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27 February 2013 is a date that will live in infamy and will be remembered by historians throughout the ages. Yet, that fateful day went unnoticed for most Canadians, and was largely ignored by the mainstream media.
On 27 February 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada issued a type of ruling that western democracies had not seen since the Third Reich or outside of totalitarian regimes such as North Korea or Saudi Arabia.
On 27 February 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the criminalization of free speech in Canada, but went a step further: The highest court on the land also criminalizes the speaking of the truth.
In a 97-page ruling in Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) v. Whatcott, the Supreme Court of Canada essentially rules that speaking the truth is a crime as long as it offends people.
Specifically, the Justices write that "truthful statements can be presented in a manner that would meet the definition of hate speech", that "truth may be used for widely disparate ends", that "the use of truthful statements should not provide a shield in the human rights context." One of the Justices even writes that "not all truthful statements must be free from restriction."
The final blow is added when the Justices rule that:
To the extent that truthful statements are used in a manner or context that exposes a vulnerable group to hatred, their use risks the same potential harmful effects on the vulnerable groups that false statements can provoke. The vulnerable group is no less worthy of protection because the publisher has succeeded in turning true statements into a hateful message. In not providing for a defence of truth, the legislature has said that even truthful statements may be expressed in language or context that exposes a vulnerable group to hatred.
In other words, the truth will be even more criminal if it refers to any group deemed vulnerable, such as Muslims.
Welcome to the 4th Reich. Welcome to Canada. | <urn:uuid:fe6c7dbd-90e2-4fc6-95c9-57762f9fc7ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://norskk.com/folks/2018/3/2/totalitarian-oppression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321786.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824214845-20190825000845-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.952705 | 384 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Elizabeth neighborhood on Charlotte's east side is the city's second oldest streetcar suburb. It was begun in 1891 along what is now Elizabeth Avenue, an easterly extension of East Trade Street which was one of the city's major business and residential streets. The present-day neighborhood includes five separate early subdivisions developed along the Elizabeth Avenue-Hawthorne Lane-Seventh Street trolley line and the Central Avenue trolley line by the 1920s. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, before neighboring Myers Park developed as Charlotte's elite residential area, the tree-shaded main boulevards of Elizabeth were among the city's most fashionable suburban addresses for business and civic leaders.
The early residential development of Elizabeth is but half its history, however. More than any other early Charlotte suburb, Elizabeth has felt the effects of the automobile as it has transformed the city. Charlotte's hospitals left the central business district for suburban Elizabeth beginning in the late teens, and now the neighborhood is the site of two of the city's three general hospitals, and two smaller medical facilities are nearby. Small neighborhood shopping clusters began to form in the twenties. By the 1950s every one of Charlotte's principal east-west traffic arteries sliced through the neighborhood. During the next two decades a private business college and one of North Carolina's largest community colleges built their campuses in Elizabeth, and a 1960s zoning plan encouraged extensive demolition of houses to allow new office development.
Today Elizabeth is a neighborhood of some one thousand structures. The area's earliest dwellings are gone and the intersection of Elizabeth Avenue and Hawthorne Lane, once the neighborhood's residential center, is now an informal dividing point between post-World War II offices to the west and early twentieth century houses to the east. The tree-shaded streets of this easterly part of the neighborhood, however, remain a picturesque and desirable residential area.
Several noteworthy historic sites survive as reminders of Elizabeth's early importance in the city. Independence Park (1905) at the heart of the neighborhood was the city's first public "Pleasure ground" and also the first civic project in the illustrious career of nationally renowned planner John Nolen. 1 Once-prestigious Elizabeth Avenue, Hawthorne Lane, and Clement Avenue still retain the residences of such North Carolina notables as department store pioneer William Henry Belk (1918), bankers and real estate developers J. B. and W. L. Alexander (1910s), and state senator Chase Brenizer (1912). Two nationally prominent figures in the mid-twentieth century also made their homes in the neighborhood: big-band leader Hal Kemp, and Jewish humorist and author Harry Golden.
The Belk Mansion
Residential Subdivisions: the Highland Park DevelopmentThe story of the Elizabeth neighborhood begins with its transformation from rural farmland into a patchwork quilt of residential subdivisions. The first of these was the Highland Park Company's original development along Elizabeth Avenue. It was soon followed by Piedmont Park, Oakhurst, Elizabeth Heights, and Rosemont. Before the streetcar allowed businessmen to commute from downtown jobs to suburban homes, farmers tilled the land on the rolling hillside that sloped down toward Little Sugar Creek. This stream, which I-277 now parallels in part, marked the outer boundary of Charlotte's development until the 1890s. Three country lanes climbed the long, gentle hill. 2 Central Avenue, then known as Lawyers Road, took travelers toward the town of Wadesboro. What is now Seventh Street-Monroe Road went to Monroe, North Carolina. 3 Providence Road led south to Providence Presbyterian Church, originally leaving town via Fourth and Caswell streets rather than along Third Street as it does now. Along the crest of the hill was a fourth lane, today's Pecan Avenue-Caswell Road. It provided a shortcut between the three other routes, a convenience for travelers who had no business to conduct down in town and wished to avoid the long climb back up the hill.
By the 1880s the area also held the city reservoir for Charlotte. A spring-fed stream was dammed to form a series of lakes where Independence Park is now. It is said that the Board of Aldermen sternly forbade wading and fishing in the reservoir until two of their number were discovered late one night in water up to their hips, fishing poles in hand. 4
Changes started in 1891. The small town was coming alive with textile prosperity, and its boosters strove to rebuild it in the image of a modern city. Edward Dilworth Latta took the lead when he opened the city's first "streetcar suburb," called Dilworth, south of town in May of 1891. 5 It was not surprising that Latta was the first in Charlotte to begin suburban development at the end of the new trolley tracks; he also controlled the Charlotte Consolidated Construction Company, which operated the streetcar system itself.
The month after the first lots were auctioned in Dilworth, Latta helped form a group of investors to undertake additional suburban development. The major stockholders in this Highland Park company were not from Charlotte. 6 Colonel James Walker and W.A. Burnett of Spartanburg, South Carolina and J.A. Porter of Asheville, North Carolina controlled the majority of the company's stock. Latta and real estate man Walter S. Alexander led the Charlotte investors, who also included prominent businessmen Walter Brem, Charles H. Duls, Heriot Clarkson, and P.M. Brown. The realty company was evidently allied with the successful Highland Park Mills, which also numbered Latta among its stockholders. 7 Late in 1891, the Highland Park land company purchased the H. M. and J. G. Shannonhouse farm on the hillside east of town. The price of $7,500 for sixty-five acres included what is now the site of Central Piedmont Community College and surrounding businesses, the nucleus of the Elizabeth neighborhood. 8
The developers quickly opened a dirt road through the middle of their tract, extending from the bottom of East Trade Street to the top of the grassy hill. After that, however, development stalled. Latta was finding it difficult to sell lots even in Dilworth, where he had spent large sums on promotion. The town of twelve thousand people was still too small to really need streetcar commuting, and the nationwide depression of 1893 further hampered development for several years.
In 1897, as the nation came out of the depression and Charlotte's textile economy began to prosper, the pace of suburban development in the city picked up. Walter S. Alexander, a hard-driving developer and banker with his own Southern Real Estate, Loan and Trust Company, was now in control of the Highland Park Land Company. Alexander had the Highland Park concern donate a large block of land at the top of their hill to attract a Lutheran women's college. The institution was run by Reverend Charles B. King, son-in-law of tobacco magnate and Duke family associate Gerard S. Watts. 9 Watts gave most of the cash to build an imposing two-story brick building at the head of the dirt road, and King named his school Elizabeth College in honor of Watts' wife Anne Elizabeth Watts. Soon the hillside was known as "Elizabeth Hill" and the fledgling neighborhood officially became Elizabeth. In October of 1897 the dirt road was rebuilt as a grand boulevard named Elizabeth Avenue. 10
Development took off in earnest in 1903 after Latta extended his existing East Trade Street trolley line up the boulevard to Elizabeth College at Elizabeth Avenue and what is now Hawthorne Lane. 11 East Trade was among the city's best addresses, known as "East Avenue" in the tree-shaded blocks of fine residences that stretched from Brevard to McDowell streets. Elizabeth Avenue became a continuation of that upper-income residential area during the 1900s and 1910s.
Many of the Charlotte business leaders who would eventually own landmark mansions in Myers Park lived first on Elizabeth Avenue. Textile heir A. J. Draper, president of the Chadwick-Hoskins Mills at the time, lived on Elizabeth, as did real estate developer 0. J. Thies. So did Robert Lassiter, textile industrialist, son-in-law of the Hanes textile family and president of the prestigious Southern Manufacturers Club (1916-1917).
Among the few large dwellings that survive in the 1980s is the Richard C. Biberstein house (1905) at 1600 Elizabeth Avenue. Biberstein was regarded as one of the piedmont's leading textile mill architects. 12 Nearby is the residence of W. L. and Mamie Bruns (1913) at 1618 Elizabeth Avenue. The Bruns family ran Charlotte's prestigious jewelry store at the Square. 13
The Richard C. Biberstein House
Middle-income dwellings lined the side streets off Elizabeth Avenue. Today a few frame bungalow and rectilinear houses remain on Fourth Street, Fifth Street, Travis Avenue, Bartow Court, and Torrence Avenue to suggest the original character of the district. Most dwellings are single-family, but there is one unusual bungalow-influenced row-house development on Bartow Court.
W.S. Alexander succeeded in attracting many of the city's leading wealthy and middle-income citizens, and the effects of their influence are still manifested in a number of ways. The area was one of five to receive a suburban elementary school in 1907 when city boundaries were expanded to take in the earliest ring of streetcar suburbs. 14 Elizabeth Elementary School on Travis Avenue overlooking Independence Park is still in use. In 1920 the suburb also became the site of the city's white high school, a further indication of Elizabeth's popularity among Charlotte's leaders. 15 Charlotte had operated a high school since the teens in the former First Ward School building; Central High on Elizabeth Avenue became the city's first structure built specifically for public secondary education. Designed by Lockwood, Greene and Company, industrial engineers and architects under the direction of J. Norman Pease, the building continues to function as an educational facility today and is now part of Central Piedmont Community College.
Central High School
Residential Subdivisions- Piedmont Park and OakhurstIn 1900, work commenced on the Elizabeth area's next subdivision, a development known as Piedmont Park. 16 Interested men behind the project overlapped with other suburban developments, as was so frequently the case in Charlotte. Included were Walter Brem from the Highland Park Company; B. D. Heath who was president of the Charlotte National Bank; a recently-arrived real estate man named F. C. Abbott; and a young man by the name of George Stephens who would later create Myers Park. Abbott wrote in his memoirs:
The Piedmont Realty Company was organized and purchased the eighty-six acre farm of Colonel W. R. Myers located just over the city line at the intersection of Monroe Road (now East Seventh Street) and Lawyers Road (now Central Avenue). The property was surveyed by competent engineers and mapped into two hundred and eighty-six lots, and the development of Piedmont Park was started. 17
Today the strangely angled street grid in this area reflects the trapezoidal property lines of the original Myers farm. 18 Piedmont Park streets include Jackson, Prospect, Piedmont, Beaumont, and parts of Louise, Sunnyside, and Central. It seems likely that old Lawyers Road was renamed Central because it formed the central boulevard of the subdivision.
Inspired by Latta Park in Dilworth, the Piedmont Park developers set aside six acres at the heart of their neighborhood for parkland. Winding drives and greenery extended from Sunnyside Avenue down to Seventh Street. Planted with roses by the Charlotte Garden Club in 1931 the Sunnyside Rose Garden later became a city showplace. 19 It was featured on postcards and in Chamber of Commerce literature for years, until it was sacrificed to build Independence Boulevard.
As soon as the Piedmont Park subdivision had been laid out in 1900, partner Heath purchased the next piece of farmland out Central Avenue on his own. 20 The land straddled the single-track main line of the Seaboard Railroad, and Heath quickly sold factory sites to Barnhardt Manufacturing, a cotton concern; Cole Manufacturing, a maker of farming implements; and the Charlotte Casket Company. In 1903 he laid out the streets of a residential subdivision adjoining the factories and named it Oakhurst (not to be confused with a later Oakhurst neighborhood out Monroe Road developed in the 1940s and 1950s). 21 The subdivision included the beginnings of what is now the Plaza-Midwood neighborhood as well as part of Elizabeth. 22 Oakhurst streets in present-day Elizabeth are Bay Street, tiny Heath Court, and parts of Oakland, Lamar, Sunnyside, Hawthorne, Clement, Central, and Independence.
Much like Elizabeth Avenue, Central Avenue running through Piedmont Park and Oakhurst became a fashionable residential boulevard. The trolley from downtown ran along its center to a point just beyond the intersection of Hawthorne Lane, where it turned north into the Villa Heights neighborhood. Heath himself had a large residence on Central near Louise Avenue. His neighbors included manufacturers Cole and Barnhardt and such leading downtown merchants as furniture and piano store partners Charles M. Parker and J. O. Gardner. Perhaps the best-remembered early Central Avenue resident was J. B. Ivey, founder of the Ivey's Department Store chain. Of these fine houses, only Parker's residence remains today. 23
Off the boulevard, the sidestreets filled up with wooden Bungalow and Rectilinear style residences. Piedmont Park, closest to town, quickly attracted more than its share of the city's most important middle-income citizens. Many of the men who managed the day-to-day affairs of the city's larger businesses lived there, such as Curtis Mees, chief designer for Southern Power (406 Louise Avenue, 1913); Zebulon Vance Linker, assistant superintendent of the Charlotte Post Office (1432 East Seventh Street, 1922); and George C. Heath, manager for Hedgepeth & Rucker cotton brokers (436 Beaumont Avenue, 1916). Here, too, were the owners of Charlotte's smaller downtown businesses, with their homes grouped near those of the leading Belk and Ivey families, much as their shops were clustered in the shadow of the major department stores. Among these merchants could be found Tryon Street jeweler Charles Elam (1415 East Seventh Street, 1913); James D. Pickard, owner of the Queen City Cycle Company (528 Beaumont Avenue, 1914); Frank M. Hice, of Hice and Williamson Coffee Shop (410 Beaumont Avenue, 1928); George Dooley of Elam and Dooley Printers (620 Louise Avenue, 1918); attorney and Republican politician Jake Newell (819 Sunnyside Avenue, 1914). 24 Two other common occupations in Piedmont Park's early years were those of bookkeeper, and -- that mainstay of Charlotte middle-income neighborhoods -- the traveling salesman.
In addition to the single-family houses there were a handful of small multi-family structures on Hawthorne Lane and Louise Street. These were located just off the Central Avenue trolley line for commuters to downtown and were also within walking distance of the Louise Mill and other factories. The most imposing of these is the Rentzler Apartments (1930) at 712 Louise Avenue. It is a three-story structure with a central hall flanked by apartments on each floor. The facade is an elegant Neo-Classical exercise in red brick with stone trim.
Residential Subdivisions: Elizabeth HeightsWith Elizabeth Avenue, Piedmont Park, and Oakhurst development underway, W. S. Alexander decided it was time to develop the land beyond the end of Elizabeth Avenue. In 1904 he and his partners filed a plat for Elizabeth Heights. 25 It set out Hawthorne Lane (then called Kingston), East Eighth Street, and much of East Seventh, East Fifth, Lamar, Clement, Clarice, Ridgeway, and Laurel.
The most important feature of the new design was the large park at its center. The city reservoir which had occupied the hollow parallel to Seventh Street had been drained about 1900 and replaced by a new larger reservoir north of the city (today the site of the Oaklawn Cemetery). 26 Alexander and other adjoining landowners decided to donate this low-lying, poorly-drained land to the city, at the same time that Abbott and Stephens donated the parkland that was to become the Sunnyside Rose Garden. The result was Independence Park, which officially became Charlotte's first public park on August 1, 1904. 27
In November of that year the city created the Charlotte Park and Tree Commission to oversee construction of the facility. 28 The Commission also took on the refurbishing of two other public spaces, the old town cemetery behind First Presbyterian Church in the center of the city, and the area called Vance Square around the Post Office and United States Mint Building on West Trade Street. The Commission's executive secretary was Piedmont Park developer George Stephens and the membership consisted largely of the men who had donated the Independence tract.
By June of 1905 the Commission had made contact with several landscape architects for the purpose of soliciting proposals for the three projects. 29 Their final choice was John Nolen, a student completing his last year in the School of Landscape Architecture at Harvard University. The Independence project represented an important step in the designer's budding career.
In 1904, nearly a year before graduation, he began landscaping private homes in Ardmore and a West Philadelphia factory ground for Joseph Fels, the famed soap tycoon . On May 29, 1905, Nolen noted in his diary, "Definite Engagement for Charlotte, N.C. First Important landscape work." This was his first real breakthrough to civic work, thanks to the recommendation of [Harvard] President Eliot and several professors. Here Nolen began his lifelong friendship with George Stephens. Nolen was allowed to forego his final exams in order to begin the Charlotte work, but he hurried home in late June to receive his Master of Arts degree from Harvard, at commencement attended by President Theodore Roosevelt. 29
The choice of John Nolen was to prove extremely propitious for Charlotte and North Carolina in general. From his start with Independence Park, Nolen went on to become one of the most important landscape architects and city planners of the early twentieth century. 30 He executed over 400 projects nationwide before his death in 1937, ranging from private estates to masterplans for cities (including Madison, Wisconsin, and San Diego, California) to some of America's first regional plans. 31 Nolen also helped found city planning's first professional organizations and wrote and lectured prolifically on behalf of parks and planning . Nolen's friendship with Stephens resulted in a number of North Carolina projects. These included the Kanuga Lake resort community (now an Episcopal Church retreat), Charlotte's Myers Park suburb, city plans for Asheville and Charlotte, and a major expansion of the campus of Stephens' alma mater, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Unfortunately it is not possible to determine which elements of today's Independence Park are part of John Nolen's original design. Nolen's plans for the park are lost, and are believed to have been destroyed before his professional papers were placed in the archives of Cornell University. 32 It is known that winding Park Drive bordering the area was already mapped before Nolen arrived, but it is likely that he determined the park's internal geography. 33 Many of the present trees are arranged with a studied informality in keeping with Nolen's naturalistic philosophy.
Subsequently, two noteworthy Charlotte landscape architects have contributed to Independence Park. Helen Hodge, one of the first female members of the profession in the South, created the Arhelger Memorial Glen at Hawthorne Lane and Seventh Street in 1931. A stone pavilion, pool, and miniature cascade honor the memory of Lillian Arhelger, a school teacher who fell to her death while rescuing a young charge on a field trip to a mountain waterfall. 34 Leigh Colyer, believed to have been among the Carolinas' earliest landscape architects, is said to have added the circular rose garden that now occupies the southeast end of the park.
With the construction of Independence Park, the two blocks of Hawthorne Lane between it and Elizabeth Avenue became some of Charlotte's most desirable residential real estate. The street already commanded an impressive vista down Elizabeth Hill toward town, and it was adjacent to the tennis courts, landscaped lawns, and frequent concerts of Elizabeth College. The location attracted such affluent citizens as James Staten, a real estate man and manager of the Little-Long drygoods store. Staten commissioned local architect Franklin Gordon to design a white- columned Neo-Classical house at Hawthorne Lane and Park Drive overlooking the park in 1914. 35
The grandest mansion was that of William Henry Belk, the merchant who founded Belk's Department Store and built it into one of the South's largest department store chains. Belk had lived for years at the Central Hotel in the heart of the city within sight of his store. In 1918, after marrying at the age of fifty-three, he moved out to suburban Elizabeth Heights. 36 Belk's choice of neighborhood was a mark of the prestige that Elizabeth retained even after the 1911 opening of Myers Park. The large brick Belk residence (1918) still stands at Hawthorne and Fifth streets on the grounds of Presbyterian Hospital in Elizabeth.
Near these fine Elizabeth Hill dwellings the suburb's four leading churches were built. St. Martin's was Charlotte's second suburban Episcopal church when it opened in 1912 on East Seventh Street, just off Hawthorne Lane overlooking the park. Next came the large Hawthorne Lane Methodist Church in 1914. Oakhurst subdivision developer B. D. Heath donated the land, and department store founder J. B. Ivey raised most of the money. Both prominent parishioners lived within walking distance of the new edifice. M.I.T.-trained Charlotte architect Louis Asbury provided its design. 37 Caldwell Presbyterian Church came third in 1922, located on East Fifth Street immediately west of Hawthorne Lane.
The fourth Elizabeth church surpassed even Asbury's effort in its architectural distinction. The congregation of St. John's Baptist Church purchased a large corner lot on Hawthorne Lane, at the top of the hill and across Fifth Street from the Belk Mansion. They commissioned the city's busiest church designer, James M. McMichael, based on the success of his previous East Avenue Tabernacle and First Baptist Church downtown. McMichael's design for St. John's Church, completed in 1925, is a striking steeple-less building of limestone and blond brick strongly influenced by the drawings of Renaissance master Andrea Palladio. 38 With the completion of St. John's Church, the Belk mansion, and the Staten mansion, Hawthorne Lane became a stunning promenade of Neoclassical architecture.
It was to be expected that Hawthorne Lane would develop as a prestigious residential avenue, as well as being a major trolley and traffic route. Well into the twentieth century, wealthy Charlotteans preferred to build their mansions on the city's busiest streets. This custom dated back into the eighteenth century when Trade and Tryon streets were lined with the city's finest houses. Elizabeth Avenue in the original Highland Park development, Hawthorne Lane in Elizabeth Heights, and Central Avenue in Piedmont Park -- all major trolley routes -- extended this pattern into the eastside subdivisions.
Surprisingly, however, Elizabeth Heights had a second prestige street in addition to Hawthorne Lane. Clement Avenue off Seventh Street was a wide, tree-lined boulevard with the large residences of several business leaders and a number of the city's most prominent lawyers. Real estate developers and partners in the Elizabeth Heights project John B. and Walter L. Alexander built a pair of huge, wood-shingled residences for themselves on the street in the early 1910s. Nearby were the dwellings of North Carolina State Supreme Court Justice Heriot Clarkson (1910), state senator Francis O. Clarkson (1924), Charlotte Chamber of Commerce co-founder and state senator Chase Brenizer (1912), and several other leading lawyers. 39 Yet Clement Avenue is not a major thoroughfare and never had a streetcar line.
The solution to the mystery can be found in the original plat maps for the subdivision. 40 Clement Avenue was indeed intended to be a trolley route -- the reason for its unusual width -- and was apparently planned to extend through the Oakhurst area to Central Avenue. Why the plans were changed is not known, but the result has been a secluded residential street, cut off from the pressures of automobile traffic and redevelopment that have destroyed the special character of most of Charlotte's other prestigious boulevards. With the exception of the Heriot Clarkson house, demolished to open East Eighth Street in the 1920s, Clement Avenue today still looks much as it did in its heyday.
Off of the main boulevards, the side streets of Elizabeth Heights attracted the same sort of middle-income residents found in Piedmont Park. Harry P. Murray, who owned a tailor shop at 31 South Tryon Street, lived in a handsome wood-shingled residence (ca. 1921) facing Independence Park at Park Drive and Clement Avenue. Norman Cocke, the utility executive who later became director of Duke Power and is remembered in the naming of Lake Norman, rented in Elizabeth Heights while he was waiting for his Myers Park house to be completed. 41 His rental house, at East Eighth and Hawthorne Lane, is a unique example of the English Cottage style (ca. 1913).
The most famous middle-class resident was the son of Southern Railway bridge engineer T. D. Kemp. Kemp moved his family into a modest bungalow at 1604 East Eighth Street just off Hawthorne Lane in 1921. It was there that his teen-aged son Hal formed his first musical group with a younger piano player named John Scott Trotter. 42 By the late 1930s the Hal Kemp Orchestra was one of the most popular of the so-called "sweet" sounding big-bands in the United States, responsible for such hits as "I've Got a Date with an Angel" and "You're the Top." After Kemp's death in a 1940 automobile accident, Trotter went on to become crooner Bing Crosby's musical arranger, providing the accompaniment for such classic recordings as "White Christmas." Big-band authority George T. Simon has called the Hal Kemp Orchestra of the 1930s "one of the greatest sweet bands of all time." 43
The Kemp house, which had been built by a local contractor named W. A. Crowell about 1911, is typical of Elizabeth Heights architecture. 44 The neighborhood's straight streets are lined with similar wood-shingled Bungalows, plus a scattering of brick and stucco dwellings in the Rectilinear, Tudor, and Colonial Revival styles. Almost all the structures are single-family dwellings, sited with similar setbacks on medium-sized lots. A smaller number of quadraplexes and duplexes are scattered throughout the subdivision, along with a couple of slightly larger multi-unit buildings from the 1920s.
Though the main part of the Elizabeth Heights subdivision was around Independence Park, a long sliver of land extended east between Monroe Road and the present-day Seaboard railroad track. The area resembles the rest of the middle-class streets in the subdivision, but has several sites of special interest. At 2421 Weddington Avenue is an old farmhouse that appears to date from the late nineteenth century, the last rural structure to survive in Elizabeth. Its earliest known occupants were Wilson and Lelia Snell in 1913, but the house is surely older than that, a legacy of the years when Monroe Road ran where Weddington is now.
A few blocks away, near where the railroad crosses Monroe Road, is the former fire department training school. Its main building, the Palmer Fire School, is a handsome stone structure built with federal Works Progress Administration labor in the late 1930s. 45 Another legacy of that decade is the huge silver orb of a city water tower perched on steel stilts at Eighth and Pecan Streets, the highest ground in this part of the city. It is one of several towers erected in 1937 when Charlotte rebuilt its municipal water supply system. 46
The Residential Subdivisions: RosemontThe last piece in the patchwork quilt of the Elizabeth neighborhood was, not coincidentally, also the farthest from town. Henry C. Dotger owned a fine farmhouse on the south side of Monroe Road near the present corner of Ridgeway Avenue. Dotger's lands extended from what is now Caswell Road to Briar Creek. About 1913 plans were made to develop this tract as Dotger Estates, also known as The Pines. A plat map drawn August 19, 1913, showed the first block of East Fifth Street and curving Greenway Avenue (then labeled Sixth Street) as they exist today. 47 A unique feature of the plan was a mid-block "trolley walk." The streetcar line for the subdivision was the Elizabeth Avenue-Hawthorne Lane-Seventh Street route, and it ended on Seventh Street at Clarice Avenue. At the terminus, a sidewalk cut through the long blocks to Greenway and East Fifth Street, putting all lots in the new subdivision within a two-block walk of the trolley.
In March of 1915, Dotger sold his property to the Rosemont Company, a development firm chartered by George Watts and Gilbert C. White of Durham, North Carolina, and C. B. Bryant, W. S. Lee, Z. V. Taylor, E. C. Marshall, and Cameron Morrison of Charlotte. 48 In 1916 Gilbert White, who was a civil engineer by profession, made arrangements with John Nolen to draw up a plan for the undeveloped portion of the tract, which was now known as Rosemont. 49 Nolen's field assistant Earle Sumner Draper photographed the overgrown farmland, wrote a long letter answering Nolen's questions about the tract's relationship to surrounding environment, and sent maps to the firm's office in Boston where Nolen created a design.
Little is known about that scheme, except that one of Nolen's suggestions was that Fifth Street be curved to meet Seventh, an idea that was implemented. It is likely that the area was to be laid out in picturesque curves, a Nolen trademark. The Rosemont plans do not survive in Nolen's papers at Cornell University, but there is an itemized bill to White sent upon completion of the work, for a total of $158.23. 50
About 1918 White evidently ran into financial difficulties, and sold his property to Charlotte real estate man E. C. Griffith. Griffith had earlier laid out the Wesley Heights neighborhood and the West Morehead Street industrial district just West of town. He is best remembered today for his creation of the city's posh Eastover neighborhood in the late 1920s. In Rosemont, Griffith apparently discarded Nolen's plan, perhaps due to the costs involved in surveying curved streets and oddly shaped lots. Kenmore, Emerson, Dotger, Cameron, and Ridgeway streets, plus part of Laurel and the undeveloped blocks of Greenway, were built in an unimaginative grid of straight avenues. 51 Nolen and his plan were never mentioned in Griffith's promotional material.
Griffith's method of selling real estate embodied new trends in salesmanship. For Wesley Heights, his first large project, he had hired Fairlawn Realty Company of Indianapolis, Indiana, to conduct the sale. Clarence W. Todd, who came to town as a salesman for Fairlawn, remembers:
The firm had a nationwide plan for selling subdivisions. They would set up the sales office on the site, staff it, do advertising, and so on. I worked for them in several cities -- Savannah, Georgia, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Pennsylvania -- before coining to Charlotte to sell Wesley Heights. I liked Charlotte and was tired of traveling -- I had a family -- so I just stayed with Griffith. 52
Griffith and Todd used the same techniques in Rosemont, and many of Todd's advertisements for the subdivision survive today. They demonstrate his skill at drumming excitement in house lots. A 1923 flyer with pictures of completed houses trumpeted:
670 HOMES ERECTED DURING 1923. The number of new homes necessary to provide for Charlotte's continued growth will increase each year. You will readily see the necessity of securing NOW a desirable lot in such a section as ROSEMONT . . .. Phone us at once for an appointment. This special offering closes June 1st." 53
Another flyer was a huge poster with "ROSEMONT" in three-inch letters and a map of lots with a list of prices of those still unsold. Costs ranged from $1500 on Fifth Street near Osbourne Avenue to $2500 on Seventh Street at Laurel Avenue. Todd's copy read, in part:
IDEAL LOCATION. Situated on high elevation amid surroundings of known character "ROSEMONT" is conceded to be the choicest home section of Charlotte. The excellent community spirit and community advantages of this particular section of the city guarantees the safety of your investment and the desirability of owning a home in ROSEMONT. . . . TERMS: Twenty percent cash and ten percent each six months are our minimum terms. Were you ever offered such a payment plan as this? Certainly not! This is not only an opportunity to save money, but also to make a small investment that will soon grow into an estate of value. 54
A 1925 newspaper ad proclaimed a
ONE WEEK SPECIAL SALE OF ROSEMONT HOMESITES! including the new lots just developed on KENMORE AVENUE. Here is an opportunity to buy a choice wooded homesite, on a strictly residential thoroughfare, unhampered by the noise, dust, and inconvenience of traffic . . .. 55
Todd's salesmanship could be quite effective. He bought one of the Kenmore lots himself and lived there for many years.
