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Almost any time the discussion is about stalling at greater than 1g, it usually involves symmetrical flight, where all portions of the airplane’s structure are experiencing the same g-loading. But what if, say, one wing is at 2g and the other is at 3g, as might be the case in a rolling (banking) pull-up from a dive? The rising wing is experiencing greater g loading because it’s generating more lift. The descending wing, on the other hand, experiences less loading because it’s not generating as much.
That’s asymmetric loading, and the rising wing will stall first, because it will reach its critical AoA earlier than the other one. The structure will survive only if the maximum g experienced by any part of the airframe is less than the load limit. In other words, placing maximum loading on an airframe—by pulling out of a dive, for example—should only be done with the wings level.
If you absolutely, positively must impose asymmetric loading on an airframe, you should not rely on a panel-mounted g-meter, which doesn’t record the maximum load a wing sustains. Instead, it only records loading on the panel-mounted g-meter. A good rule of thumb is to limit asymmetric loading to / of the airframe’s load limit, e.g., use 4g for an aerobatic 6g airplane. | <urn:uuid:c04cf253-3f81-46b3-bba4-f2bd4a59b3e5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.aviationsafetymagazine.com/features/asymmetric-loads-and-maneuvering-stalls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.912265 | 301 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The gel, which does not appear to affect food taste or appearance, shows promise as a safe, natural and environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic preservatives that are currently applied to produce after harvesting, the researchers say.
Although a number of edible coatings have been developed to preserve food freshness, the new coating is believed to be the first to use Aloe vera, according to study leader Daniel Valero, Ph.D., of the University of Miguel Hernández in Alicante, Spain.
Valero and his associates dipped a group of common table grapes (Crimson Seedless) into Aloe vera gel and stored them for five weeks under low temperature while exposing a group of untreated table grapes to the same conditions. The colourless Aloe gel used in this study was developed through a special processing technique that maximised the amount of active compounds in the gel, Valero and associates say. The gel can also be applied as a spray, they add.
The untreated grapes appeared to deteriorate rapidly within about seven days, whereas the gel-coated grapes were well-preserved for up to 35 days under the same experimental conditions, the researchers say. The gel-treated grapes were firmer, had less weight loss and less colour change than the untreated grapes, measures which correspond to higher freshness, they say.
A sensory panel (ten people) evaluated the quality of both the untreated and the gel-treated grapes by consuming some of the grapes. They found that the gel-treated grapes were generally superior in taste.
The researchers believe that the gel works through a combination of mechanisms. Composed mostly of polysaccharides, the gel appears to act as a natural barrier to moisture and oxygen, which can speed food deterioration.
The gel also offers potential environmental benefits, the researchers add. It could provide a greener alternative to sulfur dioxide and other synthetic food preservatives that are commonly used on produce and increasingly the target of health concerns, they say.
MEDICA.de; Source: American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:1681ab04-62ab-4827-a900-62c815be377e> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.medica-tradefair.com/cgi-bin/md_medica/lib/pub/tt.cgi/Aloe_Vera_Coating_May_Prolong_Freshness.html?oid=16604&lang=2&ticket=g_u_e_s_t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690112.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924171658-20170924191658-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.960793 | 417 | 2.8125 | 3 |
People accept human nurses overruling patient autonomy and deciding on forced medication, but this trust does not extend to nursing robots.
A study recently completed at the University of Helsinki investigated people’s judgments towards decisions made by nursing robots.
Based on the study, it seems that human sensitivity and empathy are required from AI-based medical applications in order for patients to consider their solutions and decisions as equally acceptable as those made by humans.
“Research in moral psychology has paid little attention to patient autonomy or internal conflicts in medical ethics – especially from the perspective of having robots as actors,” says researcher Michael Laakasuo.
According to Laakasuo, the goal of the study was to expand the field of experimental moral psychology towards the examination of medical ethics.
People not convinced by the moral responsibility of nursing robots
As an element of the study, study subjects assessed the morality of medical decisions made in a fictional story. People were accepting of both a robot or a human nurse making a decision not to comply with a chief physician’s instructions to medicate a patient against their will. In contrast, they found it unacceptable for the nursing robot to overrule the will of the patient by medicating them forcefully, although a similar decision by the human nurse was accepted.
“The question pertaining to forced medication revealed that decisions made by robot nurses and human nurses are not treated in the same way even if they have identical consequences,” Laakasuo says.
“What may be the most worrying finding is that when the story was changed to have the patient die of a sudden bout of illness during the night, the human was perceived to be more morally responsible for the patient’s fate than the nursing robot, although there was no connection between the therapeutic decision and the patient’s death.”
Robots are not a simple solution to the lack of human resources
“The findings could provide useful perspectives on the development of smart medical applications and robotics,” Laakasuo muses.
The healthcare sector is struggling with a global shortage of nurses. The results of the study indicate that this lack of resources cannot be comprehensively solved with the help of machines – people still want to have other people care for them in the future.
“In terms of further research, the findings open up new avenues for research on moral cognition and on human–robot interaction, particularly in the field of medical ethics,” says Laakasuo.
European Journal of Social Psychology
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Moral Psychology of Nursing Robots: Exploring the Role of Robots in Dilemmas of Patient Autonomy
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
Source: Can robots have morals? Robots’ decisions on forced medication evoke doubts
You must log in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:452df022-4ab2-4d7c-866a-0a3c78deb541> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://clinicalnews.org/2022/09/28/can-robots-have-morals-robots-decisions-on-forced-medication-evoke-doubts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327220742-20230328010742-00703.warc.gz | en | 0.953878 | 598 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Protein – An Indispensable Nutrient
- Proteins are nutrients that are essential for our body. Meat, eggs, cheese and other foods from animal sources contain complete proteins that our body need and can’t make on its own.
- We need approximately 1 gr of protein for 1 kg of weight (this is approximate, you will find all kind of different opinions and competing studies). For your reference, one egg has 6 grams of protein, cup of milk 8 grams, 80 gr steak will provide 20 to 25 grams of protein.
- High quality, organic eggs are an excellent source of protein. Contrary to what we are led to believe there are a number of proponents like for example Dr. Mercola that support the statement that we can easily eat a dozen of raw eggs per week.
- All conventional animal protein (meat, eggs) fish and dairy are easily contaminated with dangerous hormones or pollutants and we need to make an effort to search for high quality, organic animal protein.
- Pork meat is best to avoid as even pastured pigs have been found to be vulnerable to Trichinella parasite.
- Soy (except fermented soy products like tempeh, miso and natto) is not a healthy food, despite popular belief. Among many other issues, intake of soy weakens our immune system, soy phytoestrogens disrupt endocrine function, cause infertility and promote breast cancer, cause hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer etc.
- Fish and seafood is great source of protein, but unfortunately often contaminated with mercury and other toxins.
Key Things to Remember
Protein is an indispensable nutrient and we need to ensure a necessary intake of high-quality protein on a daily basis. Great sources:
- Meat (organic, hormone free). All meats, including poultry with exception of pork.
- Eggs (organic, cage-free) – best to consume them raw or lightly boiled/cooked.
- Fish – deep or cold water wild/ caught. Avoid sorts that are likely to be contaminated with mercury etc.
- Raw dairy (butter from raw milk, cheese from raw milk, raw or lightly pasteurized milk, yogurt)
- Beans are sources of good, but not complete, proteins.
Sources and Credits
- Studies Showing the Toxicity of Soy in the US Food & Drug Administration’s Poisonous Plant Database
- Studies Showing Adverse Effects of Dietary Soy, 1939-2008
- Studies Showing Adverse Effects of Isoflavones, 1950-2010 http://www.westonaprice.org/soy-alert/not-so-soy-healthy-for-the-hearthttp://www.nograindiet.com/bottomline/protein.htm | <urn:uuid:ea0a867c-1085-4ea8-946a-7c9327093108> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://foodinloveout.com/2014/04/01/protein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335276.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928180732-20220928210732-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.899924 | 588 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Power raking removes thatch, a tight mat of dead rhizomes, stems and roots, which builds up under the surface of a lawn. Some thatch is beneficial to lawns, but too much blocks water, air and nutrients from reaching the soil. If thatch gets thicker than 1/2 inch deep, the roots grow in the thatch instead of the soil.
If the grass roots grow in thatch, the lawn may not survive hot, dry weather in the summer. Thick layers of thatch provide a home for insects and can result in an uneven, bumpy surface on a lawn, making it hard to mow. Thatch prolongs high humidity for the roots, promoting fungal and bacterial diseases. It builds up in lawns that are heavily fertilized or grow in soil that is poorly aerated or drains poorly. Pesticides used to repel earthworms can also increase the layer of thatch.
Power raking is stressful to lawns so you should only do it when the thatch is thicker than 1/2 inch. You can’t see true thatch by examining the top of your lawn. To check for thatch, cut several plugs 2 to 3 inches deep and look for a spongy, reddish-brown mat between the green grass and the soil. The thatch layer resembles felt.
Power rake most grass types in the growing season. Power rake zoysia in the early summer and bluegrass in the early fall. Power rake cool-season grasses in the early fall. Cool-season grasses grow in the spring and fall and include Kentucky bluegrass, fescue and ryegrass. Power rake zoysia grass and Bermuda grass in late spring when the grass is actively growing.
Core Aeration Alternative
Deep power raking uses vertical tines on a revolving reel to remove thatch and can damage a lawn by removing much of the living turf. Core aeration removes slender plugs from a lawn to relieve compaction from foot traffic and typically causes less damage than power raking. Lawns growing on clay or silty loam or that have a lot of use may benefit from aeration once a year. Loam is soil that has roughly equal amounts of sand, silt and clay. Aeration helps improve the efficiency of irrigation and increases the penetration of soil-applied pesticides.
- University of Illinois Extension: Why And When To Worry About Thatch
- Colorado State University Extension: Lawn Care
- Washington State University Extension: Lawn Renovation
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Aerate/Power Rake Lawns
- University of Missouri Extension: Thatch: Enemy of Lawns
- Americanlawns.com: Cool Season Grasses
- Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:6361d581-5c3f-47e0-b8a7-abb6932f9ad2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/should-power-rake-lawn-41020.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814140.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222160706-20180222180706-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.914182 | 575 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Water quality concerns associated with the distribution of nutrients in lakes and reservoirs make information on naturally occurring processes, which affect water movement, of significant value. These processes can be driven by wind, rain, solar radiation, surface cooling, photosynthetic activity, ground water intrusion and Coriolis forces. This study focuses on the diurnal effects of radiative heating and convective surface cooling as the driving forces of change in the water temperature profiles. It has been shown that the horizontal temperature gradients caused by the heating and cooling of littoral waters, and the density differences associated with these temperature gradients, cause horizontal and vertical exchange of water within the littoral and adjacent profundal regions (Stefan, Horsch and Barko, 1989).
|Original language||English (US)|
|State||Published - Oct 1989| | <urn:uuid:c3290b54-f10b-4e9b-80bc-3c3d1a78ed57> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/heating-and-cooling-of-a-shallow-bay-in-eau-galle-reservoir-field-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381803.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308021603-20210308051603-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.911179 | 170 | 3.421875 | 3 |
From the Series If Extinct Beasts Came to Life
Did you know that dinosaurs weren’t the only prehistoric beasts on Earth? Even before the time when dinosaurs lived, there were many other incredible creatures, and some were even bigger and more terrifying than T. rex. Entelodonts had strong jaws designed to crush bones. Quetzalcoatlus was the largest ever flying creature—about the size of a fighter jet! And Dimetrodons were the first animals to have notched teeth for slicing through flesh. What would happen if these beasts came back to life? Imagine these prehistoric predators facing off against tigers, bears, and wolves—and learn all about the terrifying creatures of the past!
|Interest Level||Grade 3 - Grade 6|
|Reading Level||Grade 4|
|Category||5 Kinds of Nonfiction, 5KN: Browseable Nonfiction, Animals|
|Publisher||Lerner Publishing Group|
|Brand||Hungry Tomato ®|
|Imprint||Hungry Tomato ®|
|Number of Pages||32|
|Reading Counts! Level||7.5|
Author: Matthew Rake
Matthew Rake lives in London and has worked in publishing for more than twenty years. He has written on a wide variety of topics, including science, sports, and the arts.
Illustrator: Simon Mendez
Award-winning illustrator Simon Mendez combines his love of nature and drawing by working as an illustrator with a focus on scientific and natural subjects. He lives in the United Kingdom.
“[An] easy-to-read but hard-to-put-down series. . . . Whether dinosaur fans or not, readers of all ages will enjoy this visually stunning, informative, and, at times, humorous look at prehistory—libraries won’t want to miss out.”—School Library Journal
“Armchair thrills aplenty for Anthropocene readers.”—Kirkus Reviews | <urn:uuid:9df05d19-6c0b-4ac8-8edd-3f4e8b1631a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lernerbooks.com/shop/show/14785 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.906618 | 416 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Although UK bats are a protected species, bat numbers have decreased dramatically, due to the demise of natural habitats such as hedgerows, woodlands and ponds.
As all bats in the UK eat insects, they are a great form of natural pest control.
Many bat species roost in buildings and are, therefore, vunerable to building work or demolition.
You can help to encourage bats by putting up bat boxes or roosts. Bats use different roosts at different times of the year, but will return to the same roost annually. Bats do not bring bedding or make nests in their roosts, but simply hang upside down. In summer, the roosts are used for female bats to have their babies (maternity roosts). In winter, bats hibernate and will look for some where cool and quiet.
The bat box may be positioned 2.5-5 metres high on a building or a mature tree, more detailed instructions are included.
by Trusted Customer12 June 2017
Very well made, lovely little Bat Box, good … read more | <urn:uuid:f5985d23-b433-4c93-aa01-71fe28bb75fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.worm.co.uk/products/bat-box-double-chamber | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.932373 | 227 | 2.6875 | 3 |
||Margareth Kivelson (UCLA; joint CIPS/EPS)||
"Auroras and related phenomena at moons and planets"
Many distinguished scientists (Halley, Celsius, Birkeland and others) have puzzled over the links between northern lights (more generally, the aurora) and disturbances of the earth’s magnetic field. Before the end of his career at the start of the 20th century, Birkeland had elucidated many features of the process through which electrons and ions interact with magnetic fields in near-Earth space to gain energy. They then stream along the magnetic field into the upper atmosphere where they excite particles whose glow we observe from the ground. Today we understand much better the mechanisms that produce aurora on Earth and we have begun to study auroral processes elsewhere in the solar system using telescopes of great resolving power to provide images. With additional in situ spacecraft measurements we attempt to account for the details. Although many features of planetary auroras have parallels on earth, some do not. This talk will consider similarities and differences among auroras and related phenomena observed at earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and the large moons of the latter two. The differing auroral structures arise because there are many different mechanisms for transferring energy from the magnetic field to charged particles but, in every case, the final step in the process excites atmospheric emissions, as Birkeland would have expected.
||George Rieke (joint IGPP?)||A Planet's Rocky Road to Success
One of the largest coherent legacies of the Spitzer telescope
will be studies of planetary debris disks, formed of collisional debris and analogous to the zodiacal cloud and Kuiper Belt in the Solar System. The Spitzer data have
allowed us to study literally hundreds
of nearby planetary systems, of ages from a few million years to
a 5 - 10 Gyr. These observations let us compare hypotheses
for the evolution of our system with the average behavior
of many others. I will show how the data 1.) substantiate
theories for a vigorous collisional growth of terrestrial
planets around an age of 10-15Myr; 2.) suggest the presence of
large impacts such as the one that formed the moon; 3.) but
also indicate that they are relatively rare; and 4.) show that
collisional activity within the terrestrial planet zones
generally persists roughly to the time of corresponding to the Late Heavy Bombardment.
||Kartik Sheth (CIT)
||The Redshift Evolution of
Galactic Structures (Bars, Bulges & Disks) at z < 1 from
COSMOS: Quantifying the Assembly of the Hubble Sequence
We have analyzed the redshift-dependent fraction of galactic bars over 0.2<z<0.84 in 2,157 luminous face-on spiral galaxies from the COSMOS 2-square degree field. Our sample is an order of magnitude larger than that used in any previous investigation, and is based on substantially deeper imaging data than that available from earlier wide-area studies of high-redshift galaxy morphology. We find that the fraction of barred spirals declines rapidly with redshift. Whereas in the local Universe about 65% of luminous spiral galaxies contain bars (SB+SAB), at z 0.84 this fraction drops to about 20%. Over this redshift range the fraction of strong (SB) bars drops from about 30% to under 10%. It is clear that when the Universe was half its present age, the census of galaxies on the Hubble sequence was fundamentally different from that of the present day. A major clue to understanding this phenomenon has also emerged from our analysis, which shows that the bar fraction in spiral galaxies is a strong function of stellar mass, integrated color and bulge prominence. The bar fraction in very massive, luminous spirals is about constant out to z 0.84 whereas for the low mass, blue spirals it declines significantly with redshift beyond z=0.3. There is also a slight preference for bars in bulge dominated systems at high redshifts which may be an important clue towards the co-evolution of bars, bulges and black holes. Our results thus have important ramifications for the processes responsible for galactic downsizing, suggesting that massive galaxies matured early in a dynamical sense, and not just as a result of the regulation of their star formation rate.
||Roger Chevalier (UVa)
||The Death and Afterlife of
Observations of supernovae and gamma-ray bursts show that
massive stars end their lives with wide variety of properties.
For supernovae, mass loss plays a crucial role in that variety.
The circumstellar interaction and explosion characteristics
provide diagnostics for the stellar evolution leading up to the
||Bill Bottke (firstname.lastname@example.org joint EPS/ASTRO.CIPS; joint IGPP)||An Asteroid Breakup 160 My Ago
as the Probable Source of the K-T Impactor
The terrestrial and lunar cratering rate is often assumed to have been nearly constant over the last 3 Gy. Different lines of evidence, however, suggest the impact flux from kilometer-sized bodies increased by at least a factor of 2 over the last ~100 My. Here we report that this apparent surge was triggered by the catastrophic disruption of the Baptistina parent body, a ~170 km diameter carbonaceous chondrite-like asteroid that broke up 160 +30 -20 My ago in the inner main belt. Numerous fragments produced by the collision were slowly delivered by dynamical processes to orbits where they could strike the terrestrial planets. Using numerical simulations to model this asteroid shower, we find it is the most likely source (>90% probability) of the Chicxulub impactor that produced the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) mass extinction event 65 My ago.
||Judd Bowman (CIT)
||"First Light" from New Probes of
the Dark Ages and Reionization
The application of redshifted 21 cm emission from neutral hydrogen in the high-redshift intergalactic medium (IGM) to probe reionization and the early universe is transitioning rapidly from the realm of theory to practice. The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) deployed its first 32 antenna tiles in November, 2007, followed by a "first light" demonstration in December. By the end of 2008, all 512 antenna tiles will be deployed and primary science observations will follow in 2009 and 2010.
Another, very different, approach to extracting information from the redshifted 21 cm signal is to directly constrain the global (mean) brightness temperature as a function of redshift. The Experiment to Detect the Global EOR Signature (EDGES) has been designed for this purpose (and is small enough to fit in your suitcase!). EDGES saw its "first light" at the end of the 2006.
In this talk, I will report on the status and preliminary findings of the initial MWA and EDGES deployments. These efforts, combined with recent developments in theoretical modeling and analysis techniques, are establishing a robust prediction of the reionization science possible with radio experiments. I will review the latest expectations -- now grounded with real hardware experiences -- and highlight the implications for the coming years.
||Hans Walter-Rix (MPG)
Do the Milky Way's Outskirts Live up to Cosmological Expectations?
||Ed Prather (and Gina
Brissenden): coll. + education workshop
||Are you really teaching if no
one is learning? Insights from nearly a decade of research on the
teaching and learning of astronomy.
When we think about how we were socialized into the world of teaching and learning as university science students, it is not surprising that we tend to practice traditional lecture methods with our students once we start teaching our own courses. Acknowledging that traditional lecture-based instruction is insufficient at promoting significant conceptual gains for our students in introductory science courses is only the first step. But what can we do in the traditional lecture setting that really works? We typically receive little to no training or professional development on instructional strategies that are explicitly designed to challenge students' naï ideas and intellectually engage their thinking at a level deeper than what is fostered during traditional lecture, and which leads to more significant conceptual gains.
Members of the Center for Astronomy Education (CAE) at the University of Arizona have been developing and conducting research on the effectiveness of learner-centered instructional strategies and materials that put students in an active role in the traditional lecture classroom. The results of this work have been incorporated into a series of "Teaching Excellence Workshops" that members of CAE have been conducting around the nation as part of the NASA Spitzer and JPL Navigator Education and Public Outreach programs. As a part of continuing efforts to determine the effectiveness of these workshops, CAE is conducting a national research project using the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory administered by faculty who were on the CAE mailing list and listserv (Astrolrner@CAE). Similar to the Force Concept Inventory used in physics, the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory (LSCI) was developed to measure student gains over the course of a semester on a core concept in astronomy-the nature of light and spectroscopy (Bardar et al 2006). Our preliminary findings support that astronomy courses taught using learner-centered methods, that is, Interactive-Engagement-do improve student learning significantly over more traditional methods. In addition to measuring student learning gains, we have developed an instructor survey to measure the perceived level of Interactive-Engagement instructors believe occurs in their courses which we are cross-correlating with an additional survey to be taken by students in these courses.
Results of this research will be presented along with several of these learner-centered instructional strategies.
||David Hogg (NYU)
The fastest, largest, and least well-organized observatory in the world.
||Marc Kuchner (Goddard)
||Debris Disks and Hidden Planets
When a planet orbits inside a debris disk like the disk around Vega or
Beta Pictoris, the planet may be invisible, but the patterns it creates in the
disk may give it away. Observing and decoding these patterns may be
the only way we can detect exo-Neptunes orbiting more than 20 AU from
their stars, and the only way we can spot planets in systems undergoing the
late stages of planet formation. Fortunately, every few months, a new image of
a debris disk appears with curious structures begging for explanation.
I'll describe some new ideas in the theory of these planet-disk interactions
and provide a buyers guide to the latest models (and the
planets they predict).
||Steve Allen (Stanford)
||New cosmological constraints
from X-ray studies of galaxy clusters
The natures of dark matter and dark energy - the dominant mass-energy components of the Universe - are among the most profound questions in physics. X-ray observations of galaxy clusters provide one of our most powerful tools to investigate these mysteries. I will present new results from two experiments that employ X-ray observations. The first uses Chandra X-ray Observatory measurements of the baryonic mass fraction in the largest, dynamically relaxed clusters. This method, like type Ia supernovae studies, measures distance as a function of redshift and traces the acceleration of the Universe directly. It leads to comparably tight, though entirely independent, constraints to supernovae studies, and measures the mean matter and dark energy densities and the dark energy equation of state. The second experiment uses observations of the growth of cosmic structure, as manifested in the evolution of the X-ray luminosity function of galaxy clusters. It leads to tight constraints on the amplitude of mass fluctuations in the Universe, and entirely new constraints on dark energy. The analysis of both experiments includes a rigorous treatment of systematic uncertainties. I will place our new X-ray results in the context of the best other current cosmological data. In combination with cosmic microwave background and supernovae studies, we obtain improved insight to date into the nature of dark energy, measuring the equation of state to a precision of 5-6 per cent. I will comment on the prospects for improving these results over the next few years.
||Josh Simon (CIT)
||Dark Matter in Dwarf Galaxies
Over the last several years, three crucial shortcomings of the Cold
Dark Matter (CDM) model have been discovered on galaxy-size scales. I
present new observations addressing two of these problems: the missing
satellite problem and the central density problem. I describe results
from a Keck spectroscopic survey of the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
orbiting the Milky Way that were recently discovered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We measure the masses of these galaxies based on their
stellar kinematics and investigate whether they can account for the
missing CDM satellites. I also present a rotation curve analysis of
eight nearby low mass disk galaxies, based on high-resolution 2D velocity fields in Halpha and CO. This observing program has been designed to overcome some of the limitations of other rotation curve studies that rely mostly on long-slit spectra or low-resolution HI observations. We find that these objects exhibit the full range of dark matter density profiles between constant density and NFW halos, in contrast to the single universal density profile seen in CDM simulations. We consider possible explanations for the differences between observed and expected density profiles and argue that they are consistent with being caused by halo triaxiality.
||Paul Martini (OSU)||The Evolution of AGN in Clusters
Galaxies in clusters have undergone profoundly different evolution relative to their counterparts in the field. I will present new results that show the same holds true for the supermassive black holes at the centers of cluster galaxies. Comparision of low-redshift and high-redshift clusters shows that luminous AGN are substantially more common in high-redshift clusters, and that the population increases more rapidly than the field AGN population over the same redshift range. This substantial difference in AGN evolution between the field and clusters is indicative of an environmental dependence to AGN downsizing. As AGN feedback appears to lead to substantial heating of the intracluster medium, the evolution of the AGN population may also have implications for the use of the intracluster medium as a cosmological tool.
||Frans Pretorius (Princeton)
Binary Black Hole Mergers
||Maura McLaughlin (WVU)
Peek-A-Boo Pulsars: Transient radio emission from neutron stars | <urn:uuid:76abef3e-1471-40fd-bc7f-fac9bc46cc00> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://astro.berkeley.edu/~gbower/SpringColloq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500812662.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021332-00123-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91202 | 3,046 | 2.625 | 3 |
As we watch the German nation self destruct before our very eyes, it is good to remember another period in German history, a time long ago, when the German nation first began. This occurred in 9 AD (Racer X refuses to ever use the latest PC fad, CE for AD), when the Roman Empire was perhaps at its apex. The Romans wanted to expand beyond the Rhine and increase the boundaries of the Empire. However, in a place called the Teurtoburg forest the legions under the command of Publius Quinctilius Varus, were ambushed by Arminius and his alliance of Germanic tribes and massacred. The news was received back in Rome with great horror, and the Emperor August, the first and greatest of the Roman emperors, was never quite the same afterwards, He died in 14 AD lamenting this great defeat. Nearly a hundred years later the Roman historian Tacitus described the contemporary site of the battle as still littered with the long dried out bones of the Roman dead. This battle is momentous not only for German history but also for European history and all that European history subsequently influenced, for it ensured that Europe would be divided between the Roman colonized, Latin speaking West (France, Italy and Spain) and the Germanic East. This was always a constant source of conflict throughout the 2000 years since Arminius defeated the Romans, the culmination of which was the Second World War.
Throughout German history this was considered the first great moment of German nationalism. Yet after WWII, with Germany plagued by guilt, such an event has been erased from the German textbooks. Today nationalism is a bad word in Germany. There was no commemoration of this historically important battle a few years ago, which would have been it’s two thousandth anniversary. The Germans still just feel too damn guilty over their Nazi past.
Now we have the situation in Germany today. Angela Merkel has invited an unlimited number of “refugees” into Germany and the Germans are more than willing to accept them. Right now the number will perhaps be million of this year alone, but you can guarantee that more, millions more, perhaps tens of millions will come for years to come. They will come, because the Germans in particular, the Europeans in general, have no will to stop them. This will fundamentally transform the Germanic nation as it has existed now for over 2000 years. What Arminius did by keeping the Romans out, Angela has now completely undone by letting in hoards of Asiatic Muslims. If the present German and Eurotrash leadership does not think that in fifty or hundred years time the descendants of these migrants will not be the majority of their country, and their own children (if they have any) the minority, and that typical Islamic persecution of those minorities, if not annihilation will follow, they are deluded. When their descendants are being gutted and beheaded by their Muslim overlords, when their granddaughters are having their clitorises cut off by the orders of the Grand Mullah of Berlin, I wonder what they will be thinking. Most likely they will be saying, “Yes, give it to me because I am a bad German! I deserve this!”
And yet this is what they want: they want to to be annihilated, to suffer the ultimate punishment of extinction for the sin of creating a better and more prosperous society than the rest of mankind enjoys. They suffer from the ultimate guilt of “white privilege”. They also must forever atone for the sins of National Socialism. Unlike Arminius and his Germanic peoples, this present generation of Germans wants to be conquered, they want to be overrun by “the other”, they feel they still must pay for what their grandparents did over seventy years ago. Never in the history of the world has one people felt so bad so long after a war they did not even fight. Never in history has one peoples so despised themselves for doing what has been going on, and will continue to go on, throughout history: the conquest of one group of people by another. Now it is time for the Germans to be the conquered, not by Russian, but by a people even more dangerous and antithetical to them in the long term.
Now that conquest is taking the form not of an armed invasion, but an invasion fueled by liberal compassion. And yet it is still invasion. Perhaps this is all inevitable. After all, the Germans, like most Europeans and white North Americans, are simply not reproducing at a rate to replace their populations, and in the end, as the Romans themselves discovered, demographics are everything. Can a one hundred million people hold off a billion forever? They won’t, especially if they are completely unwilling to fight for their land, and are even eager to give it away for free. A few Germans are left who have any historical love for their land, but they are and will remain a minority continually harassed by the leviathan of the socialist super state and its ubiquitous allies in the media. It is truly a hopeless situation which can only lead to one thing: total destruction of a country and its people.
For a while Racer X felt distressed seeing such a catastrophic event unfold, but now, after seeing how the majority of Germans want to be destroyed, that they have no pride or love in themselves or their country or heritage, that they will forever be shackled by the guilt of Nazi Germany, I can only laugh at them, and tell them that they deserve what is coming. The inevitable violence and cultural destruction that will follow in the coming years and decades is not going to be nice, but in the end, when the dust has settled, Germany as a nation and the Germanic peoples will no longer exist, and they will have gone the way of the American Indian.
At least the American Indian had the balls to fight for his land, unlike the modern pussy Germans whom Ariminius would not recognize as his descendants.
If Germany wanted to help some people, perhaps ten thousand at most, that would be one thing. If they insisted that the people seeking refuge become part of their culture and not the other way around, I would not have a problem with that. But that scale and mentality of this is entirely different and it is entirely useless to give a shit about anyone, individual or country, who clearly do not give a shit about themselves. This is true for all of Europe and North America. The people all deserve what payback will eventually come to them. Fortunately I can still enjoy the fruits of Western civilization before it is too late. For the one sole child being born today to white Western women, such a life will not be possible by the middle of this century. I can only foresee a period of mass strife, violence, racial and cultural wars as the third world peoples will finally have enough of their own kind in Europe and America to demand their own society and culture and wipe out in a fury of historical- grievance-driven-payback what is left of the Western world. This is only the inevitable cycle of all of history. Just look at the ruins of those once great Roman cities if you don’t believe me.
Yes, I think so. There is something about female beauty that makes a man feel good. What is it? Is it simply the rewarding of the pleasure centers of the brain? Perhaps. Or is it something a deeper, a more mystical and mysterious power? Is it God beckoning us males into the eternal transmission of life? Who knows.
All I know is that there is always something joyful in the sight of a beautiful woman. It never gets old, it never gets boring, and it is always satisfying. To see lots of pretty women throughout the day makes one’s day go by a lot faster. Mind you, I am not even speaking of trying to bed them. It is merely the sight, the vision, the loveliness of beauty that enchants the soul.
I feel sorry for those puritanical cultures in various parts of the world, as well as the American hag feminists who cluster in universities and the mass media, that are unable to appreciate such wonders of God’s creation. Actually, no, I don’t feel sorry for them. I despise and laugh at them for their ignorance and lack of taste. And by them I mean the American hag feminists, not those various puritanical cultures in difference parts of the world.
All I know is that the loveliness of a woman, whether seen in a mere image or walking down the street or actually in your embrace, is always something that brings me great pleasure. | <urn:uuid:86263970-7222-47c7-b2d7-b8031262833d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://theracerx.com/2015/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315809.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821043107-20190821065107-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.974395 | 1,768 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In the eventful pre-election season of debates, rallies, and political posturing, presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain have had a lot to say about powerhouse issues such as national security and the economy. However, it was only recently that education, a perennial concern for families the nation over, came to the forefront in a spirited debate between the two candidates’ education policy advisers.
Lisa Graham Keegan, the education adviser to McCain’s campaign, and Linda Darling-Hammond, the education adviser in Obama’s camp, sat down October 21st at Columbia University’s Teachers College for a moderated debate on education and the next president. Among the topics discussed were early childhood education, the No Child Left Behind law, teacher quality, school choice, and the contentious issue of assessments and testing.
Both Keegan and Darling-Hammond were eager to finally highlight their candidate’s views on education, and agreed that the issue has not been emphasized enough throughout the campaign season. “We kind of have to put part of that on us, part of that on the press that’s not following through with it,” said Keegan.
The two women found little common ground over No Child Left Behind, the educational reform measure that places strong emphasis on standards and accountability. “Senator Obama believes in the goals of the law,” such as closing the achievement gap, qualified teachers, and accountability, said Darling-Hammond. “At the same time, he acknowledges that there are many, many problems with the law and how it’s been implemented. They need to be fixed.” Keegan offered a more positive outlook on the measure, stating that McCain is a strong supporter of NCLB and believes that “one of the strongest features of No Child Left Behind is the ability to know how every school is doing” in relationship to one another.
Keegan’s emphasis on standardized assessments as a metric for tracking school and student achievement was challenged by Darling-Hammond, who stated that, “The law needs to be organized around investing in school improvement, in strategic and useful ways rather than simply trying to flog schools into excellence with a set of sanctions and punishments.” She also criticized the current method of standardized assessments, which typically take the form of bubble tests, as being a “1950s conception“ which needs to be redesigned to fit 21st century skill areas such as science and technology.
Keegan and Darling-Hammond also clashed on the issue of early childhood education, which has been a cornerstone of Senator Obama’s education initiatives. “The early childhood research base is really clear that high quality preschool has strong benefits and lasting benefits for students throughout school,” said Darling-Hammond, who emphasized Obama’s goal of increasing the number of students getting access to Head Start by 100,000. In contrast, Keegan voiced skepticism toward the idea that access to preschool results in greater gains later on. “If it were true, and I wish it were, that preschool was resulting in this fabulous effect, then by now we should have a lot more progress in elementary, middle and high school.” Keegan went on to cite the need for teacher quality assessments as an important factor in evaluating the effectiveness of preschool programs.
Another topic to receive attention from both candidates’ advisers was that of school choice, which has played a central part in McCain’s education initiatives. Both advisers found common ground over the idea of expanding charter schools across the country. However, they differed in their perspective on school vouchers, which McCain strongly supports, and which Obama opposes. Keegan said giving parents an option in where to send their kids will lead to better schools and higher achievement. When parents choose, they "are much more highly satisfied with the schools, feel they are safer, their kids are happier there, and the environment is one they would like for their child," Keegan said. Darling-Hammond said Obama's focus will be on making schools worth choosing, saying that “Choice isn’t worth much if all it does is move around the deck chairs on the Titanic.”
While Obama and McCain themselves may not be talking much about education, their advisers offered a taste of each candidate's views on the major issues affecting America's schools. For voters only two weeks away from marking their ballots, it's about time. | <urn:uuid:0f5b24f8-2d8f-4de4-a166-97690735d63d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.education.com/magazine/article/Candidates_Education_Advisors_Debate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737896527.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221816-00184-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981 | 911 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Germany, also known as the Federal Republic of Germany (or ‘Deutschland’ in German) is a country located in Central Europe. Before acquiring its current name, Germany was known as Germania and was a part of the Holy Roman Empire from 900 – 1806 A.D. Today, Germany is the second most popular choice for migrants, after the United States. The capital of Germany is Berlin, its official language is German and it has a population of just over 80 million. The currency used is the Euro (EUR). Between 1949 and 1990, Germany was divided into two countries; the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). In 1961, construction of a wall began to divide the two countries. Germany is remembered for its part is World Wars I and II and its dictator, Adolf Hitler. Those in support of Hitler were known as Nazis. 11 million people were killed in the Holocaust, 6 million of those were Jewish. Hitler killed himself shortly before German was defeated by the Allies in 1945. West Germany was a founding member of the European Union. Germans are known for their food (sausages) and beer. Germans are amongst the biggest beer drinkers in the world. | <urn:uuid:d665c39d-171d-40d6-aa54-1ef47bd5d76f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.worldclock.com/saat-kac/avrupa/almanya/hamm-saat-kac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499888.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131154832-20230131184832-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.991893 | 249 | 3.171875 | 3 |
3 circles tangent to another and all 3 inside a 4th.
The large Circle is Radius 4.51 and the 3 smaller ones 2.06. While not super perfectly to scale….it is very close. On to my question:
Where can I find equations to prove/disprove that 3 or more circles with radius R1 will fit within the bigger circle radius r2?
All 3 are perfect circles and are the same size. while i do not Understand Descartes’ Theorem (never learned that in HS) i was thinking it my be what i am after. Excerpt for the net:if four mutually tangent circles have curvature a, b, c, and d, then…
(a + b + c + d )2 = 2(a2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 ).
My line of thinking is i have 3 mirrors and wish to place them all in a perfectly circular hoop and then fill in with stained glass.
What must the 3 little radius be to fit in the 4th? they do not have to touch the hoop and can be much smaller.
Thanks in advance for your time, and double thanks to any that can help. some links on what i found but was not making headway with:
a second diagram to note what i am asking
This is my 3rd diagram, showing 3,4,5 circles in 1. i have found using the "Geometry Expressions Demo" that for 3 in 1 circle, the radius is ~46.4% of the large circle. the others are 4in1: Y2=41.3%, and 5in1 Y4=37%
Ignore large circle is a Radius 4 Doc, they were poor attempts at trying to convey my question.
Question restated: for x#of circles inside 1, what is the equation for x circles radii ? for example, R1(.5-(.04(x-2))) where R1 is the outer circle radius, and x is the # of circles past 2 | <urn:uuid:72761cdc-c53a-4f9d-afc0-03ad7b42e606> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://mathhelpforum.com/geometry/151174-3-circles-tangent-another-all-3-inside-4th-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660760.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00151-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919809 | 425 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Definition of Chickenpox rash
Chickenpox rash: Chickenpox is characterized by a rash, often the first sign of the disease. The rash of chickenpox develops in crops with raised red spots arriving first, progressing to blisters that burst, creating open sores, before crusting over. This process usually starts on the scalp, then the trunk (its area of greatest concentration), and finally the arms and legs. Any area of skin that is irritated (by diaper rash, eczema, sunburn, etc.) is likely to be hard hit by the rash. The rash is typically very itchy (pruritic).
In rare cases, a person may have chickenpox without the rash.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 8/28/2013
Parenting and Pregnancy
Get tips for baby and you. | <urn:uuid:10177911-67b0-45e1-88f9-7eddff9406f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9367 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158601.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00274-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906785 | 173 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Another case for reducing the impact of cars can be found here and below.
In 2007, the world crossed an epochal threshold. For the first time in history, the majority of the human population lived in cities. And this urbanization is accelerating. By 2010, there will be 59 metropolitan areas with populations greater than five million – up 50% from 2001.
Many of those city dwellers will be driving cars, and the products they consume will be arriving in trucks. So if you think your day is plagued by gridlock now, what might the future hold?
Quite simply, our transportation infrastructure and management approaches can’t handle the world’s traffic. In the U.S. alone, 3.7 billion hours are lost every year to people sitting in traffic, and 2.3 billion gallons of fuel – enough to fill 58 supertankers – burn needlessly, at a cost to the economy of $78 billion per year.
This isn’t smart – but it can become so. The systemic nature of urban transportation is also the key to the solution. We need to stop focusing only on pieces of the problem: adding a new bridge, widening a road, putting up signs, establishing commuter lanes, encouraging carpooling or deploying traffic copters.
Instead, we need to look at relationships across the entire system and all the other systems that are touched by it: our supply chains, our environment, our companies…the way people and cities live and work. Traffic isn’t just a line of cars: it’s a web of connections. “Smart traffic” isn’t yet the norm, but it’s not some far-off vision of
tomorrow. In many places, IBM is helping to make it happen today.
In Stockholm, a dynamic toll system based on the flow of vehicles into and out of the city has reduced traffic by 20%, decreased wait time by 25% and cut emissions by 12%. In Singapore, controllers receive real-time data through sensors to model and predict traffic scenarios with 90% accuracy. And in Kyoto, city planners simulate large-scale traffic situations involving millions of vehicles to analyze urban impact.
All of this is possible because cities can infuse intelligence into their entire transportation system — streets, bridges, intersections, signs, signals and tolls — which can all be interconnected and made smarter. These new traffic systems can improve drivers’ commutes, give better information to city planners, increase the productivity of businesses and raise citizens’ quality of life. They can reduce
congestion, shrink fuel use and cut CO2 emissions.
Our rapidly urbanizing planet depends on getting people and things from here to there. In the 20th century, that meant freeways from state to state and nation to nation. In the 21st century, “smart” traffic systems can be the new milestone of progress.
Let’s build a smarter planet. Join us and see what others are thinking | <urn:uuid:d5c0f1b3-d9cb-483c-b4dd-e9e319e5f319> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://fadingintomyth.blogspot.com/2009/08/roads-to-smarter-planet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812584.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219111908-20180219131908-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.933507 | 613 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Agriculture employs more than half of Africa's population. The agricultural sector in Africa is expected to grow exponentially over the next 10 years, but only if it diversifies sufficiently and continues to invest in the issues that are impeding growth, such as structural, financial, and infrastructure issues and most importantly - collaborate with international players who can come to the industry and explore, expand and evolve with the domestic companies together.
Agriculture growth in Africa has expanded since the African government began formulating plans and regulations aimed at self-sufficiency and sustainability in order to achieve African agribusiness' $1 trillion by 2030. According to Agriculture in Africa statistics, farmers account for 23% of all workers, with more than 60% of them being Sub-Saharan smallholder farmers.
Agriculture in Africa is the cornerstone of sub-Saharan Africa, generating almost 25% of the continent's GDP. Here, women are the backbone of the industry; yet, one in every four malnourished people in the world lives in Africa, and land laws are not as favourable to women as they are to men. If you have by any means thought about why is agriculture important in Africa, you would always understand the very fact that the continent has always been into agricultural practices and fertile land has always been a source of income to 2/3rd people but cut to present in 2022, the situation is not like before and women are equally being accepted in the agricultural sector and are actively taking part and even government is striving hard to eliminate malnutrition through bringing in sustainable and cost-effective measures like organic farming, technology farming etc.
The country-led initiative - Grow Africa, and the U.K -based charity, Farm Africa, are working to fix these disparities to help Africa reach its potential according to a well-known report and these two organisations also emphasise the importance of organic farming in the continent. The importance of organic farming, especially in South Africa as through agriculture in Africa statistics, is underscored by the fact that urban consumers in Africa are predicted to consume more fresh produce, dairy, meat, and processed food than their rural counterparts.
Despite a decline from 56% to 46% since the 1980s, agriculture is still the most significant sector in Africa and slowly and gradually, organic farming in South Africa is also coming up to play a crucial role and the same was represented in Agriculture in Africa Statistics.
However, the output of this sector has undergone equally dramatic changes as its value has increased. The increase in agricultural output can be attributed to increased productivity and better utilisation of arable land, both of which have space for improvement. This shows that there is still a lot of agricultural potential and is one of the reasons why agriculture is of so much importance in Africa.
Organic farming in South Africa protects the health of the land, ecosystems, and population while providing food crops and animals. Organic agriculture, rather than requiring harmful inputs, relies on biological cycles, biodiversity, and procedures that are tailored to local conditions.
The organic farming sector in South Africa has a lengthy history. This country established the International Federation of Organic Movements. Nonetheless, the organic industry in the country is fragmented. There have been fragment organisations representing various farmers, each with their own beliefs about which path is best for the industry.
In South Africa, the items are frequently accessible at supermarkets, by home delivery, from farmers directly, in specialised restaurants, and at specific organic markets. Some schools also provide organic foods. Organic produce has a significant but underdeveloped local market, with organic commodities commanding low premiums. Local stores in South Africa sell a reasonable amount of organic produce to the general market.
In a nutshell, Agriculture in Africa statistics show that in Africa, Organic farming and gardening are most readily adaptable to poor or emerging farmers who cannot easily access costly external inputs and high-tech training. It has the added advantage of being spontaneous community building and because it uses human-scale technology, it is also labour-intensive and has the potential – beyond meeting subsistence needs – to create jobs. It is now a proven fact that a reasonable living, after costs, is possible off 500 square metres or less, selling organic vegetables at street prices and now probably you know why agriculture is important in Africa and also why organicfarming in South Africa is so advancing. | <urn:uuid:fe7ff4ea-985c-4e03-82c5-f76ae1e32907> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://africa-agriexpo.com/agriculture-develpoment-in-africa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.962353 | 874 | 2.796875 | 3 |
1887, coined in German from Greek mitos "warp thread" + Modern Latin -osis "act, process." Term introduced by German anatomist Walther Fleming (1843-1905) in 1882. So called because chromatin of the cell nucleus appears as long threads in the first stages. Greek mitos might be related to mitra "headband, turban" (see mitre).
Web design and development by MaoningTech. | <urn:uuid:8230966e-a920-4990-bf0c-32f9155d6d99> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.etymonline.com/word/mitosis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812293.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218232618-20180219012618-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.852458 | 95 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Bringing home a stray kitten can be risky if you don’t take proper precautions. Stray kittens may carry diseases, parasites, or have behavior issues from lack of socialization. However, with some preparation and care, adopting a stray kitten can still be safe and rewarding. Here are some quick answers about stray kitten safety:
– Get the kitten vet checked as soon as possible for diseases and parasites
– Keep the kitten quarantined for at least 2 weeks before introducing to other pets
– Make sure the kitten is at least 4 weeks old before separating from mother
– Socialize the kitten properly to humans to prevent behavior issues
– Feed high-quality food and keep up with vaccinations and deworming
– Clean litter box frequently to prevent spread of parasites
– Spay/neuter the kitten by 5-6 months to improve health and prevent marking
Assessing the kitten’s health
One of the biggest risks with bringing home a stray kitten is the spread of contagious diseases and parasites. Kittens found outside may not have received any veterinary care and could be carrying upper respiratory infections, ringworm, intestinal parasites, fleas, ticks, ear mites, or feline leukemia virus.
