks a “radical expansion” of the role of social justice in environmental review. Environmental justice is now a wellestablished federal legal doctrine addressing communities disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards as a result of their social or economic demographics. The doctrine is supported by President Clinton’s executive order, along with agency guidelines and regulations under the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), which govern federal project environmental review. Using the environmental justice doctrine as a tool during project environmental review assures careful analysis of local or regional impacts on communities burdened by adverse social and economic conditions. Federal civil rights laws also support the doctrine, notwithstanding recent U.S. Supreme Court civil rights decisions restricting access to justice and consideration of race in employment testing. California has followed the federal lead and has been a leading state in adopting environmental justice statutes and policies. Thus, it is no surprise that the Attorney General of California has sought to employ environmental justice during the environmental review process.
California’s civil rights laws are stronger than federal civil rights protections, and the state has endorsed environmental justice, both generally and specifically, in its global warming regulatory regime. These legal requirements support incorporating environmental justice when applying the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”), which is largely modeled on NEPA. Environmental justice assures that the physical impacts are properly understood in the socioeconomic context, and that cumulative impacts, possible mitigation, and alternatives are properly assessed. Recent California case law questioning CEQA’s application to projects situated near hazards does not impact the fundamental role of environmental justice in environmental review. The Attorney General is properly concerned with projects that add to the burdens of vulnerable low-income communities or communities of color.
19 Hastings W.-N.W. J. Env. L. & Pol'y 41 (2013). | <urn:uuid:926bb2f3-7106-405d-bc78-eb3eb793020c> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/pubs/568/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398449793.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205409-00354-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924645 | 401 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Today marks the 70th anniversary of King Bhumibol Adulyadej’s ascension to the throne.
The King of Thailand is the longest reigning monarch in the history of Thailand and also the current longest reigning monarch in the world. As has been the case in so many occasions past, Thailand was turned into a sea of yellow as people dressed in the royal colour to show their devotion to the king.
Why is the king so revered in Thailand? In the eyes of many foreigners, this may be difficult to understand; after all, in other countries where liberal democracy is the ideal system of government, a monarchy may sound like an archaic, outdated institution. In Thailand, this is far from the case. The king occupies a central role as the heart of the nation; a unifying symbol of the history and royal tradition of the country, the head of state who has been a pillar of stability in an otherwise tumultuous political system, and a visionary who has placed the country’s development and the well-being of his people as his life’s goal.
The King as a unifying symbol: Thailand is a country that is built on history, tradition and culture. This is all represented by the monarchy, a centuries-old institution that provides a living link for Thailand from the present to the past. The King upholds the tenfold virtues of the king and represents Buddhist moral values, while also holding the title of defender of all faiths.
The King as a pillar of stability: Since Thailand’s transition from absolute monarchy to democracy with a constitutional monarchy in 1932, the country has frequently been in political turmoil, undergoing countless coups and protests. The only constant figure in this chaotic period has been the king, who has many times intervened to help preserve peace and stability.
The King as a visionary: The King is a visionary who has aided Thailand greatly in its development. He holds countless patents for inventions as wide-ranging as rainmaking techniques to water pollution reduction methods. He is the advocate of sufficiency economic theory, calling for moderation while also pursuing development. There is no doubt at all that the King has been a pioneer, blazing a trail for Thailand to follow. For this reason, the King is the only person to have ever received the UN Human Development Lifetime Achievement award; as said by Kofi Annan, “[His Majesty] has reached out to the poorest and the most vulnerable people of Thailand – regardless of their status, ethnicity or religion – listened to their problems, and empowered them to take their lives in their own hands.”
Let us commemorate this milestone and wish for the King to reign for many more years to come. | <urn:uuid:1e37c4c7-d2ef-4e4d-9b68-e87d093fb534> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://kenlwrites.com/2016/06/09/70-years-on-the-throne/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102757.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816231829-20170817011829-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.96868 | 545 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Policies & Codes
What is "Dieback"?
Dieback is an exotic disease of our forests affecting
over 900 species of native plants including banksias, blackboys, zamia
palms, snottygobbles, emu bushes, sheoaks, hakeas, dryandras, heaths
The term dieback refers to a suite of soil-
and water-borne fungal diseases that is associated with damping-off
in seedlings, various Phytophthora spp, Pythium (also a chromist)
and Fusarium (a true fungus).
As the fungus thrives in warm, moist conditions the south
coast is particularly at risk. Some of the more susceptible plants are
rare, endangered or restricted in distribution.
Dieback is not just a problem for native plants; it is
also having a detrimental effect on nectar-eating creatures (e.g. honey
possums and honeyeaters). It may take from 3 to 10 years before visible
signs of the disease (e.g. dead leaves) develop.
& Bushwalking Brochure by Dr. Jac Considine.
Dieback Code of Conduct
By following this Code, participant Bushwalking WA members
will minimise the impact of their activities on the resource that
provides us with so much pleasure.
Please adopt the following practices when venturing into
dieback affected areas:
- Keep to well-drained, well-formed roads and tracks
- Clean boots and tent pegs before and after all walks
and making full use of dieback wash down points and raised boardwalks
where available e.g., Fitzgerald River National Park.
- Take heed of signs alerting of the presence of dieback
- Leaders to contact the local Park Ranger for up-to-date
local knowledge and redirect the walk to keep out of, or go around,
dieback infected areas.
- Avoid wet and muddy areas at all times. Be prepared
to change the route of the walk during or after warm, wet weather.
If muddy areas cannot be avoided, remove the mud from your boots before
moving onto dry or higher ground.
- Ensure that drivers of vehicles taken onto roads with
restricted access due to the risk of dieback are in possession of
a current vehicle access permit and that all restrictions that may
be imposed are adhered to.
here to download the Dieback Code of
For further information on dieback, visit the Dieback
Working Group at http://www.dwg.org.au.
Impact Bushwalking Code - Risk
Management Guidelines - Submissions/ Minutes | <urn:uuid:ede18d7a-d904-4b8c-a7dd-ad51b18cc13c> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://bushwalkingwa.org.au/dieback.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.880332 | 557 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The muscles of hip extension, which include the gluteus maximus and the hamstring muscles, are involved in standing, walking, running, jumping, swimming and many other activities. Overuse or underuse of these muscles can lead to a muscular imbalance and cause postural or gate abnormalities, as well as increased risk for injury and low back pain. Because of this, athletes and the general population need to maintain strength in the muscles surrounding the hip joint. When doing hip extensor strengthening exercises, always engage your abdominal muscles by tucking your tailbone under and drawing your bellybutton toward your spine.
Video of the Day
Quadriped Hip Extensions
A leg extension works both the glutes and hamstrings. It is a great exercise because it is functionally similar to the leg extension action that happens during everyday activities. To do a leg extension, kneel on all fours with your hands directly under your shoulders and your knees directly under your hips. Maintaining a flat back, extend your right leg until you have a straight line from your head to your right foot. Hold one second and then return to all fours. Repeat with your left leg. Do eight to 12 repetitions on each leg. For an added challenge, wear ankle weights.
The glute bridge primarily works the glutes, with the hamstrings and core muscles assisting. Lie on your back with knees bent and feet flat on the floor, hip-distance apart. Keeping your knees in line with your hips and feet, lift your hips until you form a straight line from your knees to your shoulders. Hold for one second, then slowly lower the hips, one vertebrae at a time, until you return to the starting position. Repeat eight to 12 times. For an added challenge, hold a dumbbell on top of each hip, or try slowly marching one foot at a time while maintaining the straight line from your hips to your shoulders.
Squats and Weights
The squat works all of the muscles of the upper leg, targeting the quads, glutes and hamstrings. To do a squat, stand with your feet hip-distance apart and feet facing forward. Slowly bring your hips down and back, as though you were going to sit in an invisible chair. Simultaneously raise your arms straight out in front of you to shoulder height for balance. When your thighs are parallel with the floor, hold for one second and then squeeze your buttocks as you extend the legs back to the starting position. Repeat eight to 12 times. For added challenge, hold dumbbells in your hands or hold a barbell across the back of your shoulders.
The lunge is a great multimuscle exercise that works your quads, hamstrings, glutes and calves all at once. To perform a lunge, stand tall with a straight back and take a large step backward with your left leg. Keeping your torso upright and your right knee behind your right toes, drop the left knee down toward the floor. Hold for one second when your right thigh becomes parallel with the floor. Rise up and push off with your left foot to return to a standing position. Repeat with your right leg stepping back. Do eight to 12 repetitions on each leg. For an added challenge, hold dumbbells in your hands or a barbell across the back of your shoulders.
Step-ups strengthen your quads, hamstrings and glutes. To do a step-up, stand behind a stable bench or platform that is 1 1/2 to 2 feet off the ground. Place your right foot firmly on the middle of the bench. Step up onto the bench using only the muscles in the right leg (i.e. minimal assistance with your left calf muscles). Pause for one second at the top and then resist gravity by slowly lowering back down. Repeat with your left leg stepping up. Do eight to 12 repetitions on each leg. For an added challenge, hold dumbbells in your hands. | <urn:uuid:b509a31b-a859-483e-9052-69eed792d12e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/96370-exercises-increase-hip-extensor-strength/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589537.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717012034-20180717032034-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.923838 | 806 | 2.75 | 3 |
This year, 8 March marked a century of the celebration of International Women’s Day. But aside from a few publications and websites of women’s movements, this event went largely unremarked in the mainstream press, and also in the public consciousness.
The idea of International Women’s Day was born in the socialist movement in the first decade of the 20th century. Clara Zetkin, socialist leader and head of the Women’s Office of the Social Democratic party in Germany, proposed that every year in every country there should be a celebration on the same day — to be known as a Women’s Day — to recognise the social contribution of women and to press for their demands. As a socialist and an early (but not self-acknowledged) feminist, Zetkin saw this as part of a broader anti-capitalist movement that would also foster cooperation between women in unions, women’s organizations and socialist parties so they would unite and fight jointly in the class struggle for a more progressive society.
This suggestion was accepted unanimously at the second International Conference of Working Women in Copenhagen in 1910, which included over 100 women from 17 countries, representing unions, socialist parties, working women’s clubs, as well as the first three women elected to the parliament in Finland.
The first International Women’s Day (IWD) was honoured in some European countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland) in 1911 on 17 March. Rallies were held involving more than a million people (both women and men), raising demands for women’s right to work and be given equal wages, to vote, to hold public office and to end other forms of discrimination. The Russian revolutionary Alexandra Kollontai described one of these rallies as composed of “one seething, trembling sea of women . . . certainly the first show of militancy (in Europe) by working women”. The demands raised at those first demonstrations still resonate today: an end to imperialist wars; better social and economic conditions for women and children; controls on rapidly rising food prices.
In the United States, on 8 March 1908, socialist women and women workers from the clothing and textile trades in the city held a mass meeting for an eight-hour day and women’s suffrage. But less than a week after the first IWD in Europe in 1911, on March 25 the tragic “Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire” in New York City in the United States led to the deaths of more than 140 working women, mostly recent migrants into the US. This led to greater attention to working conditions and labour legislation for women, in the United States and other developed countries, and these also became important rallying points for the demands made for women on IWD in later years.
The reason that the date was shifted to 8 March is of great relevance for the global women’s movement. In 1917 in Tsarist Russia, Russian women went on strike for “bread and peace”, partly in response to the death of over 2 million Russian soldiers in war. The strike began on the last Sunday of February (which was 8 March by the Gregorian calendar used throughout most of the world). The strike continued despite state repression and personal hardship endured by the women. This was the catalyst for — and effectively became the first stage of — the Russian Revolution. Four days later the Tsar was forced to abdicate and the provisional government granted women the right to vote. Ever since, IWD has been celebrated on 8 March not only to press for demands for gender equality, but importantly as recognition of the tremendous power that women can wield when they unite.
The association of IWD with broader struggles of working people has remained a critical part of its essence. The slogan most often used on IWD was “Class struggle is women’s struggle — women’s struggle is class struggle!” It was therefore very much part of the activities of trade unions and workers’ organizations, who recognised that women’s emancipation cannot occur within a social and economy system that denies the emancipation of workers in general, and vice versa.
But as IWD became more international (taken up by the United Nations in the second half of the 20th century) and even “official” in scope, this critical link between the emancipation of women and broader economic and social emancipation of all has often been sidelined. This reflects a general tension that unfortunately still remains between feminism and other progressive Left movements — a tension that persists all the more because the Left is the natural and inevitable home of those aspiring to the liberation of women.
Women have been part of the working class since the beginning of capitalism, even when they have not been widely acknowledged as workers in their own right. Even when they are not paid workers, their often unacknowledged and unpaid contribution to social reproduction and to many economic activities is absolutely essential for the functioning of the system.
However, it did take a long time for women’s struggles to be accepted as integral part of working class struggles for a better society. For many decades, even after the first IWD was celebrated to highlight the demands of women, trade unions and other worker organisations tended to be male preserves, based on the “male breadwinner” model of the household in which the husband/father worked outside to earn money, while the wife/mother did not earn outside income and handled domestic work.
It has taken prolonged struggle and determined mobilisation to generate greater social recognition of the role of women as wage workers in different forms, as well as to bring out the crucial economic significance of unpaid household labour and community-based work that is dominantly performed by women. Even so, it must be admitted that a major problem for many women activists has been the fundamental inequality in the alliance between feminism and socialism. As noted by Donald Sassoon in his magisterial history of the European Left in the 20th century (One Hundred Years of Socialism, New York: The New Press, 1996, page 419), “It was accepted by socialists only on their own terms, namely that the social struggle between capital and labour was to be recognised as fundamental; the emancipation of women as women depended on the victory of the working class.”
Partly this reflected a concern that “bourgeois” feminism would distract from the critical question of class struggle, which is why even someone like Clara Zetkin could insist that socialist women should avoid cooperating with other feminist groups. But the social reality of the experience of socialist countries in the 20th century has also shown that the breaking of gender stereotypes and domestic division of labour is not necessarily achieved through the dictatorship of the proletariat, even when significant strides are made in gender equality in other ways.
For socialist feminists, this has meant a dual and more complex process of struggle: the need to address and confront the unjust economic order that is expressed in class societies, and the simultaneous need to address and confront the constantly regenerated patterns of gender inequality and subordination that are expressed not just in economic terms but also socially, culturally and politically. The complexity is usually made more intense because of the fact that the second type of struggle involves taking on not only opposing class forces, but also elements within parties, trade unions and other organisations of the Left.
The fact that this second kind of struggle is happening more and more in India and elsewhere may appear to be divisive of Left and progressive movements, but it is actually a sign of great vitality. True emancipation obviously requires a politics that has shed its explicit and implicit masculinity, to pave the way for socialism for women and men equally. For that reason alone, it is probably important for socialist men to remember and celebrate International Women’s Day.
Jayati Ghosh is Professor, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, and Executive Secretary of International Development Economics Associates (IDEAs). This article was first published in MacroScan on 11 April 2011; it is reproduced here for non-profit educational purposes. | <urn:uuid:9c55e03d-1e19-4685-ad5d-f740d276cd2b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://mronline.org/2011/04/11/socialist-andor-feminist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146714.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227125512-20200227155512-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.974149 | 1,652 | 4.09375 | 4 |
On September 9, 1935, as completion of the dam approached, President Franklin Roosevelt visited the dam for its formal dedication. Thousands of people and cars packed the road leading up to and crossing the dam. Dressed in their finest, workers listened with pride as the president congratulated them on their part in the accomplishment.
"I came, I saw, I was conquered . . ." President Roosevelt
During the dedication Roosevelt talked of progress and how the face of the American west would forever be changed. But as often is the case with progress, sacrifices had to be made. Not only were lives lost, but entire towns and cultures as well.
Stemming the flow of the Colorado also meant the formation of reservoir. Stretching over 100 miles, the reservoir, Lake Mead, became the first National Recreation Area in the United States. Families could gather for boating, fishing, picnicking, and sunbathing. However, the new lake had once been to home to hundreds of 19th century settlers as well as ancient Native American civilizations. Once the waters of Lake Mead began to form behind Hoover Dam, former towns like Saint Thomas and Kaolin, and many archaeological sites were covered forever.
Even though President Roosevelt dedicated the dam, the remaining workers on the project knew that the dam wouldn’t be entirely completed for several more months. The powerhouses and spillways had to be completed and decorative elements applied, such as the installment of commemorative statues. Gradually, the work force that had once reached over 5000 began to taper off as men completed their jobs and headed for other projects such as the construction of the Shasta Dam.
As men and families packed their belongings and headed for various destinations, many others chose to make their way in Boulder City. A thriving town had sprouted out of the utilitarian grouping of government and company buildings. Stores, restaurants, homes, hotels, and even a movie theater contributed to the growing sense of community among the residents. Families had become attached to the little oasis and decided to make it into a permanent home.
The smaller company houses were torn down, but the larger ones could be bought for $250. Though still considered a United States reservation and federally governed until the 1960s, Boulder City grew into a model American town focused on maintaining the values that had made it successful. The pride, strength, camaraderie, creativity and perseverance that were so important in the construction of the dam were well translated into the family town of Boulder City. | <urn:uuid:a511f3b1-1431-42dc-a259-1e1842e2d546> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/hoover-dam/dedication?quicktabs_7=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645396463.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031636-00046-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985333 | 507 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Economic inequality, an introduction
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KeywordsInequality; Distribution; Welfare.;
- D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
- D33 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Factor Income Distribution
- E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
- I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
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We have no references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form . | <urn:uuid:c01db99d-8a97-428e-93e6-272b62680e17> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://ideas.repec.org/p/urb/wpaper/11_02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986682037.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018104351-20191018131851-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.7762 | 307 | 2.546875 | 3 |
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF COD LIVER OIL
Cod liver oil is a supplement for nutrition that is gotten from cod fish’s liver. Just like most other types of oil gotten from fish, cod liver oil has very high quantity of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A and vitamin D. The cod liver oil is light yellow in color and is often taken as a preventive technique against deficiency diseases especially for babies.
The process of manufacturing cod liver oil was initially by using sea water and fresh cod livers to fill up wooden barrels for about a year giving the mixture time to ferment. After this period, the oil is then removed. In recent times however, the process of manufacturing cod liver oil entails cooking the tissues of the cod body of fatty fish when the fish meat is manufactured.
The components of the cod liver oil include:
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acid that has a relationship with human physiology is divided into 3 types. These include the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and α-linoleic acid (ALA). Other sources of the omega-3 fatty acids apart from the cod liver oil include walnut, Ischium oil, flaxseed oil, clary sage seed oil, hemp oil, sacha inchi oil, edible seed, egg oil, krill oil, fish oil and squid oil.
Omega-3 fatty acids have a lot of prospects for clinical uses and treating a wide range of illnesses. The omega-3 fatty acid is useful as it helps to improve metabolism. The acid is said to contain anti-inflammatory activities. Inflammation in the blood is said to reduce if omega-3 fatty acids gotten from marine sources are consumed. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids supplements is believed to have positive effect on individuals especially children suffering from developmental disorders. Omega-3 fatty acid is also believed to be useful in treating depression. Another aspect omega-3 fatty acids is considered useful is in the prevention of dementia. Omega-3 fatty acid is also useful in the therapy and prevention of atopic diseases. The acid could also protect against sudden death especially from cardiac arrest.
Since the 1930s, omega-3 fatty acid health benefits were noticed and has continued to increase dramatically especially during the 1980s. Other types of omega-3 fatty acid include Hexadecatrienoic acid (HTA), tetracosapentaenoic acid, stearidonic acid (SDA), Tetracosahexaenoic acid and Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE).
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
The Eicosapentaenoic acid can be gotten from fish oil such as mackerel, menhaden, sardine, salmon and cod liver as well as from breast milk of humans and seaweed phytoplankton. The Eicosapentaenoic acid that are produced from fish are gotten from the algae that fish eat. The human body also has the capability to get Eicosapentaenoic acid by converting α0linolenic acid. Some factors such as certain allergies and diabetes has the ability to prohibit the capacity of the human body to metabolize Eicosapentaenoic acid from α-linoleic acid.
The clinical importance of Eicosapentaenoic acid includes its function of being able to reduce the rate of inflammation. It has also been posited that Eicosapentaenoic acid particularly could be useful in treating schizophrenia and other mental conditions. It also has the ability to increase the way patients respond to chemotherapy.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Docosahexaenoic acid is a structural component of many parts of the body including the retina, sperm, testicles, skin, cerebral cortex and human brain. Docosahexaenoic acid can also be synthesized from α-linoleic acid or gotten directly from the milk from a nursing mother as well as from fish oil. Fish oils from cold water oceans contain a high content of Docosahexaenoic acid. Docosahexaenoic acid could also be produced from microalgae. Studies have shown that Docosahexaenoic acid helps in improving memory and has the ability to reduce the effects of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology when it was tested on mice.
When also tasted on mice, Docosahexaenoic was also discovered to reduce the human colon carcinoma cells growth more than when compared to other omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Docosahexaenoic acid was also found to improve the effect of prostate cancer cells in vitro chemotherapy.
Foods containing omega-3 fatty acids have also been recommended women who are nursing or who are looking forward to get pregnant.
Vitamins are one of the classes of food and they are very good for the body. Vitamin A has different types which are often depicted by alphabets such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B and Vitamin D amongst others. Vitamin A is a very important vitamin and is necessary for growth and development as well as for good vision and immune system. Other sources of Vitamin A apart from cod liver oil includes in vegetable and fruits.
Vitamin D is gotten from direct exposure to the sun, preferably the early morning sun before 12noon and the late evening sun after 4pm. The major use of Vitamin D is to prevent rickets and osteomalacia. It can also help to improve bone health of an individual. | <urn:uuid:99fb246a-faa3-4571-95d3-59cd1730d89e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://fishyoil.com/health-benefits-of-cod-liver-oil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320261.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624115542-20170624135542-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.953453 | 1,150 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) earned a degree in mathematics from King’s College, Cambridge where he studied with famous economists Alfred Marshall and Arthur Pigou. Keynes moved between government service and academia throughout his career, working for the British civil service, the Treasury, representing them at Versailles for the peace conference, teaching at Cambridge, and serving as a principal designer of the postwar system of fixed exchange rates and the establishment of the International Monetary Fund and other economic institutions at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference in the wake of World War II. In a similar vein to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Document 22), he presents a new vision of the role of government in society. Historically, it was not government’s responsibility to manage the economy, but Keynes’ ideas changed this, arguing that not only should the government work to secure full employment, it should also manage the money supply, adjust interest rates, and intervene with government spending. These theories about economics come to be called Keynesian economics which makes up a large part of the macroeconomic theory. Keynes’ new vision for government comes in response to the Great Depression and was popular with many world leaders after World War II. Keynes also famously feuded with Friedrich Hayek (Documents 24 and 25) due to their opposing views of the role of government in the economy.