The Rosemont section as developed by the Griffith company during the 1920s was thoroughly middle-income. Unlike earlier parts of Elizabeth it had no boulevard of imposing residences. This was indicative of a major shift in the development patterns of the city after the First World War. More and more the city came to be segregated by income. In Rosemont numerous large duplexes could be found on Greenway Avenue, often with the owner living on one side and renting the other. Small Tudor style cottages and Bungalows made up the single-family offerings. The predominant building material was brick, the favorite of most Charlotteans in the 1920s, which offered a subtle contrast to the wooden weatherboarded and shingled frame dwellings that characterized earlier sections of Elizabeth.
Non-Residential Development: The HospitalsBy the mid 1910s, residential development was underway in all of Charlotte's eastside subdivisions. Despite the number of individual developers at work and the variations in income level and age of houses, the areas were essentially alike -- tree-lined streets of residences. One could walk from The Plaza in the Chatham Estates subdivision to Louise Avenue in the Piedmont Park development to Elizabeth Avenue in the earliest Highland Park tract to Colonial Park on Providence Road in the Crescent Heights subdivision without ever leaving residential avenues. One would never have guessed that this patchwork of similar subdivisions would eventually be considered three distinct neighborhoods.
Beginning in the late teens, various types of nonresidential development were introduced on the east side. Hospitals, small shopping areas, offices, and colleges, together with widened thoroughfares, served to differentiate one part of the area from another. By the 1960s the east side was no longer perceived by residents as an unbroken residential district. In 1979 the Charlotte City Planning Commission conducted a study that set official boundaries for three east side neighborhoods: Plaza-Midwood, Elizabeth, and Crescent Heights. 56
In the subdivisions that would become Elizabeth, new hospitals took the lead in providing the neighborhood with a special identity. In 1916 Mercy Hospital purchased a large block of the Rosemont subdivision at the intersection of Fifth Street and Caswell Road. 57 Mercy had been founded in 1906 under the auspices of the Catholic Church and had had its original quarters in a two-story frame building near St. Peters Catholic Church downtown. 58 Charlotte architect Franklin Gordon designed its new three-story brick building in Rosemont in the Tudor Revival style, probably the first use of that architectural mode in the city. 59
Mercy's move signified the beginning of a shift of all of the town's hospitals from the central city to the less expensive land of the suburbs. Hospital directors recognized that the city's rapid population growth would likely mean continued hospital expansion -- costly, if not impossible, in the densely built-up downtown. The new suburban sites were also convenient to new upper and middle-income residential areas including, probably not coincidentally, the homes of the directors themselves.
The second hospital to leave Charlotte's central city also came to the Elizabeth neighborhood. Elizabeth College had moved to Salem, Virginia, in the mid 1910s, and in 1918 Presbyterian Hospital left an old building on West Trade Street downtown and came out to the abandoned campus. 60 Presbyterian nearly went bankrupt in the mid 1920s, but its administrators were able to enlist the aid of powerful community leaders including Duke Power president William States Lee and Ivey's Department Store executive David Ovens; the institution survived and began to grow. 61 Presbyterian's first new building was erected in 1940, and over the years expansion has swallowed up the rest of the oversized block bounded by Hawthorne Lane, Fifth Street, Caswell Road, and Randolph Road. Since 1972 alone, the hospital has been rebuilt at its Hawthorne Lane location. At a cost of more than $50 million, eleven new buildings or major additions have been completed. Several buildings, including the old Elizabeth College building, have been demolished. 62 Only the Belk mansion, donated to the hospital by the department store family, remains on the block, its broad lawns now paved for parking.
Mercy, on the other side of Caswell Road, has also expanded over the years to occupy a long block. Major additions included the East Wing in 1932 facing Fifth Street, the West Wing in 1939, and a Diagnostic Wing in 1952. 63 As with Presbyterian, the pace of expansion has accelerated in the last decade. The year 1974 saw completion of a large new wing that shifted the institution's main entrance to Vail Avenue, and-1981 witnessed the opening of a major emergency room addition facing East Fifth Street. 64
The last two decades also saw the construction of two more hospitals adjacent to the Elizabeth neighborhood. In 1966 Charlotte Eye Ear and Throat Hospital moved from its 1923 clinic downtown on Seventh Street to a new building near Third Street and Queens Road at the edge of the Myers Park neighborhood. 65 The modern structure by Charlotte architect Walter Hook is a two block walk from Presbyterian Hospital. Even closer is Charlotte Orthopaedic Hospital. Its new buildings at Randolph and Caswell, built as a nursing home in the early 1970s and converted to a specialty hospital in 1976, replaced a number of bungalows behind Presbyterian Hospital at the edge of the neighborhood. 66 Added to this tight clustering of medical facilities is Charlotte Memorial Hospital, a mile away in Dilworth. The grouping of all of the city's hospitals in or near Elizabeth has brought great pressure for redevelopment of residential areas into medical affiliated occupancies.
Non-residential Development: Stores, Offices, and HighwaysIn the early days, most upper-class and even middle-income suburban households did their major shopping downtown. The best grocery stores were in the center city, and they regularly made suburban deliveries. During the 1920s and 30s, this slowly started to change. At major intersections along the trolley routes in the suburbs, small clusters of shops grew up. The most common early suburban business was the drugstore with a soda fountain that served as a neighborhood gathering place for youngsters and families. These were often joined by a convenience grocery to supply necessities between orders from downtown. Large clusters also included such personal services as laundries, barbers' and beauticians' shops, filling stations, and florists.
Three such nodes developed in the Elizabeth area beginning in the twenties. The largest, at Hawthorne Lane and Elizabeth Avenue, had the Hawthorne Pharmacy, Grier's Grocery, a branch Post Office, the Charlotte Flower Shop, a dentist, a beautician, a barber, Mrs. Mamie Bruns' Jack and Jill Kindergarten, and in 1938 the city's first neighborhood movie theatre, the Visualite (most recently Maynard's Jazz Club). Near the end of the Seventh Street trolley line, at Pecan Avenue, could be found a second neighborhood center. It consisted of a single compact building holding Stanley's Drugstore, two groceries, and a barber shop. The third node was on Hawthorne Lane at the corner where the trolley turned onto Seventh Avenue. There one could find Sheppard's Drugstore and a large Colonial Revival style automobile service station. 67
The most important suburban commercial center for the area was not in Elizabeth itself. On Central Avenue in present-day Plaza-Midwood was a large streetcar shopping strip boasting four grocery stores, three filling stations, a hardware store, dry cleaner, coffee shop and druggist by the late 1930s. Its location within walking distance but outside of what is now thought of as Elizabeth underscores the seamless pattern of residential development in the decades before the Second World War.
The year 1938 marked a turning point in the character of Charlotte's early suburbs. In that year Duke Power ended trolley service as Charlotte's middle as well as upper-income residents turned more and more to private automobiles. 68 By the 1950s increasing traffic was making the old main boulevards undesirable for fine residences. As the early generation of well-to-do owners on Elizabeth Avenue, Hawthorne Lane and Central Avenue grew old and gave up their houses, they were replaced by middle-income families in need of large, inexpensive homes, who sometimes rented instead of buying.
This sort of "decline" could sometimes unexpectedly enrich the neighborhood. Such was the case in the 1950s when Harry Golden, noted Jewish journalist and humorist, moved his home and office to a spacious and inexpensive "high-porched house built before the Great Wars on Elizabeth Avenue... one of those old-fashioned dwellings built in the days of big families and big dining rooms." 69 Golden wrote and published a unique newspaper called the Carolina Israelite that combined reminiscences of his New York immigrant upbringing with witty comment on current affairs. He gained national acclaim as one of the great southern liberal voices of the integration era.
His Golden Vertical Plan of Integration, for instance, took tongue-in-cheek note of the fact that Southerners showed no reluctance to serve Negroes at department store check-outs and even stand-up lunch counters. He proposed removing seats from all restaurants and schools, reasoning that as long as whites were not required to sit with blacks, there would be no resistance to integration. In 1958 he collected a number of his short columns in a book entitled Only in America. It and a subsequent volume, For 2¢ Plain, rose to the top of the best-seller lists, and their titles became part of the popular language across the nation. 70
Many of the era's cultural leaders visited the house on Elizabeth Avenue. Carl Sandburg came often and called Golden "an apostle of freedom, a friend and a voice of 'those who love liberty, unselfishly, everywhere.'" 71 On November 24, 1963, the morning following the assassination of President Kennedy, the Norman Luboff Choir interrupted a road trip to visit Golden, and as the author later wrote:
They gathered around me as I delivered a speech about the assassinated President, the South, and a few other subjects. And then Mr. Luboff led this majestic choir in a private concert right on my porch at 1312 Elizabeth Avenue in a drizzling rain. It was one of those moments you remember the rest of your life. 72
Despite the diversity that Harry Golden and others brought to Elizabeth, in the long run the decline of the old residential boulevards split the eastside subdivisions. Once the area's strongest residential feature, the boulevards became its weakest as uses changed from residence to office. The large houses with their fine yards, Golden's included, were demolished to erect hastily-built one-story office buildings and parking lots. Heavy traffic on the streets themselves discouraged pedestrians from even walking from one part of the old subdivisions to another. Once strong spines that united the east side, Elizabeth Avenue and Central Avenue (and to a lesser extent Seventh Street) now became barriers that divided it.
The greatest barrier was a new freeway. Independence Boulevard was Charlotte's first high-speed thoroughfare when its first leg opened in 1946. 73 Coming out of downtown it sliced through the original Highland Park subdivision of Elizabeth along the route of what had been Fox Avenue, a quiet residential street crossing Elizabeth Avenue just above Central Avenue. Next, the highway cut across the body of Independence Park and up the hill into the old Piedmont Park subdivision, obliterating the Sunnyside Rose Garden. Independence Boulevard, in fact, took its name from the park, and it appears that the highway's circuitous route was chosen in part to take advantage of this "free" land. 74
From there, the boulevard cut a wide swath through the Oakhurst subdivision, transforming what had once been a tree-lined avenue of bungalows named High Street, and continued eastward out of the city.
As Independence Boulevard and the office-commercial redevelopment of Elizabeth Avenue and Central Avenue cut the east side apart, people began to consider themselves residents of "Elizabeth" or "Plaza-Midwood" or "Crescent Heights," rather than of the original subdivisions or of the east side as whole. The old Oakhurst subdivision, for example, had once been tied together by the houses that lined Central Avenue. As stores replaced the dwellings, the tract split into two sections, one of which was now thought of as part of Elizabeth, the other as part of Plaza-Midwood. Even the names of the original subdivisions faded from memory as residents came to think of themselves as part of the larger neighborhoods, and Oakhurst, Rosemont, Piedmont Park, and Elizabeth Heights were forgotten.
This tendency was heightened as the area's commercial districts grew. As Independence Boulevard and related projects changed pedestrian and automobile traffic patterns, the small centers within the neighborhood developed more fully, and in the process reinforced Elizabeth's sense of identity. On Elizabeth Avenue, more stores replaced old residences. At Seventh Street and Hawthorne Lane, where Sheppard's Drug Store had by this time become Spoon's Ice Cream Parlor, another gas station was added. On Central Avenue at Louise and Tenth streets, a whole new center came into existence. It replaced the B. D. Heath and J. B. Ivey residences with a grocery store, convenience stores, and service station.
The greatest commercial changes took place at Seventh and Caswell streets, where there had been only the single brick building housing Stanley's drugstore, two small grocery shops, and a barber. When Independence Boulevard opened, it cut off the residences near Stanley's from pedestrian access to the stores on Central Avenue. At the same time, Independence included an exit onto Caswell Road, increasing automobile traffic. Soon three gas stations replaced houses on the three residential corners at Caswell and Seventh streets. In 1952, Stanley's Drugstore demolished several houses next to the original brick building on the fourth corner and built a small strip shopping center for themselves and a handful of other shops. 75 Research to date indicates that this structure was Charlotte's first true automobile-oriented shopping development, one with parking in front of the stores. The shops and service stations -- one later converted to a restaurant and neighborhood tavern -- together with nearby residential blocks became known informally as "Stanleyville," an indication of the strong community identity such a center could generate.
The growth of commercial centers in Elizabeth in the post-World War II era seems thus to have generally strengthened the neighborhood, despite the small loss of housing stock involved, and put a wide variety of commercial offerings within walking distance of residents. The concurrent trend toward office development along the main thoroughfares, on the other hand, had the opposite effect.
The changes, which had begun slowly in the 1950s, accelerated after 1960. In that year the Charlotte City Council adopted its first comprehensive zoning ordinance. 76 The authors of the ordinance held the assumption, widely accepted at the time, that the city's streetcar suburbs had no future in the auto age. They saw residents leaving to commute from sprawling automobile suburbs, allowing the old neighborhoods to be zoned for non-residential development.
The ordinance zoned nearly half of Elizabeth for demolition. When the plan was approved, homes still ringed Independence Park and lined much of Elizabeth Avenue and Central Avenue. A report on these blocks by the city's Planning Commission two years after the ordinance was adopted acknowledged that "this tract is still extensively residential ..." and noted that "the housing has been fairly well maintained..." with even those few structures identified as "deteriorated" in reality needing only minor repairs. 77 Nevertheless, the plan decreed that all of Central Avenue, Elizabeth Avenue, Travis Avenue, East Seventh Street, Park Drive, Caswell Road, and parts of Hawthorne Lane, Torrence Street, East Fifth Street, Lamar Avenue, and Clement Avenue were to become non-residential.
The zoning ordinance proved to be a self-fulfilling prophecy. When houses came on the market, new families were discouraged from buying because of non-residential zoning. At the same time, real estate speculators were attracted who bought up dwellings, rented them with minimal maintenance long enough to recoup the purchase cost, and then demolished them in order to sell the cleared land at a profit for office development. This activity was quite common in Charlotte neighborhoods and in other American cities in this era. 78 In Elizabeth, demolition sometimes exceeded demand for new construction, and lots occasionally remained vacant for years, particularly along Central Avenue.
In the 1980s, twenty years after the zoning ordinance, only one resident remained on Elizabeth Avenue and almost all of the homeowners who had once looked out over picturesque Independence Park were gone. Central Avenue, Travis Avenue, Caswell Road, and the first blocks of Torrence Avenue and East Fifth Street were similarly non-residential, as were large parts of East Seventh Street. The comfortable homes that once spilled down Elizabeth Hill from Hawthorne Lane to Sugar Creek were no more.
The attitudes expressed in the 1960 zoning ordinance were also evident in the administration of Independence Park in the period. City officials came to view the glen as merely a source of cheap land for municipal projects. The first structure in the park had been the city armory in the late 1920s. 79 The process started in earnest in 1937 when Memorial Stadium took much of the lower end of the park. 80 After the Second World War, Independence Boulevard took another large section of land. In the 1950s the present Park Center auditorium replaced the fire-damaged armory. It held the Park and Recreation Department offices and was quickly followed by a complex of garages, storage areas, and parking lots for the county's park patrol cars. In 1965, additional greenery at the other end of the park was replaced by an Arts and Crafts Building surrounded by parking lots. 81
Today, Independence Park no longer forms an unbroken green path through the neighborhood all the way to the edge of the center city, as John Nolen envisioned it. 82 Yet the park has been strong enough to survive all the intrusions and still provide a tree-shaded interlude in the heart of Elizabeth. The Arhelger Memorial glen, tree-lined walks and playing fields, and the colorful rose garden continue to be the neighborhood's collective focal point.
The 1950s and 1960s also saw construction of two college campuses in Elizabeth. The first came in 1958. It was Kings College, a business and secretarial school founded in 1901 by John Hugh King. 83 With the postwar boom in both birthrate and Veterans Administration tuition assistance, Kings College decided to move from its original site in a South Tryon Street building downtown to a more spacious suburban campus. Local builder C. D. Spangler, an alumnus of the institution, built a cluster of International style brick buildings on the edge of Independence Park, where houses had once stood, and leased the new campus to the college. 84
Central Piedmont Community College was formed in 1963 by the North Carolina General Assembly. 85 Classes were originally held at scattered sites, including the former Central High School on Elizabeth Avenue which had recently been replaced by new Garinger High School. In the mid 1960s, CPCC began assembling land around the former high school and demolishing residences to build a large modern campus. Among the houses to be lost was Harry Golden's home and office, demolished for a parking garage. A granite tablet with a bronze plaque was erected to mark the site, and the author himself moved to 1701 East Eighth Street nearby where he spent the rest of his life. Today the chunky white International style buildings of the CPCC campus, all designed by J. N. Pease Associates, occupy all of the formerly residential blocks flanking Elizabeth Avenue between Kings Drive and Independence Boulevard.
To the PresentBy the 1970s, the Elizabeth area looked much different than it had in its heyday fifty years earlier. The trolley tracks were gone and few remembered the names of the five separate subdivisions that had grown up along them and merged into a single neighborhood. The earliest section of Elizabeth, the Highland Park development flanking Elizabeth, had lost almost all of its fine homes. The neighborhood's most influential residents had moved on to Myers Park and later developments. Independence Boulevard and strip office development along older major streets had cut the neighborhood off from others on the east side.
Yet Elizabeth remained a desirable residential neighborhood with a strong sense of identity. The streets of comfortable dwellings off the main boulevards were now shaded by a canopy of half-century-old willow oaks, and they began to attract new, young residents. Mercy and Presbyterian hospitals, Kings College and Central Piedmont Community College had taken large numbers of houses, but in the process had given Elizabeth a distinctive identity within Charlotte. The growth of the "Stanleyville" and Elizabeth Avenue commercial districts had contributed in this respect also. Drawing customers from the hospitals and colleges as well as the neighborhood itself, they developed one of the city's most lively mixtures of specialty shopping. At this writing Elizabeth has Charlotte's only jazz club, two art galleries and two graphic arts stores, a rare record shop, the city's oldest delicatessen and one of its few neighborhood natural foods groceries, and establishments that regularly present blues and folk music.
About 1970, area residents created the Elizabeth Community Association. 86 They were concerned that continuing office and institutional expansion, along with traffic and zoning decisions, might overwhelm the remaining residential sections of the neighborhood. The Association was one of several groups formed during this period in the city's old streetcar suburbs as the impact of the 1960 zoning ordinance began to be fully felt.
The Association's first successful effort came against a plan that would have built large cloverleaf interchanges along Independence Boulevard at Hawthorne Lane and Pecan Street. In the mid 1970s the group campaigned against rerouting Independence Boulevard along the Seaboard Railway track through the neighborhood. 87 Later, they convinced the Park and Recreation Department to stop using Independence Park tennis courts as parking areas. The group also boosted the neighborhood's sense of community with an annual festival in Independence Park. In the 1980s the Association is working with developers and with the city's Planning Commission on a Small Area Plan that will direct the course of future growth and change.
Yet, despite the efforts of the community association and the continued popularity of the neighborhood as a residential area, the threats that have dogged Elizabeth since the 1940s have not abated. The hospitals continue to purchase and demolish homes, and Presbyterian Hospital has recently begun to demolish properties in the Elizabeth Avenue commercial district as well. On Seventh Street, Hawthorne Lane, and Central Avenue, homes continue to fall for office development and parking as the hastily-built commercial and office structures that sprang up on Elizabeth Avenue in the 1960s no longer command high rent. Independence Boulevard will be widened to eight lanes in the late 1980s, and traffic engineers would like to also widen Seventh Street. It remains to be seen in what form the Elizabeth neighborhood will survive.
Notes1 Dan L. Morrill, "Independence Park: Survey and Research Report" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Historic Properties Commission, 1980).
2 Butler and Spratt, "Map of Charlotte Township, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, From Recent Surveys..... 1892." Copies are in the collections of the History Department of the Mint Museum, Charlotte, and the City of Charlotte Historic Districts Commission.
3 There is some evidence that Seventh Street between McDowell and Caswell street is not very early, dating probably from the late nineteenth century. The main easterly way out of town in early years began where East Trade Street bears right off of today's Elizabeth Avenue, just past McDowell Street. From there, a traveler climbed the hill via the present-day route of East Fourth Street. Near the top of the hill was a "Y" at what is now Caswell Road. It is certain that this intersection is extremely old, for the town's first settler, Thomas Spratt, built his cabin nearby, and stones from a late 18th century cemetery have been excavated in the vicinity. If the traveler took the right fork of the "Y", he headed out toward Providence Presbyterian Church. If he took the left fork, he headed toward Monroe. Indeed, the first plat map of what is now Greenway Avenue called intersecting Caswell Road "Monroe Road" ,it and the street is listed as such on page 925 of the 1925 city directory.
4 F. C. Abbott, Fifty Years in Charlotte Real Estate, 1897-1947 (Charlotte: privately published, 1947?),p . 7-8 . The reservoir was created in 1882 and drained in 1900, according to LeGette Blythe and Charles R. Brockman, Hornets' Nest: the Story of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County (Charlotte-McNally of Charlotte, 1961), pp. 180, 381.
5 Dan L. Morrill and Ruth Little-Stokes, "Architectural Analysis: Dilworth: Charlotte's Initial Streetcar Suburb" (Charlotte: Dilworth Community Association, 1978), section 2, p. 2.
6 Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office: Record of Corporations, Book A, p. 235. According to this record, Porter contributed $12,500, Walker and Burnett each subscribed $10,000, Latta and Alexander each put in $5,000, Brem gave $1,500 , and the rest each added $1,000.
7 Ibid., p. 221.
8 Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office: Deed Book 81, p. 1; see also Deed Book 81, p. 55.
9 Abbott, pp. 17-18. Dan L. Morrill and Nancy B. Thomas, "Elizabeth" in the New South Neighborhoods brochure series (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Historic Properties Commission, 1981). For a view of the building see the Charlotte Observer, July 14, 1897.
10 Charlotte Observer, October 31, 1897.
11 Morrill and Thomas. The line opened in December of 1902.
12 Charlotte Observer. September 13, 1931. The Journal: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, November, 1931, p. 30. Biberstein's papers are now in the collection of the archives of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. The firm's job book indicates it designed hundreds of mill structures, as well as public buildings, and occasional houses and stores throughout the Carolinas, Virginia, parts of Georgia and Tennessee, and as far afield as Texas and Bombay, India.
13 Data on individual houses in this essay came primarily from the city directory collection in the Carolina Room of the Charlotte Public Library. Janette Greenwood assembled these data, assisted by Joseph Schuchman and Thomas W. Hanchett. Biographical data came from the directories, supplemented with research in the vertical files at the Carolina Room, and Blythe and Brockman's Hornets' Nest. Additional sources, when used, are indicated in footnotes. For simplicity, current street numbers are used throughout this essay, even when numbering has changed over time. Dates of construction for Elizabeth houses are generally accurate within two years.
14 Harry P. Harding, "The Charlotte City Schools" (Charlotte: typescript by the Charlotte Mecklenburg School System, 1966), pp. 31, 64. A photocopy of this report is in the Carolina Room.
16 Abbott, p. 9. See also Charlotte News, March 26, 1982.
18 The boundaries of the W. R. Myers farm are shown on the Butler and Spratt map.
19 Morrill, "Independence Park . . .." A postcard view is in the collection of the History Department of the Mint Museum, Charlotte.
20 Abbott, p. 18.
21 Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office: Deed Book 195, pp. 28-29.
22 Heath's Oakhurst overlapped parts of the present-day Plaza-Midwood neighborhood, as well as Elizabeth. The first blocks of Clement, Pecan, Thomas and Hamorton just off Central Avenue in Plaza-Midwood are Heath's contribution to that neighborhood.
23 William Huffman, "Charles M. Parker House: Survey and Research Report" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Historic Properties Commission, 1983).
24 William Huffman, "Jake Newell House: Survey and Research Report" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Historic Properties Commission, 1983).
25 Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office: Map Book 222, p. 202. See also Map Book 332, p. 290.
26 Blythe and Brockman, p. 381. For photos of all the city's early water installations, see "Fifth Annual Report, Superintendent Charlotte Water Works," 1904, in the files of the Charlotte Mecklenburg Utility Department.
27 Morrill, "Independence Park . . .."
28 Prominent Elizabeth resident Heriot Clarkson is said to have drawn up the enabling legislation that the state government passed in order to allow Charlotte to create such a commission. Francis O. Clarkson, Sr., telephone interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, May, 1984.
29 Charlotte News, June 6, 1905. Charlotte Observer, June 6, 1905. Citations courtesy of Dr. Dan L. Morrill.
29 John L. Hancock, "John Nolen and the American City Planning Movement: a History of Cultural Change and Community Response, 1900-1940" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1964), pp. 41-42. A copy of this work is in the general collection of Atkins Library at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
30 Nolen's job book is included in his papers at Cornell University. It lists all of the firm's projects sequentially. See also Dan L. Morrill, "Independence Park: Survey and Research Report" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Historic Properties Commission, 1980).
31 John L. Hancock, John Nolen: A Bibliographical Record of Achievement (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Program in Urban and Regional Studies, 1976), pp. 13-17. Nolen's Professional papers are now in the collection of the Cornell University Department of Manuscripts and Archives, Ithaca, New York.
32 Kathleen Jacklin, interview with Thomas W. Hanchett at Cornell, December 1981. The City of Charlotte Park and Recreation Department, successor to the old Commission, no longer has copies of Nolen's work, and in fact retains no correspondence or drawings from that period. The Carolina Room of the Charlotte Public Library does have a slim folder of general correspondence relating to the Commission, but no specifics on the Nolen plans.
33 Charlotte News, February 2, 1904; March 8, 1904.
34 This information is recorded on bronze plaques at the site.
35 The information that Gordon was architect comes from the city's water permit records. In the 1920s, Staten sold Little-Long and established a women's apparel shop that shared space with another fledgling women's clothing shop, Montaldo's.
36 LeGette Blythe, William Henry Belk, Merchant of the South. rev. ed. (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1958) p. 112.
37 Paul Stephens, "Six Landmarks of Elizabeth Heights" (Independent study paper submitted to Dr. Dan L. Morrill, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 1980), pp. 16-21.
38 Charlotte News, March 15, 1925.
39 Information on the Clarkson family courtesy of Francis O. Clarkson, Sr., interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, May, 1984.
40 Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office.
41 For more on Cocke see Joe Maynor, Duke Power, the First Seventy-Five Years (Charlotte?: Duke Power Company, 1979?). Norman Cocke's house in Myers Park stands in 1984 at 816 Harvard Place.
42 Charlotte Observer, March 1, 1932; April 12, 1933; December 22, 1940. See also Roger D. Kinkle, The Complete Encyclopedia of Popular Music and Jazz, 1900-1950 (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1974), entries 542, 1003, 1841.
43 George T. Simon, The Big Bands, rev. ed. (New York: Collier Books, 1974), p. 287.
44 Dorothy Fry, "Crowell-Kemp House: Survey and Research Report" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Historic Properties Commission, 1984).
45 Charlotte Observer, February 28, 1950. Charlotte News, April 9, 1976.
46 For a photo of the newly-completed fire tower, see "Annual Report, 1938-39, City of Charlotte, North Carolina." A copy is in the collection of the Charlotte Mecklenburg Utilities Department.
47 "Plat of a Portion of the Dotger Estate" in the files of Lawyers Title Company, Charlotte. See also Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office, Map Book 322, p. 120. It is not certain whether Dotger was directly involved in the development. Dotger's house was demolished to permit construction of the present Tillett Eye Clinic.
48 Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office: Corporations Book 4, p. 270; Deed Book 337, p. 455; Map Book 332, p. 120; Order and Decree Book 31, pp. 378-383. The sale was complicated by the fact that Henry C. Dotger had not received the farm outright when Andrew J. Dotger had transferred it to him in 1899. Henry Dotger and Andrew's executor, the Fidelity Trust Company, were required to get a court order giving them permission to sell. A summary of the proceedings read in part, "by deed executed April 26, 1899, recorded in book 134, p. 479, in the Office of the Register of Deeds of Mecklenburg County, Andrew J. Dotger conveyed about eighty acres of land . . . to Henry C. Dotger and his wife Bertha M. Dotger, for and during their lives . . . with remainder in fee simple to children of Henry C. Dotger and wife . . .. Said land, being unproductive of income and subject to heavy taxes [an order was made by Mecklenburg County Superior Court, January Term, 1912] authorizing the sale of said land and the investment of the proceeds . . .." This order allowed Henry Dotger to begin subdividing the old farm for lot sales. It is not possible to determine why Dotger sold out to the Rosemont Company.