Some signs of ill health in a stray kitten include:
– Sneezing, runny eyes or nose
– Lethargy, lack of appetite
– Poor coat condition, patches of missing fur
– Visible parasites like fleas or ticks
– Pot belly appearance (could indicate worms)
– Pale gums or rapid breathing
Your first step with a stray kitten should always be to schedule a veterinary exam, even if the kitten appears healthy. The vet will check for heart murmurs, fleas, ear mites, and signs of illness. They will also run lab tests for feline leukemia and FIV.
Bloodwork can check for anemia and underlying infections. A fecal exam checks for intestinal parasites like roundworms, hookworms, coccidia, or giardia. The vet may prescribe deworming medication, antibiotics, or medicated baths for ringworm.
Be sure to keep the stray kitten quarantined until receiving a clean bill of health. Quarantine means isolating in a separate room away from people and other pets. This prevents spreading potential contagious diseases. Quarantine for at least 2 weeks before introducing the new kitten to your home and other pets.
Age and weaning considerations
Knowing the age of a stray kitten you want to adopt is important for health and socialization. Very young kittens under 4 weeks old still require bottle feeding every 2-3 hours. They should not be separated from the mother until reaching 4-5 weeks old.
Signs a stray kitten is under 4 weeks of age:
– Eyes not open yet or just barely open
– Wobbly when attempting to walk
– Very thin and crying frequently from hunger
– Has trouble using the litter box
– Still needs help from mom with urinating and defecating
If you find stray kittens this young, you will need to bottle feed special kitten formula around the clock. Check for dehydration by pinching the scruff – it should snap back quickly when released. Kittens this little still rely on their mother’s warmth and stimulation to urinate and defecate, so you will need to mimic this process with warm compresses and gentle wiping with a warm washcloth.
Kittens over 4 weeks old should be able to eat wet and dry kitten food. Provide frequent small meals and supplemental bottle feeding if needed. By 6-8 weeks old, they should transition to the typical 3-4 meals per day. Monitor their overall growth and energy levels to ensure proper nutrition. Stray kittens are prone to dehydration, malnutrition, and intestinal parasites interfering with nutrient absorption.
Socializing the kitten
Stray kittens deprived of normal socialization can develop fearfulness, aggression, or inappropriate elimination issues. The most important socialization window is 3-9 weeks of age.
Tips for properly socializing a stray kitten:
– Gently handle kitten frequently, hold close to your body
– Introduce a variety of sounds, environments, textures
– Use treats and play to associate humans with positive reinforcement
– Discourage rough playing or biting hands
– Have the kitten approach you instead of cornering/grabbing the kitten
– Take slow introductions to any children, dogs, or other pets
Be patient with an under-socialized kitten and consult a vet about anti-anxiety medication if needed. Providing a safe, enriched environment with hideaways and vertical spaces can also help timid kittens build confidence. Socialization is an ongoing process, so continue positive reinforcement and handling as the kitten grows. An adult stray cat with severe socialization issues may not ever adapt well to living indoors.
Vaccinations and parasite control
Like human children, kittens require a series of vaccinations to prevent dangerous diseases. Core kitten shots include:
– Feline panleukopenia virus (distemper)
– Feline viral rhinotracheitis
Non-core vaccines that may be recommended based on lifestyle and region include chlamydia, bordetella, feline leukemia virus, and FIP.
The standard vaccine schedule is:
|6-8 weeks||Panleukopenia virus, rhinotracheitis, calicivirus|
|12 weeks||Second dose of above (booster)|
|20 weeks||Third round of panleukopenia virus, rhinotracheitis, calicivirus|
|1 year||Rabies, panleukopenia virus, rhinotracheitis, calicivirus boosters|
Your vet will tailor the exact schedule based on your kitten’s needs. Be sure to keep up with all boosters in adulthood too.
Stray kittens also commonly have intestinal parasites like roundworms, hookworms, and coccidia from their mother or exposure outdoors. Symptoms include a pot belly, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight.
A fecal exam at the vet checks for parasite eggs. Deworming medication is typically given in a series of 2-3 treatments spaced 2-3 weeks apart. Monthly heartworm and flea/tick prevention will reduce future parasite risks. Keep the litter box extremely clean and wash hands frequently while caring for a stray kitten.
Proper nutrition for growth
Proper nutrition is crucial for stray kittens who may be underweight and malnourished. Consult your vet about the ideal diet for their age and condition. Mother’s milk provides the best nutrition up to 4 weeks old.
Between 4 weeks and 6 months old, feed a high-quality wet and/or dry kitten food formulated for growth. Look for at least 30% protein and 15% fat. Feed 3-4 times daily based on appetite, avoiding both under and overfeeding obesity risk.
Supplement orphaned kittens under 5 weeks old with kitten milk replacer formula. Avoid cow’s milk, which can cause diarrhea. Place formula in a shallow dish to lap or bottle-feed every 2-3 hours if needed.
To encourage water intake, provide a shallow water dish away from the food dish, and offer wet food with high moisture content (>75%). Monitor the kitten’s growth, energy level and body condition score. Weigh regularly to ensure adequate calorie intake.
At 6-12 months old, transition to a high protein adult cat food, ideal for spay/neuter by 5-6 months old. Stick to scheduled mealtimes instead of free feeding. Quality nutrition helps support the immune system against diseases.
Other health considerations
In addition to contagious diseases and parasites, stray kittens may suffer from low blood sugar, dehydration, anemia, and vitamin/mineral deficiencies. Signs requiring prompt veterinary care include:
– Lethargy, weakness, unable to stand
– Labored breathing or pale gums
– Poor appetite, weight loss, failure to gain weight
– Vomiting or diarrhea lasting over 24 hours
– Straining to urinate or bloody urine
– Coughing, wheezing, severe nasal discharge
– Vision or hearing loss, impaired balance
– Frequent crying or vocalizing pain or distress
Stray kittens also commonly have fleas, ear mites, or ringworm fungal infections. Talk to your vet about safe anti-parasitic treatments appropriate for kittens under 8 weeks old.
Control fleas with monthly topical treatments and keep living areas clean. Treat ear mites with prescription drops. Minimize ringworm spread by wearing gloves and keeping the kitten quarantined during treatment. Disinfect all grooming tools and bedding regularly.
Providing proper housing
Stray kittens require an appropriately equipped, safe housing setup:
– Separate quarantine space at first away from other pets
– Soft bedding, easy to disinfect and wash
– Litter box accessible 24/7, cleaned 2+ times daily
– Warmth from supplemental heating source
– Hiding places and vertical spaces to climb
– Scratching posts to train appropriate scratching
– Safe toys to enrich environment
Avoid loose strings, ribbons, and small choking hazards. Cover electric cords, hide toxic chemicals, and restrict access to reclining chairs, washers, or other dangerous areas. Kittens will need multiple play sessions daily to expend energy. Be sure children know how to gently handle kittens and allow the kitten to retreat when overstimulated.
Monitor interactions closely with any existing pets. Dogs can accidentally injure a small kitten with rough play. Other cats may show territorial aggression toward the newcomer. Make introductions gradual over 2-3 weeks.
All adopted stray kittens should be spayed or neutered by 5-6 months of age. Spaying females prevents heat cycles, false pregnancies, and mammary gland cancer risks. Neutering makes males less prone to urine spraying, fighting, and wandering tendencies.
The shelter or vet clinic can provide a certificate towards low-cost pediatric spay/neuter once the kitten weighs at least 2 lbs. Allowing kittens to reach sexual maturity unaltered greatly contributes to cat overpopulation. Discuss an appropriate age to schedule the procedure with your veterinarian.
Training and enrichment
Stray kittens benefit greatly from training, exercise, and environmental enrichment. Behaviors to reinforce include:
– Proper litter box use. Provide box in easy to access area, scoop 2+ times daily. Avoid litter box punishment.
– Desirable scratching on cat trees and scratchers. Use treats to reward and redirect from furniture.
– Coming when called to name. Never startle or grab to end play.
– Gentle handling of human skin. Say “ouch!” then ignore if skin nipped. Redirect to toys, not hands.
– Carrier training for safe vet visits. Leave carrier out with bedding and treats.
– Harness training for controlled outdoor access. Start young with treats, gentle handling.
Interactive play sessions will help socialize the kitten and prevent unwanted behaviors from boredom. Try toys like teasers, puzzle feeders, catnip toys, and ping pong balls to encourage natural hunting behaviors. Avoid laser pointers as frustrating.
Rotate toys to maintain interest. Provide scratching posts and window perches for territorial marking and climbing enrichment. Consider adopting stray kittens in bonded pairs if possible.
Health risks to humans
Certain contagious conditions in stray kittens can pose health risks for humans. These include:
– **Ringworm:** Transmitted by direct contact with kitten’s skin or contaminated environments. Causes circular rash on skin in humans. Wear gloves when handling affected kittens and disinfect all household surfaces. See a doctor for antifungal treatment if rash develops.
– **Roundworms and hookworms:** Humans can accidentally ingest worm eggs from litter box. Children are at highest risk. Practice good hygiene and have all family members regularly dewormed.
– **Rabies:** Unvaccinated stray kittens may carry rabies. Avoid contact with any wildlife, bat colonies, or dead animals. If an unvaccinated kitten bites and breaks skin, seek medical treatment for rabies vaccination.
– **Cat scratch fever:** Caused by a Bartonella bacterial infection. Usually causes swollen lymph nodes and fever after a kitten scratch. See a doctor; antibiotic treatment may be given in serious cases.
– **Toxoplasmosis:** Caused by a parasitic infection in uncooked meat or kitten feces. Usually causes mild flu symptoms. Can seriously affect those with weakened immune systems. Have pregnant women avoid handling litter box.
Following basic hygiene around kittens can prevent most zoonotic disease transmission. Adopting older juveniles over 12 weeks old reduces risks as well.
While saving a stray kitten is admirable, be realistic about the costs involved:
– Initial vet exam and lab work: $100 – $300
– Deworming and flea treatments: $50 – $250
– Vaccine series: $75 – $150
– Spay/neuter surgery: $100 – $300
– Microchip: $25 – $50
– Quality food, litter, supplies: $500 – $1000+ per year
Pet health insurance can offset major medical bills. Look for nonprofits that assist with stray kitten vet costs. Budget for routine and emergency care expenses. Kittens require significant time, dedication, and financial commitment.
Alternatives to adopting
While adopting stray kittens can be very rewarding, it is also a major responsibility. Some alternatives include:
– Fostering kittens for a local shelter or rescue group instead of permanent adoption
– Volunteering at a shelter to provide socialization and enrichment for the cats
– Transporting strays to a shelter or rescue organization for proper intake
– Donating supplies or funds to animal welfare groups who care for community cats
– Supporting Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs to humanely reduce feral cat populations
– Advocating for accessible low-cost vet care, vaccination clinics, and spay/neuter outreach
Think carefully before taking in stray kittens. Reach out to animal shelters for guidance. Consider if you can provide for a kitten’s long-term needs before making the lifelong commitment.
While stray kittens tug at the heartstrings, they require extensive medical care, training, time and financial commitment. With preparation for contagious diseases, parasites, and behavior issues, adopting community kittens can still be done safely. Proper socialization, veterinary care, housing, and nutrition gives stray kittens the best chance at becoming healthy, well-adjusted cats. Always foster or adopt kittens in pairs whenever possible. Be realistic about the costs and responsibilities before bringing a stray kitten home. | <urn:uuid:5e9f2f11-ab57-460b-aa6d-309668efc181> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.restonyc.com/is-it-safe-to-bring-home-a-stray-kitten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100686.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207185656-20231207215656-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.876652 | 3,028 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Pictou’s air quality is … all right?
Despite a growing Pictou County protest movement against Northern Pulp for violating emissions limits, a 2013 survey of air pollution levels in Canada’s towns and cities puts Pictou in the middle of the pack.
The National Air Pollution Surveillance Network has stations in over 200 Canadian communities, including one on Beeches Road in Pictou.
The stations feed hourly updates on sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and nitrogen oxide contents in the air to the Environment Canada-run surveillance network.
“The sulphur smell draws the most concerns from the public, but it’s actually the fine particulate matter that is of greater concern to public health,” Ray Copes, associate professor at University of Toronto’s Dalla Lana School of Public Health, said Tuesday.
Tiny bits of matter that can be made of a variety of chemicals are given off in the combustion process.
What matters isn’t so much their chemical makeup as it is their size. When they are smaller than 21/2 microns wide, about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair, they can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and penetrate the lungs.
So while Northern Pulp may smell, it’s the fine particulate matter coming out of its stacks that is of greatest concern to human health, said Copes.
Independent testing last fall showed Northern Pulp was exceeding the amount of fine particulate it’s allowed to emit by 78 per cent.
“But it’s not what comes out of the stacks that matters as much, from a public health consideration, as is what goes up the nose,” said Copes, who has studied air pollution on the public health of communities around pulp mills in British Columbia and helped the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment set national standards.
Pictou’s residents have been getting a smaller dose of fine particulate matter than at least one-third of the Canadian population.
According to the network, at least 10 million Canadians are exposed to larger doses of fine particulate matter. They primarily live in Ontario and Quebec.
It’s not just industrial polluters that emit fine particulates — every automobile, furnace, plane and pretty well anything that produces energy by burning something does.
Pictou isn’t near a major highway and has a small population.
The government of Ontario estimates 34 per cent of the fine particulate matter produced in the province comes from automobiles.
It estimates three per cent comes from its pulp and paper sector.
“(Fine particulate matter) episodes in southern Ontario and southern Quebec are affected not only by local (particulate matter) and precursor emissions, but also by the transboundary transport of (particulate matter) and its precursors from the United States,” adds the 2013 survey.
Nova Scotia doesn’t get as large a dose of pollution from our heavily populated southern neighbour as do Quebec and Ontario.
“Pictou has never exceeded the federal standard of 30 micrograms per reference cubic metre,” Lori Errington, spokeswoman for the provincial Environment Department, said Tuesday.
“That is not to, in any way … excuse the emissions coming from Northern Pulp. Those are unacceptable … but Nova Scotia does have good air quality.”
Northern Pulp is in the process of installing a new precipitator that is not projected to be operating until May.
Spokesman David MacKenzie said the new piece of equipment is expected to bring emissions down to 30 to 50 milligrams per reference cubic metre.
While it was released last year, the surveillance network’s data available online is only interpretable up until 2008. A Chronicle Herald request for Environment Canada data for 2012 and 2013 went unanswered as of early Tuesday evening. | <urn:uuid:155d1385-9818-4708-b37c-54790b630bee> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1230709-pictou-passed-air-quality-probe-despite-mill-emissions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00136-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937291 | 806 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Kaiservilla, Bad Ischl
The life and times of Austria's grand old man, the Emperor Franz Joseph, via the Kaiservilla.
A modest, low-built villa set in parkland in Upper Austria, its classical-style frontage washed in a subdued Imperial yellow, remains today as still the hest point of entry to the character of ' the man who ruled the vast sprawling Habsburg domains from 1848 to 1916. For all but a handful of those sixty-eight years, Franz Joseph deserted the stiffness of Imperial Vienna to spend his summers at Bad Ischl and pursue the chimera of the simple country life.
The Habsburgs were no strangers to the Salzkammergut, the Austrian 'lake district' interspersed with Alpine scenery, into which Bad Ischl slips nearly a mile above sea-level as a spa-town. The name 'Salzkammergut' incorporates the German word for salt, and in local tradition, Franz Joseph owed his very existence to the alleged properties of Bad Ischl. After a period of infertility, his mother Archduchess Sophie produced Franz Joseph and his two brothers in the 1830s after taking the waters at the spa's brine baths. Local people immediately christened the trio the 'Salt Princes'. | <urn:uuid:a7676dcb-1eb0-4bb0-a9d1-e4f58ac7e023> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.historytoday.com/archive/kaiservilla-bad-ischl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.926705 | 276 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Dogs accompanied the armies of antiquity. If you ever get to Thessalonica, look at the top panel of the Arch of Galerius. On the left is a dog looking up at the horse and rider above it. Perhaps no more than a camp follower, but perhaps a dog that guarded the camp of his master once the army stopped for the night. In an Attic Black Figure vase from 540 to 520 BC, a dog stands amidst the warriors departing. Saying goodbye? Just as likely going with them. (Louvre F19) Then as now, dogs can be taught to take risks. Above is the side of a vase made about 500 BC showing a dog running beside, almost under, the horses pulling a racing chariot. (Tampa 86.35)
What did they do if they went to war?
Military functions of dogs have their origins in the uses dogs have had since the beginning of domestication. Aeneas, known as the Tactician, writing in the fourth century BC, describes using dogs for a range of purposes. On nights when a city is under siege, he recommends tethering them outside the wall (άριστον δ'εν τοιαυταις νυξιν έξω του τειχεος κυνας προσδεδέσθαι νυκτερευοντας) so they can detect spies approaching and deserters trying to flee, and so that their barking will wake any guards who have fallen asleep. (Aeneas 22.14) The guard dog below in a mosaic from Herculaneum that is tied to a hoop high on the wall has generally been assumed to be guarding a house, on the belief that the Vesuvians and Herculaneans were only interested in themselves, but the military symbols might argue that the dog was outside the city or perhaps guarding a camp.
Polyaenus, describing a siege in 385 BC, tells how dogs stopped traitors from aiding the enemy:
“While Agesipolis was besieging Mantineia, the Lacedaemonians were joined by their allies, who were sympathetic towards the Mantineians, but were obliged to help the Lacedaemonians because they were at that time the leading power in Greece. Agesipolis was informed that the allies were secretly supplying the defenders with whatever they might need. To prevent this happening in future, he let loose a number of dogs around the camp, and particularly around the part which faced towards the city. This stopped the communications with the defenders; because no one ventured to cross between the camp and the city, for fear of being discovered by the barking of the dogs.” (Polyaenus, Stratagema, 2.25)
Dogs could accompany human guards on their rounds outside a city wall, as Aeneas says they did before the Battle of Naxos in 376 BC. (Aeneas 22.20; see also Vegetius, IV.26) During defensive maneuvers inside, Aeneas advises keeping the dogs chained up (δεσμειν) lest they attack and harass the troops. (Aeneas 38.2-3)
Dogs might have to be silenced for certain maneuvers. Aeneas says that for making secret sorties against an enemy encamped outside the walls, the dogs would have to be kept from barking and the cocks from crowing. He says they are to be rendered temporarily mute by cauterizing some part of their mouths (επικυσαντα τι του σωματος). (Aeneas 23.1-2) Hopefully the guard dogs would be brought inside and locked up to minimize the need for this. Something of the reverse of this situation was a usage Darius made of dogs to deceive the Scythians. Darius left his camp, but tied up the dogs so that their barking and baying convinced the Scythians he was still in the camp. (Sextus Julius Frontinus, Strategemata, 1.5.25)
The numbers of dogs used for guard work were not small. Plutarch, in his Life of Aratos (24.1), says that, in 243 BC, the Achaeans guarded Acrocorinthos with 400 soldiers and 50 dogs and as many handlers (πεντηκοντα κυσι και κυνηγοις ισοις). Dogs on the column of Marcus Aurelius probably reflect guard dogs that were brought by the Roman Army in the Danubian campaign. The dogs are shown in the drawing, by Pietro Bellori from a publication of 1704, coming ashore from ships during the invasion.
Soldiers might be accompanied by dogs in battle. Aelian in his Miscellaneous History (XIV.46) states regarding a battle from the eighth century BC:
“The Magnesians, who border the Mæander, warred against the Ephesians and every member of the cavalry brought a dog and a slave. When the enemy came near, the dogs fell upon them first, then the slaves with bows and arrows, and finally the masters.”
This sort of coordinated use of dogs to attack an enemy in a group suggests some level of training, and specifically of attack training.
A painted chest in the tomb of Tutankhamun shows two dogs in battle below the pharoah's chariot, evidencing the use of dogs in battle before 1300 BC. In the section of the chest shown above the dogs bite the heads of their victims. They look more like hunting dogs than war dogs, and it is possible that the artist has put the greyhound-like animals in an environment where they would never have been. The second dog looks out from the painting directly at the viewer, allowing us to meet his gaze for eternity. Perhaps the pharoah's own dogs were immortalized by an artist anxious to please his benefactor.
In a passage in his History of Animals (VII.38), Aelian describes dogs soldiering with their masters (συνεστρατεύοντο), mentioning one that fought with his master at Marathon and was portrayed on the Painted Colonnade in Athens with his master. The poet Valerius Flaccus describes the Caspians streaming forth, their pack of dogs dashing no less swiftly at the trumpet’s blare, joining their masters in battle. (Argonautica VI.107-113) Pliny describes the king of the Garamantes as being escorted back from exile by 200 dogs that did battle for him. (Natural History, VIII, 61) Herodotus says that Xerxes brought Indian hounds for his invasion of Greece (VII.187)
Strabo refers to the Celts using dogs bred for the chase in war as well. (IV.5.2) This likely means they were used in battle. The Alexander Sarcophagus in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum shows a dog under a horse at full gallop, the dog oblivious to the danger of running between the horse's legs as it breaks to the right.
Pliny says the Colophonii and the Castabalenses had faithful cohorts of dogs that fought in the front rank and never refused battle. (Natural History, VIII, 61) Polyaenus writes that when Alyattes, king of Lydia, fought the Cimmerians in the sixth century B.C., he brought fierce dogs that fell upon the barbarians and injured many of them (Stratagema 7.2; see also 7.9, using dogs on the front line defensively). The great frieze of the Temple of Zeus at Pergamum shows a battle against the giants in which dogs aided the gods. The Molossian in the section shown below might be mistaken for a lion were one not to look closely at the animal’s tail.
Pliny describes a dog that would not leave his master’s side after he died in battle, driving away birds and beasts of prey. Another starved to death in mourning, and yet another threw himself on his master’s funeral pyre. Though not in a war, Pliny tells of a dog that, when thrown food, took it to the mouth of his dead master, and when his master’s body was thrown into the Tiber, the dog jumped in the rushing water and tried to keep him afloat, something a great crowd watched. (Natural History, VIII.61)
Dogs were used as messengers in antiquity, and were used for this as recently as World War I, electronics having now relieved them of this function. Aeneas says that messenger dogs were used in Epirus, ancient home of the Molossian. He describes how this was done:
“In Epeiros, dogs were widely used as follows. A dog would be taken away from home on leash and a collar with a letter sewn inside put around its neck (περιεθηκαν περι τον αυχενα ιμαντα, εν ώ επιστολη ενερραπτο); then it would be released, at night or during the day, and would inevitably return to its owner. The Thessalians did this too.” (Aeneas 31.31-2)
Polyaenus describes Philip of Macedon using hunting dogs (θηρευτικας κύνας) to pursue barbarians fleeing into the Balkan mountains, finding most of them. (Stratagema, iv.2.16) This is a very early instance of using dogs to track humans rather than game. Ionnes Zonaras, a Byzantine chronicler, describes using dogs from Italy to track men and cattle in 231 BC (κύνας εκ της Ιταλίας μετεπεμψατο ευρινας, και δι’ εκείνων την στίβον και των ανθρωπων και των βοσκηματων ευρων πολλα απετέμετο), something bloodhounds were doing on England's border with Scotland in the time of King James. (VIII.18) E.S. Foster, in referring to the passage by Polyaenus, describes the dogs as bloodhounds, but hunting dogs is the most that can be made of the Greek. In neither of these instances is it certain that the dogs were following a specific track. Both passages seem more like area searches, as when modern police dogs look for a suspect who has fled a crime scene, going on the attack once they have found someone hiding.
Forster says that the only function ancient war dogs did not perform was Red Cross work.This is less true now. Although Forster was writing decades after Otto Kalischer discovered that dogs could be trained to recognize specific chemicals, he was writing well before this was put to practical use to create bomb, narcotics, and arson dogs. Still, much of what they do for us now they were doing for us then, and often paying the ultimate price for this service.
Sources: J.M.C. Toynbee (1973). Animals in Roman Life and Art. Cornell U. Press. Ithaca; D. Whitehead (translator and commentator) (1990). Aeneias the Tactician. Oxford U. Press, Oxford; M. Lemish (1996). War Dogs: Canines in Combat. Brassey’s London; S. Menache (1998). Dogs and Human Beings: A Story of Friendship. Society & Animals 6(1). E.S. Forster (1941). Dogs in Ancient Warfare, Greece & Rome, 10(3), 114-7; G.B.A. Fletcher (1941). Word on Dogs in Ancient Warfare, Greece & Rome 11(31), 34; Aeneas Tacticus (Loeb Classical Library 1923); Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae: Ioannis Zonarae, Annales (Bonnae Impensis ed. Weberi 1844).
For a description of Kalischer's work and the evolution of scent detection, see Police and Military Dogs (Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, forthcoming October 2011). Thanks to Richard Hawkins, Brian Duggan, L.E. Papet, and John Grubbs for many helpful suggestions. | <urn:uuid:e6e2f088-ebce-43ec-a0ce-0ee91d65252f> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://doglawreporter.blogspot.com/2011/06/war-dogs-in-ancient-military-strategy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928754.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00194-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962785 | 2,749 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Control system Edit
A controller is
|“||[a] device or program that operates automatically to regulate a controlled variable.||”|
|“||[a] user that interacts across a network to affect a physical entity.||”|
EU law Edit
Under the EU Directive on the Protection of Personal Data, a controller (also called a data controller) is
|“||the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which alone or jointly with others determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of processing are determined by national or Community laws or regulations, the controller or the specific criteria for his nomination may be designated by national or Community law.||”|
See Videogame controller.
- ↑ NIST Special Publication 800-82, at B-2.
- ↑ Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems, at 8.
- ↑ EU Directive on the Protection of Personal Data, Art. 2(d). | <urn:uuid:e0432626-0d83-4009-b398-42ed6a4bf42a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Controller | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660966.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00290-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.840868 | 211 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When Imām al-Shāfiʿī complained to his teacher Wakīʿ of his difficulty in retaining knowledge, he was given profound advice that would become famous lines continuously echoed centuries later: “Abandon sin. For knowledge is a light. And the light of God is not granted to the disobedient.” Reflected in the wisdom of this luminary’s words, we find a common understanding possessed by the scholars of the Islamic tradition regarding the nature of learning. Namely, that knowledge is a divine gift whose acquisition is facilitated through meeting both spiritual conditions related to the heart as well as practical conditions such as consistency in study. In an Islamic tradition whose foundation was based on learning, there was generally not considered to be a dichotomy between secular and religious sciences. All of useful knowledge was regarded as sacred and its pursuit, an act of worship. Below is a summary of some of the practical steps which lead to success in the pursuit of knowledge based upon the wisdoms of our many great scholars, both past and present.
Steps to Success on the Way to the Light of Knowledge (Nur Foundation for Sacred Sciences)
Posted in: Article | <urn:uuid:c03ac5a9-a93f-4c36-8a74-d9f0fcf898ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://allahcentric.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/steps-to-success-on-the-way-to-the-light-of-knowledge-nur-foundation-for-sacred-sciences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187690.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00303-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976966 | 242 | 2.953125 | 3 |
How different is the Catholic Church in the United States that Pope Francis will visit in September from the Church his predecessors visited? Pope Paul VI was first to visit the United States in 1965. Pope John Paul II visited seven times between 1979 and 1999, however, two of these trips were short stopovers in Alaska in 1981 and 1984. Pope Benedict XVI visited in 2008. The figures below provide some detail about what the Catholic Church and the Catholic population were like during papal visits (where data are available).
The Church reports annual statistics in The Official Catholic Directory. The most recent release is the 2015 OCD which includes totals for 2014. The tables below show data for the year they represent (i.e., not the publication year as reported on our frequently requested stats page) and include only the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (i.e., excluding other U.S. territories totaled in the OCD).
The clergy and vowed religious “workforce” of the Church in the United States is 57% smaller than it was in 1965 with about 144,000 fewer in ministry (note that some counted below are retired). Most of these losses have come among religious sisters and nuns. There are also about 21,000 fewer priests (diocesan and religious) now than in 1965 while the workforce has also experienced the addition of more than 18,000 permanent deacons.
Numbers for Lay Ecclesial Ministers (LEMs) are not tracked year to year by the Church. In 1990, there were approximately 21,500 of these individuals who were “adequately formed and prepared lay persons, authorized by the hierarchy to serve publicly in leadership for a particular area of ministry, in close mutual collaboration with clergy.” In 2015, there were an estimated 39,500 LEMs in parish ministry in the United States. Married Catholics, as LEMs or as permanent deacons, are more present now in parish ministry than they were in decades past.
The number of parishes in the United States now is very similar to what it was in 1965. In 1988, the number of parishes peaked nationally at 19,705. Since then the Church has closed or consolidated parishes (as well as open new parishes) for a net decline of 2,368 parishes (-12%).
Where are parishes closing? More often in the Midwest and Northeast than elsewhere. Bishops must balance the number of available priests with the needs of the Catholic population (see our previous post). They do this while also evaluating the changing demographics of their diocese. As shown in the figure below, the share of the Catholic population residing in the Northeast and Midwest has been in decline since the 1970s. The Catholic population is now more evenly divided among these four regions. In the coming decades, if current trends continue, it will become more and more a “southern” Church.
As these population shifts have occurred, the Catholic Church’s U.S. parishes, many built to serve urban immigrants of the distant past, are increasingly misaligned with the 21st century Catholic population. The brick and mortar of the Church is slow to “move.” The Midwest has 37 percent of parishes and just 22 percent of the self-identified Catholic population. By comparison, the West has only 15 percent of parishes and 26 percent of the Catholic population. The Church is closing parishes where they are not viable but is behind a bit in its building of new parishes where they are needed most.
If the next papal visit were to best meet the new demography of the Church in the United States it would happen in the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston in Texas, which has added more parish-affiliated Catholics in the last decade than any other U.S. Arch/diocese. There are fewer parish-affiliated Catholics in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia now than in 2005 (about 33,300 fewer or a decline of -2.3%). The Arch/dioceses losing Catholic population in the largest numbers in the last decade include Brooklyn (-275,600), Detroit (-237,000), Pittsburgh (-167,900), and Chicago (-157,000). The fastest growing are Galveston-Houston (+667,600), Atlanta (+633,000), Fresno (+619,000), and Phoenix (+589,900).
Overall, the self-identified Catholic population has grown steadily in the United States. Some of this is related to immigration. According to the General Social Survey (GSS), just 13% of Catholics were foreign-born in 1977. This share had climbed to 28% by 2014. Yet, immigration has also been a relatively constant long-term factor in Catholic population changes. For example, the Harris 1967 Survey of Catholics reported that 32% of Catholic adults at that time had all four of their grandparents born in the United States. In 2014, the GSS indicated this figure was 29% (by comparison this is 64% among non-Catholic adults in the same year). One big difference between then and now is the source of immigration. In 1984, 26% of adult Catholics said they were of Irish ancestry and 17% of Italian ancestry. These figures have fallen to 17% and 12% respectively in 2014, and now more Catholics say they are of Mexican ancestry than any other specific nationality (23%).
The size of Catholic families has also declined. According to the GSS, 47% of Catholics of the World War II Generation (born 1901 to 1924) had five or more siblings. Among Baby Boomers (born 1943 to 1960) 31% had these many brothers and sisters. Only 19% of Catholic Millennials (born 1982 or later) have five or more siblings. We can see shifts in births in the Church’s baptism numbers.
Birthrates were significantly higher when Pope Paul VI visited in 1965 and it is no surprise that there were more entries into the faith in that year than other papal visit years. Last year, about 870,000 new Catholics entered the Church in the United States. There were 160,376 fewer infant and child baptisms in 2014 than in 2008 when Pope Benedict XVI visited.
Of course not everyone who joins the Catholic Church remains Catholic throughout their life. We don’t have comparable survey data for 1967 but the GSS gives a view of how baptized Catholics have lived out their faith (the GSS was not fielded in 1979, 1995, or 1999. However, in each case a survey was conducted the year before and after. We’ve averaged these results to come up with estimates for those visit years).
The figure below, shows how the adult population of those raised Catholic, who self-identify as Catholic, who attend Mass at least once a month, and who are former Catholics has changed during visit years since 1979. All of the trends except Mass attendance are increasing (…weekly attendance, not shown below, has declined from 41% of adult Catholics in 1977 to 24% in 2014. In absolute numbers, given population growth, this means there were an estimated 16.8 million weekly attenders in 1979 and 15.1 in 2014). Perhaps the most disconcerting trend is the increasing numbers of former Catholics who were raised in the faith but who have since left. This population is now nearly as numerous as adult Catholics who attend Mass at least once a month.
The precipitating reason for Pope Francis’ visit is to attend the World Meeting of Families, but no sacrament is in a steeper decline in the U.S. than marriage. In 1965, there were 355,182 marriages celebrated in the Catholic Church. By comparison, in 2014, only 148,134 were celebrated in the U.S. This represents a decline of 58%. Catholics are more often choosing civil ceremonies at country clubs, the beach, or other sites. The practice of marriage as a sacrament is becoming less common. Yet, something else has changed as well. In 1965, about seven in ten adult Catholics were married and only about one in five had never married. In 2014, just more than half are married and more than a quarter have never married. The percentage of those who are divorced has increased from 4% to 12%. Marriage, in general, is becoming more rare.
Among U.S. Catholic parents with minor children, 79% are married.
Thirteen percent are unmarried and living with a partner. Eight percent
are either divorced, separated or widowed.
CARA survey research indicates that only about 15% of divorced Catholics in the U.S. seek an annulment. As the number of marriages have declined so too has the number of annulments sought. About eight in ten of the U.S. Catholics who introduce an annulment case receive a decree of nullity (some do not and others do not complete the process).
The Catholic Church in the United States that Pope Francis visits in September is quite different from the one his predecessors visited. There are new challenges and opportunities here. The number of new diocesan priestly ordinations has increased slightly since Pope Francis was elected (515 in 2014). There has also been an increase in adults entering the faith in the past couple of years (109,891 in 2014). Yet many young Catholics drift away from the faith to become unaffiliated and marriage in the Church is in steady decline. The Church is institutionally underdeveloped where the Catholic population is growing most rapidly and it is overbuilt in areas of decline.
Nineteen Sixty-four is a research blog for the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA) at Georgetown University edited by Mark M. Gray. CARA is a non-profit research center that conducts social scientific studies about the Catholic Church. Founded in 1964, CARA has three major dimensions to its mission: to increase the Catholic Church's self understanding; to serve the applied research needs of Church decision-makers; and to advance scholarly research on religion, particularly Catholicism. Follow CARA on Twitter at: caracatholic.
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Latest Birutė Galdikas Stories
By Kanner, Melinda Abstract: The author explores the popular construction of primatology through an examination of the films Gorillas in the Mist (1988) and Instinct (1999).
Word of the Day
- To say in too many words; to express verbosely.
- To express in too many words: sometimes used reflexively.
- The leading idea or a repeated phrase, as of a song or ballad; the refrain; burden.
The word 'overword' comes from over- + word. | <urn:uuid:92c0143b-2654-40d6-a46a-30297fdd7241> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.redorbit.com/topics/birut-galdikas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927245.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00158-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853953 | 120 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Both flowers and mold have certain things in common. Both are plants. Both tend to like warm, moist conditions. Both need a source of food. Both need water to grow. There are, however, major differences as well. Flowers need sunlight. Mold, on the other hand, likes dark areas and can be killed by bright sunlight .Both flowers and mold have distinctive odors, but while people find the scent of most flowers to be very pleasant I do not know of anyone who likes the smell of mold.
Molds actually are not bad. They do perform many important functions, but when they grow within one’s home they can be very harmful indeed.
Molds feed on building materials such as drywall and wood based products and can cause severe structural damage over time. Some molds feed on clothing and leather, destroying their value. Mold spores are very tiny and when inhaled can irritate the lungs causing asthma attacks in those who are susceptible. Some spores are toxigenic. Some spores can actually grow in human lungs, especially if the person has a weak immune system, creating conditions such as aspergillosis. Needless to say, one does not want mold growing in one’s home.
During this time of year water intrusion into the home from rains often causes mole growth. Major leaks resulting in collapsed ceilings, etc. are obvious and usually handled quickly. If wet materials are removed and effective drying measures are started within the first 24 hours mold growth can usually be prevented. This is a service that BCS is very experienced in. Mold grows quickly, and if drying has not been started within three days of the leak there is almost always significant mold growth. So, why do I say that April showers bring May mold? It is the slow leaks, the relatively minor leaks that can be the most insidious. Many times they are not even noticed, but the ceiling and wall cavities become moist and mold starts to grow. The next shower results in more water intrusion and more mold growth. Wall and ceiling cavities, being closed systems, can remain wet for weeks without professional drying. Many times the first indication a person has of mold is that distinctive mold odor or the onset of respiratory problems, which can occur weeks after the first leaks.
Whether you notice a visible leak or just detect an indoor air quality problem, a moldy odor, rapid response is important. It is like when a warning light on your car comes on. It is less expensive to have it repaired at that point than to wait and let further damage be done. The same applies to mold remediation. Drywall is very similar to a sponge. Over a period of days water can wick several feet in all directions. The longer the mold is permitted to grow and the farther the water is permitted to travel then the more extensive and expensive the mold remediation will need to be. It is best to "nip it in the bud" and minimize the loss and minimize the disruption to your life. That is our goal here at BCS, as well. See what our clients have to say about us at YELP Reviews. | <urn:uuid:98dfdcc8-a961-4d5d-81db-ff747af3b8b7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://buildingcleaningservices.net/flowers-are-good-mold-is-bad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484689.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218053920-20190218075920-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.970025 | 633 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Charles Darwin recognized the small number of traits. Domestication traits are fixed within all domesticates. The dog was the first, domesticated vertebrate, the first domesticant. Birds mean poultry, are kept as cagebirds from songbirds. The domestication has enhanced the reproductive output of crop plants, has played an enormous part in the development. Animals have smaller size, piebald color, domesticated for home companionship, were domesticated for utilitarian purposes. Definition recognizes the the biological, cultural components of the domestication process, a mutualistic relationship. Domestication syndrome is the suite of phenotypic traits. Study has concluded that human selection for domestic traits, finds that Agaricus. The process was to a unpredictable, subject number of difficult variables. The chickens were are a sacred animal in some cultures, were domesticated cultural contacts, trade, were a delicacy among the Romans and were domesticated at least 7,000 years with fossils. Insects including the fly Eucelatoria, the beetle Chrysolina. Cereal crops were domesticated around first 9000 bce in the Fertile Crescent. The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus are grown for food. Changes have been documented by archaeological evidence. The theory was to explain unable, curly tails, domestication syndrome. BOFFEY Published December, the new 13 1983 YORK times. Peoples inhabiting the Middle East in the 2nd, millennium bce. Bees provided wax, bee venom, were used to a limited extent in warfare. Interference called artificial selection plays a creative role. The chicken is the ubiquitous food, has inspired contributions, culture, has a genealogy and bred for the demands of American supermarket shoppers. The old Testament passages concerning ritual sacrifice reveal a distinct preference. Gallus are the sole progenitor of the modern chicken, browses on the forest floor for insects. Scenario is probing into possible, more chicken origins. The researchers found important mutations in a gene. Archaeologists have recovered chicken bones from Lothal, believe that chickens. Aid workers discovered in this Mali during a failed attempt. The masala sauce was added to satisfy the desire of British people. Governments issued a challenge, the American, pharmaceutical industry. Pfizer hired James Currie in 1917, a food chemist, purchased an old ice plant in Brooklyn. Currie knew that fermentation of a fungus, understood that Aspergillis niger. The American Chemical Society established the National Historic Chemical Landmarks program.
Suite of phenotypic traits | <urn:uuid:d36b6f14-40f0-46bd-b72a-54038b463aea> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.smjohn.com/article/domestication-suite-of-phenotypic-traits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201922.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319073140-20190319095023-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.949222 | 510 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Frame Routine is a strategy designed to assist students as they organize topics, main ideas and details about reading assignments. This technique includes a basic hierarchic graphic organizer called a “Frame” that can be used to help students think and talk about the key topic and essential related information.
Frames allow students to identify the main ideas and supporting details while reading texts. As they list them on a Frame graphic, comprehension of the written material tends to increase. The Frame Routine is flexible and can be used with all content areas. The Frame Routine can be particularly beneficial to many students with learning disabilities because it depicts the organization of the concepts that students are expected to learn.
Create and use the strategy
Introduce the assigned passage of text to the students. Discuss the Frame Routine technique and model the procedure by co-constructing an initial Frame graphic. Simultaneously fill in information with students on blank copies of the form. This provides teachers with the opportunity to monitor the students’ level of understanding and to adjust instruction as needed. After students have become familiar with use of the Frame Routine, they can use the Frame graphics independently or in small groups as they identify main ideas and essential details from pre-selected texts.
There are five basic steps for using the Frame Routine:
The teacher introduces the lesson topic and provides students with a blank Frame. Students note the topic in the appropriate spaces on the graphic. This would most likely be the title of the reading selection.
Students record brief statements or words that summarize key ideas relating to the topic.
The details that are important for students to learn and remember are written on the Frame graphic in the essential details boxes. These essential details can later be ranked on the graphic according to level of importance.
The teacher, small groups, or the whole class develop the Big Idea statement or the “So what?” idea. This statement is designed to help students understand how the topic fits with the overall context. These statements can take the form of:
The teacher facilitates evaluation of the new information when it is clearly organized. Several follow-up activities can then be employed to extend students’ understanding of important concepts. Such activities might include the following:
- Select the topic
- Determine the main ideas
- Discuss the details
- Develop the “Big Idea”
- A short summary
- A conclusion the student has drawn
- A connection to a real-world application relevant to the student
- Evaluate the information
- Having in-depth discussions;
- Debating various points;
- Drawing conclusions;
- Making connections to other ideas;
- Forming predictions, or forecasts; and
- Engaging in journal writing
- Download this Frame Routine example.
- See Framing Main Ideas and Essential Details to Promote Comprehension.
Ellis, E. S. (1998). Framing Main Ideas and Essential Details to Promote Comprehension. Retrieved 2008, February 6, from http://www.ldonline.org/article/5765
Ellis, E. S. (2008). The University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning. The Framing Routine: Framing the big picture with essential details. http://www.ku-crl.org/library/cer/frame.shtml | <urn:uuid:cb74de44-fb40-4b8b-afbc-03ff3a2bfc0c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.adlit.org/in-the-classroom/strategies/frame-routine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056974.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920010331-20210920040331-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.911668 | 682 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Language labs are widely used in language education. The labs enable teachers to listen to individual students through headsets connected to computers. They also enable students to practice listening and speaking using their individual workstation. In recent years, peer interaction has been demonstrated as an effective pedagogy in language education. Yet, since traditional labs were designed primarily for individual work rather than group discussion, existing lab configuration and bulky hardware may pose limitation on peer interaction.
As educational technologies evolve, the availability of mobile eLearning technologies has enabled new possibilities for language lab design. In order to create a more interactive learning space optimized for language education, 9 language labs at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) have been renovated in 2019. Desktop computers were replaced with new laptops to minimize visual barrier. Some fixed tables were replaced with movable ones, so that users can easily form groups. The space was designed to encourage both peer-to-peer and peer-to-teacher interaction, while maintaining the flexibility to be converted to other usage.
Our survey conducted among CUHK teachers who have used these language labs (n=44) showed that they were generally satisfied with the newly renovated labs. Some teachers favored the flexibility of the new lab and found it excellent in facilitating group work. However, some respondents pointed out pending technical issues that needed to be resolved. The survey feedback provided insight into the advantages of the new design as well as potential areas for improvement in similar technology-facilitated interactive learning spaces.
Hiu Hin Tse, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Paul Lam, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Kevin Wong, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Aubrey Chan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Jose Lai, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Stephen Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Stream: Foreign Languages Education & Applied Linguistics (including ESL/TESL/TEFL)
The full paper is not available for this title
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Share this Research | <urn:uuid:57387100-48b6-4d74-93e5-4e49cd44a180> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://papers.iafor.org/submission56452/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335190.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928082743-20220928112743-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.923498 | 450 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Over the last week I’ve been going a lot of thought to a design for improving and maintaining soil fertility and increased biodiversity of fauna, here in our garden in the Andalucian hills. With the permaculture ethic of people care ever central to my design work, one of the other functions of the design is to constantly beneficial connections with the other people who own and farm the land in our local community.
Here in March, there is a beautiful abundance of diverse spring flowers, which grow naturally as ground cover. Many neighboring landowners spray their land with glyphosate to get rid of the cover. For some of the olive and almond farmers, its done to make harvesting the crops easier. For others, the reason seems to be a mix of making the land look ‘neat’ and tidy, alongside reducing fire risk in the summer. The bare land looks and feels dead…any rain that falls erodes the soil. Many of the farmers who spray under trees, then apply large quantitates of synthetic fertilizer to improve the next years harvest.
Our land has been sprayed routinely, until we moved here last year. The soil lacks much organic matter at all, although its been encouraging to see an increased worm life in the garden over this winter.
In the past we have used cow/chicken manure from our animals, alongside home made compost to increase fertility in our edible garden in Yorkshire. Here in Spain we are thinking about stock free systems for our design, which so far includes: -
* Growing borage, and hopefully comfrey later. These are amazing pollinator attractors, deep rooted movers of nutrients, and we will be composting the plants, and making fertilizer ‘tea’ from the leaves to feed fruiting edible plants.
* Chopping and gathering nettles for a ‘tea’ to feed plants in their growing stage (nitrogen).
* Chopping and dropping many of the ground cover ‘weeds’ (leaving some to flower for pollinators, and because they look pretty). This will add organic matter as well as mulch between plants, ensuring less evaporation of water from the soil and exposure to the sun.
* Strimming large areas of ground cover under trees, leaving the soil covered and the roots present, minimizing erosion, reducing loss of water and nutrients from the soil, but hopefully will look neat and be a minimal fire risk near to the ground.
* Growing beans as nitrogen fixers, and for added organic matter
* Chipping pruned branches, using the chipped wood as mulch.
regular updates and reflections about the permaculture designs in my life | <urn:uuid:bfe26949-4380-43dd-8609-ff2ccd0b1de1> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.ktshepherdpermaculture.com/blog1/healing-soil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057421.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923104706-20210923134706-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.948541 | 546 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This is such an elegant piece of architectural wonder that, it found a place in the list of ancient wonders among the great seven wonders of the world, like pyramids.
This Wonder of the World, is located in the city of Bodrum, on the Aegan sea, in south-west Turkey. This is actually closer to the ancient Temple of Artemis.