Source: John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Orlando: First Harvest Hacourt Brace, 1994.
Chapter III THE PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVE DEMAND
A brief summary of the theory of employment to be worked out in the course of the following chapters may, perhaps, help the reader at this stage, even though it may not be fully intelligible. The terms involved will be more carefully defined in due course. In this summary we shall assume that the money-wage and other factor costs are constant per unit of labor employed. But this simplification, with which we shall dispense later, is introduced solely to facilitate the exposition. The essential character of the argument is precisely the same whether or not money-wages, etc., are liable to change.
The outline of our theory can be expressed as follows. When employment increases aggregate real income is increased. The psychology of the community is such that when aggregate real income is increased aggregate consumption is increased, but not by so much as income. Hence employers would make a loss if the whole of the increased employment were to be devoted to satisfying the increased demand for immediate consumption. Thus, to justify any given amount of employment there must be an amount of current investment sufficient to absorb the excess of total output over what the community chooses to consume when employment is at the given level. For unless there is this amount of investment, the receipts of the entrepreneurs will be less than is required to induce them to offer the given amount of employment. It follows, therefore, that, given what we shall call the community’s propensity to consume, the equilibrium level of employment, i.e. the level at which there is no inducement to employers as a whole either to expand or to contract employment, will depend on the amount of current investment. The amount of current investment will depend, in turn, on what we shall call the inducement to invest; and the inducement to invest will be found to depend on the relation between the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital and the complex of rates of interest on loans of various maturities and risks.
Thus, given the propensity to consume and the rate of new investment, there will be only one level of employment consistent with equilibrium; since any other level will lead to inequality between the aggregate supply price of output as a whole and its aggregate demand price. This level cannot be greater than full employment, i.e. the real wage cannot be less than the marginal disutility of labor. But there is no reason in general for expecting it to be equal to full employment. The effective demand associated with full employment is a special case, only realized when the propensity to consume and the inducement to invest stand in a particular relationship to one another. This particular relationship, which corresponds to the assumptions of the classical theory, is in a sense an optimum relationship. But it can only exist when, by accident or design, current investment provides an amount of demand just equal to the excess of the aggregate supply price of the output resulting from full employment over what the community will choose to spend on consumption when it is fully employed.
. . .
Thus the volume of employment is not determined by the marginal disutility of labor measured in terms of real wages, except in so far as the supply of labor available at a given real wage sets a maximum level to employment. The propensity to consume and the rate of new investment determine between them the volume of employment, and the volume of employment is uniquely related to a given level of real wages—not the other way round. If the propensity to consume and the rate of new investment result in a deficient effective demand, the actual level of employment will fall short of the supply of labor potentially available at the existing real wage, and the equilibrium real wage will be greater than the marginal disutility of the equilibrium level of employment.
This analysis supplies us with an explanation of the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty. For the mere existence of an insufficiency of effective demand may, and often will, bring the increase of employment to a standstill before a level of full employment has been reached. The insufficiency of effective demand will inhibit the process of production in spite of the fact that the marginal product of labor still exceeds in value the marginal disutility of employment.
Moreover the richer the community, the wider will tend to be the gap between its actual and its potential production; and therefore the more obvious and outrageous the defects of the economic system. For a poor community will be prone to consume by far the greater part of its output, so that a very modest measure of investment will be sufficient to provide full employment; whereas a wealthy community will have to discover much ampler opportunities for investment if the saving propensities of its wealthier members are to be compatible with the employment of its poorer members. If in a potentially wealthy community the inducement to invest is weak, then, in spite of its potential wealth, the working of the principle of effective demand will compel it to reduce its actual output, until, in spite of its potential wealth, it has become so poor that its surplus over its consumption is sufficiently diminished to correspond to the weakness of the inducement to invest.
But worse still. Not only is the marginal propensity to consume weaker in a wealthy community, but, owing to its accumulation of capital being already larger, the opportunities for further investment are less attractive unless the rate of interest falls at a sufficiently rapid rate; which brings us to the theory of the rate of interest and to the reasons why it does not automatically fall to the appropriate level, which will occupy Book IV.
Thus the analysis of the Propensity to Consume, the definition of the Marginal Efficiency of Capital and the theory of the Rate of Interest are the three main gaps in our existing knowledge which it will be necessary to fill. When this has been accomplished, we shall find that the Theory of Prices falls into its proper place as a matter which is subsidiary to our general theory. We shall discover, however, that money plays an essential part in our theory of the Rate of Interest; and we shall attempt to disentangle the peculiar characteristics of money which distinguish it from other things.
. . .
The celebrated optimism of traditional economic theory, which has led to economists being looked upon as Candides, who, having left this world for the cultivation of their gardens, teach that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds provided we will let well alone, is also to be traced, I think, to their having neglected to take account of the drag on prosperity which can be exercised by an insufficiency of effective demand. For there would obviously be a natural tendency towards the optimum employment of resources in a society which was functioning after the manner of the classical postulates. It may well be that the classical theory represents the way in which we should like our economy to behave. But to assume that it actually does so is to assume our difficulties away
CHAPTER XII THE STATE OF LONG TERM EXPECTATION
Even apart from the instability due to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than on a mathematical expectation, whether moral or hedonistic or economic. Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spirits—of a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplies by quantitative probabilities. Enterprise only pretends to itself to be mainly actuated by the statements in its own prospectus, however candid and sincere. Only a little more than an expedition to the South Pole, is it based on an exact calculation of benefits to come. Thus if the animal spirits are dimmed and the spontaneous optimism falters, leaving us to depend on nothing but a mathematical expectation, enterprise will fade and die;—though fears of loss may have a basis no more reasonable than hopes of profit had before.
It is safe to say that enterprise which depends on hopes stretching into the future benefits the community as a whole. But individual initiative will only be adequate when reasonable calculation is supplemented and supported by animal spirits, so that the thought of ultimate loss which often overtakes pioneers, as experience undoubtedly tells us and them, is put aside as a healthy man puts aside the expectation of death.
This means, unfortunately, not only that slumps and depressions are exaggerated in degree, but that economic prosperity is excessively dependent on a political and social atmosphere which is congenial to the average business man. If the fear of a Labour Government or a New Deal depresses enterprise, this need not be the result either of a reasonable calculation or of a plot with political intent;—it is the mere consequence of upsetting the delicate balance of spontaneous optimism. In estimating the prospects of investment, we must have regard, therefore, to the nerves and hysteria and even the digestions and reactions to the weather of those upon whose spontaneous activity it largely depends.
We should not conclude from this that everything depends on waves of irrational psychology. On the contrary, the state of long-term expectation is often steady, and, even when it is not, the other factors exert their compensating effects. We are merely reminding ourselves that human decisions affecting the future, whether personal or political or economic, cannot depend on strict mathematical expectation, since the basis for making such calculations does not exist; and that it is our innate urge to activity which makes the wheels go round, our rational selves choosing between the alternatives as best we are able, calculating where we can, but often falling back for our motive on whim or sentiment or chance.
Chapter XXIV CONCLUDING NOTES ON THE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY TOWARDS WHICH THE GENERAL THEORY MIGHT LEAD
The outstanding faults of the economic society in which we live are its failure to provide for full employment and its arbitrary and inequitable distribution of wealth and incomes. The bearing of the foregoing theory on the first of these is obvious. But there are also two important respects in which it is relevant to the second.
Since the end of the nineteenth century significant progress towards the removal of very great disparities of wealth and income has been achieved through the instrument of direct taxation—income tax and surtax and death duties—especially in Great Britain. Many people would wish to see this process carried much further, but they are deterred by two considerations; partly by the fear of making skillful evasions too much worthwhile and also of diminishing unduly the motive towards risk-taking, but mainly, I think, by the belief that the growth of capital depends upon the strength of the motive towards individual saving and that for a large proportion of this growth we are dependent on the savings of the rich out of their superfluity. Our argument does not affect the first of these considerations. But it may considerably modify our attitude towards the second. For we have seen that, up to the point where full employment prevails, the growth of capital depends not at all on a low propensity to consume but is, on the contrary, held back by it; and only in conditions of full employment is a low propensity to consume conducive to the growth of capital. Moreover, experience suggests that in existing conditions saving by institutions and through sinking funds is more than adequate, and that measures for the redistribution of incomes in a way likely to raise the propensity to consume may prove positively favorable to the growth of capital.
The existing confusion of the public mind on the matter is well illustrated by the very common belief that the death duties are responsible for a reduction in the capital wealth of the country. Assuming that the state applies the proceeds of these duties to its ordinary outgoings so that taxes on incomes and consumption are correspondingly reduced or avoided, it is, of course, true that a fiscal policy of heavy death duties has the effect of increasing the community’s propensity to consume. But inasmuch as an increase in the habitual propensity to consume will in general (i.e. except in conditions of full employment) serve to increase at the same time the inducement to invest, the inference commonly drawn is the exact opposite of the truth.
Thus our argument leads towards the conclusion that in contemporary conditions the growth of wealth, so far from being dependent on the abstinence of the rich, as is commonly supposed, is more likely to be impeded by it. One of the chief social justifications of great inequality of wealth is, therefore, removed. I am not saying that there are no other reasons, unaffected by our theory, capable of justifying some measure of inequality in some circumstances. But it does dispose of the most important of the reasons why hitherto we have thought it prudent to move carefully. This particularly affects our attitude towards death duties: for there are certain justifications for inequality of incomes which do not apply equally to inequality of inheritances.
For my own part, I believe that there is social and psychological justification for significant inequalities of incomes and wealth, but not for such large disparities as exist today. There are valuable human activities which require the motive of money-making and the environment of private wealth-ownership for their full fruition. Moreover, dangerous human proclivities can be canalized into comparatively harmless channels by the existence of opportunities for money-making and private wealth, which, if they cannot be satisfied in this way, may find their outlet in cruelty, the reckless pursuit of personal power and authority, and other forms of self-aggrandizement. It is better that a man should tyrannize over his bank balance than over his fellow-citizens; and whilst the former is sometimes denounced as being but a means to the latter, sometimes at least it is an alternative. But it is not necessary for the stimulation of these activities and the satisfaction of these proclivities that the game should be played for such high stakes as at present. Much lower stakes will serve the purpose equally well, as soon as the players are accustomed to them. The task of transmuting human nature must not be confused with the task of managing it. Though in the ideal commonwealth men may have been taught or inspired or bred to take no interest in the stakes, it may still be wise and prudent statesmanship to allow the game to be played, subject to rules and limitations, so long as the average man, or even a significant section of the community, is in fact strongly addicted to the money-making passion.
There is, however, a second, much more fundamental inference from our argument which has a bearing on the future of inequalities of wealth; namely, our theory of the rate of interest. The justification for a moderately high rate of interest has been found hitherto in the necessity of providing a sufficient inducement to save. But we have shown that the extent of effective saving is necessarily determined by the scale of investment and that the scale of investment is promoted by a low rate of interest, provided that we do not attempt to stimulate it in this way beyond the point which corresponds to full employment. Thus it is to our best advantage to reduce the rate of interest to that point relatively to the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital at which there is full employment.
There can be no doubt that this criterion will lead to a much lower rate of interest than has ruled hitherto; and, so far as one can guess at the schedules of the marginal efficiency of capital corresponding to increasing amounts of capital, the rate of interest is likely to fall steadily, if it should be practicable to maintain conditions of more or less continuous full employment unless, indeed, there is an excessive change in the aggregate propensity to consume (including the state).
I feel sure that the demand for capital is strictly limited in the sense that it would not be difficult to increase the stock of capital up to a point where its marginal efficiency had fallen to a very low figure. This would not mean that the use of capital instruments would cost almost nothing, but only that the return from them would have to cover little more than their exhaustion by wastage and obsolescence together with some margin to cover risk and the exercise of skill and judgment. In short, the aggregate return from durable goods in the course of their life would, as in the case of short-lived goods, just cover their labor costs of production plus an allowance for risk and the costs of skill and supervision.
Now, though this state of affairs would be quite compatible with some measure of individualism, yet it would mean the euthanasia of the rentier, and, consequently, the euthanasia of the cumulative oppressive power of the capitalist to exploit the scarcity-value of capital. Interest today rewards no genuine sacrifice, any more than does the rent of land. The owner of capital can obtain interest because capital is scarce, just as the owner of land can obtain rent because land is scarce. But whilst there may be intrinsic reasons for the scarcity of land, there are no intrinsic reasons for the scarcity of capital. An intrinsic reason for such scarcity, in the sense of a genuine sacrifice which could only be called forth by the offer of a reward in the shape of interest, would not exist, in the long run, except in the event of the individual propensity to consume proving to be of such a character that net saving in conditions of full employment comes to an end before capital has become sufficiently abundant. But even so, it will still be possible for communal saving through the agency of the state to be maintained at a level which will allow the growth of capital up to the point where it ceases to be scarce.
I see, therefore, the rentier aspect of capitalism as a transitional phase which will disappear when it has done its work. And with the disappearance of its rentier aspect much else in it besides will suffer a sea-change. It will be, moreover, a great advantage of the order of events which I am advocating, that the euthanasia of the rentier, of the functionless investor, will be nothing sudden, merely a gradual but prolonged continuance of what we have seen recently in Great Britain, and will need no revolution.
Thus we might aim in practice (there being nothing in this which is unattainable) at an increase in the volume of capital until it ceases to be scarce, so that the functionless investor will no longer receive a bonus; and at a scheme of direct taxation which allows the intelligence and determination and executive skill of the financier, the entrepreneur et hoc genus omne (who are certainly so fond of their craft that their labor could be obtained much cheaper than at present), to be harnessed to the service of the community on reasonable terms of reward.
At the same time we must recognize that only experience can show how far the common will, embodied in the policy of the state, ought to be directed to increasing and supplementing the inducement to invest; and how far it is safe to stimulate the average propensity to consume, without foregoing our aim of depriving capital of its scarcity-value within one or two generations. It may turn out that the propensity to consume will be so easily strengthened by the effects of a falling rate of interest, that full employment can be reached with a rate of accumulation little greater than at present. In this event a scheme for the higher taxation of large incomes and inheritances might be open to the objection that it would lead to full employment with a rate of accumulation which was reduced considerably below the current level. I must not be supposed to deny the possibility, or even the probability, of this outcome. For in such matters it is rash to predict how the average man will react to a changed environment. If, however, it should prove easy to secure an approximation to full employment with a rate of accumulation not much greater than at present, an outstanding problem will at least have been solved. And it would remain for separate decision on what scale and by what means it is right and reasonable to call on the living generation to restrict their consumption, so as to establish in course of time, a state of full investment for their successors.
In some other respects the foregoing theory is moderately conservative in its implications. For whilst it indicates the vital importance of establishing certain central controls in matters which are now left in the main to individual initiative, there are wide fields of activity which are unaffected. The state will have to exercise a guiding influence on the propensity to consume partly through its scheme of taxation, partly by fixing the rate of interest, and partly, perhaps, in other ways. Furthermore, it seems unlikely that the influence of banking policy on the rate of interest will be sufficient by itself to determine an optimum rate of investment. I conceive, therefore, that a somewhat comprehensive socialization of investment will prove the only means of securing an approximation to full employment; though this need not exclude all manner of compromises and of devices by which public authority will co-operate with private initiative. But beyond this no obvious case is made out for a system of state socialism which would embrace most of the economic life of the community. It is not the ownership of the instruments of production which it is important for the State to assume. If the State is able to determine the aggregate amount of resources devoted to augmenting the instruments and the basic rate of reward to those who own them, it will have accomplished all that is necessary. Moreover, the necessary measures of socialization can be introduced gradually and without a break in the general traditions of society.
Our criticism of the accepted classical theory of economics has consisted not so much in finding logical flaws in its analysis as in pointing out that its tacit assumptions are seldom or never satisfied, with the result that it cannot solve the economic problems of the actual world. But if our central controls succeed in establishing an aggregate volume of output corresponding to full employment as nearly as is practicable, the classical theory comes into its own again from this point onwards. If we suppose the volume of output to be given, i.e. to be determined by forces outside the classical scheme of thought, then there is no objection to be raised against the classical analysis of the manner in which private self-interest will determine what in particular is produced, in what proportions the factors of production will be combined to produce it, and how the value of the final product will be distributed between them. Again, if we have dealt otherwise with the problem of thrift, there is no objection to be raised against the modern classical theory as to the degree of consilience between private and public advantage in conditions of perfect and imperfect competition respectively. Thus, apart from the necessity of central controls to bring about an adjustment between the propensity to consume and the inducement to invest, there is no more reason to socialize economic life than there was before.
To put the point concretely, I see no reason to suppose that the existing system seriously misemploys the factors of production which are in use. There are, of course, errors of foresight; but these would not be avoided by centralizing decisions. When 9,000,000 men are employed out of 10,000,000 willing and able to work, there is no evidence that the labor of these 9,000,000 men is misdirected. The complaint against the present system is not that these 9,000,000 men ought to be employed on different tasks, but that tasks should be available for the remaining 1,000,000 men. It is in determining the volume, not the direction, of actual employment that the existing system has broken down.
Thus I agree with Gesell that the result of filling in the gaps in the classical theory is not to dispose of the “Manchester System,” but to indicate the nature of the environment which the free play of economic forces requires if it is to realize the full potentialities of production. The central controls necessary to ensure full employment will, of course, involve a large extension of the traditional functions of government. Furthermore, the modern classical theory has itself called attention to various conditions in which the free play of economic forces may need to be curbed or guided. But there will still remain a wide field for the exercise of private initiative and responsibility. Within this field the traditional advantages of individualism will still hold good.
Let us stop for a moment to remind ourselves what these advantages are. They are partly advantages of efficiency—the advantages of decentralization and of the play of self-interest. The advantage to efficiency of the decentralization of decisions and of individual responsibility is even greater, perhaps, than the nineteenth century supposed; and the reaction against the appeal to self-interest may have gone too far. But, above all, individualism, if it can be purged of its defects and its abuses, is the best safeguard of personal liberty in the sense that, compared with any other system, it greatly widens the field for the exercise of personal choice. It is also the best safeguard of the variety of life, which emerges precisely from this extended field of personal choice, and the loss of which is the greatest of all the losses of the homogeneous or totalitarian state. For this variety preserves the traditions which embody the most secure and successful choices of former generations; it colors the present with the diversification of its fancy; and, being the handmaid of experiment as well as of tradition and of fancy, it is the most powerful instrument to better the future.
Whilst, therefore, the enlargement of the functions of government, involved in the task of adjusting to one another the propensity to consume and the inducement to invest, would seem to a nineteenth-century publicist or to a contemporary American financier to be a terrific encroachment on individualism. I defend it, on the contrary, both as the only practicable means of avoiding the destruction of existing economic forms in their entirety and as the condition of the successful functioning of individual initiative.
For if effective demand is deficient, not only is the public scandal of wasted resources intolerable, but the individual enterpriser who seeks to bring these resources into action is operating with the odds loaded against him. The game of hazard which he plays is furnished with many zeros, so that the players as a whole will lose if they have the energy and hope to deal all the cards. Hitherto the increment of the world’s wealth has fallen short of the aggregate of positive individual savings; and the difference has been made up by the losses of those whose courage and initiative have not been supplemented by exceptional skill or unusual good fortune. But if effective demand is adequate, average skill and average good fortune will be enough.
The authoritarian state systems of today seem to solve the problem of unemployment at the expense of efficiency and of freedom. It is certain that the world will not much longer tolerate the unemployment which, apart from brief intervals of excitement, is associated and in my opinion, inevitably associated with present-day capitalistic individualism. But it may be possible by a right analysis of the problem to cure the disease whilst preserving efficiency and freedom.
I have mentioned in passing that the new system might be more favorable to peace than the old has been. It is worthwhile to repeat and emphasize that aspect.
War has several causes. Dictators and others such, to whom war offers, in expectation at least, a pleasurable excitement, find it easy to work on the natural bellicosity of their peoples. But, over and above this, facilitating their task of fanning the popular flame, are the economic causes of war, namely, the pressure of population and the competitive struggle for markets. It is the second factor, which probably played a predominant part in the nineteenth century, and might again, that is germane to this discussion.
I have pointed out in the preceding chapter that, under the system of domestic laissez-faire and an international gold standard such as was orthodox in the latter half of the nineteenth century, there was no means open to a government whereby to mitigate economic distress at home except through the competitive struggle for markets. For all measures helpful to a state of chronic or intermittent under-employment were ruled out, except measures to improve the balance of trade on income account.
Thus, whilst economists were accustomed to applaud the prevailing international system as furnishing the fruits of the international division of labor and harmonizing at the same time the interests of different nations, there lay concealed a less benign influence; and those statesmen were moved by common sense and a correct apprehension of the true course of events, who believed that if a rich, old country were to neglect the struggle for markets its prosperity would droop and fail. But if nations can learn to provide themselves with full employment by their domestic policy (and, we must add, if they can also attain equilibrium in the trend of their population), there need be no important economic forces calculated to set the interest of one country against that of its neighbors. There would still be room for the international division of labor and for international lending in appropriate conditions. But there would no longer be a pressing motive why one country need force its wares on another or repulse the offerings of its neighbor, not because this was necessary to enable it to pay for what it wished to purchase, but with the express object of upsetting the equilibrium of payments so as to develop a balance of trade in its own favor. International trade would cease to be what it is, namely, a desperate expedient to maintain employment at home by forcing sales on foreign markets and restricting purchases, which, if successful, will merely shift the problem of unemployment to the neighbor which is worsted in the struggle, but a willing and unimpeded exchange of goods and services in conditions of mutual advantage.
Is the fulfilment of these ideas a visionary hope? Have they insufficient roots in the motives which govern the evolution of political society? Are the interests which they will thwart stronger and more obvious than those which they will serve?
I do not attempt an answer in this place. It would need a volume of a different character from this one to indicate even in outline the practical measures in which they might be gradually clothed. But if the ideas are correct—an hypothesis on which the author himself must necessarily base what he writes—it would be a mistake, I predict, to dispute their potency over a period of time. At the present moment people are unusually expectant of a more fundamental diagnosis; more particularly ready to receive it; eager to try it out, if it should be even plausible. But apart from this contemporary mood, the ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist. Madmen in authority, who hear voices in the air, are distilling their frenzy from some academic scribbler of a few years back. I am sure that the power of vested interests is vastly exaggerated compared with the gradual encroachment of ideas. Not, indeed, immediately, but after a certain interval; for in the field of economic and political philosophy there are not many who are influenced by new theories after they are twenty-five or thirty years of age, so that the ideas which civil servants and politicians and even agitators apply to current events are not likely to be the newest. But, soon or late, it is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil.