49 A "Map of Rosemont, Charlotte, N.C." dated July, 1916, exists in the files of Lawyers Title Company, but it shows only the first block each of Greenway, East Fifth and Ridgeway. The correspondence between White and Nolen, and Draper and Nolen, is in Nolen's papers, collection 2903, in the Department of Manuscripts and Archives at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
51 Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds Office: Map Book 3, pp. 13, 321.
52 Clarence W. Todd, interview with Thomas W. Hanchett in Charlotte, August, 1983.
53 Flyer in the files of Lawyers Title Company.
54 Flyer in the files of Lawyers Title Company.
55 Charlotte Observer, October 24, 1925. Citation courtesy of Janette Thomas Greenwood.
56 "Neighborhood Definition Study" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Planning Commission, 1979). This report noted that the concept of "neighborhood" was fairly new to the city: "There are a few exceptions such as Myers Park, but until recently, even such renovated inner city neighborhoods as Dilworth and Elizabeth did not have immediate recognition."
57 Charles M. Strong, History of Mecklenburg County Medicine (Charlotte: News Printing House, 1929), pp. 96-98.
58 Ibid. For a photo-history of Mercy, see the booklet "Seventy-fifth Anniversary, Mercy Hospital" (Charlotte: Mercy Hospital Public Relations Department, 1981).
59 Gordon's obituary is in the Charlotte Observer, September 25, 1930.
60 Henry Bostic, Jr.?, "History of Presbyterian Hospital," undated mimeographed essay in the files of the Public Information Office, Presbyterian Hospital. See also Strong, pp. 92-94.
63 "Seventy-fifth Anniversary, Mercy Hospital."
65 Peggy O'Neal and Kay Garrett, "Charlotte Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital: Adaptability Means Progress," in Southern Hospitals (January-February 1984), pp. 14-18. Kay Garrett, telephone interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, January, 1984. Garrett is Public Relations Director for the hospital. See also Strong, pp. 100-101.
66 Jean Crawford, telephone interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, December, 1983. Crawford is Director of Nursing for the hospital.
67 In 1984 Sheppard's is Spoons Ice Cream Parlor, and the service station houses a laundry and offices of a construction firm.
68 Dan L. Morrill, "Myers Park Streetcar Waiting Stations: Survey and Research Report" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Historic Properties Commission, 1980).
69 Harry Golden, Only in America.(New York: World Publishing Company, 1958), pp. 15, 114.
70 Golden's other books include Enjoy, Enjoy! , Carl Sandburg, Forgotten Pioneer, You're Entitled, Mr. Kennedy and the Negroes, So What Else is New?, A Little Girl is Dead, Ess, Ess, Mein Kindt.
71 Carl Sandburg, forward to Harry Golden, For 2¢ Plain (New York: World Publishing Company, 1959), p. 15.
72 Harry Golden, So What Else is New? (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1964), p.201.
73 Dan L. Morrill, "The Road That Split Charlotte," Charlotte Observer "Parade" magazine section, May 2, 1982, pp. 12, 15, 19.
74 Information courtesy of Mary Louise Phillips, on file at the Carolina Room of the Charlotte Public Library.
75 J. Lawson Stanley, Sr., telephone interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, January, 1984. See also Charlotte Magazine, March, 1983.
76 Charlotte Mecklenburg Planning Commission, "The Charlotte Mecklenburg Comprehensive Plan (draft)" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Planning Commission, 1973), p. 4.
77 Charlotte Mecklenburg Planning Commission, "Residential Blight in Charlotte, September, 1962" (Charlotte: Charlotte Mecklenburg Planning Commission, 1962), pp. 30-31. This document has a wealth of data on the city, mapped by census tract, including race, ownership, use, and condition of housing.
78 Dave Howard of the Charlotte Mecklenburg Planning Commission, interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, July, 1984. For more on the process in general in post-war American cities, see Peter Wolf, Land in America: Its Value, Use and Control (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), p. 409. Leonard Downie, Jr., Mortgage on America: the Real Cost of Real Estate Speculation (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974), pp. 3, 7. For a description of the process at work in another Charlotte neighborhood, see Charlotte News, April 11, 1980.
79 Morrill, "Independence Park".
82 Though Nolen's detailed plans for Independence Park are apparently lost, his vision for the overall project and its place in Charlotte is documented in John Nolen, "Civic Survey, Charlotte, North Carolina: Report to the Chamber of Commerce" (Cambridge, Mass.: typescript, 1917). The only known surviving copy of this report is in Nolen's papers at Cornell.
83 Material in the files of Wayne Pritchett, King's College Director of Education, supplemented with an interview with Ms. Pritchett by Thomas W. Hanchett in Charlotte, February, 1984.
84 Ibid. and C. D. Spangler, interview with Thomas W. Hanchett in Charlotte, April, 1984.
85 "Central Piedmont Community College Catalog, 1982-1984" (Charlotte: CPCC, 1982), pp. 4-5.
86 Shelley Blum, telephone interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, February, 1984.
87 Don Carroll, telephone interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, February, 1984. Pam Patterson, telephone interview with Thomas W. Hanchett, February, 1984. Both are past presidents of the Elizabeth Community Association.
SIGNIFICANT SITES IN THE ELIZABETH NEIGHBORHOOD
(HP indicates sites already designated by City Council as local historic properties. NR indicates sites already listed in the National Register of Historic Places.)
Bishop Edwin A. Penick was a religious leader of state and regional significance. A native of Kentucky, he had come to Charlotte in 1919 as rector of St. Peter's Episcopal Church downtown. Three years later, at age thirty-five, he was elected Bishop Coadjutor of the Diocese of North Carolina. Ten years later he became Bishop for the state, and served in that capacity for twenty-seven years. At his death in 1959 he was senior bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States.
Penick oversaw major changes during his tenure. The diocese grew dramatically in membership and number of clergy. He pushed suburban ministry, including the founding of Christ Church, Charlotte, which soon became the diocese' largest parish. Penick also laid the groundwork for a home for the aging, which was established after his death as the Penick Memorial Home in Southern Pines, North Carolina.
Penick and his wife Caroline had this two story, wood-frame residence built in 1923-1924, and lived here into the 1930s. It is an example of the Rectilinear Four Square mode popular in Charlotte in the first decades of the twentieth century. Currently an antique shop, it is in good original condition.
The Charles W. Parker house is believed to be Charlotte's earliest example of the Four Square house type. Around the turn of the century, architects all over the country tired of the overly-elaborate ornament and eccentric massing of the Victorian styles and began searching for a more efficient-looking and "honest" architecture. Among the products of that search were the rediscovery of the straightforward Colonial style, the invention of the radically new Prairie style of Chicago architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and the creation of a more moderate non-historic mode now called the Rectilinear style by some architectural historians. Rectilinear designers used the popular floor plans developed in the late nineteenth century, but gave them clean-cut rectangular exteriors with geometric trim carefully chosen to resemble no historic prototype. The Four Square house type, with its cube-shaped exterior, hip roof, corner entry hall, and off-center front door, was a product of this Rectilinear trend.
Charles W. Parker was a rising young entrepreneur when he moved into his large new house on posh Central Avenue in 1904. He was cofounder of the Parker-Gardener furniture store (which became Parker-Gardener Music in the Great Depression and continues as a major Charlotte piano dealer in the 1980s). His efficient-looking Four Square house reflects the businesslike tastes that might be expected in such a man. Under its hip roof are four upstairs rooms and four downstairs rooms, plus a rear kitchen wing. Exterior walls have horizontal double-groove "novelty" siding, and a band of stucco under the eaves. All trim is relentlessly geometric, down to the square balusters on the broad front porch which are turned at a forty-five degree angle.
Francis Clarkson was a leading lawyer and judge in Charlotte. He served as state senator in 1931. His house is built on what originally were the grounds of the residence of his father, Heriot Clarkson. The elder Clarkson was also a distinguished lawyer, serving as Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1923 to 1942. Heriot Clarkson was one of the city's most active civic leaders, beginning in the 1880s, playing an important role in the beginnings of the Carnegie Library, the Park and Tree Commission, the Florence Crittendon Home, and also the Textile School at North Carolina State University. The original Clarkson house was demolished to open East Eighth Street at about the time this cottage was built, and today the Francis Clarkson house is perhaps Charlotte's best early architectural reminder of this influential family.
The Francis Clarkson, Sr., residence is a cozy example of Bungalow style architecture. Set far back from Clement Avenue, the cottage is sheltered by tall trees. It is a small, one-story structure with rustically wood-shingled walls, and a wide-eaved gable roof. An airy front porch is supported by simple square posts, and it extends at one side to shelter the driveway.
Walter L. Alexander was nephew of J.B. Alexander, and the son of W.S. Alexander, the main developer of Elizabeth Heights. Like the rest of his family, he was a major real estate developer in the region, working as salesman for his father's Southern Real Estate Loan and Trust Company when he moved into his new house. One of his best known projects, in the 1920s, was the development of the posh Mayview Manor resort and surrounding residential areas in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. Subsequent owners of his Clement Avenue residence include W.C. Wilkinson and his wife Rosalie. Wilkinson was president of the Merchants and Farmers Bank, and had insurance and textile interests. Wilkinson is remembered today in the naming of Wilkinson Boulevard, a major westerly thoroughfare. Admiral Percy Foote was listed at the Clement Avenue address in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s the residence was converted to apartments, and in 1984 lawyer Dan Clodfelter is returning it to single-family use.
The John Baxter Alexander house is the earliest and most impressive of a group of three Alexander residences that dominate this section of Elizabeth. Walter L. Alexander lived next door at 523 Clement, while sister Miss Jennie Alexander lived in a large duplex at 1803 East Eighth Street (now separated from the Clement residences by a pair of comparatively recent quadraplex apartments). All were in the Bungaloid style, built of wood with wide, bracketed eaves. Walter's is a two-and-one-half story gabled structure with stone chimneys, and a stone-columned porte cochere. Walls are covered in rustic wood shingles, a Bungalow characteristic, and the double-hung windows have quaint diamond-shaped panes in their upper sash. A massive porch wraps around the front and side of the house overlooking Clement and East Eighth Streets, with a large circular pavilion highlighting the corner. The porch's Doric columns on stone posts, together with use of Palladian windows on the body of the house, give the design a bit of Colonial Revival flavor. The residence's siting is an important part of its design: the house commands its corner lot, and relates strongly across its generous side yard to the similarly-styled W.L. Alexander House.
John Baxter Alexander began his career in the wholesale drug business, and by 1900 was active in real estate with his brother Walter S. Alexander, developer of this neighborhood. John served as vice-president of the Highland Park Company, who began Elizabeth's development, and was also an officer of Walter S. Alexander's Southern Real Estate Loan and Trust Company, which completed the project. John became president of Southern Real Estate in 1924 and served to his death in 1943. Pearl B. Vaughn was the dwelling's second owner, who ran the house as a furnished rooms establishment. Today the residence, still in good original condition inside and out, is being converted to five residential condominiums.
This delightful dwelling is the Elizabeth neighborhood's only early example of Dutch Colonial architecture. Built about 1909, it is one of the oldest residences in the neighborhood. The one-and-one-half story frame structure has a bell-cast gambrel roof. There is a central front dormer with returns and a Palladian window, flanked by a pair of smaller, triangular gables with fanlights. Quarter- and half-circle attic vents decorate the main gambrel ends of the house. A cool, shed-roofed porch shades the front of the dwelling, with a small pedimented section marking the entrance. The porch has slender Doric columns in keeping with the Colonial motif. The sophistication and delicacy of the dwelling's design is an indication that it was the work of a skilled architect, perhaps C.C. Hook, who introduced the Dutch Colonial style to Charlotte and designed such landmarks as the Duke Mansion and City Hall. The setting of the Adams house is almost as important as its architecture. It is set on a corner lot under huge old oak trees, with a large garden area at one side.
Thad A. and Emma F. Adams purchased the land from Heriot Clarkson in 1908 , and took out a water permit to begin construction of their house in September of that year. Adams was a lawyer with offices at 112 South Tryon Street. The Adams owned the house until the 1960s, except for a brief period in the 1920s when Adams went bankrupt. Insurance man W.E. Price took possession in 1925, and allowed the Adams to continue to live there until they could by it back three years later. In 1962 the family sold the house to Persette and John Carter, who lived there until they sold it in 1980 to John and Elizabeth Hazel, the current occupants.
According to the city directory, this house was built in 1912. It was owned and occupied by J. Lawrence Jones, a partner in the law firm of Flowers and Jones. The chain of title shows that Jones purchased the corner lot in 1910 from the Southern Real Estate Loan and Trust Company. Jones and his wife Ernestine lived here until 1926 when Chase Brenizer, a fellow lawyer, bought the house. Brenizer was a prominent civic and political leader in the region. He served as state senator from Mecklenburg County, was the chairman of the Mecklenburg County Board of Elections, and was one of the three original incorporators of the Charlotte Chamber of Commerce.
Brenizer at first maintained the house as rental property, but he and his wife Louise moved into it in 1937. Brenizer technically lost the property in a foreclosure action in 1931 at the depth of the Great Depression, but the property reverted to his mother-in-law Etta G. Norvel, who gave it to her daughter in 1953. Chase Brenizer died in 1956, and Louise Brenizer continued to own the property into the 1980s.
When the Jones-Brenizer House was erected in 1912, it was one of the first residences on prestigious Clement Avenue. It is a two-story clapboard sided structure. Its massing is complex, in the Victorian manner, with a main hip-roofed block and small gabled sidewings. Decoration is very plain, however, in keeping with the prevailing fashion in the 1910s. There is little trim beyond returns in the gables and doric columns supporting the wrap-around porch.
Richard C. Biberstein is reputed to have been one of the most active designers of cotton mills in the South in the boom decades of the early twentieth century. A native of Texas and a son of a German engineer, Biberstein went north to Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts, to earn a degree in mechanical engineering. In 1887, five years after his graduation, he came to Charlotte as an engineer for the Mecklenburg Iron Works, the city's oldest industry which was then turning its attention to the new field of textile machinery production. After five years with Mecklenburg Iron Works, Biberstein worked for mill owner and designer H.S. Chadwick, and then for Stuart Cramer, who was perhaps the region's premier mill designer. Biberstein formed his own architecture and engineering firm about 1903, and it continues in business in the 1980s as Biberstein, Bowles, Meacham and Reed, Inc.
According to Biberstein's daughter Constance, the family moved to this elegant residence on Elizabeth Hill in 1905 (the house first appears in the city directory in 1907). The house is of the Four Square type, a two-story cube with a hip roof and a one-story wraparound front porch. Its white clapboard siding, modillion cornice, and doric porch columns provide a Colonial Revival flavor. The straightforward styling is indicative of the concern with efficiency that might be expected of an industrial engineer like Biberstein, and in fact it was he who drew the design. The downstairs was remodeled by his son H.V. Biberstein to provide office space for the family business, probably in the 1940s. Constance Biberstein, now in her nineties, continues to live in the house and is now the last resident on the street.
William L. Bruns was a leading Charlotte jeweler in prosperous textile decades of the early twentieth century. A native of Columbia, South Carolina, he was drawn to Charlotte as a young man. In 1896 he co-founded Garibaldi and Bruns Jewelers with Joseph Garibaldi. Bruns specialized in engraving and Garibaldi in watch repair. The business was incorporated in 1925, and in 1936 Bruns bought the Garibaldi stock. After William Bruns death in 1937, his family continued to operate the business, including daughter Elizabeth. Ann Bruns who was termed the "matriarch of Charlotte Jewelers" at her death. The handsome Garibaldi and Bruns Building on South Tryon Street just off the Square was a Charlotte landmark from the 1910s into the 1980s, when it was demolished to create Independence Plaza Park.
In October of 1913 William L. Bruns and his wife Mamie bought this lot on Elizabeth Avenue and by 1915 were living in this handsome house near the top of Elizabeth Hill. The residence is in the Rectilinear style, a clean-cut architectural mode often favored by Charlotte businessmen in the years before World War I. The two story house consists of a cube-shaped main block with small side wings, under a slate-covered hip roof. Beyond the massive stone porch and delicate brackets in the eaves, the house has little decorative trim. In addition to housing the Bruns family, the residence also held the Jack and Jill Kindegarden organized by Elizabeth Bruns in the 1930s for neighborhood children, After Mamie Bruns death in the 1940s, the house was rented for a variety of nonresidential uses. In the 1980s it houses a collection of small shops, including the People's Health Food Store which has glassed-in part of the spacious front porch for a restaurant area.
William Henry Belk was one of the leading merchants of the New South era. From a job in a Monroe, North Carolina, hardware store, he founded his own dry goods emporium in that city in 1888. By 1895 he was ready to take on the big city of Charlotte. The Belk Department Store quickly became the Carolinas' largest retail establishment, with a five story building on West Trade Street. Belk began opening branches throughout the South, often in partnership with existing dry goods merchants in the towns. He created Belk Store Services, with headquarters in Charlotte to act as buyer and support service for the chain. In the 1980s Belk is the Southeast's largest department store chain, with over 350 stores throughout the region.
William Henry Belk was a single-minded businessman who remained "wedded to his store" in its early years, living across the street in the Central Hotel. In 1915, at age 53, he finally married and his wife, Mary Irwin Belk, persuaded him to move out to suburban Elizabeth. She purchased nine acres on Hawthorne Lane from Elizabeth College, then in financial trouble, in 1917. The Belks moved into the college president's house on the site, but soon Belk's cousin Bob Dunn convinced the merchant that he needed a finer residence. The old dwelling was moved to Caswell Road (and later demolished), and this brick mansion was erected in 1918. It is an elegantly subdued expression of the Colonial Revival style. The long seven-bay main block has a hip roof with modillion cornice and delicate dormers. A tuscan-columned portico flanked by brick piers frames the entrance with its elaborate sidelights and fan light. The interior, which once held six bedrooms and six baths, is now office space for Presbyterian Hospital and the grounds are a parking lot.
The large sanctuary of St. John's Baptist Church commands one of finest sites in east Charlotte, across Fifth Street from the Belk Mansion, on the crest of Elizabeth Hill overlooking the center city. According to a church history:
The formal beginning of the Baptist eastern effort was a dinner held in December, 1921 ... before that dinner a small band of men from the First Baptist Church had gone to the roof of the Realty Building [later known as the Independence Building, which stood at the Square until 1981] and scanned the eastern suburbs. They spotted a vacant lot at the corner of Fifth Street and Hawthorne Lane. There was unanimous agreement among that group: "That's the site of the new Baptist Church. "
The lot was purchased from J.H. Cutter for $15,000, and by January of 1922 the new congregation was worshipping in a temporary wooden building of the site. Formal organization came March 26, 1922, under the name "St. John's." Some members complained the name sounded Episcopalian but member Mrs. C.C. Withers retorted that "Our friends the Episcopalians don't have a monopoly on the saints." The 293 member congregation called South Carolina native the Reverend Joseph Gaines as their first pastor.
In April of 1924 the congregation chose architect James M. McMichael to design a permanent church building. McMichael was the area's busiest church designer, and he was well known to the congregation for his earlier design of First Baptist Church on North Tryon Street (now Spirit Square). A year later Goode Construction of Charlotte began work on the edifice. McMichael was known for his steeple-less churches, and St. Johns is no exception. The Neoclassical structure is strongly influenced by the drawings of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. It features a pedimented front portico supported by fluted Ionic columns. Side pavilions echo the front with pilasters. Walls are of beige brick with limestone trim, giving the whole structure a stony hue that recalls ancient Roman temples. Tall arched windows on the sides include noteworthy stained glass. An education wing (1952-1953) and youth wing (1971) were later added to the rear of the building by local architect M.R. Marsh, who had begun his career in McMichael's office.
Over the years, St. John's Baptist Church has been known for its non-traditional stand on a variety of subjects. Dr. Claude U. Broach, pastor from 1944 to 1974, was an outspoken proponent of racial integration in Charlotte. He was also instrumental in steering St. John's toward involvement in the Elizabeth community, including church sponsorship of a Child Development Center and Week Day School in the 1970s. St. John's, along with Myers Park Baptist Church, took the position of accepting new members without baptism by immersion, and split with the Mecklenburg Baptist Association over the issue in 1967.
The James L. Staten mansion is the most imposing residence in the Elizabeth neighborhood. It was designed by Franklin Gordon, one of Charlotte's leading residential architects, in the Neo Classical style. A massive two-story portico with a Classical frieze and large fluted Corinthian columns dominates the front facade. The main entrance has delicate sidelights and a fanlight, and is flanked by a pair of French windows. The main block of the house continues the Neo Classical theme with a hip roof, modillion cornice, and a pair of one-story side porches with Doric columns. Unlike the Belk mansion nearby, the Staten residence retains its residential grounds, including a curving drive and a tree-shaded front lawn overlooking Independence Park.
James and Lillian Staten took out a water permit to construct their fine residence in 1911, and by 1914 were living in the mansion. Staten was general manager of the Little-Long Company, an early downtown department store, and also acted as Vice President of the Southeastern Land Company. Mrs. Staten was a civic leader who is credited with organizing the Charity League of Charlotte, originally the Junior Hospital Guild of St. Peter's Episcopal Church, in 1921.
During the Great Depression, a number of others joined the Statens in their big house. The 1931 city directory lists widow Mrs. C.V. Hershel, Southern Public Utilities Company assistant manager C.B.Miller, in their big house. The 1931 city directory lists widow Mrs. C.V. Hershel, Southern Public Utilities Company assistant manager C.B.Miller, Jr., and his wife Lillie, and traveling textile salesman F.M. Shannonhouse, Jr., and wife Hazel. By 1941 the house continued to have a variety of roomers, but the Statens were gone. In 1959 Miller and Kerns converted the mansion to a funeral home, and they continue to use it as such in the 1980s. Miller and Kerns rent the house from next-door-neighbor St. John's Baptist Church, which is considering making the old mansion an "international house" for foreign students in Charlotte.
The Rev. George Detwiller House is Charlotte's finest surviving example of a one story Queen Anne Victorian residence. It was built about 1903, near the end of the Victorian era, one of the first dwellings to be erected in the new suburban subdivision of Piedmont Park. The basic house is a one-story, hip-roofed, rectangular block. A brick and wood-shingled round turret with a bell-cast "witches cap" roof marks the corner. There is a triangular gable with wood-shingled trim over the entrance, and an asymmetrically placed front dormer in the main roof. A wide wrap-around porch with Doric columns and turned balusters dominates the Sunnyside and Piedmont street sides of the dwelling. Tall windows in a variety of widths break up the wall surfaces, all with segmental brick arches.
George and Mattie Detwiller, raised in the Midwest, came to Charlotte in 1902. Reverend Detwiller had been called to be pastor of the prestigious Trinity Methodist Church downtown on South Tryon Street (merged with another church in 1927, and continues as First United Methodist on North Tryon today). Mrs. Detwiller is said to have helped design the house and oversee its construction, but she only lived there two years before her husband was called to another town. The couple continued to have strong Charlotte ties, however, and when Reverend Detwiller died in 1914 his body was returned to Charlotte for a large funeral. Subsequent owners of the house have included John Elmer Dye, whose son played jazz on the living room piano with young neighbor Hal Kemp, who went on to be a celebrated big-band leader. Medical doctor Joseph H. McLeskey owned the residence in the 1930s, and Dwight and Virginia Casey lived there from the early 1940s to 1978, when they sold it to renovation contractor Michael M. Normile.
The rough-faced rock meeting hall of the Palmer Fire School is one of the few buildings in Charlotte built of native stone. It was erected in the late 1930s by laborers supplied by the Works Progress Administration, a Depression-era relief agency. The structure, along with its accompanying training tower and grounds, were said to have been the first such facility in the South, according to a 1950 newspaper story on the School's founder, Chief Hendrix Palmer:
They tore down the old rock tan yard building, which at one time belonged to Mayor Victor Shaw's father, and hauled the materials to the site of the present hall. "That's a unique set-up out there," beams Palmer. "Nothing like it in the country, except at Brookline, Massachusetts."
The one-story meeting hall has a castle-like exterior of random-coursed stone with a crenellated parapet of concrete. Over the round-arched front entrance is the seal of the Charlotte Fire Department carved in stone. Above, the words "Palmer Fire School" are set in the concrete parapet. Nearby is a five-story brick tower with windows on each level, to allow firemen to practice rescues from multi-story buildings. The Fire Department moved to a new training center in 1976, and today the tree-shaded grounds are set to become a city park. | <urn:uuid:f6857a59-aad1-480c-90fe-7201834b16cd> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.cmhpf.org/kids/neighborhoods/Elizabeth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00282-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963586 | 20,537 | 2.578125 | 3 |
You know these people must absolutely love their research. Abstract:
The Mexican jumping bean, Laspeyresia saltitans , consists of a hollow seed housing a moth larva. Heating by the sun induces movements by the larva which appear as rolls, jumps and flips by the bean. In this combined experimental, numerical and robotic study, we investigate this unique means of rolling locomotion. Time-lapse videography is used to record bean trajectories across a series of terrain types, including one-dimensional channels and planar surfaces of varying inclination. We find that the shell encumbers the larva’s locomotion, decreasing its speed on flat surfaces by threefold. We also observe that the two-dimensional search algorithm of the bean resembles the run-and-tumble search of bacteria. We test this search algorithm using both an agent-based simulation and a wheeled Scribbler robot. The algorithm succeeds in propelling the robot away from regions of high temperature and may have application in biomimetic micro-scale navigation systems. | <urn:uuid:225fcd8c-9fdf-4e7b-8203-049271077191> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://wspr.wordpress.com/2012/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685698.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919131102-20170919151102-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.930208 | 212 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Nobody wants to hear that their pet might contract an intestinal parasite and most likely will in their lives. Most pet owners would rather not speak about it, but it’s vital to be aware of the basics since parasites in the gut can cause serious health problems. These are the facts you should know about intestinal parasites.
What Are Intestinal Parasites?
Intestinal parasites are worms that parasitize the body and reside inside the digestive tract (GI). Roundworms, tapeworms, whipworms and hookworms are some of the most common parasites in the intestinal tract. Depending on your pet’s age and the infection’s seriousness, the worms may be of different sizes and cause various diseases.
Signs and Symptoms
Depending on your pet’s infection, the symptoms may be various. When puppies and kittens have roundworms, they usually look like they have a pot belly. Bloody stools, diarrhea, weight loss, and anemia can identify the illness. However, the pets typically only show signs once they’re very sick. Some animals show signs of lack of energy, dull coat, vomiting often, and an appearance of bloatedness. Watch out for these signs because these are crucial indicators of intestinal parasites.
Since most parasites don’t produce eggs, you can’t tell the presence of a parasite through the sight of worms. Only by inspecting feces for larvae can a diagnosis be determined. It is best to consult a veterinary in Tucson, AZ for more information.
Stage of Infection
Roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms can be transmitted when your pet eats the larvae found in rodents, dog feces, or an affected flea. Hookworms dig holes in the skin of your pet so that they can lay eggs.
Danger to Pet
Roundworms may cause puppies and kittens to grow too slowly. Hookworms can lead to anemia, which can cause death. The infection of any parasite can cause swelling and problems with the immune system. If your pet already has some health issue, like diabetes, the parasite infection could worsen it. These parasites may stop major organ systems and kill pets should you not get rid of them.
Transmittable to Other Pets
Parasites in the intestinal tract can be transmitted to other animals and people. Since they are primarily found in the digestive tract, eggs or larvae are passed into the poop. The infective larvae live within the soil around the feces, making it possible for other dogs and kids to eat them and get sick accidentally.
Treatment is contingent on the nature of the infection and its severity. Veterinarians may prescribe antibiotics and a drug that kills parasites. If your pet suffers from an illness that is persistent in the future, it will require special care to prevent getting sick again. This is because recontamination from the environment and infection can occur at any time. Depending on the severity, sometimes surgery is also performed. To know more, you may contact professional pet surgeons in Tucson, AZ for more information.
Deworming routinely, dog and cat vaccinations are the easiest and cheapest ways to keep your pet from getting a parasitic infection that can last for a long time. Also, keep your dog far from busy or public areas like sandboxes or trails for walking, as well as dog parks. As for you, washing your hands before eating and avoiding walking outside in sandals can help avoid parasites.
It’s unpleasant to think about the eventuality that your pet, or a family member, has intestinal parasites. If you’re lucky, you’ll be better prepared to handle the unwelcome guests at your pet’s home after you’ve learned the basics. Quickly get your pet to the vet if you suspect they might have an infection. It’s recommended to contact your vet immediately should you be concerned about parasites and the infections they may cause. So, we can protect our pets the way we defend ourselves. | <urn:uuid:4cc4ea78-54d5-4d6c-a7bd-5e78950fa9da> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://runningscared.ca/what-should-you-be-aware-of-intestinal-parasites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.935972 | 811 | 3.375 | 3 |
Role of perspective in motion sickness induced by navigating a virtual environment
Some individuals report experiencing motion sickness when navigating virtual environments. While field-of-view may mediate this effect (Bos et al., 2010), perspective may be another relevant factor. With respect to imagery, first-person perspective has been associated with a greater degree of embodiment than a third-person perspective (Madan & Singhal, 2012; Moran et al., 2015). Participants often navigate a virtual environment from a first-person perspective (e.g., building the environment in a first-person shooter, such as Half-Life 2; Legge et al., 2012). Would these individuals still experience motion sickness if a third-person perspective was used?