This Mausoleum was built in memory and as a burial tomb for the King Mausolus. King Mausolus was married to his sister Artemisia in his family. In those times, Caria rulers had a custom to marry their own sisters. When the king died, Artemisia decided to build this monument in his memory, which later found a place among the seven wonders of the world.
Mausolus was the son of Hecatomnus. Hecatomnus ruled the Mediterranean coast of Asia minor with a small kingdom. He took control of several of his neighboring regions, during his reign. After Hecatomnus’ death, Mausolus also extended the kingdom.
Mausolus ruled this kingdom with the capital as Halicarnassus for 24 years. There was nothing worth mentioning as his achievement during his tenure except for this monument with its exceptional beauty later to be called as one of the seven wonders of the world.
This Mausoleum was built around 353 BC. This lasted strong for 16 centuries till an earthquake damaged the roof and the colonnade of this structure. In the early 15th century AD Knights of John of Malta, used the stone blocks in this structure to construct a castle. That was the end to the story of this Mausoleum, one among the seven wonders of the world in ancient times.
This Mausoleum had a lot of beautiful statues sculpted by the best sculptors like Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas, and Timotheus. Some of the artifacts are still kept in London.
Soon after the construction of this wonder of the world, Mausoleum Artemisia found herself in a crisis. Before death, Mausolus used to control the small neighboring regions like Rhodes island and others. When the Rhodes island king came to know that Mausolus has died, he sent a number of ships to capture the city of Halicarnassus. But Artemisia beat them cleverly by hiding her ships and then attacking her enemies.
Then she successfully sent her troops to the Rhodes island on the enemy ships and captured Rhodes Island. The Rhodes Island soldiers thought that it is their people who are coming back with victory. They did not put up any defense. So they were easily conquered. | <urn:uuid:aeecc083-4d9b-4999-b2d1-beb564592751> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.sevenwondersworld.com/seven-wonders-of-the-world-mausoleum-at-halicarnassus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860041.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618031628-20180618051628-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.977518 | 551 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A rating point refers to the number of people that a specific communication medium reaches. It is measured as a total percentage rather than a specific number. A rating point is used to determine the popularity of a show on a network; the rating point is calculated through an electronic device that is attached in some viewer’s houses and the numbers collected represent a sample population. The rating point of a show is calculated based on how frequently a person watches it and on which day he watches it. The rating point is mathematically calculated by multiplying the reach and frequency of program; the rating point may also refer to the total of all rating points of many shows over a certain time period of a particular media plan.
The acronym trp means target rating point, it is also used to refer to television rating point. Target rating point or trp means the points that determine the response rate received from a specific target audience towards a message that has been delivered by some medium. Target point rating is used as a trp means to calculate how popular a show is with a specific audience, hence the term target. The term trp means how well a particular part of the total audience reacts to a show. Advertisers use trp means to figure out which show is most popular and place the advertisements created by them on those shows. At present there are two main methods that show how to measure television trp viewership.
Numerous methods are used to show how to measure television trp viewership; the first method involves monitoring the frequency. This is done by installing ‘People Meters’ in certain viewers homes, a People Meter is an electronic gadget that gathers information by recording data; this data is the number of channels that are being watched and how often they are being watched. This method often delivers unreliable information as cable operators may change the frequencies of many channels before they reach the viewers homes. Another method that shows how to measure television trp viewership is by installing a different type of People Meter which records pictures. This people meter actually records a certain amount of pictures of the channel that is being viewed. This is a relatively new way to determine the TRP of a channel. These pictures are ten recorded and matched with the remaining data to determine the name of the channel; this in turn creates a rating. A more traditional method that shows how to measure television trp viewership is through the distribution of a diary to the sample homes, where the viewers simply note down what programs they watch, when and how frequently they watch it. The results acquired from the methods that show us how to measure television trp viewership are collected and analyzed by the AGB Group, AC Nelson and Gallup. These three companies are the international leaders in TRP ratings. In India, INTAM and DoorDarshan are the two main agencies that utilize ratings that are acquired through methods that show how to measure television trp viewership. | <urn:uuid:e92db70e-6b52-4493-84b3-fac5977c2aa3> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.tutscorner.com/television-rating-point-calculation-how-to-measure-television-rating-point-target-rating-point-trp-viewership-trp-means/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889798.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121001412-20180121021412-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.972351 | 581 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Topics: Atomic Force Microscopy, Atomic Physics, Electromagnetism, Optical Physics, Nanotechnology
|A vertical slice of the internal magnetic structure of a sample section. The sample is 0.005 millimetres (5 microns) in diameter and the section shown here is 0.0036 millimetres (3.6 microns) high. The internal magnetic structure is represented by arrows for a vertical slice within it. In addition, the colour of the arrows indicates whether they are pointing towards (orange) or away from the viewer (purple). Graphics and text: Paul Scherrer Institute/Claire Donnelly
|Thanks to a technique called hard X-ray magnetic tomography, researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland, the ETH Zurich and the University of Glasgow have succeeded in imaging the magnetization in 3D bulk-like magnets and observe features down to just 100 nm. In particular, they have observed structures known as Bloch points, which were predicted theoretically more than 50 years ago but never actually seen in an experiment until now. The new work could help us better understand the relationship between the magnetic structure and the behaviour and performance of bulk magnets, and so improve the everyday applications in which they are employed.
“Although it was possible to image the arrangement of magnetic moments in 3D before now in films of up to around 200 nm thick using soft X-rays and electrons, it was not possible to study the internal micromagnetic structure of larger, bulk, systems,” explains team member Claire Donnelly of the PSI. “In general, it is not possible to slice down a magnet to investigate its structure because the magnetic configuration will change accordingly. Scientists have tried to overcome this problem in the past using neutron magnetic imaging, but they were only able to achieve a spatial resolution of tens to hundreds of microns using this approach.
“In our new work, we are able to study the internal magnetization within a micron-sized system with 100 nm spatial resolution and observe micromagnetic details within the bulk for the first time.”
The researchers, led by Laura Heyderman, imaged the internal magnetic structure of a micron-sized pillar made of the magnetic material gadolinium-cobalt using hard X-ray magnetic tomography, a technique developed at PSI during the course of this study. “We had to make a number of advances in developing this method,” explains Donnelly. ‘First, we developed hard X-ray magnetic imaging with nanoscale magnetic resolution (this work was published last year). Hard X-rays have a much higher energy than soft X-rays and thus a much larger penetration depth, which allows us to study thicker samples with high spatial resolution.
X-ray nanotomography reveals 3D magnetization structures, Belle Dumé, Nanotechweb.org | <urn:uuid:0f3ffb9d-4746-4119-9648-403218e1c6dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://blacksciencefictionsociety.com/profiles/blogs/nanotomography?xg_source=activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805977.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120090419-20171120110419-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.933938 | 593 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Spring is here, bringing warmer temperatures and the next generation of wildlife. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources reminds those who are outside, enjoying the experience of seeing wildlife raise its young, to view animals from a distance so they are not disturbed.
It’s important to remember that many species of wildlife hide their young for safety and that these babies are not abandoned. They simply have been hidden by their mother until she returns for them.
People should resist the urge to help seemingly abandoned baby animals. Many baby animals will die if removed from their natural environment, and some have diseases or parasites that can be passed on to humans or pets.
White-tailed deer fawns are one of the animals most commonly picked up by well-intentioned citizens.
It is not uncommon for deer to leave their fawns unattended for up to eight hours at a time. This behavior minimizes the scent of the mother left around the fawn and allows the fawn to go undetected by nearby predators. While fawns may seem abandoned, they rarely are. All wild white-tailed deer begin life this way. The best chance for their survival is to leave them in the wild. If you find a fawn alone, do not touch it, as this might leave your scent and could attract predators. Give it plenty of space and quickly leave the area. The mother deer will return for her fawns when she feels it is safe; she may not return if people or dogs are present.
Only licensed wildlife rehabilitators may possess abandoned or injured wildlife. Unless you are licensed, it is illegal to possess a live wild animal, including deer, in Michigan.
The only time a baby animal may be removed from the wild is when you know the parent is dead or the animal is injured. Please remember, a licensed rehabilitator must be contacted before removing an animal from the wild. Licensed wildlife rehabilitators must adhere to the laws and have gone through training on proper handling of injured or abandoned wild animals. Licensed rehabilitators will work to return the animal to the wild where it will have the best chance for survival. | <urn:uuid:1cd795dd-4796-4960-8cec-9d78b55bcfca> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.senatortonyaschuitmaker.com/leave-wildlife-in-the-wild-do-not-take-baby-animals-from-the-wild-this-spring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806419.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121151133-20171121171133-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.957225 | 429 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The tree is erect, reaching 40 to 50 ft (12-15 m) in height, with a short, stout trunk to 3 ft (0.9 m) in diameter. The deciduous, alternate, aromatic leaves are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2 3/8 to 7 in (6-18 cm) long, dark-green and glossy above, pale beneath; thin, finely toothed. New leaves are often rosy. Flowers, borne in slender, pendent racemes with 1 or more leaves at the base, are about 3/4 in (2 cm) wide with white petals and a conspicuous tuft of yellow stamens. The aromatic fruit is round, 3/8 to 3/4 in (1-2 cm) wide, with red or nearly black, rarely white or yellowish, smooth, thin, tender skin and pale-green, juicy pulp of sweet or acid, agreeable, but slightly astringent flavor. There is a single stone with a bitter kernel.
Origin and Distribution
The capulin is native and common throughout the Valley of Mexico from Sonora to Chiapas and Veracruz, and possibly also indigenous to western Guatemala. It has been cultivated since early times in these areas and other parts of Central America and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and is extensively and abundantly naturalized. The fruit is an important food, not only of the Indians, but of all the inhabitants, and it was at times a mainstay of the invading Spaniards. Great quantities appear in the native markets, especially of El Salvador, Guatemala and Ecuador. In Guatemala, seedlings of the capulin are utilized as rootstock on which commercial cultivars of the northern cherry are grafted. The capulin is little-known in eastern South America and elsewhere in the world. It was introduced into the cool medium elevations of the Philippines in 1924.
The tree requires a subtropical to subtemperate climate. It grows naturally at elevations between 4,000 and 11,000 ft (1,200-3,400 m).
In Mexico, the tree blooms from January to March and the fruits ripen in July and August. In Guatemala, flowers appear from January to May and fruits from May to September. The fruiting season in El Salvador extends from December through April.
The ripe fruits are eaten raw or stewed; also are preserved whole or made into jam. In Mexico they are used as filling for special tamales. With skin and seeds removed, they are mixed with milk and served with vanilla and cinnamon as dessert. Sometimes the fruits are fermented to make an alcoholic beverage.
|Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*|
|Ascorbic Acid||22.2 32.8 mg|
Seeds: The seeds contain 30-38% of a yellow, semidrying oil suitable for use in soap and paints.
Flowers: The flowers are much visited by honeybees.
Wood: The sapwood is yellow with touches of red. The heartwood is reddish-brown, fine-grained, very hard, strong, durable. It is used for furniture, interior paneling, cabinets, turnery and general carpentry. Old roots are valued for carving tobacco pipes, figurines, et cetera.
Medicinal Uses: A sirup made of the fruits is taken to alleviate respiratory troubles. The leaf decoction is given as a febrifuge and to halt diarrhea and dysentery; also applied in poultices to relieve inflammation. A leaf infusion is prescribed in Yucatan as a sedative in colic and neuralgia and as an antispasmodic. The pounded bark is employed in an eyewash.
The leaves contain essential oil, fat, resin, tannin, amygdalin, glucose, a brown pigment and mineral salts. The bark contains starch, brown pigment, amygdalin, gallic acid, fat, calcium, potassium and iron. All of these parts must be utilized cautiously because the bark, leaves or seeds in contact with water can release HCN. | <urn:uuid:dc6c892f-bc6d-4f7a-a9c7-1f95bba868c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/capulin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491857.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328104722-20200328134722-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.933233 | 854 | 3.46875 | 3 |
QUICK! Complete this sentence: The last time my kid experienced boredom was . . .
Chances are, you probably couldn’t pinpoint a day or time.
That’s because we fill every second of every single day in this fast paced world.
We pack our days until they are overflowing into other days, and then we pack those days full, too.
We have our lessons at home and then we have classes outside the home. Add in other extra activities, play dates, field trips, meet-ups and more and, well, there really isn’t time to just . . . be.
Some days, I feel like I fall into bed (at around 1 a.m.-ish, sometimes later) and it’s the first time that I stopped all day.
My kid is never bored.
There’s no lounging around and complaining, “Mooooooom! I’m so bored!”
As a matter of fact, I’ve probably only heard my nine year old say that just a couple of times in her entire life.
How can it be that my child almost never experiences boredom?
And, sadly, it used to be something I was kinda proud of . . .
Why Boredom Is Good For Your Child
It wasn’t until I did some reading on the topic that I realized just how much boredom can be a positive thing.
And, that thing where I have to expose my kid to a huge range of classes and experiences, like, all the time?
Yeah, that’s probably not such a great idea either.
Of course, it makes sense when you start to think about it. I mean, I already know that flexibility and allowing things like free play for creativity are good things.
But, did you know that allowing that feeling of boredom can actually be motivational?
According to Psychology Today, “children who experience a lack of programmed activity are given an opportunity to demonstrate creativity, problem solving, and to develop motivational skills that may help them later in life.”
Dr. Lyn Fry, an educational psychologist, reminds us that our role as a parent is to ensure that our children are happy, contributing members of society.
One of the ways to do this is to allow children to learn how to occupy their time and become comfortable with who they are without having to always be directed what to do and how to act.
She goes on to say, “If parents spend all their time filling up their child’s spare time, then the child’s never going to learn to do this for themselves.”
How Boredom Can Lead to Your Most Brilliant Ideas [VIDEO]
Then, what do you do the next time your child says they are bored?
Psychology Today says:
“The antidote to boredom is to provide children with an environment that lets them experience autonomy (the ability to work a little on their own), control (the right to have a say over what they do), challenge (a small push beyond their comfort zone), and intrinsic motivation (the motivation comes from inside them).”
So, stop packing that schedule full and be sure that you allow some time for boredom.
It will only benefit your homeschooler in the long run!
Boredom Busters for Kids
We get it, some kids will need a little more help in transitioning to a down-time schedule.
In the meantime, try out these boredom buster ideas that still foster creativity: | <urn:uuid:68bc3512-9dec-4353-afcd-0f86ab3d08cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://homeschoolsuperfreak.com/boredom-is-good-for-the-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829140.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218102019-20181218124019-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.956697 | 736 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Image: Baby rattle - E013813 #2
Baby rattle made from shells strung together with fibre string. The string is threaded through holes drilled in the shells. Acquired by the Australian Museum in 1905 from Walter Edmund Roth, and collected from Mapoon, Cape York, Queensland in 1899.
- Finton Mahony
- © Australian Museum | <urn:uuid:96ba93c2-4f90-4304-ae69-eebf92fd4c15> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/baby-rattle-e013813-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645293619.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031453-00220-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91375 | 74 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Scientific awareness that marine diseases represent a major threat to coral reefs has led to the multiplication of disease investigations over the past three decades (Weil, 2001; Harvell et al., 2007; Pollock et al., 2011; Burge et al., 2014). Field monitoring surveys have considerably increased our knowledge about macroscopic characteristics, abundance and distribution of coral reef diseases and the environmental factors influencing their dynamics (Gladfelter, 1982; Kuta & Richardson, 1996; Hayes & Goreau, 1998; Nugues, 2002; Willis, Page & Dinsdale, 2004; Aeby et al., 2008; Weil, Croquer & Urreiztieta, 2009; Haapkylä et al., 2010; Tribollet, Aeby & Work, 2011). However, little progress has been made in elucidating disease causation due to the lack of microscopic pathology (Work & Meteyer, 2014). Coupled with microbial culture and molecular essays, histopathology appears as a crucial tool to determine the association between a pathogen and a tissue lesion. It is therefore a vital step in any effective coral reef disease survey (Work & Meteyer, 2014). It provides insight into cell pathology and host response to help resolve the question of disease causation (Work et al., 2014). It can detect etiological microorganisms and propose or refute potential causative agents by their observation in situ. Furthermore, it provides a great amount of information on the cell and tissue damages associated with gross lesions (Peters, 1984; Ainsworth et al., 2007a; Burns & Takabayashi, 2011; Williams et al., 2011; Sudek et al., 2012). Sometimes, even in the absence of pathogens, changes in the host tissue histology hint at the type of infection and lead to a diagnostic (Gupta et al., 2009). It is therefore the only current diagnostic tool that allows the establishment of a link between the potential causative agent and the specific changes in cell and tissue (Work & Meteyer, 2014). For instance, histology has confirmed the association between a fungus and the blue-black band lesion in crustose coralline algae (CCA) affected by the Coralline Fungal disease (CFD) (Williams et al., 2014). However, an integrated approach (i.e., combining microbiological, microsensor, molecular and physiological techniques) is necessary in order to incriminate infectious agents as disease causation and thus complete the diagnostic picture (Richardson et al., 2001; Work & Meteyer, 2014).
Unfortunately, investigations at the cellular level are seriously lacking in diseases affecting CCA despite the importance of these calcifying algae in marine ecosystems, especially coral reefs. Along with scleractinian corals, CCA are important primary producers (Adey & Macintyre, 1973; Chisholm, 2003) and framework builders (Adey & Vassar, 1975) delivering significant functional services in coral reef ecosystems, including enhancing coral larval settlement (Morse et al., 1988; Heyward & Negri, 1999; Harrington et al., 2004; Ritson-Williams et al., 2010; Ritson-Williams et al., 2014). CCA are not spared by the increasing intensity and severity of marine diseases (Littler & Littler, 1995; Hayes & Goreau, 1998) and field investigations on CCA diseases have multiplied in recent years (Aeby et al., 2008; Vargas-Ángel, 2010; Tribollet, Aeby & Work, 2011; Miller et al., 2013; Quéré, Steneck & Nugues, 2015). At present, six disease categories have been reported (Vargas-Ángel, 2010; Williams et al., 2014; Quéré, Steneck & Nugues, 2015), but only CFD and coralline lethal orange disease (CLOD) have known causations. Virtually nothing is known about the other CCA disease categories and they remain histologically uncharacterized. Further knowledge on these diseases and the response of their host could be gained from studies at tissue and cellular levels.
In Curaçao, CCA species are affected by the Coralline White Band Syndrome (CWBS) and the Coralline White Patch Disease (CWPD) (Quéré, Steneck & Nugues, 2015). Both pathologies have the potential to reduce the survivorship and settlement of coral planulae and thus may have important implications for the maintenance and recovery of coral reefs (Quéré & Nugues, 2015). They differ in gross symptoms, spatio-temporal variations and lesion spread, suggesting that they may have different causations (Quéré, Steneck & Nugues, 2015). CWBS lesions are defined by a white-band that appears centrally or peripherally and advances slowly but steadily on the healthy tissue, while CWPD manifests by the presence of distinct white patches on the healthy crust, suggesting sudden losses of tissue (Figs. 1A and 1B). Both diseases result in tissue loss with subsequent colonization by endophytic algae often leading to the death of the diseased patch in the case of CWBS (Quéré, Steneck & Nugues, 2015). Visible symptoms may have a biotic or abiotic origin. On one hand, thermal stress has been shown to cause bleaching in both corals and CCA in the laboratory (Anthony et al., 2008) and algal necroses appear on CCA crust under elevated temperature in aquaria (Martin & Gattuso, 2009). On the other hand, bacterial pathogens can also cause bleaching disease in the marine red algae Delisea pulchra (Fernandes et al., 2011). Gross symptoms in the shape of rings are known to be caused by a bacterial infection in the case of CLOD (Littler & Littler, 1995) and by fungi in the case of CFD (Williams et al., 2014). The aim of this study was to describe CWBS and CWPD at the microscopic level in order to better understand these diseases and their effects on coralline algal tissues.
Materials and Methods
Crustose coralline algae were sampled in May 2012 at two sites along the leeward coast of Curaçao, Southern Caribbean (12°N, 69°W). Fragments (ca. 10–20 cm2) from four CCA species were collected using hammer and chisel on the reef terrace at 5–10 m depth at two reef sites: Hydrolithon boergesenii, Neogoniolithon mamillare and Paragoniolithon accretum at Water Factory (12°06′32″N, 68°57′14″W) and Paragoniolithon solubile at Playa Kalki (12°22′30″N, 69°09′31″W). Sampling was not targeted towards particular species, but we sought to have an approximately equal number of healthy and diseased samples. A total of 23 fragments, including 7 healthy fragments, 8 fragments affected by CWBS and 8 fragments affected by CWPD, were sampled (Table 1). For each diseased fragment collected, we made sure to incorporate healthy-looking tissue. Each replicate was selected from a distinct patch. Healthy and diseased fragments of each disease were placed in separated collecting bags to avoid contamination and transported in the dark to the laboratory.
Back in the laboratory, a sample (ca. 2–4 cm2) of each fragment was kept for taxonomic identification. The pieces used for taxonomic determination were rinsed with freshwater and dried for six hours in the oven at 60 °C before being checked under a dissecting scope for reproductive and morphological features (Steneck, 1986). The rest was fixed in 4% Formalin-seawater solution and stored in the fridge until further use. Before decalcification, a small piece (ca. 1 cm2) was cut from each fragment so that only the crust of the CCA and a thin (ca. 5 mm) layer of limestone underneath remained. All superficial epibionts (i.e., mostly filamentous algae) present on the surface of the coralline algae were removed. In the case of diseased fragments, each piece was chipped so that it included the boundary between healthy and diseased tissues.
Each sample was then placed in an individual container with 5% L-ascorbic acid solution to gently decalcify over a period up to one week. The solution within each container was refreshed every two days. Once the skeleton and limestone were dissolved, the tissue samples were placed in individual embedding cassettes and dehydrated at room temperature in ascending grades of ethanol (70%, 80%, 95%, 100%, 100%) for 40 min each, followed by an immersion in limonene (three baths of 40 min each). Samples that could not be processed immediately were stored in 70% ethanol for a maximum of 5 days. This additional step did not affect the results (G Quéré, pers. obs., 2014). CCA tissue was then placed in three successive baths of paraffin (Paraplast® Plus™; Sigma-Aldrich, Seelze, Germany) each time 40 min before being embedded into paraffin blocks. Samples were orientated so that transverse sectioning was possible. The blocks were stored overnight at 4 °C in the fridge to ease withdrawal from the cassette the following day. The blocks were sectioned (section thickness 5 and 7 µm) using low profile microtome blades (Leica DB80 LX; Leica Biosystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) mounted on a calibrated rotary microtome (LEICA™ RM2245; Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). Sections were floated onto water (20 °C), mounted onto clean slides and dehydrated on a slide drying bench for minimum 40 min at 50 °C.
Sections were then rehydrated and stained following the Sharman staining series (Sharman, 1943) modified from Ruzin (1999). This method stains the cell walls of plant tissue in tannic acid and iron alum after the protoplasts have been stained in safranin and orange G (see Document S2 for detailed staining procedure). Several other staining methods were tried, but this method was the most effective to visualize the different cellular components of CCA. Sections were then dehydrated in successive baths of ethanol (45%, 90% and 100%) and cleared with limonene. Coverslips were finally mounted using adhesive resin. We examined and photographed 10 permanent histology sections of each CCA fragment using light microscopy (Leica DM750; Leica Microsystems GmbH,Wetzlar, Germany) with integrated camera (Leica ICC50 HD) using the Leica LAS EZ software.
Host response was described at the microscopic level and interpreted by comparing normal healthy fragments paired with diseased ones. The presence of invading organisms, their type and localization within the tissue were recorded. In each fragment, organisms could be present in the CCA crust (i.e., epithallus, perithallus and/or hypothallus) or in the limestone underneath the crust. In addition, in diseased fragments, we noted whether they were located in the healthy-looking and/or diseased tissues of the fragments. The identification of the invading organisms was beyond the scope of this study and was restricted to two boring categories: macroborers (i.e., boring sponges, helminths and others) and microborers (i.e., cyanobacteria). Sample sizes were not sufficient to allow robust statistical analysis. All results are reported for pooled species of CCA as the number of replicates per species was too low to make comparisons between species, but species-specific data are listed in Table S1.
The four CCA species presented similar responses towards diseases. For both diseases, we observed no difference in cell structure and organization between healthy tissue of healthy CCA and healthy-looking tissue of diseased CCA. Cell walls and contents in healthy-looking tissue of diseased CCA were intact without any apparent damage (Figs. 2B and 3B). In contrast, the diseased part of the tissue showed distinct histological changes between diseases. Cells affected by both CWBS and CWPD presented no apparent damage of their cell walls, but showed a complete depletion of their protoplasmic content (Figs. 2D and 3D). However, in all cases of CWBS, we observed a transition area between healthy and dead cells consisting of cells that were partially deprived of protoplasmic content (Fig. 2C). Cells containing what appeared to be a condensed nucleus or balled up cytoplasmic materials were also frequently observed (Fig. 4A insert). This transition area most likely corresponds to the white band in the gross morphology (Fig. 1A). It did not exist in CWPD tissue where healthy-looking cells were in immediate vicinity of empty dead cells (Fig. 3C). In two cases of CWBS and one case of CWPD, we observed an overgrowth of the diseased/dead surface by the healthy crust, suggesting tissue recovery (Figs. 4A and 4B).
Various macroborers and microborers were observed in both healthy and diseased tissues (Fig. 5). They were more abundant in diseased fragments, particularly in CWBS. Of the 7 healthy fragments examined, 4 (57%) had invading macro- and microorganisms versus all of 8 CWBS fragments and 5 (63%) of the 8 CWPD fragments (Table 2). Of 13 diseased fragments with evidence of boring organisms, sponges were most common (62%) followed by other macroborers (38%) and cyanobacteria (31%). Of the four healthy fragments with borers, 3 had sponges and two had other macroborers and cyanobacteria were not encountered. Within diseased fragments, borers were also more abundant in the diseased tissue of the fragments. Of 13 diseased fragments, 5 (38%) presented borers in their healthy-looking tissue, whereas 12 (92%) showed intrusion by borers in their diseased tissue (Table S1). However, boring organisms were rarely present within or in the immediate vicinity of diseased cells. Boring organisms were more abundant in the underlying limestone than in the CCA crust. In CWPD, borers were found exclusively in the limestone of all 5 diseased fragments containing borers. Cyanobacteria were never seen in the CCA crust. We did not visualize any fungal infections associated with the diseased cells.
|Health of fragment||Healthy||CWBS||CWPD|
|Health of tissue||HT||HT||DT||HT||DT|
|Number of samples||7||8||8|
|Samples with borers||1||3||4||2||4||2||6||8||1||5||5|
|Samples with sponges||3||3||2||2||3||4||5||1||5||5|
|Samples with helminths||1||1|
|Samples with other macroborers||1||1||2||2||3||1||3||4|
|Samples with cyanobacteria||2||2||3||1||1|
Note that the numbers can add up more than for the total fragments since the same fragment may have borers in different sections of the sample.
This is the first study providing histological information on CWBS and CWPD. We found no visible difference between healthy tissues of healthy and diseased crusts, which suggests that the action of the disease is localized, at least at the cellular scale. However, variations could occur at a smaller scale. For example, distinct differences in bacterial community between non-diseased corals and healthy-looking tissues of colonies affected by white band disease have been highlighted in Orbicella annularis using molecular techniques (Pantos et al., 2003). In tissue affected by both diseases, the three distinct cell layers characteristic of CCA (epithallus, perithallus and hypothallus) showed cells with an intact cell wall, but depleted from all cytoplasmic content as highlighted by a sudden change in the intensity of the staining. A plausible explanation to cell bleaching is the loss of pigments as already known in corals during bleaching events (Kleppel, Dodge & Reese, 1989). CCA contain phycobilins (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin) pigments that are present in living tissue. Their loss could be followed by tissue necrosis and death (Fernandes et al., 2011). CCA also commonly experience sloughing events (Keats, Knight & Pueschel, 1997). However, the signs detected in this study differ from sloughing. During a sloughing event, epithallial cells are lost or appear loose (Keats, Knight & Pueschel, 1997; Garbary et al., 2013). Here, they remained present in all the diseased fragments as clearly visible in Fig. 3. Additionally, all the different cell layers showed similar changes in the diseased part of the crust (difference in cell staining intensity) whereas in the case of a sloughing event, only the superficial epithallial cells would have shown deterioration.
In CWPD, healthy cells were in immediate vicinity of diseased empty cells whereas in CWBS, a transition area existed where cells had less protoplasmic content than healthy cells as highlighted by a weaker stain within the cells. This transition area could be the sign of a chronic, slowly progressing disease which is reflected in the slow but steady rates of CWBS progression on healthy tissue (i.e., 0.21 ± 0.06 cm month−1 in Quéré, Steneck & Nugues, 2015). In contrast, CWPD generally manifests by a sudden and extensive loss of tissue, often with a rapid turn-over (G Quéré and M Nugues, pers. obs., 2012), characteristic of acute diseases (Work, Russell & Aeby, 2012; McCoy & Kamenos, 2015).
Dead cells were characterized by an intact cell wall and a complete loss of protoplasmic content. In the case of CWBS, some cells in the transition area showed a highly visible nuclei or rounded cytoplasmic content. Histology confirmed cell death but the technique used here did not allow us to determine whether death was the result of necrosis or programmed cell death (PCD). The former is triggered by external factors often affecting many cells within a tissue, while the latter is triggered by intracellular signals activating specific gene expression at the level of a single cell (Greenberg, 1997; Dunn et al., 2012). These phenomena have rarely been studied in multicellular algae (Garbary et al., 2013) and remain poorly understood. Both have been highlighted during bleaching in the sea anemone Aiptasia sp. using a combination of histology, electron microscopy and in-situ end labelling of DNA fragmentation (Dunn et al., 2002). In the transition area, the sudden high visibility of the nuclei or rounded cytoplasmic content could be related to the condensation of the nucleus during PCD. Similar cellular degradation has been observed in Acroporid corals affected by white syndromes (Ainsworth et al., 2007b). However, several other distinct features are necessary to differentiate necrosis (e.g., vacuolization, cell rupture, tissue degradation) and PCD (e.g., cell shrinkage, formation of accumulation bodies) (Dunn et al., 2002; Franklin, Brussaard & Berges, 2006). Interestingly, plants can also present a hypersensitive response that consists of rapid death after infection by a pathogen (e.g., fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes) in order to prevent its spread (Garbary et al., 2013). This phenomenon could constitute a plausible explanation for the CWPD symptoms. However, further analyses are required to test this hypothesis.
We observed regrowth of healthy-looking tissue over diseased tissue in both diseases. In reef-building corals, an immune response and repair mechanism consisting of a locally accelerated growth has been shown in wounded colonies (D’Angelo et al., 2012). We could interpret this regrowth as a response of the remaining healthy tissue to counteract the progression of the lesion like a wound healing response in CCA. Similarly, CCA are capable of healing wounds caused by herbivores grazing on their crust by regeneration of perithallial cells within the thallus (Steneck, 1983). This healing response could explain the presence of CCA cells lining up the burrow around the invading organisms (Fig. 5B). CCA may have repaired cells around those damaged by the borer. Alternatively, the algal tissue could have grown around the invaders.
We found various metazoa (sponges, helminth, bivalve juveniles) and microrganisms (cyanobacteria) associated with both healthy and diseased CCA tissue. This is consistent with previous studies which have shown the presence of those organisms in healthy and diseased coral colonies (Work & Aeby, 2011; Séré et al., 2013) and in live and dead coralline thalli (Tribollet & Payri, 2001). These organisms were more abundant in diseased than healthy CCA fragments, and, within diseased fragments, they were more abundant in diseased vs healthy tissue, suggesting a potential link between CCA diseases and the presence of borers. However, it is unknown whether these borers are the cause of the disease or opportunistic secondary colonizers. Among the organisms observed here, several have been identified as pathogenic in other species. This is the case for helminths known to cause tissue loss in Montipora (Jokiel & Townsley, 1974) or cyanobacteria which appear to cause tissue lysis and necrosis in black band diseased corals (Ainsworth et al., 2007a). Ciliates are also frequently associated with diseases and capable of invading animal and plant tissue by breaking cell membranes and walls using enzymes such as proteases (Work & Aeby, 2011). In our observations, boring organisms did not seem to be associated with evident cell pathology, suggesting a secondary invasion. Indeed, diseases may weaken or damage coralline tissues, thus facilitating invasion by borers. The mechanical (chip production) and chemical (dissolution) bioerosion of calcium carbonate by boring sponges or bivalves has been reported (Lazar & Loya, 1991; Zundelevich, Lazar & Ilan, 2007). In our study, the acellular space observed around the different invaders could be due to a digestive effect of the borer on the surrounding CCA cells creating a dead zone around them. It is also possible that the presence of an organism would have weakened the tissue around it leading to its loss during fixation.
Microborers are also well-known agents of bioerosion in live and dead CCA thalli causing higher rates of erosion in dead versus live thalli (Tribollet & Payri, 2001). The same way dead coral skeletons are colonised at the surface and bored inwards, diseased crusts could become rapidly vulnerable to invaders (Tribollet & Payri, 2001). Previous studies looking at the association between host response and potential agents revealed that sponges, cyanobacteria and helminths are absent from acute lesions but often associated with chronic diseases, such as the slowly progressing phases of White Syndromes in Montipora capitata (Work, Russell & Aeby, 2012). Our observations confirm this pattern since sponges were often found spreading through the crust and the limestone in CWBS fragments. In contrast, in CWPD fragments, sponges were exclusively located in the limestone, suggesting that they did not have time to invade the crust. There is evidence that macroborers such as bivalves or sponges could take a couple of years to colonize dead skeleton, as they are long-lived, slow-growing organisms (Tribollet & Golubic, 2011).
The increase of borers within the coralline tissue could have a cascading effect by making carbonate substrata available to new borers, thus increasing their eroding action. Ocean acidification also accelerates reef bioerosion without necessarily affecting the health of boring organisms (Wisshak et al., 2013). Furthermore, synergistic effects of ocean warming, ocean acidification and disease infection enhance the reduction in the calcification rates of CCA (Williams et al., 2014). In the face of climate change, disease outbreaks may thus, together with global stressors and boring organisms, aggravate reef degradation.
Histological observations of lesions from the two diseases did not reveal any evidence for the presence of fungi. A fungus belonging to the subphylum Ustilaginomycetes has been identified as the pathogenic agent responsible for CFD thanks to conventional histology (Williams et al., 2014). We could deduce that fungi are not implicated in CWBS and CWPD. Similarly, fungi were not observed in the white syndrome of Acroporid corals (Ainsworth et al., 2007b). Our method did not allow for the visualization of bacteria which have been identified as causal agents for CLOD (Littler & Littler, 1995). Visualizing bacteria using conventional histology would have required the use of Taylor’s gram stains (Peters, 1983; Work & Rameyer, 2005). Additional techniques such as the embedding of tissue in agar and the use of fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Work, Russell & Aeby, 2012) have also been suggested to improve bacterial detectability in coral tissues (Bythell et al., 2002). The same applies for virus-like particules (VLPs) whose presence can be detected using TEM and flow cytometry (Davy et al., 2006). Viruses have been associated with the presence of syncitia inside cells (Work, Russell & Aeby, 2012); however, they were not observed in this study. The potential implication of viruses in coral disease is still unknown but thermally stressed corals produce numerous VLPs (Davy et al., 2006; Rosenberg et al., 2009). Although this study did not identify the agents responsible of the diseases, it allows to narrow the pool of potential suspects. The use of an integrated approach is necessary for further progress on the complete diagnosis of CCA disease.
This study brings a descriptive distinction at the cellular level between CWBS and CWPD. Observations of the diseased tissues were consistent with the signs described in the field. CWBS known to progress slowly but steadily over the CCA in the field showed a transition zone in microscopy. In contrast, CWPD known to cause a sudden loss of tissue in CCA had no transition zone. Although boring organisms were observed at higher abundances within diseased tissues in comparison to healthy ones, we did not find evidence of a direct link between the presence of invaders and the disease lesion. However, the range of potential pathogens could be narrowed as no sign of fungal infection was observed. Standard techniques in histopathology alone cannot elucidate the question of disease causation. Additional methods are necessary to complete the diagnosis picture.
Type of boring organisms encountered and their localisation within the tissue for each CCA sample
HT, healthy tissue; DT, diseased tissue. | <urn:uuid:acbb3bd0-8879-4bc9-bde5-8cd7d2727791> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://peerj.com/articles/1034/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687592.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921011035-20170921031035-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.943452 | 5,782 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Status and trends of biodiversity, including benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services
The biodiversity of Solomon Islands is of global importance. The country has been recognized as a “Centre of Plant Diversity”, counting 4,500 species of plants, 3,200 of which are known to be native (indigenous). Despite this high level of biological diversity, endemism for plant species is generally low. However, 57% of palms, 50% of orchids, 75% of climbing Pandanus species are considered endemic. Solomon Islands also presents a high diversity in terms of animal species, with BirdLife International having categorized the Solomon Islands “Endemic Bird Area” (EBA) with the “highest number of restricted range species in any Endemic Bird Areas” of the World (94). Currently known bird species total 223 species, of which a staggering 82% are endemic and two extinct. The number of mammals is higher than in any other Pacific island region and natural heritage is unique in terms of marine species. Due to the high diversity of saltwater fish and coral species found in coastal and marine areas, Solomon Islands has been placed under the Bismarck Solomon Seas Ecoregion which covers Northern New Guinea, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands (up to the Makira province) and the Coral Triangle. Marine fauna is characterized by low levels of endemism and the presence of numerous and widespread mangrove species.
Over the past years, Solomon Islands has witnessed an overall decline in biodiversity. Sixteen plant species are already listed under the IUCN Red List as threatened. Out of the 53 species of mammals known throughout the country, 20 are considered threatened. There is general erosion in agricultural biodiversity due to increased importation of species and products. While farmers traditionally conserved local varieties in their food gardens, they are now attracted by new and imported varieties, causing local varieties to be abandoned. As a matter of fact, there are currently more imported food crops than indigenous foods in the country. Many of the local or indigenous food varieties have been lost, especially local varieties of sweet potatoes, taro, yams, cassava and bananas.
Biodiversity constitutes a key source of revenues, alimentation and health for rural populations (representing 85% of the total population) with a “subsistence” mode of life. As such, biodiversity also constitutes a powerful source of cultural identity. Further, most of the economic activities of the country, notably the exportation of exotic wood, heavily rely on ecosystems and ecosystem services, with their destruction having direct repercussions on the Gross Domestic Product and rate of employment. Finally, ecosystems perform a large role in preventing the occurrence of extreme natural events, such as flash-flooding, which can cause considerable human and economic losses.
Main pressures on and drivers of change to biodiversity (direct and indirect)
The main threats that continue to endanger the country’s biodiversity are logging, inappropriate land use practices, mining and prospecting, over-exploitation of natural resources, population growth, natural disasters, invasive species, pollution and climate change. In the terrestrial environment, industrial logging and development of large-scale monocultural agricultural plantations of oil palm, coconut and cocoa, and the clearance of land for subsistence gardens, are the major activities directly threatening biodiversity. New threats, such as climate change and invasive species, are increasing in magnitude, however are still not so obvious to the general public. Terrestrial alien and native invasive species have not been well documented to date, however a list produced by the Pacific Islands Ecosystem at Risk project in Hawaii contains a total of 368 invasive and potential invasive species for Solomon Islands. In the marine environment, the major treats are over-exploitation of marine resources, pollution from land-based sources and climate change. Threats such as high population growth, directly related to the high demands for and consumption of biodiversity resources, can also be regarded as a driver, as can the external demand for biodiversity goods and products and changes in people’s lifestyles. | <urn:uuid:6afa24eb-60d9-40c4-9c37-5e72199edfcd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=sb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939961 | 825 | 3.484375 | 3 |
You need to develop a working or preliminary thesis statement to guide your research a working thesis statement should be a complete. 3 next page: a preliminary thesis for your final project a write out a preliminary thesis statement a thesis statement is designed to answer your chosen question. Thesis statement generator for rhetorical analysis essay outline thesis apa citation thesis online thesis on manual material handling your preliminary thesis. Thesis statement creator: directions: this web page explains the different parts to a thesis statement and helps you create your own you can click on the.
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Creating a preliminary thesis statementcreating a preliminary thesis statement creating a preliminary thesis is the first step for this, you must already have a. Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on childhood vaccination thesis. Use this thesis statement generator to build your argumentative or compare and contrast thesis statement in less than 5 minutes. Outline and thesis generators are on this website, you can generate either a thesis statement or a paper outline the outline, for a 5 paragraph essay. How to generate a thesis statement if the topic is not assigned the preliminary research have unearthed a number of articles that narrow the focus of the research.
Thesis statements likely have some other preliminary advantages, such as a strong foundation in the you only need to generate ideas. A thesis statement is the opening and most crucial part of an essays or research paper the point of a thesis statement is to let the readers know what the overall. An example of how to write a hypothesis thesis statement back to overview write a paper next article » parts of a paper full reference. | <urn:uuid:184c96d7-07b8-412e-83de-51f7c77cfe6b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://zlcourseworkoxpu.comment-changer-de-banque.info/preliminary-thesis-statement-generator.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814300.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222235935-20180223015935-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.899715 | 539 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Fish plays no role in the prevention of heart failure, but it can be partly beneficial for people with diabetes, according to a large prospective population study.
The study, which was started in 1990 and involved all men and women over the age of 55 living in a suburb of Rotterdam, found no difference in the risk of developing heart failure between those who did eat fish and those who didn't.
Advertisement"Scientists and health authorities are increasingly persuaded that the intake of fish - even in small amounts - will protect against the risk of fatal myocardial infarction," said study investigator Dr Marianne Geleinjse from Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
"However, there is no strong evidence that eating fish will protect against heart failure. One study has suggested that this might be so, but we could not confirm it in our cohort study of older Dutch people," added Geleinjse.
While heart failure treatments are often limited to palliative care, much rests on prevention.
The current study was aimed to investigate whether intake of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish conferred protection against heart failure as they seem to do against coronary heart disease.
The analysis comprised 5299 subjects (41 percent men, mean age 67.5 years) who were free from heart failure and for whom dietary data were available.
During 11.4 years of follow-up, 669 subjects developed heart failure.
Their habitual diet had been assessed at baseline (in a self-reported checklist and by expert interview), with subjects specifically asked to indicate the frequency, amount, and kind of fish they had eaten, either as a hot meal, on a sandwich, or between meals.
Results showed that the dietary intake of fish was not significantly related to heart failure incidence.
However, in diabetic subjects the researchers saw a slight improvement.
The study is published in the October issue of the European Journal of Heart Failure.
You May Also Like | <urn:uuid:d92692a2-ce45-4419-b685-0e3f604bed49> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Eating-Fish-doesnt-Save-You-from-Heart-Failure-58795-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718987.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00041-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971073 | 407 | 3.15625 | 3 |
If you don’t already know what kind of teacher you want, these tips might be helpful. Please note that these tips were written concerning teachers of English, Spanish, Italian, and other Western languages. They may not apply to teachers of other languages.
First, tell the teacher what you want to study (pronunciation, conversation, test preparation, etc.). Then, ask the teacher if they will make a lesson plan and how each class will be structured. A good teacher should be able to answer these questions to your satisfaction.
If you are a beginning student, a good teacher won’t ask you what you want to study, they will know what you should study.
A good teacher will correct your mistakes and help you focus on strengthening your weak skills. They will interest you with challenging lessons rather than bore you with things you already know.
A good teacher will not make you feel bad about a weak skill, they will correct you and make sure you remember.
Many times there is more than one correct answer. In these cases, a good teacher will tell you the best answer, but won’t insist that it’s the only answer.
A good teacher will offer to give you homework and offer to correct it. It is your right to refuse homework if you are too busy, but a good teacher will suggest you do homework.
If you have a teacher from a Western country, remember that they expect you to ask them questions. This is standard in Western educational systems. A good teacher will answer your questions, but won’t be diverted from the lesson plan by them.
|你好，我的名字是蘇珊||Hello! My name is Susan.|
|我對學習英文很有興趣||I am interested in studying English.|
|我在 myu.com.tw 網站上看到您在找學生||I saw you are looking for students on the myu.com.tw website.|
|您一堂課收取多少費用呢?||How much do you charge for one lesson?|
|您可以算便宜一點嗎?||Can you make it cheaper?|
|您可以每次上課教不只一個學生嗎?||Can you teach more than one person at a time?|
|我可以有一堂免費的基礎介紹課程嗎?||Can I have an introductory lesson for free?|
|我可以在我們開始第一堂課之前先見個面嗎?||Can I meet you once before we arrange the first lesson?|
|我們可以在那裡上課呢?||Where can we do the lesson?|
|您可以在咖啡館教課嗎?||Can you teach me at a coffee shop?|
|您可以在我的公司或家中上課嗎?||Can you teach me at my company / house?|
|我想要上兩個小時的課。||I’d like to have a two-hour lesson.|
|我的工作時間是早上8點到下午5點。||I work from 8AM to 5PM.|
|我們可以在星期一早上見面(或是下午／晚上?)||Can we meet on Monday mornings? (afternoons, evenings?)|
|您星期二什麼時間方便呢?||What times are you available on Tuesday?|
|我們可以每週固定時間見面嗎?||Can we meet at the same time/day each week?|
|我們何時可以開始上課呢?||When can we start the lessons?|
|我想要下個星期六開始上課。||I’d like to start next Saturday.|
|我想要下個月開始上課。||I’d like to start next month.|
|我們應該約在那裡見面呢?||Where should we meet?|
|您的地方靠近捷運站嗎?||Are you near an MRT station?|
|那一站是最近的站呢?||What is the closest station?|
|那裡靠近火車站嗎?||Is that near the train station?|
|我的手機號碼是 ...||My cell phone number is ... .|
|您的手機號碼是多少?||What is your cell phone number?|
|您上課會使用什麼教材呢?||What materials do you use during the class?|
|您將會穿什麼樣的衣服呢?||What will you be wearing?|
|第一次上課，我需要帶任何材料嗎?||Should I bring any materials to the first lesson?|
|好，那我們3月3日星期三，早上11:00在台南火車站的售票亭前面見面。||OK, so we will meet at the ticket gate of the Tainan train station at 11:00AM on Wednesday March 3rd.|
|如果有任何變動請打電話告訴我。||Please call me if there are any changes.|
|好，到時候見。||OK, see you then.|
These are some ideas you may find helpful when teaching conversational English. Keep in mind these are just pointers, and may not be useful if the student already knows what they want.