- 1. Keynes refers to Voltaire’s (1694-1778) character in the novel of the same name. | <urn:uuid:b362e770-1e49-4105-9ad9-4f25ed37e04a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/the-general-theory-of-employment-money-and-interest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562410.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524014636-20220524044636-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.962297 | 6,719 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The document provides more insight into German-Arab relations during World War II.
International conflicts can make for some curious bedfellows, and a recently rediscovered telegraph from World War II serves as an apt reminder of that.
On Wednesday, the National Library of Israel published a missive sent by Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler’s second in command, to Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and a Palestinian nationalist.
In the letter, which archivists believe Himmler sent in 1943, the Nazi higher-up offered “warm wishes for your continued struggle against the Jewish invaders until the great victory.”
Himmler added that, in his view, the Nazi movement and the Arab people in Palestine had much in common.
“The common recognition of the enemy, and the joint struggle against it, are what form the solid foundation between Germany and the freedom-loving Muslims all over the world,” Himmler wrote.
He concluded the note by wishing al-Husseini a happy anniversary of “the unfortunate Balfour Declaration,” a document which in 1917 expressed Great Britain’s support for a Jewish state in Palestine.
If al-Husseini’s name sounds familiar, that’s because Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has invoked it in attempts to curry or deepen anti-Palestinian sentiment. In October 2015, for instance, Netanyahu made the erroneous claim that al-Husseini was the mastermind of the Holocaust — that when al-Husseini visited Hitler in November 1941, it was al-Husseini who recommended killing the Jews instead of simply expelling them.
While al-Husseini’s comments during the meeting (full text available here), did make it clear that “the English, the Jews, and the Communists,” were shared enemies of the Arabs and the Nazis, little else bears out Netanyahu’s remarks.
For instance, as TIME notes, a large pile of data show that the Nazis had already decided to implement the “Final Solution” some months prior. As Hitler said during the meeting, the issue already “was resolved, step by step, to attack one European nation after the other to solve its Jewish problem, and at the proper time to direct a similar appeal to non-European nations as well.”
Historians well-versed in this period of time say that it was really al-Husseini’s desire to rid Arabs of colonial rule — and to keep European Jews from fleeing to Palestine — that prompted his visit to Berlin.
Hitler, who at the time believed German victory was in sight, was not interested in al-Husseini’s vision of Arab independence.
“The mufti failed to achieve most of his goals,” Esther Webman, senior research fellow at the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies at Tel Aviv University, told the Times of Israel. “Nazi Germany did not declare its support for the idea of Arab independence and the Nazi leadership exploited it in order to achieve its own goals.”
For more in-depth coverage on non-European motivations for supporting the Nazis, check out this post on the Free Arabian Legion. | <urn:uuid:521e61d1-bd31-4d42-ac95-9e53dd72e8fa> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://allthatsinteresting.com/nazi-telegraph-palestine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209856.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815024253-20180815044253-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.953139 | 688 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Many people have donated blood. However, it is likely that only a small percentage of these individuals know what happens to their blood once it leaves their systems. This blog will attempt to answer that question.
Donated blood is not simply transfused into someone in need immediately following its extraction from a donor’s body. The life liquid must undergo several critical steps designed to ensure its safety and value. These steps include:
Shortly after donation, blood is first processed into its various components. Typically, blood is placed into a machine called a centrifuge which separates the substance into the several parts that comprise it such as platelets, plasma, red and white blood cells. Once the components are separated, they are stored inside an individual container. Separation often occurs in a laboratory overseen by the institution, organization or health facility receiving the donations.
When the blood has been separated, its components are properly identified. There are four different blood types A, B, AB and O. In addition, donated blood will also be labeled positive or negative based upon its specific Rh factor. Identification is crucial because administering someone the wrong blood type could be a costly, potentially fatal mistake.
Once donated blood is properly separated and identified, it is then tested to determine if the sample contains any infectious pathogens that could possibly precipitate disease. Common infectious particles blood banks search for include: viruses such as HIV, several strains of Hepatitis, various sexually transmitted microbes and infectious illnesses like West Nile or Zika. Donated blood will also be scrutinized for bacteria.
Should donated blood return from testing free of any pathogens, such samples are then stored. The length of time a particular blood component can be stored varies. Typically, platelets are only kept for several days. Red blood cells can remain refrigerated for a period lasting up to six weeks. Plasma can remain frozen and solid for donation for a duration of up to one year.
Blood that is appropriately stored inside a blood bank is typically available for distribution on a moment’s notice. In many instances, hospitals maintain a safe reserve of donated blood. However, stocked blood banks are important in the event of an emergency such as a mass casualty event. | <urn:uuid:0f924905-d301-46d4-913b-75f6119179d9> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://synterresourcegroup.org/how-blood-is-used-after-it-is-donated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656577.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116011131-20190116033131-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.958363 | 441 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Scarring of the airways can lead to long-term breathing problems for some people exposed to high levels of chlorine gas from events such as an industrial accident, chemical spill following a train derailment or terroristic chemical warfare. Household mishaps from mixing bleach with acidic cleaning products also can cause release of chlorine gas; if this occurs in a poorly ventilated space, chlorine levels could be high enough to cause lung injury.
University of Louisville scientist Gary Hoyle, Ph.D., School of Public Health and Information Sciences Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and his team have uncovered new clues in understanding how epithelial cells - the cells that line the trachea, bronchi and other airways that carry air in and out of the lung - repair themselves after chlorine gas exposure. The findings were recently published in the American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology in the article, Differential Susceptibility of Inbred Mouse Strains to Chlorine-Induced Airway Fibrosis.
Last Update : 2017-12-17 13:16:38 | <urn:uuid:71515738-f3fe-4968-a4ac-511f74a8613a> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.mums.ac.ir/main/en/Airway_Cells | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595342.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217093816-20171217115816-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.930721 | 219 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Putting an End to Food Stamp and SNAP Fraud
The United States Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is referred to as SNAP. It has been established to provide food for the needy. The monetary benefit amount is individually decided and is based on the home’s income and the size of the family. Strict laws are set up and enforced to limit abuse and to hinder the misuse of government funds, and the benefits are transferred electronically in an effort to curb fraud and to help the recipient.
The SNAP program provides participants with monetary food benefits each month through the Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) card. The EBT card looks and functions like a traditional debit card. But, SNAP benefits are not the same as monetary assistance. The SNAP benefits that are on the EBT card are not for general spending and are not to be used to receive cash-back services. EBT cards are used to limit fraud. Read more about the EBT card anti-fraud benefits below under SNAP Rules and Regulations.
SNAP Application Process
SNAP applicants have been caught providing falsified documents and hiding income in order to qualify for SNAP or to get a larger monthly amount. Withholding proof of revenue or providing false information could result in arrests and jail time or fines. Applicants must indicate the name, birth date and Social Security number for all family members and persons who are living in the home. Verification of incomes must be provided for each person residing in the household.
Expenses are also included in the review process, including proof of court-ordered child support that must be paid by a member of the household, proof of rent and mortgage and utility payments. A mailed notice is sent to the applicant along with the eligibility determination and the possible monthly EBT benefit that will be received by the household. Appeal rights are included along with the decision letter.
SNAP Trafficking and Fraud
Food stamp fraud takes place in numerous ways. Some of the most common SNAP fraud is experienced in the following circumstances. Fraud occurs when SNAP benefits are exchanged for cash, which is called SNAP trafficking. Applicants falsify their income in order to qualify for SNAP benefits or a larger monthly allowance. Fraud also occurs when unapproved items are purchased with SNAP benefits, or when cash is provided in exchange for the card or pin. Fraud also occurs when previously disqualified retailers, who have been removed from the retail program due to past abuse and application deception, lie on their application to requalify for the program.
SNAP Rules and Regulations
The United States Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is overseen by each state but is run on a national level by the government. SNAP Food stamp benefits are regulated by United States Code (7 U.S.C. Chapter 51) and the Code of Federal Regulations (7 C.F.R. §278). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food & Nutrition Service (FNS) are federal entities that oversee the SNAP benefits, enforce the regulations and run the program.
SNAP rules and regulations are guidelines that ensure that needy households in the US have the basic foods that are needed. Violations of SNAP rules and regulations are counteractive to the goals and purpose of the program, and these regulations should be strictly adhered to. Any violations should be taken seriously. SNAP fraud has dropped dramatically because of increased oversight and improvements that have been made in the program management by the USDA.
The SNAP electronic benefits transfer provides the USDA with tools that are used to identify, track, and take action against SNAP trafficking. An electronic audit trail is obtained from EBT transactions, which is utilized by the USDA and FNS to identify trafficking and suspicious activity. An Anti-Fraud Locator is used to monitor EBT Retailer Transactions. The ALERT system monitors electronic transactions and SNAP activity to determine suspicious stores, which are then examined more closely in an analysis and investigation process.
FNS Actively Investigates Retailer Fraud
The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) has appointed a team with more than 100 analysts and investigators across the US that are dedicated to ensuring SNAP retailer compliance and conducting anti-trafficking operations. The FNS analyzes retailer data and conducts undercover investigations. They also process cases and initiate fines and administrative disqualifications against any violating retailers. The FNS works with state law enforcement to offer SNAP benefits for use in sting operations to support anti-trafficking. The government is actively seeking to end Food Stamp Fraud.
The federal government seeks to prosecute those who violate SNAP regulations. In 2012 alone, the FNS investigators examined more than 15,000 stores for fraud and completed nearly 4,500 undercover SNAP investigations. As a result, 1,400 stores were permanently disqualified for SNAP, and nearly 700 were sanctioned for SNAP violations, including selling ineligible items.
Intentional Program Violations
SNAP trafficking is the most common intentional program violation that takes place in the food stamp program. It involves selling SNAP benefits to obtain cash or unapproved products. Trafficking may occur between SNAP recipients and SNAP retailers or an individual outside of the program. Trafficking can involve selling the EBT card or PIN number to a person or to a retailer. This is a method that some SNAP recipients use to receive cash as payment for SNAP benefits. This is illegal.
Trafficking may allow the recipient to pocket cash or to purchase non-food items, but recipients who engage in trafficking can face criminal penalties. The penalty will depend on the amount of money involved in the trafficking fraud, and they can range from one to 20 years in prison and fines ranging from 5,000 and 250,000 dollars. Trafficking is categorized as an intentional program violation (IPV), and the penalty may include permanent disqualification of the recipient and their household from receiving SNAP benefits. They could also lose benefits for 12 or 24 months. The length of the SNAP disqualification will be based on the number of any prior intentional program violations.
If SNAP recipients sell benefits to receive illegal items, such as weapons, ammunition or drugs, the recipient will be permanently disqualified from receiving SNAP. Beneficiaries who participate in SNAP trafficking may also be required to repay the government the cash or other value that they received. Trafficking retailers have been caught using EBT cards to stock their inventory for resale. When someone is caught trafficking SNAP benefits, it can jeopardize their participation in the program, or the Food Nutrition Service (FNS) or the state may impose a civil monetary penalty. Stores and SNAP recipients that participate in SNAP trafficking may face criminal prosecution.
Purchasing Ineligible Items
According to the Federal law, SNAP benefits are only to be used for the purchase of food items. The program is not designed to handle the recipient’s entire bill. It is only intended to assist the family in buying food, and the EBT card can’t be used to purchase cigarettes, alcohol or medicine. SNAP funds can not be used to purchase personal care items, such as toilet paper, cosmetics, soap or shampoo. Household products, including cleaners, laundry detergent, paper products and vitamins are not permitted. SNAP benefits can be used to purchase subs and cold deli items, but deli foods, such as fried chicken, soup and rotisserie chicken, are not approved.
Requesting excessive replacement cards could indicate that the individual is exchanging SNAP cards for cash or ineligible items. USDA has established an EBT replacement card rule, which gives individual states the option to require SNAP recipients who have made an excessive number of requests, within one year, for EBT card replacements to make contact with the state. This rule will provide states with the opportunity to determine whether the individual’s request for a new card is legitimate, or if further investigation should be required.
How to Report SNAP Fraud
SNAP has one of the lowest fraud rates among Federal programs, and the USDA is continuing to take positive steps to improve SNAP and to reduce fraud. Declines in SNAP trafficking have been achieved in last two decades, and the rate has dropped from four cents on the dollar to one percent, according to the USDA.
No amount of SNAP fraud is acceptable, and it will not be tolerated. Critics voice claims that groups of welfare recipients are stealing from taxpayers by claiming benefits that they do not legitimately qualify for or by selling SNAP benefits to purchase non-food items, such as drugs or guns. Arrests continue to take place, such as the 2.4 million dollar Food Stamp Scheme that was exposed in Southern Florida in 2016. However, it is important to point out that despite the political cry about SNAP abuse, the system has experienced significant reform.
The USDA continues to crack down on individuals and businesses that are violating the program and are misusing taxpayer dollars. Fraud is an issue that is being confronted by the United States Department of Agriculture, and you are encouraged to report fraud to your state when you see it. Program integrity and improved stewardship of Federal money will continue to take place as we reduce recipient and retailer fraud and as the USDA works to ensure accurate eligibility and a reduction in improper payments. Call (800) 424-9121 to Report suspicious SNAP use (including retailer fraud) to the USDA Office of the Inspector General. | <urn:uuid:606a10c6-0d31-4469-ad42-f018e43b0f6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.fraudguides.com/consumers/food-stamp-snap-fraud/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256724.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522022933-20190522044933-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.958361 | 1,869 | 2.921875 | 3 |
|A gift from my sister: owl glasses holder|
I'm a sucker for buzz words and the new one in libraries is transliteracy, described as the ability to read, write and interact across a range of platforms, tools and media . AACL recently featured an article attempting to demystify the concept for those who find it difficult to grasp and not long after a witty response popped up via Twitter.
Some argue this new buzz word is just a way of describing what libraries have always called information literacy because it basically means using new tools to understand, find, evaluate, use and create information. In many of my blog posts and papers written this year I’ve talked about the need to support 21st century learners and therefore build 21st literacies. My focus has been on supporting the physical, digital and mobile worlds of our clients including making use of social media to connect with them informally in their online communities. Some might call this Library 2.0 but I think it's just common sense to understand your clients and support them accordingly. This year I've been involved in many projects to reinvent our information literacy programs with a Fun Day, new workshops, treasure hunts, games, and mobile technology. This has taken considerable effort from a team of keen librarians who are committed to experimenting and playing with new technology in order to understand the information worlds of our clients and develop new services and support to meet their needs.Transliteracy seems to be the answer some people were looking for to make this easier and I wonder if it's already happening intuitively without the need for a buzz word?
A recent PEW internet report describes 21st Century learners as ‘networked learners’ who embrace new technology, mobile devices, gaming and social media as part of their information landscape. Obviously these people are making use of multiple platforms to read, write and interact. Is this transliteracy? Since Web 2.0 has created a blurring of the lines between work and play, we now use these platforms in multiple contexts of everyday life. I wonder if we are supposed to be transliterate at work or play or both?
I think in an everyday life context, transliteracy is easy to grasp – basically you get the main idea of something and apply it to other platforms. For example, in a previous post I wrote about a radio interview by Kathryn Greenhill who spoke about transliteracy in terms of the way her kids make sense of their world. They read Harry Potter books, watch Harry Potter movies, play Harry Potter Lego, play Harry Potter video games, dress up as Harry Potter – what more can there be? I’ve also spent too much time with friends drawing Hogwarts and dreaming Harry Potter dreams. This isn’t necessarily reading and writing but it is interacting across a range of platforms and making sense of information by embodying the experience. To me this seems like a better way to understand transliteracy - the ability to interact and make sense across a range of platforms.
I think transliteracy is harder to define in an academic context. Does it mean students can effectively use collaborative tools like Google docs to work on group projects , share files using Dropbox, find scholarly information such as books, journal articles, videos on YouTube, images on flickr, journal articles, webpages and create interactive multimedia presentations? How is this any different from what’s already happening? Perhaps it is more to do with the ability to find information in books, ebooks, journals, websites, blogs, video, images, social networks, and friends to effectively filter and evaluate that information and then create new information using appropriate tools and media? Is that any different? This second scenario places more emphasis on evaluation rather than just using the tools which has long been considered the more important of the two.
Another option is to harness the networked learner idea and combine it with the idea of Web 2.0 blurring the lines. Can we combine the work and play context to have one everyday life context that makes use of new technology, old technology, mobile devices, gaming and social networks to read, write, interact and make sense, therefore creating the ultimate transliteracy? ELT – Everyday Life Transliteracy? No more separation between how I make sense of the world at work and play. Worlds are merged and transliteracies are merged. This is what I think the 2010 ANZ Horizon report is getting at when it describes supporting students as they move from study to the workplace: (sorry for the long quote)
The need for formal instruction in key new skills, including information literacy, visual literacy, and technological literacy, poses a continuing challenge to educational programs. As noted a year ago, students need — and often lack — a strong understanding of content and media design, the ability to interpret advertising and other media, and the capacity to create multimedia messages that demonstrate visual fluency. A handful of institutions have begun to integrate the teaching of these skills into a standard curriculum, but the practice is not widespread and too many students remain unschooled in this critical area.
In today’s networked world, learners are placing greater value on knowing where to find information than on knowing the information themselves. The ways we learn are changing. The amount of knowledge collectively held by humanity is staggering, and being able to find, evaluate, and synthesize material from a variety of sources is arguably more important than holding much of that knowledge oneself.
Young people beginning postsecondary study — and those entering the workforce — are accustomed to constant access to a network of peers on whom they rely for knowledge, expertise, and mutual learning. This cohort may well expect to be able to make use of their own personal learning and social networks, and the technologies that support them, in their places of work or study. Their world is open and mobile, and they expect access to it constantly.
I think this extract emphasises that support and instruction is needed for students to develop a strong understanding of how to build transliteracies. Libraries are well placed to provide training and support through traditional face-to-face and online modes but we also need to think of new ways of supporting students through social media and mobile technology. I also see an opportunity for us to share our expertise and collaborate with academics who are interested but not experts themselves in these areas. The extract also point out the need to prepare students for the future workplace. Students need to seamlessly move from study to the workplace with the ability to read, write, interact and make sense across a range of platforms. Whether or not we call it transliteracy is irrelevant. If we don't get to know and understand our clients we/they don't stand a chance. We're hearing it all the time - they want flexible, open, spaces with ubiquitous access and support. So for one last time this year, I encourage you all to experiment and play in order to understand your clients and develop new services to meet their 21st century needs. | <urn:uuid:bd7f21d2-5412-48e2-b2f9-4a8f81afe0f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://misssophiemac.blogspot.com/2010/12/making-sense-of-transliteracy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831770.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00296-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951779 | 1,416 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Understanding China’s Social Security System
Sept. 14 – The social security system in China is based upon guidelines issued by the central government, although the specifics and administration of the system is managed at the local level. This is the only practical method in a country as diverse as China, as any rigid system defining specific contributions to be made and benefits receivable could not be expected to meet the needs of citizens in cities as diverse as Lhasa, Harbin, Shanghai or Zhongshan for instance.
All over urban China social insurance is broken down into five distinct categories. These are:
2. Medical insurance
3. Unemployment insurance
4. Maternity insurance
5. Occupational injury insurance
Let’s take a brief look at the function of each of these insurances.
As in many countries, China has put in place a system to ensure its citizens will be able to maintain some income after their retirement. It operates by receiving contributions on a monthly basis from both the employee and the employer. The portion contributed by the employee goes into a personal fund (the contribution directly accrues to the individual) and after retirement the individual can draw on the funds in this pool directly. In contrast, the contributions made by the employer go into a social pool. Funds in this pool are distributed to all citizens that have made contributions into the system during their working life. In this way even citizens that have used up the personal portion of their pension will have some income on which to support themselves (although it is likely to be only several hundred RMB per month). In terms of the amount of contributions that need to be made each month by both employee and employer, pension is generally the largest component of social insurance.
By contributing to the medical insurance fund Chinese citizens can defray some of the costs of medical expenses in the event of illness or injury. Both employees and employers are required to make contributions to this fund.
Unlike in some countries where medical treatment is provided for free, in most cities in China the patient is required to bear a certain percentage of the total hospital fee. This can be quite straightforward if the hospital is based in the city in which the medical insurance premiums are being contributed, but it can be complicated if employees are injured or become ill while on holiday or business trips. Reimbursement can still be received for urgent medical treatment received in other cities, but there are certain special requirements which the patient must follow.
In addition, each month individuals receive a small amount of money onto their medical insurance card. The funds can be used to purchase medicine or other goods at pharmacies, or to pay small medical expenses at hospitals.
Employers in all major cities are expected to make a contribution towards unemployment insurance and most cities also require a contribution from the employee. In the event an individual becomes unemployed they will be able to make a claim to receive unemployment benefits on the precondition that contributions have been made for a period of at least one year.
However the amount that can be received will be a fixed amount determined locally, and will be unrelated to the salary received by the individual previously or the amount of accumulated contribution. The benefits can be received for a maximum of 24 months.
Contributions to maternity insurance are made by employers only. In the event that an employee becomes pregnant, she will be entitled to receive a lump sum to defray some of the costs of the childbirth. During the period of maternity leave from the company the maternity fund will cover payment of salary.
Note that if the employee is earning more than three times the average salary for the region in which she is located the portion of salary that will be borne by maternity insurance will be capped at this amount. In practice, some companies will continue to pay the balance of the salary during the period of pregnancy if the employee earns more than this amount to ensure that the individual receives the same amount of salary during the maternity leave.
Occupational injury insurance
Contributions to this fund are made only by the employer and the amount of the contribution depends upon the nature of the work being carried out by the employees. The more dangerous the work is deemed to be, the higher the percentage contribution (usually the range is between 0.4 percent to 2 percent of the gross salary). The precise amount of the percentage premium will be made by the local social insurance bureau according to the category of industry the company is deemed to be affiliated to.
In the event that an employee is injured at work, the employer will collect evidence concerning the injury and the associated costs and apply for reimbursement from the occupational insurance fund. Note that the employer will still need to pay the salary to the employee during the recuperation period.
In addition to the five social insurances, employers are also required to pay into a housing fund. The housing fund is fundamentally different from the above insurances in two ways. First of all the contributions made by both employee and employer accrue directly to the employee. Secondly, administration of this fund is handled by the housing fund center separately from social insurance.