Third-person perspective is not without its flaws. By having a visible avatar (e.g., from an over-the-shoulder camera), rather than viewing the environment from the avatar's eyes, there is less immersion-- navigating a virtual environment from this perspective is less similar to how one navigates in the real world. Nonetheless, many games that are presented from the first-person perspective switch to a third-person view during certain activities, e.g., driving. Third-person virtual navigation is also more artificial as it unnaturally allows the player to see around corners and other obstacles, though some games use a third-person perspective precisely for this purpose (e.g., Gears of War). Interestingly, a handful of games allow the player to actively switch perspectives (e.g., Fallout 3, Skyrim, The Talos Principle). Investigating if a third-person perspective can attenuate this induced motion sickness would further our understanding of the role of embodiment in virtual navigation. | <urn:uuid:acebe884-de5d-43d2-ac7a-ee0c2cc3617e> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://beta.briefideas.org/ideas/84085144a3d792ae526a501e1a899329 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320170159-20190320192029-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.91513 | 345 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What are examples of leadership activities?
We asked business pros to share some examples of leadership roles that could catch the eye of potential employers.
- Cross-cultural experience.
- Social groups.
- Student government and organizations.
- Passion projects.
- Any time you worked in a team.
What are the two most important characteristics of a leader?
The Most Important Characteristic of a Leader
- Vision. Great leaders have vision for what they are trying to accomplish and how they will get there.
- Humility. Remember, you are an integral part of the success, not the sole source.
- Commitment. Commitment to the people (believing in them).
- Intentionality and Reflection.
What words describe leadership?
Words such as influence, wisdom, inspiration, passion, drive, power, knowledge, credibility, energy, foresight, sensitivity, charisma, action, perseverance, uniting, and responsible are just a few of the terms that are used to define leadership (out of over 16,000 responses).Esfand 22, 1393 AP
Who are examples of good leaders?
Here is a look at some of the greatest leaders of all time and what made them great.
- Mahatma Gandhi.
- George Washington.
- Abraham Lincoln.
- Adolf Hitler.
- Mao Zedong.
- Nelson Mandela.
- Julius Caesar.
How would you describe your leadership experience answer?
How to answer “Describe your leadership experience”
- Think about your leadership experiences in the past.
- Showcase your ability to be an effective team member.
- Outline the steps you took to achieve your goal.
- Discuss how you delegated tasks.
- Quantify your accomplishments.
What is a good leader definition?
Leadership: a Definition. According to the idea of transformational leadership , an effective leader is a person who does the following: Creates an inspiring vision of the future. Motivates and inspires people to engage with that vision. Coaches and builds a team, so that it is more effective at achieving the vision.
How do you describe a good leader?
“A great leader posses a clear vision, is courageous, has integrity, honesty, humility and clear focus. Great leaders help people reach their goals, are not afraid to hire people that might be better than them and take pride in the accomplishments of those they help along the way.”Aban 19, 1395 AP
What are leader behaviors?
Leadership behavior is the traits and actions that make an individual effective as a leader. This behavior is the process by which a person can guide, direct and influence the work of others to meet specific goals. These actions and strategies can be learned to increase the effectiveness of those around them.Azar 13, 1399 AP | <urn:uuid:a27c2845-6f51-448b-89dc-7ff6eb062ce9> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://blackestfest.com/what-are-examples-of-leadership-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336674.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001132802-20221001162802-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.930386 | 626 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This inspiring collection of sacred maxims is drawn from the genre known in Arabic as al-qawā‘id al-fiqhiyyah. These maxims are pithy sayings that Islamic scholars use as a guide for Islamic practice in a wide range of areas, from the rituals of worship to financial transactions. Though technically translated as “legal maxims”, the array of topics these maxims cover encompass the core ethical principles at the heart of the Shariah.
Given its concision, each maxim is rich in meaning, and the commentary provided by Dr Shahrul Hussain gives us a glimpse into the maxim’s significance. The commentaries, written by a Western Islamic scholar, bring out the relevance of each maxim to the English speaking reader.
This latest instalment in Kube’s Treasury Series in Islamic Thought and Civilisation, will help deepen the understanding of key aspects of Shariah in its legal and ethical dimensions.
Other titles in this series:
– A Treasury of Hadith: A Commentary on Nawawi’s Forty Prophetic Traditions | <urn:uuid:83f79cd5-8242-48f2-8876-5ae514dbccf6> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.kubepublishing.com/shop/a-treasury-of-sacred-maxims-a-commentary-on-legal-principles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607120.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522211031-20170522231031-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.890931 | 226 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Goal of the Sofara International Charter School is to infuse, throughout all aspects of the school, the International Baccalaureate philosophy and educational model that has been an academic standard around the world for generations. In doing so we will prepare our children to be entrepreneurs and leaders of industry in the global society that they are inheriting.
The International Baccalaureate (IB):
The International Baccalaureate (IB) educational model, which is normally reserved for private school students, offers exciting possibilities to public school children and would provide a new way of viewing who they are, how the world interrelates, and their place within it. The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) has been successful in creating articulate, thoughtful young people whose sophisticated intellect has placed them at the forefront of leadership roles in industry and diplomacy.
IB, a symbol of Standards for Excellence in education on an international level, has been successfully implemented throughout the world in diverse geographical regions from sub-Saharan Africa and Northern Europe, to Southeast Asia and the Americas. Given this understanding, the IB philosophy promotes students to be communicators in their mother tongue as well as in a second language. Sofara International Charter School will expose students to the languages of French and Arabic. | <urn:uuid:edf8b1c8-a945-4d63-9d24-ebcf611be64a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.sofarainternational.org/our-goal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.948781 | 258 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Upon entering the Land of Israel, each tribe received a portion appropriate to its needs. Which shevet (tribe) received the city of Jerusalem?
A quick review of a map indicates that Jerusalem was split between the tribes of Yehuda (to the south) and Binyamin (to the north). Our Gemara argues that there is a disagreement between the tanna’im. The Tanna Kamma believes that Jerusalem was a separate entity, and that it was not divided between the shevatim; Rabbi Yehuda argues that Jerusalem was divided, and, in fact the border between Yehuda and Binyamin ran through the Temple itself, with the Temple Mount offices on Yehuda’s side and the sanctuary and Holy of Holies on Binyamin’s. A baraita that is brought describes how there was also a “panhandle” of sorts that encroached northward and included the area of the altar within the official boundaries of shevet Yehuda.
The Si’ah Yitzhak explains that all opinions agree that the area where the City of Jerusalem was built had originally been split between Yehuda and Binyamin. The disagreement in our Gemara is whether when the decision was made to make Jerusalem the spiritual center of the Jewish people the entire city became a separate entity, or perhaps Jerusalem remained within the confines of the two shevatim, and only the area of the Temple itself had extraterritorial status.
There are some sources that do not place the altar entirely within the boundaries of shevet Yehuda, rather within shevet Binyamin, with the exception of the south-eastern corner that was in Yehuda. Even so, the Gemara relates a tradition that Binyamin himself “saw” (apparently in a prophetic vision) that the altar – or a significant part of it – would not be in his portion, and was so disturbed by this that as a consolation prize he became the host (ushpizekhan) to the Almighty in that the Holy of Holies was built in his portion. | <urn:uuid:99af5178-c99d-4c47-9b58-28f7eee43c5e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://steinsaltz.org/daf/yoma12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023002852-20211023032852-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.984852 | 436 | 3.40625 | 3 |
OpenStax Biology 2e
A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds is a polysaccharide (poly- = “many”). The chain may be branched or unbranched, and it may contain different types of monosaccharides. The molecular weight may be 100,000 daltons or more depending on the number of joined monomers. Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are primary examples of polysaccharides.
Plants store starch in the form of sugars. In plants, an amylose and amylopectic mixture (both glucose polymers) comprise these sugars. Plants are able to synthesize glucose, and they store the excess glucose, beyond their immediate energy needs, as starch in different plant parts, including roots and seeds. The starch in the seeds provides food for the embryo as it germinates and can also act as a food source for humans and animals. Enzymes break down the starch that humans consume. For example, an amylase present in saliva catalyzes, or breaks down this starch into smaller molecules, such as maltose and glucose. The cells can then absorb the glucose.– What is an important structural component which is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β-linked D-glucose units of the primary cell wall of green plants?
– What is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that is derived from glucose which is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae of molluscs, cephalopod beaks, and the scales of fish and lissamphibians?
Glucose starch comprises monomers that are joined by α 1-4 or α 1-6 glycosidic bonds. The numbers 1-4 and 1-6 refer to the carbon number of the two residues that have joined to form the bond. The image above illustrates, unbranched glucose monomer chains (only α 1-4 linkages) form the starch; whereas, amylopectin is a branched polysaccharide (α 1-6 linkages at the branch points).
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is comprised of monomers of glucose. Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch and is a highly branched molecule usually stored in liver and muscle cells. Whenever blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen breaks down to release glucose in a process scientists call glycogenolysis.
Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer. Cellulose mostly comprises a plant’s cell wall. This provides the cell structural support. Wood and paper are mostly cellulosic in nature. Glucose monomers comprise cellulose that β 1-4 glycosidic bonds link.– What is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria?
Every other glucose monomer in cellulose is flipped over, and the monomers are packed tightly as extended long chains. This gives cellulose its rigidity and high tensile strength—which is so important to plant cells. While human digestive enzymes cannot break down the β 1-4 linkage, herbivores such as cows, koalas, and buffalos are able, with the help of the specialized flora in their stomach, to digest plant material that is rich in cellulose and use it as a food source. In some of these animals, certain species of bacteria and protists reside in the rumen (part of the herbivore’s digestive system) and secrete the enzyme cellulase. The appendix of grazing animals also contains bacteria that digest cellulose, giving it an important role in ruminants’ digestive systems. Cellulases can break down cellulose into glucose monomers that animals use as an energy source. Termites are also able to break down cellulose because of the presence of other organisms in their bodies that secrete cellulases.
Carbohydrates serve various functions in different animals. Arthropods (insects, crustaceans, and others) have an outer skeleton, the exoskeleton, which protects their internal body parts. This exoskeleton is made of the biological macromolecule chitin, which is a polysaccharide-containing nitrogen. It is made of repeating N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine units, which are a modified sugar. Chitin is also a major component of fungal cell walls. Fungi are neither animals nor plants and form a kingdom of their own in the domain Eukarya.Chitin-producing organisms like protozoa, fungi, arthropods, and nematodes are often pathogens in other species. Humans and other mammals have chitinase and chitinase-like proteins that can degrade chitin. They also possess several immune receptors that can recognize chitin and its degradation products in a pathogen-associated molecular pattern which initiates an immune response.
Clark, M., Douglas, M., Choi, J. Biology 2e. Houston, Texas: OpenStax. Access for free at: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e | <urn:uuid:250c1d97-f33d-4e95-b1e7-d30982c54739> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://chromoscience.com/2020/05/28/polysaccharides/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487607143.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613071347-20210613101347-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.92794 | 1,134 | 3.609375 | 4 |
- To continue to exist; endure.
From Latin "per-" (through) + "durare" (to last), from "durus" (hard). Earliest Use: 1475.
Used in a sentence:
"Despite the loss of my family home, and my family along with it; the memories perdure.” Life is Short, Eat The Donut T-Shirt: https://amzn.to/2HSEhHC | <urn:uuid:4afe2082-4fac-407a-9e87-8b7f95e43265> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.grandiloquentwordoftheday.com/single-post/perdure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141184870.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125213038-20201126003038-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.828814 | 98 | 2.625 | 3 |
Jim Brady (1908-1967)
By Leah Dorion
with permission from
Jim Brady was born in 1908 at Lake St. Vincent near St. Paul des Metis, Alberta. His father, Jim Brady Sr. was a dominion land agent, postmaster and wealthy store-keeper of Scottish ancestry. His Metis mother, Philomena Archange was one of the first Metis registered nurses in the area. Brady grew up in St. Paul des Metis which was the largest Metis community in Alberta. He was partially raised by his maternal grandfather, Lawrence Garneau, who was involved with Louis Riel and the Metis in the resistances of 1870 and 1885. His grandfather taught him about the roots of the historic Metis struggles in the northwest. St. Paul des Metis consisted of many dispossessed Metis with militant ideologies which were to have a tremendous influence on Brady's life. Members of the Brady family were strong advocates of Metis identity and social equality. As a young man, Brady was tutored by various politicians, radicals and union supporters. During the 1920s he worked as a labourer and became knowledeable about the politics of work, as well as that of the prairies. During these years Jim Brady adopted Marxist philosophies.
In the early 1930's, Felix Callihoo, Peter Tomkins, Jim Brady, Joe Dion, and Malcolm Norris, joined together to work for the Metis cause. These men are often called the "fabulous five" for their strong commitment toward politically organizing the Metis in Alberta. Together they helped form the Metis Association of Alberta by actively travelling to Alberta Metis communities to raise political awareness. The priority of the Metis association was to petition the government and raise awareness about Metis issues. In 1933, the Alberta Metis Association had 1,200 members in 41 locals.
In the early 1930s, these Alberta Metis leaders with the support of local Members of the Legislative Assembly and Members of Parliament, Church officials and medical doctors urged the provincial government to study the conditions of the Metis. In 1934, due to the intense lobbying of leaders like Jim Brady, the Halfbreed Commission, also known as the Ewing Commission, was appointed to begin hearing and consultations with the Metis.
Jim Brady was viewed by his comrades as the political strategist during the commission hearings. As a result, the Metis Betterment Act was passed by the Alberta government in 1938 which provided Alberta Metis with land tracts and social welfare programs.
Reunited with Norris, they worked together to organize the Northern Saskatchewan Metis Association. Brady was a key organizer of the La Ronge local of the Metis Association. In 1965 the purpose of the Metis Association of Saskatchewan was, "to organize people of Indian ancestry in the Province of Saskatchewan in order to secure recognition for and realization of our hopes and aspirations towards a better way of life consistent with the opportunities available within Canadian Society." Jim Brady felt very passionate about Metis enjoying the same rights as other Canadian citizens. Art Davis conducted an interview with Jim Brady in 1960 for the Saskatchewan Archives Board. Brady had this to say about the future of the Metis people:
"...they are and have been the victims of colonialism as well as any Asian or African, but they must be freed from all of the pernicious influences that this system of colonialism has forced upon them in British North America. They must be freed of the disabilities which colonialism has imposed upon them, or the vestiges of colonialism still impose upon them. Consequently, what we would refer to vaguely as the national liberation of the Indian people and the Metis people in Canada, cannot be completed until Canada as a whole and the western world as a whole free themselves of that vicious system which has imposed these conditions on a conquered people. You see the problem was you were dealing simply with the problems of a conquered nation and a defeated people. You see our struggle for national liberation, or a future destiny of our own, that struggle was fought out on the banks of the Saskatchewan River more than two generations ago."
Brady was a very great thinker with amazing insights into the history of Metis oppression. In 1967, while on a prospecting expedition with a Cree friend, Brady and his partner disappeared. An extensive RCMP search ensued, but they were never found. Many northeners believe that the two men were murdered for political reasons. Jim Brady was an extraordinary leader and his ability to organize Metis people will be remembered well into the future. Some Metis families still remember how influential Brady's feelings of pride and dedication to make positive change, opened their minds to a different future.
Murray Dobbin. One-And-A-Half-Men. Gabriel Dumont Institute, 1987.
Anne Anderson. The First Metis: A New Nation, Edmonton, Uvisco Press, 1985.
Jim Brady's papers are held in the Glenbow Archives in Calgary, Alberta. | <urn:uuid:b08ddc5c-3642-4094-bbc6-7efc4b4e455a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/faces/mbradji.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742666.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115095814-20181115121814-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.973913 | 1,007 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Whole Grains and Beans
Whole grains and beans fight inflammation, while their cousins, white flour and white rice, may increase chronic inflammation. Foods like oatmeal, chia seeds, oatmeal, and brown or wild rice lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). These proteins are “markers” for inflammation associated with heart disease, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.
Fiber is also very important in keeping your bowels healthy, in weight loss, fighting heart disease, and lowering blood pressure. Choose your fiber wisely and don’t smother it with butter, cheese, and other inflammation-increasing foods. | <urn:uuid:0b781af0-94e8-4cb6-9aa9-eb104fec0b4d> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://globaldln.com/index.php/2020/08/30/9-foods-to-get-rid-of-pain-naturally/6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991759.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510174005-20210510204005-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.901678 | 134 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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"An important contribution to legal history."
Many have questioned FDR's record on race, suggesting that he had the opportunity but not the will to advance the civil rights of African Americans. Kevin J. McMahon challenges this view, arguing instead that Roosevelt's administration played a crucial role in the Supreme Court's increasing commitment to racial equality—which culminated in its landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
McMahon shows how FDR's attempt to strengthen the presidency and undermine the power of conservative Southern Democrats dovetailed with his efforts to seek racial equality through the federal courts. By appointing a majority of rights-based liberals deferential to presidential power, Roosevelt ensured that the Supreme Court would be receptive to civil rights claims, especially when those claims had the support of the executive branch.
— Gerard Alexander
"McMahon's compelling and provocative book aggressively interrogates the conventional wisdom on Franklin Delano Roosevelt's civil rights legacy. . . . The book dissects Rooseveltian hagiography, revealing a profoundly nuanced causal chain connecting the failure of the first New Deal to the Warren Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education."
— Benjamin Ponder
“McMahon successfully employs a presidency-centered focus to link elected officials and judicial activism on behalf of the powerless. McMahon maintains that Brown v. Board of Education was as rooted in decisions made by the Roosevelt Administration as in the litigation campaign against segregated schools.”
— Mark A, Graber
"An outstanding work of scholarship. It is imaginative in its ideas, rigorous in its argumentation, thorough in its research, and articulate in its prose. It is a book that will be valuable to anyone interested in the history of civil rights or the evolution of the presidency."
— Timothy Walch
"The book is excellent, meticulously researched, lucid, intellectually combative yet engaging and broadly persuasive. It is approachable enough to be perfectly readable for undergraduates but difficult enough that it should have substantial impact on how scholars think of the Presidency's relation to the Court."
— Paul Martin
Shocked." That was the word Governor James "Jimmy" Byrnes of South Carolina used to describe his reaction to the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. Byrnes had expected the Court to uphold the "separate-but-equal" doctrine when it issued its opinion on school segregation on May 17, 1954. But it didn't. Instead, Chief Justice Earl Warren announced in a firm clear voice that in the area of education the Plessy doctrine was no longer the law. The South would have to comply.
As the leader of the first state to secede from the Union, the seventy-two-year-old Byrnes was an uncommon man. Besides the sitting justices, only he and one other person alive knew the experience of being on the nation's highest tribunal. Appointed as an associate justice by Franklin D. Roosevelt on the eve of America's entry into World War II, Byrnes gave up his judicial post after serving just over a year to head the war mobilization effort as the "assistant president." Elected governor in 1950, he sought to use his first-hand knowledge of the Court by equalizing South Carolina's schools in an attempt to undercut the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) legal attack on Plessy. While recent Court action clearly indicated a decision in favor of the civil rights organization, Byrnes felt that he could still save segregation.
In turn, he sought to establish a record of rapid improvement in South Carolina's treatment of African Americans and to counter the NAACP's years of effort in the legal and political arenas. Along with his $75 million school-building equalization program, Byrnes pushed through legislation intended to end Ku Klux Klan activities in his state by outlawing "the public wearing of masks by adults or the burning of crosses on private property without the owner's consent." To challenge the NAACP in court, he convinced one of the most respected and politically influential attorneys in the nation-John W. Davis-to argue the South's position before the justices. Davis, the 1924 Democratic presidential nominee and a veteran of more than 250 Supreme Court cases (more than any other twentieth-century attorney), was confident that precedent was on South Carolina's side. Having already broken with President Harry Truman, Byrnes also courted GOP presidential candidate Dwight Eisenhower in an attempt to set himself up as the South's power broker in the 1952 election. With reestablished clout in Washington, he felt he could influence an Eisenhower administration's position on the desegregation cases. Finally, Byrnes visited the Supreme Court in the spring and summer of 1953, where he "lobbied two old friends," Chief Justice Fred Vinson and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter. With all of this activity, the former justice sought to persuade the Court (and the new administration) that it was unnecessary to overturn Plessy, arguing that southern states were now upgrading black schools and a ruling against the South would unleash powerful forces of resistance. In other words, such a decision would end his brand of moderately conservative political leadership below the Mason-Dixon line.
To many, despite Davis's confidence, Byrnes's effort to produce a decision sympathetic to the South seemed unlikely to end in success. Although the Court had never directly challenged the separate-but-equal standard in its previous rulings, for years it had consistently sided with the NAACP position in a range of cases concerning race. As early as April 1941, guided by a Justice Department brief, a Court of eight-with five Roosevelt justices in place-united to support an African American congressman's complaint against the Interstate Commerce Commission. Never before had the Justice Department submitted an amicus curiae brief on behalf of a black defendant. In 1946 the Court, with only the newly seated Truman appointee Harold Burton dissenting, sided with a black woman who had refused to move to the back of an interstate bus. Two years later, again at the Justice Department's urging, all six participating justices concluded that racially restrictive covenants in housing could not be enforced in state court, virtually making them null and void. In cases decided in 1948 and 1950, the Court turned to the question of school segregation in higher education, methodically and unanimously developing the precedent necessary to support Brown. "Discussions among the justices in the 1950s cases," moreover, showed "that they were ready to abandon" the Plessy doctrine. Indeed, by 1944, it was clear that the newly created Roosevelt Court would practice a new style of progressivism when addressing the issue of race. In that year, the Court overturned a unanimous ruling just nine years old and invalidated the white primary, a device that was then thought to be the most effective legal measure for keeping African Americans out of the South's one-party political process. With this ruling (Smith v. Allwright), the Court initiated a decade-long undertaking that called into question the constitutionality of the southern states' segregation statutes, culminating in Brown v. Board of Education.
Given this string of decisions, it is difficult not to wonder whether Byrnes feigned his amazement at the result in Brown-to question whether or not his shock was that of the Captain Louis Renault variety in the film Casablanca. Indeed, of all the southern leaders commenting on the decision the day of its announcement, Byrnes's surprise, coupled with his hope for a reversal, was a rare reaction. Most others expressed disappointment, outrage, even acceptance. To the extent that southerners shared in Byrnes's surprise, it was due more to the unity of the Court than to the ruling itself. As the Atlanta Constitution put it, "the South has three representatives on the court in Justices Black of Alabama, Clark of Texas and Reid [sic] of Kentucky, which is a border commonwealth. Expectations had been that the South's traditional stand on segregation would be upheld by some of these at least." In Brown, it wasn't.
But while Byrnes's reaction may have been odd, it should not be disregarded. With their decision in Brown, the justices completed a dramatic turn in American law that rejected the defining institutions of the South and endorsed the ideal of a more inclusive democracy. First as an influential senator, then as a justice, and finally as a member of both the Roosevelt and Truman administrations, Byrnes had been at the center of the political regime that created this Court. Perhaps more than any other elected southern official, it could be said that the Court's transformation on race had occurred on his watch. In this light, his surprise should not be surprising at all. Rather, his emotions as well as his efforts to save Plessy suggest a profound misunderstanding-if not denial-of the Court's institutional mission following the "constitutional revolution of 1937." Given this mission, Byrnes's search for a compromise was destined for failure. It represented the thinking of a skilled legislator, a status Byrnes had achieved in his twenty-four years in Congress, not of a successful jurist, a label few would attach to him. Thus, in Brown the justices unanimously rejected the governor's late-day attempts to save segregation by stressing that separate schools based on race could not be made equal-as South Carolina had sought to do-for they were "inherently unequal."
The Origins of the Supreme Court's Civil Rights Decisions
How did this judicial transformation occur? How did this Supreme Court emerge as such a unified opponent of segregation? Countering conventional wisdom about their inability to significantly sway judicial interpretation, I argue that presidents, especially "reconstructive" presidents like FDR, are powerful agents of constitutional change. Under the influence of these presidents, Supreme Courts are predisposed to follow the command of the executive branch. In turn, I suggest that the civil rights decisions are the byproducts of an institutional mission-embraced by the Court-that was significantly shaped by what I call the "judicial policy" of the Roosevelt administration, a policy that was itself a consequence of FDR's management of divisions within the Democratic Party and of his construction of the modern presidency. Put another way, FDR's conclusion that "southern democracy" was incompatible with his vision of a thoroughly liberal Democratic Party and with his institutional design for an executive-dominated national government served as a mainspring for the Supreme Court's later commitment to federal civil rights protection. To be sure, this assessment does not transform FDR into a radical reformer on race. His decisions were driven more by the demands of intraparty management and his own institutional desires than by a personal commitment to the African American cause. And while his administration laid the institutional foundation for the development of the Court's civil rights doctrine of the 1940s and 1950s, it must be made clear that others built the house.
In developing this argument, I focus on three inquiries made by southerners on the day of Brown's announcement. First, why did a Court largely staffed soon after the constitutional crisis of the 1930s issue such an activist decision? After all, as the New York Times reminded its readers, "five of the nine Supreme Court Justices who today outlawed race segregation in public schools were appointees of President Franklin D. Roosevelt." It had been only seventeen years since FDR's historic fight with that tribunal to ensure Congress's ability to regulate the economy as it saw fit. Now, all of the Court's members-even those who for years had preached judicial restraint-had, in the words of Georgia's Governor Herman Talmadge, "blatantly ignored all law and precedent." Echoing his governor's sentiment, Senator Richard Russell issued a declaration that reminded many of the late president's attempt to "pack" the Court. "Ways must be found to check the tendency of the court to disregard the Constitution and the precedents of able and unbiased judges to decide cases solely on the basis of the personal predilections of some of its members as to political, economic and social questions."
While anger over the justices' activism stirred emotions, it masked the partisan makeup of the Court. And in the days following Brown, few southern voices had an answer to a second, more implicit, question. Why would a court dominated by justices appointed by two Democratic presidents-and approved with the overwhelming support of southern senators-issue a ruling so harmful to southern democracy? Rather, southern leaders tended to ignore the essence of this inquiry by fixing their sights on the new chief justice, the only member of the Court appointed by a Republican president. After all, as late as December 1952-the time of the first oral arguments in Brown-many in the South thought segregation would survive. For his part, Byrnes predicted that the NAACP would lose decisively, with only Justice William O. Douglas supporting Plessy's demise. Instead, despite the lame-duck Truman administration's restrained attack on the separate-but-equal doctrine in the government's brief, a Fred Vinson-led Supreme Court unanimously held the case over for reargument and invited the incoming Eisenhower administration both to take part in oral arguments and to submit a brief. Warren's addition to the mix following Vinson's death in 1953, coupled with Eisenhower Attorney General Herbert Brownell's reserved support of the NAACP's position in the government's "supplemental" brief, must have upset the balance. Only "under the duress" of these two men, South Carolina Senator Burnet Maybank concluded, could the Court have reached this "shameful political edict." Simply stated, "had the Democrats been in power, the decision would never have been made." Joining in this South Carolina chorus, Senator Olin D. Johnston reasoned that with Warren and Brownell in command, the Court had made "a flagrant, direct appeal for the political favor of minority groups."
In their assault on Warren, southern leaders took aim at not only his leadership but the nature of his opinion as well. Senator Russell, the self-proclaimed voice of Georgia, underscored that "for the first time, the Court admittedly substitutes psychology for law and legal precedent in construing the Constitution." Other southerners, including Byrnes, accused the scholars cited by the Court as being "members of Communist front organizations." These comments led to a third question. Why did the Court use social science-in its famed footnote 11-to support its conclusion that segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment? To be sure, the use of this evidence was no small matter. Along with southern attacks, it opened the Brown decision to significant criticism from members of an otherwise friendly legal community. For example, Edmond Cahn noted in 1955 that he would "not have the constitutional rights of Negroes-or of other Americans-rest on any such flimsy foundation as some of the scientific demonstrations" cited in Brown.
Nevertheless, the deed was done. Jimmy Byrnes's early efforts to prevent President Truman's renomination as the Democratic candidate in 1952, combined with his support for the Republican Eisenhower over the Democrat Stevenson, had blown up in his face. Congressional sentiment held that such "bolting" southerners had been "badly hurt" by the decision. Senator Russell-described as "the most powerful southerner in the Senate"-did provide some political cover for the South Carolina governor. To him, the Court, dating back to the Truman administration, had formed into "a pliant tool" of the Attorney General, a mere "political arm of the Executive Branch of the Government." Once the Eisenhower Justice Department decided to continue the Truman administration's stance on segregation, Plessy's fate was sealed.
Summary of the Argument
Since Russell's initial assessment of the origins of the Supreme Court's decision, many have followed. In the years since, Brown and the Court's civil rights decisions leading up to it have alternatively been understood as: (1) a reflection of the "current of history," (2) a consequence of the NAACP's effective organization and advocacy, (3) an expression of the national political regime, and (4) a result of an independent judiciary convinced of the evils of Jim Crow. While each of these explanations offers insights into the origins of these decisions, none can fully answer the three concerns southern leaders articulated following Brown. Namely, why did a court supposedly committed to judicial restraint issue such an activist decision? Why did the Democratic white South suffer a dramatic loss before a court filled with eight justices appointed by Democratic presidents? And why did the Court employ social science in its unanimous ruling? These questions inform the focus of this book.