Make a plan. Make a lesson schedule (syllabus) with the student and follow it. That way you can tell if you're going too fast or too slow. Many teachers naturally go too fast, simply because they forget that they’re the experts. A lesson schedule also gives both you and the student an exit strategy. For example, after 20 lessons you can part ways without someone feeling bad for canceling the class.
Structure each lesson around one topic and avoid going on long tangents. Examples of topics are "buying things", "introducing yourself/others", "phone calls", etc. You could also structure each lesson around a newspaper or other article. This goes hand-in-hand with the lesson plan. Unstructured lessons will quickly become boring and repetitive for both you and the student. Depending on the student’s level, 70% structured work and 30% free conversation is a good rule of thumb. Avoid doing 100% free conversation at all costs. Unless you really hit it off with the student, it will get dull fast. Besides, the student won't learn anything.
Expand your idea of proper English. A student may say something that sounds odd to an American, but it may sound perfectly normal to someone from the UK. Let it go; don’t get bogged down on hyper-correct grammatical issues. If it sounds really weird, tell them a better and simpler way to say it.
Correct them. This is why they pay you. When you correct them, insist that they repeat the corrected form. Most students will do this anyway. Some will do it for a while and then get lazy. It may feel awkward at first, but they will remember much more if you insist that they repeat after you.
Make notes during class. In one-on-one, a pad of paper is a good substitute for a whiteboard. Let them make a copy at the end of class (use 7-11 if you want). That way they can review something besides their own notes, and you'll have a record of what you've already covered.
Give them homework. See how they do without you prompting/helping them. The more un-homework-like the homework the better. You could ask them to watch your favorite English TV show/movie with the subtitles off (or covered up) and then explain it to you next class. Give them prepared questions if you’ve seen the show/movie before and they’re low level.
Start each class with a short review of the previous class (another reason to take notes!). This may only take five minutes, but it's very useful to the student. Even if you just ask, "Do you remember what 'blah-blah-blah' means?" you'll be helping them tremendously. | <urn:uuid:49dc9271-1e51-4646-ba38-49feb6bd8974> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://myu.com.tw/help.php?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039544239.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421130234-20210421160234-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.90088 | 2,212 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Where the Fort McMurray wildfire is now and why it will take months to extinguish
'It's really, really gruelling work out there,' Alberta wildfire information officer says
Enormous flames are no longer consuming the city of Fort McMurray, but the wildfire is still active and classified as "out of control" by the Alberta government.
CBC News asked Alberta wildfire information officer Travis Fairweather to explain what is happening now and why officials say it will take months to extinguish the fire.
How big is the Fort McMurray wildfire?
As of Tuesday afternoon, the Fort McMurray wildfire was 2,290 square kilometres. That's up from about 2,040 square kilometres on Monday.
The main reason the fire got bigger, Fairweather says, is that the main Fort McMurray fire merged with a much smaller, separate fire that had been burning to the northeast. The smaller fire, which measures roughly 250 square kilometres, actually started when embers blew off the main fire into the woods.
Thanks to favourable weather conditions, the wildfire isn't expected to grow significantly in the coming days.
The main factors that affect wildfires are heat, dryness and wind, so "less windy the better, cooler the better, more moist the better," he says, noting that rain would be ideal, but even humidity helps firefighters.
Where is the fire now?
The Fort McMurray wildfire has been travelling east and is about 25 to 30 kilometres from the Saskatchewan boundary, according to the Alberta government's latest update on Tuesday.
Flames are really only visible at the front of a large active wildfire, Fairweather says. The rest is "fields of just black ash" left behind.
That huge burnt area — including within Fort McMurray — is extremely dangerous and firefighters have months of work ahead of them, he says. They will do infrared scans from the air to find "hot spots" where smoke continues to smoulder underground.
"Stuff like that can sort of simmer under the surface for a few months even and then flare back up when you get, you know, some hot weather and some winds again," Fairweather says. To make sure that doesn't happen, crews dig up the ground to find the smoke and extinguish the fire.
"They're working with chainsaws and hoses and axes and shovels," he said. "It's really, really gruelling work out there for them."
Are any more communities at risk?
The fire is "all out in the trees right now," Fairweather says. But crews are taking precautions in communities to the south, including Anzac and Gregoire Lake Estates, because "fire's very unpredictable and you never know what's going to happen with the wind."
Crews are setting up a "dozer guard" in those areas, clearing trees so there's no fuel for the fire to burn if it arrives. The dozer guard stretches for many kilometres, he says.
What happens if the fire crosses into Saskatchewan?
If the Fort McMurray wildfire moves into Saskatchewan, Alberta firefighters don't just pack up and hand off to their Saskatchewan counterparts, Fairweather says.
"[The provincial boundary is] sort of an imaginary line when you think about it," he says. "We all work together."
Alberta firefighters are dealing with a similar situation on the other side of the province, after a wildfire that started in British Columbia recently spread across the Alberta boundary.
"We have longstanding relationships with our surrounding provinces," Fairweather says. "We were helping out before it got to Alberta and now that it's on the Alberta side as well we're helping even more."
How many people are fighting the fire?
About 700 firefighters are working on the Fort McMurray wildfire. Twenty-six helicopters are being used to transport crews and to pick up and drop water and 13 air tanker planes are carrying water or fire retardant.
There is a total of 1,547 firefighters, 121 helicopters and 28 air tankers battling 25 wildfires across Alberta right now, according to the provincial government's latest update.
Most of those fires are classified as "under control." The Fort McMurray wildfire is the only one that remains "out of control."
This video was made when the Fort McMurray fire was 2,040 square kilometres in size. The fire has since grown.
• Get breaking news alerts on this story and others. Download the CBC News app for iOS and Android | <urn:uuid:4c5ce890-b4c3-4574-8c4d-b0bddba88ba9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/fort-mcmurray-fire-questions-answered-1.3575583 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.957282 | 922 | 2.640625 | 3 |
97 Orchard Streetís apartments originally had working fireplaces in the kitchens and parlors. By the late 1880s, the parlor fireplaces were sealed.
Why would the tenants do away with their fireplaces?
We know that each family had a coal stove in their kitchen, which they used for cooking, heating irons, and boiling water for washing. The stove provided more than enough heat, making the fireplace an unnecessary source of drafts in the winter months.
In addition, since many of the fireplaces were sealed almost immediately after the building was constructed, the builder may have intended them only as decorative features. The idea of every home having a hearth around which the family could gather was a popular notion of the time period.
Were gas or oil heat ever added to the building? | <urn:uuid:e040f732-fc23-402c-bee8-b17872cb14ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.tenement.org/slideshows/research_7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051114647.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005154-00069-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987361 | 163 | 3.125 | 3 |
QR Teaching Activities
Subjectshowing only Mathematics Show all Subject
Quantitative Skillsshowing only Gathering Data Show all Quantitative Skills
Results 1 - 3 of 3 matches
Shift in life expectancy part of SISL:2012 Sustainability in Math Workshop:Activities
Determining the shift in expected life span over a century and the social and environmental impact
Dirty Jobs vs. Clean Jobs part of Spreadsheets Across the Curriculum:General Collection:Examples
Spreadsheets Across the Curriculum module. Students use spreadsheets to help find the difference in percentages of salaries between dirty and clean jobs.
Creating a Household Budget part of Spreadsheets Across the Curriculum:General Collection:Examples
Sara Baldwin, South Seattle Community College
Spreadsheets Across the Curriculum module. Students track their expenses and use Excel to compare them to Seattle/Tacoma averages. Developed for adult students taking English as a Second Language. | <urn:uuid:2f358734-5c19-4f6c-a5c9-44a92471f981> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://serc.carleton.edu/nnn/teaching/test.html?q1=sercvocabs__40%3A38&q2=sercvocabs__43%3A8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772125.148/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00027-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.770705 | 195 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Political Reemergence of Mexico’s “Invisible” Minority
Source: Fusion YouTube
Despite a half-millennium of life in Mexico, Afro-Mexicans have seen their political visibility decrease dramatically as the ideology of mestizaje (racial mixing) has become central to Mexican national identity. As in many parts of the Americas, how blackness is defined in Mexico is distinctive, unique to the convergence of circumstances that shaped identity through culture, economics, geography, ideology, and law. Today, the contemporary political landscape, with its interest in multiculturalism and the rectification of historical disadvantage, has pressed black Mexicans to seek greater administrative recognition. But with relatively small numbers and lacking a non-Spanish native language, Afro-Mexicans have been officially indistinct from either the majority non-indigenous and mestizo population or minority indigenous groups, unwilling to acknowledge the historical circumstances that have made recognition of Afro-Mexicans as a minority a priority and denying the financial and political support that such recognition would bring.
However, in 2015, an interim census allowed for respondents’ self-identification as “black”—itself a disputed term among Afro-Mexicans—for the first time, giving new visibility and coherence to the more than 1 million black Mexicans in the country. Mexican blackness—as defined historically, culturally, psychologically, and geographically—has joined the global stage of Afro-consciousness in the call for recognition and reparation of injustices against the community of African and Afro-descendent peoples. The official reemergence has attracted the attention of media outlets covering the renewed consciousness and political agency of Mexico’s “invisible minority.”
“Afro-Mexicans: No longer ‘erased’” (The Daily Kos, April 2016)
“The black people ‘erased from history’” (BBC, April 2016)
“Now Counted By Their Country, Afro-Mexicans Grab Unprecedented Spotlight” (NPR, February 2016)
“Mexico Finally Recognized Its Black Citizens, But That’s Just The Beginning” (The Huffington Post, January 2016)
“The secret lives of Afro-Mexicans in America” (Fusion, February 2016)
México Negro A.C. | <urn:uuid:8081e0e8-87c2-4dcb-8ee9-01d282e39e6b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://outlas.org/tag/mexico-central-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999787.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625031825-20190625053825-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.932785 | 498 | 2.9375 | 3 |
San Jerónimo is a town in the Baja Verapaz region of northern Guatemala. It has a predominantly agricultural economy in an area prone to severe drought.
Families are dependent on unpredictable weather and are sometimes pushed over the edge when the rains don't come. Single mothers and young parents can find life particularly difficult and their children suffer as a result.
Life on the edge in Guatemala's 'dry corridor'
Four languages are spoken in the area - Spanish, Achi, Poqomchi and Queqchi. The economy is primarily reliant on agriculture, and the main cash crops are sugar cane and cereals.
In an already desperately poor country, the northern region of Guatemala is one of the poorest. An estimated 77% of the population live in poverty, meaning that they don't receive basic facilities such as water, sanitation or basic health-care - but also face issues such as malnutrition. Baja Verapaz has some of the highest rates of malnourishment among pre-school children.
An agricultural economy relies on the weather for its workers to survive. Geographically the department is on the so-called 'dry corridor' of the country - drought frequently comes to the area, leading to food shortages and driving many people to the edge. If the crops aren't there to harvest, people will starve. Though local authorities put measures in place to prevent starvation, those most afflicted by drought often cannot afford to get to centres where state aid is given.
Impact on the welfare of children
Frequent droughts impacting on incomes, and general poverty can make for difficult conditions within families. Parents often develop substance misuse problems and take their stress out on their partners. Domestic violence is a serious issue in Baja Verapaz. Recent public campaigns have given women the strength to speak out and complain about such acts of violence. Women and children are also being made more aware of their rights.
Children who have difficult home lives sometimes join gangs for a sense of belonging and protection at home. Such solidarity and loyalty offered by the gangs is frequently traded for any real prospects in life by the child.
How we intervene in San Jeronimo
SOS Children's Villages opened the Children's Village in San Jerónimo in 2001. We offer children from the area who are no longer able to live with their parents, a new family home, and care from an SOS Mother. In a loving family environment they are able to attend school in the community and form bonds outside the Village.
As children grow up and require more independence they are offered places in shared, supported accommodation through the SOS youth programme. Living with us, they are able to attend further education or vocational training, and as they shoulder the responsibilities of early adulthood, they are given guidance by qualified youth counsellors.
From toddlers to teenagers, we care for children in San Jerónimo who have lost parental care. Each child in the SOS Children's Village is supported by child sponsors. Will you start a child sponsorship today? | <urn:uuid:b3257a8b-7d01-48c6-95bb-1773adbd9e9f> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/sponsor-a-child/latin-america/guatemala/san-jeronimo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661277.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00153-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964261 | 613 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Music for Little Mozarts - Music Workbook (Book 2) (Music and Ear Training Activities to Bring Out the Music in Every Young Child). For piano. Method/Instruction; Piano - Music for Little Mozarts. Music for Little Mozarts. Note Reading. Instructional book. Introductory text, instructional text and illustrations. 48 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.14584).
ISBN 0882849719. With introductory text, instructional text and illustrations. Note Reading. 9x12 inches.
The Music Workbook contains pages of coloring, tracing, matching, ear training and listening that have been carefully designed to reinforce the musical concepts introduced in the Music Lesson Book 2. In full color.
About Music for Little Mozarts
Music for Little Mozarts was written by my music friends Christine H. Barden, Gayle Kowalchyk, and E. L. Lancaster to encourage a love for music in young children, ages 4-6, and to help them begin learning to play piano. My books help develop singing and listening skills while imparting an appreciation for many musical styles! My adventures and lessons are exciting and imaginative, both at school and at home. Your eager, inquisitive students will discover music and find out how much fun it is to play! | <urn:uuid:54e452f3-efaf-4022-8352-534fcf9150de> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.sheetmusicplus.com/look_inside?R=3696112 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461647.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00052-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868757 | 266 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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Math Science News
The Ventura College Foundation awards many grants each year and several projects in the Math & Science Division have been receipients of these grants:
Behavior Oberservations-Channel Islands -- Kammy Algiers, Biology
The purpose of this project is to expose Field Biology students to one of the most unique ecosystems in the world-The Channel Islands. Right off our coast, the Channel Islands National Park is unique due to its location and isolation. Animals and plants on the islands are close relatives of the mainland species, which have evolved slight differences due to their environment. Students can study evolution by observations of these organisms and their unique adaptations. Field biology (BIOLV14) classes meet at different field sites each week. This grant is funding two island packers trips, one to Anacapa and one to Santa Cruz Island for this Spring’s Field Biology Class.
Physical Anthropology Fossil Cast Collection Enhancement and Upkeep -- Gigi Fiumerodo PH.D., Anthropology
We will be purchasing fossil casts for the Physical Anthropology Lab courses which will enhance the students experience and knowledge as they study hands-on.
Student Atomic Force Microscope Demonstration Units -- Steve Quon, Physics
These units are used in laboratory exercises to show students how measurements of nanosized structures in nanoscience are made using Atomic Force Microscopes.
Ipad Integration in the Classroom -- Michael McCain, Math
The use of touch based devices is becoming the norm for our younger generations. The technology is intuitive to use and allows one to interact with a computer directly and in ways that cannot be accomplished with a traditional computer. The Ipad will be used for a number of purposes in and out of the classroom. It will be used along with a VGA adapter to display illustrations that use touch based commands as well as class notes. Working with students on a one-on-one bases they can interact with the material using touch which I believe is an invaluable learning tool. Also, Coursesmart offers all of our math texts free of charge to instructors on the Ipad. The device will be used to review textbooks and display textbooks on the projector during class discussions. This is valuable as there are many instances when I need a picture in the textbook to illustrate a concept. The Ipad does this and allows the user to zoom in effectively using touch to emphasize certain illustrations.
Development of Effective Lab Demonstrations for Introductory Chemistry Courses -- Robert Dion, Chemistry
Develop a group of laboratory demonstrations that illustrate the connection between textbook theory and physical reality in a way that is
• Memorable and visually striking
• Relatively easy to facilitate
• Relatively inexpensive
MESA/STEM University Transfer Experience – Gema Espinoza, Student Outreach Specialist
The intent of the University Transfer Experience is to expose our VC students who are STEM majors to the transfer process by taking them to various universities (e.g. UCSB, Cal Poly SLO, UCLA, CSUN, UCI) to learn the basics of transferring to a 4-year university. | <urn:uuid:aad6fcf6-afd5-4c9f-9b66-ba7074184aa4> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.venturacollege.edu/departments/academic/math_science/News.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163043224/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131723-00022-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90546 | 644 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Lately several families have inquired how to help their families work. By work they are asking how to have a well-adjusted, healthy family. Many people in today’s modern world want to know how to deal with blended families, divorced families, one parent families, or families of different faiths, to name just a few examples. These families are searching for methods and skills to improve and focus on strong family values which have been proven successful in past generations. This article will focus on three building blocks that high-functioning families share and have in common: rituals, honesty, and using “I” language.
High functioning families have rituals. Today’s world is fast paced and flooded with technology which can take an enormous toll on a family’s well-being. Rituals help ground our children and families. Introducing rituals may help reduce stress, allow families to spend quality time together talking and enjoying being part of something “larger” than themselves. It is up to individual families to make the changes. Remember, even small changes may improve your family’s emotional health and well-being.
Let’s start with the ritual of dinner. Research shows that children who eat dinner with their families are less likely to drink, smoke, do drugs, get pregnant, commit suicide, and develop eating disorders. Additional research shows children who enjoy family meals have a larger vocabulary, better manners, healthier diets and higher self-esteem. Fewer families today eat together, especially the busier families. Several studies have shown only 17 percent of families eat together, even when everyone is home! Remember dinner is about spending time together.
Be creative. Instead of feeling guilty about not having a “six o’clock thing,” remember it’s about coming together. Maybe breakfast is a better time, or snack or dessert time in the evening. The point is to have at least 30-45 minutes of family time. This is time to check in with each other, talk about world or community events. It can be Monday pizza night, Chinese Tuesday take out, or ice cream and cookie time. You get the point. It is about creating a sense of attachment, being a part of something greater than themselves, a family. This is not about beating yourselves up for everything you do wrong. Don’t set yourself up for failure and insist on 7 nights a week, it won’t happen. Be realistic about how many days will help your family, 3 or 4 is better than none! It is not about the dinner; it is about the family!
Introduce the game “Do You Know?” Meal time is a great time to ask: Where did your grandparents grow up? Do you know where your mom and dad went to high school? What sports/activities did they participate? Do you know where your parents met? Do you know what was happening in the world the day you were born? This simple game allows families to share stories and learn about other generations. We rarely have generations eating at one table and this simple game creates a sense of connection.
Here are a few other possible rituals: family game night with charades, family plays, or word of the day. Ask the questions “What went well this week” and “What did not go well this week?” Let everyone participate without any judgement. The kids might complain at first but you will be amazed how much they enjoy this time!
Teach your children about feelings and how to use their words. Teach them how to use “I” language. It is essential and beneficial in every area of their lives and something they will be able to use for a life time. Allow children to tell you how they feel. Starting sentences with “I” gives ownership and empowers children to know and express their feelings. When children learn to state their feelings they learn how to express themselves in a healthy way. Parents need to listen to their children and allow feelings to be expressed and not punish for having feelings. It might not change the situation or the consequences but they will feel heard. Human beings want to be seen, heard and validated. Using I or we are signs of a healthy relationship. One way to avert fighting and create defensive positions is to stop saying you and begin with I.
Be honest with your children. Many of the families helped in my practice are dealing with some form of substance abuse or addiction. When people accept the medical model it is important to give our children valuable genetic information. Knowledge is power. Families who hide the fact that grandparents, aunts or uncles were people suffering from addiction do a disservice to their children. Genetics is only one factor for substance abuse and the children deserve to know they are predisposed for some type of addiction. Remember, there are many types of “ics”: alcoholic, exerciseaholic, workaholic, etc. If a family has an “ic” the idea of moderation needs to be part of the family discussion. Children learn by example and from their role models. If they see their parents deal with stress by drinking, doing drugs, or working more, you are teaching them that is how to deal with stressful situations and they might follow your lead. Children need to learn healthy coping skills, teach them. If you don’t know any or if you need to learn new ones, please ask for help. This also teaches children asking for help is not a weakness, rather a strength.
In this fast paced world take time to enjoy your family. Learn to sit down, without any type of technology and tell stories and listen to one another. Parenting is not about being perfect. Parenting is giving your children the tools to be happy, healthy, well rounded adults. The suggestions in this article are that, just suggestions. Any gesture you make to tuning into your family and teaching values will be rewarded as the family transitions through its many phases.
Show Comments (0) | <urn:uuid:948d7a3d-c3d7-4fe7-a5e6-411cf9623c26> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.recoveryconnection.com/how-to-make-your-family-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330962.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826022215-20190826044215-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.970341 | 1,228 | 2.5625 | 3 |
September 21, 2013 – Senator Bill Doyle was presented the President's Award in recognition of his lifelong preservation of Vermont's history through community documentaries, professorship at Johnson State College, History Day judging, active engagement with the VHS and other heritage organizations, (and many other heroic history efforts!). The Vermont Historical Society also set up a William T. Doyle History Day fund.
In presenting the award at the Septemher 21st Annual Meeting, Mark Hudson, executive director for the Historical Society, noted, "The VHS has created the William T. Doyle Vermont History Day Fund to support activities associated with this essential educational event." Vermont History Day is an exciting education program that encourages students to explore a historical topic and present their research at a statewide competition.
Each year, students discover and analyze historical sources, presenting their findings in the form of a documentary, exhibit, paper, performance or website at a statewide competition held in early spring. Some projects then qualify for National History Day in late spring in College Park, Maryland. History Day is open to students in grades 5 through 12 and home study students ages 10 to 18. Students who participate in History Day develop important academic skills, as well as 21st-century career skills, including teamwork, time management and public speaking. | <urn:uuid:55e26dea-992a-40ef-a444-4347b28768af> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://vermonthistory.org/about-vhs/news-publications/797-senator-doyle-honored | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860115836.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161515-00107-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947998 | 255 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Acoustic interlayers are laminated between toughened pieces of glass to produce a glazing unit with much improved acoustic performance.
The highly sound insulating PVB interlayers are laminated between glass panels using normal interlayer lamination methods of heat and pressure creating a glass unit with a lower overall Rw value measured in Db.
Every glass thickness and composition vibrates differently at different frequencies meaning that at some frequencies glass sound insulation can be very low. The introduction of an acoustic interlayer into a glass construction reduces this ‘critical frequency’ effect in the glazed element meaning there is no dip in the glass performance for certain sound frequencies and increasing the overall sound insulation for an installation.
Dealing with noise
These acoustic interlayers can reduce the sound transmission through glass to between 35Db to 49Db depending on glass makeup.
The aim of acoustic insulation glass is not to stop sound coming through the glass units all together, which is nearly impossible, but is to reduce the frequency of noise that can travel through the glass towards 100Hz, making any background noise insignificant enough to be ignored.
The acoustic interlayers used within sound reduction glass are completely transparent and appear as standard laminated glass leaf. The laminated glass panel can then be installed into a double glazed unit for external use, installed into framework or used as internal partitioning elements.
Additional changes to a glass specification such as triple glazing, differing thicknesses of glass and different gas cavity thicknesses can also assist in any acoustic insulation needed.
Acoustic Interlayers are able to be included in almost any glass installation and are available in sizes up to 6m x 3.21m. The minimum size of an acoustic glass unit is 300mm x 300mm.
Other elements of the glass specification such as glass thickness will be determined by the glass installation itself.
Get in touch if you wish to learn more about some of the most common glass specifications for acoustic glass.
For the same thickness of glass, glass with an acoustic reduction interlayer achieves an average increase, expressed in Rw (BS EN ISO 717), of between 3 dB compared with conventional laminated glass and 5 dB compared with monolithic glass.
Acoustic interlayers overcome the drop in the acoustic insulating performance of glass at the critical frequency, in both single and double glazing. It therefore ensures optimum acoustic performance.
A change in just 2dB in the noise reduction through a piece of glass can half the amount of noticeable sound that can penetrate the glazing.
Building Regulations Part E
Building Regulations Part E governs the acoustic insulation values that new buildings in England should adhere to to create comfortable and inviting living and working spaces.
Part E of Building Regs covers:
New walls and floors of new build homes and buildings that are being changed into housing
The Acoustic Insulation between other sleeping areas such as hotel rooms, rooms in a boarding house and student housing.
The acoustic performance of common areas in residential apartment blocks
Acoustic Reduction in school buildings.
Requirement E1 states:
“E1: Protection against sound from other parts of the building and adjoining buildings
“Dwelling-houses, flats and rooms for residential purposes shall be designed and constructed in such a way that they provide reasonable resistance to sound from other parts of the same building and from adjoining buildings.”
Internal and external floors and walls of a new built, purpose built house are recommended to have an Rw value of more than 40 dB. | <urn:uuid:6ddebf0b-1d46-46ed-847c-ae919a63936b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.glassmachine.com/iq-glass-uk-acoustic-sound-proof-glass/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.93275 | 729 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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Littérateur, philosopher, astronomer, b. 13 June, 1508; d. 12 March, 1578. He passed his youth in the study of literature and wrote several comedies ("Amor costante", "Alessandro", "Ortensio"), translated into Italian verse Ovid's "Metamorphoses", part of the "Æneid", Aristotle's "Poetics" and "Rhetoric", composed a hundred sonnets (Rome, 1549), and other rhyme. He repudiated in later years "Raffaello" or "Dialogo della creanza donne" as too licentious. In 1540 he became professor of philosophy at Padua, where he wrote "Istituzione di tutta la vita dell' uomo nato nobile e in città libera", "Filosofia naturale" in which he followed the theories of ancient and medieval philosophers, while in his "Trattato della grandezza della terra e dell' acqua" (Venice, 1558), he combatted the Aristotelean and Ptolemaic opinion that water was more extensive than land, thereby provoking, with Antonio Berga, professor at Mondovì, a controversy, in which he was assisted by Giambattista Bennedetti. In astronomy ("Sfera del mondo", "Delle stelle fisse", "Speculazioni de' pianeti") he adhered to the Ptolemaic theory. He also wrote on the reform of the calendar (1578), and a commentary on the mechanics of Aristotle. To counteract "Raffaella" he wrote his "Orazione in lode delle donne" (Rome, 1549). His fame extended beyond Italy. Gregory XIII, in 1574, appointed him titular Bishop of Patræ and coadjutor to Francesco Bandini, Archbishop of Siena, who survived him.
FABIANI, Vita di Alessandro Piccolomini (Siena, 1749 and 1759); TIRABOSCHI, Storia della letteratura italiana, VII, pt. i.
APA citation. (1911). Alessandro Piccolomini. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073c.htm
MLA citation. "Alessandro Piccolomini." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073c.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas J. Bress.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. June 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:cbb81d2e-32fa-4157-b722-657fe6164121> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073c.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824185.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00251-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875114 | 730 | 2.796875 | 3 |
David Hockney: the biography and information
David Hockney: the biographyHockney was born July 9, 1937. He hails from the small English town of Bradford, which is located in the County of West Yorkshire. His family was strict morals. The boy's parents were greatly revered Church tradition. Despite this, young David had character quick-tempered and rebellious. From an early age the boy was interested in drawing. The development of the hobby contributed to David's father-Ken Hockney. He worked as an accountant, but interest in painting, he had appeared for a long time and in my spare time a man was engaged in painting, and in the evenings he took lessons in painting.
EducationAfter graduating from high school, David Hockney (photo above) he enrolled in the art Institute. The study went smoothly, the talent of the young man revealed at a later date. However, at this time actively manifested rebellious character of David. For the release of the Institute I was required to write thesis project, but the young artist refused to do it. The school administration threatened him with non-issuance of diploma. In response to the threat Hockney draws a sketch called "Thesis". Despite the folly of the young man, the administration of the Institute went to meet him and gave a certificate of graduation.
ServiceAfter completing his studies at the Institute of Hackney falls into the civil service. At this time the young man did not remain indifferent to political life. He draws a few posters on nuclear disarmament. Returning two years later, David goes to London and entered the Royal College of art.
a New way of lifethis time the young man met the famous American artist R. China, visiting many exhibitions, familiar with the work of Picasso. The paintings of the famous artist made an impression on David, eight times he visits the exhibition of his works.
In 1961, David Hockney is a participant of exhibition of young contemporaries.
This period left an imprint on the Outlook of Hockney. He changes his attitude to life and to creativity. A young man decides to go to America.
Life in AmericaSettling in new York, David Hockney starts Dating with many interesting people, including Andy Warhol. Communication with a famous personality in the world of pop art and the glamour and traffic of the big city inspire the young man to write a series of engravings (“the Adventures of a young rake”). The main active character of the paintings was a young man – a provincial, not yet experienced in the modern world of opportunity.
First orderDavid was a success, and he gets the first order. He had to create the scenery for the Opera festival in Glynbourne, held in 1975.
Life in America conquered Hockney. Soon he decides to move to Los Angeles. It was here that he revealed as a talented artist and gets fame and recognition. The main themes of his works are: the interaction of light and water, as well as the beauty of the male body.
In 1963, David has been lecturing in American universities.
In 1968, held the first exhibition of the artist. 70-e and 80-e years go for Hockney in intensive work. He was commissioned to create a series of prints devoted to Picasso, again deals with registration of theatrical performances and productions, creating a gorgeous scenery.
1977 David Hockney wrote a book with his memoirs, which was given the name “David Hockney”. 16 years later the artist released his biography called “Exactly what I see”.
David Hockney - photographerAt the same time a young man begins to photograph and succeeds in this. The unusual sight of an artist can do even on small photo camera "Polaroid".
In 1982 in Paris held an exhibition of photographs by Hockney. At the same time, he released a book (David Hockney: photos). All this brings him glory a wonderful, talented photographer, one of the leading masters of his time.
80 years of Hockney spent the main business of his life-painting. During this period, beginning to use computer innovations, faxes, copiers. The young artist is experimenting and trying to print their work at the printers, and sends them by Fax.
CreativityDavid Hockney-artist who works easily in a variety of genres and styles. He has many works in the traditional manner, and found unusual and experimental ways of painting.
his paintings left an imprint of nature, which surrounded him, straight lines of the skyscrapers and new architectural creations. He pays much attention to colors and light. A big role in the paintings of David Hockney plays pool and mirrors. The pool was for a young artist, the epitome of luxury and beautiful life, which so many he saw in America. In addition, the pool perfectly reflected the light and gave a glare, giving the opportunity to play with colors and shades.
Artist writes on the order, preferring to work for friends, relatives and close friends. This is also evident in his paintings. It not only perfectly depicts the appearance of people, it shows their inner world.
David Hockney, "Big surge”One of the most famous paintings is his work titled “Surge”. The picture was painted in just two weeks. The artist wanted to convey the play of light and color of water. Inspiration, Hockney has been drawing technique of Leonardo Da Vinci. The ability to show the viewer a moment that lasts only a few seconds fascinated him, and the result has justified itself. Picture unusual that passes only a moment. This creation was sold in 2006 for almost $ 5.5 million.
Other works by the artista Lot of Hockney and other famous works. For example, “Peter is chosen by…”. The painting depicts a young man going out of the water. On the canvas the artist depicted his young friend and his Muse. Originally it was just a photo. The picture was painted from a photograph, which has made David Hockney. The artist's work is very versatile. He uses different styles, trying to convey the idea.
Frequently in his works, the artist uses the theme of mirrors. Several pictures he writes using the mirror image. Sometimes he paints his reflection, or the reflection of other people.
Secret knowledgeDavid Hockney is the one who solved one of the mysteries of the artists of the Renaissance. This period is characterized by a clean lines, abundance of flowers and light in the paintings, the most realistic portraits. What was the riddle era? Long time nobody was able to solve it.
one day, David Hockney decided to look at the work of one of the artists of the time through a magnifying glass, and later printed on their copier for more detailed study. Secret knowledge David Hockney was to use artists mirrors. Important inventions of the time were the camera obscura and camera Lucida. The image was projected onto the canvas, and then simply appeared.
His innocence, he was able to prove by example the many paintings of artists of that era. One of his discoveries was the abundance of lefties in the paintings of artists (after all, mirror everything reflected upside down).
Use of mirrors gave the opportunity to draw a clearer line to portray the correct shades and reflections of light, because when you move the artist's image is not changed.
Book of knowledgethe famous artist was supported by the American physicist and Professor of optics – Charles Falco. He has co-authored books on the opening.
Theory of secret knowledge became the subject of numerous discussions and disputes. There are supporters opening, and his opponents. In any case, “Secret knowledge" does not detract from the talent of the artists, indeed, any artistic technique – just a way for the author to convey his vision of the world and paintings.
After the publication of the book, it was decided to shoot the film in English. The author of the film was David Hockney. “Secret title’ in Russian published later.
AwardsIn 1988, Hockney was awarded the photographic society progress medal, and in 1989, the artist was the winner of the Imperial award.
In 1990, the artist wanted to build knights, but he refused. Did not accept it and offer to paint a portrait of the Queen.
in 2012 gave Hockney a new surprise - he was invited to become a member of the British order of Merit. This award goes to for his great contribution to art, science, the development of the armed forces and other major achievements.
order is Headed by the British monarch. Among its members is always only 24 people, the number living at the moment. The decision on admission of a new member remains with the Queen.
the Life of an artist at the momentAfter a long period of living in America David Hockney decides to return to his home in Yorkshire, choosing the Spa Bridlington. Here the family Hockney Villa, which formerly belonged to his mother.
David Hockney continues to paint. The works painted in this period form the basis of exhibitions at the Royal Academy of arts. David Hockney inspire change. A simple change of seasons has become for him something long-forgotten. After thirty long years of living in California forever hot to feel the cool fresh air and to see gives way to the weather, it was the artist pleasantly surprised.
Looks and tastes HockneyDavid continues to lead an active life. Hockney, as a dog lover, support for hound hunting. He even speaks at demonstrations with the support of this sports direction. An artist against the mandatory use of seat belt in the car.
Hockney is an avid smoker, having 56 years experience. He enjoys time, not limiting themselves. David Hockney is one of those who lights a cigarette from the previous one. Naturally, he was unpleasantly surprised by the introduction of the Smoking ban in pubs. As an active smoker, he advocates the abolition of this decision.
Artist has a negative attitude to military action in Iraq and gives his opinion about the unification of Europe.
Hockney continues to create in his unique style. His paintings continue to enjoy great success and regularly held exhibitions of works by David Hockney. | <urn:uuid:992672e1-1be8-4c68-9604-1e6ce96a8936> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://weartsbox.com/magazine/545 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583728901.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120163942-20190120185942-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.975692 | 2,138 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Zinc supplements shorten the duration of cold symptoms in adults, but not children, according to a meta-analysis of evidence.
Researchers in Canada analysed 17 randomised trials involving 2,121 patients that compared oral zinc treatment with placebo or no intervention.
They found in all age groups zinc significantly reduce the duration of cold symptoms by 1.65 days, compared with placebo or no intervention, but the evidence was of ‘moderate quality’.
In adults, zinc reduced cold symptoms by an average of 2.63 days compared with placebo or no intervention, but only 0.26 days in children – a significant difference.
Study lead Dr Michelle Science, lecturer in infectious diseases at McMaster University, Canada, said: ‘We found moderate quality of evidence to suggest orally administered zinc reduces the duration of symptoms’
CMAJ 2012, online 7 May | <urn:uuid:31f95cf9-aea6-4672-89c5-f2d750bf343f> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/news/clinical-areas/obesity-and-nutrition/zinc-shortens-cold-symptoms-in-adults/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.917868 | 174 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Studies show that except in urban centers with master plans and zoning in effect, people in Ethiopia have been using land, for far too long, in unplanned and uncontrolled fashion without due regard to the land’s best potential use and without due consideration for conservation of natural resources and safeguarding the environment. The rate of expansion of urban centers, industries, agriculture, agro-industries and hotels/lodges in the study areas has been large and very fast. This accelerated change is occurring without due consideration to the potential of the land and without land use plans. Consequently, important wetland ecosystems, high potential arable lands, grasslands and forest areas have been converted to urban centers and industrial sites with undesirable environmental and social consequences.
Informed by the conclusions and recommendations of studies, the Government of Ethiopia gave the green light for formulating a national land use policy and for preparing a national integrated land use plan. USAID provided technical and financial assistance to develop a land use policy and prepare a road map on the preparation and implementation of a national integrated land use plan. This plan will have multifaceted benefits. It will facilitate coordination of allocation of land to avoid or minimize sectoral competition and conflict on land use and create a system that regulates land use in the country. It will align national, sectoral and regional demand for land and thereby protect biodiversity and environmental hot spots. The Ethiopian Government plans to make the national land use plan an integral part of the country’s Third Growth and Transformation plan to be implemented in 2020-2024.
This paper provides historical background on the country’s land use planning efforts in the past, highlights recent findings of studies on the importance of land use policy and planning, shows the Government of Ethiopia’s commitment in initiating a national integrated land use planning program, assesses progress being made and examines the way forward.
Key Words: Land use policy, land use planning, conservation of natural resources, safeguarding the environment | <urn:uuid:4c7f7c9d-a11c-48e1-9ede-ccc4491dde72> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.land-links.org/research-publication/world-bank-2017-paper-ethiopias-move-national-integrated-land-use-policy-land-use-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902496.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710015901-20200710045901-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.887266 | 399 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Endicott College offers this M.Ed. program that addresses the following questions:
- How does integrative and transformative learning prepare people for living full lives in an era of rapid change?
- What is a learning community and what capacities are evoked through participation?
- In what ways can we bring a sense of community - local, regional and global - to the learning process?
- How does systems thinking lead to eco-learning and the creation of integrative approaches?
- How can we foster learning experiences that express a unified view of humanity through nature?
This program is offered in conjunction with The Institute for Educational Studies (TIES), which developed and began the electronic delivery in 1995. It has attracted international attention and recruits students from around the globe. For more details visit the TIES web site.
What is Integrative Education?
The root word is from the Latin integratus, meaning to make whole, restored. Integrative learning is a process that transcends the boundaries of traditional education in a search for meaning beyond the separation of disciplines. It incorporates an ecological world view that is interdisciplinary and socially transformative. It compels each of us to develop a systemic approach to teaching and learning... one that meets the global environmental, social and political challenges that we are now facing.
The heart of the teaching and learning process relies on interactive distance learning accessible through state of the art conferencing software. Faculty and students meet in asynchronous classroom conferences, building upon one another's insights and understanding. Once signed-on to the network, students have an opportunity to become an active member of an enthusiastic learning community - exchanging ideas, problem-solving and responding to dialogue with students and faculty from diverse cultures and countries. There are formal and informal meetings in community journals that are relevant to current life. Faculty-practitioners advise and mentor students throughout the program. Most graduates and students will tell you that the on-line community becomes a second "home" for gathering with people who share a common vision.
On-line activities include: meaningful interaction through readings; pondering provocative questions posed by faculty and students; replying to postings of other students; and formal and informal dialogues.
Throughout the program, students develop practical strategies for designing learning environments which meet the needs of a culture in rapid transition.
Jeff Cummings '99,
M.Ed. in Integrative Education (TIES)
"I often feel as though I maneuver through the daily tangles of higher education and I am constantly relying on my TIES education. I post the 4 agreements that relate very closely, and frankly sometimes I just want and need more …sometimes I want to reaffirm the TIES principles, sometimes I long for an update and an opportunity to be involved or engaged somehow to make sure I’m on the right track.
I guess what I have realized now 13? years later is that the TIES educational experience is really more of a continuum than a terminal experience. Sometimes relying on the past is plenty and sometimes it would be very nice to get an update and reconnect with the power of TIES.
I have no real idea what that means but it is interesting that your program has had an immeasurable effect on my attitude, energy, perspective, and ability to be a visionary leader in higher education. These are extraordinary times especially in California and the demands of being an educator are increasing almost daily. Learning outcomes, assessment, achievement, accountability, all being mandated by federal policy and legislation.
I have no expectation that any of this
makes any sense but I do think about
you and TIES often and I feel very
fortunate to be a graduate of the program.” | <urn:uuid:c682cfd1-4b08-4c67-a246-2f9e31426267> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://endicott.edu/GradProf/GPSGrad/GPSGradMEd/GPSGradMEdIntegEdu.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164965557/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134925-00011-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957751 | 753 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Volcanology : Chronicling a medieval eruption
The eruption of Samalas in Indonesia in 1257 ranks among the largest sulfur-rich eruptions of the Common Era with sulfur deposition in ice cores reaching twice the volume of the Tambora eruption in 1815. Sedimentological analyses of deposits confirm the exceptional size of the event, which had both an eruption magnitude and a volcanic explosivity index of 7. During the Samalas eruption, more than 40 km3 of dense magma was expelled and the eruption column is estimated to have reached altitudes of 43 km. However, the climatic response to the Samalas event is debated since climate model simulations generally predict a stronger and more prolonged surface air cooling of Northern Hemisphere summers than inferred from tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions. Here, we draw on historical archives, ice-core data and tree-ring records to reconstruct the spatial and temporal climate response to the Samalas eruption. We find that 1258 and 1259 experienced some of the coldest Northern Hemisphere summers of the past millennium. However, cooling across the Northern Hemisphere was spatially heterogeneous. Western Europe, Siberia and Japan experienced strong cooling, coinciding with warmer-than-average conditions over Alaska and northern Canada. We suggest that in North America, volcanic radiative forcing was modulated by a positive phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Contemporary records attest to severe famines in England and Japan, but these began prior to the eruption. We conclude that the Samalas eruption aggravated existing crises, but did not trigger the famines.For further information, you can read our paper entitled Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records. | <urn:uuid:f7f4e3ac-1881-48d3-89a2-22ace5d36f3d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://dendrolab.ch/article-1257-samalas-volcanic-eruption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203755.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325051359-20190325073359-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.936892 | 347 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Yes, You Need Radon Testing, Colorado Springs
One of the largest economic resources in the State of Colorado are vast stores of minerals contained in our soils and rocky terrain. From gemstones to coal, Colorado has a wide array of different minerals and elements throughout the state, and many of those have their own challenges when they are mined, dug, drilled, or otherwise removed from the earth. One of the challenges that Colorado has to deal with more than most places in the U.S. is radon gas, thanks to the many radioactive elements that occur in our rock and soil. Radon is a natural result of radioactive decay of those elements, most often uranium and radium, both prevalent in the Colorado stone makeup. Being a gas, it works its way through the rock and soil to the point of least resistance, meaning if there are air spaces, pockets, disturbed soil, the hardpan or caliche is broken or disturbed, it allows the gas to escape. Radon loves to find pilings, footers, wells drilled, bulldozed and scraped rock and gravel with the soil taken off, anywhere it can work its way to the surface.
Radon is heavier than most of the gases that make up air, and is present in very tiny amounts as a component of the air we breath. Being heavier, though, means radon likes to collect and pool and sort of sit in places it is undisturbed, gathering in pockets of heavy gas that collected in quantity are not safe for consumption. Radon is a proven cause of lung cancer, and a serious one. Many of the places that radon finds to creep its way to the surface are where raw land has been prepped for construction, allowing the gas to rise around foundations and footers and collect in the still air inside a foundation under flooring, in crawl spaces, walls that have vents through to the subflooring or under a house for ducting or conduit, and other places it can sit and permeate your home for years when left undisturbed and not ventilated. | <urn:uuid:7e6207fc-4c74-492e-b60b-81e1f86ad26f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.axioshomeinspections.com/services/radon-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.949442 | 417 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Show MoreAssess the usefulness of the functionalist view for an understanding of the family today?
Functionalism is a structural theory. In functionalism, social institutes like families are the key parts of the structure/system. These institutions are seen as working in an integrated way that keeps society in a state of consensus. Functionalists stress the positive role of a family for society and its members. They argue that the families’ role is universal and functional.
A famous functionalist, called Murdock believed that the family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship. Murdock…show more content…
Parsons believed this was the case because of two factors. Geographical mobility, this is where the family moved to where the work would be, and a nuclear family could move easier than an extended family, and Social mobility, this is where people could move from their ascribed status to their achieved status. Consequently the extended family was replaced by the nuclear family in order to fit the needs of society.
Two functionalists who believed that the family was important and studied the family were Willmott and Young. They believed that the family was becoming a joint conjugal family and that the family was becoming more symmetrical. The rise of the symmetrical family is due to major social changes in the 20th century where there were higher living standards, labour saving devices, better housing, women working and there were smaller families which made it easier for the woman to be able to go out to work and come home and do little bits of housework.
Despite criticisms, the new right from the 1970’s agreed with the functionalist view that the family is useful. The new right is a political view rather than a sociological view, which has had considerable influence on government policies in Britain. It is a conservative view of the family based on some assumptions. The first assumption is a biologically based division of
Essay on The Functionalist View of the Family
565 Words3 Pages
The Functionalist View of the Family
It is undoubted that functionalism has contributed to the general understanding of the family, even if you don’t believe the functionalist view-point to be correct, it still plays an essential part in the topic of sociology by simply being there to conflict the Marxist view of the family.
The functionalist view of society makes the assumption that every society has a range of basic needs. Functionalists would say that if these needs are being met then the society is functioning and it is more likely to survive over a longer period of time.
Functionalist view is considered to be a consensus theory because it tends to accentuate the “need” for…show more content…
The main point of Parsons views are that he believes the family still keeps two main functions, the first function according to Parsons is:
The primary socialisation of children, this is widely believed to be the most important part of the socialisation process. Parsons says that everyone must learn the shared norms and values of society for there to be any form of consensus, if consensus did not exist then parson argues social life would not be possible. If this is taken one step further and societies shared norms and values are internalised and instilled into the younger generation then consensus is achieved and continues.
Is possible for this to happen in every family though? Parsons seems to of have ignored that in a number of families (this tends to be a minority), the functionalist interpretation of what are the correct norms and values are not passed on. This may be due to the parents, parent or guardian believing that a different set of norms and values are right; this is called a sub-culture.