The reason behind the Chinese government requiring employees to contribute to a housing fund is to encourage them to save money to purchase a house. Funds accrued in this account can be used to make the initial down-payment as well as to repay mortgages taken out when purchasing a house. Individuals that have sufficient funds accrued in a housing fund account can also apply for a lower mortgage rate compared to a normal commercial loan.
Administration of housing fund differs greatly around the country. In Shenzhen no contribution is required from the employee at all, while the employer is required to pay a fixed rate of 13 percent. In contrast, in Dalian the employer can be required to pay up to 25 percent (although there are some special reduced rates that can be applied) while the employee contributions can be a maximum of 15 percent. The housing fund can be quite a significant additional cost for employers, so it is necessary to understand the system well in the locality where they are employing people before making any offers to new employees.
Together, social insurance and housing fund are commonly referred to as “mandatory benefits.” We will use this term when referring to these five insurances and housing fund throughout the rest of this article.
Employers are usually required to handle the administration of mandatory benefits on behalf of their employees, which means first of all affiliating the employees to the company “accounts” and then calculating and making the contributions (both the employer’s and the employee’s portion) on a monthly basis. Fortunately for employers, although there are five different types of contribution to be made for social insurance, a lump sum can be paid each month. This is usually made to the social insurance bureau, which will manage the disbursement of the contributions received to the various funds. Another amount should be paid to the housing fund bureau.
Recently in some Chinese cities, the responsibility for collection of social insurance has shifted away from the social insurance bureau to the local tax bureau. The reason for making this transition is to allow the local tax bureau to monitor the social insurance contributions being made as this will affect the amount of individual income tax payable (contributions made to social insurance by individuals are considered tax exempt for individual income tax purposes).
In some cities the administration of mandatory benefits can be managed online, saving a lot of time and effort visiting bureaus and facilitating the provision of such mandatory benefit management services from a remote location. Online services are by no means universal, Beijing being a notable example. In such cities a lot of chopping of documents, running to government bureaus and waiting are still necessary.
Adam Livermore is a regional manager for Dezan Shira & Associates and oversees the firm’s payroll division. Companies needing assistance or advice on salary structuring, mandatory benefits, payroll services, and taxes in China, please contact the firm at email@example.com.
This article was excerpted from the September issue of China Briefing. To purchase a PDF version of the magazine complete with the most recent updates and amounts for social insurance and minimum wages, please visit the Asia Briefing Bookstore. The cities featured include Beijing, Changchun, Chengdu, Dalian, Dongguan, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Jinan, Kunming, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Suzhou, Tianjin, Xi’an, Zhengzhou and Zhongshan. | <urn:uuid:a7e8aa67-ae8a-49f1-8e9e-96f179bdd748> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2010/09/14/chinas-social-security-system.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094629.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00288-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960816 | 1,724 | 2.796875 | 3 |
No recent wiki edits to this page.
The Blunderbuss is a muzzle-loading firearm with a short, large calibre barrel, which is flared at the muzzle. The term "blunderbuss" originates from the Dutch word "donderbus", which is a combination of donder, meaning "thunder", and buss, meaning "pipe" - the Thunderpipe.
The blunderbuss was an early shotgun
, and served similar roles. It was typically loaded with a number of lead balls, giving it a shotgun effect when shot. Blunderbusses were typically very short, with barrels under two feet (60 cm) in length, at a time when a typical musket barrel was over three feet (90 cm) long.
A small handgun version of a blunderbuss called "Dragon" was also made. It is from this name the term dragoon
It was named dragon because the early version of these guns were decorated with a carving in the form of a mythical dragon's head around the muzzle, and the blast from the muzzle would give the impression of a fire breathing dragon.
World of Warcraft Blunderbusses can be found and used as a ranged weapon by hunters, rogues and warriors in World of Warcraft. They use bullets as ammunition and often has a slower attack speed but more damage for each bullet.
Pirates, Vikings and Knights II The Captain in PVK2 is equipped with a blunderbuss, it is quite deadly at short range and can also be used with the Captain's special attack: the exploding shot. The Captain has to reload the gun after each shot, and he cant move meanwhile. | <urn:uuid:aa03c621-495d-4f87-83e1-8b43716f9552> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.giantbomb.com/blunderbuss/3055-3466/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096944.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00299-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968725 | 345 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Single gene turns salmonella into an African mass killer
Pinpointing a single letter of DNA shows how deadly variant survives in the human bloodstream
A single genetic change in salmonella is playing a key role in an epidemic of bloodstream infections killing 400,000 people a year in sub-Saharan Africa.
Invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis (iNTS) occurs when salmonella bacteria, which normally cause gastrointestinal illness, enter the bloodstream and spread through the body.
The African iNTS epidemic is caused by a salmonella variant that is resistant to antibiotics, and generally affects individuals with immune systems weakened by malaria or HIV.Scientists at the University of Liverpool in the UK have identified a specific genetic change, or single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), that helps the African salmonella to survive in the human bloodstream.In a new study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, lead researcher Professor Jay Hinton said: “Pinpointing this single letter of DNA is an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of why African salmonella causes such a devastating disease, and helps to explain how this dangerous type of salmonella evolved.”
SNPs represent a change of just one letter in the DNA sequence, and until now it has been hard to link an individual SNP to the ability of bacteria to cause disease.
Using an analytic method called transcriptomics, the scientists identified SNPs that affected the level of expression of important salmonella genes.
After studying 1,000 SNPs they found a single nucleotide difference that is unique to the African strain and causes high expression of a virulence factor called PgtE that prevents salmonella being killed in the bloodstream.
The scientists then used an advanced genetic technique to switch the SNP found in the African strain to the version found in the type of salmonella that causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis globally.Finally, they used an animal infection model to show that the bacteria with the altered SNP had lost their ability to cause disease.
Hinton added: “We've developed a new investigative approach to understand bacterial infection, which is the culmination of six years of work. This combination of genomics and transcriptomics could bring new insights to other important pathogens, and prepare us for future epidemics.”
Professor Melita Gordon, a University of Liverpool clinician-scientist working in Malawi who was involved in the project, said: “The ability of iNTS salmonella strains to cause such serious disease leads to devastating and frequently fatal consequences for very young children, and for adults who may be the chief breadwinners in their homes and communities.
“We see iNTS disease placing an enormous burden on thinly stretched local health facilities and hospitals in Malawi, particularly because diagnosis is difficult, and treatment options are limited. It is now urgent that a vaccine is developed to combat this dangerous infection.” | <urn:uuid:a4cb1ee7-f033-4704-ab6f-3a3ee6d4f3d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-03-01-single-gene-turns-salmonella-into-an-african-mass-killer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330968.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826042816-20190826064816-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.929087 | 601 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Even famous writers didn’t start out as full-time writers. They had day jobs and summer jobs like the rest of us. Mental Floss has a great list of other jobs famous writers had, such as:
- Nabokov was an entomologist of underappreciated greatness. His theory of butterfly evolution was proven to be true in early 2011 using DNA analysis.
- Margaret Atwood first worked as a counter girl in a coffeeshop in Toronto, serving coffee and operating a cash register, which was a source of serious frustration for her. She details the experience in her essay, “Ka-Ching!”
- Harper Lee, author of one of the great American novels and winner of the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, had worked as a reservation clerk at Eastern Airlines for years when she received a note from friends: “You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please. Merry Christmas.” By the next year, she’d penned To Kill a Mockingbird.
Harper Lee, you have the best friends ever.
Make sure to check out the full list. If anything, it’s a nice reminder that a bad job isn’t necessarily going to stop you from achieving literary glory. | <urn:uuid:43b51499-2a21-4050-9adb-7cd5f2aafcd8> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.anniecardi.com/2012/06/28/entomologist-barista-and-other-famous-writer-jobs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528220.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722201122-20190722223122-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.969905 | 263 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Historic Barker Dam Vandalized
Release Date: February 8, 2013
Because of recent vandalism to Barker Dam, Joshua Tree National Park is closing access to the dam. Physical access to the dam will be closed from 130 feet upstream to 180 feet downstream of the dam to protect it from further damage.
The closure, which does not include any portion of the Barker Dam Nature Trail, is designated an emergency situation for the protection of a significant historic property. Barker Dam is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The closure takes effect immediately and will remain in effect until the damage to the dam is stabilized.
Any questions regarding the closure can be directed to, Jan Keswick, cultural resource manager at Joshua Tree National Park, 760-367-5570. | <urn:uuid:9e085edd-758c-482c-9594-e3ba1537c2a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.nps.gov/jotr/learn/news/dam_vandalism.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528120617-20170528140617-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.945667 | 154 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Up to 100,000 Buddhist monks gathered at a Thai temple to join a ceremony last week. Organizers said it was the world’s largest of its kind.The Wat Phra Dhammakaya temple, 30 miles north of Bangkok, is famed for its enormous golden stupa, which resembles a UFO.
What is Alms Giving?
Giving alms is one of the most common practices among Buddhists and involves devotees providing monks with material goods – usually food.
Many Thai monks rely on receiving alms for their daily meals.
Traditionally, monks leave their monasteries in the morning and walk single-file carrying their alms bowls in front of them, waiting for devotees to fill the bowl.
Buddhists believe the practice creates a spiritual connection between monks and devotees.
It is believed that devotees have a responsibility to support the monks with food, while the monks have a responsibility to support the devotees spiritually.
Pictures by Reuters | <urn:uuid:fd786be5-7f2b-42df-b3c3-68502d6b314a> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.lovefoodasia.com/en/2016/04/26/100000-buddhist-monks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513611.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211144705-20171211164705-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.956058 | 205 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Like nearly all other industries, steel competes in a global economy. What happens half way around the globe has an impact on pricing, demand and markets in Ohio and the U.S. That impact is particularly significant because markets for many steel products – although not all – are commoditized, which means pricing rather than product features frequently determines which company gets the sale. Meanwhile, the costs that go into making steel – for energy and raw materials (coke, iron ore, limestone, scrap steel) – are determined by forces in local and global markets that are often beyond the steelmaker’s control.
Competing against steel produced in foreign countries is challenging when foreign governments heavily subsidize steelmaking. Sometimes foreign countries produce steel in excess of their ability to consume it and then sell it to other countries at prices below production cost. These practices are illegal if they cause harm to U.S. steel companies but, unfortunately, they can take time to detect and prosecute.
Competing against steel produced in foreign countries is challenging also because there can be different labor costs and different rules concerning the environment.
Some Ohio steel companies today have facilities in many countries, not just one. Producing steel or steel products abroad is, in many cases, required if the company is to do business in those markets.
In spite of these complex global challenges, the U.S. steel industry continues to prosper due to the following:
- Exceptional service to customers;
- A highly trained workforce;
- Capital investments in Ohio facilities that have ranged from $300 to $700 million per year over the last 25 years;
- New work rules that enable steelworkers to be trained in multiple positions for greater flexibility in responding to demand;
- Consolidation of steel companies enabling better management of resources in response to market changes; and
- Collaboration between steel companies and the United Steelworkers. | <urn:uuid:4bd94505-0fd6-4e3d-a93e-45f211389bf3> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.ohiosteel.org/ohio-steel-industry/steel-and-the-global-economy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511642.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018022028-20181018043528-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.95112 | 382 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Method of merchandising in which the seller's offer is made through mass mailing of a circular or catalog or through a newspaper or magazine advertisement, and in which the buyer places an order by mail, telephone, or Internet. The rise of retail mail-order selling occurred in the late 19th century, when U.S. firms such as Sears, Roebuck and Montgomery Ward built large businesses selling goods primarily to farmers. Its use has grown steadily since the introduction of computerized mailing lists after 1960; it is now employed by tens of thousands of firms, and it reaches virtually every consumer in the U.S.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on direct-mail marketing, visit Britannica.com.
Seen & Heard
What made you look up direct-mail marketing? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here. | <urn:uuid:6800be02-e44c-417e-8786-7b4e4a65b951> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/direct-mail%20marketing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510275111.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011755-00017-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955816 | 189 | 2.875 | 3 |
Professor Amritjit Singh
3 February 2014
The Importance of African American Life and Literature in the 20th Century
Racism and segregation were a huge part of American history. African American authors and poets became famous after writing about their experiences, their friends experiences, and their families experiences during the 20th century. Authors such as Langston Hughes and Richard Wright became extremely famous and well known for their stories about American life in America during the 20th century. Understanding issues regarding race and exclusion are relevant to understanding American life and literature in the 20th century.
Hughes' poems capture life as an African American man in the 20th century. His poems tell stories that give the raw details of being an African American man. His most raw poem, "Ballad of the Landlord" shows just how disrespected and poorly treated African Americans were during that time.
Hughes tells the story of a black tenant who is trying to get his white landlord to fix the problems he is having in his apartment. The speaker of Hughes' poem says,
My roof has sprung a leak.
Don't you 'member I told you about it
Way last week?
These steps is broken down.
When you come up yourself
It's a wonder you don't fall down.
The landlord is clearly ignoring his tenant's complaints about his apartment because he is black, forcing the tenant to live in poor conditions. The tenant gets very frustrated with his landlord when the landlord makes it clear he's not going to fix the problems. The tenant says,
Um-huh! You talking high and mighty.
Talk on-till you get through.
You ain't gonna be able to say a word
If I land my fist on you.
Even though the tenant never... | <urn:uuid:cc19e394-d447-4c95-b268-ed73e92f91d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.writework.com/essay/importance-african-american-life-and-literature-20th-century | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124371.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00197-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974083 | 364 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Should you be worried about killer caterpillars?
We recently received a number of questions about venomous caterpillars. This is probably because of recent reports and sightings of fuzzy tussock moth caterpillars. Let’s take a deeper look at these mysterious insects and try to expel some common myths.
Poisonous vs. venomous:
A poisonous organism (or substance) is one that will harm you if you eat, inhale or touch it because of a toxin it contains. A venomous organism is one that actively injects a toxin through a bite or sting. Most of the poisonous organisms that you’ll likely encounter in Ontario are plants or mushrooms.
Four species of stinging caterpillars found in Ontario: (a) buck moth, Hemileuca maia; (b) Io moth, Automeris io; (c) spiny oak slug, Euclea delphinii; and (d) crowned slug, Isa textula. Photos courtesy of forestryimages.org.
Caterpillars in Ontario that can cause a human harm fall into two categories: localized stings and allergic reaction or irritation to the skin. Caterpillars that cause localized stings are fleshy, not fuzzy or hairy. They have branched spines coming out from several points along their bodies and spines connected to venom glands. The list of stinging caterpillars in Ontario includes some (but not all) species from the families Saturniidae (giant silkworm moths) and Limacodidae (slug caterpillars). Some people describe the feeling of touching these spines as similar to a bee sting.
Caterpillars that cause allergic reaction or irritation to the skin are very hairy and are from the families Lymantriidae (tussock moths) and Arctiidae (tiger and wasp moths). Their hairs are connected to or contain venom glands and break off very easily. These hairs can get stuck in your skin and cause itchiness and inflammation, or even be inhaled and cause irritation in your airways. Different people may have different levels of sensitivity to these caterpillars.
Here are safety tips to keep in mind when encountering caterpillars:
- Don’t touch spiny, spiky or hairy bugs, or bugs with bright colours. Animals often use these signals to indicate that they’re not tasty or can do you harm. Some are faking but if you don’t know, don’t risk it.
- Don’t eat caterpillars or pupae.
- Teach your children points 1 and 2 above, and also that there are safe ways to pick up bugs (like picking up the twig, leaf, etc. that they’re sitting on, holding them in the palm of their hand without squeezing, not petting them, etc.). Most caterpillar-related medical reports involve children so this is important.
- If you or your child is exposed to one of these caterpillars, don’t panic. The poisonous caterpillars that we have in Ontario may cause temporary discomfort but they won’t cause serious harm.
If you do come in contact with one of these caterpillars, remember:
- First aid for both types of caterpillar injuries is the same.
- Wash the affected area with soap and water to remove any loose spines or hairs.
- Dry with air, not a towel.
- Use tape to remove any remaining spines or hairs.
- Treat with rubbing alcohol and apply ice.
- Treat with antihistamines or pain killers as needed.
Insects are an important part of a healthy watershed. Learn what to plant in your garden to attract butterflies, moths and bees here. | <urn:uuid:3d5c3dfb-c3f5-4666-a770-3e5f2aa43f24> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://cvc.ca/conversations/should-you-be-worried-about-killer-caterpillars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247499009.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221031117-20190221053117-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.915453 | 786 | 3.40625 | 3 |
IKNL: 1 in 13 people in the Netherlands will be diagnosed with cancer by 2032
A new report published by the Comprehensive Cancer Centre of the Netherlands (IKNL) has revealed that the number of people being treated for cancer will rise significantly over the next 10 years, and that by 2032 more than 26 people will be diagnosed with cancer every hour.
Number of cancer cases in the Netherlands to rise sharply
The IKNL study examined the effects of an ageing population and unhealthy lifestyles on the overall health of the population of the Netherlands, and found that the number of people who have or have had cancer will rise from 800.000 in 2022 to a shocking 1,4 million by 2032, or approximately one in every 13 people.
While 56.000 people were diagnosed with cancer in 1989, by 2019 this had risen to 118.000. The IKNL predicts that by 2032, this figure will reach 156.000. This figure, however, does not include a number of cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (a common and treatable form of skin cancer) and DCIS (a pre-cancerous stage of breast cancer). If these diagnoses are taken into account, in 10 years time more than 26 people will be diagnosed with cancer every hour.
The IKNL has also noted how this sharp increase will affect the cost of healthcare in the Netherlands and the workload of healthcare staff. By 2032, the Dutch healthcare system’s budget for cancer treatment will rise from 6,5 billion a year to over 14 billion.
Dutch Cancer Centre calls on government to take preventative action
Cases of skin cancer are expected to rise significantly over the next 10 years, although the IKNL does note that the survival rates of cancers such as melanoma and basal cell carcinoma are now between 90 and 100 percent. While some cancers are more easily treatable, others - such as adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and cancer of the liver, which are typically associated with obesity - continue to have especially low survival rates.
The report raises concerns about a number of unhealthy lifestyle choices that are made in the Netherlands, notably alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets, lack of exercise and smoking. "Cancer often manifests itself when you are over 70," Valery Lemmens, principal researcher at IKNL and professor at Erasmus University, tells NOS. "But the way you've lived affects your risk profile. You can hardly turn back a life filled with cigarettes and alcohol."
Lemmers is calling on the Dutch government and other organisations to preventative measures, such as raising taxes on alcohol and banning cigarettes, to encourage people to make healthier life choices. "If everyone starts to exercise a little more, drinks less alcohol, and spends less time in the sun, that will save thousands of diagnoses per year," he told RTL Nieuws.
Leave a comment | <urn:uuid:e1543e26-526a-4ba3-85d9-4fa0f1e77df2> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-expat-news/iknl-1-13-people-netherlands-diagnosed-cancer-2032 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.961844 | 624 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Ningyo Johruri Bunraku puppet theatre
Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)
- Ningyo Johruri Bunraku puppet theatre
Ranking with Nô and Kabuki as one of Japan’s foremost stage arts, the Ningyo Johruri Bunraku puppet theatre is a blend of sung narrative, instrumental accompaniment and puppet drama. This theatrical form emerged during the early Edo period (ca. 1600) when puppetry was coupled with Johruri, a popular fifteenth-century narrative genre. The plots related in this new form of puppet theatre derived from two principal sources: historical plays set in feudal times (Jidaimono) and contemporary dramas exploring the conflict between affairs of the heart and social obligation (Sewamono).
Ningyo Johruri had adopted its characteristic staging style by the mid eighteenth century. Three puppeteers, visible to the audience, manipulate large articulated puppets on the stage behind a waist high screen. From a projecting elevated platform (yuka), the narrator (tayu) recounts the action while a musician provides musical accompaniment on the three-stringed spike lute (shamisen). The tayu plays all the characters, both male and female, and uses different voices and intonations to suit each role and situation. Although the tayu “reads” from a scripted text, there is ample room for improvisation.
The three puppeteers must carefully co-ordinate their movements to ensure that the puppet’s gestures and attitudes appear realistic. The puppets, replete with elaborate costumes and individualized facial expressions, are handcrafted by master puppet makers. The genre acquired its present full name Ningyo Johruri Bunraku – in the late nineteenth century, a period in which the Bunrakuza was a leading theatre. Today, the pre-eminent venue is the National Bunraku Theatre in Osaka, but its highly reputed troupe also performs in Tokyo and regional theatres. Approximately 160 works out of the 700 plays written during the Edo period have remained in today’s repertory. Performances, once lasting the entire day, have been shortened from the original six to two or three acts. Ningyo Johruri Bunraku was designated Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1955. Nowadays, it attracts numerous young performers, and the aesthetic qualities and dramatic content of the plays continue to appeal to modern audiences.
These videos (and many more) can also be consulted through the UNESCO Archives Multimedia website | <urn:uuid:5d9702fa-fe1b-42ee-bcd4-00da7c6091e6> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00064 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928780.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00281-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92545 | 544 | 2.9375 | 3 |
FEDERAL REPUBLIC: PROSPECTS
Any transition in the
Philippines concerning government modality from presidentialism to
parliamentarism will have to take into account and evaluate carefully the
Historical Political Antecedents
The more than 450 years of Philippine history has always been
characterized by a strong unitary government. The island nation considered
Manila as the central seat of power that all government decisions and policies
emanate there from. The Spanish colonial administration, which governs the
country, used Manila as the evidence and symbol of Spanish supremacy over the
The American regime, which ruled the Philippines in the first
half of the 1900s, retained Manila as the core power center and prepared the
country for a presidential system of government.
The Commonwealth government amidst the backdrop of the 1935
Constitution promoted centralism as an imperative towards achieving Philippine
independence from the United States. After
the Philippines was granted independence in July 1946 by the United States, the
country immediately underwent a presidential election in spite of its economy
in shambles after the end of the Second World War.
Thereafter, from 1935 to 2001, nine presidents were at the helm
of the state maintaining the same government system that was highly centralized
in a unitary presidential model. In these years, the failures of the
presidential system were glaringly evident in the poor performance of the state
and its economy over the years. Corruption in government was a perennial public
issue and public accountability among political leaders and the public
bureaucracy, as then and now an elusive commodity.