Excerpted from Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race by Kevin J. McMahon Copyright © 2004 by The University of Chicago. Excerpted by permission.
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1. Introduction: The Day They Drove Old Dixie Down
2. The Incongruities of Reform: Rights-Centered Liberalism and Legal Realism in the Early New Deal Years
3. FDR's Constitutional Vision and the Defeat of the Court-Packing Plan: The Modern Presidency and the Enemies of Institutional Reform
4. "Approving Legislation for the People, Preserving Liberties—Almost Rewriting Laws": The Politics of Creating the Roosevelt Court
5. A Constitutional Purge: Southern Democracy, Lynch Law, and the Roosevelt Justice Department
6. The Commitment Continues: Truman, Eisenhower, and the Civil Rights Decisions
7. Conclusion: The Road the Court Trod | <urn:uuid:d36f1b50-fe9f-4304-8f0c-0de5d180074f> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/reconsidering-roosevelt-on-race-kevin-j-mcmahon/1101010110?ean=9780226500881&itm=1&usri=9780226500881 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304598.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00034-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965422 | 3,600 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Agricultural History Society
This society aims to promote interest in, and the study of, the history of agriculture. Provides information on membership, the journal, meetings and awards.
Agriculture and Horticulture in Ancient Egypt
Article describing agricultural practices of the ancient Egyptians including irrigation, ploughing and planting, harvesting, the crops grown, gardens, vegetables, orchards and vineyards.
History of Farming
Illustrated overview of the origins and development of agriculture, with bibiliography, notes from early cultures, and pictures of early farm implements and tractors.
History of Farming and Cities
Links to pages which give research on the development of farming and cities by culture.
The Potato Then and Now: History
The history of potato cultivation and its role in society, including the Irish potato famine. Particular focus on Prince Edward Island, Canada. | <urn:uuid:759ea674-83ae-4892-9389-4b1c6b97fbf0> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.searchalot.com/?dir5=/Top/Science/Agriculture/History | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826145.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214162826-20181214184826-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.822054 | 178 | 2.875 | 3 |
Allergens: Dust and Dust Mites
What are dust allergens?
Dust allergens are substances found in dust, and may include:
What is a dust mite allergen?
Dust mites are microscopic organisms that can live and thrive throughout homes and businesses. The mites and their waste products thrive in:
- Akin, Louise, RN
- MMI board-certified, academically affiliated clinician | <urn:uuid:2239e98f-43ab-4260-94e1-9cb80bd30cd4> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P00014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372999.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00208-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901937 | 89 | 2.6875 | 3 |
On January 1, 1970, President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) signs the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) sponsored by Senator Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson (1912-1983). Little noticed when passed by Congress in 1969, NEPA turns out to be the most influential of the many environmental laws enacted in the 1960s and 1970s and is often referred to as an environmental Magna Carta. The Act's requirement that federal agencies prepare environmental impact statements before taking major action transforms government decision-making and becomes a powerful tool for environmentalists. Many states, including Washington, adopt laws modeled after NEPA, and the principle of publicly analyzing environmental impacts spreads to countries around the world.
As environmentalism became a political force, triggered in part by the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's influential best-seller Silent Spring, Congress responded. Much of the new environmental legislation came from the Interior Committee that Jackson chaired, including the Wilderness Act of 1964, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, and bills creating North Cascades National Park in Washington, Redwood National Park in California, and National Seashores around the country.
Need for National Policy
Although environmental groups promoted many of these bills, and some commercial interests strongly opposed them, there was almost no public demand for or opposition to NEPA. Instead, the Act grew out of the recognition by Jackson and his staff that federal agencies should consider environmental effects in a coordinated fashion.The only real obstacles to its passage arose from conflicts inside the Senate.
At Interior Committee hearings, Jackson pointed to inconsistent federal agency actions in the Florida Everglades to illustrate the need for environmental coordination. While the Interior Department and Park Service were acquiring land for Everglades National Park, the Army Corps of Engineers and other agencies were planning a huge dike and canal project for agricultural purposes that would have drained much of the water flowing to the park, and the Department of Transportation was proposing a jet airport near the park. Jackson had environmentalist Lynton Caldwell draft a report, which the Interior Committee published, to build support for a declaration of national environmental policy that agencies would consider in making decisions.
Jackson introduced S. 1075, the bill that became NEPA, in the Senate in February 1969. As the earlier hearings and Caldwell's report had created a favorable climate, Jackson did not hold lengthy hearings, which could have stirred up opposition. The Nixon administration nominally opposed NEPA, but Jackson, a Democrat noted for his support of increased defense spending, was a key ally of the Republican president on defense issues. The administration did not lobby Republicans in Congress to oppose Jackson's bill. The only real opposition came from Jackson's fellow Democrat and environmentalist, Maine Senator Edmund Muskie (1914-1996).
Jackson and Muskie Compromise
Muskie, like Jackson, had sponsored landmark environmental legislation, particularly combating water pollution, for which he had a national reputation. The two senators had a longstanding rivalry for control over environmental issues. And they had different philosophical approaches. Jackson had faith that agencies would follow a general policy, whereas Muskie believed that specific anti-pollution standards were needed, and feared Jackson's bill would undercut such standards.
After lengthy and acrimonious negotiations, the two senators reached a compromise when Jackson agreed to key amendments that ended up strengthening NEPA. The amendments made clear that besides preparing an impact statement, agencies had to comply with specific environmental standards. They also required agencies to consult with other agencies, to consider alternatives to the project, and to make environmental assessments widely available to the public.
The House and Senate approved NEPA, as amended, in December 1969. Although reluctant to sign the bill, Nixon recognized the broad popular support for environmental legislation. He chose to sign NEPA into law on January 1, 1970, stating, "It is particularly fitting that my first official act in this new decade is to approve the National Environmental Policy Act" (Prochnau and Larsen, 278).
Neither Jackson, nor Nixon, nor anyone else anticipated the effect NEPA would have. Beginning with the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970, shortly after NEPA became law, the environmental movement reached a peak of influence in the 1970s. Activists discovered that NEPA provided a powerful tool to halt, delay, or modify projects they considered harmful. Although the Act did not mention court review of environmental impact statements, courts soon ruled that citizen groups could sue to ensure compliance with the Act, and frequently overturned project approvals if a statement was not prepared or did not properly disclose impacts.
Jackson was displeased when courts and the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), an executive agency created by NEPA, expanded the requirements for impact statements far beyond what he had envisioned, and when NEPA lawsuits delayed the Alaska oil pipeline, nuclear power plant construction, and other projects he supported. He concluded that the benefits from NEPA outweighed these unforeseen results, but relations between Jackson and the environmental movement grew strained. Jackson's support for the Alaska pipeline, nuclear power, and Boeing's supersonic transport (SST) made him -- the sponsor of NEPA and much other landmark environmental legislation -- an increasingly frequent target of environmentalists anger. In turn, Jackson denounced "environmental extremists" for failing to recognize the need to balance environmental protection with economic growth.
Despite Jackson's misgivings and subsequent court decisions that restricted to some extent activists' ability to use NEPA lawsuits, the environmental impact statement remains a central component of the nation's political and environmental landscape. The need to consult other agencies and the public has transformed government decision-making from a process carried out behind closed doors to one in which the public participates. In some cases just the prospect of having to disclose impacts, consider alternatives, and listen to the public can result in modification or even rejection of environmentally damaging projects.
NEPA's influence is not limited to the federal level. Washington, like many other states, adopted a State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) that requires environmental impact statements. Since even private projects require state or local approval, any major development that is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts must go through the public process of assessing impacts and alternatives. And the concepts of disclosure, considering alternatives, and public participation have spread around the world as many countries incorporate NEPA principles into their planning decisions. | <urn:uuid:1eb56938-5899-43bb-a3ca-e5df2b616c3d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://historylink.org/File/5615 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00809.warc.gz | en | 0.956578 | 1,284 | 3.6875 | 4 |
By José Pedro Teixeira Fernandes
At the beginning of the 21st century, the endless conflicts of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East stand as a permanent puzzle for the European Union (EU). It is not by mere chance that this turbulence is happening. What we are watching today has deep historical roots frequently misunderstood or only partially known in the West.
Probably, what we are seeing today is a re-emergence, albeit under other forms, of what was called the ‘Eastern Question’ in the European diplomatic history of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. This was a long period full of bloody conflicts, whose conventional milestones were the treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire of 1774, after the latter’s defeat — the Treaty of Küçük-Kaynarca in present-day Bulgaria; and the Treaty of Lausanne (Switzerland) in 1923, which formalized the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the emergence of modern Republic of Turkey.
Indeed, today we are seeing these issues reemerge, albeit in other ways. The deepest problem is that Europeans — more exactly Western Europeans — do not have an adequate mental and strategic framework to grasp this complex geopolitical puzzle. They are socialized in a discursive hegemony which takes the reality of Western Europe and the Euro-Atlantic World as suitable reading lenses for the Eastern Mediterranean, including Southeast Europe, and the Middle East; however, this is a useless reading guide to the reality of this part of the world.
Pitfalls of the Western past
The usual narrative on the origins of the European Union (formerly the European Community) in the post-World War II era shows the limits and pitfalls of a Western view. Looking at today’s enlarged European Union, it is a limited explanation, almost entirely built on Euro-Western historical and political experience. Fundamentally, it was created around the tragic memory of a conflict between two European great powers — France and Germany — which started with the German unification of 1871, where France lost Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. It also highlights the role of exacerbated nationalisms and imperial and colonial rivalries in the years of conflict and war.
Then, in the first half of the 20th century, it emphasizes the tragedies of the two European civil wars: World War I (1914-1918) and the catastrophe of Nazism, which led to World War II and European (self) destruction. Undoubtedly this is a very important past; however, it is reductive to try to grasp the contemporary European Union only from this perspective. Other important historical-political experiences from the past are usually absent, although they are fundamental to the national identity of other European Union member states. Thus, the conventional narrative, which takes the part for the whole, has become a major intellectual obstacle to understanding the problems the European Union faces today in southeastern Europe and the Middle East.
A striking example of this incomprehension lies in the near total omission of impacts on the part of the ‘Eastern Question’ in the formation of contemporary political Europe, and in disregarding the roots of the conflicts therein. It is crucial to underline that they had nothing to do with the Franco-German dispute, nor with Euro-Western nationalisms.
The limits of Western European supranational integration
The Syrian war, now in its final stages at Idlib and in the Kurdish region of Northeast Syria, and the tensions along the border between Turkey and Greece over Syrian refugees, generate different perceptions in Europe. In Southern Europe, they interact with its own forms of national identity, and with historical processes of state-creation that were unusual in Western Europe. It is not a mere historical curiosity to know this reality. For the European Union, it is fundamental knowledge and a necessary tool to understand the geopolitical complexities of the 21st century, especially the problems in Southeast Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean.
In fact, it is no coincidence that those areas show clear difficulties in reproducing the success obtained in Western Europe. Indeed, the European supranational integration formula, invented by Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman and others in the 1950s, was not designed for this reality. It is something that Eurocrats, familiar with creating rules by Euro-Western standards, do not even seem to conceive. As already explained, the integration process emerged around the historical dispute between France and Germany — hence the Franco-German axis as the ‘engine of the European Union.’ But that was not and is not the problem of other “Europes.”
So, when you move into Southeast Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, the ingenious political solutions invented in Western Europe — as already pointed out, to solve the specific problems of Western Europe — either work poorly or they don’t work at all.
There is an empirical, easily done test that corroborates the above statements. The areas of greatest geopolitical turbulence in the South / Southeast proximity of the European Union, or even already within — the case of the Balkans including Greece and Cyprus, but also Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Israel / Palestine and Libya —, everyone has a common historical-political contact point: usually territories of the former Ottoman Empire (Brown, 1996, pp. xiii e xiv.), where there are significant sequels of that past. For many it may seem too distant to have a major impact on the region’s geopolitics; however, it is not so. Due to the double effect of its extension in time until the beginning of the 20th century, as well as the countless sequels it left, it remains closer historically — and much more present — than one might think.
Fundamentally, three recent circumstances have given it renewed political relevance: Turkey’s neo-Ottoman ambitions, with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s government trying to reconstruct a sphere of influence in the empire’s lost territories; also, the migrants / refugees crisis, generated mainly by the war in Syria; and lastly, major natural gas reserves were found in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The new ‘Eastern Question’
In the new Eastern Question, the European Union, heir to the Western European powers except the British (now outside the EU), is no longer facing the classic nineteenth-century problem — the decadence of the “sick man of Europe”, as stated by the Russian Tsar Nicholas I — that of the Ottoman Empire/Turkey. Now the historical cycle seems to be more favorable to the resurgence of Turkey, and perhaps Russia too, and to a relative decline of Europe, even taking into account the successes of the European Union in peace and well-being.
Thus, the new Eastern Question is not marked by the problems of a territorially receding empire, as in the 19th century. Now, an ambitious Turkey is rising in economic and military terms, as well as in cultural and political reconnection with its Islamic and Ottoman past. As already pointed out, Turkey wants to project its power and influence on the ancient Ottoman territories, from the Balkans to the Middle East. There is a kind of neo-Ottoman imperialism in the current foreign policy of Turkey. It is not relating to territorial conquests as it used to be in the past, but mainly about promoting its religious-political, cultural, and economic influence in deepening the Islamic and Ottoman connection. This goes from the Muslims of the Balkans to the Arabs in Middle East to the Turkish peoples of Central Asia. In such a strategy, the ideological proximity of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s party with political Islam is also an asset. Thus, the Islamist movement Muslim Brotherhood, active in Syria, Egypt, Palestine, Libya and others, is a privileged partner in this Turkish expansionist policy.
Another striking dimension of the new Eastern Question is the problem of migrants/refugees. In the beginning of October 2019, the Turkish President, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan threatened the European Union with “opening the gates and sending in 3.6 million refugees.” Syrian refugees are a classic Turkish instrument of pressure over the European Union. Humanitarian crisis relating to war refugees is nothing new in Europe; however, this does not happen due to the usual reasons concerning the Euro-Western narrative on European Communities, such as building peace and solidarity, which repudiated the war and nationalisms of the first half of the 20th century.
In Eastern past experiences, the traumas of the wars linked to the collapse of federal Yugoslavia in the 1990s are a very vivid memory. But more profound than all that, is the past of the Eastern Question intertwined with the process of establishing sovereign states in that part of Europe. There were long and bloody struggles against the oppression of the Ottoman Empire that deeply pervaded the culture and identity of those peoples. The current migrant waves fuel fears of claims on their territories that Western Europeans underestimate or do not conceive.
Any change in the demographic component of one ethnic or religious group, compared to another group, is politically very sensitive. Mass migrations from the Arab-Islamic Middle East and Africa tend to have this effect. The perception is also explained by the fact that national independence was achieved in the midst of enormous suffering from war, massacres and forced displacement of populations. But in the world of a century or two ago, human crises in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East were confined to the territories where they occurred, and to the contiguous areas. Nowadays, in an era of globalization and with open borders within the European Union, they are rapidly extending into it, with serious human and political consequences.
In addition to this geopolitical complexity, now there is natural gas as a disputed energy resource. In the last decade, significant reserves of natural gas were discovered in the Eastern Mediterranean, located in the offshore area of Israel/Palestine, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, and Turkey.
The main area under commercial exploitation is located in the waters between Israel and Cyprus. Thus, this energy resource has an economic and geopolitical impact on the region. It has already brought an important strategic realignment of convenience among Cyprus, Greece and Israel, to which Egypt has joined. In the opposite field is Turkey, involved in a territorial dispute with Cyprus, which has been militarily occupied by Turkey in the northern of the island since 1974. Now, Turkey asserts that the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus — a creation of Turkey without international recognition — also has an exclusive economic zone of exploitation.
In this dispute, Russia has some converging interest with Turkey. Russia intends to continue, as much as possible, its monopoly of supply to Eastern and Central Europe; hence, it is not interested in new suppliers, or in gas pipelines in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, which could break one of its biggest sources of revenue. The dimension of this new Eastern Question, non-existent in the past, has given rise to cross-political lines that extend inside the European Union. Three member states — Greece, Cyprus and Italy — are partners in the exploitation of natural gas in the Eastern Mediterranean; and a candidate state — Turkey — wants to inhibit development as much as possible, even using naval military pressure on European companies prospecting natural gas or extracting it in the area.
The need for a comprehensive European policy
In this context, a specific foreign and security policy from the European Union — and probably also a NATO strategy, as the two organizations are interconnected on security matters — is necessary to deal with the strategic problems arising from the new Eastern Question. However, a coherent policy and strategy imply, from the outset, to overcome the aforementioned obstacle of the usual mindsets.
A clear understanding of the specificity of Southeast Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean is needed, taking in account the past and the present political peculiarities of these European and Mediterranean regions. Those obstacles are not easy to overcome. Paradoxically, in the Euro-Atlantic cultural logic and strategic thinking, the Americas or even certain parts of Africa are a more familiar reality than the geopolitical area in the periphery of Europe.
In the Western view of the world — with the obvious exception of specialized studies — there is usually a superficial idea of Southeast Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. In addition to overcoming this powerful obstacle, a comprehensive approach is required. It needs to combine geopolitical and strategic thinking with historical and cultural knowledge, with humanitarian sensitivity. Partly due to this fragile historical and geopolitical knowledge in the European Union, for too long inconsistent expectations were created regarding the state heir to a powerful empire — Turkey.
With its very strong historical, cultural and political identity — and surrounding conflicts on its borders — Turkey cannot simply be absorbed by European Union, i.e. Europeanized along the ‘Copenhagen criteria’ for accession, like any other country with a Western and Euro-Atlantic heritage (mostly, small or medium countries). Thus, the resurgence of this past, albeit in other forms, has given rise to a new Eastern Question in 21st century – one that Europe cannot evade.
This article was published by Geopolitical Monitor.com | <urn:uuid:23e04c02-7888-4473-9db0-737244933ad8> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.eurasiareview.com/03022021-eus-new-eastern-question-refugees-gas-and-neo-ottoman-imperialism-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368431.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304021339-20210304051339-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.953312 | 2,661 | 2.78125 | 3 |
An important emerging market – in the U.S.
Martin Luther King, Jr., along with other great leaders of the civil rights movement like Bayard Rustin and A. Phillip Randolph, originally defined the 1963 March on Washington by the linkage between “jobs and freedom.” Freedom, they taught, always required linking the political and economic dimensions of democracy to create the requisite access to the means, methods and outcomes of achieving economic independence.
Since the turn of this century, the demographic drivers of the urban economy have shifted. Since 2001, more than half of America’s largest cities have had more African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and other racial minorities than whites. Minorities now constitute the majority in nine of the largest U. S. cities. The current size of the Latino and African American consumer market is already larger than the GDP of all but nine countries in the world. Within the next five years, over 80 percent of the growth in labor force will occur among those populations still referred to anachronistically as “minorities.” Business formation rates are three to four times higher among small minority owned enterprises than white ones, yet their rates of return, growth rates and longevity continue to lag. Minority and immigrant businesses have concentrated in highly competitive, low-profit retail and service business lines clustered geographically. With attention focused mainly on place-based businesses and policy incentives, much of the economic growth potential of this important demographic shift remains unrealized. Business failures and low profitability are highest in these emerging “enclave” economies in cities of color.
Demographically driven markets that are emerging domestically share characteristics with cutting edge emerging markets abroad. Those overseas markets continue to define the emerging structure of the global economy by producing higher rates of aggregate GDP growth than the developed world. This structural shift of global demand hasn’t occurred since the New World surpassed the Old World in GDP growth in the first decades of the 20th century. In fact, domestic emerging markets have many advantages over those outside the U.S.: a significant supply of strategically located land, existing infrastructure, a pro-growth environment, a large concentration of underserved consumers, and labor. Yet, they suffer high rates of underinvestment. As Tim Bates and Alicia Robb detail in “Analysis of Small-Business Viability in Urban Minority Communities,” their updated analysis of this sector, these firms encounter higher borrowing costs, receive smaller loans, and see their loan applications rejected more often than comparable white-owned businesses. Although lower owner net worth, credit ratings, firm age, size and other risk factors account for some of the differences, studies consistently show that black and Latino owned firms with otherwise identical firm and owner traits and credit histories gain less access to bank credit than white-owned firms. Tight business credit markets since the Great Recession complicated things even further.
Since 2000, income inequality has increased in over two-thirds of metropolitan areas. Wage gaps have more than doubled from 12-32 percent. The costs of inequality limit growth. Since the 1970s, many economists have argued there was a trade-off between growth and equality. More recent research suggests that unless these emerging domestic businesses, consumers, and workers can be tapped for productivity gains, they will act instead as a brake on economic growth.
Thus, democratizing capital means overcoming the increasingly apparent costs of inequality. It means improving ethnic, racial and gender parity in labor force participation, business formation and economic ownership. It was always the right thing to do. Now it is the only way out of traps in liquidity, demand and macroeconomic forces that challenge a sustained, robust recovery that could put America at the frontier of linking domestic and overseas emerging markets.
Globally, firms that derive profits from emerging domestic demand growth are growing fast. Private and public equity investors have figured that global emerging domestic demand growth exposure is important for their investment returns (and for the long-term liabilities of U. S pensions). Now is the time for them to realize this at home as well in order for America to keep its global edge. | <urn:uuid:127e3c3e-e760-40a2-aae9-7c7c85cb0961> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.milkeninstitute.org/blog/view/703 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867859.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526190648-20180526210648-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.956072 | 825 | 2.78125 | 3 |
President Obama has finally stopped ignoring the Declaration of Independence altogether, but he still seems averse to certain elements of the founding document. In his remarks to the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute annual awards gala, President Obama stressed the importance of Hispanics in American history, and declared that what “made us all Americans” was “faith and fidelity to the shared values that we all hold so dear.”
He continued: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, endowed…with certain inalienable rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”. These are indeed unifying truths, but President Obama has taken artistic license with the Declaration. He conspicuously omits “endowed by their Creator”—and instead pauses, scowls, and seems to wait a moment (perhaps until the teleprompter rolls onto the next phrase?).
This omission should not be surprising. It is consistent with the progressive understanding of government as the true source of rights – a role which validates expanding welfare, universal health care, and, generally, a government that knows what is best for the people. The “living” theory of the Constitution follows directly from the evolving concept of rights advanced by progressives over the course of the twentieth century. The president ought to brief his speech writers regarding the progressive idea of rights. It would save him from such awkward moments. | <urn:uuid:da308dbc-022b-4b62-a35a-2160da4cf1bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://dailysignal.com/2010/09/21/a-living-declaration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258937291.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072857-00014-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958568 | 291 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Improving child health in Malawi, one text message at a time
A girl is weighed at the Makhwira Health Centre in southern Malawi, where a growth monitoring clinic is screening children for malnutrition using a new text messaging system. Jennifer Yang/Toronto Star
Last week, I stood beneath the shade of a giant mango tree and met perhaps the most miserable little girl in all of Malawi.
Just moments ago, she had been happily strapped to her mother's back, held snugly in place with a patterned mint-green cloth known as a chitenge. But now, the chitenge is knotted to a weighing scale and hanging from a thick tree branch – and the little girl is still wrapped inside, suspended hammock-style and screaming bloody murder.
As she twists and squirms, her tiny legs scissoring frantically in the air, a man calmly holds her in place and leans in to peer at the scale. After he notes her weight, the little girl is taken down but her ordeal is not quite over yet – next, she is laid on a wooden measuring board and her upper arm is wrapped in measuring tape.
When all of this is over, the little girl's job here is finally done. But her measurements – weight, height, arm circumference – will travel more than 250 kilometres north to the capital city, Lilongwe, where a computer software program will analyze the data, assess the girl for malnutrition, and send back any necessary treatment instructions.
This process used to take months. But nowadays, it only takes minutes, thanks to a cheap, basic and increasingly accessible technology: text messaging.
In Malawi, malnutrition is a massive and widespread issue. An estimated 10.6 per cent of Malawian children die before their fifth birthdays and at least a third of these fatalities are caused by acute malnutrition. Seventeen per cent of all under-five children in Malawi are underweight and a staggering 47 per cent are stunted, meaning they have a low height for their age.
Stunting is caused by chronic undernutrition and its effects are sometimes fatal. Children who are severely stunted are more vulnerable to disease and four times more likely to die.
But stunting also has long-term consequences. It impairs cognitive development and cripples a child's capacity to learn, thus trapping him or her in a cycle of poverty. According to estimates by the World Bank, countries with high levels of undernutrition suffer GDP losses of between two and three percent every year. The World Bank has also said that in Malawi – currently ranked 170 out of 186 on the Human Development Index – more than $600 million U.S. in GDP is lost every year thanks to vitamin and mineral deficiences.
A child is measured at the Makhwira Health Centre in southern Malawi, where a growth monitoring clinic is screening children for malnutrition using a new text messaging system. Jennifer Yang/Toronto Star
A major challenge when it comes to stunting, however, is that it is largely irreversible. It also tends to set in before the age of two.
This makes it crucial to identify and treat malnutrition as early as possible – which brings us back to the disgruntled little girl dangling from the mango tree in Chikwawa, a district of more than 500,000 people in Malawi's southern region.
This tree grows just outside the Makhwira Health Centre, which I visited last week as a press fellow with the United Nations Foundation.
It serves as the site of an ongonig growth monitoring clinic and every week, mothers bring their children here from all over Chikwawa, some trekking for hours with their babies strapped to their backs (roughly 80 per cent of Malawians live in rural, often-remote areas). On the Friday that I visited, a line of more than 50 mothers snaked up to this mango tree, the air filled with the screams and cries of babies.
In the past, measurements were recorded on paper and shipped off to Lilongwe, where the information would be manually entered into a database. Needless to say, this was a time-consuming process, with data entry and analysis taking anywhere between two months to a year – precious time lost for the malnourished child in need of treatment.
The paper-based system was also prone to mistakes. According to a UNICEF report, an average of 14.2 per cent of all data collected was unusable in 2007 due to data entry errors or illegible handwriting.
So in 2009, UNICEF teamed up with the Malawian government and graduate students from Columbia University to develop a new system using text messages and an open-source software platform called RapidSMS.
Here is how RapidSMS works: after a child is weighed and measured, a health surveillance assistant – typically a high school graduate who has received two hours of RapidSMS training – texts the information to a central server in the capital Lilongwe, where the software program automatically analyzes the data for signs of malnutrition. A reply is then texted back to the health assistant, along with a diagnosis and any necessary treatment instructions.
Any data entry mistakes are caught by the software program, which can detect them and message the health worker to re-send the info. The data also gets updated in real time on a website, which automatically flags cases of severe malnutrition.
A pilot study of RapidSMS was a resounding success and the award-winning system is now being rolled out across Malawi, including in Chikwawa, which launched the new SMS system in September 2012. (You can read UNICEF's final report of the pilot program here).
A new text messaging system is being used at the Makhwira Health Centre in southern Malawi, where a growth monitoring clinic is screening children for malnutrition. Jennifer Yang/Toronto Star
Last Friday, I watch as a health worker named Stephane January types the following message into his weathered Nokia cellphone:
GM 1177 031211 m 9.6 83.0 n 12.1
January explains that the "GM" stands for "growth monitoring" and the "1177" is a code identifying the child. The next six digits are the date of birth – December 3, 2011 – followed by the sex (male).
The remaining characters paint a picture of how this two-year-old is developing; he is 9.6 pounds, 83 centimetres tall and a mid-upper arm circumference of 12.1 centimetres. The "n" also indicates "no" for oedema, which is a symptom of severe acute malnutrition.
According to UNICEF nutrition officer Benson Kazembe, this child's measurements indicate he is "mild to moderate malnourished" and may even be "moderately acute malnourished" judging from his arm circumference. He is eligible for treatment and has likely now been admitted to a feeding program, where he will receive a corn-soy blend and nutrition counselling.
The above information is what should have been texted back to January after he hit "send" on his cellphone. But on this particular Friday, there is a problem.
"The network," he says, laughing sheepishly as he stood up and waved his cellphone around, trying to capture a signal. "I'll just try and send it again."
This is a common issue, January admits, and likely the biggest hiccup in Malawi's RapidSMS program so far. Kazembe says the RapidSMS servers are currently being hosted by UNICEF but there are now plans to move to a server hosted by the Malawian Ministry of Health, which should hopefully improve connectivity.
But server issues aside, the program has been a huge success and is only growing in size. Kazembe said 4,619 Malawian children are now registered and in Chikwawa alone, RapidSMS is being used at 21 health facilities.
"Now we are able to track – to monitor – every child," said John Mugawa, the district nutrition coordinator for Chikwawa. "This technology has really helped us." | <urn:uuid:9f370f8f-6ccd-4d90-8b0d-cc4e859ac011> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://thestar.blogs.com/worlddaily/2013/12/improving-child-health-in-malawi-one-text-message-at-a-time.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997889622.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025809-00199-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959962 | 1,675 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Words — 537 found
Common word Links
1. coming out; going out; outflow; efflux; rising (of the sun or moon)
2. attending (work); appearing (on stage); one's turn to go on
3. start; beginning
4. origins; background; person (or item) originating from ...; graduate of ...; native of ...; member of ... (lineage)
5. architectural member that projects outward
6. highest point of the stern of a ship
7. amount (comprising something); amount of time or effort required to do somethingUsually written using kana alone, usu. after the -masu stem of a verb as 〜出がある or 〜出がない, etc.