The second main function of the family according to Parsons is:
The stabilisation of adult personalities, Parsons believed that unstable people and personalities can cause conflict within | <urn:uuid:1946d5e7-79e2-4e91-8da3-313fc392fe31> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://zzkdckz.unas.cz/575-functionalist-view-of-family-essay-topics.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510749.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016113811-20181016135311-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.968066 | 807 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Plants take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen through photosynthesis, while animals breathe in oxygen and expel the carbon dioxide. Known as the oxygen cycle, this mirrored use of carbon dioxide and oxygen does have a few exceptions.Continue Reading
During the daytime, plants absorb water from their roots and carbon dioxide through tiny pores, the stomata, on the leaves. The heat of the sun triggers photosynthesis in the green parts of the plant that contain chlorophyll. One product of photosynthesis is sugar, which the plant uses for food immediately or stores in the roots or other tissues. Oxygen is also produced, which is released back into the atmosphere. Aquatic plants release oxygen into the water.
At night, a plant's breathing process is reversed. The stomata pull oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide. Without the energy from the sun, plants cannot photosynthesize food. They need the oxygen to break down stored carbohydrates and maintain their metabolism.
Animals need oxygen, night and day. Land animals have lungs that breathe in air and extract the oxygen. Sea mammals also breathe in this fashion. Fish and other animals that live entirely underwater usually have gills. Water washes over the gills and oxygen is extracted.
As of 2015, a creature of the genus Spinoloricus, which lives in sediments at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, is the only multicelled animal discovered that survives without oxygen.Learn more about Biology | <urn:uuid:aeb77fc5-61e8-491c-823c-b1ab5b93670c> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.reference.com/science/oxygen-carbon-cycled-between-plants-animals-8fbc371037061243 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.938228 | 297 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Coccidioidomycosis, also known as valley fever, has increased significantly in its "endemic area," which includes Arizona.
A report released Thursday by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the infection, caused by the inhalation of coccidoides spores, increased "substantially" between 1998 and 2011 in the areas where it is most common - New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California and Arizona.
There were nearly 16,500 cases reported in Arizona in 2011, up from 1,475 in 1998.
Some of this spike may be due to better reporting, improved awareness and improved lab testing, officials say. However, the report's authors say the overall causes of the increase are unclear.
Coccidioides exists in the soil and is sensitive to environmental changes; factors such as drought, rainfall, and temperature might have resulted in increased spore dispersal, and disruption of soil by human activity, such as construction, also might be a contributing factor, the report says.
The CDC analyzed data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System for the period 1998–2011. During that time the incidence of reported coccidioidomycosis increased from 5.3 per 100,000 population in the endemic area (Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) in 1998 to 42.6 per 100,000 in 2011.
Federal officials say healthcare providers should be aware of the increasingly common infection when treating people with influenza-like illness or pneumonia who live in or have traveled to the endemic area.
State and regional annual incidence rates were calculated by dividing the number of cases by U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for each year.
During 1998–2011, a total of 111,717 coccidioidomycosis cases were reported to CDC from 28 states and the District of Columbia — 66 percent from Arizona, 31 percent from California, one percent from other endemic states, and less than one percent from nonendemic states.
Incidence in endemic states increased among all age groups during 1998–2011.
During 1999–2008, most Arizona cases occurred among males, but beginning in 2009, a higher proportion of cases occurred among females, the report says.
Incidence in 2011 in Arizona was substantially higher among females (286.9 per 100,000) than males (215.7 per 100,000).
In contrast, only 35 percent of California cases occurred among females during 1998–2011.
The report recommends people in endemic areas consider trying to reduce exposure to dusty air, which might contain coccidioides spores.
However, because there are currently no proven preventive measures for coccidioidomycosis, additional research into strategies that reduce the incidence or morbidity of this infection is warranted, the authors state.
The report was co-authored by Clarisse A. Tsang, who is an epidemiologist from the Arizona Department of Health Services.
The Star interviewed Tsang last month in an article about an effort between the University of Arizona and the state to improve valley fever awareness. | <urn:uuid:612a745d-3274-42cc-9805-e1670ad5765c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://azstarnet.com/news/blogs/health/local-valley-fever-cases-have-spiked-significantly-cdc-says/article_e78272a8-97ef-11e2-9ddb-001a4bcf887a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394024787620/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305130627-00000-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961523 | 634 | 3.125 | 3 |
Doctor Manny answers fitness questions for Fox Health news. A viewer wrote in after he noticed several runners in Central Park New York using elevation training masks, the viewer wants to know if claims that the masks build lung capacity and endurance are and if they are safe to use. Doctor Manny answers that the masks work using a valve system that let’s less oxygen in, it makes you take deeper breaths. The lungs are forced to work harder, increasing lung capacity and adjusting to allow a more efficient use of oxygen in your body. When you look at scientific studies, these masks have not been shown to increase hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the body.however by making it hard to breathe, the muscles used for inspiration become stronger and more efficient. So there is some benefit to using these masks.
Key Points of Video:
- 1Wearing a simple mask while working out can increase effectiveness of exercising.
- 2Learn to simulate high altitudes in workouts by wearing mask.
- 3Increase hemoglobin in the blood and oxygen content by wearing this simple mask. | <urn:uuid:8c010ff1-ea71-40ba-a71f-c51639cfef0c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.healthstatus.com/health_blog/body-fat-percentage-calculation/can-elevation-training-mask-boost-fitness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205597.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326160044-20190326182044-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.935563 | 216 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For long I thought I might add Engage to the 5 E’s. But there was no room. Explore, Experience, Examine, Elevate and Express worked so well. And 5 is such a good number. So, I usually wrote Engage students with the 5 E’s. But now I have a candidate for a 6th E. One that might help you.
This E is Example. You see, we really cannot change how others see things. Teachers intertwine with so many: The principal, the superintendent, other teachers, the parents, the students. The only thing we can do is set an example. When they will see our approach works, helps, and grows, they will join in. I suggest therefore: Engage with the 5 E’s to set an Example.
Check out this illustration. Isn’t a diamond a great metaphor for such teaching? A diamond is multifaceted and endurable. It attracts brightness and shines back. All these connecting lines withing the diamond represent communications. Maintaining all in a productive mode is exceedingly difficult. This is a model to live by.
A lifelong challenge. We will never be perfect because we are human. But it is also our greatest advantage because being humane we care and share. If we do our best every day, the esteem people will feel for us will be immense.
To communicate with school leadership, colleagues, students, and the community, first puzzle out your own feelings. What is the gap between the now and what is wished for? Begin with asking how they feel about things and listen. How would they achieve the desired outcome? Adapt your message, so they see it corresponds with their attitude. Make it sound like change is no big deal. Communicate simply.
Channel all frustration into a proactive endeavor. Provide a key: a way out of the entanglement. See the person in front of you. We want both of us to be better off. We must work with this person at least for the next school year. But even if we never met them again this is the right way to act upon, to set an example and to feel whole tomorrow.
As whole teachers we are apt to deliver education that sees the whole child. For that we need to fill ourselves with enriching and uplifting content. Here is an idea that will help you feel filled to be fulfilled. Before going to sleep read a magazine. Disengaging with digital devices will bring your calm and the articles will enrich you. I especially like the special editions, like Women by Scientific American or History by National Geographic. The plus will be those wise remarks for which students and colleagues will respect you.
You’re most welcome to check out my Raising Creative Thinkers Guidebook. What I write today is much more academic. But that is the beauty of this inspirational book. My paintings serve to ignite. I have another book that you might find empowering: Revitalizing Creativity by Reading, Writing and Coloring. It offers heartwarming stories, poems, paintings, and creative coloring.
My website offers online teacher tools. Share them with colleagues and students to help them see the benefits of a student-centered humanistic approach, and to see how to implement it for a more communicative climate. The Raising Creative Thinkers Academy offers 3 plans. The SEL & PBL by 5 E’s Basic and Prime provide a workshop replay and tools. The Teach Best 2020 is a subscription to exclusive research-based blog posts helping meet challenges at uncertain times.
I hope these books, tools, and training help you be at your best under the current circumstances. If each of us contributes even slightly to make sure change is for the good, we will prepare children and youth more thoroughly for their futures.
To sum up, for long focus was on what to teach. Now we need to nurture the how, firstly adopting constructive communication. The benefit is the social-emotional learning we will model.
For productive developments, | <urn:uuid:8d51d40d-83e0-47d5-b66a-c04953821115> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.raisingcreativethinkers.com/post/what-to-do-when-seeking-a-humanistic-student-centered-approach-in-a-fixed-notion-environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402128649.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930204041-20200930234041-00789.warc.gz | en | 0.945965 | 822 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Five states held statewide primaries on March 3, 2020: Alabama, Arkansas, California, North Carolina, and Texas. In those states, 22 congressional races advanced to primary runoffs. Nine are Democratic primary runoffs, and 13 are Republican primary runoffs.
Alabama saw the highest percentage of primaries advance to primary runoffs. Of the six primaries on the ballot, four advanced to a primary runoff (67%)—three Republican primary runoffs and one Democratic primary runoff. Texas saw the next-highest percentage, with 17 of the 74 primaries advancing to a primary runoff (23%). North Carolina had one of 15 primaries advance to a primary runoff (7%). California does not hold primary runoffs. Arkansas’ congressional primaries were canceled for all four seats after one or fewer Democratic or Republican party candidates filed to run.
Overall, 149 primaries were held across a combined 117 seats up for election in the five states. California’s 25th Congressional District is up for regular and special election, and is counted twice in both figures. Of the primaries on the ballot, 47 were Republican primaries, 48 were Democratic primaries, and 54 were top-two primaries.
Entering the 2020 election, the U.S. Senate has 45 Democrats, 53 Republicans, and two independents who caucus with the Democratic Party. Thirty-five of the 100 Senate seats are up for election. A majority in the chamber requires 51 seats. The U.S. House has 232 Democrats, 197 Republicans, one independent, and five vacancies. All 435 seats are up for election. A majority in the chamber requires 218 seats.
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2020
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2020
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2020
- United States Senate elections, 2020
- United States Senate Democratic Party primaries, 2020
- United States Senate Republican Party primaries, 2020 | <urn:uuid:e76fb10c-34f3-4d4f-866b-1b2f9f31d37c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://news.ballotpedia.org/2020/03/06/22-of-149-congressional-primaries-on-super-tuesday-advance-to-primary-runoff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528114832-20230528144832-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.953827 | 383 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Hotter summers versus warmer winters: health implications of global warming
Climate change may have an impact on health in several ways, both directly (through temperature e.g.) and indirectly. Health impacts are: cold and heat stress, skin cancer, food poisoning, toxic algae blooms, tick-borne and (other) vector-borne diseases, water-borne diseases, air quality, and leaching of pollutants. The ClimateChangePost presents a complete overview of our current knowledge of health implications of climate change (see for instance our summary for the UK)
An interesting ‘trade-off’ is the effect of global warming on the number of heat-related and cold-related deaths. The following can be concluded from a large number of scientific publications.
In August 2003, Europe was hit by a severe heat wave, with catastrophic health consequences. For the whole of summer 2003, the number of heat related deaths in Western Europe is believed to amount to over 44,000. Especially France was hit hard: 15,000 people died because of the heat between August 4 and 18. The summer heat wave experienced in 2003 is likely to become a normal event by the 2040s and considered cool by the 2060s.
The greatest increase in mortality was due to causes directly attributable to heat: dehydration, hyperthermia, and heat stroke. In addition to age and gender, combinatorial factors included pre-existing disease, medication, urban residence, isolation, poverty, and, probably, air pollution (ozone). Those most likely to die of the heat are the old, the chronically ill, and the isolated. Both northern and southern Europe is at risk. Heat waves thus pose a future challenge for major cities.
86,000 extra deaths per year in EU countries have been estimated with a global mean temperature increase of 3°C in 2071 - 2100 relative to 1961 - 1990. Increasing numbers of older adults in the population will increase the proportion of the population at risk. In the United Kingdom, annual heat-related deaths are expected to increase from about 800 in the 1990s to about 2800 in the 2050s and about 3500 in the 2080s under a scenario of medium to high climate change.
Populations do, however, adapt to continued higher temperatures. People of Athens, for instance, suffer more from a cold weather spell than people in Stockholm. On the other hand, the residents of Stockholm are more affected by a heat wave than those in Athens.
Excess winter deaths are causally attributed to seasonal variations in temperature, with low temperatures thought to cause death directly (for example, through hypothermia or falls in icy conditions) and by altering vulnerability to communicable or non-communicable diseases, such as influenza and myocardial infarction, which are more common in winter.
The net effect: more heat related versus less cold related deaths
One might expect that an increase of the number of heat related deaths would go hand in hand with a decrease of the number of cold related deaths, due to warmer winters. In the United Kingdom, for instance, annual cold-related deaths are expected to decrease from about 80,300 in the 1990s to about 60,000 in the 2050s and 51,200 in the 2080s under a scenario of medium to high climate change.
This line of reasoning may be too simple. According to scientific research this would hold for poorly insulated homes. However, the link between winter temperatures and excess winter deaths may no longer be as strong as before, due to better housing, improved health care, higher incomes and greater awareness of the risks of cold over the past few decades. Instead, the absolute number of excess winter deaths may increase in the coming decades due to an increase in future winter temperature volatility and because of a growing and ageing population.
Photo: Vasilios Sfinarolakis (www.flickr.com) | <urn:uuid:9269705b-4ed8-42b8-9425-278a24e5e649> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/2016/4/27/hotter-summers-versus-warmer-winters-health-implic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891976.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123131643-20180123151643-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.946616 | 792 | 3.375 | 3 |
Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland (1566-1632)
Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza): King of Poland 1587-1632 and King of Sweden 1592-1599; born 20 June 1566, the son of King John III of Sweden (1537-1592) and Catherine Jagiellon (1526-1583). He was elected King of Poland in 1587 after the death of King Stefan Batory (1533-1586), (the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon [1523-1596], sister of Sigismund’s mother Catherine and of King Sigismund II Augustus).
Sigismund confirmed the contracts of lease made with the Mennonites and on 20 October 1623, accorded special privileges to the lacemakers of Schottland, most of whom were Mennonites. But he refused to grant them any new rights or liberties. Upon the complaint of the city council of Elbing that the Mennonites broke up marriages without having previously informed the authorities (i.e., they practiced avoidance), married one another, and divided property at their pleasure, he forbade the Mennonites, upon penalty of a fine of 100 guilders, to marry without the foreknowledge of the authorities, and ordered that the Mennonites should be given no special rights. When the Mennonites nevertheless requested release from all civil handicaps, especially from military defense of the city and the court oath, he decreed on 26 April 1615, that they should do their duty like others. But the ruling was not enforced. On 26 April 1626 (1635, as given by Mannhardt, p. 72, is impossible because he was no longer on the throne at that date), the king sent the following orders to the magistrate of Elbing: Because he had heard that they had accepted Anabaptists and Mennonites and given them liberties, so that they "without swearing to him and the city, carried on trade and crafts, bought houses, snatched food from the citizens, and tolerated them free of all that citizens must assume, and, what was not the least, their testimony at court was counted as valid as an oath, all of which is contrary to the public and special laws and offended his royal regard sorely and threatened to do harm," therefore these "people shall be held to sworn obligations to the king and the city, to take up all civil burdens."
Sigismund placed wild hordes of Cossacks and Poles at the disposal of his brother-in-law, Ferdinand II of Austria, which burned and sacked the Hutterite Bruderhofs at Schädowitz, Watznobis, and Goding, killing many of the people.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. IV, 168.
Mannhardt, Wilhelm. Die Wehrfreiheit der Altpreussischen Mennoniten. Marienburg, 1863.
Zieglschmid, A. J. F. Die älteste Chronik der Hutterischen Brüder: Ein Sprachdenkmal aus frühneuhochdeutscher Zeit. Ithaca: Cayuga Press, 1943: 724.
|Richard D. Thiessen|
|Date Published||August 2007|
Cite This Article
Neff, Christian and Richard D. Thiessen. "Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland (1566-1632)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. August 2007. Web. 19 Sep 2019. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa,_King_of_Poland_(1566-1632)&oldid=146243.
Neff, Christian and Richard D. Thiessen. (August 2007). Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland (1566-1632). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 September 2019, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa,_King_of_Poland_(1566-1632)&oldid=146243.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 525. All rights reserved.
©1996-2019 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:b373c0f2-7c9d-495f-8678-0ee1cac648ce> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.gameo.org/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa,_King_of_Poland_(1566-1632) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.877257 | 993 | 3.46875 | 3 |
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Stretching from the end of World War II to 1989, the Cold War between the Western powers and the Communist bloc shaped national alliances around the world. In 15 chapters, the Almanac treats the historic causes of the tension; the mutual suspicions that fueled the conflict for more than 40 years; the ideological clash between communism and democracy; and the policies that marked the long standoff -- the Marshall Plan,Truman's Point Four program, the nuclear arms race, economic aid, the Berlin Wall, detente; and much more. Also covered are the times when the Cold War burst into armed conflict in such areas as Korea, Cuba and Southeast Asia.
You can write a book review and share your experiences. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. | <urn:uuid:845812f3-879c-4715-a087-99f6359a413f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://in.b-ok.org/book/609701/685cfa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.923931 | 187 | 3.421875 | 3 |
So, today I’m gonna tell you about how the Fibonacci sequence appears in the Mandelbrot set. Hopefully, your mind will be blown by the end of that sentence. So the Fibonacci sequence, the rule is that you take the previous two numbers, and you add them together to get the next. Right? So we started with 1 1. Their sum is 2.
The next number will be the sum of 1 & 2, which is 3. The sum of 2 & 3 is 5. The sum of 3 & 5 is 8. I’ll do one more. And then, you can continue on. Brady: “Easy.”Easy, right? And this occurs everywhere that has interesting connections to things in nature, and all of that, but I just want to show you where it appears on the Mandelbrot set. So, slightly less easy. So, the Mandelbrot set is a special object inside of the complex plane.
So the plane of complex numbers. And the way you cook this thing up is by considering a certain type of dynamical system. So if you give me a complex number c, so here’s a picture of the complex plane, so these are the real numbers and these are the real numbers times i, which is that square root of minus one, if you give me a complex number c, it’s in the Mandelbrot set if, when you take the function z squared plus c and you look at what happens to zero when you plug it into this function repeatedly, if that number doesn’t get large, then c is in the Mandelbrot set.
So I know that sounds sort of complicated, but just let me do an example, right? So if you look at c equals minus one, right? Then you look at the function z squared minus one, you plug in the number zero, zero, if you plug it into this function, gives you minus one. Minus one, if you plug it into this function, gives you one minus one, which is zero again. And so you’re just gonna repeat this pattern.
And so this number doesn’t get large, no matter how far out we go. And so this number is in the Mandelbrot set It’s about right here. So for each complex number, you make this decision based on what happens to zero under iteration. So it looks something like this. So there’s this big piece in the middle, all this interior is included, by the way, and a little disc around minus one, and there’s some more pieces coming off of here, and some kind of funny tendril-y stuff goes on out here, and a few more pieces this way, another heart-shaped piece. Mathematicians love this thing. Even non-mathematicians love this thing, but maybe for different reasons. All right, so where is the Fibonacci sequence? I mean first of all, this thing has nothing to do with whole numbers and addition, and arithmetic, and the kinds of things that you think about with Fibonacci, which is why it’s weird that you can see it in here. But so, let me show you how to find it.
I didn’t draw too many of them, but there’s a bunch of these little components coming off of this main piece. Brady: “What are they called?”They’re called the hyperbolic components, but let’s not get into that. To these components I’m going to assign a number, and that number is going to be the number of branches that come off the sort of tendril-y bit, which is called an antenna. So like here, this component, there’s this part where we have these tendrils, and there’s three different directions you can go in the antenna. And so this component will have number three. And similarly, over here, it actually turns out there’s only two directions you can go in that antenna, so this is component number two. Now if we look for the next biggest one, the largest component between the two and the three component, I’ve drawn it here. I haven’t drawn the tendrils, but I’ll try. It turns out that there’s exactly five directions that you can go from that antenna. And the next biggest between these two, if you draw the antenna, I’m not sure I can fit it in here, since I think you already know what the answer will be, is eight. So if you go through the Mandelbrot set, and you start with these two components, the two and the three components, and you look between them for the next biggest component, the next biggest one will be the next Fibonacci number. So I want to explain why. Brady: “You’d better.”All right. I’ll explain at least part of why. How about that? I called this big piece, the main component, it’s called the main cardioid. Brady: “What’s its number?”Its number is one, actually. That’s a really good question. But it’s not so obvious to see from antennas, so.
So the main cardioid here, number one, it turns out that there’s a very natural way to stretch this thing back into a disk, which is something we understand really well, right? So this is always useful in sort of geometry or that kind of study, if you can change something just a little bit and get back to something you understand really well. So there’s a natural way to view this thing, just by some stretch, so this disk maps under this stretch to a cardioid. And I want to look at what happens to, first of all, my center point, it turns out it goes to zero, this ray will map to this ray. This ray is, I guess, zero of the way around the circle, right? If we go halfway around the circle, it maps to this line inside the main cardioid. If we go, say, a third of the way around the circle, it maps to a kind of a funny curve inside the main cardioid. And same for two thirds, and so on.
So you can track what happens to these rays under this stretch. And here’s the thing. Is that the place where the rays end up in the main cardioid are exactly the places where it connects to these components. So here is the connection to the two component, and here is the connection to that top three component, and that bottom three component. We have a five component up here in the Mandelbrot set, so there must be some five ray which lands there, and in fact there is. It turns out that that’s the two fifths of the way around the circle ray. And the point is that, under this stretching map, the number of antennae, the number we assigned to each of these components, is the denominator of the fraction that tells you how far around the circle you went. This question of, what’s the largest component between any two other components, turns into this totally separate question of, what’s the fraction with the smallest denominator between these two fractions? Brady: “Why is the five component at two fifths, and not one fifth or three fifths? Two seems arbitrary.”So the one that I drew is between one-third and one-half, and so that’s the two fifths. But there are five components at 1/5 3/5 and 4/5. You’re totally right, so yep, it works every time with the denominators.
But the point is that you can read off these numbers in two different ways, right? The antennas or the denominators of the fraction for the way around the circle. So we’re closing in on Fibonacci. So I said that, okay, we changed this question completely to a question of, what’s the fraction with the smallest denominator between two fractions? One third, which is less than some fraction, which is less than one half. And the question is, I want a smallest denominator fraction here, how small can it be? Well, it can’t be 4, right? Because 2 over 4 is the same as 1/2, and 1/4 is too small. But it can be 5, because 2/5 really is between these two numbers. Okay, so 2/5 is the answer here.
Now, what if we were to do the next one? The next one was asking, between the three and the five components, right? So we want a number that’s between 1/3 and 2/5 that has the smallest possible denominator. And again you can check, six and seven aren’t gonna do it. It turns out that the answer is 3/8. And in general, the crazy thing is that if your fractions are close enough together, the way to find the one between them that has the smallest denominator, is just by taking the mediant, or the fairy sum, or, as some people refer to it, the freshmen sum, because you get it by adding together the numerators, and adding together the denominators. Brady: “Why is that a freshman sum?”Well, because, I think it’s mean, actually. I mean, maybe a kindergarten sum? Is that better? Brady: “Because why? Because people who don’t know maths would think that was a legitimate…”That’s right, that’s right. Brady: “Well, it is a legitimate thing.”It is a legitimate thing.
I can tell you why it’s bad, right? So why is it a bad way to add fractions? Because it matters how you represent your fractions. So if you try and add 1/3 to 1/2 this way, you’ll get something different than if you add 1/3 to 2/4, right? So, it’s not so good. But. Brady: “It works for this.”It works for this. Right? So 1/2, here’s the symbol usually used for mediant. The mediant of these two fractions is just 2/5. The mediant of these two fractions is 3/8, and so on. So where is Fibonacci? Fibonacci is because, look at the fractions I started with. I started with the first two elements of the Fibonacci sequence, and the third and fourth elements of the Fibonacci sequence. And the way I get the next thing is by adding the other two together. And so it’s exactly the rule which defines the Fibonacci sequence coming up in these fractions, coming up in their mediants, and so coming up in the Mandelbrot set. If you’d like to better understand the Mandelbrot set, and I mean really understand it, then why not check out this? Look, it’s a Mandelbrot set quiz, and a Julia set quiz, as well. We’ve covered the Julia set before.
They’re from Brilliant, a problem solving website that lets you go further into the world of math and science by not just watching stuff, but doing stuff. There’s a lot to like about these curated sequences. But what I like is that they guide you through step by step, help you understand. But it’s not all about scoring your work, or making you feel silly. I mean, you can look up the solutions, you can look up hints.
They help you along the way. And they also help you understand just how beautiful mathematics can be. It really made an impression on me. I really feel like these people know what they’re doing. They’ve made a good thing. To check it out, go to brilliant dot org slash numberphile. I’ll put that down in the description. You can sign up for free, but the first 233 people who do it – that’s a Fibonacci number – will get 20% off an annual premium subscription. | <urn:uuid:2e63c4c7-9595-48c0-b6dd-b4e61fcab1dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://scitechguru.com/fibonacci-numbers-hidden-mandelbrot-set-numberphile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887535.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118171050-20180118191050-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.948858 | 2,600 | 3.578125 | 4 |
After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Mechanism of Visual Sensation 2. The Retina 3. The Duplicity Theory of Vision 4. Characteristics of Visual Sensations 5. Complementary and Non-Complementary Colours 6. Colour Vision 7. Evolutionary Theory of Ladd Franklin 8. Purkinje Phenomenon 9. Sensory Adaptation 10. Apparent Movement 11. Visual Constancies.
Mechanism of Visual Sensation:
The sensory experience which brings into awareness objects in the environment through the act of seeing is referred to as vision or visual sensation. The sense organ concerned with this is the human eye. The stimuli for visual sensation are the light rays.
In brief, the mechanism of visual sensation is as follows:
Light rays from external objects impinge on the human eye. The human eye is more or less similar to a camera. Just as the camera has a lens, the human eye also has a lens. The light rays pass through the lens and strike the inner layer of the eye known as the retina. The retina is comparable to the film in the camera.
Just as in the camera, the area of exposure is controlled by varying the aperture in the lens; the lens in the human eye can also expand or contract through the actions of a set of muscles known as the ciliary muscles. The ciliary muscles act depending on the intensity of the light rays and thereby regulate the functioning of the lens.
The retina is the vitally sensitive part of the eye and receives light stimuli. The retina is made up of two types of neural structures known as rods and cones. The rods are elongated structures and are found in greater number in the peripheral or outer region of the retina, whereas the cones are rather conical in shape and are in large numbers in the central part of the retina. The retina actually is a continuation of a very important nerve, the optic nerve.
The optic nerve which opens out as the retina at the rear end of the human eye, carries the visual stimulations from the retina to the occipital lobe which is situated at the hind-side of the brain. The visual system, therefore, consists of the occipital lobe, the optic nerve and the rods and cones in the retina.
At the spot where the optic nerve enters the eye and opens out as the retina there are no rods or cones. This part is known as the blind spot. Any light stimulus reaching this part is not sensed. There is another point in the retina, the central spot known as the fovea centralis. This is the spot of maximum sensitivity and light stimuli striking this point enjoy the clearest vision.
The Duplicity Theory of Vision:
The retina consists of two types of structures, rods and cones. These are sensitive receptors to light stimuli. It was von Kries who showed that the rods and cones perform different functions. The rods are sensitive to achromatic (black and white) light rays while the cones are sensitive to chromatic (colour) light rays.
Since, the rods are more predominant in the outer regions of the retina, this region of the retina is primarily involved in our seeing of form, outline and black and white elements. The central region dominated by cones is responsible for colour vision. This point is important in understanding the phenomenon of colour blindness. Some individuals are not able to see colour. This is because of the underdevelopment or damage to the cones.
Characteristics of Visual Sensations:
Our visual sensations vary in three dimensions. The first dimension is known as hue. The dimension of the hue represents the variations from a neural gray sensation, a white and black sensation to the different colours. Variations in hue are related to a characteristic of the light rays known as the wavelength.
Different light rays reaching our eyes have different wavelengths and the colour we experience depends on the wavelength of the particular ray. The next characteristic of the visual sensation is brightness. The visual sensations experienced by us differ in brightness, some being less bright and the others more.
Variations in brightness depend on the variations in intensity of the light waves. The intensity depends on the amplitude or the height of the light wave. The third dimension of visual experience refers to what is called saturation or purity. We experience either pure colours or mixed colours. This depends on the different kinds of- light rays (different wavelengths) reaching the retina.
We have referred to three characteristics of the visual sensation – hue, brightness and saturation. The relationship among these three can be represented schematically in the form of a colour pyramid or a colour solid (See Figure 6.3).
In the diagram below variations in hue are represented by points on the circumference. Variations in brightness are represented by points on the vertical axis and saturation by points on the radius as one moves from the centre to the circumference.
The colour pyramid gives us an idea of the enormous number of visual sensations the human eye is capable of experiencing. This number is estimated at about seven million visual sensations. Fortunately we do not have names for all of them.
Complementary and Non-Complementary Colours:
The reader has already heard about the colour pyramid. In this pyramid the various wavelengths or hues are arranged in the form of a circle. Thus, for every hue in the circle there is a hue diametrically opposite. An interesting phenomenon happens if hues which are diametrically opposite to each other are mixed. If two such hues are mixed, the resulting colour is grey.
Those which when mixed give a grey sensation are called complementary colours. Among the common colours, red and green are complementary and similarly yellow and blue are also complementary. On the other hand, colours which are “not complementary when mixed produce an experience which is a mixture of the two colours. Such colours are called non-complementary colours.
The reader must have come across another interesting experience. Light rays when allowed to strike a prism and pass through the same, split into the seven colours commonly seen in a rainbow. This shows that white light (sunlight) is a combination of these seven colours. When all the basic colours are mixed the result is a neutral grey.
The above phenomenon illustrates the properties of visual sensation. This is of interest in explaining some visual experiences like afterimages and visual contrast. If we look at a red patch of light intensely for some time, then even when the light is switched off we continue to see the red patch for some time.
This is called a positive after-image. Positive after-images have the same properties as the original experience. In the same example, if we continue to look at the place where the red patch of light was seen, the positive after-image (red image) vanishes and in its place we experience a green patch of light.
This experience is called a negative after-image. The green sensation appears even though we have not looked at a green patch of light at all. The reader will find that in the colour pyramid, green is situated diametrically opposite to red and is, therefore, complementary to red.
Negative after-images take on a hue which is complementary to red. The reader will now understand the relationship between complementary colours and after-images. Similarly, we can see that if we continue to stare at a white patch of light, after some time we begin to see black.
Our ability to see colours is possible because of the functioning of the cones. It is estimated that there are six million cones and that they are found concentrated in the central part of the retina. The colour or hue that we see, depends on the wavelength of the light rays. Each cone transmits an impulse to the brain, thus, producing a high degree of precision.
The human eye is able to differentiate between different colours. These colours, however, are variations of certain basic colours. One of the main questions regarding colour vision is: What are the basic or primary colours? There have been different theories but, in general, it has been shown that from a psychological point of view there are four primary colours, red, green, blue and yellow. The human being is able to see these colours because there are three different types of cones sensitive to wavelengths of light rays corresponding to these colours.
An important experience in human visual sensations is the inability of some people to respond to colours. There are some people who are not able to differentiate any type of colour. There are also others who cannot respond to red and green but can see other colours. There are still others who cannot see blue and yellow, though this is rare.
How can this happen? The answer to this question has come in the form of several theories on colour vision. The earliest theory formulated by Young and Helmholtz held that the retina contains three types of cones; one receptive to red, a second receptive to green and the third receptive to blue.
This theory tries to explain different aspects of colour vision on the basis of these three different types of receptors. But this theory is not in a position to explain certain aspects of colour vision. According to this theory, our ability to experience yellow depends on the combined activity of the receptors meant for red and green. But there are individuals who cannot see red and green but are able to see yellow.
Similarly, it is found that among colour blind people who cannot see “red”, there is also an inability to see “green” but these people are able to see “blue”. Thus, there appears to be a relationship between red and green but no relationship between blue and either of the two colours mentioned above. Young and Helmholtz’s theory does not explain these facts.
Another theory propounded by Herring also assumes that there are three types of cones. One type is responsive to the white-black range. A second type is responsive to the red-green range and a third type to the yellow-blue range. This theory, while explaining some facts relating to colour blindness and after-images is, however, not in a position to explain all other aspects of colour vision.
Evolutionary Theory of Ladd Franklin:
This theory proposed by Christina Ladd Franklin is evolutionary in its approach. According to this theory, at the earliest stage of development, the human individual does not respond to colour but responds only to form and outline. This is because only the rods are fully developed at this stage.
At the next stage the child is able to respond to yellow and blue and at a still later stage to red and green. Thus, the ability to experience different colours is evolutionary in nature. This theory is able to explain different facts of colour vision and also the phenomenon of colour blindness. It has been found that colour blind people who are unable to see yellow are also unable to see blue. A similar combination has been found in the case of red and green. The Ladd Franklin theory thus appears to be in a position to explain many facts of colour vision.
The cones are usually very effective under intense illumination. But under conditions of darkness they are not active. When the intensity of illumination is low, cone vision gives place to rod vision. This phenomenon is known as the Purkinje phenomenon. It is a common experience that yellow is the brightest colour in daylight whereas blue is the brightest at night.
One can see that in a multi-coloured visual experience, yellow which is bright during daylight becomes less and less bright with the approach of darkness. Similarly, red also is brighter during day-time but becomes less bright in night vision. It is, therefore, seen that the brightness of colour changes from day vision to night vision.
This phenomenon of shift in brightness explains a number of experiences. Thus, the green leaves of a plant appear brighter after the red flowers have disappeared. Similarly, the increase in accident rates during twilight can again be explained in terms of the shifts in brightness.
A major characteristic of sensory experience is sensory adaptation. It was pointed out that as one continues to look at a red object, the object tends to appear less and less red. This is because there is a decrease in sensitivity of the receptors and consequently there is an increase in the threshold or limen.
A very interesting experience in this process of adaptation is the shift from day vision to night vision. For example, when we enter a cinema-hall which is dark inside we are unable to see anything for some time. Similarly, when we enter a brightly lit place, we experience some difficulty in seeing things properly.
This is because such experiences involve a shift from rod vision to cone vision or vice versa. This shift naturally takes some time. The phenomenon of sensory adaptation is a process of adaptation from one type of visual reaction to another type.
All of us have been to movies. In the movies we can see different types of action, like a person running. Actually the film consists of a number of shots with the person in different positions. But the person may appear to be running continuously because the picture frames are presented in quick succession.
We do not see any discontinuity or break in the film. Thus, we are able to see movements even though the pictures do not really show the movement as such. This experience is known as the illusion of movement or apparent movement. If two successive visual experiences are separated by an optimal time interval we do not see the break between the two, but see a continuous movement.
This phenomenon, highlighted for the first time by Wertheimer, was of great significance in the history of psychology and was known as the phi-phenomenon. Wertheimer argued that the human being tends to close gaps in perception between two successive perceptual experiences. It is this phenomenon which helps us to understand the active nature of perception.
This shows that our sensory experience can really go beyond the characteristics of the stimuli. It is probably not necessary to go into a further discussion of this phenomenon at this point. It has been mentioned here only to bring out the complexities involved in making a distinction between sensation and perception.
There are certain other phenomena which illustrate the complexity of the visual sensation. Such phenomena are of different types. Important among them is the phenomenon of constancy. For example, our visual experiences are often independent of stimulus or stimulating characteristics.
A one rupee coin appears to be of the same size whether you hold it near your eye or whether your friend holds it at a distance of 6 feet from you. This is called size constancy. Similarly, one rupee coin is perceived as round shaped, no matter at what angle it is held.
This is called shape constancy. Constancy phenomena illustrate the role of experience and knowledge in our sensory experiences. While the qualities and characteristics of stimuli are important, there are occasions when experience remains constant in spite of changes in the stimulus characteristics.
Phenomena like constancy and apparent movement indicate the complexity of sensory experiences and also the relative independence of sensory experience of stimuli and their characteristics. It is this characteristic of sensory experience that gives stability and consistency to visual experience.
Vision has been held to be the most important of all our sensory experience. In the above paragraphs, an attempt has been made to describe and explain different aspects of visual sensation and also to bring out the role of different factors in visual experience. Visual sensations as responses are, to a large extent, dependent on the characteristics of the stimulus.
Nevertheless, actual experience in many instances is not determined by stimulus characteristics alone but also by other factors. In fact, a very interesting aspect of visual experience is its occurrence when there is no stimulus at all. Some people see visions or ghosts when there are no stimuli.
Such experiences are known as hallucinations and are commonly found among psychologically abnormal individuals. Similarly, the intake of drugs and alcohol have also been found to cause hallucinatory experiences. Such experiences are explained on the basis of an activation of the brain. When the concerned parts of the brain are activated, sensory experiences occur even without actual stimulation.
Similarly, under certain conditions, like poor illumination, we mistake, for instance, a rope for a snake. Here, however, there is a stimulus but it is seen as different from its real form. Such experiences are called illusions. Hallucinations and illusions illustrate the complexity of sensory experience. | <urn:uuid:eb4f8d23-161b-4844-96e6-a2c7f3c4ae38> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/visual-sensation/visual-sensation-retina-characteristics-and-theories-psychology/2916 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663013003.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528062047-20220528092047-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.950431 | 3,362 | 3.921875 | 4 |
In the age-old nature/culture dualism, wheredoes the park fall? Probably deeper in the trenches of culture than the metropolis itself. It goes without saying that parks are no more “natural” than golf courses or the vast cornfields of the American Midwest: they are, ultimately, avatars of the countryside kept on a short leash, the enduring symbol of humankind’s quest for supremacy over nature and the definitive celebration in its reduction to a recreational commodity.
It is often forgotten that most parks are born from traumatic acts of urban subtraction. Take Central Park in New York: roughly 1,600 workingclass residents occupying the area prior to its existence were evicted under the rule of eminent domain in 1857, when the neighborhood known as Seneca Village was completely razed. There have been times when the same park was relinquished into an abyss of dereliction: following the dissolution of the Central Park Commission in 1870 and the progressive decline of the maintenance effort, the site existed as an urban wasteland for several decades. As historian Robert Caro wrote in his 1974 book The Power Broker:
Lawns, unseeded, were expanses of bare earth, decorated with scraggly patches of grass and weeds that became dust holes in dry weather and mud holes in wet . . . The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after. Benches lay on their backs, their legs jabbing at the sky ...
Today, with the yearly number of Central Park’s visitors approaching twenty-five million (making it the most visited park in the United States), such a situation is unimaginable. As Marina Ballo Charmet’s photographs serve to remind us, parks are one of the few essential and irreducible ingredients of contemporary urbanism. As the degree to which humanity entrusts its survival to vast urban expanses increases year by year, our very understanding of what a park is, and why it’s there, changes and evolves: over time it takes on less and less the form of an optional commodity and more the form of a climacteric necessity.
Largely devoid of artifacts, parks are at first glance poor sites in which to conduct an investigation into a city’s identity. Ballo Charmet’s photographs are, however, more than a poetic socio documentary observation of how citizens inhabit their cities. Her photographs take on the park as a macroscopic mirror in which the nuances and subtle traits of a city’s identity can be investigated piecemeal, primarily through the observation of its inhabitants and their modes of congregation.
Her photos are like stills taken from a movie at seemingly random moments, as opposed to at the height of the moment of action: the absence of emphasis on conventional notions of framing and composition draws the attention to details. “Normality” is revealed and celebrated in all its beauty.
This is not the first project in which Marina Ballo Charmet sets the point of view close to the ground, but it is the first in which this technique actually increases the familiarity of the scene for the viewer rather than causing it to become more abstract, more distant from experience.
In her parks, the low viewpoint evokes without rhetoric the experience of actually being there, occupying a public space close to the ground, lying down in an urban environment punctuated by figures—some active, some passive, some moving, some immobile; temporary compositions that exist but for a fraction of a second. Some are unsettling, others are more idyllic, vaguely reminiscent of paradisiacal representations of the Garden of Eden before the Fall, minus the animals.
Ultimately, for the quiet and patient observer, her photographs reveal parks as the sharpest of mirrors held up to the cities that host them: it is precisely when environmental differences are attenuated that detail becomes important, and a deeper understanding of identity transpires.
J. Grima, “Subliminali Portraits of Urbanity”, in Il parco/The park, Charta, Milan, 2008 Catalogue of the exhibition curated by G. Scardi and R. Valtorta, Triennale , Milan, 2008. | <urn:uuid:c0b1f4ab-45af-42b5-ad91-0fedef33df3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://marinaballocharmet.com/pubblicazioni/ritratti-subliminali-di-urbanit%C3%A0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710462.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128002256-20221128032256-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.953354 | 860 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Diamonds are available in wide variety of colors like yellow, red, blue,
pink, green etc. In general, when we talk about color of diamond, it means
presence or absence of color in White diamonds (graded between 'D' (colorless) to 'Z' (off-white or tinted light yellowish diamond) grade on the
GIA International Diamond Grading Scale.).
However, when tint of color is found to be very intense, then such a diamond is not graded on the scale of 'D' to 'Z'. It is rather placed in the category of Fancy Colored diamond. It is important to note that grading of fancy colored diamond is different from grading of white diamond.
Price of white diamonds decrease with increase in yellow tint, while in case of fancy-colored diamonds price is directly proportional to the intensity of color.
Grading of Fancy Colored Diamond
Fancy color diamonds are extremely rare diamonds and are thus very expensive. Factors like cut, carat and clarity influence little, while intensity and richness of body color plays important role in determining value of a fancy color diamond.
Grading of fancy diamonds involve following 2 steps:
Fancy diamonds are graded by GIA under nine categories:
Among all fancy-colored diamonds yellow diamond is most common while red, green, blue and pink are extremely rare.
Fancy yellow diamond color grading
You may also like to read about how diamond gets its color.
How is color of fancy-colored diamond described?
Fancy color diamonds are available in various colors. To describe the diamond’s color, it requires combination of basic or dominant hue (primary color) name and any modifier hue (secondary color) name that might be necessary. For e.g.:
Synthetic or Treated Fancy Colored Diamond
Natural fancy colored diamonds are rare and expensive. So, colored diamonds are also produced artificially just like Synthetic Diamonds. The artificial coloring of diamonds can range from permanent and stable to temporary that fade over the period of time.
Although at times temporary coatings are
also done to enhance the beauty of diamond. In this process very thin layer of chemicals and plastics is coated over diamond to mask undesirable body color of diamond.
Other techniques of color treatment - like HTHP (high temperature high pressure) and Irradiation - are also used to enhance the color of natural colored diamond so that diamond fetches higher price.
These techniques can lighten or darken or completely change the color of diamond. Through HTHP color enhancement process, diamond can be made colorless to pink, yellow, blue or green. HTHP-treated diamonds are very difficult to be detected without the aid of advance lab equipments.
Heat treatments can turn yellow and brown diamonds into fancy colored diamonds like intense yellow, red, blue, green.
Remember that, it’s the jeweler’s responsibility to inform the customer of any treatment done on the diamond and if the diamond requires special care for handling or cleaning.
Advanced gem grading labs - like GIA - don't issue grading reports to diamonds subjected to temporary color treatment (coating). For HTHP color treated diamonds, they issue report with clear mention of color enhancement, along with laser inscription on girdle of diamond to identify it as HTHP color treated.
Fluorescence in Colored Diamonds
When diamonds are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, it excites the electrons in diamond which in turn leads to absorption of energy. Now, in order to return back to their stable state, these electrons need to release the absorbed energy. The absorbed energy is released in the form of visible blue light (sometimes of other color), which is called Fluorescence.
Fluorescence comprises of different colors like blue, green and orange although blue is the most common color. Effect of fluorescence on colored diamond depends on the color of fluorescence and on the basic body color of diamond.
While, fluorescence has negative effect on the value of white diamond (Presence of fluorescence in white diamond), in case of fancy diamond, it has a positive effect as it enhances the diamond’s appearance. It adds extra glow to the diamond’s color.
Famous Fancy Colored Diamonds
It’s true that fancy color diamonds have gained popularity in recent years. But some large fancy colored diamonds have interesting history associated with them, making them famous like The Golden Jubilee or infamous like The Blue Hope.
Fancy colored diamonds - mainly yellow, blue and pink - are highly valued and rare assets. Found randomly across diamond mines around the world, these gems are adored equally by gem-collectors and high-end jewelry buyers.
According to Fancy Color Diamond Index, the price of fancies (especially yellow, blue and pink) has since 2005 shown drastic appreciation (167% as of 2014) in value, outperforming other assets in the same time period.
It was found that both blue and pink were apparently unaffected by global financial crisis, with blues keeping their value and price of pinks increasing in that period (2008 - 2010). You may read this article for more on Fancy Color Diamond Index. | <urn:uuid:352ba75a-f25e-4678-815b-6685f99d2dce> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.diamond-jewelry-pedia.com/fancy-colored-diamond.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104681.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818140908-20170818160908-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.918127 | 1,067 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has imaged a violent stellar nursery called NGC 2174, in which stars are born in a first-come-first-served feeding frenzy for survival.
The problem is that star formation is a very inefficient process; most of the ingredients to make stars are wasted as the cloud of gas and dust, or nebula, gradually disperses. In NGC 2174, the rate at which the nebula disperses is further speeded up by the presence of hot young stars, which create high velocity winds that blow the gas outwards.
These fiery youngsters also bombard the surrounding gas with intense radiation, making it glow brightly, creating the brilliant scene captured here. The nebula is mostly composed of hydrogen gas, which is ionised by the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the hot stars, leading to the nebula’s alternative title as an HII region. This picture shows only part of the nebula, where dark dust clouds are strikingly silhouetted against the glowing gas.
NGC 2174 lies about 6400 light-years away in the constellation of Orion (The Hunter). It is not part of the much more familiar Orion Nebula, which lies much closer to us. Despite its prime position in a very familiar constellation this nebula is faint and had to wait until 1877 for its discovery by the French astronomer Jean Marie Edouard Stephan using an 80 cm reflecting telescope at the Observatoire de Marseille.
This picture was created from images from the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on Hubble. Images through four different filters were combined to make the view shown here. Images through a filter isolating the glow from ionised oxygen (F502N) were coloured blue and images through a filter showing glowing hydrogen (F656N) are green. Glowing ionised sulphur (F673N) and the view through a near-infrared filter (F814W) are both coloured red. The total exposure times per filter were 2600 s, 2600 s, 2600 s and 1000 s respectively and the field of view is about 1.8 arcminutes across.
Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys has captured this moment in the ever-changing life of a spiral galaxy called IC 391. Although these massive star cities appear static and unchanging, their stellar inhabitants are constantly moving and evolving, with new stars being born and old stars reaching the ends of their lives —often in spectacular fashion, with an immense supernova explosion that can be viewed from Earth.
On 3 January 2001, members of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory discovered such an explosion within IC 391 and it was named SN 2001B. This was a Type Ib supernova, which occurs when a massive star runs out of fuel for nuclear fusion and collapses, emitting vast amounts of radiation and creating a powerful shock wave. Hubble has contributed much to our understanding of supernovae in recent years, and it has made an extensive study of supernova 1987A (heic0704), the brightest such stellar explosion to be seen from Earth in over 400 years.
IC 391 lies about 80 million light-years away in the constellation of Camelopardalis (the Giraffe) in the far northern part of the sky. The British amateur observer William Denning discovered it in the late nineteenth century, and described it as faint, small and round.
This picture was assembled from images taken with Hubble’s Wide Field Channel on the Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images through a blue filter (F435W) were coloured blue, those through a green filter (F555W) are shown as green and those through a near-infrared filter (F814W) are shown in red. The exposure times were 800 s, 700 s and 700 s respectively and the field of view is 2.1 by 1.4 arcminutes.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured a clear view of the unusual globular cluster Palomar 1, whose youthful beauty is a puzzle for astronomers. This faint and sparse object is very different from the more familiar brilliant and very rich globular clusters and had to wait until 1954 for its discovery by George Abell on photographs from the Palomar Schmidt telescope.
Globular clusters are tightly bound conglomerations of stars, which are found in the outer reaches of the Milky Way, in its so-called halo. They are amongst the oldest objects in a galaxy, containing very old stars and no gas, which means there is no possibility of newborn stars introducing some fresh blood into the cluster.
However, at 6.3 to 8 billion years old, Palomar 1 is a youngster in globular cluster terms — little more than half the age of most the other globulars in our Milky Way, which formed during our galaxy’s violent early history. However, astronomers suspect that globular youngsters, such as Palomar 1, formed in a more sedate manner. Possibly a gas cloud meandered around in the Milky Way’s halo until a trigger kick-started star formation. Another possibility is that the Milky Way captured the stellar group; perhaps it was adrift in the Universe before it was gravitationally attracted to our galaxy, or maybe it had a violent beginning after all and is the remnant of a dwarf galaxy that was devoured by the Milky Way.
Behind the sparsely populated Palomar 1 several background galaxies are seen and a few nearby bright foreground Milky Way stars are also visible. Together with Palomar 1 these objects make up an attractive “family portrait”.
This picture was created from images taken with the Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images through orange (F606W, coloured blue) and near-infrared (F814W, coloured red) filters were combined. The exposure times were 1965 s per filter and the field of view is 3.0 arcminutes across.
The spiral galaxy NGC 1345 and its loose and ragged arms dominate this rich image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. It is a member of the Eridanus Galaxy Cluster — a group of about 70 galaxies that lies 85 million light-years away in the constellation of Eridanus (the River). This region of the night sky is well populated with bright galaxies, with the Fornax Cluster of galaxies also nearby on the celestial sphere, although the two clusters are actually separated by about 20 million light-years. Collectively, they are known as the Fornax Supercluster or the Southern Supercluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1345 in 1835 from South Africa. He described it as small and very faint and it is still far from easy to see it even with quite a large amateur telescope, where it appears as a small, circular fuzz.
Apart from the main galaxy that dominates the picture, lots more distant galaxies of many shapes and sizes can be seen in this image, some shining right through the foreground galaxy. NGC 1345 itself features an elongated bar extending from the nucleus and spiral arms that emanate outwards, making it a barred spiral type. Classifying galaxy shapes is an important part of astronomical research as it tells us much about how the Universe has evolved. But computers aren’t really ideal for the task; people are much better at recognising shapes, which is why a citizen-science project called Galaxy Zoo: Hubble is asking members of the public to help sift through the vast archive of images and classify galaxies by type. If you would like to join the cause, there’s a link to the project below.
This picture was created from images taken with the Wide Field Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images taken through a blue filter (F435W) were coloured blue and images through a near-infrared filter (F814W) were coloured red. The exposure times were 17.5 minutes per filter in total and the field of view is 3.2 by 1.6 arcminutes.
Astronomers have used the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to image the tiny planetary nebula NGC 6886. These celestial objects signal the final death throes of mid-sized stars (up to about eight times the mass of the Sun); when such a star exhausts its supply of hydrogen fuel, the outer layers begin to expand and cool, which creates an envelope of gas and dust that shrouds the dying star. However, the star doesn't go down without a fight, finding alternative ways to prevent it from collapsing under its own gravity and emerging as a white dwarf. In the process, the star's surface temperature increases and it is eventually hot enough to emit strong ultraviolet radiation and make the cocoon of gas glow as a stunning planetary nebula.
Stellar death isn't quick and painless: the planetary nebula stage typically lasts several tens of thousands of years. By studying the elements that are present in the nebula today, astronomers can determine the original chemical make-up of the star. Studies suggest that the star belonging to NGC 6886 may have originally been similar to the Sun, containing similar quantities of carbon, nitrogen and neon, although heavier elements, such as sulphur, were less plentiful.
Keen amateur astronomers with mid-level telescopes will find it a rewarding challenge to track down NGC 6886 in the small constellation of Sagitta. It is tiny, but not particularly faint: high magnification, a good chart, a dark site and averted vision are needed to spot this elusive celestial jewel.
This picture was created by combining images taken using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on Hubble. Filters that let through emission from ionised nitrogen gas (F658N, coloured red), ionised oxygen (F502N, coloured blue) and a broadband yellow filter (F555W, coloured green, and also contributing to the blue) were used. The exposure times were 700 s, 600 s and 320 s respectively. The field of view is merely 30 arcseconds across.
A spectacular section of the well-known Eagle Nebula has been targeted by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. This collection of dazzling stars is called NGC 6611, an open star cluster that formed about 5.5 million years ago and is found approximately 6500 light-years from the Earth. It is a very young cluster, containing many hot, blue stars, whose fierce ultraviolet glow make the surrounding Eagle Nebula glow brightly. The cluster and the associated nebula together are also known as Messier 16.
Astronomers refer to areas like the Eagle Nebula as HII regions. This is the scientific notation for ionised hydrogen from which the region is largely made. Extrapolating far into the future, this HII region will eventually disperse, helped along by shockwaves from supernova explosions as the more massive young stars end their brief but brilliant lives.
In this image, dark patches can also be spotted, punctuating the stellar landscape. These areas of apparent nothingness are actually very dense regions of gas and dust, which obstruct light from passing through. Many of these may be hiding the sites of the early stages of star formation, before the fledgling stars clear away their surroundings and burst into view. Dark nebulae, large and small, are dotted throughout the Universe. If you look up to the Milky Way with the naked eye from a dark, remote site, you can easily spot some huge dark nebulae blocking the background starlight.
This picture was created from images from Hubble’s Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys through the unusual combination of two near-infrared filters (F775W, coloured blue, and F850LP, coloured red). The image has also been subtly colourised using a ground-based image taken through more conventional filters. The Hubble exposure times were 2000 s in both cases and the field of view is about 3.2 arcminutes across.
An image of the Cartwheel Galaxy taken with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has been reprocessed using the latest techniques to mark the closure of the Space Telescope European Coordination Facility (ST-ECF), based near Munich in Germany, and to celebrate its achievements in supporting Hubble science in Europe over the past 26 years.
Astronomer Bob Fosbury, who is stepping down as Head of the ST-ECF, was responsible for much of the early research into the Cartwheel Galaxy along with the late Tim Hawarden — including giving the object its very apposite name — and so this image was selected as a fitting tribute. The object was first spotted on wide-field images from the UK Schmidt telescope and then studied in detail using the Anglo-Australian Telescope.
Lying about 500 million light-years away in the constellation of Sculptor, the cartwheel shape of this galaxy is the result of a violent galactic collision. A smaller galaxy has passed right through a large disc galaxy and produced shock waves that swept up gas and dust — much like the ripples produced when a stone is dropped into a lake — and sparked regions of intense star formation (appearing blue). The outermost ring of the galaxy, which is 1.5 times the size of our Milky Way, marks the shock wave’s leading edge. This object is one of the most dramatic examples of the small class of ring galaxies.
This image was produced after Hubble data was reprocessed using the free open source software FITS Liberator 3, which was developed at the ST-ECF. Careful use of this widely used state-of-the-art tool on the original Hubble observations of the Cartwheel Galaxy has brought out more detail in the image than ever before.
Although the ST-ECF is closing, ESA’s mission to bring amazing Hubble discoveries to the public will be unaffected, with Hubblecasts, press and photo releases, and Hubble Pictures of the Week continuing to be regularly posted on spacetelescope.org.
The galaxy captured in this image, called UGC 12158, certainly isn’t camera-shy: this spiral stunner is posing face-on to the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys, revealing its structure in fine detail.
UGC 12158 is an excellent example of a barred spiral galaxy in the Hubble sequence — a scheme used to categorise galaxies based on their shapes. Barred spirals, as the name suggest, feature spectacular swirling arms of stars that emanate from a bar-shaped centre. Such bar structures are common, being found in about two thirds of spiral galaxies, and are thought to act as funnels, guiding gas to their galactic centres where it accumulates to form newborn stars. These aren’t permanent structures: astronomers think that they slowly disperse over time, so that the galaxies eventually evolve into regular spirals.
The appearance of a galaxy changes little over millions of years, but this image also contains a short-lived and brilliant interloper — the bright blue star just to the lower left of the centre of the galaxy is very different from the several foreground stars seen in the image. It is in fact a supernova inside UGC 12158 and much further away than the Milky Way stars in the field — at a distance of about 400 million light-years! This stellar explosion, called SN 2004ef, was first spotted by two British amateur astronomers in September 2004 and the Hubble data shown here form part of the follow-up observations.
This picture was created from images taken with the Wide Field Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images through blue (F475W, coloured blue), yellow (F606W, coloured green) and red (F814W, coloured red) as well as a filter that isolates the light from glowing hydrogen (F658W, also coloured red) have been included. The exposure times were 1160 s, 700 s, 700 s and 1200 s respectively. The field of view is about 2.3 arcminutes across.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has turned its eagle eye to the planetary nebula NGC 6572, a very bright example of these strange but beautiful objects. Planetary nebulae are created during the late stages of the evolution of certain stars that eject gas into space and emit intense ultraviolet radiation that makes the material glow. This picture of NGC 6572 shows the intricate shapes that can develop as stars exhale their last breaths. Hubble has even imaged the central white dwarf star, the origin of the dazzling nebula, but now a faint, but hot, vestige of its former glory.
NGC 6572 only began to shed its gases a few thousand years ago, so it is a fairly young planetary nebula. As a result the material is still quite concentrated, which explains why it is abnormally bright. The envelope of gas is currently racing out into space at a speed of around 15 kilometres every second and as it becomes more diffuse, it will dim.
NGC 6572 was discovered in 1825 by the German astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, who came from a family of distinguished stargazers. The name planetary nebula is left over from the time when the telescopes of early astronomers were not good enough to reveal the true nature of these objects. To many, the discs looked like the outer planets Uranus and Neptune. The application of spectral analysis, later in the 19th century, first revealed that they were glowing gas clouds.
NGC 6572 is magnitude 8.1, easily bright enough to make it an appealing target for amateur astronomers with telescopes. It is located within the large constellation of Ophiuchus (the Serpent Bearer) and at low magnification it will appear to be just a coloured star, but higher magnification will reveal its shape. Some observers report that NGC 6572 looks blue, while others state that it is green. Colour as seen through the eyepiece is often a matter of interpretation, so you may make your own decision!
This picture was created from images taken with Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 2. Images through a blue filter that isolates the glow from hydrogen gas (Hβ, F487N, coloured dark blue), a green filter that isolates emission from ionised oxygen (F502N, coloured blue), a yellow broadband filter (F555W, coloured green) and a red filter that passes emission from hydrogen (Hα, F656N) have been combined. The exposure times were 360 s, 240 s, 100 s and 180 s, respectively and the field of view is just 29 arcseconds across.
The star cluster is very bright and was discovered in the mid-eighteenth century. The nebula, however, is much more elusive and it took almost a further two decades for it to be first noted by Charles Messier in 1764. Although it is commonly known as the Eagle Nebula, its official designation is Messier 16 and the cluster is also named NGC 6611. One spectacular area of the nebula (outside the field of view) has been nicknamed “The Pillars of Creation” ever since the Hubble Space Telescope captured an iconic image of dramatic pillars of star-forming gas and dust.
The cluster and nebula are fascinating targets for small and medium-sized telescopes, particularly from a dark site free from light pollution. Messier 16 can be found within the constellation of Serpens Cauda (the Tail of the Serpent), which is sandwiched between Aquila, Sagittarius, and Ophiuchus in the heart of one of the brightest parts of the Milky Way. Small telescopes with low power are useful for observing large, but faint, swathes of the nebula, whereas 30 cm telescopes and larger may reveal the dark pillars under good conditions. But a space telescope in orbit around the Earth, like Hubble — which boasts a 2.4-metre diameter mirror and state-of-the-art instruments — is required for an image as spectacular as this one.
This picture was created from images taken with the Wide Field Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. Images through a near-infrared filter (F775W) are coloured red and images through a blue filter (F475W) are blue. The exposures times were one hour and 54 minutes respectively and the field of view is about 3.3 arcminutes across.
Fresh starbirth infuses the galaxy NGC 6503 with a vital pink glow in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. This galaxy, a smaller version of the Milky Way, is perched near a great void in space where few other galaxies reside.
This new image from Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys displays, with particular clarity, the pink-coloured puffs marking where stars have recently formed in NGC 6503's swirling spiral arms. Although structurally similar to the Milky Way, the disc of NGC 6503 spans just 30 000 light-years, or just about a third of the size of the Milky Way, leading astronomers to classify NGC 6503 as a dwarf spiral galaxy.
NGC 6503 lies approximately 17 million light-years away in the constellation of Draco (the Dragon). The German astronomer Arthur Auwers discovered this galaxy in July 1854 in a region of space where few other luminous bodies have been found.
NGC 6503 sits at the edge of a giant, hollowed-out region of space called the Local Void. The Hercules and Coma galaxy clusters, as well as our own Local Group of galaxies, circumscribe this vast, sparsely populated region. Estimates for the void’s diameter vary from 30 million to more than 150 million light-years — so NGC 6503 does not have a lot of galactic company in its immediate vicinity.
The isolation of NGC 6503 inspired the stargazer Stephen James O'Meara to name it the Lost-In-Space Galaxy in his book Hidden Treasures.
This Hubble image was created from exposures taken with the Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys. The filters were unusual, which explains the peculiar colour balance of this picture. The red colouration derives from a 28-minute exposure through a filter that just allows the emission from hydrogen gas (F658N) to pass and which reveals the glowing clouds of gas associated with star-forming regions. This was combined with a 12-minute exposure through a near-infrared filter (F814W), which was coloured blue for contrast. The field of view is 3.3 by 1.8 arcminutes.
Smaller, dimmer galaxies appear to flit like moths around a radiant street light in this image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The brilliant central object is a supergiant elliptical galaxy, the dominant member of a galaxy cluster with the mouthful of a name MACSJ1423.8+2404. This great swarm of galaxies is located about five billion light-years away in the constellation Boötes (the Herdsman). MACSJ1423.8+2404 and other distant galaxy clusters offer astronomers a peek into the earlier days of our Universe when these colossal groupings were still taking shape. Over the 13.7 billion-year history of the cosmos, such galaxy clusters have emerged as the largest observed gravitationally bound structures.
But there is much more than meets the eye when it comes to galaxy clusters — they also hint at the vast majority of the Universe’s substance that we have not yet directly detected. Astronomers study clusters such as MACSJ1423.8+2404 to better understand the influence of dark energy, a mysterious force credited with accelerating the expansion of the Universe and accounting for some 72 percent of the mass of the Universe.
The application of what we can see and detect to the study of what we cannot does not end there with MACSJ1423.8+2404 and its ilk. Dark matter, estimated to account for about 23 percent of the mass of the Universe, exists in great quantities in galaxy clusters. The “normal” matter that comprises stars, planets and us trickles in at less than 5 percent.
Astronomers observe clusters to study how this dark matter gravitationally gathers visible matter and underpins these vast cosmic metropolises. The galactic moths are drawn to the clusters not by their light, but by the vast unseen reservoir of dark matter.
This image was created from images taken using the Wide Field Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. The exposures were 75 and 76 minutes respectively, through yellow (F555W) and near-infrared (F814W) filters. The field of view is 3.2 arcminutes across.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has used its Advanced Camera for Surveys to peer closely at the strange cloud of gas and dust that envelops a star at a late stage in its life, a short-lived phenomenon known as a protoplanetary, or pre-planetary nebula. These fascinating celestial objects give astronomers an opportunity to watch the early stages of planetary nebula formation, as the gas and dust is moulded by high velocity winds — like watching a glassblower at work in his factory.
Despite their rather confusing names, these objects are unrelated to planets. The name arose because of the superficial visual similarity between planetary nebulae and the small discs of the outer planets in the Solar System when viewed through a telescope.
The protoplanetary nebula shown in this image is known as IRAS 20068+4051 and it is found in the constellation of Cygnus. The shell formed when its progenitor star exhausted its hydrogen fuel for nuclear fusion, causing the outer layers of the star to expand and cool, which created a spherical envelope of gas and dust around the star. The mechanism that drives high velocity winds to then shape this spherical envelope into the intricate structure that we see here is still unclear, which is why continued observation of protoplanetary nebulae is so important.
Meanwhile, as the central star continues to evolve, finding new ways to prevent itself from collapsing under its own gravity, it will eventually become hot enough to make the gas glow as a spectacular planetary nebula. These objects emit a broad spectrum of radiation, including visible light, making them great targets for both amateur and professional astronomers.
However, protoplanetary nebulae, which often appear smaller and are seen best in infrared light, are much trickier to observe, particularly since water vapour in the Earth’s atmosphere absorbs most infrared wavelengths. But Hubble has exceptionally sharp vision and an unobstructed vantage point in space, making it possible to capture stunning images of these peculiar objects.
This picture was created from images taken through yellow (F606W, coloured blue) and near-infrared (F814W, coloured red) filters using the High Resolution Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. The exposure times were 1280 s (F606W) and 200 s (F814W) and the field of view spans about 25 arcseconds.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has imaged a striking galaxy called NGC 4452, which appears to lie exactly edge-on as seen from Earth. The result is an extraordinary picture of billions of stars observed from an unusual angle. The bright nucleus can be seen at the centre, along with the very thin disc that looks like a straight line from our unusual viewing position. To complete the picture, a hazy halo of stars on the periphery of the galaxy makes it seem to glow.
NGC 4452 was first seen by William Herschel in 1784 with his 47 cm telescope in England. He described the object as a bright nebula, small and very much elongated. The new Hubble image shows just how elongated this unusual object really is.
Galaxies are like star cities, and typically contain many billions of stars. The American astronomer Edwin Hubble, after whom the Hubble Space Telescope is named, was the first person to prove that there are other galaxies beyond our own by measuring their distances. This work, done in the 1920s, forever changed our view of the Universe.
Galaxies also belong to collections that are called galaxy clusters. NGC 4452 is part of the Virgo Cluster, so-called because many of its members appear in the constellation of Virgo (the Maiden). This enormous grouping is approximately 60 million light-years distant and contains around 2000 galaxies.
It is thought that the Local Group of galaxies, to which our own Milky Way belongs, is on the fringes of the Virgo Cluster, and at some point in the far future the Local Group may be pulled slowly into the Virgo Cluster by the force of gravity. Large numbers of much more remote, faint galaxies, far beyond NGC 4452 and the Virgo Cluster, appear in the background of this image.
This picture of NGC 4452 was created from images taken using the Wide Field Channel on Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. This picture was made from images through blue (F475W, coloured blue) and near-infrared (F850LP, coloured red) filters. The exposures times were 750 s and 1210 s respectively. The field of view extends over 2.6 arcminutes.
At first glance NGC 3077 looks like a typical, relatively peaceful elliptical galaxy. However, as this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image dramatically reveals it is actually a hotbed of very energetic star formation and the whole galaxy is laced with dusty tendrils. It lies about 13 million light-years from Earth.
NGC 3077 was first seen by William Herschel with his 47 cm telescope in England in 1801, when he was close to completing his sky surveys. It is located in the far northern sky in the constellation of Ursa Major (the Great Bear) and forms a triplet with two brighter nearby galaxies, the graceful spiral Messier 81 and the very peculiar and active starburst galaxy Messier 82.
Although overshadowed by its brighter neighbours, NGC 3077 is also very active and resembles a less dramatic version of Messier 82. Interactions between the three galaxies have stoked the fires of star formation in the core of the galaxy and the brilliant glow of many huge young star clusters at the centre of NGC 3077 dominates the Hubble image. If you look closely you can see vast numbers of individual stars in the galaxy across the entire image, as well as several, much more remote, galaxies seen through the much closer NGC 3077.
This picture was created from images taken using the Wide Field Channel on Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. It was made from images through blue (F475W, coloured blue), orange (F606W, coloured green) and near-infrared (F814W, coloured red) filters. The exposure times were about 27 minutes per filter. The field of view extends over about 3.3 arcminutes.
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has turned its sharp eye towards a tight collection of stars, first seen 174 years ago. The result is a sparkling image of NGC 1806, tens of thousands of stars gravitationally bound into a rich cluster. Commonly called globular clusters, most of these objects are very old, having formed in the distant past when the Universe was only a fraction of its current age. NGC 1806 lies within the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of our own Milky Way. It can be observed within the constellation of Dorado (the dolphin-fish), an area of the sky best seen from the Earth’s southern hemisphere.
NGC 1806 was discovered in 1836 by the British astronomer John Herschel. He had travelled to South Africa in order to catalogue astronomical objects visible best from southern latitudes, and thereby complete work begun by his father William, the man who coined the term “globular cluster”. Using a large telescope John Herschel carefully scanned the night sky and noted objects of interest, of which NGC 1806 was one. In the same year that he documented NGC 1806 he was visited by the naturalist Charles Darwin after the HMS Beagle stopped over in Cape Town. Darwin later referred to John Herschel as “one of our greatest philosophers”.
The Wide Field Channel of Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys was used to obtain this picture that was created from images taken through blue (F435W, coloured blue), yellow (F555W, coloured green) and near-infrared (F814W, coloured red) filters. The exposure times were 770 s, 720 s and 688 s, respectively, and the field of view is 3.1 by 1.9 arcminutes. Surely Herschel, who made great contributions to the sciences of both astronomy and photography, would have been immensely impressed by this glittering Hubble picture
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has taken a striking high resolution image of the curious planetary nebula NGC 6210. Located about 6500 light-years away, in the constellation of Hercules, NGC 6210 was discovered in 1825 by the German astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve. Although in a small telescope it appears only as a tiny disc, it is fairly bright.
NGC 6210 is the last gasp of a star slightly less massive than our Sun at the final stage of its life cycle. The multiple shells of material ejected by the dying star form a superposition of structures with different degrees of symmetry, giving NGC 6210 its odd shape. This sharp image shows the inner region of this planetary nebula in unprecedented detail, where the central star is surrounded by a thin, bluish bubble that reveals a delicate filamentary structure. This bubble is superposed onto an asymmetric, reddish gas formation where holes, filaments and pillars are clearly visible.
The life of a star ends when the fuel available to its thermonuclear engine runs out. The estimated lifetime for a Sun-like star is some ten billion years. When the star is about to expire, it becomes unstable and ejects its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula and leaving behind a tiny, but very hot, remnant, known as white dwarf. This compact object, here visible at the centre of the image, cools down and fades very slowly. Stellar evolution theory predicts that our Sun will experience the same fate as NGC 6210 in about five billion years.
This picture was created from images taken with Hubble’s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 through three filters: the broadband filter F555W (yellow) and the narrowband filters F656N (ionised hydrogen), F658N (ionised nitrogen) and F502N (ionised oxygen). The exposure times were 80 s, 140 s, 800 s and 700 s respectively and the field of view is only about 28 arcseconds across.
The beautiful spiral galaxy NGC 406 was discovered in 1834 by John Herschel and is here imaged in great detail by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
Located some 65 million light-years away, in the southern constellation of Tucana (the Toucan), NGC 406 is about 60 000 light-years across, roughly half the diameter of our galaxy, the Milky Way. It is a spiral galaxy quite similar to the well known Whirlpool galaxy (Messier 51, see http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0110a/). In a moderate-sized amateur telescope NGC 406 would appear as a faint hazy blob, like thousands of others across the sky, and none of the spectacular fine detail in the Hubble picture could be made out.
In this image the galaxy exhibits spiral arms that are mainly populated by young, massive, bluish stars and crossed by dark dust lanes. As is typically observed in this kind of spiral galaxy, the yellowish central bulge, dominated by an older stellar population, is less prominent and almost totally embedded in the disk structure.
The deep image also shows a significant number of more distant galaxies in the background. Some of them are visible as reddish fuzzy spots through the bluish spiral arms of the foreground galaxy.
This picture was created from images taken through near-infrared (F814W) and blue (F435W) filters, shown in red and blue respectively, using the Wide Field Channel of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. The exposure times were twenty minutes per filter and the field of view is 2.7 by 1.6 arcminutes.
The keen eye of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has often peered deeply into the Orion Nebula to see the processes occurring there and revealed many dramatic tableaux of young stars hurling material into space and entire solar systems forming. This image shows the spectacular region around an object known as Herbig-Haro 502, a very small part of the vast stellar nursery.
The entire picture is filled with the rich colourful glow of the nebula and, just left of the centre, a star embedded in a pinkish glow can be also seen. This fascinating object is an example of a very young star surrounded by the cloud of gas from which it formed. This leftover material may accrete to form planets and eventually solar systems as intricate as our own. It is highly likely that the material that now forms our own planet Earth was part of a similar gaseous cocoon about five billion years ago. Such is the importance of these objects that much Hubble observing time has been dedicated to studying them.
In this image Herbig-Haro 502 shows up as a narrow pink jet extending away from the young star as well as curved bow shock features to the upper-right and lower-left. Herbig-Haro objects are striking areas of nebulosity near to recently formed stars. They are created when the very young stars eject gas at breakneck speeds of hundreds of kilometres per second, which impacts the surrounding gas and dust. These ephemeral shockwaves are thought to dissipate after a few thousand years; the blink of an eye in astronomical terms. They vary in size but are often much larger than our own Solar System.
At only around 1500 light-years distant, the Orion Nebula it is one of the closest areas of star formation to us. Understanding how stars form and evolve is an important area of astronomy, and one to which Hubble has greatly contributed. Images such as this are not only beautiful from an artistic perspective, but also help us understand more about how the Universe developed, and is continuing to change.
This image was taken with the Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on Hubble. This picture was created from images taken through filters that isolate the light from glowing hydrogen (F658N, coloured red), ionised oxygen (F502N, coloured green) and yellow light (F550W, coloured blue). The exposures times were 1000 s, 2000 s and 1000 s respectively. The field of view is about 3.3 arcminutes across.
This bright spray of stars in the small but evocative constellation of Delphinus (the Dolphin) is the globular cluster NGC 6934. Globular clusters are large balls of (typically) a few hundred thousand ancient stars that exist on the edges of galaxies.
Lying 50 000 light-years from Earth, in the outer reaches of our Milky Way galaxy, NGC 6934 is home to some of the most distant stars still to be part of our galactic system — in a sense, it is a far-flung suburb to the Milky Way’s city centre.
NGC 6934 was first seen by William Herschel in the late eighteenth century. He classified it as a “bright nebula” and was not able to resolve it into stars. The cluster is not bright enough to see with the naked eye, and even in ideal conditions it is very difficult to view with binoculars. However, it is a popular target for amateur astronomers as it can easily be observed using relatively inexpensive telescopes. Broadcaster Patrick Moore, presenter of BBC TV’s The Sky at Night for more than 50 years, included this cluster in his “Caldwell catalogue” of celestial objects that amateur astronomers should look out for.
NGC 6934’s faintness is down to its distance — not how bright it really is. With its many thousands of stars, the cluster is no minnow. The fact that the huge core of our galaxy dwarfs it, along with the other 150 or so globular clusters that orbit the Milky Way’s galactic centre, is a reminder of the breathtaking scale of the cosmos.
This picture was taken with the Wide Field Channel of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. It was created from images taken through filters F814W (near infrared) and F606W (orange), coloured red and blue respectively. The exposure times were 29 minutes per filter, and the field of view is 3.3 arcminutes across. | <urn:uuid:ce6ae767-1f32-4438-9887-9ce7e42ffcd2> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw/page/9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651896/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00079-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95488 | 8,430 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Giant meteorite crashes into moon causing explosion
If you saw a flash on the moon on March 17th, it was not just your imagination. A huge meteorite crashed into the lunar surface at 56,000 mph creating a new crater about 65-feet wide according to Yahoo News.
They say the light from the crash created a bright flash of light that was visible with the naked eye on that night.
Scientists say this is the biggest explosion they’ve seen since experts have been watching the moon. | <urn:uuid:1ed84d73-d253-42c4-99ce-124fed86add3> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://wtkr.com/2013/05/17/giant-meteorite-crashes-into-moon-causing-explosion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828283.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00297-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966535 | 104 | 2.515625 | 3 |
If teenagers spend a lot of time online on social media platforms like Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, and others, they are more likely to engage in cyberbullying, finds a new study.
According to the study, published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, higher social media addiction scores, more hours spent online and identifying as male significantly predicted cyberbullying perpetration in adolescents.
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“There are some people who engage in cyberbullying online because of the anonymity and the fact that there’s no retaliation,” said researcher Amanda Giordano, Associate Professor at the University of Georgia.
“You have these adolescents who are still in the midst of cognitive development, but we’re giving them technology that has a worldwide audience and then expecting them to make good choices,” Giordano added.
Cyberbullying can take on many forms, including personal attacks, harassment or discriminatory behavior, spreading defamatory information, misrepresenting oneself online, spreading private information, social exclusion, and cyberstalking.
For the study, the researchers surveyed adolescents ranging in age from 13-19 years. Of the 428 people surveyed, 214 (50 percent) identified as female, 210 (49.1 percent) as male, and four (0.9 percent) as other.
The researchers said that when adolescents spend their time online, they adapt to a different set of social norms than when they are interacting with their peers in person.
They are often more aggressive or critical on social media because of the anonymity they have online and their ability to avoid retaliation.
Additionally, cyberbullies may feel less remorse or empathy when engaging in these behaviors because they can’t see the direct impact of their actions.
The participants in the study reported spending on average over seven hours online per day, and the reported average maximum hours spent online in one day was over 12 hours.
The study also found that adolescent males are more likely to engage in cyberbullying than females, aligning with past studies that show aggressive behaviors tend to be more male-driven. (IANS/KB) | <urn:uuid:49be2f71-50fa-4c9b-8132-ad738aea5c8e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.newsgram.com/study-cyberbullying-in-teenagers-related-to-spending-more-time-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039560245.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422013104-20210422043104-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.942227 | 452 | 3.28125 | 3 |
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Many Kraft products contain the dangerous ingredient known as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Since the late 80’s this ingredient has been added as a sweetener in many processed food items. HFCS is so prevalent that the average American consumes a whopping 35 pounds of it a year since it’s found in 90% of all processed foods.
Some of the many health risks of HFCS include:
- Significant risk of weight gain and obesity
- Hypertension and elevated “bad” cholesterol levels
- Liver Damage
- Increased risk of developing type-2 diabetes
- Contains high levels of mercury
- Decreased brain function
Companies like Kraft use clever names to mask the ingredient known as HFCS. If the label doesn’t say “sugar” or “cane sugar,” you can be pretty sure it’s some form of HFCS!
In addition to HFCS you might find names like these on other Kraft food items:
- Maize syrup
- Glucose syrup
- Glucose/fructose syrup
- Tapioca syrup
- Dahlia syrup
- Fruit fructose
- Crystalline fructose
- Natural sweetner
In 2015, in response to consumer demand Kraft removed HFCS from their Capri sun product line. However, you’ll find it used as a sweetener in almost every Kraft product. What can you do to change this? You can start by calling Kraft at 877-535-5666 and tell them you will STOP buying all Kraft products until HFCS is removed from ALL Kraft products. Let your voice be heard! | <urn:uuid:af0a9687-8b4c-40ea-b722-7c18639b79d3> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.100thseed.org/empowerment/krafts-overuse-hfcs-proceed-caution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540501887.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207183439-20191207211439-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.912772 | 359 | 2.734375 | 3 |
AFTER EFFECTS TUTORIAL ALL ABOUT MASKING! | Learn how to create and animate simple masks in After Effects today in this tutorial!
In this After Effects tutorial, we’ll learn about creating simple masks using the shape tools and the Pen tool, how the masks work and the different ways you can blend them to build complex masks and even how to animate and perform a very simple rotoscope to animate a mask. This is the tutorial for you if you know nothing about masking in After Effects. Thanks for watching!
Tags: after effects tutorial, after effects tutorials, video editing, motion graphics, masking after effects, how to, how to mask after effects, mask after effects, adobe after effects, mask, effects, masking, visual effects, after effects masking tutorial, special effects, after effects mask tracking, motion design, rotoscope, how to rotoscope, tutvid, nathaniel dodson, AE
Tutorial Recording Notes:
Disclaimer: these are the actual notes I used to record this video and are written in a language you may or may not understand. Hopefully, you find them useful or cool.
- If you have a layer selected and you draw with the shape tools, you mask that layer
- TIP: Double-click the mask to bring up transform handles to make moves or edits to that mask instead of the actual contents of that After Effects layer (Pan-Behind Tool also can be used to move footage or layer content “under” the mask)
- Hotkeys while creating the shape that will be the mask (proportions, dragging before you finish dragging it out, etc…)
- Also you can use the Pen Tool to create a very customized mask shape
- Duplicate a circular mask and size that second mask down into the middle and change from “Add” to “Subtract” to create a donut shaped mask. NOTE: You can also invert the mask effect by checking that on, this would reveal all EXCEPT a donut shaped section in the middle of our video
- Animate a mask wipe using keyframes on that mask within our layer
- Animate the points on a Pen drawn mask to do a drive-by transition. | <urn:uuid:100e9562-954d-4af1-b12e-3275df66ffef> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://tutvid.com/video-editing/learn-mask-adobe-effects-cc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746227.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120035814-20181120061814-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.881664 | 464 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The suffixes -able and -ible both mean capable of or suitable for, but we treat them differently. The most important difference is that -able is a living suffix, meaning we can affix it to virtually any verb without using a hyphen, while -ible is not used to make new words. It lives on mainly in old words passed down through the centuries.
As the living suffix, -able is useful for coining new words, though we often have to ignore spell check when it comes to -able coinages. For example, our spell check disapproves of sanctionable, channelable, overthrowable, redoable, and torturable, but these are perfectly good words and do not require hyphenation.
To form an -able word, treat the verb as you do when making an -ing participle. For example, we make moving from move by dropping the e and adding -ing. So, to make move‘s -able adjective, we drop the e and add -able: movable.
But when creating an -able word, make sure there is not already an equivalent -ible word (see below). For instance, convertable is superfluous because we already have convertible. All accepted -ible words are listed in the dictionary.
Unlike –able, -ible isn’t used to make new words. It exists only in words retained from earlier stages of English. Here are a few of the most common words with the suffix:
Many -ible adjectives have corresponding -able words from which they have differentiated over time. For example, forcible and forceable have different meanings. Other -ible words have -able variants that are identical in meaning—for example, extendable and extendible. | <urn:uuid:eff9e47c-3f5b-41cc-bd0c-cbd5162ebcc5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://grammarist.com/usage/able-ible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855175 | 356 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Pink eye or conjunctivitis is a condition where the conjunctiva (the memane that covers the whites of the eyes) Causes.
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While some theorists consider that it is only within courts that justice can be found and find the extension of the concept of justice beyond court-based adjudication to be troubling, the reality is that justice has always existed outside judicial determination and outside courts. This is partly because for most people who are in a dispute, justice involves little contact with a court or a judge. Most civil disputes settle without a hearing and it is rare that court based adjudication is necessary. Arguably, court based adjudication is less likely to be used to determine civil disputes than in the past and this is partly because Alternative Dispute Resolution, in its various iterations, is increasingly being used to resolve, settle, and manage civil disputes.
Tania Sourdin, The Role of the Courts in the New Justice System, 7 Y.B. Arb. & Mediation 95 (2015). | <urn:uuid:f4546234-a407-4da6-9eb2-01557a301e08> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/arbitrationlawreview/vol7/iss1/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608058.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525102240-20170525122240-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.955693 | 175 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Protecting honey bees is another important reason to eliminate chemicals from your landscape. National Honey Bee Day will help you to understand why.
National Honey Bee Day was started by grassroots minded beekeepers to build community awareness of the bee industry, through education and promotion.
The primary goals of the National Honey Bee Day Program include:
1) Promotion and advancement of beekeeping.
2) Educate the public about honey bees and beekeeping.
3) Make the public aware of environmental concerns as they effect honey bees.
I've often mentioned the importance of pollinators and the dangers they face because of chemicals that some gardeners use in their gardens (among other things). The National Honey Bee Day website states:
We ask that every beekeeper join in this cause. We ask that backyard gardeners, those who love nature, environmental groups, and folks from every corner of society get involved and support saving the honey bee.
It's just not the honey bee in peril. Bats, butterflies, frogs, and other native pollinators are all being killed off through the increased use of chemicals and new lethal pesticides, herbicide, and fungicides on the market. The honey bee industry has suffered several years now with staggering losses due to "Colony Collapse Disorder". Yet to date, not one chemical has been banned or one farming practice changed. But the losses continue to mount year after year.
There will be several National Honey Bee Day events in the area.
National Honey Bee Day at Sky Meadows State Park - 8/20/2011 - 11am - 4pm
Honey Bee Festival - Norfolk Botanic Gardens - 8/20/2100 - 10am - ?
But if you can't attend either one, I encourage you to visit the National Honey Bee Day website to learn more about the dangers facing honey bees - and the many reasons we need them!
For more information about bees, and other pollinators, visit:
Enjoying the Birds & Bees in Your Own Back Yard - Gardening to Attract Pollinators
10 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Honey Bees
First Rooftop Garden Built for Bees | <urn:uuid:e5bee950-00bc-4719-b062-b612d11862da> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://gardening.mwcog.org/2011/08/building-sustainable-future-one-flower.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607802.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524055048-20170524075048-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.921379 | 435 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In this Age of Information, there has been an explosive growth of information in the last few decades. The number of data sources, the amount of data, and the routes through which data travel, and the uses of data, etc. have all seen a big surge. Just take employee time tracking software for example – there’s so much data that this system can now collect, such as time on tasks, attendance, overtime, project duration, productivity, and you can click here to see even more time tracking data examples.
This has resulted in the creation of new industries to define, process, access, collect, process, and curate information. It is for these and many more reasons that the importance of Information Governance has grown to exponential heights in the last few years.
What Is Information Governance?
Information Governance can be defined as the requirements of rights and responsibilities to permit desired function of varying informational aspects such as creation, storage, use, reuse, valuation, archiving, and modifications. Information Governance includes policies, purposes, processes, and standards that help an organization to attain its predefined objectives through unbiased feedback, software, and tools such as Adlib reviews.
Data Governance Versus Information Governance
Information Governance emphasizes on topics such as what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate data use by partners, vendors, employees, etc. It also focuses on the value of data kept, either for compliance purposes or directly to the business. It is also used to understand how the information is classified and curated to facilitate its use. Information Governance is also focused on who can access the data and under what all circumstances and the kind of policies that are in place to acquire, retain, store, and purge information.
Data Governance, on the other hand, emphasizes on data management such as how is data collected, what data does an organization have, and ways to secure it. It also emphasizes on how the data is collected and moved between systems by the organization and the different ways to ensure data integrity once it is collected.
In short, data governance is a comprehensive process from the waste resources to get in and information governance refers to the decisions that are made in using that data.
Nov 30, 2018 0
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Mar 25, 2021 0In digital electronics electronic chain synchronization has...
Oct 10, 2020 0If you are professional individuals, then you would be... | <urn:uuid:1f7268ac-20a4-4337-b3dc-593684a9592c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://gctek.net/why-do-you-need-information-governance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.942061 | 493 | 2.625 | 3 |
Hailey Eddington; 5th hour
Estonia first gained it's independence in 1920. Estonia then lost its independence in 1940. Estonia declared neutrality in the war but fell under the Soviet influence due to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. A lot of political arrests, deportations, and executions followed. According to the agreement, Russia would have control over Latvia, Estonia, and Finland.
Fate of Estonia
The fate of Estonia in World War 2 was laid by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in August 1939. In the Summer War during a German operation in 1941, the Forest Independence (who were pro-independence) captured South Estonia from the NKVD. At the same time, the Soviets carried out operations, including looting, stealing, and killing, based on tactics by Joesph Stalin. Estonia was then occupied by Germany. Many battles, killings, arrests, and other things followed.
Estonia lost it's independence in 1940, but restored it's independence in 1987-1991. As Germans retreated, a government was formed led by Otto Tief (Deputy Prime Minister). A couple days later, the Estonian national government was proclaimed. Estonian forces seized the government buildings in Toompea and ordered the German forces to leave. After German forces left, the Estonian military units continued to resist the Red Army. A little later in 1987-1991, Estonia restored it's independence.
This is the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact paper.
This is Estonia's flag.
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
This is a picture when the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact was signed. | <urn:uuid:0a0bbd02-6ba0-4bca-9b89-d98648a5899e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.smore.com/vd83b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746465.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120150950-20181120172149-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.962515 | 349 | 3.65625 | 4 |
McKenzie’s great insight in his 1967 Journal of Geophysical Research paper was to see the thermal structure of the mid-ocean ridges as an essentially passive result of the crustal separation there. “If I was right, ridges did not need to have any deep structure; they were simply like ice floes,” he says. “They move apart and the water wells up between them and freezes.” The mantle below is passive; upwelling of hot material does not cause the ridges. It also demonstrates that large free air gravity anomalies measured from satellites do not reflect high temperatures in the mantle, but may hold information about mantle convection – that they are, in fact, better indicators of convection than the positions of the ridges. This exploration of thermal evolution resulting from tectonics informed McKenzie’s later analysis of lithosphere extension to produce sedimentary basins, his modelling of the maturation of oil-producing sediments and his work on melt generation. | <urn:uuid:253c46ad-ce65-4eb8-b1df-683dcd954578> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.mckenziearchive.org/chapters/mckenzies-first-work-on-plate-tectonics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868135.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625150537-20180625170537-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.963672 | 207 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Consumers are becoming more knowledgeable about which ingredients to avoid in product formulations. But there’s a hidden catch…toxic chemicals can exist in a product formulation without being listed on the ingredient list. Some of the most harmful toxins are trace impurities that come from essential ingredients. 1,4-dioxane is one such culprit.
What is 1,4-Dioxane?
1,4-Dioxane comes from ethoxylated surfactants, legacy formulation ingredients that are used to improve water solubility and provide a stable foam to cleaning products. However, the production of ethoxylated surfactants entails the risk of producing the toxic, hard to separate byproduct1.
While once considered an invaluable stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, specifically those used in deep cleaning of industrial machinery, 1,4-dioxane has become a particularly controversial chemical2. While not acutely toxic (LD50 = 5200 mb/kg in rats), 1,4-dioxane is an irritant and classified by numerous regulatory bodies as either a probable or known carcinogen.3,4,5
1,4-Dioxane’s true risk lies in the fact that it is a forever chemical. The diether structure of 1,4-dioxane gives the chemical remarkably high stability in water. Further, 1,4-dioxane does not bind to minerals or soil and resists most forms of biodegradation, making it spread rapidly and accumulate in groundwater like other forever chemicals such as polyfluoroalkyl substances.2,6,7 Detectable 1,4-dioxane has been found in an alarming number of utility-supplied tap water locations in the U.S.2
Consumer products have never used 1,4-dioxane as an ingredient. However, due to the high usage levels of associated ethoxylated surfactants, the U.S. FDA has tested these products and their ingredients for the chemical since 1979. These tests have shown levels up to 279 parts per million (ppm) for on-the-shelf consumer products.8 Testing in 2019 showed levels of 1,4-dioxane as high as 17 ppm in on-the-shelf consumer products.9
If 1,4-dioxane is a known impurity of ethoxylated surfactants, why is it not removed during their production process? Unfortunately, 1,4-dioxane has low volatility and is unable to be extracted from most ethoxylated surfactants. The principle 1,4-dioxane removal systems that have been developed are time and energy intensive.10,11 Due to this, not all manufacturers completely strip their ethoxylated surfactants from 1,4-dioxane.9 When 1,4-dioxane is not removed, it accompanies the ethoxylated surfactant into the finished formula1.
High–foaming surfactants are essential performance ingredients for household and I&I cleaning products, but even trace 1,4-dioxane from these materials can make its way to groundwater and contaminate water supplies for years. What options do formulators have for maintaining the performance of their products while avoiding 1,4-dioxane?
Changing 1,4-Dioxane Regulations
There are a growing number of regulatory restrictions being put into place limiting the amount of harmful chemicals like 1,4-dioxane in consumer products. One example is New York, which passed a law in 2019 that:
- Requires manufacturers to disclose the presence of 1,4-dioxane on product labels
- Limits the amount of 1,4-dioxane in a product to no more than 2 parts per million (ppm)
The New York law went into effect December 31, 2022. The law applies to common household cleaning products including hard surface cleaners, dish soaps, laundry detergents and more. The state has also established a testing program for these cleaning products to ensure they meet the new requirements.
Creating 1,4-Dioxane-Free Formulations
Luckily, there’s a solution to avoid 1,4-dioxane in product formulations. Formulators are beginning to look at replacing ethoxylated surfactants with customized sophorolipids—biosurfactants in the glycolipid class that are specifically designed to have better performance and sustainability. One example is the recently launched Amphi® line of biosurfactants by Locus Performance Ingredients.