In the recent years, serious discussions on government
modalities have been started by academe, civil society and some concerned
sectors of government. These public discussions on government and governance
were triggered among others by the dissatisfaction over the incremental failure
of government to deliver services and/or perform par public standards and
general expectations. The secessionist movement in Mindanao has likewise
hastened the search for alternative governments, i.e. federalism. | <urn:uuid:a48db17a-347b-4252-800c-fd98025155a5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://finnolux.com/philippine-discussions-on-government-modalities-have-been-started/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371806302.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407214925-20200408005425-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.945628 | 423 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Australian authorities have warned residents in eastern and southern regions to prepare for a dangerous bushfire season this summer, after the country had one of its driest winters on record. Spring is forecast to be equally dry, prompting fears that fires may begin earlier than usual. The Bushfire and Natural Hazards Co-operative Research Centre (BNHCRC) warned that dry vegetation will act as fuel for fires. In a Hazard Note published on September 5, the BNHCRC forecasts elevated fire risks in all seven Australian states. For more information on localized hazards, please read BNHCRC’s Seasonal Bushfire Outlook for Southern and Northern Australia.
During the summer season of 2016-2017, Eastern Australia experienced an intense heatwave, with temperatures reaching record highs in many areas. Highs reached between 44 and 47°C (112°F and 117°F ) in the northeast of South Australia. The intense weather led to total fire bans being implemented across most of southeastern Australia, including in NSW, Australian Capital Territory, and Victoria. Similar measures are to be expected during summer 2017-2018.
Individuals are advised to remain vigilant and abide by all instructions issued by local authorities. Do not hesitate to contact emergency services if necessary.
Copyright and Disclaimer | <urn:uuid:7af7431c-41b4-4703-bd91-a710ee3e5ccf> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/71126/australia-elevated-bushfire-risk-during-summer-months | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824675.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213101934-20181213123434-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.932905 | 255 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Download Wilhelm Roentgen Worksheets
Do you want to save dozens of hours in time? Get your evenings and weekends back? Be able to teach Wilhelm Roentgen to your students?
Our worksheet bundle includes a fact file and printable worksheets and student activities. Perfect for both the classroom and homeschooling!
- Personal life and early career
- The discovery of X-rays
- Influence of Roentgen’s discovery
- Later life
Key Facts And Information
Let’s know more about Wilhelm Roentgen!
- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was a German mechanical engineer and physicist who was interested in cathode radiation. In November 1895, during his experiments on the phenomena of cathode rays, he accidentally discovered a new type of radiation, which he called X-rays. This discovery opened the door to numerous medical uses of X-rays especially in radiography. Roentgen came to be known as the father of diagnostic radiography for this scientific breakthrough. He was bestowed with several honours and awards such as the Rumford Medal in 1896 and the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901.
Personal life and early career
- On 27 March 1845, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (also Röntgen) was born in Lennep, Prussia to Friedrich Conrad Roentgen, a German merchant and cloth manufacturer, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein. He was an only child and at age three his family moved to Holland.
- Roentgen went to a boarding school, the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn.
- In 1862, he attended a technical school at Utrecht but was expelled for a prank carried out by another student.
- In 1865, he studied physics at the University of Utrecht.
- His lack of diploma made it difficult for him to be accepted into universities.
- When he learned that the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich only required passing the entrance examination to be accepted, he began his studies, in mechanical engineering, there.
- His studies in Zurich introduced him to Rudolf Clausius and August Kundt who influenced his development.
- He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Zürich in 1869 and became Kundt’s assistant.
- He went with Kundt to Würzburg then to the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.
- Roentgen married Anna Bertha Ludwig on 7 July 1872.
- They raised Josephine Bertha Ludwig whom they adopted from Anna's only brother.
- They remained married for 47 years until Anna’s death in 1919.
- Roentgen was fond of exploring nature and roaming in the open country and forests.
- In 1875, he became a professor at Hohenheim, Württemberg, and went back to Strasbourg a year later.
- On the recommendation of Hermann Helmholtz, he received a professorship at the University of Giessen.
- In 1885, he was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Würzburg.
The discovery of X-rays
- It was at the University of Würzburg that Roentgen made his discovery of a new type of radiation in 1895. The discovery came about during his investigation of the phenomena of cathode rays.
- At Würzburg, Roentgen dedicated his experiments to light phenomena and other emissions generated by discharging electrical currents in Crookes-Hittorf tubes.
- These tubes were glass bulbs with positive and negative electrodes, evacuated of air, which displayed a fluorescent glow when a high voltage current was passed through them.
- He was mostly interested in cathode rays and in assessing their range outside of charged tubes.
- Previous works in the same field had been carried out by other physicists.
- During his experiments, Roentgen observed that a distant fluorescent screen started glowing as a result of the operation of the Crookes-Hittorf tube, despite the fact that the tube at the time was surrounded by heavy paper that was opaque to ordinary light rays.
- He tried this several times and observed the same shimmering each time.
- From 8 November 1895, he repeated his experiments and took note of the results.
- He worked for seven weeks in the laboratory in solitude, initially keeping his scientific findings to himself, not sharing them with his assistants, colleagues or even his wife.
- Roentgen concluded that these rays of great penetrating power, entirely different from cathode rays, were due to some unknown form of radiation, which he temporarily named X-rays.
- X-rays are electromagnetic energy waves that behave similarly to light rays, but at wavelengths approximately 1,000 times shorter than those of light.
- He found out that X-rays could penetrate human flesh but not higher-density substances such as bone or lead, and that they can be photographed.
- Following his astounding discovery, Roentgen carried out his first photographs not only on metal objects but also on his wife’s hand with her wedding ring.
- He was able to see right through his wife’s hand since her flesh became transparent, whereas the wedding ring appeared like a dark shadow.
- These photographs came to be known as roentgenogram.
- By 28 December 1895, Roentgen published his findings in the paper "On a New Kind of Rays" and submitted it to the Proceedings of the Würzburg Physico-Medical Society.
- In January 1896, he presented and demonstrated his discovery before the same society.
- His discovery of a new type of radiation was reported by an Austrian newspaper.
- From there, the news spread quickly throughout the world.
- For his discovery, Roentgen was awarded an honorary Doctor of Medicine degree from Würzburg.
- This was followed by the awarding of the Rumford Medal of the British Royal Society, the Royal Merit of the Bavarian Crown, the Order of the Iron Cross from Germany, and the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901.
Influence of Roentgen’s discovery
- The significance of Roentgen's discovery was recognised in the medical community. Not long after his findings were made public, the X-ray saw its first clinical use.
- Other experimenters became inspired to try Roentgen's discovery.
- After Roentgen, Scottish electrical engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton was the first to produce an X-ray of a hand.
- The first clinical use of X-rays was carried out by John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate.
- Hall-Edwards proceeded to use X-rays in a surgical operation.
- Also in early 1896, Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov carried out X-rays on frogs and insects and arrived at the conclusion that the rays affected the living function of his test subjects.
- The first radiology department was established in the Glasgow Royal Infirmary with John Macintyre as the head of department.
- He carried out some outstanding X-rays which clearly indicated the presence of a kidney stone, and in another instance, a penny in the throat of a child.
- In the United States, Frank Austin of Dartmouth College made a number of X-ray photographs, including one of his own hand using a Puluj lamp in January 1896.
- By February 1896, on Austin’s suggestion, the first medical X-ray in the US was carried out by Gilman and Edwin Frost to produce a plate of a patient's Colles fracture.
- Soon, there were attempts made to insert metal rods or inject radio-opaque substances to give clear pictures of organs and vessels, which produced mixed results.
- In early 1896, the first angiography, moving-picture X-rays and military radiology were performed.
- Certainly, Roentgen’s contribution to medicine is paramount.
- In 1928, the legacy unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays, roentgen (R), was named after him.
- The discovery of X-rays also resulted in increasing public interest in its purpose in other areas.
- With the apparatus for producing X-ray becoming widely available, studios opened to take 'bone portraits'.
- The new type of radiation became the theme of poems, political cartoons, short stories and advertising.
- It is important to note that during this time, the potential dangers that radiation could have on the body were still unknown.
- Scientists, physicians and inventors who had experimented with X-rays reported cases of burns and hair loss.
- However, many physicians claimed that there were no effects from X-ray exposure.
- Consequently, the hazards of radiation exposure were not immediately discovered.
- Through experiments and research in the following years, the harmful physiological effects of exposure to X-rays and other ionising radiations were identified:
- Temporary blood changes from relatively minor overexposure
- Permanent blood changes (aplastic anemia) from long-term exposure
- An increased incidence of cancer (including leukemia)
- A general ageing effect (life shortening)
- The hazards implicit in the use of X-ray ushered in the need for protective measures.
- The medical uses of X-rays were indisputable thus safety procedures had to be established to reduce the risks involved in handling X-ray radiation.
- Roentgen decided against seeking a patent for his discovery, believing that his research should be widely available to the public without charge. He also donated a portion of his Nobel Prize money to research at Würzburg.
- Roentgen’s final appointment was that of professor of experimental physics at the University of Munich from 1900 to 1920.
- He conducted numerous other researches, including the investigation of the ratios of specific heat of gases, studies in elasticity and capillary action, measurements of the heat conductivity of crystals, the absorption of radiation by water vapour, investigations of the rotation of the plane of polarisation of polarised light, and a study of piezoelectricity.
- He fell into bankruptcy due to the inflation following the First World War.
- He spent his final years at his country home in Weilheim near Munich.
- He died of cancer of the intestine on 10 February 1923.
- In 2004, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. | <urn:uuid:30166ae7-c1a3-4ed8-901b-db5811db8ec7> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://schoolhistory.co.uk/early-modern/wilhelm-roentgen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358074.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211126224056-20211127014056-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.963913 | 2,447 | 3.421875 | 3 |
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Home / Browse / John Wilson Martin House
The John Wilson Martin House in Warren (Bradley County), the oldest surviving residence in the town, was the home of a notable Civil War doctor. Now housing the Bradley County Historical Museum, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 1990.
John Wilson Martin was born on June 8, 1819, in Harrison County, Virginia, and went to New Orleans, Louisiana, around 1843 to attend lectures at Tulane University. He was settled in Warren by 1848, when he married Mary Elizabeth Franklin and established what became a flourishing medical practice. It was said that Martin would ride by “horseback all day to reach the frequently remote residences” of the sick. Martin’s medical practice was especially active, if unprofitable, during the Civil War. Stories abound of his nightlong rides around the countryside to reach wounded Confederate soldiers while trying to avoid Union patrols. After the war, Martin embarked on a mercantile business, which he pursued along with his medical practice. He died on February 11, 1910.
Oral tradition maintains that he began the house for his family in 1862. The building is typical of the vernacular interpretations of the Greek Revival style found throughout Arkansas during this period. The features of this style include the standard transom and half-sidelights; the six-over-six wood sash windows (which are sets of two windows, each of which has six panes of glass set in wooden frames, designed so that the lower sash can be lifted or the upper sash can be lowered); the full-length, two-story porch galleries along the front of the house; and the long rear ell in which meals were prepared and brought around through the covered rear shed rooms to the dining room.
Examples of other notable features include the main façade (southern elevation), which is six bays in total length; the eastern elevation lighted by two symmetrically placed six-over-six wood sash windows on the second floor that flank the central brick chimney; and the northern elevation, accessed by a single-story gable roof near the porch, placed to the east. The interior has large single-panel doors, unmilled baseboards and door facings, and a simple balustrade that ornaments the stairwell at the back of a central hall. A total of at least six outbuildings are known to have existed on the Martin property.
Martin and his wife had twelve children, eight of whom lived to adulthood; all eight built houses and settled near their parents’ home. Dr. Charles Nicklin Martin moved into his parents’ house in 1919 after his own home burned to the ground. After he died in 1944 at the age of ninety, his two daughters continued to live in the house. Eventually, the house was renovated for use as the Bradley County Historical Museum, which was founded by the Warren Woman’s Club before becoming a separate organization.
For additional information:
Bradley County Historical Museum. Warren, Arkansas. Online at http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~arbradle/places/bradley_museum.html (accessed September 19, 2016).
“Dr. John Wilson Martin House.” National Register of Historic Places nomination form. On file at Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, Little Rock, Arkansas. Online at http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/National-Register-Listings/PDF/BR0008.nr.pdf (accessed September 19, 2016).
Meek, Elizabeth M. “Two Pioneer Doctors of Southeast Arkansas: John Wilson Martin and Charles Nicklin Martin.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 5 (Summer 1946): 114–122.
Little Rock, Arkansas
Staff of the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
Last Updated 9/19/2016
About this Entry: Contact the Encyclopedia / Submit a Comment / Submit a Narrative | <urn:uuid:dd67db26-204e-4f0e-b8bf-d875144ad406> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=448 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826840.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023221059-20171024001059-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.967564 | 824 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Use this Gallon Guy as a math measuring tool to help young learners remember various divisions of liquid measurements!
Meet Gallon Guy
Gallon guy is the guy that can tell you how to divide measurements without saying a word! He simply displays them for you. All you have to do is look up and see him to know what measurements you need. Follow the instructions below to make your Gallon Guy math measuring tool.
- To make the Gallon guy, you will need 5 sheets of construction paper (in different colors), scissors, marker and glue.
- Let's assume that the colors you chose are red, green, yellow, blue and orange.
- Cut the orange construction paper into a dinner plate sized circle.
- Cut the blue construction paper into 4 equal rectangles and write the word "quart" on each rectangle.
- Cut the red construction paper into 8 equal rectangles and write the word "pint" on each rectangle.
- Cut the yellow construction paper into 16 equal rectangles and write the word "cup" on each rectangle.
- Do not cut the green construction paper at all.
- Place the green construction paper on the table so that the "top" is one of the shorter sides of the rectangle. Glue the circle to the top.
- Glue 2 blue rectangles to the top of both sides of the rectangle and 2 to either end of the bottom of the rectangle. These will be the top part of Gallon Guy's arms and legs.
- Glue 2 red rectangles to each to each of the blue rectangles so that they are glued on the opposite end of each blue rectangle as the "body". Make sure to fan these out a bit and that you are able to read the words on the rectangles.
- Glue 2 yellow rectangles to each of the red rectangles using the same procedure you used for gluing the red rectangles to the blue ones. Again, be sure to fan them out. These are Gallon Guy's "fingers".
- Draw a face on the circle and write "Gallon" on the body of Gallon Guy.
When you look at Gallon Guy, you can see how liquid measurements are divided up. There are 4 quarts in a gallon, 2 pints in a quart and 2 cups in a pint. Therefore, there are 4 quarts in a gallon, 8 pints in a gallon and 16 cups in a gallon! This os a great math measuring tool for it will make remembering your liquid measurements much easier! | <urn:uuid:8eb0fe3a-c723-4d67-b06a-52e7917a23b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-math-help/33477-how-to-make-gallon-guy-a-measuring-tool-for-young-learners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541886.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00145-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883376 | 522 | 3.0625 | 3 |
An epiretinal membrane (also known as a macular pucker) is a thin scar-like tissue that forms over the retina. It grows directly over the macula, which is the tiny portion of the retina that is responsible for sharp, central vision.
Symptoms and Treatment:
Sometimes, the epiretinal membrane can be very mild, having no effect on vision at all. In other cases, the epiretinal membrane may worsen over time and cause blurring and distortion to central vision. In symptomatic patients, surgery may be necessary to remove the membrane. | <urn:uuid:15db75a3-87d8-4784-86c3-262f3a692d93> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://retinagroupofnewengland.com/conditions-we-treat/epiretinal-membranes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648194.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619111846-20210619141846-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.884916 | 120 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Sports nutritionists are contracted or hired by individual athletes or sporting organisations to guide athletes in formulating and following a proper diet. Unlike regular nutritionists, who plan diets with the intention of making a person as healthy as possible, a sports nutritionist must also take into account athletic performance. Most sports dietitians carefully observe an athlete’s eating habits and test their blood before establishing at a dietary plan that optimises his or her energy levels and performance. As the earning potential for sports stars and teams increases, so does the demand for qualified sports nutritionists.
According to Salary.com, the middle 50 per cent of U.S. dietitians earn between £29,250 and £36,400 each year. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) lists the average annual earnings of nutritionists as £30,537, with the median 50% earning between £24,979 and £37,108 annually. Neither BLS nor Salary.com differentiates between ordinary nutritionists and sports nutritionists. Yet another figure, calculated by the American College of Sports Science (ACSS), estimates that entry-level sports dietitians and nutritionists bring home between £11,700 and £19,500 annually.
The longer a sports nutritionist is on the job, the higher his or her salary. The average salary for nutritionists with between one and four years of working experience falls between £18,850 and £26,650, according to Payscale.com. Nutritionists with between five and 19 years experience typically earn between £20,150 and £32,500. That salary range increases even higher to £29,900 through £55,900 for dietitians and nutritionists who have been working for more than 20 years. Additionally, nutritionists with master’s degrees typically earn more than those with undergraduate academic credentials, according to the BLS.
Among the many factors that can impact a nutritionist’s income is education level. At a minimum, a bachelor’s degree is required for the vast majority of positions. Nutritionists holding a master’s degree tend to earn more than their counterparts who possess only a bachelor’s degree. Job applicants who also have degrees or certifications in areas like kinesiology or physiotherapy are sometimes eligible for higher paying positions. Nutritionists with the highest earning potential hold a doctorate degree and have conducted extensive research in the field of nutrition.
With job openings increasing at a rate of nine per cent through 2016, the immediate career outlook for dietitians and nutritionists is good, according to BLS. This rate is about as fast as the national average for all jobs in the U.S. That means that by 2016 nutritionists will hold 62,000 jobs, which is 4,900 more than there were in 2006, according to BLS estimations. This increased demand is spurred primarily by the public’s growing interest in health and nutrition. Athletes in particular are paying more attention to their dietary routine than ever before, making the role of a sports nutritionist important to sporting success.
After a few years of working, sports dietitians can advance to more lucrative positions. Some move on to administrative roles in the nutrition department of a sporting organisation or gym. Others take jobs as sales representatives for food, sports drink or nutritional supplement manufacturers. Still others return to school for a master’s or doctorate degree and remain in academia as researchers and instructors. | <urn:uuid:210ffc8e-360c-4803-a10c-b6419f3b96d0> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.pocketpence.co.uk/average-salary-sports-nutritionist-5513799.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621001211-20180621021211-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.960346 | 711 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Risk Management may sound daunting but, to a large extent risk management is on everyone's radar on a daily basis. At the most basic level, risk management allows organisations to attempt to prepare for the unexpected by minimising risks and extra costs before they happen. Identifying potential risks, assessing and prioritising those risks (or threats) based on their potential impact and probability enables an organisation to manage threats to their day to day business.
So what is a risk? We can also refer to risks as threats, a risk could be the impact on an organisation during a pandemic, cyber-attack, terror attack, IT outage, or natural disaster and can include threats to supply chains and regulations such as those around data privacy. If you get this wrong it can result in loss of profit through to regulatory fines and significant damage to reputation.
Risk Management planning offers:
How can Risk Management help me during COVID-19 and beyond?
COVID-19 is impacting businesses globally. Organisations are navigating an uncharted world, balancing threats with financial costs. An effective risk management framework will help an organisation function in this new reality. Organisations with effective risk management programs have successfully weathered the storm utilising strategies such as these:
Employee: Assessing the impact of staff working from home over prolonged periods and the impact on productivity. Risk mitigation strategies have included: analysing job roles that require on-site access, introducing HR procedures to help staff cope with stress, development of strategies for shifting work around teams and locations.
Infrastructure: Assessment of infrastructure and other services to ensure they can handle higher loads on infrastructure etc. due to remote working. Can key systems be managed remotely, what are the single points of failure for remote operations, is IT support sufficient for remote working, can access to critical systems be prioritised, are there enough licences to cover all those remote workers.
Cyber: Check security and monitoring of applications for remote access, reinforce staff training around responsibility for ensuring confidentiality of company intellectual property and awareness of IT security (e.g. Phishing attacks).
Supply Chain: Prioritise the assessment of critical suppliers to ensure they can continue critical activities and minimise impact on productivity and service levels. Develop strategies to diversify key suppliers across different regions.
Operational: Assess business continuity and IT disaster recovery plans to allow for continuity of critical services. Assess which activities cannot be conducted remotely, prepare for office closure and reopening. Be prepared for staff infections, have a clear communication strategy to manage employees and partners, prepare plans to restore services to normal operations.
If we have learnt anything from this and previous pandemics we know COVID-19 is unlikely to be the last. Having a risk management framework in place helps organisations to be better prepared for the next event, be that the return to normal or to mitigate reputational or financial loss from the next unexpected incident. Good risk management will improve recovery and help the continuation of business.
Get in touch to find out how our independent consultants can work with you to help manage the trade-off between risk and return in your decision-making.
Senior Security and Risk Specialist | <urn:uuid:60ee618b-19ec-44cb-9f32-5af71978c86d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com/latest-news/blogs/2021/3/risk-management-are-you-prepared/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710801.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201053355-20221201083355-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.935594 | 659 | 2.75 | 3 |
If you still haven`t solved the crossword warning to stop fighting, then why not search our database to find the letters you already have! Below are the possible answers to the crossword agreement to stop the fighting. A ceasefire is a formal agreement of the belligerents to end the fighting. This is not necessarily the end of a war, because it can only represent a cessation of hostilities while trying to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the Latin arma, which means “weapons” (as in weapons) and stitium, which means “a stop.” Under international law, a ceasefire is a legal agreement (often in a document) that puts an end to fighting between the “belligerents” of war or conflict. In the Hague Convention of 1899, in which three treaties were concluded and three declarations were made, the Convention on the Laws and Customs of War in Rural Areas established that “if the duration of the ceasefire is not fixed”, the parties can resume fighting (Article 36) at their convenience, but with correct communications. It is a “fixed-term” ceasefire, where the parties can only renew the fighting at the end of their fixed duration. If the belligerents say (in fact) “this ceasefire puts a complete end to the fighting” without a ceasefire deadline, then the duration of the ceasefire is set in the sense that no resumption of fighting is allowed at any time. Thus, the Korean ceasefire agreement calls for a “ceasefire and ceasefire” and aims to “achieve a ceasefire that guarantees a complete cessation of hostilities and all armed acts in Korea until a definitive peaceful solution is found. We have listed all the clues in our database that match your search.