- We finally published the book.
2. PublishingPublishing is the process of production and dissemination... Read more
1. to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the taskUsually written using kana alone
- I'm sorry, I can't stay long.
2. to be ready; to be completedUsually written using kana alone
- お 」
- "Is the essay ready?" "No, I'm sorry. I haven't finished writing it yet."
3. to be made; to be builtUsually written using kana alone
- That football is made of genuine leather.
4. to be good at; to be permitted (to do)Usually written using kana alone
- May I use your toilet?
5. to become intimate; to take up (with somebody)Usually written using kana alone
- They seem to be in love with each other.
6. to grow; to be raisedUsually written using kana alone
- でき 。
- Oranges grow in warm countries.
7. to become pregnantUsually written using kana alone
出きる 【できる】、出來る 【できる】
出來る: Out-dated kanji.
1. to leave; to exit; to go out; to come out; to get outAntonym: 入る はいる
- It's true that a ghost appeared at my house.
2. to leave (on a journey); to depart; to start out; to set out
- おお 。
- Many American students work their way through the university.
3. to move forward
- He didn't answer the phone, so I left him an email.
4. to come to; to get to; to lead to; to reach
5. to appear; to come out; to emerge; to surface; to come forth; to turn up; to be found; to be detected; to be discovered; to be exposed; to show; to be exhibited; to be on display
6. to appear (in print); to be published; to be announced; to be issued; to be listed; to come out
7. to attend; to participate; to take part; to enter (an event); to play in; to perform
8. to be stated; to be expressed; to come up; to be brought up; to be raised
9. to sell
10. to exceed; to go over
11. to stick out; to protrude
12. to break out; to occur; to start; to originate
13. to be produced
14. to come from; to be derived from
15. to be given; to get; to receive; to be offered; to be provided; to be presented; to be submitted; to be handed in; to be turned in; to be paid
16. to answer (phone, door, etc.); to get
17. to assume (an attitude); to act; to behave
18. to pick up (speed, etc.); to gain
19. to flow (e.g. tears); to run; to bleed
20. to graduate
1. to take out; to get out
- You can withdraw some money out of the bank, if you need any.
2. to put out; to reveal; to show
- I want to remain anonymous in this.
3. to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in
- Read over your paper before you hand it in.
4. to publish; to make public
- いちがつ ２０
- ひ （
- げつようび ）
- くだ 。
- We'll release the final agenda on the morning of Monday, January 20, so please reply quickly.
5. to send (e.g. letter)See also 手紙を出す
- Sending manuscript after manuscript paid off. A magazine finally published my work.
6. to produce (a sound); to start (fire)See also 声を出す
- だ 。
- The government issued the following statement.
7. to serve (food)
- だ 。
- They serve excellent food here.
8. to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...after the -masu stem of a verb
- How long have you had this pain?
1. to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to start; to set out
2. to be about to leave; to be just going out
1. bleeding; haemorrhage; hemorrhage
2. bleeding money; red ink; selling below cost
3. BleedingBleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhag... Read more
- You may as well start at once.
1. attendance; presence; appearance
2. to attend; to be present; to appear
1. to meet (by chance); to come across; to run across; to encounter; to happen upon出遭う usu. has a negative connotation
2. to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.)Only applies to 出会う, Only applies to 出合う, esp. 出合う
3. to emerge and engage (an enemy)Only applies to 出会う, Only applies to 出合う, often used imperatively as 出会え
出合う 【であう】、出逢う 【であう】、出遭う 【であう】
1. person's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
- I'm from Tokyo.
1. incident; affair; happening; event
- お 。
- This is how the incident happened.
出来ごと 【できごと】、出来事 【できこと】
できこと: Irregular kana usage.
1. meeting; rendezvous; encounter
2. confluenceesp. 出合い, 出合
出逢い 【であい】、出合い 【であい】、出会 【であい】、出合 【であい】、出遭い 【であい】
1. official tour; business trip
- I should cancel my L.A. trip.
1. to meet; to greet
- It is exciting to welcome Jane.
1. meeting; reception
- Thank you for coming to meet me.
1. attendance (at work); being at work; presence (in the office); going to work; reporting for workSee also 退勤
- It is characteristic of him to go to work before breakfast.
1. in and out; coming and going; free association; income and expenditure; debits and credit
- The door gives access to the kitchen.
出入り 【ではいり】、出這入り 【ではいり】
1. exit and entrance
- The crew is now opening the hatch. | <urn:uuid:9790d434-5909-4726-ac45-aa7618d0802e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://jisho.org/search/%E5%87%BA%20%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189474.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00309-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.807001 | 1,773 | 2.75 | 3 |
Implementation of a remote computer controlled automatic guided vehicle
MetadataShow full item record
The effectiveness of a material handling system is essential to a competitive manufacturing environment. Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are an irnportant technology within today's modern manufacturing facility. Academic programs in manufacturing and industrial engineering must find ways to include this technology in their instructional and research programs to provide the students with sufficient knowledge to address material handling systems design. This project was a first step in the development of such a facility at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
This project accomplished two main objectives. The first one was to create a functional AGV system with the "Orbitor" Automatic Guided Vehicle that incorporates advanced hardware features. This system included a taped guide path with bar codes on the floor, and the communication linkage via wire and radio frequency between the Orbitor on-board computer and a remote computer. The second objective was to establish a software system for the overall control of the Orbitor AGV system. This objective involved creating software for the on-board computer and the remote computer. Software communication protocols were implemented and tested between the remote computer and the Automatic Dispatching Unit, and between the Intersection and Communications Unit and the on-board computer. The user of this system was able to interactively define tasks for the AGV from the remote computer. The AGV provided feedback to the remote computer on the status of the vehicle and it sent appropriate messages when the tasks were complete.
- Masters Theses | <urn:uuid:e0fbcc2e-39fd-4057-8f26-29372c8b7f00> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/45280 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121165.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00201-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940424 | 306 | 2.734375 | 3 |
ROME -- Agriculture is a powerful tool for reducing poverty and hunger. Events of recent years – such as food price increases, droughts, growing climate change impacts and other emergencies – have put agriculture high on the international agenda. We should be clear that agriculture is the solution. Economic growth generated by agriculture is more than twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth in other sectors. Agricultural development is also an effective means of assisting developing countries in building capacity and infrastructure as well as introducing innovation and technology.
Future food and nutrition security and the eradication of poverty will be profoundly influenced by the steps we take today to support the 2 billion people in developing countries who depend on small-scale farms, herding, fishing and other forms of agriculture.
The past year has seen a food security crisis in the Horn of Africa and a developing emergency in the Sahel region of West Africa, where we are just entering the peak hunger season. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the World Food Programme have responded in a variety of ways, from immediate humanitarian relief to building the capacity of smallholders to grow more food, increase their livelihoods and feed their families and communities.
But it is clear that much more needs to be done at every level. Far-reaching partnerships, broader consultation in the formulation and implementation of country-led development processes, as well as long-term commitments, must be made and maintained. In order for development efforts to be successful, it is essential to have the participation of civil society, farmers’ organizations and the private sector at every stage.
Beginning with the L’Aquila summit three years ago, the G8 has led a serious and sustained process to mobilize support for greater aid to food and nutrition security. At the L’Aquila Summit, US$22 billion was pledged over three years. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) trust fund that emerged from the L’Aquila commitments is a new vehicle to ensure accountability in the implementation process for aid for food security and agriculture to some of the poorest countries in the world.
This financial commitment to support country-owned plans can help to make a big difference, but official development assistance alone has not and will not solve the problem. A favourable climate for investment must be created to attract other resources and partners in the framework of established development plans.
For example, in Africa, the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), with its national compacts and investment plans, provides a key platform for public and private efforts to converge towards agricultural development and food security. Governments are primarily responsible for providing public goods and services that underpin and facilitate private investment, as well as the governance mechanisms that ensure socially and environmentally sustainable benefits from private investment.
Farmers and their organizations must also be supported to benefit from increased investments, and they must be engaged from the outset in real, meaningful partnerships from public policy and programme design onward through evaluation.
Private sector investment, particularly through small- and medium-sized enterprises, is a critical factor for reaching the goal of a hunger-free Africa. However, the quality of this investment is of key importance. In this regard, Voluntary Guidelines for the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests, in the Context of National Food Security were endorsed earlier this month by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS). Implementing these guidelines, which have been agreed upon by governments, civil society and the private sector, will help ensure that responsible governance of tenure contributes to responsible investment, enabling sustainable social, economic and environmental development around agriculture and towards food security.
The United Nations Rome-based agencies welcome the G8’s renewed commitment to keep food security high on the global agenda and the creation of the New Alliance to Increase Food Security and Nutrition.
The New Alliance complements on going activities and processes, starting from the CAADP itself, and is a tool that can accelerate progress in eradicating hunger and poverty in Africa. These efforts can and will succeed if they support smallholder production and market integration. This includes ensuring that technologies and inputs are adapted to local conditions and promoting environmentally and socially sustainable farming practices to boost local economies.
Stakeholders at the national and local level must drive and own the process from the start.
Build on opportunities
The New Alliance should avail itself of the opportunities to build upon, and further foster, truly participatory processes involving the G8, African countries, and the private sector, including first and foremost agricultural producers. In this way, it will respond to the needs of rural families and communities, and to the broader needs of African societies.
At the same time, we need to ensure that environmental sustainability is squarely addressed in the type of agricultural investments that are promoted, and that safety nets are in place and emergency preparedness is sustained to protect vulnerable people from the consequences of drought and other shocks.
Together, our agencies have been working with national governments, non-governmental organisations and civil society to help build resilience in developing countries. This includes targeted productive safety nets, such as school meal programmes, and other efforts that ensure that when the next disaster occurs, poor people are better equipped to feed themselves and protect assets such as livestock and property.
We welcome that the New Alliance is promoting a set of enabling tools related to markets and finance, risk and insurance, and science and technology that can address gaps and strengthen smallholders’ position in the value chain.
We would, however, like to draw particular attention to the need to support women’s empowerment. Women make up nearly half of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa but face disproportionate barriers in access to resources and markets. The New Alliance must also address the aspirations of rural youth, who are key to long-term sustainability and the viability of rural agricultural communities.
Ending hunger and achieving food and nutrition security for the people of Africa is a pressing issue that cannot wait. Smallholders and rural people, who face the daily threat of food insecurity, urgently require access to science, technology and the most basic tools and services that would allow them to invest in their farms and businesses. With these benefits and a renewed commitment across all sectors we have an opportunity to reduce poverty, solve hunger and strengthen food security.
For more information please contact (email address: email@example.com): Rene McGuffin, WFP/Washington, Tel. +1 202 6530010 ext. 1149, Mob. +1 202 4223383 | <urn:uuid:03020be6-3ecb-4039-abf9-bb42a7e7e5f3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://m.wfp.org/news/news-release/un-rome-based-agencies-welcome-g8-commitment-keep-food-security-high-global-agenda?device=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098468.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00052-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946274 | 1,329 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Ocean Cleanup Is Now Removing Plastic Pollution From The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
On October 2nd, 2019, The Ocean Cleanup announced that System 001/B, which had run into technical difficulties in previous months, has begun successfully removing plastic pollution from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The Ocean Cleanup was first proposed by a teen named Boyan Slat in 2012.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch was first discovered in 1988 and is a major environmental concern. The patch is a collection of debris, much of it plastic, bounded by the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. A gyre is formed when four currents rotate clockwise around an area. The NPSG is roughly 7.7 million square miles in size.
Garbage patches form in gyres around the world, as the swirling motion of the currents draws debris into a stable center where it becomes trapped.
System 001/B was launched from Vancouver, British Columbia last June to begin collecting plastic pollution in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The system is able to collect larger pieces of plastic as well as microplastics as small as 1mm.
“After beginning this journey seven years ago, this first year of testing in the unforgivable environment of the high seas strongly indicates that our vision is attainable and that the beginning of our mission to rid the ocean of plastic garbage, which has accumulated for decades, is within our sights,” said Boyan Slat.
“Our team has remained steadfast in its determination to solve immense technical challenges to arrive at this point. Though we still have much more work to do, I am eternally grateful for the team’s commitment and dedication to the mission and look forward to continuing to the next phase of development.”
You can read more about the successful Ocean Cleanup here. | <urn:uuid:103b5029-d7ba-4458-8b18-822dd253acc5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.tentree.com/blogs/posts/ocean-cleanup-is-now-removing-plastic-pollution-from-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145529.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221111140-20200221141140-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.960718 | 376 | 3.375 | 3 |
EDC 0715-04 SOLD
Old Colonial Seated Female, Baule, Ivory Coast
H: 35 cm (13,8”), W: 10 cm (3,9”), D: 12 cm (4,7”)
This finely made seated female figure is an interesting example of a colonial figure, which contains several symbols indicating a community leader: Her upright attitude and her finely arranged hairstyle. The chair on which she sits, is decorated with a Baule mask on the back and could indicate that she possessed a certain position of leadership in her community, as illustrated in the following statements:
Women were especially affected by three colonial practices that increased in the early 20th century: forced labor, taxation, and military draft. All of French West Africa was subject to periodic forced labor campaigns, which peaked in the 1930s, and declined thereafter. Ivory Coast was unique, though, in that the north of the colony had white run cotton plantations, for which locals were pressed into service when migrant labor (mostly from modern Burkina Faso) was unavailable. Unlike road building or other forced labor projects, for which men were called up for a period ranging from days to months, men (and some women) were pressed into cotton work for years at a time. While only a small number of women were drafted into French labor schemes, the process of taking men out of their communities for long periods of time meant that women were forced to provide for their communities. This, from the beginning of the 20th century, also meant some involvement in the marketplace, as French colonial taxation (in currency) superseded taxation in kind from the 1930s to 1950s. Women were also placed in positions of independence due to the recruitment of African troops (the Tirailleurs) which was especially heavy in Ivory Coast during the World Wars. Men who survived these experiences came home less likely to accept the strictures of colonial or customary rule, and while they were away, women were forced to provide for, and sometimes lead, communities.
The colors of the figure are not random. They reflect king Shango’s holy colors of red and white. He is regarded as a god, and stands as the cornerstone of many Afro-Caribbean religions.
Age: Early to mid. 20th Century.
Provenance: The Dessau Collection, France
Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo of South Africa published the first English-language African play about colonialism, “The Girl Who Killed to Save”: Nongqawuse the Liberator in 1935. And “Things Fall Apart”, by Chinua Achebe. Published in 1958. | <urn:uuid:40ad6efb-1291-440e-9a1d-ae51d3c65ec2> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://christas.dk/baule-figure-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419023419-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.98322 | 549 | 3.5 | 4 |
So Mental practice or visualization techniques is simply using your imagination to practice your sport totally in your mind. You will want to do this because whatever you can create in your mind, you also create in reality. Don’t believe me? It is a studied fact, check out what one of the most famous scientists of our time, Albert Einstein said.: “Imagination is more powerful than knowledge.” Here’s how mental practice works….. The mind and nervous system do not know the difference between a vividly imagined event and a real one.
As far as the mind is concerned it is all the same. If you practice perfect performances vividly in your mind, you are basically teaching your power mind what you want. Jamie Paolinetti, cyclist, who has won every cycling race in America at least once said: “Limitations live only in our minds. But if we use our imaginations, our possibilities become limitless.” I can’t stress enough how powerful your imagination is and how important it is to take the time to actually do it. In fact, Mental practice or visualization techniques can be almost as good as real practice…and sometimes better if you do it right!
Just to be clear…Imagination practice, visualization techniques or mental rehearsal is the same as “visualization”. I know you must hear that word “visualization” a lot in sports from your coach and professional players. And, just because some people call it “visualization”, you don’t have to “visualize” or see yourself doing your sport in your mind to get the maximum benefits out of your mental practice. Here’s what I mean. Some people are not as “visual” as others, so we use your imagination in our own way.
However you do it is perfect for you. Watch this clip of a very famous athlete: From :19 to :47 seconds.
When you do mental practice, what you want to do is imagine or think, in your own way, your best performances, and skills using pictures, your inner voice, sounds, thoughts or feelings in your mind. It’s just like daydreaming and you can do it with your eyes open or closed. The key is, the more real you can make it, the better. | <urn:uuid:979ecb8e-6620-4e0b-a237-a2f204741166> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.mentaltoughnesstrainer.com/visualization-techniques/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400220495.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924194925-20200924224925-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.943046 | 482 | 2.953125 | 3 |
General Education Assessment
General Education Philosophy Statement
"The college defines general education as courses that are balanced and broadly-based, which expose the student to the mainstreams of thought and interpretation in humanities, sciences, communications, mathematics, social studies, and arts; and that develop the student’s understanding of the interrelationships among these fields of study. These courses must not be directly related to a student’s formal technical, vocational, or professional preparation.
Ultimately the college works toward the creation of an informed citizenry with the ability to think critically, communicate effectively, and solve problems, both qualitative and quantitative. The college strives to provide a general education that promotes tolerance, lifelong learning, and a devotion to free inquiry and free expression, to develop sensitivity to the needs of local and global community, and to contribute to society through civil habits of thought, speech, and responsible action."
The following five General Education Objectives (GEOs) were developed directly from the General Education Philosophy Statement above.
- Read & comprehend college level work
- Explain and defend ideas orally and in writing
- Examine ideas using critical reasoning
- Solve problems using logic, mathematics, computers, and creative thinking
- Demonstrate responsible citizenship
Common rubrics have been developed for each of these five GEOs. | <urn:uuid:cede6bf2-f899-4f45-97f2-74a6ebab4018> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.trinidadstate.edu/assessment/gened.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512121.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211033436-20171211053436-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.927403 | 267 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Innovative approaches used in the technology for development of the Bulgarian language for foreigners
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Katia Issa
Dr. Eng. Milena Yordanova
Communicative language teaching approach
The communicative language teaching approach is traditionally considered to be fundamental in Bulgarian teaching as a foreign language. Its significance is growing especially now, in a rapidly changing world where languages and cultures stand up for their uniqueness in a dialogue so necessary for the modern global world.
The Bulgarian language interactive application gives users the opportunity to acquire speech skills in accordance with the literary-conversational norm of the modern Bulgarian language.
The exercises to each lesson are structured so that the learner involves in dialogue with the characters speaking from the screen and learning communicative code without limiting their communicative function. Code-switching actually refers to the association of the native language with the foreign one, to which a speaker can pass smoothly after having mastered it.
Most textbooks are satisfied with this level, but it does not explain the nature of linguistic significance as the association is made from word to word and not from word to concept. That is why, when developing online lessons language is “played” and language concept as a code of thinking is replaced by consideration of the understanding of the language, which does not refer to a preliminary understanding of the terms that can be expressed through it.
Such an understanding represents language not only as a means of expressing thought but as a mediator of thought.
Thus, the theory of meaning fits into the theory of communication as far as it is something mastered by the speakers upon successful completion of the course.
They easily acquire practical skills for use sentences in the foreign language, and the dialogues presented between the characters on the screen, commented and explained by the two teachers in front of the virtual board, give them confidence that they both had conducted the same mental process while one spoke and the other has listened. All this results in the satisfaction that their thoughts are communicable.
A cognitive approach is set in the development of the Bulgarian language online course.
According to the concepts of anthropological, sociological and philosophical theories we explain the command of some language or some of its elements by knowledge. To understand an expression means knowing its meaning.
This approach is applied by visualizing objects and individuals as well as activities in different situations. Relationships are built between the characters on the screen supporting the use of abstract concepts. Nature of linguistic and purely linguistic significance is not neglected.
The textbook electronic version consists of grammatical tables, references to which are recommended in the course during each lesson periodically.
On the one hand, the importance of language units is made up of semantic fields and proves the connection of meaning with the recognition of words articulately, audibly and graphically.
The characters of the teachers, who conduct the course from the virtual classroom with a whiteboard, bring the sensation of attendance form of training, relating the studied material semantics to the science of signs – semiotics.
Lexicography stands between semantics and semiotics.
All words contained in the lessons are summarized a vocabulary, where they are traditionally perceived as special mediators that transfer human experience (life, cognitive and professional one) from the animated situations to the lexicographic vision of the concepts.
Cultural Oriented Approach
The cultural aspect in the electronic applications in Bulgarian language for foreigners lies in the consecutive teaching and learning of the language, not only as a sign system serving as communication and knowledge, but also as a cultural code for transmitting the information accumulated over the centuries (information on how the Bulgarian people have perceived and perceive the world, how Bulgarian people assess the surrounding reality, how Bulgarian people form their specific “cultural mirror” and thus they build their own national attitude of mind and picture of the world.)
In the written scenario of the electronic application culture is not regarded as a subject of learning, but its social significance for the Bulgarian is reinvented.
The learner without compulsive explanations, acquires awareness of how Bulgarians spend an ordinary day, where they have fun, what they do, where and what they are shopping, what they eat at home and in public places, how they furnish their home, how they dress, how they celebrate, where to travel in Bulgaria.
The difference from the textbooks that describe situations in a family or work environment is the fact that both the family and the work of the main plot characters represent foreigners in the Bulgarian environment. Thus, in their continuous contacts with Bulgarians (one pair of the characters is Bulgarian) foreigners understand how they would feel in our country, how they would be welcomed and accepted. The textbook gives priority to culture in the structurally distinctive semantic spaces of the Bulgarian way but through the view of the foreigner. The textbook gives priority to the culture structurally-defining sematic spaces of the Bulgarian traditional lifestyle, but through the eyes of a foreigner.
Sociolinguistics describes the social practice in which language is performed in relation to social processes. Thus, the reference to the concept of knowledge refers to the assimilated language models in situations of relevance according to public opinion in the Bulgarian environment. By introducing different stories from the characters’ daily routine into the e-textbook, individual speech acts are fixed to a given language situation in such a way as to pay attention to the etiquette of communication held by people of different social status.
At the same time, each dialogue shows the speaker’s goal, their intention. Speech is a rational activity and is always used with some intent.
It is understood simultaneously with the absorption of implicit knowledge.
In the everyday life of people, knowledge is perceived both as a process and as a result. This is achieved through related units resulting in an aggregate or knowledge system. Thus, learner acquires an idea or information about the things and people whose daily problems he meets and at the same time memorizing phrases and more voluminous speech constructs. People define memory as a form of existence of knowledge. The textbook provides an opportunity to discover Bulgaria and its language by providing not only information but also a chance to discover what is hidden behind this information. The language mastering growing with any new dialogue and the language presented and summarized by the teachers in the virtual room reveals the nature of its meaning, and the numerous exercises based on the gaming principle enable any foreigner to join the modern Bulgarian language situation. Thus, any foreigner can “come” to Bulgaria before actually visiting it. | <urn:uuid:892377f3-63ec-4646-b5de-8945e7d49f59> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://onlinebulgarian.com/innovative-approaches-used-in-the-technology-for-development-of-the-bulgarian-language-for-foreigners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385529.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308205020-20210308235020-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.955525 | 1,315 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Thursday, Sep. 30, 2010
Under blue skies and mild temperatures, Utah State University geologists, along with collaborators from across the nation and overseas, gathered Sept. 27 in Idaho’s rural Lincoln County to begin the first phase of a two-year geothermal drilling project.
Site preparations began two days earlier at Kimama, the first of two south central Idaho project drilling locations, where personnel from the Salt Lake City-based DOSECC consortium (Drilling, Observation and Sampling of the Earth’s Continental Crust) spread large pieces of structural fabric and covered them with gravel.
“On our first day of drilling, we started with safety orientation training in the morning and began drilling of the Kimama deep hole in the afternoon,” says John Shervais, project director for “Project Hotspot” and professor in USU’s Department of Geology. “By the second day of drilling, we made 180 feet of core.”
The Kimama hole will eventually be a mile deep. Shervais says the drill will penetrate earthen crust in excess of 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
One of 123 projects awarded Recovery Act funding by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2009, Project Hotspot is among 24 “Innovative Exploration and Drilling Projects” focused on the development of new geothermal fields using innovative sensing, exploration and well-drilling technologies.
While Project Hotspot is focused on investigating the geothermal heat potential of the expansive igneous province, it’s also an opportunity to decipher the region’s volcanic history.
“We’re looking at the Yellowstone-Snake River hotspot system’s source and its recurrence intervals for eruptions, as well as the geothermal energy potential,” Shervais says.
USU geology professor Jim Evans is a co-investigator on the project, which includes collaborators from Boise State University, Canada’s University of Alberta, Southern Methodist University, the U.S. Geological Survey and the International Continental Drilling Program based in Potsdam, Germany.
In addition to the Kimama site, another mile-deep hole will be drilled near the town of Kimberly, Idaho, about five miles east of Twin Falls. The $6.4 million project, which includes $4.6 million from the DOE along with funds from the ICDP and university partners, will create dozens of jobs as well as many student research opportunities.
“So far, we’ve hired five graduate students, several recent USU graduates, and several graduates from other geology programs to work at the project site,” he says. “We plan to hire several undergraduate students to do work on the project in our USU campus labs very soon. Our co-investigators are also hiring students to work on their contributions to the project.”
Readers can follow Project Hotspot’s progress on Facebook | <urn:uuid:52e45b04-244a-45e6-903c-8635a7bfb384> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.usu.edu/ust/index.cfm?article=48194 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00335-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934106 | 614 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Hurricanes cost the U.S. billions of dollars in damages every year. Between 1986 and 2015, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) estimates destruction caused by hurricanes totaled more than $515 billion.
Continue Reading Below
FOX Business breaks down the five costliest hurricanes to hit the U.S.
5. Irma (2017) — $50 billion
Hurricane Irma made landfall on the west coast of Florida as a Category 3 storm on Sept. 10, 2017, and moved northward up the Gulf Coast with winds peaking at 145 mph. Irma left 12 million Floridians and more than 1 million Georgians without power. The storm took the lives of 129 people and forced the evacuation order of over 6 million Florida residents. The hurricane also had devastating effects on the citrus industry, where nearly 40 percent of fruit in groves across Florida was destroyed.
4. Sandy (2012)—$71 billion
Hitting the coast of New Jersey on Oct. 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy had a radius of maximum wind reaching 1,000 miles — three times that of a typical hurricane, according to an official New York City report. The storm left 17 percent of the city’s landmass flooded and devastated the towns down the Jersey shore. 117 deaths were reported to the Red Cross, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and over 8 million homes were without power. Notably, at the time of the event, Anheuser-Busch set its beer canning facilities to canning water for hurricane victims left without clean drinking water.
3. Maria (2017)—$90 billion
Smashing into Puerto Rico on September 20th, 2017, Hurricane Maria made landfall just below the threshold for a category 5 storm with storm surges reaching over five feet above ground level. In the wake of the storm, FoxBusiness.com reported 75,000 homes were destroyed with damage to a further 300,000. The death toll from this hurricane are uncertain, but, in August of 2018, the Governor of Puerto Rico reported the official number to be 2,975 lives. Controversy erupted in the aftermath of the disaster when accusations of mismanagement were levied against Puerto Rican officials in their handling of the relief effort.
2. Harvey (2017)—$125 billion
Making landfall as a category 4 hurricane on August 26th of 2017 and then again in Louisiana on August 30th, Harvey was characterized by largescale flooding across southeastern Texas. Over 300,000 structures and 500,000 cars were flooded, according to the official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) report. The storm was directly responsible for 68 deaths—mainly in the Houston area—with an additional 35 lives lost resulting from indirect causes.
1. Katrina (2005)—$161 billion
On the 29th of August, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall just below the threshold of a category 4 storm. The official NOAA reports 1,833 lives were lost as a result of the storm which left the city of New Orleans overwhelmed by flooding in which many survivors were forced to find refuge on the roof of their homes. This was the result of the several breeches and overflows of the city’s protective levees and floodwalls, after which roughly 80 percent of New Orleans was flooded to depths up to 20 feet. 14 years after the devastation, the Environmental and Energy Study Institute reports that the recovery effort is still “a work in progress.” | <urn:uuid:e1e8e473-e417-4381-ba18-4866157d7289> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/costliest-hurricanes-us-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987829507.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023071040-20191023094540-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.95733 | 703 | 2.703125 | 3 |
CONTRACTION AND Leisure Of your Muscle mass FIBER
Contraction and peace with the muscle mass fiber takes place from the coronary heart throughout pumping of blood towards whole body. The center is fragile organ inside the human body that’s a fist dimensions and weigh involving 250 and 300grams.The guts is enclosed within a double walled sac named pericardium exterior, myocardium inside of the middle and endocardium layer within . The proper atrium gets deoxygenated blood from venacava while you are the still left atrium gets oxygenated blood from lung via pulmonary vein. The ideal ventricle pumps blood to your lungs by way of pulmonary trunk though remaining ventricle pumps blood to relaxation in the physique organs because of aorta. The heart has valves; bicuspid and tricuspid valves that stop back again stream of blow into atria if the ventricles agreement. The aortic and pulmonary valves are found in the most important arteries leaving the guts; they avert the again movement of blood on the ventricle. Each aortic and pulmonary valves are closed if the heart is relaxed and open up when the heart contract. Coronary artery can provide nourishment to the heart cells that come with oxygen and nutrition. The heart muscle tissues are striated, and contraction and peace for the cardiac fibers is as being a outcome of myosin filaments sliding along the actin filaments .