The Amphi® sophorolipids are naturally derived, non-GMO, have remarkably low usage rates and none of the irritation or toxic byproducts of petrochemical surfactants. This includes no 1,4-dioxane, ethylene oxide (EO), formaldehyde or other trace chemicals.
The Amphi® ingredient line also features a range of HLB and foaming characteristics, providing formulators with the flexibility needed for formulation optimization.
Amphi® Line of Biosurfactants: Approvals and Certifications
The full Amphi® line of biosurfactants is REACH registered, enabling use across the European Union (EU). The commonly used Amphi® M biosurfactant is also TSCA and CleanGredients approved for use in Safer Choice-certified products, including for direct release applications.
Not all products that are CleanGredients-listed are approved for direct release. What makes Amphi® M particularly noteworthy is its ability to meet both the Safer Choice surfactant and direct release criteria. Meeting the stringent direct release criteria means that Amphi® M can be safely discharged into the environment without causing harm. This is a significant advantage over other surfactants as it makes Amphi® M an ideal ingredient for formulations such as detergents, power wash cleaners, car washes and boat washes.
Availability of market-ready ingredients like Amphi® biosurfactants, which are listed in the CleanGredients database and have no 1,4-dioxane concerns, streamline time to market for formulators to develop clean-label, Safer Choice products.
For general surfactant information, download our report.
1Stanton, Kathleen. 2019. “1,4-Dioxane Formation, Control, and Occurence in Cleaning Products.” American Cleaning Institute. August 21. Accessed November 17, 2020.
2Hogue, Cheryl. 2020. 1,4-Dioxane: Another forever chemical plagues drinking-water utilities. November 8. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://cen.acs.org/environment/pollution/14-Dioxane-Another-forever-chemical/98/i43.
3U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 2011. 12th Report on Carcinogens (RoC). June 10. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132609/http:/ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/roc12/index.html.
4U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. 1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide). January. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/1-4-dioxane.pdf.
5California Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity. April 2. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160032/http:/www.oehha.org/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single040210.pdf.
6American Chemical Society. 2020. The persistent problem of 1,4-dioxane in water. November 11. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://phys.org/news/2020-11-persistent-problem-dioxane.html.
7Miller, K. 2019. What are PFAS, the “Forever Chemicals” the FDA Found in Our Food Supply? June 4. Accessed November 19, 2020. https://www.prevention.com/health/a27720891/what-are-pfas-chemicals-food-supply-fda/#:~:text=1%20The%20Food%20and%20Drug%20Administration%20has%20confirmed,be%20dangerous%2C%20and%20how%20to%20potentially%20avoid%20them.
8Black, R. E., F. J. Hurley, and D. C. Havery. 2001. “Occurence of 1,4-Dioxane in Cosmetic Raw Materials and Finished Cosmetic Products.” Journal of AOAC International 666-670.
9Citizens Campaign for the Environment. 2019. “Shopping Safe: The 2019 Consumer Shopping Guide. Protecting Your Household From 1,4-Dioxane Exposure.” Citizens Campaign for the Environment. Accessed November 17, 2020.
10Mohr, T. K. G. 2019. “1,4-Dioxane Removal from Personal Care Products – Opportunities, Benefits, and Costs.” California Department of Toxic Substances Control. August 31. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://dtsc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2019/08/Tom-Mohr_14DX_Removal_PCPs_Opportunities.pdf.
11Chemithon. 2013. DRS Dioxane Removal System . Accessed November 17, 2020. http://chemithon.com/Proc_drs.html. | <urn:uuid:d34607e3-d088-49a2-a2e1-cd465113871a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://locusingredients.com/learning-center/1-4-dioxane-secret-toxin-in-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100555.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205172745-20231205202745-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.901971 | 2,061 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Religion in Indonesia Nowadays
Indonesia is a country with the largest muslim populations in the world, but do you know that there are six “official” religions in Indonesia?
The six major religions in Indonesia came to the country through various influences, such as trades, expeditions, kingdom expansions, social works, missionaries, colonialism, and cultural assimilations. Therefore, each religion has a very rich background and history.
Here are six major religions in Indonesia and basic facts about them.
Around 87.6 percent of populations in Indonesia identify themselves as Muslims, making Islam the largest religions in Indonesia. Since Islam’s first coming in Indonesia around the 13th century, the religion has played major roles in Indonesian history. Islamic kingdoms became major political powers in the 15th century, and many Muslim figures played important roles in the country’s struggles for independence.
this religion has become absorbed into the local culture and created many interesting mixes. Many traditional practices got Islamic influences, and people in some areas also conduct religious practices with traditional influences. Before and during Ramadan, you will see lot of traditional events in various provinces that celebrate this holy month.
Christian populations in Indonesia consist of Protestants and Catholics, but the Protestants have larger numbers. From total 24 million Christians in Indonesia, about 17 million are Protestants. While Catholic was the first to come to Indonesia, the Protestants quickly surpassed Catholics in numbers. This was due to Dutch policy in the colonial era that limited the activities of Catholic teachings (the Dutch were Protestant-Calvinist).
Just like Catholic, the most Protestant populations are concentrated in Eastern Indonesia, North Sumatra, Borneo, North Sulawesi, and Western Sulawesi. However, you can find various Protestant worship places in other areas in Indonesia.
Despite having fewer followers than Protestant, Catholic was actually the first Christian religion that came to Indonesia. The first Portuguese traders introduced Catholicism to the locals of in Molucca (Maluku), and it was soon followed by the works of missionaries. When the Dutch came and took over the spice trade, it gave more limited space for Catholicism to grow.
Catholic, along with Protestant, is concentrated in Eastern Indonesia. However, the Catholic populations also live in other provinces, including near business and government centers in Java. You can also visit various Catholic churches or worship places outside the Christian-majority areas.
Hindu is the third biggest major religion in Indonesia, with around 1.7 percent of followers from the entire population. You may know Bali as the center of Hindu religion in Indonesia, but do you know that Hindu religion has already been around here since the first century? When the Indian traders introduced the religion, local leaders quickly adopted it because it gave them leverage in political powers.
Hindu religion in Indonesia is slightly different than in India because it shows mixtures of influences from animism beliefs. The caste system is also not enforced. There are even slight mixtures between Hindu and Islam in some local Balinese traditions. Some of the most famous religious and historical sites in Indonesia have Hindu backgrounds, such as Prambanan Temple, Besakih Temple, and Tanah Lot Temple.
Buddhism followers in Indonesia make up about 1 percent of populations. However, Buddhism came in the first century to this country, along with Hindu. The iconic Borobudur Temple is considered the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and despite its status as a popular travel destination, Buddhists still gather here for major religious events.
Many Chinese Indonesians are Buddhists, but there are also other Buddhist followers from different ethnic groups. Religious activities are usually arranged by local monks or organizations.
Confucian religion (Khonghucu/Kongzi) was the last "official" religion in Indonesia, acknowledged by the government in 2004. However, the Chinese populations in Indonesia have long embraced this religion, and the first Kong Hu Chu temple was even opened in 1883. This religion puts emphasis on ethical concepts you will also find in Confucianism philosophy, such as self-cultivation, humaneness, and filial piety.
Khonghuchu followers in Indonesia worship at temples that are called klenteng. Many of these temples also become popular travel destinations and photography objects, due to their rich colors and highly-detailed architectures.
Indonesia also has native religions or beliefs that are followed by a small percentage of populations. Sunda Wiwitan, for example, is a religion that has been followed by a group of ethnic Sundanese in West Java since before the coming of Hindu and Buddhism. Some Javanese also embrace traditional spiritual system called Kejawen, even if they formally follow major religions such as Islam or Christianity.
Some Dayak natives in Borneo still follow an old religion called Kaharingan, and it is even mixed with Hindu influences due to their similarities. The natives of Sumba Island also have an ancient religion called Marapu, in which they worship the spirits of ancestors.
Religions in Indonesia are more than just belief systems, but also parts of cultures and traditions. Of course, you can only experience it if you visit Indonesia and witness local traditions.
Unite the Differences
Indonesia has many cultures, with thousand of ethnicity and religion and Ir. Soekarno (Founding Father of Indonesia) made PANCASILA the five guidance principle of national life as a unifier of various differences in IndonesiaI saw this quote in Ir. Soekarno Graveyard Site :
"We that not Communist, we not on the communist side or another one side. We only on the unity side of Indonesia, for companionship and all of our movement" that words written by Ir. Soekarno in a book, titled Nasionalisme, Islamisme, dan Marxisme, 1926"
We can conclude that We only on the unity side of Indonesia, for companionship and all movement | <urn:uuid:e74a67f9-f22b-461e-9391-4ad03c165c6e> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.diarynesia.com/2018/11/6-religions-in-indonesia-you-need-to-know.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141187753.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126084625-20201126114625-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.954718 | 1,215 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The New American Standard translates G0030, ἀγγείοις (angeíois) as 'flask', so I assume that is the translation you used. The KJV, for example, translates as the less descriptive 'vessel', and I have also seen 'receptacle' or 'container' in this verse. For fun, Wiktionary also includes the definitions jar, vase, pail, bucket, box, reservoir, coffin, sarcophagus, and body cavity. I am going to go out on a limb here and say that 'body cavity' is probably not what was meant.
For me, though, the most useful information is that this same word was used in Matthew 13:48 as well. Here, the NAS and KJV translators decided on the same English word, 'vessels'. Of the research that I have heard, I do not see anyone disputing that chapters 13 and 25 had different authors or wildly different time periods, so perhaps we can assume that the word had the same or similar meaning when it was used in each case?
In Matthew 13:48, Jesus is telling another parable, just like chapter 25. This time, the 'vessels' are large enough for at least one fish, and logically would be large enough to hold multiple fish. I can not say (someone can, just not me) what size fish the listeners were accustomed to seeing at that time, but the previous verse mentions 'every kind', so, again logically, the 'vessel' would have to be large enough to hold at least one of of the largest fish that the listeners would assume would be caught in the sea by net. I personally don't think we are talking Jonah large, but I really don't think we aren't talking just sardines either. So, how big was the vessel for the fish? The translation 'pail' seems to fit here, doesn't it?
And, if the same word, said by the same person, recorded by the same person, in the same culture, in the same time period, to similar sized groups, to people with similar mindsets, to teach a similar topic, is used, can we assume they have similar meanings? Let the reader decide.
Either way, I feel safe in assuming that the 'flask' of Matthew 25:4 would NOT fit on my key ring. | <urn:uuid:4b8688ec-37e7-411d-ac75-5759cf2edbf0> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/33081/how-large-were-flasks-of-oil-like-those-mentioned-in-the-parable-of-the-ten-brid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056297.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918032926-20210918062926-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.973323 | 495 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The researchers analyzed almost 10,000 avian H5N1 sequences and almost 14,000 human sequences, including those of seven dead Indonesians who apparently caught the virus from another human. They looked for specific amino acids either more likely to appear in human flu virus proteins or in avian virus proteins. In the journal Virology, they declared they found no sequence that even approached the mutations in the flu viruses that caused the three pandemics of the 20th Century, including Spanish Flu.
In all, they identified 32 clear-cut changes in influenza viruses that differentiated a human H5N1 strain from that in birds, yet none of the viral samples from humans had more than two of those changes. "We think they need to get to 13 [mutations] to be truly dangerous," Finkelstein told Reuters. He characterized his finding as “reassuring.”
Will this affect media perceptions? Pshaw! “Doctors warn the H5N1 virus is dangerously close to mutating so that it would pass easily between humans – which could spark a global pandemic that could kill millions of people worldwide,” declared Voice of America News shortly thereafter. Space limitations prevented it from saying which doctors.
Last year, studies on ferrets, one of the few animals that can contract seasonal flu and H5N1, put the kibosh on the other way H5N1 could become pandemic – through what’s called “recombination” or “reassortment.” This refers to the two types of flu “mixing” inside a human or another animal, creating a hybrid with possibly the worst traits of both.
When one set of ferrets was infected with both strains and then exposed to a second set,
none of the secondary ferrets contracted either a reassorted virus or even just H5N1. The scientists even used gene splicing to create a hybrid virus. Not only did the fabricated hybrids pass poorly between the animals, ferrets injected with the reassorted virus were less ill than those who received pure H5N1. Reassortment appears to have weakened the germ.
All of this also helps explain one of the least-known facts about H5N1. The strain’s discovery in poultry dates back not to 1997, as we’re constantly told, but rather to 1959 when it was identified in Scottish chickens.
In other words, we’ve been exposed to this thing for half a century and yet it’s refused to go pandemic.
Small increases in the counted numbers of bird-to-human cases over the last four years probably represent little more than better reporting. Yet virologist Robert Webster, perhaps the most respected of the alarmists, last November in the New England Journal of Medicine specifically cited the annual increases in bird-to-human H5N1 cases since 2002 as cause for alarm.
So what does it mean that, according to the WHO, throughout this year such cases have significantly lagged behind those of last year? You already know: “It’s even worse than we thought!”
Michael Fumento is a, journalist, and attorney specializing in science and health issues as well as author of BioEvolution: How Biotechnology is Changing Our World .
Be the first to read Michael Fumento's column. Sign up today and receive Townhall.com delivered each morning to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:ef01ba47-0487-4d22-8b22-a7c8faa11dd3> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://townhall.com/columnists/michaelfumento/2007/09/20/more_bad_news_for_bird_flu_chicken_littles/page/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645310876.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031510-00231-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966722 | 712 | 3.28125 | 3 |
An Extraordinary Orville Wright Letter: How Watching Birds Led to Manned Flight at Kitty Hawk
Published: December 17, 2012
When the bicycle-building, kite-flying Wright brothers of Dayton, Ohio took up aeronautics as a sport in 1896, they little expected they would become, by 1903, the pioneers in the science of flight. In this extraordinary letter, younger brother Orville, in answering a question about what he considered "the most interesting or significant episode in the birth of flying at Kitty Hawk,” essentially tells the story of how he and Wilbur invented the first successful airplane, and so became the first men to make a motorized flight.
Wright begins with a description of their earliest non-motorized flights at Kitty Hawk, the “laboratory work,” he says, “that made possible the construction of our first power flyer":
Our experiments at Kitty Hawk in 1901 proved conclusively to us that the tables of air pressure then in existence were entirely unreliable. From this we were led into the designing and construction of a wind tunnel and apparatus to be used in the tunnel for measuring the lift and drift and the centerer of pressure on airfoils This was-in the Fall and Winter of 1901-02... Our early experiments at Kitty Hawk were conducted for the purpose of developing a method of maintaining equilibrium in the air and also to learn something about soaring flight. It was from reading accounts of Lilienthal's experiments that we became interested in this.
What the Wright Brothers observed during this period – and this was a crucial element of their success – was that birds changed the angle of the ends of their wings to make their bodies roll right or left. Wright then introduces that thought, which he will return to again and again, next:
At Kitty Hawk we had the opportunity of witnessing daily the soaring flight of buzzards, fish and chicken hawks, and eagles. Attempts to imitate their flights without a motor have not been very successful, although in 1902 and 1903 we made a dozen or more flights in which we remained in the air for a minute with no, or scarcely any descent; and in 1911. Mr. Alex Ogilvie and I continued the soaring experiments at Kitty Hawk and succeeded in making a number of flights of more than five minutes duration (the longest of which was nine and three-quarter minutes) without any loss of height at all. In many cases we landed at a higher point than the one from which we started. I see no reason why flights of several hours duration cannot be made without use of a motor. But, of course, these flights must be made in rising trends of air - a condition required by all birds for soaring flight.
Having given that history, Wright answers the big question: what was "the most interesting or significant episode in the birth of flying at Kitty Hawk?” He details a flight in which he caught a current of rising air for a full five minutes, rather than the usual few seconds – but this only serves to remind him, again, of the nature of flight as observed in birds…
The most remarkable example of soaring that I have ever seen was witnessed by Wilbur and myself near Kitty Hawk in 1900. The remarkable feature of the flight was in the intelligence or the instinct of the birds which led them to create for themselves a soaring condition where it did not already exist. One morning after a cold night we saw a number of buzzards, probably fifteen in number, and several fish hawks, begin by flapping their wings vigorously and flying together in a small circle, not more than fifty or seventy-five feet in diameter, at a height of twenty-five or thirty feet from the ground. They all kept well together in the circle, gradually working upward. When at an altitude of approximately fifty feet they suddenly quit flapping and then rose rapidly on stationary wings. As they rose higher they spread out into larger circles. When they reached an altitude of about one thousand feet they began to separate, each gliding off in a straight line. After leaving the circle they all lost altitude. In fact the gliding angle of the buzzard is not better than that of an aeroplane. The warm sun had no doubt created a warm stratum of air immediately above the ground, which was a sand plain. The birds through concerted action made an opening through the cold stratum above and started a rush of warm air upward, and then used this upward rush of air to gain altitude.
This letter, to aviator and flight enthusiast Lawrence LaTourette Driggs, would be used by him in his book, in which he wrote extensively about the Wright Brothers. But if all he did for the history of early flight was to elicit and preserve this remarkable account, he would have done enough.
ORVILLE WRIGHT. 1871 – 1948. American aviation pioneer who, with his brother Wilbur (1867 – 1912) is credited with the first piloted flight of a powered heavier-than-air plane.
Typed Letter Signed, 3 pages, quarto, on his personal letterhead, Dayton, Ohio, December 4, 1919. To Lawrence LaTourette Driggs of the American Flying Club in New York City.
See Also: An Early and Rare Account by Orville Wright of the First Flight at Kitty Hawk. Typed Letter Signed, 2 pages. On the decorative letterhead of Wright Cycle Company, quarto, Dayton, Ohio, January 8, 1904. To Carl Dienstbach in New York. | <urn:uuid:734d0192-059d-49e9-8b9a-2a0d832c004e> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.shapell.org/this-day-in-history/december/the-wright-brothers-inventing-the-first-successful-airplane/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275437.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00009-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968521 | 1,131 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Evaluating Memory and Cache Usage
Use the Performance console and other Microsoft® Windows® 2000 tools to assess available memory and to observe the effects of a memory shortage, a common cause of poor computer performance. Examine the effectiveness of the file system cache — an area of physical memory where recently used data read from or written to the disk is mapped for quick access. In addition, use Windows 2000 tools to investigate memory problems caused by applications that have not been optimized.
For general information about performance monitoring, see "Overview of Performance Monitoring" in this book.
For information about developer tools see the Microsoft Windows 2000 Resource Kit companion CD, or see the MSDN link on the Web Resources page at http://windows.microsoft.com/windows2000/reskit/webresources . | <urn:uuid:8bfefdd6-56bc-4eb7-97c8-dafc28d2043e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc938590.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119782.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00159-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.82076 | 158 | 3.046875 | 3 |
“We ask them to post the picture with #Poppyproud, so that we can instil a bit more of the spirit of Remembrance Day in our generation and people of our age.”
While social media is not commonly found in the average classroom, some technology :
Around the World
The great thing about technology is that it can bring the world into your classroom. This week I was captivated by Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, an installation art piece at the Tower of London in the lead up to Remembrance Day. I will be sharing this video in my art class this week, but also using it to generate some discussion about Remembrance Day in general.
Connecting with Literature
What surprised me was just how taken the children were with the story and then the interest it sparked in the wars of the past. This book would make a lovely discussion starter and also a nice way to compliment Remembrance Day or ANZAC Day work in the classroom. I usually set up discussion forums for the books we read in the classroom and this book would certainly lend itself nicely to that.
Hope you enjoyed reading this blog and found my ideas useful this Remembrance Day. Please feel free to leave a comment or ask a question.
Read all about my thoughts on teaching in the 21st Century, my experiences with technology in the classroom, running a Maker Space, launching STEAM and Design Thinking with students, coding, robotics and much more!
Click the button below: | <urn:uuid:8be3df5b-1944-4b5e-982c-53108ff17b66> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.laurabain.com.au/blog/remembrance-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.950827 | 305 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In Real Life Mag, information accessibility and data use expert Zara Rahman explores the limits and coercive power of a ubiquitous internet interface: the location drop-down menu. Aside from forcing people to make artificial choices, location drop-downs also assume a stable location, something that many people don’t have, and never did.
Digital technologies seem to have ignored how people actually move around in geographic space: It’s relatively new that some of us have fixed locations or even addresses at all, and in some regions, nomadic cultures still exist. In Somalia, over a quarter of the population is nomadic; in Mongolia, just under a third are still nomadic, moving from place to place with their herds. Seasonal migration from rural areas to urban ones is a way of life for many, or from poorer countries to richer ones, as Bangladeshi migrant workers who find work in countries in the Gulf do. For millions, location is and always has been fluid and complex, dependent upon a myriad of factors, from climate to the economy to geopolitics. | <urn:uuid:65db705c-7c91-4549-814b-cd63d4814067> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://longreads.com/2017/03/31/if-its-tuesday-this-must-be-inner-mongolia-where-are-you-now-and-where-are-you-from/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589172.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716021858-20180716041858-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.941545 | 216 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The History of The Shriners
is a Shriner? What kind of organization attracts truck drivers,
dentists, contractors, heads of state, movie stars, generals,
clergymen and accountants? What is the Shrine?
Someone might answer: “Oh yeah, Shriners are those guys who always
have those parades with the wild costumes and funny little cars.”
Another might think of Shrine circuses and Shrine clowns. The fellow
next to him might interject, “No, Shriners are the guys who wear
those funny hats — like flowerpots — and have those big
don’t know about that,” a passerby might add. “But I do know my
little girl was born with club feet and now they are straight, and
she can walk like anyone else, thanks to Shriners Hospitals for
can walk?” questions still another. “I thought the Shriners ran
those fantastic burn hospitals. I’ve read stories about them saving
kids with burns on 90 percent of their bodies.”
those people are right. Each has experienced an aspect of Shrinedom.
What they cannot experience, unless they are Shriners, is the
camaraderie, deep friendships, good fellowship and great times
shared by all Shriners. What they may not know is that all Shriners
share a Masonic heritage: Each is a Master Mason in the Freemasonry
Historically, Masons had to become members of the York or Scottish
Rite Bodies before becoming a Noble of the Shrine. However, at the
Imperial Council Session in July 2000, an amendment to Shrine law
changed that requirement, allowing Master Masons to become Shriners
There are nearly 500,000 Shriners now. They gather in Temples, or
chapters, throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico and the
Republic of Panama. There are 22 Shriners Hospitals for Children —
18 orthopaedic hospitals, three burn hospitals, and one hospital
that provides orthopaedic, burn and spinal cord injury care. These
hospitals have cured or substantially helped more than 700,000
children — at no cost to parent or child — since the first Shriners
Hospital opened in 1922.
did it all start? How does it work? What is the Shrine?
Evolution Of The “World’s Greatest Fraternity”
1870, several thousand of the 900,000 residents of Manhattan were
Masons. Many of these Masons made it a point to lunch at the
Knickerbocker Cottage, a restaurant at 426 Sixth Avenue. At a
special table on the second floor, a particularly jovial group of
men used to meet regularly.
Masons who gathered at this table were noted for their good humor
and wit. They often discussed the idea of a new fraternity for
Masons, in which fun and fellowship would be stressed more than
ritual. Two of the table regulars, Walter M. Fleming, M.D., and
William J. Florence, an actor, took the idea seriously enough to do
something about it.
Billy Florence was a star. After becoming the toast of the New York
stage, he toured London, Europe and Middle Eastern countries, always
playing to capacity audiences. While on tour in Marseilles, France,
Florence was invited to a party given by an Arabian diplomat. The
entertainment was something in the nature of an elaborately staged
musical comedy. At its conclusion, the guests became members of a
IMAGE BELOW TO ENLARGE
Florence, recalling the conversations at the Knickerbocker Cottage,
realized that this might well be the vehicle for the new fraternity.
He made copious notes and drawings at that initial viewing and on
two other occasions when he attended the ceremony, once in Algiers
and again in Cairo. When he returned to New York in 1870 and showed
his material to Dr. Fleming, Fleming agreed.
Walter Millard Fleming was a prominent physician and surgeon. Born
in 1838, he obtained a degree in medicine in Albany, N.Y., in 1862.
During the Civil War, he was a surgeon with the 13th New York
Infantry Brigade of the National Guard. He then practiced medicine
in Rochester, New York, until 1868, when he moved to New York City
and quickly became a leading practitioner.
IMAGES BELOW TO ENLARGE
Fleming was devoted to fraternalism. He became a Mason in Rochester
and took some of his Scottish Rite work there, then completed his
degrees in New York City. He was coroneted a 33° Scottish Rite Mason
on September 19, 1872.
Fleming took the ideas supplied by Florence and converted them into
what would become the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.).
the help of other Knickerbocker Cottage regulars, Fleming drafted
the ritual,designed the emblem and ritual costumes, formulated a
salutation, and declared that members would wear a red fez.
initiation rites, or ceremonials, were drafted by Fleming with the
help of three Brother Masons: Charles T. McClenachan, lawyer and
expert on Masonic Ritual; William Sleigh Paterson, printer, linguist
and ritualist; and Albert L. Rawson, prominent scholar and Mason who
provided much of the Arabic background.
Crescent was adopted as the Jewel of the Order. Though any materials
can be used in forming the Crescent, the most valuable are the claws
of a Royal Bengal Tiger, united at their base in a gold setting. In
the center is the head of a sphinx, and on the back are a pyramid,
an urn and a star. The Jewel bears the motto “Robur et Furor,” which
means “Strength and Fury.” Today, the Shrine emblem includes a
scimitar from which the crescent hangs, and a five-pointed star
beneath the head of the sphinx.
IMAGE BELOW TO ENLARGE
Fleming and his coworkers also formulated a salutation used today by
Shriners—“Es Selamu Aleikum!”—which means, “Peace be with you!” In
returning the salutation, the gracious wish is “Aleikum Es Selamu,”
which means “With you be peace.”
red fez with a black tassel, the Shrine’s official headgear, has
been handed down through the ages. It derives its name from the
place where it was first manufactured — the holy city of Fez,
historians claim it dates back to about A.D. 980, but the name of
the fez, or tarboosh, does not appear in Arabic literature until
around the 14th century. One of the earliest references to the
headgear is in “Arabian Nights.”
September 26, 1872, in the New York City Masonic Hall, the first
Shrine Temple in the United States was organized. Brother
McClenachan and Dr. Fleming had completed the ritual and proposed
that the first Temple be named Mecca. The original 13 Masons of the
Knickerbocker Cottage lunch group were named Charter Members of
Mecca Temple (Mecca Shriners). Noble Florence read a letter
outlining the “history” of the Order and giving advice on the
conduct of meetings. The officers elected were Walter M. Fleming,
Potentate; Charles T. McClenachan, Chief Rabban; John A. Moore,
Assistant Rabban; Edward Eddy, High Priest and Prophet; George W.
Millar, Oriental Guide; James S. Chappel, Treasurer; William S.
Paterson, Recorder; and Oswald M. d’Aubigne, Captain of the Guard.
the organization was not an instant success, even though a second
Temple was chartered in Rochester in 1875. Four years after the
Shrine’s beginnings, there were only 43 Shriners, all but six of
whom were from New York.
meeting of Mecca Shriners on June 6, 1876, in the New York Masonic
Temple, a new body was created to help spur the growth of the young
fraternity. This governing body was called “The Imperial Grand
Council of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic
Shrine for the United States of America.” Fleming became the first
Imperial Grand Potentate, and the new body established rules for
membership and the formation of new Temples. The initiation ritual
was embellished, as was the mythology about the fraternity. An
extensive publicity and recruiting campaign was initiated.
worked. Just two years later, in 1878, there were 425 Shriners in 13
Temples. Five of these Temples were in New York, two were in Ohio
and the others were in Vermont, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Iowa,
Michigan and Massachusetts.
Shrine continued to grow during the 1880s. By the time of the 1888
Annual Session (convention) in Toronto, there were 7,210 members in
48 Temples located throughout the United States and one in Canada.
While the organization was still primarily social, instances of
philanthropic work became more frequent. During an 1888 Yellow Fever
epidemic in Jacksonville, Fla., members of the new Morocco Shriners
and Masonic Knights Templar worked long hours to relieve the
suffering populace. In 1889, Shriners came to the aid of the
Johnstown Flood victims. In 1898, there were 50,000 Shriners, and 71
of the 79 Temples were engaged in some sort of philanthropic work.
the turn of the century, the Shrine had come into its own. At its
1900 Imperial Session, representatives from 82 Temples marched in a
Washington, D.C., parade reviewed by President William McKinley.
Shrine membership was well over 55,000.
Evolution Of The “World’s Greatest Philanthropy”
Shrine was unstoppable in the early 1900s. Membership grew rapidly,
and the geographical range of Temples widened. Between 1900 and
1918, eight new Temples were created in Canada, and one each in
Honolulu, Mexico City and the Republic of Panama. The organization
became, in fact, the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine for North America. New flourishes were added to a
growing tradition of colorful pageantry. More Shrine bands were
formed. The first Shrine circus is said to have opened in 1906 in
During the same period, there was growing member support for
establishing an official Shrine charity. Most Temples had individual
philanthropies, and sometimes the Shrine as an organization gave
aid. After the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, the Shrine sent
$25,000 to help the stricken city, and in 1915, the Shrine
contributed $10,000 for the relief of European war victims. But
neither the individual projects nor the special one-time
contributions satisfied the membership, who wanted to do more.
1919, Freeland Kendrick (Lu Lu Shriners, Philadelphia) was the
Imperial Potentate-elect for the 363,744 Shriners. He had long been
searching for a cause for the thriving group to support. In a visit
to the Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children in Atlanta, he
became aware of the overwhelming needs of crippled children in North
America. At the June 1919 Imperial Session, Kendrick proposed
establishing “The Mystic Shriners Peace Memorial for Friendless,
Orphaned and Crippled Children.” His resolution never came to a
vote. As Imperial Potentate in 1919 and 1920, he traveled more than
150,000 miles, visiting a majority of the 146 Temples and
campaigning for an official Shrine philanthropy.
climax came at the June 1920 Imperial Session in Portland, Oregon.
Kendrick changed his resolution to one establishing the “Shriners
Hospital for Crippled Children,” to be supported by a $2 yearly
assessment from each Shriner (now $5 per year).
Conservative Shriners expressed doubts about the Shrine assuming
this kind of responsibility. Prospects for approval were dimming
when Noble Forrest Adair (Yaarab Shriners, Atlanta) rose to speak:
was lying in bed yesterday morning, about four o’clock . . . and
some poor fellow who had strayed from the rest of the band . . .
stood down there under the window for 25 minutes playing ‘I’m
Forever Blowing Bubbles.’ ”
said that when he awoke later, “I thought of the wandering minstrel,
and I wondered if there were not a deep significance in the tune
that he was playing for Shriners, ‘I’m Forever Blowing Bubbles.’ ”
noted, “While we have spent money for songs and spent money for
bands, it’s time for the Shrine to spend money for humanity.“
want to see this thing started. Let’s get rid of all the technical
objections. And if there is a Shriner in North America,” he
continued, “who objects to having paid the two dollars after he has
seen the first crippled child helped, I will give him a check back
for it myself.”
he was through, Noble Adair sat down to thunderous applause. The
whole tone of the session had changed. There were other speakers,
but the decision had already been reached. The resolution was passed
committee was chosen to determine the site and personnel for the
Shriners Hospital. After months of work, research and debate, the
committee concluded that there should be not just one hospital but a
network of hospitals throughout North America. It was an idea that
appealed to Shriners, who liked to do things in a big and colorful
way. When the committee brought the proposal to the 1921 Imperial
Session in Des Moines, Iowa, it too was passed.
IMAGE BELOW TO ENLARGE
Before the June 1922 Session, the cornerstone was in place for the
first Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children in Shreveport, La. The
rules for this hospital, and all the other Shriners Hospitals which
would follow, were simple: To be admitted, a child must be from a
family unable to pay for the orthopaedic treatment he would receive
(this is no longer a requirement), be under 14 years of age (later
increased to 18) and be, in the opinion of the chief of staff,
someone whose condition could be helped.
work of the great Shriners Hospitals network is supervised by the
members of the Board of Trustees, who are elected at the annual
meeting of the hospital corporation. Each hospital operates under
the supervision of a local Board of Governors, a chief of staff and
an administrator. Members of the boards are Shriners, who serve
network of orthopaedic hospitals grew as follows: Shreveport, Sept.
16, 1922; Honolulu, Jan. 2, 1923; Twin Cities, March 12, 1923; San
Francisco, June 16, 1923 (relocated to Sacramento in 1997);
Portland, Jan. 15, 1924; St. Louis, April 8, 1924; Spokane, Nov. 15,
1924; Salt Lake City, Jan. 22, 1925; Montreal, Feb. 18, 1925;
Springfield, Feb. 21, 1925; Chicago, March 20, 1926; Philadelphia,
June 24, 1926; Lexington, Nov. 1, 1926; Greenville, Sept. 1, 1927;
Mexico City, March 10, 1945; Houston, Feb. 1, 1952; Los Angeles,
Feb. 25, 1952; Winnipeg, March 16, 1952 (closed Aug. 12, 1977);
Erie, April 1, 1967; Tampa, Oct. 16, 1985, and Sacramento, Calif.,
April 14, 1997. This newest Shriners Hospital is the only one in the
Shrine system that provides orthopaedic, burn and spinal cord injury
care, and conducts research, all in a single facility.
first patient to be admitted in 1922 was a little girl with a club
foot from the red clay country south of Shreveport, La., who had
learned to walk on the top of her foot rather than the sole. The
first child to be admitted in Minneapolis was a Blackfoot Indian boy
suffering from the deformities of polio. Since that time, more than
700,000 children have been treated at the 22 Shriners Hospitals.
Surgical techniques developed in Shriners Hospitals have become
standard in the orthopaedic world. Thousands of children have been
fitted with arm and leg braces and artificial limbs, most of them
made in special labs in the hospitals by expert technicians.
1950 to 1960, the Shrine’s funds for helping children increased
rapidly. At the same time, the waiting lists of new patients for
admission to Shriners Hospitals
began to decline, due to the polio vaccine and new antibiotics.
Thus, Shriners found themselves able to provide additional services,
and Shrine leaders began to look for other ways they could help the
children of North America.
result was the collating of the medical records of patients of
Shriners Hospitals. By placing the records of each patient and
treatment on computer and microfilm, valuable information was made
available to all Shriners surgeons and the medical world as a whole.
This process, begun in 1959, also made it easier to initiate
clinical research in Shriners orthopaedic hospitals.
Shriners Hospitals had always engaged in clinical research, and in
the early ’60s, the Shrine aggressively entered the structured
research field and began earmarking funds for research projects. By
1967, Shriners were spending $20,000 on orthopaedic research. Today,
the annual research budget totals approximately $25 million. Shrine
researchers are working on a wide variety of projects, including
studies of bone and joint diseases, such as juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis; increasing basic knowledge of the structure and function
of connective tissue; and refining functional electrical
stimulation, which is enabling children with spinal cord injuries to
have limited use of their arms and legs.
the Burn Care Field
expansion of orthopaedic work was not enough for the Shriners. They
had enough funds to further expand their philanthropy. The only
question was: What unmet need could they fill?
special committee was established to explore areas of need and found
that burn treatment was a field of service that was being bypassed.
In the early ’60s, the only burn treatment center in the United
States was part of a military complex. The committee was ready with
a resolution for the 1962 Imperial Session in Toronto. The
resolution, dated July 4, 1962, was adopted by unanimous vote.
November 1, 1963, the Shrine opened a seven-bed wing in the John
Sealy Hospital on the University of Texas Medical Branch in
Galveston as an interim center for the care of severely burned
children. On February 1, 1964, the Shrine opened a seven-bed ward in
the Cincinnati General Hospital on the campus of the University of
Cincinnati. A third interim operation, a five-bed ward, was opened
March 13, 1964, in the Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston) under
the direction of Harvard Medical School.
While children were being treated in these wards, separate buildings
were constructed near each interim location. These buildings, three
30-bed pediatric burn hospitals, were designed to meet the special
needs of burned children. At each, the staffs remain affiliated with
their neighboring universities so that they may better carry out
their three-fold program of treatment, research and teaching.
hospital in Galveston opened March 20, 1966; the hospital in
Cincinnati opened February 19, 1968; and the Boston hospital opened
November 2, 1968. New facilities would be constructed for all three
burn hospitals in the 1990s. The new Cincinnati and Galveston
hospitals were completed in 1992, and the new Boston hospital was
completed in 1999.
new burn treatment center opened in 1997, in the new Shriners
Hospital in Sacramento, Calif. This newest Shriners Hospital
provides orthopaedic, burn and spinal cord injury care, and serves
as the Shrine’s primary burn treatment center in the western United
States. The Sacramento Hospital also conducts research into all
Since the Shriners opened their burn hospitals in the 1960s, a
burned child’s chance of survival has more than doubled. They have
saved children burned over 90 percent of their bodies. The
techniques they have pioneered to prevent the crippling effects of
severe burns have made a normal life possible for thousands of burn
importantly, perhaps, the establishment of the burn Shriners
Hospitals has alerted the medical world to this special need, which
has, in turn, led to the establishment of non-Shrine burn centers
throughout North America.
Shriners Hospitals the work goes on, continually searching for new
ways to heal severe burns and reduce or, as much as possible,
eliminate the crippling and scarring effects of those burns. Because
of the special nature of the burn hospitals, they will surely always
be on the frontier of burn care.
Continuing the Commitment
During the 1980s, Shriners Hospitals initiated a number of new
programs in their efforts to continue providing high-quality
pediatric orthopaedic and burn care. One of the most significant was
the 1980 opening of the spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation unit
at the Shriners Hospital in Philadelphia — the first spinal cord
injury unit in the United States designed specifically for children
and teenagers who suffer from these injuries. By 1984, two
additional spinal cord injury units were operating in the Shriners
Hospitals in Chicago and San Francisco. In 1997, the San Francisco
Hospital, including the SCI unit, was relocated to the newest
Shriners Hospitals in Sacramento, Calif.
the Shrine’s SCI units, children receive long-term rehabilitative
care and physical and occupational therapy to help them relearn the
basic skills of everyday life. Counseling sessions help patients
learn to cope with the emotional aspects of their injury and help
them lead fulfilling lives by emphasizing the abilities they still
have. Patients may enter an SCI unit apprehensive about the future,
but after months of encouragement and support, they often leave with
a sense of hope and optimism.
ongoing study at the Philadelphia Hospital is giving children with
cerebral palsy and spinal cord injuries a sense of hope as well.
Researchers have found that when using functional electrical
stimulation (FES), the posture of a child’s foot and ankle is
improved. In turn, it has a positive affect on their gait, making
walking an achievable goal.
Another important undertaking that was begun during the 1980s was an
aggressive rebuilding and renovation program, involving the
construction of new facilities and extensive renovations throughout
the Shriners Hospital system. In 1981, the Representatives at the
107th Imperial Council Session approved a major expansion and
reconstruction program, which included the construction of a new
orthopaedic hospital in Tampa, Fla. The opening of the Tampa
Hospital in 1985 — the first new hospital added to the Shrine system
since the 1960s — brought the Shriners Hospital system back to 22
hospitals. Since 1981, 21 Shriners Hospitals have either been
rebuilt or totally renovated. In 1998, the Joint Boards decided to
build a new facility for the Mexico City Hospital, which underwent
extensive renovations in 1989.
1989, another significant decision was made when the Shriners voted
to construct a new hospital in the Northern California region, to
replace the existing San Francisco Hospital. In 1990, Sacramento was
chosen as the site for the new hospital. Construction began in 1993,
and in 1997, the new Northern California Hospital in Sacramento
opened its doors.
during the 1980s, because of the high number of patients with
myelodysplasia (spina bifida), many of the Shriners Hospitals
developed special programs to provide comprehensive,
multidisciplinary care to these patients.
Previously, Shriners Hospitals had provided the orthopaedic care
these children needed, but in 1986, the Joint Boards of Directors
and Trustees approved a policy permitting the hospitals to address
the multiple needs of these children by providing their medical,
neurosurgical and urological requirements, as well as their
psychosocial, nutritional and recreational needs.
During the 1980s, the Los Angeles and Springfield Shriners Hospitals
expanded their prosthetic services with regional prosthetic research
programs. Both programs conduct research into ways to improve or
create new prosthetics and help rehabilitate limb-deficient
children. These two programs, in addition to various other research
programs throughout the 22 hospital system, join the prosthetic and
orthotic labs throughout the Shriners Hospital system in ensuring
that Shriners Hospitals remain leaders in the field of children’s
orthotics and prosthetics.
burn hospitals also took steps to ensure that burn patients continue
to receive the most advanced burn treatment available. The Shriners
Hospital in Cincinnati initiated a burns air ambulance, the first
air ambulance in the country devoted exclusively to transporting
burn victims. The burn hospitals also developed a re-entry program,
to assist burn patients in their return home after being discharged
from the hospital. During 1992, new replacement facilities for the
Cincinnati and Galveston burn hospitals were dedicated, and
groundbreaking ceremonies were held for a new facility for the
Boston Hospital. All the burn hospitals are continuing to conduct
research in their ongoing efforts to improve care for burned
1996, Shrine Representatives took another significant step when they
voted to officially change the name of their philanthropy to
“Shriners Hospitals for Children.” In a move that permanently
eliminated the word “crippled” from the organization’s corporate
name, the Representatives made the change in an effort to have the
name better reflect the mission of Shriners Hospitals and the
expansions of services that have been added over the years,
including the opening of the burn hospitals and the addition of
programs of comprehensive care for children with myelodysplasia. The
new name is intended to reflect the philosophy of Shriners
Hospitals, which provide medical care for children totally free of
charge, based only on what’s best for the child. The new name,
likewise, does not label children in any way, but simply recognizes
them for what they are: children. Though they have a new name,
Shriners Hospitals continue to focus on their mission of helping
children lead better lives.
way Shriners Hospitals is helping to improve lives is with the help
of Outcomes research. This type of research looks for opportunities
to improve Shriners Hospital practices, both clinical and
operational, to help bring better care and quality of life to
patients. The Outcomes studies utilize more than one Shriners
Hospital, and the projects, studies and performance improvement
initiatives directly impact changes in operations and patient care
practices at all 22 Shriners Hospitals.
ensure Shriners Hospitals is constantly on the cutting edge of
research, Shriners enlists the help of advisory boards, which are
made up of eminent surgeons, clinicians and scientists who review
grants and offer expertise on project funding. The Medical Advisory
Board, Research Advisory Board and Clinical Outcomes Studies
Advisory Board also provide review, guidance and subjective
assessment to many areas of Shriners Hospitals.
they look to the future, the Joint Boards are committed to
maintaining Shriners Hospitals for Children as leaders in children’s
pediatric orthopaedic and burn care.
the hospital network grew, the fraternity continued in its grand
tradition. In 1923, there was a Shriner in the White House, and
Noble/President William G. Harding reviewed the Shriners parade at
the 1923 Imperial Session in Washington, D.C.
East/West Shrine Game
East/West Shrine College All-Star Football Game was established in
1925, in San Francisco with the motto “Strong Legs Run So Weak Legs
May Walk.” Throughout its history, this traditional post-season game
has raised millions of dollars for Shriners Hospitals and helped
millions of people become more familiar with the story of Shriners
Hospitals. In this, as in other Shrine football games, the young
players visit patients at, so the players themselves know the real
purpose of the game.
1930, the Imperial Session was to be held in Toronto. For his
Session, Imperial Potentate Leo V. Youngworth wanted something
special. With the appropriate approval, the leader of 600,000
Shriners commissioned a peace monument to be built in Toronto. It
was to face south, commemorating 150 years of friendship between the
United States and Canada.
Peace Memorial was relocated and rededicated during the 1962
Imperial Session, and it stands today outside the National
Exposition grounds in Toronto. When the Shriners returned to Toronto
in 1989, for the 115th Imperial Council Session, the memorial was
again rededicated, representing a renewed commitment to the Shrine’s
international brotherhood and fraternalism. The plaque reads:
“Erected and dedicated to the cause of universal peace by the
Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North
America June 12, 1930.”
1930 Session was the Shrine’s own antidote to the pervasive gloom of
the Great Depression. But it was only temporary. Not even Shriners
could escape the Depression. For the first time in its history, the
Shrine began to lose members — the Nobles just could not pay their
struggle to keep the hospitals and the fraternity going during these
years was enormous. It was necessary to dip into the Endowment Fund
capital to cover operating costs of the hospitals. To ensure the
financial distinction between the hospitals and the fraternity, a
corporation for each was established in 1937.
Shrine and its hospitals somehow survived the Depression. In the
1940s, like the rest of North America, the Shrine adjusted to
wartime existence. Imperial Sessions were limited to business and
were attended only by official Temple Representatives. Shrine parade
units stayed home and marched in local patriotic parades. During the
four years of war, more than $1 billion was invested by and through
the Shrine in government war bonds. The hospital corporation also
invested all of its available funds in government securities. After
World War II, the economy improved, and men found renewed interest
in fraternalism. By 1942, membership was once more increasing.
Until 1928, the Shrine’s national offices were in Richmond, Va. With
the growth of the fraternity, there were increasing pressures to
locate Shrine headquarters in some city that would be more
convenient to all Temples. Thus, in 1958, the building at 323 North
Michigan Avenue, Chicago, was purchased. At a special Session held
April 10th, 1978, in Tampa, Fla., representatives voted to relocate
Shrine Headquarters to 2900 Rocky Point Drive, Tampa. The Tampa
headquarters houses the administrative personnel for both the Iowa
(fraternal) and Colorado (Shriners Hospitals) corporations,
fraternal and hospital records, the attorneys who monitor the many
estates involved in Shriners Hospitals for Children, and the various
other departments that support the day-to-day operations of the
Shrine fraternity and Shriners Hospitals for Children.
expansion project was begun in 1987 to meet the ever-increasing
needs of theShrine and Shriners Hospitals. A third wing, or pod, was
added to the rear of the existing building, and the board room and
executive offices for the fraternity and hospital system were
relocated to the new area, allowing several departments to expand
their offices in the original sections. The new, enlarged board room
provides space for meetings of the Joint Boards and their
committees, and for conferences.