There will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. The synonyms were arranged according to the number of characters to be easily found. If a given answer generates a lot of interest on the site today, it can be highlighted in orange. If your word anagrams, they are also mentioned with a definition of the word if we have one. The UN Security Council often imposes ceasefire resolutions on parties in modern conflicts or tries to force them. The armistice is always negotiated between the parties themselves and is therefore generally considered more binding than non-binding UN ceasefire resolutions in modern international law. A ceasefire is a modus vivendi and not a peace treaty whose agreement can take months or even years. The 1953 ceasefire agreement is an important example of a ceasefire that was not followed by a peace treaty. A ceasefire is also different from a ceasefire or ceasefire that involves a temporary cessation of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a demarcated area. A ceasefire may be needed to negotiate a ceasefire. | <urn:uuid:1c62110b-a7d3-4d32-8f5e-ced8af1f8f7d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://supermusiconline.info/2021/04/08/agreement-to-suspend-fighting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038087714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415160727-20210415190727-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.965208 | 573 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Isaak Izrailevich Brodsky (Исаак Израилевич Бродский) was a Soviet painter whose work is especially notable for its role in the formation of the socialist realism art movement and for his works depicting Lenin. His paintings capturing events of the Russian Civil War and the Bolshevik Revolution are also notable.
Brodsky was born on January 6, 1884 (by the current calendar and on 25 December 1883 by the old calendar), in Sofiyivka, Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. Brodsky’s family was Jewish, his father a merchant and landowner. His younger sister became a musician.
Alexander III, who ruled Russia at the time, was a conservative ruler whose political ideal was a nation with a single nationality, language, religion and government. Part of his efforts to realize this goal included the persecution of Jews, including the enactment of the 1882 “May Laws,” which curtailed the activities of Jews and lasted for over thirty years. As he was a child growing up in a small town outside the main concentrations of population, the laws impacted the general cultural attitudes that Brodsky faced more than they imposed specific barriers in his day-to-day experiences.
In 1896, Brodsky graduated from the Berdyansk Municipal School and entered the Odessa Art School. For the first three years that he was there, the school was not a private art school, but an open Society of Fine Arts which maintained itself through wealthy patrons. On December 30, 1899, the school’s charter was approved and it became an art school. Brodsky continued to study at the school until 1902.
In 1902, Brodsky moved to St. Petersburg and began studies at the Imperial Academy of Arts, now the Russian Academy of Arts. Competition to attend the academy was fierce, especially for Brodsky. Under the May Laws, high schools and universities within the bounds of St. Petersburg and Moscow maintained admission limits for Jews at 3%. Training at the academy was virtually required for artists to make successful careers, as it fostered connections both between students and with mentors, and sent promising students abroad for further study as well as developing basic professional and technical skills. Brodsky studied at the academy for five years.
During 1909-1911, Brodsky used academy funding to travel through Germany, France, Spain, and Italy. He spent much of this time on the island of Capri, Italy, where there was a popular resort for European artists and writers during the late 19th century. Brodsky visited this resort after its heyday, although it was still a popular resort and a place to connect with other artists and writers. While there, he met and developed an acquaintanceship with writer Maxim Gorky, a political activist and founder of the socialist realism. Gorky, who supported communism and was arrested many times for opposing the Tsarist regime, spent time on Capri both for health reasons and for the opportunity to escape the increasing repression in Russia. Gorky was a personal friend of Lenin, who visited him on Capri in 1908.
Between the time Brodsky finished his travels and the start of the October Revolution in 1917, he participated in a series of exhibitions at the Academy of Arts and was an exhibitor for the “Comradeship of South-Russian Artists” (Товарищества южнорусских художников), “The Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions” (Товарищества передвижных художественных выставок), the A. I. Kuindzhi Society (Общества им. А. И. Куинджи) and the Community of Artists (Общины художников). He also joined the Jewish Society for the Encouragement of the Arts in 1916. In the summer of 1917, Brodsky began painting a portrait of Alexander Kerensky, who served as the second Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government between July and November 1917. He stopped working on Kerensky’s portrait after the October Revolution, instead painting portraits of Bolshevik leaders. He completed the painting of Kerensky in 1918.
Over time, Brodsky painted Soviet leaders including Vladimir Lenin; Joseph Stalin; Anatoly Lunacharsky, the first Soviet People’s Commissar of Education; Kliment Voroshilov, one of the original five Marshals of the Soviet Union; and Grigory Zinoviev, one of the seven members of the first Politburo.
Brodsky involved himself in the reorganization of art education in the USSR, earning the title of professor in 1932 and Director of the Russian Academy of Arts, formerly the Imperial Academy of Arts, in 1934. He enjoyed a good relationship with many leading painters, including his mentor, Ilya Repin, after whom the academy was later renamed. Brodsky used his connections to attract the greatest artists and teachers available to the academy and became a major figure in the art world of Soviet Russia. He used his influence to spread the socialist realism movement.
As an artist, Brodsky created a body of work that told the story of the Russian Civil War and the Bolshevik Revolution while adhering to the requirements of socialist realism. As an avid art collector, he built a legacy collection that led his apartment in Arts Square in St. Petersburg to be declared a national museum after Brodsky died. The collection contains many works by Russian artists from the 18th-early 20th centuries. For the parts of the collection that span the 1910s and 1920s, many of the works were created by authors with whom Brodsky personally participated in art exhibitions. Brodsky’s collection features major artists including Ilya Repin, Vasily Surikov, Valentin Serov, Isaak Levitan, Mikhail Vrubel and Boris Kustodiev.
Although socialist realism was the USSR’s official art form, Brodsky nevertheless worked to support more diverse varieties of work, and the museum showcasing his collection after his death became one of the few places where it was possible to see works of the avant-garde. Over the course of his life, Brodsky collected over a thousand works. He donated numerous paintings to his native Ukraine, and another museum was opened in his name in the city of Berdiansk.
Brodsky died on 14 August 1939 in Leningrad at 55 years of age. By this time, he was influential in the art world of Soviet Russia and with students including well-known Soviet artists Nikolai Timov, Alexander Laktionov, Yuri Neprintsev, Piotr Belousov, Piort Vasiliev and Mikhail Kozell. Brodsky’s rich life as a teacher, significant artist and ambassador of the arts lives on through the exhibition of his massive collection housed in his converted apartment, now the museum in St. Petersburg.
This entry was written by Helen Herring, a finalist for a Home and Abroad Scholarship through SRAS. | <urn:uuid:5898e894-cbeb-4fc1-bec9-b558190a3c0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://museumstudiesabroad.org/isaak-brodsky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746171.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119233342-20181120015342-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.977891 | 1,578 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The Cassini probe has begun the final phase of its mission to Saturn.
The satellite has executed the first of five ultra-close passes of the giant world, dipping down far enough to brush through the top of the atmosphere.
It promises unprecedented data on the chemical composition of Saturn.
It also sets the stage for the probe's dramatic end-manoeuvre next month when it will plunge to destruction in the planet's atmosphere.
Cassini is currently flying a series of loops around Saturn that thread the gap between its atmosphere and its rings.
Monday's swing-by saw the spacecraft go closer than ever before to the cloud tops - skimming just 1,600km (1,000 miles) above them, at 04:22 GMT (05:22 BST) on Monday.
This low pass was designed to allow the probe to directly sample the gases of the extended upper-atmosphere.
Saturn's bulk composition is thought to be about 75% hydrogen with the rest being helium (bar some trace components), explains Nicolas Altobelli, the European Space Agency's Cassini project scientist.
"It's expected that the heavier helium is sinking down," he told BBC News. "Saturn radiates more energy than it's absorbing from the Sun, meaning there's gravitational energy which is being lost. And so getting a precise measure of the hydrogen and helium in the upper layers sets a constraint on the overall distribution of the material in the interior."
Cassini will send all the data back to Earth during its next contact on Tuesday.
Dipping down into the atmosphere should create a drag on the spacecraft, requiring Cassini to use its thrusters to maintain a stable flight configuration and stop itself from tumbling. But the mission's scientists think any buffeting effects ought to be manageable.
They are hopeful that when the post-pass analysis is done, the probe will be permitted to go even lower on the remaining four dip-downs before 15 September's goodbye plunge.
The Cassini mission still has some big outstanding questions about Saturn. One of these relates to the length of a day on the planet.
Researchers know it is roughly 10-and-a-half hours, but they would like a more precise number.
The solution should come by looking for an offset between the magnetic field and the planet's rotation axis, but frustratingly all the probe's observations to date show these two features to be almost perfectly aligned.
"All magnetic field theory as we know it requires an offset," said Linda Spilker, the US space agency's Cassini project scientist.
"To generate a field, you need to keep the currents in the metallic hydrogen layer inside Saturn flowing, and without the offset the thinking is that the field would simply go away.
"What's going on? Is something shielding our ability to see the offset, or do we simply need a new theory? But without the tilt, without being able to see the tiny wobble, we cannot be more precise about the length of a day."
Dr Spilker said the mission team would continue to work on the problem.
Cassini is a joint venture between the US, European and Italian space agencies. They are ending the probe's operations after 20 years because it is running low on fuel and will soon become uncontrollable.
Scientists want to avoid the possibility of a future collision with Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus, which could conceivably support simple microbial life. And the only way to prevent that is to deliberately drive the probe to destruction in the atmosphere of the giant planet. | <urn:uuid:f2b1b41c-5b66-4d18-99f2-02e488db6a73> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40902774 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.939155 | 728 | 3.484375 | 3 |
How would we ever get anything done in life without communication? It lets us know what to do, how to do it and if we are doing it at the right time. Communication in the workplace greases the wheels of the office machine and keeps it running smoothly.
Let’s start by briefly looking at the four main types of communication in the workplace. Remember that communication isn’t just about what you say, but also your tone of voice and your body language.
Verbal face to face communication
This greatly eliminates misunderstandings that can occur with other types of communication. It is the only method that allows both parties to read body language and tone and thus get the full message. It also allows for immediate back and forth.
This says what words do not say. How you sit and position your arms can communicate to the other person that you are paying attention and that you value what they are saying. The body can also communicate disinterest.
These are effective for when face to face communication is impossible (perhaps because of distance). People can still hear your tone even if they can’t see your face.
The biggest benefit of written communication is that it allows for well thought out messages. You have a chance to think through and edit before hitting send. It also allows for the recipient to go back and read the message again. However, where someone doesn’t understand, they are more likely to fill in the gaps, leading to instances of miscommunication.
Despite these different types and the many methods of communication that continue to be developed, companies still continue to get communication wrong. However, experts agree that effective communication is more important than ever. As a leader or manager, these seven simple methods can help you improve communication in the workplace.
Seek regular feedback
Communication shouldn’t stop at the employer telling the employee what to do. In fact it only starts there. The next step is to ask your team for feedback and input. What do they think? Do they have questions or ideas on how a certain decision can be improved?
You will never know this if you do not ask. This has two benefits, it boosts staff morale because people will feel heard and valued and it will also help you close any communication gaps. You can use a number of methods to collect feedback from your staff.
Close on the back of this is how you react to feedback. It is inevitable that you will get some negative feedback once in a while. Getting upset will signal to your team that you have a hard time hearing hard truths. Instead, offer a level headed response.
This will build trust and show your team that they can come to you with anything.
Build trust by following through
As a leader, it is a good idea to keep communication channels open and for your team to feel they can speak to you freely, but this will all be washed away if you do not do what you say you are going to do.
If you had promised to help a member of staff do something on a given day, don’t consistently shift the date and make them feel like they have to beg you to prioritise them.
When team members trust that you will work with them to find solutions and that you get stuff done, they will keep coming to you.
Combine different types of communication
In a busy work environment, it is easy for people to forget important things. So send a reminder. Don’t think of this as baby sitting, rather as closing any potential communication gaps in the workplace.
If you run into someone in the corridor and suddenly remember that you need them to complete a task, ask them and then follow that up with an email telling them what you said. This is one of the reasons that taking minutes of meetings, an old school workplace technique, is still relevant today.
Make people’s roles clear
A very simple way for communication to get jumbled up is when people do not know what their roles are on a particular project. On the one hand, some things won’t get done at all, because everyone thinks someone else is doing them. On the other, you might wind up with duplication of work. Neither of these is an ideal scenario.
Go ahead and establish who is in charge of what. But simply handing out job roles is not enough. Go further to list the exact responsibilities, with clarification on whom to approach if there are any queries. This will save a lot of time and boost efficiency of your team.
Tell people why you are asking them to do something
There are number of reasons why this works to improve communication in the workplace; the first is that it shows people where they fit in to the big picture and why they are an integral component of the business.
“Can you compile the reports from the last 5 months so that our partners can see what a great job we are doing?” is more effective than, “Can you compile the reports from the last five months?”
The second, is that it allows people to ask follow up questions. Once they know the Why of it, they will be keen to lend their efforts. This opens up the floor for discussion and also gives you a chance to clarify.
Set up regular one on one meeting
Who has time for meetings anyway? Meetings have earned a bad reputation lately for just being a waste of time. With an increasingly busy work day, they might seem unnecessary but these meetings are very important.
They allow employers to tackle issues specific to the individual. Employees will have the opportunity to speak up about things that may have been uncomfortable to bring up in a group meeting.
You can be creative and have these one on ones on a walk or over coffee or tea. With some tips, you can have very successful one on one meetings.
Understand your employees
This is one of the benefits of those one on ones. You get to know your team. Much as we would like it, it is impossible for people to be the same. And you have likely hired people for their unique strengths and abilities. Don’t be surprised to find that your employees have different communication styles.
You might learn that while one employee thrives on communication via email, the next one works better with one-on-one communications. Understanding this will allow you as a manger communicate more effectively.
Communication in the workplace requires consistent effort. But if you treat it as a two way street involving a give and take between management and employees, you will have set your business up for success. | <urn:uuid:a508c056-2421-4bfb-804e-605b9202e3ee> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://inside.6q.io/communication-in-the-workplace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802141221-20210802171221-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.963567 | 1,339 | 2.8125 | 3 |
We have finally reached a level of technology where headlines can be made such as this. A patient has elected to have his hand sawed off and replaced with a new bionic limb that will allow him to rediscover some of the uses he once lost. Bionic hands provide patients with a level of movement in their limbs previously thought only possible by either transplants or the original limbs themselves. And what’s more he’s choosing to do it. How soon will it be when bionic hands are superior to organic ones and patients quickly move to have their old limbs replaced by new ones just like this patient?
The 26 year old patient, going by the name “Milo” was injured in a motorcycle accident in 2001 which caused him to lose all feeling in his right hand. After his recovery he mostly healed except for his hand, which was expected to forever be a nuisance that could not move hardly at all.
Of course this is only the latest story after Patrick got his own bionic hand to replace an amputation he received in Austria by Doctor Oscar Aszman who specializes in replacing non-working limbs with new bionic ones. From the looks of it, this new generation of amputees who receive bionic replacements to their limbs are going to start seeing more attention in the future both from the media and prospective patients.
But this leaves us with a question that has been asked since the first few circuits started going into prosthetic surrogate limbs. Will we one day find ourselves in a position where the limbs we once held are inferior to new technological ones? Might we one day at a certain age be given the option to allow a surgeon to replace our body parts with superior technological wonders with twice our normal strength? And if they do, what problems might arise? Given that possibility, what else might we soon be exchanging? Just as scientists are learning that hearing could be improved using bionic enhancements, could we soon start seeing people who are more machine than human? And if that were the case, at what point do we start asking whether we are still human or not? Elective bionic hands today, but perhaps bionic eyes tomorrow. If eyes are windows to the soul, would electronic eyes look into the same soul or instead be looking out from somewhere else? Even the consciousness itself, the seat of all that we believe ourselves to be is seeing more implants now than ever now that microchips can be literally melted into the folds of brain matter themselves.
Perhaps we will find in time that humanity is not a matter of flesh and blood, or even necessarily in the end consciousness. Perhaps there is some still as yet undefined element to our humanity that binds us all together outside of mere genetic makeup. And when we discover what this is, perhaps then we will be truly ready for the coming changes. | <urn:uuid:ee3ced13-8c9d-4873-a1b2-4aec7de3c399> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.unexplainable.net/technology/patient-voluntarily-sacrifices-hand-for-cybernetic-option.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.972015 | 570 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Machine learning is the future of marketing, but what can you do today to apply it and get an edge over your competitors?
It seems everyday writers and experts are publishing articles and talking on the radio about how artificial intelligence and machine learning are going to change the world.
The truth is, however, that we are in the early inception stages of machine learning and artificial intelligence. We have yet to fully realize how these technologies will affect our daily lives.
According to researchers at RMIT, the future of work will be radically disrupted by ubiquitous automation. Imagine having an army of intelligent assistants doing all your menial tasks – freeing up your time to think creatively and strategically.
This future might sound far off, but this scale of automation might only be a decade away according to Forbes magazine. Similarly, a joint study conducted by WARC and Deloitte Digital, has shown that 58% of CMOs believe that artificial intelligence will be a competitive factor for most businesses within the next four years.
Machine learning is being used by a variety of organisations to achieve innovative and exciting things. IBM and Sesame Workshop have teamed together to create toys for early childhood that adapt to learning styles and change according to each child’s aptitude.
The Imperial College of London is studying the applications of deep learning to analyse and predict crime. And, universities, such as the University of Southampton, are now teaching cognitive computing modules in various disciplines such as chemistry, medicine, arts and business.
Before we find out how marketers are applying machine learning in 2017, let us, first of all, dispel some myths and misunderstandings regarding artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning.
What is machine learning? How does it differ from artificial intelligence?
‘Machine learning’ and ‘artificial intelligence’ are used interchangeably, often leading to confusion. Let us refer very briefly to business and technology expert Bernard Marr to get our terminology right before we go on.
Artificial Intelligence is the broader concept of machines being able to carry out tasks in a way that we would consider “smart”.
Machine Learning is a current application of artificial intelligence based around the idea that we should really just be able to give machines access to data and let them learn for themselves.
Deep Learning focuses even more narrowly on a subset of machine learning tools and techniques and applies them to solving just about any problem, which requires “thought” – human or artificial.
Given each of these concepts are inter-related we will briefly touch upon artificial intelligence and deep learning throughout the article. Howwever, we will mainly be discussing the impact of machine learning on marketing.
Why is machine learning important to marketers?
In the near future, a lot of day-to-day marketing activities, such as keyword research, Ad Words campaign management, copywriting and online monitoring, could be delegated to smart machine learning software.
This type of automation is the early stages of programmatic marketing – the algorithmic purchase and sale of advertising space in real time. According to research and advisory firm Forrester , programmatic marketing is expected to account for 50% of all advertising by 2019.
By 2027 all you might have to do is instruct your interface whom your client is, what type of campaign you are running, and the purpose of the campaign and the rest will be done for you.
Assuming Ad Words is still around in a decade, your computer could find optimised keywords, generate content, monitor the campaign in real-time and then send you updates and strategic suggestions.
Similar to how trading software has become an indispensable tool for stockbrokers, machine-learning-driven marketing technology has the potential to become universal in the workplace.
All this speculation is fine and dandy, but what you probably want to know is – how available is this technology today?
Well, machine learning is everywhere. If you have used a search engine or social media today, you have probably already used it. There are also plenty of third-party software developers utilising the power of IBM’s Watson super-computer to create next level analytic and marketing automation software.
In the next section, we are going to uncover some examples of how marketers are using machine learning powered technology to gain an edge over their competitors.
How are marketers applying machine learning in 2017?
In the world of machine learning, there are four major organisations pushing the technology into the future. They are Google, Facebook, IBM and Amazon. In addition to these four businesses, there are hundreds of third party software developers competing to make ever more powerful and accurate marketing tools.
Below are four ways that machine learning technology is being implemented to aid marketers. With each topic, we have included some case studies and examples.
1. Sentiment analysis and client monitoring
Online monitoring is nothing new. Marketers have been using change detection and notification services like Google Alerts and Mention since 2003. However, the advent of machine-based learning has led to more advanced analytics and monitoring.
The most advantageous of these, especially for public relations coordinators, is the growing development of sentiment analysis. By applying natural language processing, text analysis, computational linguistics, and biometrics, marketers are able to determine whether content is positive, negative or neutral.
This new form of metric is helpful for public relations practitioners looking for quantitative ways to measure and evaluate campaigns and general public perception. There are a variety of free and paid online tools available you can use today; follow this link to find out more about them.
Example 1: Crenshaw Communications’ smart client monitoring
Crenshaw Communications are a New York-based PR agency that use AI sentiment analysis tools – such as Hootsuite Insights and Google Alerts regularly. As director Chris Harihar says, “You increasingly need AI for both the tracking and analysis, especially for larger clients with high coverage volume. Although there is still progress to be made in terms of accuracy, Sentiment analysis is the holy grail of analytics.”
2. Natural Language Processing and Speech Recognition
Speech recognition and voice-to-text technology has sprouted in the last few years due to the power of machine-based learning. Natural language processing tools such as IBM Watson Speech to Text and Google Cloud Speech API are being used to unlock searchable audio content.
Example 2: Shift Communication’s utilisation of natural language processing
As Chris Penn of Shift Communications says in conversation with digital marketing magazine Digiday, “Think of everything we listen to in marketing: Conference calls, speeches and presentations, et cetera, and how much of that knowledge is locked away from search. We use speech recognition to turn client calls into transcripts, speeches into blog posts and so much more.”
Natural language processing also helps marketers distil immense amounts of content into bite-size pieces depending on what information you are looking for.
Yet again Chris Penn illustrates how he applies the technology at work, “So much media is created every day, and we humans can’t read it all, but the machine can. For instance, I was analysing content for a client’s trade show this morning, and there were around 2,000 pieces of content around the show. I couldn’t read every article on my own, but I ran natural language processing on those articles in 15 minutes.”
3. Predictive analysis and lead generation
Analytics is everywhere – from Google to SEMRUSH, marketers use analytics to inform everything they do. Machine learning is pushing the boundaries, allowing analytic software to compile smart observations from large data sets at lightning speed and in real time.
One of the most powerful and commercially available analytics engines employing machine learning is IBM Watson. Watson is the AI supercomputer behind a lot of groundbreaking software being developed by marketers. Depending what you need Watson for, you can have access to this powerful data analysis and visualization software for a small monthly subscription fee.
Below are some examples of companies using IBM Watson to inform their marketing decisions.
Example 3: Condé Nast using IBM Watson to find brand ambassadors
In 2016, Condé Nast, an American mass media company that owns brands ranging from Vanity Fair and to GQ, partnered with IBM Watson. The intent was to make ‘data-first influencer platform’ software that could give insights about who to target their campaigns towards and what celebrities to approach as a brand ambassador.
Say they were looking for an ‘empathetic’ brand ambassador, this machine learning powered software could be used to analyse the content of potential ‘influencers’ to find the right fit.
Example 4: Rocket Fuel using deep learning to check for appropriate ad placement
Rocket Fuel is an AI-powered marketing business founded by ex-Yahoo employees in California in 2008. They are currently working with IBM Watson to use machine learning to find ways to prevent inappropriate ad placement.
If you recall, earlier this year Google’s Display Network skirted controversy when high-profile brands were inadvertently linked to extremist content. Some of the brands that were affected included Audi, L’Oreal and Marks & Spencer’s.