The typical heart beat and therefore the pulse is to be a result for the contractions for the coronary heart muscle through the cardiac cycle. Researches achieved by health professionals reveal that the contraction with the coronary heart muscle is generated by the sinoatrial node found around the correct atrium. An electrical impulse leaves sinoatrial node and travel to both equally the most suitable and remaining atria causing them to deal jointly. Contraction on the atria facilitates the blood to movement for the ventricle. The impulse within the atrioventricular node moves towards the bundle of his and afterwards divides into two remaining and still left bundle of His. Muscle mass belonging to the precise and remaining ventricles contract, this really is with the benefit of Purkinje fibers. When hypertension is great, the rate within the heart conquer is reduced by impulses that sluggish heart charge. When hypertension is lower, the guts beat amount is greater from the impulse .
Relaxation and contraction belonging to the cardiac muscle mass is for a end result of an motion possible that triggers a myocyte to deal. While in contraction the myocyte is depolarized by an motion probable, the calcium ions enter the cell as a result of the l-type calcium channels found relating to the sarcolemma. This calcium triggers a subsequent launch on the calcium that is certainly stored around the sarcoplasmic reticulum by means of the calcium launch channels. The calcium produced from your sarcolema reticulum improves the intracellular calcium focus. The complimentary calcium binds towards troponin -C that is certainly portion of regulatory elaborate hooked up to the slender filaments. When calcium binds to your troponin-C, this induces a improve inside regulatory challenging this sort of that troponin-I exposes a web-site around the actin molecule that could be ready to bind on the myosin ATPase found on the myosin head. The binding of actin molecule http://papersmonster.com/ to myosin, outcome in ATP hydrolysis that materials power for any conformational switch to occur while in the actin myosin difficult. Like a end result of these changes is really a movement in between the myosin heads along with the actin these which the actin and myosin filaments slide past one another thus resulting shortening the sarcomere duration. The motion takes place so long as the cystolic calcium remains elevated .
During rest, calcium enter in the mobile slows and calcium is sequestered from the sarcolema reticulum by an ATP-dependent calcium pump. Therefore decreasing the cytosolic calcium concentration and getting rid of calcium from troponin-C then the cystollic calcium is transported outside of the mobile via the sodium calcium trade pump. The diminished intracellular calcium induces a conformational transform inside troponin complex main. At the end of the cycle, a whole new ATP binds towards the myosin head, displacing the ADP, and the preliminary sarcomere length is restored . Contraction and leisure is impacted also the level of adrenaline within the overall body. In the course of flight or combat mode, adrenaline hormone is created which raises coronary heart fee automatically. Sympathetic nervous system is accountable for fight or flight mode that is certainly stimulated by solid thoughts.
Parasympathetic anxious scheme sluggish down coronary heart rate and get ready for more relaxed state. The equilibrium concerning these systems is managed to make a state of homeostasis which happens to be the process of having a stability regular state because of the entire body . The contraction and rest from the cardiac fibers are to be a result of myosin filaments sliding together the actin filaments . The peacemaker cells induce an motion would-be that could be performed to cardiomyocytes gap junctions. Calcium channel around the T-tubules is activated with the motion possible journey in between the sarcomeres, resulting in an inflow of calcium ions in the cell. Within the cytoplasm, calcium binds towards the cardiac troponin -c that moves with the troponin complicated away through the actin binding websites. Contraction is initiated through the removal on the difficult frees the actin for being bound by myosin. The myosin head pulls the actin filament toward the middle in the sarcomere calling the muscle mass. At last the intracellular calcium is then eliminated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which drops intracellular calcium concentration. This outcome towards the return the troponin elaborate to its inhibiting place around the lively page of actin which successfully stop the contraction. | <urn:uuid:dda2f34c-380d-4bed-96fa-b5c81d6537d2> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://southaroma.net/contraction-and-leisure-of-your-muscle-mass-fiber-8-4224.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152144.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726183622-20210726213622-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.907017 | 1,253 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Next weekend you can be at ... Bowali
Europe meets the east in the towering temples of Bowali, which is also known for the ruins of a colonial mansion that was once surrounded by a landscaped garden dotted with statues of Italian marble and a water turret.
Built by the Mondal family, the temples offer an insight into the European influence on Bengal’s temple architecture. The European style columns that hold up the temples in the village are rare in the rest of the state. Sadly most of the structures are in ruins and on the verge of collapse.
If not for the architectural splendours, visit Bowali to breathe a fresh dose of oxygen into your tired city lungs.
History books tell us that the Mondals of Bowali were originally Roys. Shovaram, the grandson of Basudev Roy (who lived between the end of 16th century and the early 17th century), was awarded the title Mondal.
Shovaram’s grandson Rajaram was the senapati of the Raja of Hijli. Moved by his bravery, the raja offered him the ownership of 50 villages, which included Bowali and Budge Budge.
The family set up residence in Bowali. This marked the beginning of their dominance in the area, roughly around 1710.
The family flourished under Rajaram’s grandson Haradhan, who enjoyed the patronage of East India Company. He built many temples and his seven sons followed in his footsteps, turning the nondescript village into a temple town.
Today Bowali is well connected with Amtala on Diamond Harbour Road. If you are not driving down, a 45-minute bumpy ride in a packed Trekker will take you to Bowali More.
The temple complex is a short stroll away. As you walk past the school, the towering Gopinath temple comes into view. This Nabaratna temple was built by Manik Mondal in 1796. The roof of the adjoining natmandir has long collapsed and all that remains are the arched gateways and a few vertical columns.
A circular platform, in front of the natmandir, is what is left of the octagonal rasmancha, which residents said collapsed in 2008.
Behind the temple lies the Radha-Kanta and Lakshmi-Janardan temples, overgrown with vegetation and almost inaccessible.
Next to Gopinath temple is the Radhaballav temple. This structure is well maintained. Built around 1857, it houses the idols of all the surrounding abandoned temples.
The two-storeyed Mondal Villa is next door. The plaster has peeled off and several portions are on the verge of collapse. There is no trace of the landscaped garden that once surrounded it.
Bowali also has an interesting architectural piece called the jal tungi (water folly). An octagonal structure, built at the centre of a pond, with ornamental railings and windows with Venetian blinds. The folly with slender columns and a long flight of stairs, approachable by boat from a ghat, allowed the Mondals to enjoy the evening breeze.
The ghat is a 15-minute walk from the temple complex. The railings and the windows of the folly did not survive the test of time and the waters of the pond are now covered by water hyacinth. But the jal tungi still stands and so does the ghat, reminding one of the glorious past of Bowali.
If you are planning a day trip to Bowali, hurry, for the forces of nature and human neglect would soon turn the attractions of the village into dust.
Take a bus from Esplanade to Amtala. The journey will take about an hour. Take another bus to Bowali, which would take around 45 minutes. There is no proper place to eat apart from a few sweet shops. It’s best to have lunch at Amtala.
(METRO ON SUNDAY THANKS READER RANGAN DATTA FOR THIS CONTRIBUTION.
PICTURES BY AUTHOR) | <urn:uuid:fc2fab0f-de75-49d0-89d3-dfa470449dd3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rangan-datta.info/bowali.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00202-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961668 | 847 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Energy Transport Energy Transport Focus on Æheat transfer Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Heat Transfer Mechanisms: • Conduction • Conduction • Radiation • Radiation • Convection (mass movement of fluids) • Convection (mass movement of fluids)
Conduction Conduction Conduction heat transfer occurs only when there is physical contact between bodies (systems) at different temperatures by molecular motion. Heat transfer through solid bodies is by conduction alone, whereas the heat may transfer from a solid surface to a fluid partly by conduction and partly by convection.
Fourier’s Law of Thermal Conduction Fourier’s Law of Thermal Conduction ∂T qy =−k ∂y temperature the heat flux in thermal gradient in the the y direction conductivity y-direction 2 (K/m)
The proportionality ratio, k, is called thermal conductivity
Thermal Conductivity (k) Thermal Conductivity (k) The thermal conductivity of a substance is defined as the heat flow per unit area per unit time when the temperature decreases by one degree in unit distance. The thermal conductivity is a material property which reflects the relative ease or difficulty of the transfer of energy through the material. It depends on the bonding and structure of the material.
Thermal Diffusivity (α) Thermal Diffusivity (α) The thermal diffivity is a fundamental quantity. It is analogous to momentum and mass diffusivities. α=k/ρCv where ρand Cv are the density and specific heat of the material, respectively. 2 -1 In mks system, the unit of thermal diffusivity is m2.s-1, In mks system, the unit of thermal diffusivity is m .s , 2 -1 2 -1 while in the cgs system it is usually cm .s . while in the cgs system it is usually cm .s .
Thermal Radiation Thermal Radiation Thermal radiation is the energy radiated from hot surfaces as electromagnetic waves. It does not require medium for its propagation. Heat transfer by radiation occur between solid surfaces, although radiation from gases is also possible. Solids radiate over a wide range of on certain wavelengths only. The energy flux emitted by an ideal radiator is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. 4 e =σT b where eb is the emissive power and σ Boltzmann constant.
When thermal radiation strikes a body, it can be absorbed by the body, reflected from the body, or transmitted through the body. The fraction of the incident radiation which is absorbed by the body is called absorptivity ( ) Other fractions of incident radiation which are reflected and transmitted are called reflectivity (symbol ) and transmissivity, The sum of these fractions should be unity i.e.
Convection Convection Convection is the heat transfer within a fluid, involving gross motion of the fluid itself. Fluid motion may be caused by differences in density as in free convection. Density differences are a direct result of temperature differences between the fluid and the solid wall surface. In forced convection, the fluid motion is produced by mechanical means, such as a domestic fan-heater in which a fan blows air across an electric element.
Heat Transfer Coefficient (h) Heat Transfer Coefficient (h) When a moving fluid at one temperature is in contact with a solid at a different temperature, heat exchanges between the solid and the fluid by conduction at a rate given by Fourier’s law. Under such cases the distribution of temperature within the fluid and the heat flux at the wall can be determined by using heat transfer coefficient, h, h=q /(T -T ) =-[k(dT/dy) ]/(T -T ) 0 s f 0 s f where Ts, the surface temperature Tf, bulk fluid temperature q , heat flux at the wall 0 (dT/dy)0, the temperature gradient in the fluid normal to the wall at the fluid-solid interface. k, the conductivity of the fluid
Thermal Conductivity of Gases-I Thermal Conductivity of Gases-I Conduction of energy in a gas phase is primarily by transfer of translational energy from molecule to molecule as the faster moving (higher energy) molecules collide with the slower ones. C Vλ v k = 3 where C , the heat capacity per unit volume, V, the average v speed, λ, the mean free path. κ 3T) 1/ 2 1 k = 2 B3 d π m where m, mass of fluid molecules, KB, the Boltzmann constant, T, absolute temperature, d, the center to center distance of two molecules. The thermal conductivity of gases is independent of pressure an depends only on temperature. This conclusion is valid up to about ten atmospheres (1.0133 x 105 Pa)
Thermal Conductivity of Gases-II Thermal Conductivity of Gases-II Eucken developed the following equation for the thermal conductivity of polyatomic gases at normal pressures, 1.25R η k = C + p M where M, molecular weight, C , the heat capacity at constant p pressure.
This figure is valid up to about ten atmospheres.
Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures The thermal conductivity of gas mixtures can be estimated within a few percent by the following equation ∑X k M 1 / 3 i i i k = i mix 1 / 3 ∑X Mi i i where X is the mole fraction of component i having molecular i weight, M , and intrinsic thermal conductivity k . i i
Thermal Conductivity of Solids-I Thermal Conductivity of Solids-I Solids transmit thermal energy by two modes: elastic vibrations of the lattice moving through the crystal in the form of waves free electrons moving through the lattice also carry energy similar to the case in gases (this is observed in metals)
Thermal Conductivity of Solids-II Thermal Conductivity of Solids-II Each lattice vibration (there is always a spectrum of vibrations) may be described as a traveling wave carrying energy and obeyin the laws of quantum mechanics. By analogy with light theory, the waves in a crystal exhibit the characteristics of particles and are called phonons. Two types of phonon-phonon interaction are observed in solids: Normal or N-type Umklapp (U-process) collision 1.25R η k = C + p M
Thermal Conductivity of Solids-III Thermal Conductivity of Solids-III Since the number of phonons increases with temperature and the wavelength of phonons λph is proportional to 1/T. At room temperature and above, molar heat capacity Ĉv for most materials is roughly constant Æthe thermal conductivity of a solid which conducts energy only by phonons, decreases with increasing temperature. 2 λ = 20T d/ γ T ph m where Tm, melting point, T = absolute temperature, d, crystal- lattice dimension, and γ, Gruneisen’s constant (~2 for most solids at ordinary temperatures). THIS IS GENERALLY OBSERVED IN ELECTRICALLY INSULATING SUBSTANCES SUCH AS OXIDES (BUT NOT IN THE FORM OF POROUS, BULK MATERIALS).
OXIDES POROUS OXIDES
Thermal Conductivity of Solids-IV Thermal Conductivity of Solids-IV Phonons are also scattered by differences in isotopic masses chemical impurities dislocations second phases
Thermal Conductivity of Solids-V Thermal Conductivity of Solids-V In electrical conductors, in addition to phonons, conduction electrons contribute to thermal conductivity. The electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity, kel, 2 2 π n K Tλ k e B el = el 3m V e f 3 where n , the number of free electrons per cm , λ the mean free e el path of electron, Vf, electron velocity at the Fermi surface and me, electron mass. Wiedmann-Franz law and the Lorentz number, L, are utilized to determine what is the dominant mechanism for thermal conduction k L = el = 2 .45 x 10 −8 W ohm K – 2 σ T e | <urn:uuid:681f9abb-2f67-4bab-a4cc-03b6cbf9eb6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.foodelphi.com/energy-transport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.873913 | 1,737 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Nehemiah 8:2-18 or Ezra 1:1-13:30. Ezra a famous priest and scribe, a descendant from Hilkiah the high priest.
Ezra returned from captivity to Jerusalem in 458BC.
Ezra in Hebrew means: Help.
He wrote the books, Ezra and Nehemiah. The emphasis in the book of Ezra is the rebuilding of the Temple. Ezra also helped rebuild Israel’s faith after the exile.
Esra reads the Law of Moses
8:1 All the people gathered as a united body into the plaza in front of the Water Gate. They asked Ezra the scribe to bring out the Book of the Law of Moses, which the LORD had commanded for Israel. 2 So on the first day of the seventh month, Ezra the priest brought out the Law before the assembled people. Both men and women were in attendance, as well as all who could understand what they were hearing.
3 Ezra read from it, facing the plaza in front of the Water Gate, from early in the morning until mid-day in the presence of the men and women, as well as all who could understand. All the people were attentive to the Book of the Law. 4 Ezra the scribe stood on a wooden rostrum erected for that purpose. Beside him to his right stood Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maasseiah. Beside him to his left stood Pedaiah, Mishael, Malchijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah, and Meshullam.
5 Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people. Because he was visible above all the people there, as he opened it, all the people stood up. 6 Ezra blessed the LORD, the great God, and with uplifted hands, all the people responded, “Amen! Amen!” They bowed down and worshipped the LORD prostrate on the ground.
7 Furthermore, Jeshua, Bani, Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodiah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the descendants of Levi taught the Law to the people while the people remained standing. 8 They read from the Book of the Law of God, distinctly communicating its meaning, so they could understand the reading.
A Declaration to Rejoice
9 Because all the people were weeping as they listened to the words of the Law, Nehemiah the governor, Ezra the priest and scribe, and the descendants of Levi who taught the people told everyone, “This day is holy to the LORD your God. Do not mourn or weep.” 10 He also told them, “Go eat the best food, drink the best wine, and give something to those who have nothing, since this day is holy to our Lord. Don’t be sorrowful, because the joy of the LORD is your strength.”
11 The descendants of Levi also calmed all the people by saying, “Be still, for the day is holy. Don’t be sorrowful!”
12 So all the people went to eat, to drink, to send something to those who had nothing, and to celebrate with great joy, because they understood the words that were being declared to them.
The Festival of Tents is Reinstituted
13 The next day, the heads of the families of all the people were gathered together, along with the priests and the descendants of Levi, to meet with Ezra the scribe in order to understand the words of the Law. 14 They found written in the Law that the LORD had commanded through Moses that the Israelis were to live in tents during the festival scheduled for the seventh month. 15 So they circulated a proclamation throughout their towns and in Jerusalem. It said, “Go out to the hill country and bring back olive branches, wild olive branches, myrtle branches, palm branches, and branches of mature trees, in order to set up tents, as has been written.”
16 Then the people went out and found branches to make tents for themselves on the roofs of their houses, in their courtyards, and in the courts of God’s Temple, in the plaza near the Water Gate, and in the plaza near the Gate of Ephraim. 17 The entire assembly of those who had returned from exile erected tents and lived in them. Indeed, from the days of Nun’s son Joshua until that day the Israelis had not done so. Joy was everywhere, 18 and Ezra continued to read from the Book of the Law of God day by day, from the first day through the last. They celebrated for seven days, and on the eighth day they held a solemn assembly according to regulation.
Also read the Complete book of Ezra 1:1-13:30 for the rest of the story.
Also read: Leviticus 23:33-43.
Other modules in this unit:
- 750BC – King Jotham the 11th and a good King of Judah
- Isaiah the Prophet (739BC-680BC) wrote the book Isaiah
- 735BC – King Ahaz the 12th King of Judah
- 735BC-700BC – Micah the Prophet
- 732BC- 723BC – King Hoshea the last King of Israel was taken to Assyria
- 722BC – Israel Exiled as Slaves because of sin
- 716BC-686BC – King Hezekiah was the 13th King of Judah
- 716-686BC – King Hezekiah – the sun goes backward
- 695BC – King Manasseh the 14th King of Judah
- 660BC – The Prophet Nahum
- 642BC – King Amon the 15th King of Judah
- 640BC – King Josiah the 16th and a good King of Judah
- 630BC – The Prophet Zephaniah
- 627BC-580BC – Jeremiah the prophet of God
- 627BC – Jeremiah visited the potter’s house
- 609BC – King Jehoahaz the 17th King of Judah
- 609BC-598BC – King Jehoiakim the 18th King of Judah
- 609BC – Uriah the Prophet
- 607BC – The Prophet Habakkuk
- 605BC-536BC – The book of Daniel
- 604BC – Jeremiah used a scribe called Baruch
- 603BC – King Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream
- 597BC – King Jehoiachin the 19th King of Judah
- 595BC – Judah goes into Slavery to Babylon
- 592BC-570BC – The Scroll – one of Ezekiel’s messages
- 587BC – Jeremiah the Prophet of God is put down a well
- 597BC-586BC – Zedekiah the 20th King of Judah
- 586BC – Jerusalem goes into captivity
- Golden Image made by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
- 605BC-562BC – Fiery test in the Fiery Furnace
- 572BC – The Valley of Dry Bones
- 539BC-538BC – Daniel in the Lions Den
- 520BC – The Prophet Haggai
- 536BC-516BC – Temple rebuilt by Zerubbabel
- 528BC-488BC – The Prophet Zechariah
- 468BC – Esther becomes the Queen of Persia
- 464BC – Nehemiah rebuilds the walls
- 458BC – Ezra
- 435BC-412B – Malachi a prophet of God
- 400 Years – the gap between Malachi and Jesus
- 170BC-37BC – Hasmonean Dynasty, This family stayed faithful to God
- 63BC – A Roman Soldier representing the Roman Empire in the restored Israel
- 20BC-AD25 – King Herod the Great built a Temple for the Jews
- Angel Gabriel God’s Messenger
- 4BC -AD32 – Jesus – The author and giver of all faith
- AD32 – The cross, a Roman method of killing people
- Questions and Answers 1-24
- Questions and Answers 25-46
- Next Module – 400 years | <urn:uuid:3303573d-2e6a-48d5-ad19-1fde916853ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://bibleview.org/en/bible/prophetsparttwo/ezra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.95219 | 1,764 | 2.96875 | 3 |
What eats starfish?
What do starfishs eat?
To us humans, starfishs look like they’d be a bit too hard and crunchy to make a good meal. But starfishs do have a few predators or natural enemies.
Manta rays, some sharks, and other large, bony fishes like to pick starfishs off the bottom of the ocean, crunch them up and eat them.
In addition, small starfishs need to be on the lookout for larger starfishs, which will sometimes attack, kill, and eat them.
What do starfish eat? Most species eat mussels and other mollusks, or shellfish. | <urn:uuid:e10f5327-4bba-4a08-a42d-9f774a52a72a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://earthlife.net/what-eats-a-starfish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.910342 | 143 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Brazil may be struggling in its battle against the coronavirus, but it is on the cutting edge of vaccine development with large-scale trials and the production of millions of doses on the horizon.
COVID-19 is spreading rapidly across the Latin American nation -- a situation underlined when President Jair Bolsonaro tested positive on Tuesday -- creating the necessary conditions for testing a vaccine's efficiency.
Brazil, which is the primary global producer for yellow fever vaccines, is renowned for its expertise in vaccines, which it produces on a large scale in public institutes.
The leaders for two of the most advanced vaccine projects -- one from Oxford University, in partnership with AstraZeneca labs, and one from China's Sinovac -- will carry out Phase Three tests, the last one before the drug is approved, on thousands of Brazilian volunteers.
Only three vaccine projects in the world have reached Phase Three.
And Brazil won't be short-changed either: both projects have technology transfer agreements that will enable the country to produce the vaccines themselves, should the tests prove conclusive.
With lockdown measures applied unevenly nationwide, Brazil -- a country of continental proportions with 212 million inhabitants -- has not managed to contain the pandemic, which has killed 65,000 people in the country.
It is the second worst-hit nation after the United States.
- 100 million doses -
"Brazil is a good testing ground because the virus is still very present there, and there is a wide variety of epidemiological characteristics" throughout the country, Margareth Dalcomo, a researcher at FIOCRUZ, the research organization that will help produce the Oxford vaccine, told AFP.
"The more volunteers are exposed to the virus, the greater chance to quickly prove the vaccine's efficiency," said Sue Ann Costa Clemens, a researcher at the Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), which is in charge of carrying out tests for Oxford's project on 5,000 Brazilian volunteers.
"If we manage to recruit these volunteers while the curve is still rising, we hope to get results quickly, as early as November," added Clemens, who is also the head of the Institute for Global Health at the University of Sienna, in Italy.
Phase Three tests for the vaccine began in June in Brazil, as well as in the UK and South Africa
"If the tests are conclusive, the vaccine could be registered in the United Kingdom by the end of the year and in other countries, including Brazil, in early 2021," Clemens added, noting that registration in Brazil should be easier and faster due to on-site testing.
As part of the agreement with Oxford and AstraZeneca, the Brazilian government will invest $127 million to enable FIOCRUZ to acquire the technology and equipment to produce an initial quantity of 30.4 million doses during the experimentation phase.
If the vaccine passes the clinical trials, Brazil will be entitled to produce 70 million additional doses at an estimated cost of $2.30 each.
- Political rivalries -
Meanwhile, the government of Sao Paulo state will start on July 20 testing for the vaccine by the Chinese biopharmaceutical company Sinovac on 9,000 volunteers.
The partnership also provides for technology transfer for "large-scale production" in the event of successful testing.
"This is technology that we have mastered perfectly, we have already produced other vaccines in a similar way," said Dimas Covas, the director of the Butantan Institute, which is in charge of producing the doses.
"We will have the autonomy necessary to meet the demand from Brazil, but also other Latin American countries," he said.
With the two large-scale trials, "Brazil is the repository for the hopes of a large part of the world," Covas added.
But the announcement three weeks ago of the partnership with Sinovac has drawn criticism, as well as dubious conspiracy theories.
It came against the backdrop of a political rivalry between Sao Paulo Governor Joao Doria and Bolsonaro, a noted coronavirus skeptic who announced he was feeling "perfectly well" and had only mild symptoms after testing positive for COVID-19.
"A Chinese laboratory making a vaccine against a Chinese virus and research funded by a governor who is a major partner of China. I don't want this vaccine, do you?" tweeted Roberto Jefferson, a former congressman who recently joined Bolsonaro's camp.
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.) | <urn:uuid:dbfe64e8-340a-4ee2-a039-dd4eb22da8b8> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/coronavirus-brazil-to-become-testing-ground-for-covid-19-vaccine-2258813 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153521.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728025548-20210728055548-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.958637 | 935 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or disk drive) is a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of one or more rigid (hence “hard”) rapidly rotating discs (platters) coated with magnetic material, and withmagnetic heads arranged to write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
Hard drives are classified as non-volatile, random access, digital, magnetic, data storage devices. Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have been the dominant device forsecondary storage of data in general purpose computers since the early 1960s. They have maintained this position because of advances which have resulted in increased recording capacity, reliability, and speed, as well as decreased cost, allowing them to keep pace with ever more demanding requirements for secondary storage | <urn:uuid:b38f7afe-52e1-49eb-bda9-cdcea5a32b4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://typeofcomputerscomputerbenefit.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/hard-disk-drive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588294.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216162441-20171216184441-00726.warc.gz | en | 0.9582 | 170 | 3.53125 | 4 |
As a parent of 2 young children myself, I am acutely aware of the importance of looking after children’s teeth and getting them into good habits. It’s never too early to start.
We encourage you to bring your child along with you as early as possible so they can get used to the surroundings, preparing them for future visits. We are very accustomed to having children in the surgery and like to build relationships with families, working in partnership with you to help protect your child’s teeth.
As Dentists, our number one concern is to conserve the natural teeth for as long as possible. Following a good daily Oral Hygiene routine is the key to this but we can also, as Dentists, provide additional protection through treatments like fissure sealing.
Fissure Sealants offer a simple way of protecting a child’s permanent molar teeth against decay, as it’s easy for food particles to get stuck in the tiny fissures on the chewing surface, meaning decay can set in. Treatment involves the tooth surface being chemically cleaned and a thin film of liquid plastic being run into the fissures which then sets hard thereby sealing the fissures. The plastic naturally wears away over time.
Following a good daily Oral Hygiene routine is essential for everyone, young or old. And it’s down to us, as adults, to make sure children’s teeth are protected – by monitoring brushing and diet, by being aware of things that could damage teeth or cause decay and by making children comfortable about coming to the surgery.
Tooth decay is the main cause of toothache in children. In fact, you will probably be alarmed to learn that around a third of children aged 5-12 have visible signs of decay, according to the British Dental Health Foundation.
So, please ask us if you’d like any tips or advice and feel free to bring your child along with you to your next appointment, so they can get used to the surgery, or book them in for a Check-up of their own.
For Under-16s General Dental Treatments, please refer to our Price List.
Want to learn more? Then why not check out our Children’s Teeth FAQs.
Please visit the Testimonials site to see what our Patients have to say.
© Copyright 2014 The Whyte House Dental Practice. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:556b38fb-5c52-4cc7-8504-ccfda0e01300> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://thewhytehouse.com/index.php/pages/childrens-teeth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818691977.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925145232-20170925165232-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.955594 | 497 | 2.6875 | 3 |
At the end of last month the Economist published an article on Germany’s energy transition to renewables labelling it a “lunatic gamble”. This could not be further from the truth and in this blog we’ll explain why…
The article claimed that German plans to switch to renewable energy are risky, and yet the transition roadmap is based on the recommendations of an expert advisory panel to the German government, the German Advisory Council on the Environment. This body examined the environmental, economic and energy security impacts of a fully renewable energy system and characterised it as ‘climate-friendly, reliable and affordable’.
Moreover, a number of companies are exiting nuclear, not just in Germany: in July this year Jeff Immelt, Chief Executive of GE – one of the world’s largest suppliers of nuclear power equipment – stated that nuclear power has become “really hard” to justify in comparison to other energy generation options. Peter Terium, CEO of RWE, has said his company is exiting from nuclear “with conviction”, and that the “risk this technology presents is not an option in the long run.” Even EDF CEO Vincent de Rivaz, when pressed on the cost of nuclear, was not able to confirm that nuclear will be cheaper than offshore wind by 2020.
Meanwhile the International Energy Agency has said that every dollar invested now in clean energy will save $3 in fossil fuel costs in the future, and that the extra investment made now will be recouped by 2025 at the latest, such is the expected decline in renewable technology costs.
Variable wind and solar power does not necessarily create a need for ‘back-up generators playing havoc with business models’ as the Economist suggests. When wind turbines and solar plants are geographically widespread, to the extent that Germany’s transition entails, their output becomes far more constant and even easier for the grid to accommodate. Worldwide grid operators rely on wind power and are successfully integrating it in larger amounts. Over a quarter of Denmark’s electricity needs are met by wind power, expected to rise to 50% by 2025, what better example of how a wind-powered system can work than that? Furthermore the cost of generating electricity from wind has declined significantly over the past few years and will continue to decline further with improved efficiency and other expected technological advances. In several cases wind is cheaper than new build coal today.
Wind power is in fact more predictable than the ever-changing electricity supply and demand patterns that utility system operators deal with every day, not to mention the dramatic effects of an unexpected shut-down of a large power plant.