1993, the Commemorative Plaza was built, with its larger than
life-size statue of a Shriner carrying a child. The statue
represents what has become known as the “Editorial Without Words,”
probably one of the best-recognized symbols of Shriners Hospitals
polished marble plaza features a semi-circular wall engraved with
the names of every Imperial Potentate (Chief Executive Officer) of
the Shrine and his year served. In addition, below the statue is a
cylindrical base engraved with the names of the 22 Shriners
Hospitals and surrounded by a fountain. Around the fountain are
large inlaid marble squares bearing the engraved names of each of
the Shrines 191 Temples, each Temple’s city and state, year of
incorporation and the Shrine insignia (the scimitar). To the rear of
the Commemorative Plaza and in front of the headquarters building
are four flag poles topped with flags of the United States, Canada,
Mexico and Panama, representing the countries with Shrine
early 1999, a major construction and renovation effort was begun
that would add 35,000 square feet to the existing facility, bringing
the total office area to about 120,000 square feet. This effort was
initiated to accommodate the healthcare initiatives and trends
taking place in the industry in the late 1990s. The exterior work
came to an end in December 2001, with the installation of a
three-dimensional 11-by-9-foot Shrine scimitar on the front of the
building. The new windows on the building have a bluish- green tint,
giving the building a different appearance than the gold tinted
windows, which served as a landmark to identify the headquarters for
two decades. On Feb. 24, 2002, the newly renovated Shriners
International Headquarters was rededicated.
Shrine of North America — How The Organization Works
Shrine Temples are located throughout the United States, Canada,
Mexico and the Republic of Panama, with Shrine Clubs around the
world. There is, therefore, a special Shrine Pledge of Allegiance:
“I pledge allegiance to my flag, and to the country for which it
stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice
for all.” Wherever Shriners gather, the national flags of the United
States, Canada, Mexico and the Republic of Panama are flown.
Today, there are nearly 500,000 Shriners who belong to 191 Shrine
Temples, or chapters, from Al Aska Shriners in Anchorage, Alaska, to
Abou Saad Shriners in Panama, and from Aloha Shriners in Honolulu to
Philae Shriners in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Temple memberships range
from approximately 11,000 (Murat Shriners in Indianapolis) to about
420 (Media Shriners in Watertown, NY).
Temples, their Units and affiliated Shrine Clubs embody the true
spirit of fraternalism, and wherever a Shriner goes, he can be
certain there are Nobles who will extend their hand in greeting and
call him “Brother.”
better understand how all this works, an observer can start at a
local Temple. All Temples are run by an elected Divan (officers),
headed by the Potentate and the Chief Rabban. A Recorder, or record
keeper/administrator, usually maintains an office at the Temple. One
member is elected or appointed to the “lowest rung” each January and
under traditional practice moves up one “rung” each year. Thus, by
the time he becomes Potentate of his Temple, a Shriner usually has
at least four years of experience in Temple leadership.
Stated meetings of the Temple membership as a whole must be held at
least four times a year. In addition, each Temple holds one or more
ceremonials every year for the induction of new members. There are
also many Temple, Unit, and Shrine Club social events each year.
Units are smaller groups within a Temple which are organized for a
specific purpose. Many of these are the uniformed Units so familiar
to parade watchers: Oriental Bands, Shrine Bands, Horse and Motor
Patrols, Highlander Units, Clowns, Drum Corps, Chanters, and Legions
of Honor. Other Temple Units can include hospital hosts or guides,
and transportation Units which work closely with their local
Shriners Hospital — either with the children at the hospital or in
transporting patients to and from the hospital.
Each Temple has a clearly defined territory from which it can obtain
new members. Since these jurisdictions are often quite large,
smaller geographical units may be organized for fellowship purposes.
These are the Shrine Clubs, under the control of their mother
addition, any number of Temples may form a Shrine Association for
social conventions, if the Imperial Council issues an appropriate
charter. There are currently 20 Regional Associations and 19 Shrine
191 Shrine Temples are governed by the Imperial Council, which is
composed of Representatives. The Representatives of the Imperial
Council include all past and present Imperial Officers, Emeritus
Representatives (who have served 15 years or more), and
Representatives elected from each Temple. A Temple may have two
Representatives if its membership exceeds 300, three if more than
600, and four if more than 1,000. These Representatives meet once a
year — usually in July at the Imperial Council Session — to make
policy decisions and legislation regarding both the fraternity and
the hospitals. With nearly 900 Representatives, the Imperial Council
constitutes one of the largest legislative bodies in the world. The
Representatives also elect the Imperial Officers. The President of
the Colorado Corporation and members of the Board of Trustees for
Shriners Hospitals for Children are elected by the members of the
Imperial Divan, the Shrine’s international governing body, consists
of 13 officers plus an Imperial Chaplain. The Imperial Treasurer and
the Imperial Recorder may be elected for several consecutive years;
they are the only officers receiving any type of compensation. As
with Temple Divans, an officer (with the exception of Treasurer and
Recorder) is elected to the bottom of the Divan and, barring
unforeseen circumstances, moves up one position each year. These
officers, elected from among the Representatives, are usually past
Temple Potentates. The Divan plus the immediate Past Imperial
Potentate constitute the Board of Directors of the fraternal
corporation and they, with the Chairman of the Board of Trustees,
constitute the Board of Directors of the hospital corporation.
chief executive officer for the Shrine of North America is the
Imperial Potentate, who is elected for one year. He visits many of
the Shrine Temples and hospitals and generally supervises both
fraternal and hospital policy.
help him with these tasks, the Imperial Potentate appoints
committees to implement the various Shrine programs. One of the most
important of these committees is the Endowments, Wills and Gifts
Committee, which coordinates and supervises contributions and
bequests given to Shriners Hospitals for Children.
day-to-day operations — keeping the records and accounts of the
fraternity and hospitals, supervising the estates left to Shriners
Hospitals and producing printed materials for the entire Shrine
organization — are carried out at International Headquarters in
Tampa. These offices are supervised by an executive vice president
of the Imperial Council, an executive vice president of Shriners
Hospitals, and a legal department, which is under the supervision of
a managing attorney.
However complex the Shrine may seem, its essence is the fraternal
fellowship for which it was originally founded. It has been said
that there are no strangers in Shrinedom. This is evident in the
great times and laughter wherever Shriners get together, whether in
a local Shrine Club meeting, a Temple ceremonial, a Shrine
Association gathering or an Imperial Session. All Shriners share not
just a Masonic background but a zest for living.
Though this quality remains consistent — from the original 13
members to the hundreds of thousands of Shriners today — the Shrine
has adapted to many changes. Many more Temple and convention
activities include the families of Shriners. Today, many Shriners
are deeply involved in Shriners Hospital work in addition to their
Shrine Temples sponsor fund-raising events to provide funds for
Shriners Hospitals. In one calendar year there can be nearly 500 of
these events, which range from the East/West Shrine Game and other
football games to horse shows, hospital paper sales, and
miscellaneous sports and social events.
During the 1980s, Shriners Hospitals experienced the greatest
expansion in their history, with major building programs, increasing
numbers of patients receiving care, and expansion of services. As
the new millennium approaches, all 22 Shriners Hospitals are
maintaining their position at the forefront of specialized pediatric
orthopaedic and burn care. The Joint Boards plan to continue
updating their facilities, expanding their research programs and
increasing their ability to meet the needs of thousands of children
in need of expert orthopaedic and burn care. In this way, Shriners
Hospitals will continue to meet a special need for children.
Thus, whatever changes occur within the fraternal organization or
within the Shriners Hospital system, the Shrine of North America
will remain the “World’s Greatest Fraternity,” operating and
maintaining the “World’s Greatest Philanthropy.”
George Washington Masonic Memorial | <urn:uuid:96efe3fc-ba34-4d8f-bd95-e117044f16b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.kosair.com/shrinershistory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424090.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722182647-20170722202647-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.944366 | 9,167 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Even those of us who keep fit and eat a balanced diet sometimes become ill. It's part of life. It is important to be aware and informed of potential health problems, so that when they arise, we can care for ourselves properly. In this series, the Senior Center will provide information about various medical conditions in a question and answer format, based on interviews with physicians.
People with diabetes must learn to accept the fact that they have a chronic disease. Managing diabetes is a challenge and the goal is to have as normal a lifestyle as possible while taking proper care of yourself.
According to the American Diabetes Association, almost 16 million Americans have diabetes.
The following questions and answers are based on an interview with Dr. Dennis Lock, an endocrinologist.
QWhat is diabetes?
ADiabetes is actually a set of several different diseases. Type1 Diabetes is known as "immune-mediated diabetes mellitus." Type2 Diabetes is called "insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus." A third type is "gestational diabetes mellitus", which sometimes affects pregnant women. All people with diabetes have too much glucose, or sugar, in their blood. In Type1 Diabetes the immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone that helps the cells of the body use glucose as a source of energy. A person with Type2 Diabetes produces insulin but either the insulin does not work in the right way, or there is not enough insulin for the body's needs.
QWhat are the symptoms of diabetes?
APeople with all types of diabetes share certain symptoms: unusual thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue and weight loss. In about half of all cases, Type1 Diabetes appears in childhood or during the teenage years. Type2 Diabetes appears most frequently in adulthood and does not develop suddenly, as can be the case with Type1. There may no obvious symptoms at first, or only mild ones.
People with diabetes share certain symptoms: unusual thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, weight loss
QWho gets diabetes?
AFor both Type1 and Type2 Diabetes, having a history of diabetes in your family puts you at a higher risk of developing the disease. However, people who develop Type1 do not necessarily have a family history. Most of the people with Type2 are diagnosed after age 30 and half of all new cases occur in people age 55 and over. In contrast to Type1, the incidence of Type 2 increases dramatically with age. Unfortunately, as people move into their 70s and 80s, there are often few of the classic symptoms of diabetes and doctors first see the complications, especially heart disease, eye problems and problems of the nervous system. It is much more common to see Type2 Diabetes in older people, although there are cases of Type1 Diabetes appearing after 70 years of age. The people most likely to develop diabetes are overweight and sedentary, in addition to possibly having a family history of the disease. People who are taking a number of different medications for other diseases, especially steroids or diuretics, are also at higher risk for diabetes.
QWhat are the treatments for diabetes?
APeople with diabetes must learn to accept the fact that they have a chronic disease. Managing diabetes is a challenge and the goal is to have as normal a lifestyle as possible while taking proper care of yourself. Each individual patient must have a personal treatment plan designed for him by his doctor. Together you will decide what the goals of your treatment are. Diabetes care plans include diet, physical exercise, insulin injections or oral medications, which are all aimed at lowering and regulating your blood glucose level. The right treatment for your type of diabetes will prevent short-term problems such as low or high blood glucose levels and long-term complications such as damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels.
QAre there any differences in the treatment of diabetes in people in their 60s, 70s and older?
AFor any individual, it is important to decide what the major goals of his diabetic care are. In older people who have developed complications this will affect the emphasis of their treatment. Each patient responds differently to attempts to control his blood glucose level, so the level of control is better for some than for others. Trying to lower glucose levels too aggressively may bring about episodes of hypoglycemia (low-blood glucose), which is dangerous if not treated. Elderly people are less able to tolerate aggressive control of glucose levels. However, the notion that high glucose levels are less dangerous for them is totally incorrect. It is important for people of every age to measure their glucose levels in order to achieve their individually set goals.
QHow does having diabetes affect a person's lifestyle?
AManaging diabetes is a full-time job. You will take time during the day to test your blood-glucose level with a special monitor. If you have Type1 Diabetes you will inject yourself with insulin and if you have Type2 you may take oral diabetes medication with or without insulin injections. Proper diet and physical activity are important parts of any treatment plan. You will learn to be sensitive to how your body reacts to food, to exercise and to stress. The point is to balance what and when you eat, how much you exercise and your medication or insulin injections. It can be tricky and frustrating at times, especially because the body's need for insulin is not always the same. It is important to know when to call your doctor and ask for help. Although it sounds complicated, you can learn to cope with the help of your doctor and other professionals, such as a dietician or diabetes-education specialist.
People most likely to develop diabetes are overweight and sedentary.
QHow does having diabetes affect a person emotionally?
ASometimes your blood glucose level can become dangerously low (hypoglycemia) or high (hyperglycemia). You need to learn how to recognize the warning symptoms and what to do about them. In addition to the faintness and dizziness of hypoglycemia, you may find it hard to concentrate or feel unexplained sadness or anger. If you suspect that the reason for these feelings is low blood glucose, you must check your glucose level immediately. Even when your diabetes is under control, having a chronic disease can be overwhelming and stressful. If you are feeling depressed, anxious or unable to cope, it is crucial that you see a mental health professional who can help you deal with your feelings. Taking care of yourself includes getting the proper psychological care.
QAre there any ways to prevent diabetes?
ASince the people most likely to develop diabetes are overweight or obese and physically inactive, maintaining close to an ideal body weight and regular physical activity may allow some people to prevent the onset of diabetes.
QAre there any recent developments in the treatment of diabetes?
AIn recent years, there has been a tremendous amount of research in all aspects of diabetes, from understanding the genetic and environmental factors that cause the disease to developing new ways to deal with it. There are a number of new drugs available for people who do not inject insulin. In addition, new systems of insulin injection have been developed that make it more convenient and less uncomfortable for the patient.
The American Diabetes Association publishes a full library of books with comprehensive diabetes information. The following is a partial list of these books:
1. American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes
2. Type 2 Diabetes, Your Healthy Living Guide (4th Edition)
3. Women & Diabetes: Life Planning for Health and Wellness
4. Caring for the Diabetic Soul
5. 101 Tips For Staying Healthy with Diabetes (& Avoiding Complications)
6. Reflections on Diabetes (Diabetes Forecast Book)
7. The Fitness Book: For People With Diabetes
The ADA also publishes cookbooks and meal planners for diabetics. The books can be ordered by phone or by mail.
Helpful web sites:
1.Diabetes.com A satellite health channel of PlanetRx.com, a health information resource and online pharmacy.
2. The site of the American Diabetes Association.
3. Intelihealth:Diabetes. Intelihealth is one of the leading health information companies in the world.
4. Diabetes Information Center. Lists many informative diabetes related web sites. | <urn:uuid:3208eecf-278f-40e5-aa78-f489f04bb735> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://wholefamily.com/grandparent-center/articles/article-ask-the-doctor-coping-with-diabetes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887746.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119045937-20180119065937-00769.warc.gz | en | 0.946238 | 1,692 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Taking aim at mosquitoes in Anderson County
The city and county of Anderson are taking steps to reduce the population of mosquitoes that can spread Zika and other viruses.
Zika is a mosquito-borne virus that has been linked to severe birth defects among children born of women who are pregnant when infected. The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain and red eyes.
The Zika virus is being actively transmitted in Mexico, Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean and Central and South America.
As of Wednesday, 819 travel-associated cases of Zika had been reported in the United States, including five in South Carolina, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. Nationally, lab tests have identified 265 pregnant women with Zika.
No locally acquired cases of the virus have been reported in the United States, but city and county officials in Anderson aren't taking any chances.
City employees are placing control briquettes in chronic mosquito-breeding sites such as detention ponds, storm drains and areas of standing water. The city also has a truck that sprays insecticide in neighborhoods after requests are received from at least five residents, said Kerry Stalnaker, the city's public works director.
Anderson County officials intend to begin a spraying program in July. County Finance Director Rita Davis said $20,000 has been allocated for this effort.
Plans call for monthly spraying of walking trails, ballfields, the disc golf course and the KidVenture playground at the Anderson County Sports and Entertainment Center, said Glenn Brill, the county's director of parks, recreation and tourism.
Spraying also will occur at McFalls Landing on Broadway Lake, as well as at Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell before a fishing tournament this fall, Brill said.
Taylor Jones, who is head of the county's emergency services division, said he has contacted a Louisiana-based firm that could provide aerial spraying services 'if things get bad.'
Jones said the recent lack of rain has helped to suppress the county's mosquito population.
County and city officials are urging residents to do their part by eliminating areas of standing water where mosquitoes can breed. They also recommend that people use insect repellent and wear long-sleeved shirts and pants in areas where mosquitoes are prevalent.
President Barack Obama has requested $1.9 billion for a national effort to combat Zika, but so far Congress has not agreed on a funding plan. The U.S. House of Representatives approved a GOP proposal to spend $1.1 billion but Democratic senators oppose aspects of the legislation, including unrelated provisions that would restrict government funding of Planned Parenthood.
U.S. Rep. Jeff Duncan, a Republican whose district includes Anderson, Oconee and Pickens counties, voted for the Zika-funding measure early Thursday.
'Zika poses a serious health risk and is an issue that I have been monitoring for some time,' said Duncan in a statement distributed by one of his aides.
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CDC Says Cigarette Smoking At An All-Time Low Among American Adults
A new report from the Centers for Disease Control said Tuesday that “cigarette smoking is at an all-time low” as “only 15.3% of American adults now light up — down from 16.8% in 2014 and 24.7% in 1997.” According to experts, “Americans are butting out because of the high cost of cigarettes and thanks to fewer legal places to smoke.” Also people are more aware of the danger associated with smoking like COPD, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, heart attacks, strokes and so many other diseases.
The report was based on surveys of 26,000 people:
- 17.3% of men and 13.5% of women smoke.
- The fewest smokers, 8.4%, are among those 65 and older.
- Roughly 17% of adults 18 to 64 smoke.
- Whites smoke more than blacks with 17.7% to 16.9%. Just under 10% of Hispanics smoke.
- Health experts were happy to see that 67.6% of women and 57.9% of men reported that they never smoked.
The numbers are a big change from the days when many Americans smoked multiple packs of low-cost cigs a day. In the 1940s, a pack cost around 15 cents. Today, packs can cost as much as $14. | <urn:uuid:07b2f8ea-faed-4ad7-b2e0-7f83cc040eb0> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://pscssi.net/cdc-says-cigarette-smoking-at-an-all-time-low-among-american-adults/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585405.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021102435-20211021132435-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.974264 | 296 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Good News About Carbon Storage in Tropical Vegetation
A study published in Nature Climate Change today finds that tropical vegetation contains 21 percent more carbon than previous studies had suggested. Using a combination of remote sensing and field data, scientists from Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC), Boston University, and the University of Maryland were able to produce the first “wall-to-wall” map (with a spatial resolution of 500 m x 500 m) of carbon storage of forests, shrublands, and savannas in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and South America. Colors on the map represent the amount of carbon density stored in the vegetation in a continuum fashion (Figure 1 below). Reliable estimates of carbon storage are critical to understanding the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere by changes in land cover and land use.
Figure 1 - Click to view large version.
Tropical deforestation is considered a major source of the greenhouse gases that cause climate change, releasing as much as 1.1 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year. Based on new data in this study, researchers believe that current models may overestimate the net flux of carbon into the atmosphere due to tropical vegetation loss by 11 to 12 percent. For countries trying to meet their greenhouse gases reporting requirements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these new data are particularly important.
Lead author Alessandro Baccini, an assistant scientist at WHRC, explained that the new data set provides a spatially and temporally consistent estimate of carbon stock and a stronger foundation for estimating carbon emissions by better characterizing the carbon density of the forest that has been lost. “For the first time we were able to derive accurate estimates of carbon densities using satellite LiDAR observations in places that have never been measured,” said Baccini. “This is like having a consistent, very dense pantropical forest inventory.”
In many developing nations, deforestation is the largest source of emissions of greenhouse gases. In order to reliably report emissions to the UNFCCC, and to participate in international schemes such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), which provides compensation for avoiding deforestation, these countries need an accurate way to calculate stored carbon and to track deforestation and reforestation. “We worked closely with collaborators in 12 countries around the tropics to collect the field data needed to calibrate the satellite measurements and ensure relevance for their national reporting,” said co-author Nadine Laporte, a WHRC associate scientist, who coordinated field measurements in Africa.
“The paper is important for two reasons,” said co-author and WHRC senior scientist Richard A. Houghton. “First, it provides a high-resolution map of aboveground biomass density for the world’s tropical forests. Previous maps were of much coarser resolution and yielded wildly different estimates of both regional totals and spatial distribution. Second, the paper calculates a new estimate of carbon emissions from land-use change in the tropics.”
This was done using the co-location of biomass density and deforestation to assign a more representative carbon density to the forests cleared. Previous estimates used ‘average’ biomass densities that may have biased emissions’ estimates. In short, the approach will lead to better tracking of changes in biomass density resulting from degradation and growth.
This will in turn help nations, projects, and groups of all kinds determine better estimates of carbon emissions. These estimates are required nationally for UNFCCC reporting and would support REDD+ should it be implemented. “The study represents a major step forward in the effort to map the current state of global tropical biomass stocks,” commented Greg Asner, an ecologist at the Carnegie Institution for Science. “The 500m resolution of the map will help countries implement activities to improve forest management and to help fight climate change through reduced carbon emissions from deforestation.”
The scientists estimated that tropical forests in America store around 118 billion tons of carbon, a fifth more than indicated by previous findings. For the first time in a large-area mapping effort of this kind, an end-to-end approach was constructed quite literally from the ground up, beginning with a pantropical field campaign, relying on the work of scholars in many different countries, and designed for the optimal integration of field and satellite data. The result is a carbon density map for the tropics with a level of consistency and accuracy never before achieved.
Global measurements of where carbon is accumulating and where it's being lost will be used to better quantify how many carbon credits would be needed to reduce carbon emission under the UNFCCC and, when carbon is valued, to quantify financial rewards. As Richard A. Houghton said, “Your forest may be worth more if it's accumulating more carbon than another forest.”
“Coupling the Lidar and field measurements is what makes this study and our map so unique, and powerful” notes study co-author and WHRC senior scientist Scott Goetz. “Without measurements from a satellite-based Lidar, a study of this nature would not have been possible. We need that capability going forward.”
The study used field measurements collected across the tropics to calibrate light detection and ranging (LiDAR) satellites models and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua and Terra to map the carbon densities in the tropics. The carbon density data set is available for download at http://www.whrc.org/mapping/pantropical/carbon_dataset.html. Satellite processing algorithms and data are available at http://earthengine.google.org/#state=search&q=tag:mcd43a4
For more information, please contact:
Ian Vorster, Director of Communications
More details on WHRC mapping and monitoring projects are available at http://www.whrc.org/mapping/index.html.Figure 1 can be downloaded here: http://www.whrc.org/mapping/pantropical/pdf/Fig_1_biomass_submission1.pdf and viewed as a zoomable map here: http://www.whrc.org/mapping/pantropical/carbon_dataset.html. | <urn:uuid:c906dc48-11bf-475f-9e28-d131cd198d7b> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.whrc.org/news/pressroom/PR-2012-CarbonDataset.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122238694.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175718-00216-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926557 | 1,315 | 3.75 | 4 |
[HISTORY: Adopted by the Mayor and Council of the Borough of Highland Park by Ord. No. 1157 (Ch. 15 of the 1987 Code); amended in its entirety 10-16-2007 by Ord. No. 07-1730. Subsequent amendments noted where applicable.]
This chapter shall be known as the "Tree Removal and Protection Ordinance of the Borough of Highland Park."
The Mayor and Council of the Borough of Highland Park find that the preservation, maintenance, protection and planting of trees aids in the stabilization of soil by the prevention of erosion and sedimentation; reduces stormwater runoff and the potential damage it may create; aids in the removal of pollutants from the air and assists in the generation of oxygen; provides a buffer and screen against noise and pollution; provides protection against severe weather; aids in the control of drainage and restoration of denuded soil subsequent to construction or grading; provides a haven for birds and other wildlife and otherwise enhances the environment; protects and increases property values; preserves and enhances the Borough's physical and aesthetic appearance; and generally protects the public health and safety as well as the general welfare. It is the intent, therefore, of this chapter to regulate and control the indiscriminate and excessive cutting of trees in the Borough. It is the further intent of this chapter to encourage property owners to preserve and build around trees whenever possible.
Trees are declared to be important cultural, ecological, scenic and economic resources. It is recognized that there is a strong relationship between the integrity of the Borough's water resources, development on steep slopes, tree removal, soil disturbance, stormwater management and the general use of the land resources; and a correlation between increased air pollution and high-density residential and commercial or industrial uses. Therefore, the Borough finds that the appropriate management of these resources is an important health, safety and general welfare concern.
The enforcement of this chapter shall be the duty of the Department of Code Enforcement of the Borough of Highland Park in consultation with DPW and its appointees and STAC consultants for the purpose of the regulation, planting, care and control of shade, ornamental and evergreen trees and shrubs in the streets, highways, public places of the Borough and tree removal on all lands within the Borough of Highland Park.
As used in this chapter, the terms hereafter set forth shall be defined and deemed to have the following meanings:
- DIAMETER AT POINT OF MEASUREMENT
- The diameter of a tree measured 4 1/2 feet (forestry method) above the ground level on the downhill side for existing trees. Trees utilized in the replacement of existing trees or proposed as part of a landscape plan shall be measured 12 inches above ground level for trees over a four-inch diameter, and the measurement shall be six inches above grade for trees up to four-inch diameter (nursery method). Diameter at point of measurement may appear as the abbreviation "DPM."
- EXTRAORDINARY TREE
- Any tree with a DPM of 36 inches or greater or any tree designated by the Borough Council as an historic or landmark tree and such other trees or species of tree as the Council may, from time to time, designate as an extraordinary tree.
- MANAGEMENT PLAN
- Plan for the management of timbered or forested lands developed by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), Bureau of Forestry, or similar state or federal agency or the Highland Park Community Forestry Management Plan.
- REPLACEMENT TREE
- A nursery-grown certified tree, properly balled and burlapped, and marked with a durable label indicating genus, species and variety, and satisfying the standards for nursery stock and installation thereof, set forth by the American Association of Nurserymen. Native species are encouraged to be used whenever possible. Nonbiodegradable materials such as plastic must be removed.
- The Shade Tree Advisory Committee (STAC) of the Borough of Highland Park, including any of its duly appointed members and any of its duly authorized agents or employees.
Any term or provision of this chapter that contemplates, directs, regulates or prohibits the doing of any act may, in applicable cases and where the context so requires, be construed to include the causing, allowing, permitting or suffering of such act to be done by others under the direction, control or supervision of the person charged therewith. Every such act shall be deemed to be within the scope of this chapter, regardless of whether it is a deliberate, intentional or purposeful act or a careless, negligent or unintentional act.
It shall be unlawful for any person to cut, destroy or remove, or cause to be cut, destroyed or removed, any tree upon any lands within the Borough that has a caliper diameter at point of measurement (DPM) of three inches or more without a tree removal permit. Tree removal permits shall be issued by the Department of Code Enforcement in consultation with the STAC. Property owners are encouraged to keep and build structures and sidewalks around trees whenever possible. If a tree on private property is less than three inches DPM, a permit is not required unless declared by Borough Council to be an extraordinary tree.
Extraordinary trees. On all real property upon which extraordinary trees are located, trees having been designated as such under the provisions of this chapter shall be maintained in a living condition, and it shall be unlawful for any person to remove such tree without an approved tree removal permit.
Site or tree removal plan. Trees shall be designated as follows and shall require that their location, DPM and type be shown on the site or tree removal plan:
Excepted from specific tree removal permit application and permit fee, but not from tree replacement or from mitigation payments to the tree replacement fund, shall be:
All land-clearing operations as authorized in accordance with a site plan approval or subdivision approval and conditions imposed with respect to tree removal and planting granted by the Planning Board or Board of Adjustment of the Borough in accordance with the provisions of N.J.S.A. 40:55D-20 (exclusive authority of Planning Board and Board of Adjustment). Under no circumstances shall clear-cutting be permitted on any property.
The pruning or trimming of trees in a manner which is not harmful to the health of the tree.
The cutting, removal or destruction of a tree as necessary to construct any structure for which a building permit has been issued by the Borough Construction Official.
The cutting, removal or destruction of any tree pursuant to an order or directive of any municipal, county or state agency or court.
Any person wishing to obtain a permit to remove one or more trees or clear land as required under the provisions of this chapter shall make application to the Department of Code Enforcement by filing a written application and paying such fee as set forth in § 388-7. Where an application as required by this chapter has been submitted, no permit shall be issued until a tree removal and replacement plan for the lot or parcel has been reviewed and approved by the STAC or DPW, and until the sign-off by the Department of Code Enforcement after an on-site inspection or review of a certified tree expert statement as to condition of the tree by the STAC or DPW. A permit shall be issued within 20 business days of submission of an application for a permit.
There is no exemption for any existing and new residential development.
For residential development where tree removal is to occur within public or private roadways/rights-of-way, drainage facilities, parking areas or proposed open space or private property, all trees are subject to replacement in accordance with this chapter. All required escrow and bond fees for said subdivision application, including required tree replacement, shall be verified as paid prior to the issuance of the tree removal permit by the Department of Code Enforcement in consultation with DPW and the STAC.
Nonresidential development. All commercial and industrial developments are required to replace all trees removed in accordance with § 388-11 of this chapter.
The Borough of Highland Park or its agencies is exempt from the permit application process.
Applications for a permit shall be made to the Department of Code Enforcement and shall contain the following information:
The name and address of the applicant.
The name and address of the owner of the property from which the trees are to be removed.
The address, tax lot and block of the property.
The number of trees requested to be removed and the reason for removal.
A tree removal plan consisting of a map drawn to scale showing the following information:
The shape and dimensions of the lot or parcel, including the location of all easements.
The limits of all existing and proposed tree line limits.
The identification and location of all trees to be removed, specifically by an assigned number, species and the DPM of each tree.
The installation and limits of a temporary existing tree protection fence along the limit of proposed tree removal in compliance with § 388-10.
The location of all existing and proposed structures on the property, along with the distance that the trees proposed to be removed are located from such structures and from property lines. A reproduction of the Tax Map or an existing survey modified to provide this information would be acceptable. In the event that the application is for the removal of more than five trees, the tree removal plan must be prepared, signed and sealed by a licensed land surveyor.
Tree removal and replacement plan shall include specific information regarding the disposal of the removed trees in a manner to avoid spreading disease or pests harbored in the wood.
Any other information which may reasonably be required to enable the application to be properly evaluated, including but not limited to a description of the purpose for which this application is to be made; e.g., clearing land for agricultural use, harvesting timber, fire protection, private parks, scenic improvements, hardship, danger to adjacent properties, removal of diseased or damaged trees, transplanting or removal in a growing condition to other locations, installation of utilities, or drainage of surface water.
A tree replacement plan consisting of a map drawn to scale showing the location of all trees to be planted, the species of such trees and their caliper or size as required.
Inspection. The applicant shall place a one-inch-wide red, yellow, or blue ribbon around the trunk of each tree to be removed at a height of 4 1/2 feet above the ground so that the proposed tree removal may be inspected in the field.
All reasonable efforts shall be made to preserve extraordinary trees, including but not limited to, if feasible, relocation of infrastructure, roadways, and buildings. Removal of extraordinary trees shall require the specific written recommendation of DPW in consultation with the STAC and approval of the Borough Council.
If any area of the property for which the tree removal permit is sought meets the definition of "steep slope," as set forth in § 230-122 of this Code, then no trees shall be removed from such area. The tree removal plan required under § 388-6A(5) shall include the delineation of each such steep slope area.
[Added 5-5-2015 by Ord. No. 15-1885]
If any area of the property for which the tree removal permit is sought meets the definition of "riparian zone," as set forth in § 230-196 et seq. of this Code, then no trees shall be removed from such area. The tree removal plan required under § 388-6A(5) shall include the delineation of each such riparian zone.
[Added 5-5-2015 by Ord. No. 15-1885]
[Amended 6-8-2011 by Ord. No. 11-1817]
Upon application for a tree removal permit, the applicant shall pay a permit fee of $100. Such permit shall be valid for 12 months from the date of issuance and shall permit the removal of up to 10 trees from the named property during that period.
Upon receipt of an application for the cutting, destruction or removal of trees, DPW, in consultation with the STAC, shall inspect the site on which the trees sought to be cut, destroyed or removed are located and shall evaluate the drainage and other physical conditions existing on the subject property and adjoining properties. The following factors shall be considered in deciding whether to issue such permit:
Whether the area where the trees are located shall be used for a building or other structure, a patio, a driveway, a recreation area, a roadway, a drainage right-of-way or a sewerage line or whether the trees are located within 15 feet of any of the foregoing.
Whether the topography of the land in which the trees are located is deemed dangerous for the continued existence of the tree or trees located nearby.
Whether the trees, if left undisturbed, are likely to cause a hardship upon the applicant or place the community in danger or affect deleteriously an adjacent property owner.
Whether the proposed cutting, destruction or removal of the trees would change existing drainage patterns, allow soil erosion, increase dust or decrease the fertility of the soil on the land under consideration or shall similarly affect adjacent land or land located downstream from the land under consideration.
Whether the proposed cutting, destruction or removal would impair the growth and redevelopment of the remaining trees on the applicant's property or adjacent property.
Whether the proposed cutting, destruction or removal would constitute a significant change in the screening between existing or proposed buildings on contiguous lots or the wooded aspect of the lot as viewed from the adjacent public road.
Whether the proposed cutting, destruction or removal would constitute a horticulturally advantageous thinning of an existing overgrown area or the removal of dead or diseased trees.
Whether the proposed cutting, destruction or renewal would affect the physical and aesthetic value of the property and the neighborhood or would remediate a safety hazard to persons or structures.
Whether the proposed changes in the topography of the area where such trees are located will have depressed land configuration or fill of land which shall be deemed injurious to the tree or other trees located nearby so as to require welling, construction of an aerification system, or tree removal or replacement.
Whether the tree is to be removed in accordance with a forest management plan or soil conservation plan approved by the DEP or the STAC, with tree replacement or mitigation fees payable to the Tree Replacement Fund.
Whether the tree is on private property or is a street tree in Borough right-of-way. No street tree planted in Borough right-of-way is to be removed by adjacent property owners without permit, permit fee, and replacement or mitigation payment to the Tree Fund, regardless of size. Where tree roots interfere with sidewalks, driveways, or curbs, alternatives to removal need to be considered before removal is permitted. Such alternatives include, but are not limited to, narrowing or curving the paving; mounding the paving; using alternative materials that can flex over roots, such as recycled-rubber paving, bricks, or pavers; cutting out sections of paving; and edging paving with root barriers that encourage roots to grow deeper.
No extraordinary tree shall be removed, unless the STAC and DPW have made this recommendation and the Department of Code Enforcement has issued a permit.
Permission may be granted for the removal of trees, without mitigation, if: The tree is dead, diseased, injured, in danger of falling, poses a safety hazard, or interferes with existing utility service and cannot be reasonably remedied by trimming, as determined by a New Jersey Certified Tree Expert. Or the continued presence of the tree conflicts with any other ordinances or regulations.
All tree removal permits shall be limited to one year from date of issuance as designated by the permit. If the approved tree removal has not occurred within one year, a new permit must be applied for and is subject to the payment of new fees. If, however, the applicant diligently pursues other governmental approval, or if approved development is ongoing, the permit may be renewed for up to two six-month periods. A renewal fee of $100 shall be due and payable for an annual renewal and $50 for a six-month renewal period as stated above.
During construction. In connection with any construction, subsequent to tree removal but prior to the issuance of a building permit or start of construction, the developer shall be required to erect snow fencing or other tree protective barriers acceptable to the Department of Code Enforcement. Such barriers shall be placed at least 10 feet from the trunk of any tree and shall remain in place until the Department of Code Enforcement authorizes the removal of the protection or after issuance of a final certificate of occupancy. No equipment, chemicals, soil deposits or construction materials shall be placed within any area so protected by barriers. Nor shall any attachments or wires be attached to any of said trees so protected. Any landscaping activities subsequent to removal of barriers shall be accomplished with light machinery or hand labor.
A description of the existing tree protective barrier shall be provided on all major applications. The protective barrier shall be a minimum of four feet high.
The protective barrier shall be placed at the dripline of any tree along the limit of clearing and around the entire tree dripline for trees to remain undisturbed within the limit of clearing.
It shall be unlawful for any person in the construction of any structures or other improvements to place solvents, material, construction machinery or temporary soil deposits within the dripline.
Street right-of-way and utility easements may be ribboned by placing stakes a minimum of 50 feet apart and tying ribbon, plastic tape, rope, etc., from stake to stake along the outside perimeters of such areas to be cleared.
No person shall:
Cut down, destroy or remove any tree except as permitted by this article or allow or cause such cutting, destruction or removal.
Cause or allow any willful damage, injury or disfigurement of any tree growing within the Borough. For purposes of this subsection, the actions of any person shall be deemed willful if the damage, injury or disfigurement of any tree is caused as a result of but not limited to the following: cutting, gashing or slitting of any tree; pouring any liquid or other material on any tree or on the nearby ground; construction or placement of any nonporous material on the ground around any tree so as to cut off air, light or water from the roots; or placement or removal of any soil from within 15 feet of any tree; or mounding mulch against the tree trunk.
Store or pile building material or debris or place construction equipment within 10 feet of any tree.
In the event that any tree to be saved in connection with construction as set forth above or any tree planted in mitigation shall die within two years after planting, it shall be replaced by the applicant or property owner within six months.
Any tree removed pursuant to this chapter, unless exempt under § 388-8B, shall be replaced pursuant to at least one of the following criteria:
For each tree with a DPM of three inches or greater that is removed, the applicant shall prepare a replanting scheme for other treeless areas of the property to compensate for the clearing of the tree area. The replanting scheme shall reflect a one-to-one tree replacement unless otherwise stated herein. All replacement trees shall have a DPM of not less than two-inch caliper. For each tree to be removed that is: 1) Three inches DPM but less than five inches, replacement shall be by a single replacement tree; 2) Five inches DPM but less than eight inches, replacement shall be by two replacement trees; 3) Eight inches DPM but less than 10 inches, replacement shall be by three replacement trees; 4) Ten inches DPM or greater, replacement shall be by four replacement trees. A list showing species and size of all proposed replacement trees shall be submitted for review and approval prior to the issuance of a tree removal permit. Based on the recommendation of the Shade Tree Advisory Committee and the Department of Public Works, the Planning Board may designate certain species to be planted.
[Amended 5-5-2015 by Ord. No. 15-1885]
In the event that the tree removal occurs in an area other than as permitted under § 388-8A, mitigation shall be required at a rate of two replacements for each tree removed in addition to any fines levied.
In the event that it is unknown how many trees were removed from any given site, and removal took place without a tree permit issued pursuant to this or the predecessor chapter, the number of trees requiring mitigation shall be computed by the STAC recommendation (based on an average number of trees/lot from comparable lots in the Borough).
Mitigation in any instance is not to be considered a penalty, but rather an implementation of the purposes of this article. Mitigation shall not be a substitute for, but shall be in addition to, any penalty imposed for violation of the provisions of this article.
For sites where trees (regardless of size) cover large portions of the site, so that those portions may be considered woods or forest or recovering woods or forest, the applicant shall prepare a reforestation scheme on other treeless open space to compensate for clearing of the tree area with equal square-foot area of new plantings. If sufficient suitable on-site area is not available, the Department of Code Enforcement or Planning Board, in consultation with the STAC, may direct that the compensating reforestation take place on municipally owned open space.
Reforestation. For sites where multiple trees (regardless of size) cover large portions of the site, so that these portions may be considered woods or forest or recovering woods or forest, that applicant shall prepare a reforestation scheme on the other treeless open space to compensate for clearing of the tree area with equal square-foot area of new plantings. If sufficient suitable on-site area is not available, the Department of Code Enforcement or Planning Board, in consultation with the STAC, may direct that the compensating reforestation take place on municipally owned open space. The reforestation plan shall be based on twenty-foot-by-twenty-foot grid. Of this number of trees, 10% shall be balled and burlapped two-inch to 2 1/2 inch caliper, 20% shall be balled and burlapped 1 3/4 inch by two inches caliper, 30% shall be bare root 1 1/4 inch by 1 1/2 inch caliper and 40% shall be bare root six-foot to eight-foot tall whips. A mixture of trees indigenous to the area and site shall be utilized. Proposed trees shall be planted in natural groves and may be spaced five feet to 20 feet on center. The ground shall be seeded with a meadow grass mixture approved by the STAC.
Tree Replacement Fund. The Department of Code Enforcement and DPW, in consultation with the STAC, may permit an applicant to make a payment to the Borough's Tree Replacement Fund, established hereunder in § 388-12, in lieu of replacement of part or all of the trees removed pursuant to § 388-8. Such payment shall be calculated at a rate of $500 for each deciduous tree and $450 for each evergreen tree.
All replacement trees shall be planted on site in accordance with the foregoing. However, if one or more of the following conditions exist, some or all of the replacement trees may be planted off-site:
The site in question cannot physically accommodate the total replacement amount of trees, and the applicant contributes an amount equal to the calculated monetary value of unreplaced trees to the Tree Replacement Fund; or
The Department of Code Enforcement and applicant agree in writing that the applicant shall make payment to the Tree Replacement Fund based upon the above; or
The Department of Code Enforcement in consultation with DPW and the STAC and applicant agree in writing that the applicant shall plant replacement trees off-site on municipally owned property pursuant to the municipal Community Forestry Management Plan.
All tree replacement requirements and/or fees as set forth in this subsection shall be approved and/or paid prior to the issuance of the tree removal permit by the Department of Code Enforcement in consultation with DPW and/or the STAC.
There is hereby established a Tree Replacement Fund to receive and disburse replacement tree contributions under the supervision of the Mayor and Council of the Borough with the advice of the STAC. The Tree Replacement Fund shall be the repository of all monies paid to the Borough pursuant to § 388-11B of this chapter and may also accept contributions for its purposes from private sources. All funds remitted to the Borough shall be deposited and maintained in a separation designated bank account.
The primary purpose of said fund is to provide for the replacement, planting and maintenance of trees and woody shrubs on public property in the Borough of Highland Park (including groundcovers, grasses, ferns, vines, and forbs when they are part of an ecological project using native plants). Professional consultant fees for administrative and/or consultant costs to implement the provisions of this chapter, including but not limited to site inspections, processing of permits, supervision of tree replacement, and enforcement of this chapter, shall not exceed 30% of the fund, as determined on an annual basis by the Borough Finance Director. Appropriations from the Tree Replacement Fund shall be authorized by the Mayor and Council with the advice of the STAC in accordance with the Community Forestry Management Plan of the Borough.
Whenever trees are replaced pursuant to § 388-8A, the applicant shall post with the Borough Clerk a performance bond for one year in an amount to be determined by the Borough, but in no event to exceed the amount per tree specified in § 388-11B. The performance bond may be either in the form of a cashier certified check made payable to the Borough or in the form of a corporate surety performance bond issued by a New Jersey corporation. No performance bond shall be released except on certification of the Department of Code Enforcement with advice from the STAC and DPW that the replacement tree(s) remain healthy one year after planting. If they are found at that time by DPW or its agents to be healthy and capable of surviving, and other performance requirements have been met, then the Department of Code Enforcement shall order the bond returned. If any trees are not at that point healthy, the tree(s) shall be replaced or payment made to the Tree Replacement Fund.
Any person, firm, partnership, corporation, association or other legal entity violating any of the provisions of this chapter shall, upon conviction of such violation, be punished by a fine not to exceed $1,000 for each offense, in addition to the required mitigation for each tree illegally removed. Each illegally removed tree shall constitute a separate offense. | <urn:uuid:04bf521c-4416-41ec-aff6-b5ffb5f232de> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.ecode360.com/10613923 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948609934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218063927-20171218085927-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.928809 | 5,483 | 2.515625 | 3 |
By using large experimental data sets to feed a machine learning model, we can enable wetland establishment for flood defense by managing the local conditions, thereby overruling uncontrollable global change stressors. This is revealed by an international team of scientists from China, the Netherlands, the UK, and Belgium, in a publication in Geophysical Research Letters.
Worldwide, coastal wetlands like salt marshes and mangroves are increasingly recognized as valuable natural defenses that protect coasts. Tidal salt marshes enhance flood safety by being 'wave absorbers' that protect the dikes behind them, and by being 'flood fighters' that lower the flood depth by limiting the size of breaches when a dike would fail during severe storms. This raises the question if we can establish and restore these wetlands where needed, now that the sea level is rising, and storms become stronger and more frequent.
The increasing vulnerability of coastal wetlands due to climate changes is a global concern, given the many valuable services they provide, like carbon storage and hosting a great biodiversity. "Although the need of restoring coastal wetlands is widely recognized, little is known about the key processes controlling wetland vegetation establishment,"says Zhan Hu, an Associate Professor in marine science at the Sun Yat-Sen University in the Chinese coastal city of Zhuhai.
Using computer models to predict marsh establishment
Hu is the leading author of this paper and headed the international research team consisting of engineers, physical geographers and ecologists. "From the large data sets generated in recent field and laboratory experiments, we know that the establishment process of wetland vegetation is complex and depending on a diverse set of factors in its living environment."
The scientists used machine learning to translate the obtained dataset into predictive models that can forecast marsh establishment under various environmental conditions. "This allowed us to venture out into the unknown future," says Hu.
Local conditions more important than global change
The results of this computer model revealed that marsh establishment can be well managed, despite the ongoing global change. Hu: "The good news is that controllable local conditions are much more important than uncontrollable climate change stressors. Overall, this provides a positive outlook for future coastal wetland restorations."
The use of machine learning provided some important insights on the local scale. "It is especially the sediment supply, the local wave height, and shape of the tidal flat in front of the marsh that we need to control to counteract the threats of changing wind climate and rising sea level" tells Hu.
Smart management of tidal flats to establish marshes
"These findings are important in that they broaden our focus from the dike-protecting marshes, towards managing the whole ecosystem, including the tidal flats fronting the marsh," says Tjeerd Bouma, ecologist from the NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University.
Around the globe, the sediment supply is currently decreasing in many estuaries due to the upstream management of rivers, like building hydraulic dams for power generation. Present study suggests that making using dredged material can counter this effect and strengthen marshes. It also shows that the smart use of simple wave breaking systems can be used to expand the marshes. "The latter was apparently well known by our ancestors" says Bouma, "as this is exactly what was done by the construction of brushwood dams. So, although we must foremost counter global change, as was discussed in the Glasgow-meeting last week, science-based local management measures along our coasts offer great opportunities to facilitate coastal wetland restoration around the globe, in the face of global change."
Source and top image: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research | <urn:uuid:afeebb57-410f-4c83-b7d7-e4ce85c267cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.onartificialintelligence.com/articles/25247/machine-learning-helps-to-locally-restore-wetlands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531779.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520093441-20220520123441-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.941411 | 745 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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