Rocket Fuel’s new software could be the solution to this problem. Allowing your business to mitigate the risks of inadvertent ad placement.
4. Improving customer service touch points
Many companies nowadays are strengthening their customer service by integrating chatbots on their mobile and digital platforms. According to data from the 2016 Aspect Consumer Experience Index, 44% of U.S. consumers prefer chatbots to human consultants, and that number is growing as the technology improves.
NLP combined with deep learning is also being used to analyse conversations in real time. Potentially, in the near future, you could be sitting at a computer talking over the phone with a client about insurance, and instead of having to bring up individual policies, your system will automatically overhear and put the information in front of you.
Example 5: Macy’s 24/7 customer service hotline
In 2016 Macy’s announced they were testing a new mobile service where shoppers can ask questions about their products, services and facilities. This new service was provided by Satisfi, a software company that accesses Watson from the cloud to provide shopping assistance in multiple languages.
Since 2016, other shopping centres such as the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota have implemented similar chatbots to provide 24/7 customer service to great success.
Example 6: GlaxoSmithKline’s ‘smart ads’
Senior brand manager of the Cough and Cold division at GSL, Jason Andree told Computerworld, “Watson provides a very personalized experience. If you’re sick, through Watson, you can ask a question and it will provide a personalized response.”
5. Automated design and content generation
As well as automated design, machine learning has developed to the point where AI software can automate content. Idio is one of many platforms that allow you to monitor customer behaviour, predict their interests and automate appropriate content.
Example 7: The Grid’s artificially intelligent website design platform
The Grid is using AI technology to make websites that design themselves based on the type of content you feed it. The Grid is available commercially and uses intelligent image recognition and cropping and algorithmic palette and typography selection to create beautiful looking automated web designs that match your content.
Example 8: Word AI’s automated content spinner
Spinning content is nothing new. In the world of SEO, content is like oxygen. However, it requires a tremendous amount of resources to develop new content. With AI-powered spinners like Word AI, you can take existing content and scramble it into unique content.
IBM Watson’s powerful natural language processor allows Word AI to create much more reliable automated content than ever before. The technology is still not perfect; spun content will still need a human eye to check for logic and grammar.
Example 9: Wordsmith Financial PR News Releases
Over the next few years, it is expected that the technology will be able to automatically generate general press releases. However, as it is still early days, generating that level of personalised content is still out of grasp.
6. Automate your marketing and improve customer relationship management
Machine learning and AI solutions offer an opportunity to automate a variety of simple and repetitive marketing tasks. This gives marketers more time to focus on creative ideas.
Third party platforms such as Marketo are already using predictive analytics to cater content to users, as well as sales forecasting to identify potential clients and predict user behaviour.
Example 10: Salesforce Einstein uses artificial intelligence to make customer relationship management smarter
Salesforce’s Einstein is an artificially intelligent platform that adds a smart layer of to the entire Salesforce platform.
Salesforce has compiled a team of 175 data scientists to build their own smart platform. Using machine learning and data mining, they are able to make predictions about customer behaviour and identify key customers within the sales pipeline.
Summary and key points
Machine learning and artificial intelligence have the potential to revolutionise your work life. You potentially have the power of a marketing team at your fingertips.
Here are our key points to take away with you:
- Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence where algorithms use data to optimize their predictions and performance over time.
- Machine learning and artificial intelligence are being used today to automate the workflow of marketers.
- There are hundreds of third-party AI platforms available today to optimise your workflow through predictive analysis and automation.
Hopefully, this article has dispelled some myths and clarified your understanding of how machine learning relates to marketing in 2017.
Do you use machine learning optimised tools in your workplace? Let us know about your experiences below. If you enjoyed reading about machine learning and want to find out more about how you can utilise automation, try reading this article – 7 Things You Should Know About Marketing Automation. | <urn:uuid:c78a64c1-9f04-4408-98cb-e198c7209e26> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.leadagency.com.au/definitive-guide-machine-learning-marketers-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867644.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625092128-20180625112128-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.938071 | 2,868 | 2.671875 | 3 |
If you have never waited tables, you probably do not understand how servers get paid and why tips are very important. In 43 states in the nation, restaurant workers get paid far less than minimum. While the federal minimum wage is $7.25, an employee at restaurant waiting tables probably makes around two dollars and change per hour.
As the worker goes through the day, he or she serves people and gets tips. At the end of a shift, a worker goes into the manager’s office with his or book. The manager tells the server how much money they owe the house for the day, and whatever is left over (tips) the server keeps. However, before he or she can leave, the server must “tip out” other people, like bartenders who make the drinks, bussers, bar backs, hosts and hostesses, and server assistants. This is based on a percentage in sales.
In other words, if someone doesn’t tip you, but you still have to tip out the other workers at the end of the night, with only making around two dollars an hour, it can actually cost you money to wait on that table.
A recent news article from KQED not only discusses this but also looks at in historical context. At turn of the 20th century, Americans went to Europe and learned that people tip workers. They tried to do this in the states, but apparently it was viewed as un-American, and several states passed laws forbidding tipping staff. However, companies that ran restaurants and railroads wanted to hire freed slaves and make them live on tips so they could literally pay their employees nothing.
As the practicing of working for tips became standard, there was a federal labor law enacted requiring workers to be paid at lest the federal minimum wage if they did not make it up in tips that shift. However, as is often common in the restaurant industry, laws are not always followed, and people did not make minimum wage at slow times.
To combat this, legislature in the State of California and a few other states have enacted a single minimum wage for every worker, regardless of whether he or she is working for tips or only hourly pay. While one might expect restaurant owners to be unhappy about this, and they probably claim they are, restaurant sales are higher in California and six other states with a single minimum wage, and there are also higher employment rates in the industry.
Again, while California employees at restaurants should not have to worry about making less than minimum wage, as discussed above, labor laws are not always strictly followed in this industry, and many employers have been trying to take advantage of their employees. For reasons that do not entirely make sense, many chain restaurants measure a manager’s success at how low their labor costs are, and if managers want to become general managers one day, it is often the servers who suffer. For this reason, if you think your employer is not paying you fairly according to the law, you should contact a Los Angeles labor lawyer as soon possible.
Contact the employment attorneys at Nassiri Law Group, practicing in Orange County, Riverside and Los Angeles. Call 949.375.4734.
Big Think: Give Restaurant Workers One Fair Wage, January 11, 2016, KQED News, By Laura Klivans
More Blog Entries:
Hillary Clinton to Crack Down on Worker Classification, July 18, 2015, Orange County Employment Lawyer Blog | <urn:uuid:e3bb6307-5ae2-4e28-b9d5-903b0ab673a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.orangecountyemploymentlawyersblog.com/one-wage-restaurant-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.974084 | 706 | 2.734375 | 3 |
- ›› Keywords : judicial review
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the federal judicial system and has both original and appellate jurisdiction. Historically, the Supreme Court’s most influential role has been through the exercise of judicial review. The court’s power to declare acts of the legislative and executive branches unconstitutional, and therefore null and void, has enabled Supreme Court Justices to act as policy makers.
Title IX is a United States law enacted on June 23, 1972, that states: “No person in the... | <urn:uuid:c6e98dc1-8dd1-4782-8bb3-e834e5cf9eec> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.gilderlehrman.org/category/keywords/judicial-review?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447860.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00215-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934163 | 114 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Benefits of Meditation
When we meditate our mind and body calm down enough so that we experience:
- Reduced oxygen consumption; decreased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure (Dr. Herbert Benson’s “relaxation response”)
- A change in brain-wave patterns from aroused, conscious thought to the theta waves that dominate the brain during periods of deep relaxation (after eight weeks training)
“Mindfulness Meditation Training Changes Brain Structure in 8 Weeks”
Clinical research shows that the benefits of meditation include:
- Increased positive emotions; defused negative emotions
- Improved coping ability
- Reduced reliance on drugs and alcohol
- Increased creativity, perception, and memory
- Reduced need for medical care
- Broader comprehension and improved ability to focus
- Reduced stress
- Improved immune function
At a chronic pain clinic in Massachusetts that teaches people a mindfulness based meditation practice, results have been quite dramatic (these people have had chronic and serious medical problems for an average of eight years):
After participating in an eight week course:
- Pain symptoms were reduced by 25%
- Anger, anxiety and depression dropped 32%
- Significant changes were seen in their stress hardiness – comprised of three things:
a sense of control;
a commitment to the vividness of daily life experience; and
the ability to deal with change as a challenge.
In follow-up studies on patients who went through the course these improvements remain over time, especially with those who continue doing what they learned.
In one study in a high-pressure biotech business, workers were taught mindfulness meditation for roughly three hours a week over two months. Before the training they complained of feeling highly stressed. After the training their emotions ratio shifted toward the positive zone. Their moods improved; they reported feeling engaged again in their work, more energized and less anxious. The training also seemed to improve the robustness of their immune systems, as gauged by the amount of flu antibodies in their blood after receiving a flu shot.
“In mindfulness, people learn to monitor their moods and thoughts and drop those that might spin them toward distress.” (The New York Times)
In other clinical, on-the-job studies it has been shown that meditation:
- Lessens job worry, tension, and the desire to change jobs
- Increases efficiency, concentration, productivity, and job satisfaction
- Decreases absentee rates
- Improves interpersonal skills
- Lowers blood pressure and improves overall health
- Reduces anxiety, insomnia, and fatigue
One study determined that mindfulness meditation reduces:
- psychological distress 64%
- depression and anxiety 60%
- interpersonal sensitivity 59%
- items such as poor appetite, overeating, sleep disturbances and feelings of guilt 73%.
In addition to keeping you physically healthy and mentally balanced, meditation can contribute to your success. This is clearly demonstrated by Phil Jackson whose winning strategy, as he coached the Chicago Bulls to six world championships, and the LA Lakers to three, includes a strong emphasis on meditation. | <urn:uuid:1a811117-eef2-4597-8e4b-029f5f56c1ec> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://samumeditation.com/why-meditate/benefits-of-meditation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00184-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957551 | 630 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Emancipation, Reconstruction, and “Redemption”: Alabama, 1863-1877
On the tumultuous Reconstruction period, as seen from the perspective of Alabamians, including what they were experiencing locally and what they were reading about in newspapers.
Campus Historical Markers
Many people, places, and events which left an impression on the University of Alabama and surrounding community have been commemorated in historical markers and plaques around the campus. This is a collection of those public accounts of our history, in both image and text.
Woman Suffrage in Dixie
On the quest to secure voting rights for women, especially as it manifested in the South. It explores original documents that highlight important figures, leading organizations, and major milestones of the woman suffrage movement. These pieces also point to some of the other causes and concerns complicating these efforts, especially matters of race.
Unrest: Two Weeks of Protest at the University of Alabama, 1970
On the civil disobedience at the University in the wake of the Kent State shooting in the spring of 1970. Featuring images and narrative taken from newspaper accounts, it covers the events of May 6-19 in the context of late 1960s counterculture — which was more of an influence at UA than one might expect. | <urn:uuid:1dd8c68e-cb93-4704-b74e-1db7bbdcbc91> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://apps.lib.ua.edu/blogs/digitalexhibits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519883.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120023125-20210120053125-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.957667 | 260 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Introduction to Spanish and Dialects
¡Bienvenido/a to this course on the basics of the Spanish language!
Spanish is a Romance language, which means that it’s based on Latin. If you already speak another Latin-based language like Italian, Portuguese, French, or Romanian, you’ll have an easier time understanding Spanish.
As an English speaker, you’ll already be familiar with a lot of Spanish vocabulary and some grammar, so don’t worry! Learning Spanish isn’t so hard after all.
In this course, we will cover the following topics:
1. Introduction to Spanish and dialects
2. Alphabet, pronunciation
3. Accent marks
4. Grammatical gender
5. La concordancia & plurals
6. Personal pronouns
7. Formal and informal speech
8. Conjugating basics
9. Conversation basics
10. How to self-study Spanish online
Estoy muy emocionada—I’m very excited to get started!
To begin, let’s take a look at Spanish from a global perspective.
Spanish is the official language in 19 countries in Latin America, one country in Africa, and one country in Europe, but it’s commonly spoken in even more countries!
This means that there is not one Spanish language. There are plenty of diverse dialects and regional variations. The four major variations are: Peninsular Spanish (Spain), Rioplatense Spanish (Argentina and Uruguay), Caribbean Spanish (countries located in or bordering the Caribbean Sea), and standard Latin American Spanish (most countries in Latin America).
Of course, these distinctions are generalized, and in each country there are also small regional changes in pronunciation, vocabulary, pronoun use, and even grammar.
To give you a few examples, in Spain the letter ‘Z’ is pronounced like how we pronounce ‘TH’ in English. In Latin America, however, the ‘Z’ is pronounced like an ‘S.’
In Spain, they use “vosotros” as the second person plural pronoun (plural you), while in Latin America they use “ustedes.”
In Rioplatense Spanish, the letter combination ‘LL’ is pronounced like how we pronounce ‘SH’ in English, while in standard Spanish, it’s pronounced like a ‘Y.’
There are also plenty of differences in vocabulary and slang.
So what kind of Spanish should you learn?
Well, that all depends on why and where you’re planning on using your Spanish skills. For example, if you want to learn Spanish to prepare for your trip to Argentina, then you can focus your learning on Rioplatense Spanish. If you’re learning Spanish to work with some new clients in Spain, then you should focus on learning Peninsular Spanish.
However, if you want to learn Spanish just in general to communicate clearly with a Spanish speaker from any country, you can just study standard Spanish. This will be the type of Spanish that you will find in most of the language courses and books, so it won’t be hard to find!
In reality, standard Spanish makes up the majority of all Spanish dialects, so someone from Spain should not have any problem understanding someone from Argentina or Cuba or Guatemala or vice versa.
It’s just like in English—someone from the United States can understand someone from Australia or the United Kingdom and vice versa, even though we have differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, slang, and some grammar.
That’s all for today! Tomorrow, we will get started with the basics of pronunciation with the alphabet and accent marks.
Recommended book by Highbrow
Share with friends | <urn:uuid:6b754f0b-cea1-4706-bd5b-f872ef75b286> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://gohighbrow.com/introduction-to-spanish-and-dialects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154158.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801030158-20210801060158-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.913947 | 796 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Impacts of population growth, economic development, and technical change on global food production and consumption
Over the next decades mankind will demand more food from fewer land and water resources. This study quantifies the food production impacts of four alternative development scenarios from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Partially and jointly considered are land and water supply impacts from population growth, and technical change, as well as forest and agricultural commodity demand shifts from population growth and economic development. The income impacts on food demand are computed with dynamic elasticities. Simulations with a global, partial equilibrium model of the agricultural and forest sectors show that per capita food levels increase in all examined development scenarios with minor impacts on food prices. Global agricultural land increases by up to 14% between 2010 and 2030. Deforestation restrictions strongly impact the price of land and water resources but have little consequences for the global level of food production and food prices. While projected income changes have the highest partial impact on per capita food consumption levels, population growth leads to the highest increase in total food production. The impact of technical change is amplified or mitigated by adaptations of land management intensities.
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As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under "Related research" (further below) or search for a different version of it.
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Hayri Önal & Bruce A. McCarl, 1991. "Exact Aggregation in Mathematical Programming Sector Models," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 39(2), pages 319-334, 07.
- Yu, Wusheng & Hertel, Thomas W. & Preckel, Paul V. & Eales, James S., 2003.
"Projecting World Food Demand Using Alternative Demand Systems,"
2003 Annual Meeting, August 16-22, 2003, Durban, South Africa
25905, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
- Yu, Wusheng & Hertel, Thomas W. & Preckel, Paul V. & Eales, James S., 2004. "Projecting world food demand using alternative demand systems," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 99-129, January.
- Yu, Wusheng & Hertel, Thomas & Preckel, Paul & Eales, James, 2003. "Projecting World Food Demand Using Alternative Demand Systems," GTAP Working Papers 1182, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University.
- Criqui, Patrick & Mima, Silvana & Viguier, Laurent, 1999. "Marginal abatement costs of CO2 emission reductions, geographical flexibility and concrete ceilings: an assessment using the POLES model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 27(10), pages 585-601, October.
- Edwin van der Werf & Sonja Peterson, 2007.
"Modeling linkages between climate policy and land use: An Overview,"
Kiel Working Papers
1323, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
- Edwin van der Werf & Sonja Peterson, 2009. "Modeling linkages between climate policy and land use: an overview," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 40(5), pages 507-517, 09.
- Edwin van der Werf & Sonja Peterson, 2007. "Modeling Linkages Between Climate Policy and Land Use: An Overview," Working Papers 2007.56, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
- van der Werf, Edwin & Peterson, Sonja, 2009. "Modeling linkages between climate policy and land use: An overview," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 32535, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW).
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- Wiborg, Torben & McCarl, Bruce A. & Rasmussen, Svend & Schneider, Uwe A., 2005. "Aggregation and Calibration of Agricultural Sector Models Through Crop Mix Restrictions and Marginal Profit Adjustments," 2005 International Congress, August 23-27, 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark 24567, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
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NetCDF Classic and 64-bit Offset File Formats
This document nominates the NetCDF File Format document for adoption as a NASA ESDS community standard. The NetCDF File Format document specifies netCDF file format variants in a way that is independent of I/O libraries designed to read and write netCDF data. The purpose of netCDF is to provide a data model, software libraries, and machine-independent data format for geoscience data. Together, the netCDF interfaces, libraries, and format support the creation, access, and sharing of scientific data.
With suitable community conventions, netCDF can help improve interoperability among data providers, data users, and data services.
The NetCDF Classic and 64-bit Offset File Formats is an approved standard recommended for use in NASA Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS) in August 2009.
NASA Earth Science Community Recommendations for Use
A major strength of netCDF classic according to the reviewers was that it has fostered data interoperability and exchange through its self-describing file format, platform independent architecture, and robust access methods. Its overall file format and metadata attributes were simple enough to be easily understood and applied yet robust enough to describe and store compound multidimensional data types (i.e., float vs. integer array data type) in the same file. For example, a pertinent comment included this statement:
"Using netCDF has huge interoperability and data exchange benefits. Having a de facto standard in a scientific field saves a truly enormous amount of time when trying to exchange data, work with others, or just get things done. The self-describing ability of netCDF files makes it much less likely for important information to be separated from the file...."
Although the request for comments (RFC) was specifically written to evaluate the file format specification, most of the responses were based on experiences accessing and managing netCDF classic data or building tools for these data using existing libraries. Only about 3-4 reviewers directly implemented the specification, but of this group all indicated that this RFC was technically sound. For example, one such reviewer stated:
"If you wanted to write a native python library, for example, to read netCDF3, this is exactly what you'd want, so it's very useful."
Furthermore, even among those reviewers who obviously did not implement the specification directly many commented positively on the clarity of the RFC. For example, here are two independent comments:
"No part of the specification is ambiguous or poorly explained.
"The specification is clear."
The primary weakness weaknesses identified by the community were that 1) netCDF classic does not support internal compression of data variables and, 2) there is some limitation on the size of arrays (about 2 GB) and well as 3) there is no support for 64 bit integers. On the whole, the reviewers found very few weaknesses or limitations of netCDF classic; however, a few reviewers expressed interest in and support for the emerging netCDF 4 specification with added benefits of internal compression, handling of large sized files and flexible data model.One reviewer commented:
"Your timing for this seems strange, considering that netcdf-4 has now been released. How will your efforts interact with that? I'm surprised you've not asked any questions about whether people are intending to move wholesale into version 4 or will be sticking with classic format. That certainly seems relevant."
The netCDF file format is a popular format for distributing satellite products and other Earth science data. For instance the upcoming Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM)/Jason-2 will distribute products in this format. Based on the responses of the reviewers, the volumes of data distributed in this format run into the tens of terabytes coming from both past and existing NASA/NOAA missions and one reviewer stressed that netCDF classic still has a long lifetime:
"We will support netCDF3/Classic with our data server for a long, long time."
It has a number of APIs, libraries and tools for accessing the data in a straightforward manner (APIs are simpler and more straightforward than those for HDF). The reviewers were nearly unanimous in their positive experiences with a typical response on the usefulness of netCDF:
“Simple API. Wide support. Free as in beer and speech. The benefits of this combination are not surpassed by any other geoscience data format.”
Many reviewers commented on the wide variety of third party applications and tools such as MATLAB, Interactive Data Language (IDL), Ferret, ncview etc. that can be used to interrogate or visualize data in netCDF files, and the ease with which such interactions can be made. Only one reviewer out of twenty complained about tools and services to access netCDF files (that reviewer appeared to prefer GeoTIFF).
As noted in the Weaknesses section, there are some limitations on the file sizes with netCDF classic. The absence of internal compression limits their usefulness for large data archives. Some reviewers also stressed that benefits of interoperability and self-description were tightly coupled to the availability of Climate Forecast metadata in the file:
"Note that most of the benefits confer only when CF-1 is also added. Although in theory, CF-1 can apply to other formats, in reality it is implemented fully only in netCDF. However, this allows data to be easily imported and viewed into a number of very powerful analysis and visualization tools."
Last Updated: Sep 19, 2017 at 3:11 PM EDT | <urn:uuid:13e9004b-362e-42d1-8696-69e7c6f1ff62> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://earthdata.nasa.gov/user-resources/standards-and-references/netcdf-classic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511761.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018084742-20181018110242-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.936821 | 1,144 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 7 million people worldwide, including 1 million in the U.S. Though the causes of PD remain unknown, the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein is a known contributor to both sporadic and inherited disease. Importantly, the C-terminal of LRRK2, the WD40 domain, is required for LRRK2 neurotoxicity. To better understand the biological functions of LRRK2 and the impact that PD-associated mutations have on protein function, researchers used anomalous diffraction phasing at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Photon Source (APS) to solve the structure of the WD40 domain of human LRRK2 to a resolution of 2.6 angstroms. This structure allowed researchers to map known disease-associated mutations and to use complimentary biochemical analysis to explore the functional effects of pathogenic mutations on LRRK2 dimerization. Together, these findings provide support for development of LRRK2-targeting therapies for PD.
There are a number of genetic and environmental factors associated with development of Parkinson’s disease. For example, the incidence of PD increases with age, and there are a number of mutations within a range of genes that have been associated with PD. Though mutations in some of these genes are present in a small subset of PD patients, like those responsible for familial PD, others, like the protein LRRK2, are major contributors to hereditary and sporadic PD.
Though the exact function of LRRK2 is unclear, as is the exact nature of its contribution to PD, it is known that the C-terminal WD40 structural domain is required for LRRK2-indiced neurotoxicity. In the current work, the researchers from Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, the University of Dundee (UK), and the University of California, San Diego, crystalized WD40 and used x-ray diffraction data obtained at the Northeastern Collaborative Access Team 24-ID-C beamline at the APS to build a model of the protein to a resolution of 2.6 Å. (The APS is an Office of Science user facility at Argonne National Laboratory.) With the structure of WD40 in hand, the researchers were able to map mutations known to contribute to PD onto the three-dimensional structure (Fig. 1). Using complementary biochemical analysis, the team confirmed that LRRK2 exists in solution as a concentration-dependent dimer, resolving ambiguity in the field surrounding the functional state of the protein. Importantly, several mutations at the dimerization interface were shown to increase LRRK2 activity, lending support to the hypothesis that LRRK2 pathogenicity in PD is due to hyperactivation of the protein.
That PD mutations contribute to hyperactivation is an important finding, as this supports LRRK2 as a drug target for novel anti-PD therapies. Future research will be aimed at a deeper understanding of the complexities of LRRK2 biology, including the factors which influence the imperfect correlation between LRRK2 dimerization and activity, and the effect of pathogenic mutations on the activity of the full-length protein. — Emma Nichols
See: Pengfei Zhang1,2, Ying Fan3, Heng Ru1,2, Li Wang1,2, Venkat Giri Magupalli1,2, Susan S. Taylor4, Dario R. Alessi3, and Hao Wu1,2*, “Crystal structure of the WD40 domain dimer of LRRK2,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116(5), 1579 (2019). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817889116
Author affiliations: 1Harvard Medical School, 2Boston Children’s Hospital, 3University of Dundee, 4University of California, San Diego
Correspondence: * email@example.com
This work was supported by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research [Grants 11211 (to H.W.) and 6986 (to D.R.A.)] and by the Medical Research Council [Grant MC_UU_12016/2 (to D.R.A.)]. The NE-CAT beamlines are funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences from National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant P30 GM124165. The Pilatus 6M detector on the 24-ID-C beamline is funded by a NIH-Office of Research Infrastructure Programs High-End Instrumentation Grant S10 RR029205. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The APS is one of the world’s most productive x-ray light source facilities. Each year, the APS provides high-brightness x-ray beams to a diverse community of more than 5,000 researchers in materials science, chemistry, condensed matter physics, the life and environmental sciences, and applied research. Researchers using the APS produce over 2,000 publications each year detailing impactful discoveries, and solve more vital biological protein structures than users of any other x-ray light source research facility. APS x-rays are ideally suited for explorations of materials and biological structures; elemental distribution; chemical, magnetic, electronic states; and a wide range of technologically important engineering systems from batteries to fuel injector sprays, all of which are the foundations of our nation’s economic, technological, and physical well-being.
Argonne National Laboratory seeks solutions to pressing national problems in science and technology. The nation's first national laboratory, Argonne conducts leading-edge basic and applied scientific research in virtually every scientific discipline. Argonne researchers work closely with researchers from hundreds of companies, universities, and federal, state and municipal agencies to help them solve their specific problems, advance America's scientific leadership and prepare the nation for a better future. With employees from more than 60 nations, Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC, for the U.S. DOE Office of Science.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit the Office of Science website. | <urn:uuid:e0b5b997-0f27-4b44-b4c6-c65410a82790> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://aps.anl.gov/APS-Science-Highlight/2020-02-19/a-therapeutic-target-for-parkinsons-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364764.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302190916-20210302220916-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.909502 | 1,373 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The potential for human influenza viruses to spread through fine particle aerosols remains controversial. The objective of our study was to determine whether influenza viruses could be detected in fine particles in hospital rooms.
Methods and Findings
We sampled the air in 2-bed patient isolation rooms for four hours, placing cyclone samplers at heights of 1.5m and 1.0m. We collected ten air samples each in the presence of at least one patient with confirmed influenza A virus infection, and tested the samples by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We recovered influenza A virus RNA from 5/10 collections (50%); 4/5 were from particles>4 μm, 1/5 from 1–4 μm, and none in particles<1 μm.
Detection of influenza virus RNA in aerosols at low concentrations in patient rooms suggests that healthcare workers and visitors might have frequent exposure to airborne influenza virus in proximity to infected patients. A limitation of our study was the small sample size. Further studies should be done to quantify the concentration of viable influenza virus in healthcare settings, and factors affecting the detection of influenza viruses in fine particles in the air.
Citation: Leung NHL, Zhou J, Chu DKW, Yu H, Lindsley WG, Beezhold DH, et al. (2016) Quantification of Influenza Virus RNA in Aerosols in Patient Rooms. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0148669. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148669
Editor: Andrew Pekosz, Johns Hopkins University - Bloomberg School of Public Health, UNITED STATES
Received: November 20, 2015; Accepted: January 21, 2016; Published: February 5, 2016
This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the Theme-based Research Scheme from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. T11-705/14N), the Harvard Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (grant no. U54 GM088558), and a commissioned grant from the Health and Medical Research Fund, Food and Health Bureau, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: BJC has received research funding from MedImmune Inc. and Sanofi Pasteur, and consults for Crucell NV. BJC is a Section Editor of PLOS ONE. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The authors report no other potential conflicts of interest.
Human influenza viruses spread with ease among susceptible humans in community settings such as households and school classrooms. Nosocomial transmission of influenza is a major concern because many hospitalized patients are more vulnerable to severe disease if infected with influenza. Influenza viruses can spread through respiratory droplets in the air, from a sneeze, cough or exhaled breath of an infected person, which then may be inhaled by another person . The World Health Organization defines droplets as airborne particles with aerodynamic diameter >5μm , assuming droplets follow ballistic trajectories and generally do not travel further than 3 feet. Fine respiratory particles, or droplet nuclei generated from the rapid desiccation of the droplets upon expulsion into the environment, have diameter ≤5μm and can remain airborne for prolonged periods.
The role of fine particle aerosols in influenza transmission remains controversial, although viable influenza virus in aerosols has been detected in coughs and exhaled breath from infected persons [1, 3], can transit rooms , and can cause infections in humans . Traditionally, large droplets have been thought to be the predominant mode of influenza transmission , and infection control guidelines recommend a spacing of ≥3 feet between beds . In recent years, more evidence has arisen supporting an important role of aerosols in influenza transmission . The objective of our study was to determine whether influenza viruses could be detected in fine particles in hospital rooms.
Materials and Methods
We sampled air in two 2-bed isolation rooms on an adult infectious disease ward with patients generally admitted for acute respiratory illnesses, in a large private hospital in Hong Kong during the winter influenza season of 2014–15. The rooms had a design room ventilation rate of 12 air changes per hour (ACH). The layout of the rooms is shown in Fig 1.
The figure shows the usual positions for which the furniture, medical devices and the stationary air sampling device are located in one of the two patient rooms where the air sampling was conducted, although they are freely to be moved around (border in red). The other inpatient room is the mirror image of the first. For example if Bed 1 was the sampling bed, the air sampling device could be located at either ‘Centre’ or ‘Side’ as illustrated in the diagram. The dimensions of the two patient rooms where the air samplings were conducted were also provided. NIOSH: the air sampling device; Blue line: inlet vent; Green line: outlet vent.
On each sampling period, we positioned a stationary device in the patient room next to the bed of a patient with suspected or confirmed influenza virus infection (‘sampling bed’), and sampled the air for four hours continuously. One stationary air sampling device was used for each period of the air sampling. The device consisted of one or two two-stage cyclone air samplers (set at height 1.5m and 1.0m, which represent the mouth heights of a standing and sitting adult respectively) and a meter that recorded temperature and relative humidity (at height 1.3m) every four minutes. As shown in Fig 1, the NIOSH samplers were located either between the two beds but closer to the sampling bed (‘Centre’), on the side of the sampling bed (‘Side’), or were relocated during the period of the sampling as observed at the 0th, 2nd and 4th hour during the sampling period. The NIOSH samplers were placed in the range of 0.8m (when placed next to the sampling bed) to 3.2m (when placed on the further side of the other bed) from the patient’s head. A cloth curtain, hanging from a few inches from the ceiling to a few inches to the floor, was installed for each bed which may or may not enclose the air sampling device during the sampling, the information of which was provided in S1 Table (‘Curtain’). Air was collected at 3.5L/minute into three size fractions: >4μm (collected in a 15ml tube), 1–4μm (1.5ml tube) and <1μm (by a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filter with 3.0μm pore size). The air samplers were developed by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) [8, 9]. For five sampling runs, an extra air sampler (set at height 0.8m) unconnected to a pump was added to the device as a negative control. After each collection, the 15ml and 1.5ml tubes were detached and 1 ml of viral transport medium (VTM) were added. The filter was removed and immersed in 1mL of VTM inside a 5ml tube. All the tubes were then transported to the laboratory at 4°C, vortexed, and the VTM was aliquoted and stored at -80°C for subsequent laboratory analysis. New sampling tubes and filters were used and the samplers and other equipment were disinfected between uses. The tripod, air tubing, sound-proof box and the meter were disinfected with Med-Clean (M&W International Ltd., Hong Kong), the NIOSH air samplers with 2% Citranox (Alconox Inc, NY, USA), and the filter cassettes were autoclaved. In addition, we collected basic information on the patients occupying the rooms, including laboratory confirmation of influenza A or B virus infections in these patients either by a rapid influenza chromatographic immunoassay or a multiplex PCR-based respiratory panel by the hospital laboratory. The position of the samplers and other relevant information was recorded at time 0, 2 and 4 hours during the sampling period.
The Institutional Review Board of The University of Hong Kong, and the Clinical and Research Ethics Committee of Hong Kong Baptist Hospital approved this study. All patients provided verbal informed consent; written consent was deemed unnecessary and waived by both Institutional Review Boards, given the environmental sampling approach and the limited information obtained from each patient retrospectively that did not include any personal information.
For each air sample of 1ml collected, 300 μl were used for total RNA extraction and eluted to 25 μl, and 4 μl of the eluent was tested by quantitative RT-PCR for the presence of influenza viral particles using methods as previously described . The limit of detection of the RT-PCR is 208 copies per 1ml original sample, and we considered samples with clear reaction signal growth curve with Ct values ≤40 to be positive for influenza.
We described the concentration of influenza virus RNA detected in the air, patients’ demographics and diagnoses, and the summary measures of temperature and humidity by each period. The geometric means and SDs for the concentration of influenza virus in the air (copies/m3 air) were estimated by imputing the samples with undetectable level of virus as 1 copies/m3 air. We investigated the correlations by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) and the significance of independence by Mann-Whitney tests. All analyses were conducted with R version 3.2.0.
From 16 December 2014 through 9 February 2015, we performed air sampling on 16 periods, with 12 periods having two samplers and 4 periods just one sampler, for a total of 28 sets of air samples of three size fractions (S1 Table). Fig 1 shows the layout of the patient rooms including the locations of the inlet and outlet ventilation as well as where the samplers could be placed. No nebulizer therapy was performed on any of the patients during the 16 sampling periods.
On 12 periods at least one patient in the room had laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection: 10 periods (17 sets of air samples) with laboratory-confirmed influenza A virus infection, and 3 periods (4 sets of air samples) with laboratory-confirmed influenza B virus infection (both a patient with laboratory-confirmed influenza A infection and another patient with influenza B infection were present in one period). Influenza B viruses were not recovered in any of the air samples from the 3 periods. We recovered influenza A virus from at least one of the size fractions in at least one air sampler in 5/10 (50%) periods (Table 1). We recovered mean 162 (SD 1.9) copies/m3 air of influenza A virus from 4/17 (24%) samples of the >4μm fraction, 144 copies/m3 air from 1/17 (6%) sample of the 1–4μm fraction, and no virus from the <1μm fraction of the air samples. 3/5 (60%) of the positive results were obtained from rooms in which the patient with confirmed influenza A virus infection was located in the bed that was farther from the sampler.
In 4 sampling periods where none of the patients in the room had laboratory-confirmed influenza, we did not detect any influenza virus RNA in the air. The details of the patients and the rooms of all 16 periods are set out in S1 Table.
We monitored temperature and relative humidity continuously in 8/10 (80%) sampling periods conducted in the presence of at least one patient with laboratory-confirmed influenza A virus infection. The range of mean temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity for the 8 periods was 22.4–26.0°C, 27.9–49.7% and 6.3–10.7g/m3, with maximum standard deviation for individual periods as 1.1°C, 2.3% and 0.4g/m3 respectively. We investigated the correlations between the total concentration of influenza virus RNA in the air against the temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity for each air sampler (Fig 2). None of the correlations were significant in the complete data set (temperature: ρ = -0.45, p-value = 0.13; relative humidity: ρ = 0.34, p-value = 0.25; absolute humidity: ρ = 0.20, p-value = 0.51), but the correlations against the temperature and relative humidity become significant when the outlier of the air sample with highest influenza virus RNA recovered was removed (temperature: ρ = -0.58, p-value = 0.05; relative humidity: ρ = 0.60, p-value = 0.04; absolute humidity: ρ = 0.42, p-value = 0.18). There was no significant difference between the total concentration of influenza virus RNA in the air and the height of the air sampler (complete data set: p-value = 0.90; outlier removed: p-value = 0.67).
Dot indicates the concentration of RNA copies of influenza virus recovered from a sampler set at 1.5 m from the floor, and square indicates that from a sampler set at 1.0 m from the floor.
We investigated the correlations between the total concentration of influenza virus RNA in the air against the age and the number of patients with confirmed influenza A virus infection (Fig 3). On two periods when there were more than one infected patient in the room, the value of the patient nearer to the air sampler was used. The correlations were not significant (age: ρ = 0.34, p-value = 0.19; number of infected patients: ρ = -0.29, p-value = 0.25).
If there were more than one patient with laboratory-confirmed influenza A infection in the room, the data of the patient on the sampling bed was used. Dot indicates the concentration of RNA copies of influenza virus recovered from a sampler set at 1.5 m from the floor, and square indicates that from a sampler set at 1.0 m from the floor.
In patient rooms with patients with confirmed influenza virus infection, we detected influenza virus RNA in aerosols at low concentrations half of the times. This is likely to be the upper bound of the frequency of exposure since we measured only the concentration of total virus but not the infectious virus. In 80% of the positive sampling events (4/5), influenza viral RNA was detected in particles>4μm. The use of surgical face masks is recommended for both healthcare workers and visitors to hospitals in Hong Kong, and might reduce the risk of droplet transmission, although surgical masks are not adequate to protect against exposures to fine particle aerosols .
In this study we did not quantify the absolute risk of exposure to an infectious dose of influenza virus for a given exposure period. Further studies of this type with recovery of infectious virus would help to characterize the risk of exposure to influenza virus in aerosols in the respirable fraction that may induce more severe disease by initiating an infection in the lower respiratory tract , and might be used to estimate the risk of infection to infectious doses of influenza virus in air in healthcare settings during the influenza season.
Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity may affect influenza transmission and contribute to the seasonality of influenza epidemics, with efficient transmission demonstrated under dry conditions. Shaman et al. showed absolute humidity, rather than relative humidity, explained most of the variability in influenza virus survival in controlled conditions with temperature and humidity as the only varying factors . Here we showed that influenza virus RNA recovery in the air was significantly associated with decreasing temperature and increasing relative humidity after one outlier was removed (Fig 2). There was an apparent positive association between virus recovery and humidity in the range of absolute humidity which is shown to affect the efficiency of transmission in guinea pigs (6–11 g/m3) , but with a stronger association with relative humidity than absolute humidity (Fig 2). A study with larger sample size would be needed to confirm this potential association. Humidity might affect virus recovery either by affecting the production of virus-laden fine particles via affecting the rate of evaporation and the final size of the particles , or the viability of the virions in the particles , but we did not find an association between increasing humidity and increasing virus recovery in larger particles among previous studies [4, 8, 14, 15].
Detection of influenza A virus RNA in 5/10 (50%) rooms was consistent with the presence of patients with influenza in these rooms, and it is highly likely that these patients were the source. Bischoff et al. showed that some patients emitted virus up to 32 times more than others , demonstrating the importance of identifying patient characteristics which may help to identify more infectious individuals. We were underpowered to identify a significant association between patients’ characteristics and virus recovered in air. Further studies with larger sample size and that include other possible factors, e.g. the time since illness onset, could be useful in identifying emitters.
Influenza virus RNA has been detected in air in areas with suspected or known sources of influenza virus in healthcare settings previously [8, 14, 15]. Lindsley et al. demonstrated 53% of the total influenza virus RNA detected in the air in a hospital emergency department , and 40–50% of the influenza A virus RNA detected in stationary samplers or personal samplers in an urgent care clinic was in particles ≤4 μm . In a similar study to our own, Bischoff et al. sampled aerosolized influenza virus in patient rooms with influenza-infected patients for 20 minutes with three 6-stage Andersen samplers placing at 1, 3 and 6 feet from the patient’s head and also collected nasopharyngeal swabs from these patients . They found aerosolized influenza virus in 43% of patients with confirmed influenza virus infection, and up to 89% of influenza-laden particles were fine particles <4.7 μm. They recovered influenza virus as far as 6 feet (1.8m) away from the patients with almost all recovered in the small particles. This is consistent with those findings, because we also detected influenza virus RNA in aerosols at low concentrations half of the times in patient rooms with patients with confirmed influenza virus infection although we could not confirm whether the virus was infectious using viral culture. Furthermore, we recovered influenza A virus RNA as far as 3m away from the influenza-infected patients in patient rooms with higher ventilation rate (12 ACH versus 6 ACH in Bischoff et al.). This suggests other patients sharing the same patient room, healthcare workers and visitors possibly have frequent exposure to airborne influenza virus in proximity to influenza infected patients, even in patient rooms which are designed to have high ventilation rates. In addition, we measured temperature and humidity during each air sampling period, and showed that influenza virus RNA recovery in the air was significantly correlated with temperature and relative humidity. On the other hand, we recovered 93% of the total virus in particles >4 μm and 7% in particles 1–4 μm. There are many factors that could explain this discrepancy in observing the majority of influenza virus RNA in air in larger rather than smaller particles, for example the different samplers used, the difference in environmental factors (temperature, humidity and ventilation rate) and the size of the patient rooms where the air sampling was conducted. Further studies would be needed to confirm and assess the extent of these factors in affecting the virus distribution over different size particles in the air.
There are a few limitations of our study. First, we did not attempt to culture virus since we expected that at least 4 log10 RNA copies per sample would be needed for successful isolation . Other work has demonstrated that a small fraction of viral RNA in aerosols is infectious virus [1, 3]. Second, we did not collect detailed information from patients, such as the time since illness onset and the use of oseltamivir treatment. We plan to collect more detailed information from patients in a subsequent study. Third, we only sampled in 1–2 locations in each sampling period. In future studies it would be valuable to sample in a greater number of locations, and also measure airflow patterns and ventilation rates, to allow a more comprehensive risk assessment. Finally, we were underpowered to detect significant correlations between the total concentration of influenza A virus in the air and the temperature and humidity in the complete data set but were able to detect when the outlier was removed. The relatively stable temperature and humidity during the day in the patient rooms studied compared to that in other settings (e.g. households) would allow the assessment of the effect of the temperature and humidity on virus survival and on aerosol size distribution in the air.
In conclusion, we found influenza virus RNA in patient rooms, demonstrating the feasibility of this study design to contribute to risk assessment of nosocomial transmission of influenza. Further larger studies would be worthwhile, including the use of more samplers, collection of detailed data from individual patients, and perhaps detailed measurement of other environmental parameters to permit airflow modeling. It would also be valuable to conduct this type of study in rooms during the use of aerosol generating procedures, to quantify the additional risk posed to health care personnel by particular procedures.
S1 Table. Details of the patients and the 2-bed patient rooms where the air samplings were conducted for all 16 periods.
“Position of device”: the air sampling device was located either between the two beds but closer to the sampling bed (‘Centre’), on the side of the sampling bed (‘Side’), or was relocated during the period of the sampling (‘Changed’) as observed at the 0th, 2nd and 4th hour during the sampling period. Wherever possible, the distance of the air sampling device from the sampling bed and the other bed were also given. “Curtain”: the curtain around the sampling bed might be drawn to enclose the NIOSH sampler (‘Enclosed’), not drawn (‘Not enclosed’) or has changed from drawn to not drawn (or vice versa) (‘Changed’) during the sampling period. “Influenza A virus recovered in air”: Concentration of influenza A virus RNA recovered from samplers set at height 1.5m or 1.0m from the floor, or from negative control of which the air samplers (set at height 0.8m) were not connected to the air pumps. Undetectable values were imputed as 0 copies/m3 air, while the Ct values were shown in bracket for air samples which we considered positive. “Diagnosis”: the diagnosis of the patient at discharge (‘URTI’: upper respiratory tract infection). “Laboratory confirmation of influenza”: laboratory confirmation of influenza A (‘A(H3)’) or B (‘B’) infection, or the absence of infection (‘Neg’), was done by PCR against influenza A or B viruses, or respiratory viral panel for a set of common respiratory viruses, on the patient’s nasopharyngeal swab. “Environmental factors”: ‘Temperature’ (°C) and ‘relative humidity’ (%) were measured every four minutes during the sampling period by a meter set at height 1.3m. Absolute humidity, expressed as the mass of water vapor per cubic meter of air (g/m3), was calculated from the temperature and relative humidity measured. The mean and the standard deviation (‘SD’) of the three measures were presented for each collection. ‘Volume of the room (m3)’ under false ceiling was also presented for each collection.—: data not available.
We wish to acknowledge colleagues including Peter Chun Kit Kwan, Sonia Seong Duen Lam, Wing Kam Leung and Eunice Yuen Chi Shiu for technical supports; and Christina Woon Yee Cheung, Patricia Tai Yin Ching, Suky Suk Yee Lo, Yuet Lai Lui and other colleagues in the Isolation Care Ward and Infection Control Team of Hong Kong Baptist Hospital. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Conceived and designed the experiments: NHLL BJC. Performed the experiments: NHLL. Analyzed the data: NHLL BJC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JZ DKWC HY HLY JSMP. Wrote the paper: NHLL JZ DKWC HY WGL DHB HLY YL WHS JSMP BJC.
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- 15. Bischoff WE, Swett K, Leng I, Peters TR. Exposure to influenza virus aerosols during routine patient care. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(7):1037–46. pmid:23372182. | <urn:uuid:e359b9b4-cc27-4ce8-a4d6-5f09f586b78c> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0148669 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735958.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805124104-20200805154104-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.925801 | 6,239 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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