Germany’s energy transformation is a “lunatic gamble” only to those absolutely wedded to burning imported fossil fuels or to vastly expensive and potentially hazardous nuclear power generation. If we are to take climate change, energy security, boosting local economies and the need to bring down the costs of energy in the long term seriously, then Germany is a stellar example of the energy transition countries need to make. Of course there are many challenges ahead to achieve this ambitious transformation, but Germany should be applauded not criticised for it. | <urn:uuid:89441e97-e321-49ae-9521-c891afa61eac> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.ewea.org/blog/2012/08/why-germanys-energy-transition-is-no-lunatic-gamble/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276353.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00143-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952452 | 645 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Kevin Hardy, Brian Lakin, John Sanderson, Pedram Pebdani, DeepSea Power & Light
As seen in Ocean News & Technology
LED efficacy, the measure of light output for electrical power used, has surpassed all other light sources, making them the most efficient light source of all. Their total light output is simply stunning, and integrated LED arrays can now be made which exceed the brightest HID lights. LED light systems are bright enough to hurt human eyes, requiring caution on the part of operators, and warnings on the part of manufacturers.
While great attention has been justifiably paid to these solid state devices during their rapid evolution, LEDs are just one component in a larger electronic circuit. LEDs are tiny fragile devices that will be easily damaged if allowed to overheat or if exposed to excessive voltage or currents. These devices need an external electronic circuit, commonly called a “driver”, to safely control the power applied to them. This article will look at the driver circuitry behind the light emitters.
The driver circuit may be a constant current or constant-voltage device. Constant-current drivers regulate current and allow output voltage to adjust, while constant-voltage drivers regulate voltage regardless of the current drawn by the load. The forward voltage (Vf) needed to light the LED varies with temperature, so their output is more stable when operated as a constant current DC device. There are three basic methods of regulating LED power: 1) Current limiting resistor, 2) linear regulator, and 3) switch mode regulators.
Resistor circuits are simple, take up little space, and are low cost. They limit current by dropping the voltage supplied to the LED. The fixed resistance requires a constant voltage source to deliver a constant current. They waste power through the resistive load, generating excess heat. LEDs may be damaged if the line voltage fluctuates.
Linear regulators are widely available, inexpensive, and provide current regulation over a wide voltage input. A linear regulator works like a variable resistor in a voltage divider network, constantly adjusting to maintain a predefined output voltage. They use a simple feedback loop to control the voltage applied to the load. They can prevent the load from seeing too much voltage if line voltage fluctuates. However, the greater the difference between the supply voltage and output voltage, the lower the efficiency as the difference is dissipated as heat. Efficiencies of 50% or less are common, meaning this circuit can waste as much power as the LED string is using.
Switch mode power supply (SMPS) allow for wide voltage input ranges, are typically 85% or more efficient, can provide boost (stepup) or buck (step down) voltage control, and have the most options for self-regulation and dimming control. The downside is they can be bulky, cost more, and generate greater EMI/RFI which could disturb adjacent or connected equipment. Because they are more complex, they require greater engineering development effort.
An open loop controller indirectly regulates LED current by switching an inductor on until a preset current limit is reached, at which time the switch turns OFF, the field stored within the inductor reverses, and the stored charge is released into the LEDs. The cycle repeats on the next clock cycle.
A closed loop controller can perform open loop control as above, but has an additional control loop that allows tighter regulation of LED current. The LED current is directly monitored, (as opposed to just the inductor current), and the gating of the switch is in response to LED current and not simply inductor current. This results in a substantial improvement in LED current accuracy and reduced LED ripple current.
Many other protective features may be implemented to protect the line or the light itself using this design, which will be discussed further on.
Power circuits designed to drive high-power LEDs must incorporate active protective features for safe and reliable operation. These can include Soft-Start, Short Circuit Detection, Over Voltage Protection, Under Voltage Lockout, Thermal Rollback, and Cycle-by-Cycle current limiting.
Soft-Start (SS) provides current to the LEDs in a controlled ramp-up from zero to the maximum operating current, as opposed to a step surge from zero to maximum at startup. Soft-start greatly reduces harmful in-rush current at power-up.
Short Circuit Detection (SCD) detects excessive input or output current. Usually, when a short-circuit is detected in an LED string, a try-wai-tretry loop commonly called a “hiccup timer” will initiate a sequence in which the controller will immediately stop when a short circuit is detected, wait a brief period, then restart. If the short circuit persists, the controller can be designed to latch off after some number of re-try’s.
Over Voltage Protection (OVP) – detects an output over-voltage condition, which would occur if a single LED in a series string of multiple LEDs became “open circuit”, and the constant current driver attempts to ramp up voltage trying to maintain a preset current. OVP detects the over-voltage output from the constant current drive to the open circuit, and initiates a try/retry loop with “hiccup timer”, as above. If the over-voltage condition persists, the controller will latch off after some number of re-try’s.
Under Voltage Lockout (UVLO) is utilized to prevent the LED power supply from drawing excessive current at powerup with an undervoltage power supply. This feature is generally implemented as a threshold detector on the input, requiring that the input voltage be at least some minimum voltage before start-up of the switchmode power supply (SMPS). Without this feature, the controller would potentially start at an input voltage lower than expected, drawing excessive current from the input source. It is best implemented as a non-latching feature, allowing the unit to recover when source voltage is increased.
Thermal Rollback (TRB) utilizes a temperature sensor, thermally coupled to the LED engine providing feedback to the controller. When the LED temperature exceeds a pre-defined upper threshold, LED current is gradually decreased in accordance with the temperature sensor, maintaining a safe LED operating temperature. Operating LEDs outside of their safe operating area (SOA) greatly reduces their lifespan and efficacy. Temperature rollback has the advantage of providing useful light even in an overheat condition, a feature appreciated by operators in the deep sea. An alternative is a thermal switch that simply turns the light off if the temperature rises to a certain value. These take up little space and are inexpensive.
Cycle-by-Cycle current limiting is a method by which a switch mode power supply (SMPS) examines its FET switch current on each and every switching cycle. If the maximum switch current is exceeded, the gating pulse to the switching FET is terminated until the next cycle is initiated by the controller’s internal clocking cycle. Cyclebycycle current limiting prevents damaging, instantaneous, over-current from destroying the FET switch or the LEDs.
Highly efficient drive electronics have been developed to accommodate the wide range of power sources available in undersea manned and unmanned vehicle applications. Power inputs of 1032VDC accommodate a wide range of battery voltages. High-voltage AC/DC (180240VAC, 5060Hz), universal input (85265VAC 50/60Hz), isolated flyback and nonisolated buck/boost converters, plus power factor corrected inputs have all been successfully tested. Miniaturization, both for compactness and reduced implodable air volume, are an important design objective. With battery powered systems in particular, high efficiency is critical design objective. DSPL engineers have tested high output power switch mode regulators that deliver precise and constant current to the LED array at efficiencies exceeding 93%.
Vehicle designers have come up with many novel ways of dimming the lights on their vehicles. Dimming control interfaces for underwater lighting include isolated and non-isolated control voltage (05vdc, 010VDC), current loop (420mA), PWM, serial communications, TCP/IP communication, phase control, DMX, variable input voltage and toggle. Many of the above schemes can be used to control a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) phase control dimmer.
AC wall power in the U.S. is 120V, 60 cycle, single phase. The 120VAC refers to the RMS (root mean square) average value of the sinusoidal voltage waveform. The peak voltage is the RMS value multiplied by the square root of 2 (1.414). Peak voltage of 120 VAC (rms) = 120VAC * 1.414 = 170VAC. This will have important consequence shortly.
Some 120VAC linefed LED lights do not use driver circuits or power supplies. They use the simple, low cost series resistor or linear regulator. These present a risk of flicker using simple dimmer techniques. Other lights, such as DeepSea’s Matrix series, contain integrated drivers and power supplies, so even with a varying AC input, the driver provides constant current and performs dimming with zero noticeable flicker. For the light to be dimmable, the driver must be designed to interpret control signals and produce a range of LED current. The added control circuitry may slightly lower driver efficiency and may cost more, but provides the advantage of a flicker free and broader dimming range. This is important to video imaging systems which are more sensitive to phase blanking and black video frames than film or human eyes.
Phase control dimming is used in household wall dimmers, and is built around a very robust electronic switch called a “triac”. These are electrically very noisy as they delay turnon of the output until a certain phase angle is reached, resulting in very large current transients. These current spikes can get out of phase with the line and cause heating of the transmission lines and wasted energy. These line spikes can also degrade video through cross-talk.
Resistive light sources, such as incandescent bulbs, work well with phase control dimmers as they produce their light by heating an element which makes them react slowly to pulsed power. LEDS, however, are electronic devices and react instantaneously to pulsed power. This will make the LED’s appear to flicker under phase control dimming.
A low cost means of driving LEDs from 120VAC mains is using a bridge rectifier through a current limiting resistor to a series string of LED’s. This has the advantage of making the light somewhat compatible with phase control and variable voltage dimming. The drawback to driving and dimming LEDs in this fashion is the LED will not emit light until the voltage rises to the forward voltage (Vf) of the LED string and will turn off when it drops below that string Vf. Thus, the dimmer is only effective over a small range of control, and the light is susceptible to the “60 cycle” flicker most people are familiar with from fluorescent lights.
The downside of this approach is LEDs will be overstressed if they are driven at too high a voltage, as happens with an AC supply delivering a peak voltage that exceeds the LED limit. For example, a Cree XPG LED is rated with a Vf of 3.3vdc at 1000ma. Wiring 36 Cree XPG’s in series, the total string Vf would be close to 120V rms. As can be seen in the Fig. 4, the LED string won’t turn on until it gets to Vf(Min) of about 2.64V/LED or 95V in the string. Likewise, the LED turns off at this voltage on the backside of the curve. This means the light is not on for about 35% of the half cycle. The peak voltage would be as high as 170V. The manufacturer calls out the Vf(Max) as 3.75V/LED, or 135V with 36 LEDs in series. The LED is therefore over-driven 40% of the time, which is likely to affect its operational life.
A phase control dimmer delays the application of voltage until a point later in the 0180º cycle. When voltage is applied at some phase angle, say 60º as shown in Fig. 5, electrical power transitions from zero to the corresponding peak value instantly, creating inrush current and EMF signal.
One phase control dimmer we tested dimmed an incandescent bulb from off-to-full bright over a rotational range of approximately 300º out of 360º. We then tried an LED light wired with 36 LEDs in a string as described above. The light went from bright to dim in approximately 30º of the 300º, while the remaining 270º was simply “off”. The designer can provide slightly more dimming range by removing some of the LED’s in the string, thus lowering the overall Vf. However, this will result in higher peak currents through the LED’s which may exceed their maximum recommended values. It will also make the light less efficient as the series resistor will have to drop more voltage, creating more heat.
Another alluring approach to 120VAC light design is the use of the Seoul Semiconductor Acriche, an LED claimed by its manufacturer as “the world’s first semiconductor light source that operates directly from AC power without a converter.” Under the LED silicone lens are two parallel, but reverse polarity, strings of 36 tiny LEDs in series acting as a bridge rectifier. The Acriche requires use of an external current limiting resistor similar to the above “low cost” bridge rectifier design, which drops voltage and lowers system efficiency. While use of Acriche may enable direct compatibility with a phase-control dimmer switch or Variac™, the dimming performance will be at best disappointing with all of the weaknesses of the above low cost bridge rectifier design.
This is not to conclude that LEDs can’t efficiently be dimmed using phase control. DeepSea Power & Light has developed an advanced LED driver compatible with a phase control dimmer switch which provides smooth, continuous LED current with a linear dimming ratio in excess of 400:1 at power outputs over 125W and efficiencies over 85%.
With DC driver circuits, LED brightness is commonly controlled using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), varying forward current, or both. PWM “chops” the effective “ON” time of the LED string at a rate much higher than can be visibly perceived, altering the average “ON” time of the LEDs, thus varying brightness. Changing the LEDs forward current also affects brightness. Used in combination, very high dimming ratios can be achieved.
Designers incorporating LED lights have several choices in the marketplace to find best fit for space, electrical power, dimming control, as well as optics to focus light in a spot or flood pattern. Interfacing with a larger system requires both the system integrator and the underwater light manufacturer to adopt a common language of design. The designer has many control options at his disposal. Where there is no strict power budget or a need for clean video, the more inefficient, cheaper solutions may be a good fit. Where there is a need for more efficiency or better quality video, the switch mode controller, with its ability to incorporate additional LED protective features, is a good choice.
For further information on LED driver options and design, contact DeepSea Power & Light or visit http://ocean-innovations.net/ | <urn:uuid:2ab46eb7-597b-4987-bdae-8cba3fd695d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ocean-innovations.net/companies/deepsea/knowledgebase/advanced-underwater-led-power-supply-light-control/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.925807 | 3,226 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Fossil fuel consumption and other human activities have increased exponentially worldwide. As a consequence, emissions of greenhouse gases, aerosol particles, and aerosol precursor gases have increased as well. Greenhouse gases decrease the outgoing radiation from the Earth, tending to increase its temperature (a positive radiative forcing), whereas aerosol particles can either increase or decrease the outgoing radiation by scattering and absorption (direct effect) and by changing the reflectivity, duration, and extent of clouds (indirect effect). Current estimates of the global, annually-averaged, direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols (sulfates, soots, and biomass smokes) range from -0.3 to -1.0 W m-2. Analogous estimates for the indirect effect are 0 to -1.5 W m-2. These values are comparable in magnitude, but opposite in sign, to the current estimates of +2.1 to +2.8 W m-2 for the forcing due to increases in greenhouse gases over the past century. Because of the great spatial variability in aerosol concentrations that results from their short lifetime, there are many regions--principally over and downwind of major industrial areas--where aerosol negative forcing must exceed the greenhouse positive forcing [e.g. Charlson et al., 1992; Kiehl and Briegleb, 1993]. Recent studies have shown that (1) aerosol effects appear to be present in the global and regional twentieth-century temperature record, and (2) inclusion of aerosol effects in numerical model predictions improves agreement with observed temperatures, in both timing and spatial patterns [e.g. Karl et al., 1995; Santer et al., 1995].
Although the potential impact of anthropogenic aerosols on climate is large, there are large uncertainties regarding this impact. This is due to a lack of globally distributed data on aerosol properties and effects. In fact, aerosol effects constitute one of the largest sources of uncertainty in validating current climate models and in predicting future climate. An important step in reducing these uncertainties is to measure the direct radiative forcing by tropospheric aerosols over various regions of the globe while simultaneously measuring the properties of the responsible aerosols. Intensive field programs, when extended with current and future satellite measurements and validated retrieval algorithms, can provide the data needed to reduce the uncertainties and hence improve the performance of climate prediction models. The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC) is coordinating four such field programs: TARFOX and the Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE-1, ACE-2, and ACE-3; see Relationships to other Projects, below).
To illustrate the coverage possible with satellite remote sensing of aerosol properties, Figure 1 shows color maps of seasonal mean aerosol optical thickness derived from the NOAA/AVHRR operational product. These are approximate values, since an aerosol model is used to infer aerosol optical thickness from the measured satellite reflectances. TARFOX will provide a critical assessment of the correctness of these deductions. The June/July/August data in Figure 1 show a well-defined plume of aerosol optical depth extending from the U. S. east coast over the Atlantic Ocean. This plume is well separated from the plume that extends from the west coast of northern Africa, across the Atlantic, and over the Caribbean, which consists predominantly of mineral dust. Hence, the plume extending from the U.S. east coast provides an excellent opportunity to isolate and study aerosols generated by human industrial activity, and to measure the magnitude and uncertainty of the direct radiative forcing due to these aerosols.
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write about one specific commodity- something that is available for purchase locally in Vancouver, BC Canada.
Select a spefic brand or make of product or even just one particular product made by a company.
You will try to trace the chain backwards from the final product to its origin included the raw materials and where it was produced and assembled. If possible how was it transported, who are the key players involved and what other factors may influence the trade of this product(govt policies, trade agreements,etc.)
It may not be possible to gather information about all aspects of the chain. However where
specific information is difficult to find, you may be able to find more general information. For
example, you may not find details about where Starbucks obtains their Ethiopian coffee beans or
who is growing them, but you could research coffee farming in general in Ethiopa,(where it is
gown, on what scale, farm ownership, working conditions etc ) and then suggest that this might
apply to Starbucks sources.
As an economic geographer, you should describe the three dimensions of the commodity
chain: its geographical structure, its type of governance, and the relevant institutional
frameworks. In describing the economic commodity chain, you should also include information
on the social, cultural, political and environmental aspects. Working conditions, allocation and
distribution of profits, environmental impacts, social relations, and cultural significance are all part of the chain.
Finally you may discuss issues related to ethical consumption, and whether or not this
particular commodity chain has been affected by attempts to impose any regulations or standards
(such as those related to fair trade)
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We handle assignments in a multiplicity of subject areas including Admission Essays, General Essays, Case Studies, Coursework, Dissertations, Editing, Research Papers, and Research proposalsHeader Button Label: Get Started NowGet Started Header Button Label: View writing samplesView writing samples | <urn:uuid:b20ed6ff-0160-4e3e-8203-a40ad971fade> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://writemyclassessay.com/commodity-chain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711336.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208114402-20221208144402-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.926079 | 430 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The person in charge of Science at Grange Primary Academy is Mr Latimer
At Grange Primary Academy, we believe that a high-quality science education provides the foundation for understanding the world through the specific disciplines of Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Science has changed our world on a personal, national and global level and as such, we strive to develop the children’s understanding of scientific ideas by providing opportunities for the children to explore the world around them. We aim to stimulate a child’s curiosity through building up a body of key foundational knowledge and concepts, and encourage them to recognise the power of rational explanation. Our teachers encourage children to understand how science can be used to explain what is occurring; develop methods of enquiry and carry out purposeful investigations.
We aim to achieve this by enabling the children to:
• Ask and answer scientific questions
• Plan and carry out scientific investigations using equipment, including ICT, correctly
• Know and understand the life processes of living things
• Know and understand the physical processes of materials, electricity, light, sound and natural forces
• Know about the nature of the solar system, including the earth
• Evaluate evidence and present their conclusions clearly and accurately
Our Science Curriculum
Our Science Curriculum is supported by the United Learning Curriculum.
Our Science Expectations:
Science National Curriculum:
We pride ourselves on our committment to the teaching and learning of Science in our school. As well as strong curriculum content we also actively celebrate British Science Week, STEM Week and World Space Week to enrich and deepen the scientific understanding of what our children are learning.
We are proud to announce that we have been successful in being awarded the Primary Science Quality Mark to recognise our work and achievements throughout the school in this area. | <urn:uuid:96498f2a-83ff-49b6-9377-289f06d7c323> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.grangeprimaryacademy.org.uk/learning-at-grange-primary/science-curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038059348.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410210053-20210411000053-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.919863 | 366 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Fishing with rods and lead
Currently, the only exceptions to this guidance is for the river Severn or its tributaries in Wales, where emergency byelaws are in place. Check back soon for updates to this position or contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org
If you, as an angler, are 13 years old or older, you must hold a valid rod licence.
Salmon, trout and other salmonids
When fishing for salmon, trout and other salmonids:
- a separate rod licence is required for each or any rod that is in use
- on rivers, streams, drains and canals no more than one rod and line may be used at the same time
- on reservoirs, lakes, and ponds no more than two rods and lines may be used at the same time.
Coarse fish or eels
When fishing for coarse fish or eels:
- up to three rods may be used depending on your rod licence
- no more than four rods and lines may be used at the same time.
Fishing with more than one rod
When fishing with more than one rod and line at the same time, rods must be placed such that the distance between the butts of the end rods does not exceed three metres.
You must not leave a rod unattended with its bait or hook in the water.
It must be possible to exercise immediate physical control over any rod and line left with its bait or hook in the water.
The use of lead weights is prohibited with the following exceptions:
- size 8 lead dust shot (0.06g) and smaller
- lead weights of 1oz (28.35g) or more
- lead within the construction of lures or weighted flies
- lead within lead-cored lines, swim feeders and self-cocking floats | <urn:uuid:82c43f30-da77-42e6-963e-69ad083f444b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://naturalresourceswales.gov.uk/guidance-and-advice/business-sectors/fisheries/angling-byelaws/using-rods-and-lead/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00828.warc.gz | en | 0.915229 | 401 | 2.671875 | 3 |
We are human and therefore, have idiosyncrasies, nuances and eccentricities that come with our personalities. Many of these unique characteristics position us for survival and success. But some of these peculiarities are counterproductive and are detrimental to our growth. I will call them self restraining tendencies or SRT’s. They are not necessarily life-threatening, but they may serve as impediments to development.
SRT’s are indigenous to human beings. They may be formed by life experiences and thoughts and subsequently create insecurities. They may be pseudo-defense mechanisms to allegedly protect us. SRT’s may be categorized as bad habits that may hold us back, restrict growth or work against us. How do we know we have them? Self assessments and times of reflection can increase self awareness and reveal SRT’s, as we examine our lives and impact on others. Additionally, we may receive the gift of honesty from a friend through candid comments. Constant feedback from co-workers, parents and peers can also be useful by adding to our enlightenment. But, we must be objective, receptive and appreciative of their candor.
5 Self Restraining Tendencies (SRT’s)
- Poor communication skills
- Negativity mindset
- Toxic people skills
- Lack of Integrity
It is interesting to learn that many people are struggling with procrastination. The act of postponing things until later is not intellectually difficult for people to understand. They know that something should be done immediately and to postpone will have consequences. But, nevertheless, they still will delay until later, that which should be done today.
We recognize that we may not feel like doing something right now or we have awarded a greater priority to something else. If we continue to kick the can down the road or delay the inevitable, we will continue to waste time and effort and increase the amount of stress in our lives.
Lisa was interviewing for a job as a pharmaceutical sales representative. She felt very comfortable with the interview. The interviewer asked her about her number one shortcoming. She responded, “I am a procrastinator. I get things done, but sometimes it takes me a while to get started.” Procrastination was her Self Restraining Tendency, but the interview may not be the right place to disclose this particular self restraining tendency.
2. Poor communication skills
Communicating is something we do every day. It is the currency by which we interact with people in order to state our ideas, convey instructions and build relationships. Those among us, who communicate effectively, actually have an advantage at school, in our careers and in relationships. If we are hampered by poor communication skills, our effectiveness is restricted. This self restraining tendency, like the others featured in this article, must be identified and corrected.
Poor communication skills could be non verbal or verbal to include written, body language and group presentations. Ask yourself, “Am I plagued by poor communication skills? Are there aspects of my communication ability that are hindering my progress?” Conduct a self-assessment. Diagnose your communication ability to see if there is a deficiency. You may seek to solicit feedback from respected sources and trusted friends and colleagues to see if they can identify areas that require improvement. When the SRT is disclosed, a change management process should be initiated. However, rather than go through multiple steps to change we should go directly from denial to acceptance and put a plan in place to correct the SRT.
3. Negativity Mindset
People who have a negativity mindset are not necessarily the individuals who look at the pros and cons of every situation. I am speaking of the people who like to rain on the parade. When the entire group has decided to move in a positive direction, they are the naysayers who constantly focus on what is or could go wrong. They provide excuses rather than explanations. They seldom do anything but complain without the slightest contribution to positive constructive participation to change anything.
4. Toxic people skills
The toxic people SRT is different from the poor communication skills mentioned earlier. Individuals prone to this tendency will use power to humiliate and intimidate in order to gain the upper hand or to create an environment of fear.
My son worked for an organization where the new boss actually said, “When I walk into a room I want people to fear me.” He wanted people to be intimidated by his presence. This attitude is supported by language and interactions that cause stress, a lack of trust, poor engagement and ultimately subpar performance. Individuals with toxic people skills may speak about people behind their backs, pit coworkers against each other and generate an atmosphere of tension.
People with toxic people skills may be cursed with the propensity to enter every interaction with a transaction mindset. They are constantly thinking what is in it for them, how can they beat the other person by any means necessary and how it can only help them succeed. This is prevalent in relationships where they only socialize or interact with people who can help them advance their position, today.
5. Lack of Integrity
People with a lack of integrity are flawed in their relational and work performance. They utilize a winning at all cost or any cost approach to work and relationships. People with this tendency view the rules as an inconvenience, something for weak minded people, to be broken and circumvented whenever possible. Breaking rules is seen as a badge of honor, a necessary evil to give themselves the ultimate advantage toward victory.
Invariably, this SRT will cause the downfall of their career and reputation. Oftentimes, the integrity flaw does not manifest itself until well into a person’s career. Please find below a chart illustrating a natural career growth curve and the various points of indiscretion where a lack of integrity can doom a person’s career.
If a lack of integrity shows itself at the end of someone’s career, a lot of their positive contributions can be discounted and shrouded in suspicion, nullifying their reputation. If a lack of integrity revealed itself early in someone’s career, they may never have the opportunity to make significant positive contributions or to realize the potential present in their talents and abilities.
Ideally, we should establish self restraining orders or SROs for those character traits which are limiting our joy and effectiveness. The five self restraining tendencies listed or others should be addressed if they are a problem for you. They have the capacity to limit your effectiveness and keep you away from realizing your full potential in every segment of your life.
Copyright © 2016 Orlando Ceaser | <urn:uuid:b9b79a46-2a51-406f-bd52-6a830f170ce6> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://myozonelayer.com/2016/01/08/5-self-restraining-tendencies-srts-that-can-hurt-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.957594 | 1,336 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How well is your organization prepared to respond to a cyber attack? According to the study, only 23% of organizations worldwide have consistently applied a cybersecurity response plan, and even fewer companies are sure if their playbooks can perform well.
Cybersecurity skills can’t be taught overnight, but there is a solution that can effectively help organizations increase their level of preparedness for potential cyber threats and attacks through the power of a Cyber Range.
In this article, we dive deep into this topic and talk about what is a cyber range, why they are important, and the benefits of utilizing this technology to ensure your organization’s security.
What Is a Cyber Range?
Simply put, the cyber range is a simulated environment that organizations use to train cybersecurity professionals and test their incident response capabilities. Typically, cyber ranges include simulated network infrastructure, tools, and systems, which help organizations prepare for any kind of cyber threat or attack.
The goal of a cyber range is to provide a safe environment and assist organizations in gaining hands-on cyber skills for security posture testing.
The majority of cyber ranges feature a virtualization layer, as well as network and computing infrastructure. Cyber ranges also have the ability to virtualize any kind of environment, helping participants to practice their skills in a more advanced environment.
One of the biggest benefits of a cyber range is that they are interactive, simulated platforms and representations of networks, systems, and applications. They play a major role in fostering cybersecurity education, training, and certification.
Why Are Cyber Ranges Important?
Cyber ranges are important because they offer several use cases and advantages for different kinds of organizations all over the world. This technology can help them train and test their existing team to assess the cyber readiness of their organization, build an internal team for a large enterprise, and develop the upcoming generation of cybersecurity talent in the most sophisticated way.
Different use cases for a cyber range technology include:
Learning Experience in a Safe Environment
One of the most useful features of a cyber range is that it provides a highly controlled virtual environment where organizations can reuse and replicate training modules at any time they want without having a major impact on their live networks and systems.
This means that your organization’s team members can experiment and learn how to leverage new tools to improve their skill set. Having this kind of flexibility results in more hands-on training programs and an increased level of understanding among the team.
Besides, cyber ranges usually provide ready-made frameworks such as the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) framework, which provides a set of building blocks for describing the needed tasks and skills for individuals and teams to perform cybersecurity work.
Team Assessment on Their Cybersecurity Skills
A cyber range is also a great tool to train and assess the skills of your employees. It can help you understand the level of your team’s knowledge and address skills development needs if necessary.
At the same time, you can use it to assess your potential hires as well. These exercises can help you make sure that they have the proper knowledge and experience to tackle real cybersecurity challenges at work.
Place for Team to Collaborate and Learn From Each Other
Cyber ranges allow organizations to practice their team’s collaboration skills in simulated cyberattack scenarios. It is an ideal environment for your team members to practice their individual skills in a team setting.
Cybersecurity should be a collaborative effort, and these kinds of exercises can help to raise awareness of this among the members of your organization.
It is important to remember that a cyber range consists of different scenarios that can be quite competitive. This allows exercise participants to practice as a team and get ready to handle real-life cyber attacks and incidents.
Benefits of Using a Cyber Range to Ensure the Security of Your Organization
There are several benefits for organizations to use cyber range technology and prepare for cyber threats with this framework. Some of the most notable ones include:
Increase Readiness of Your Organization
The cyber range can help organizations increase their overall enterprise readiness for any kind of potential cyber threats or attacks. Every single employee can play an important role in maintaining a company’s high cybersecurity level. Therefore, skills employees develop through cyber ranges can be crucial for any kind of organization to develop a proper process for responding to cyber incidents.
Other than that, with the help of cyber range, company executives have an opportunity to practice how to make key technical decisions to benefit their organization in the long run. This improves the overall coordination process, making the company ready to overcome potential cyber challenges.
Organize Live Exercises for the Team
Companies can also use cyber ranges to run live team exercises. This approach lets a group of participants from an organization come together and practice working on a cyber incident as a team.
For example, a Red vs Blue team exercise, where a defending blue team is against an attacking red team, could help practice different skills in automated attack scenarios.
Better Optimize Security Processes
Another benefit that cyber range can bring is better optimization of an organization’s security processes and technology stack.
Security stack validation can be challenging at times. Verifying them with cyber ranges allows you to test and adjust different processes, such as incident response plans, helping you to create a solid security readiness for your organization.
Recreate Different Attack Scenarios
Cyber range technology allows organizations to replicate and recreate different attack scenarios. It can be very useful to stimulate different scenarios your company infrastructure can face.
During the simulation, responsible people can practice their incident response playbooks and test the effectiveness of their reactions when facing a cyber threat. This can help the team apply learnings in the process and adjust protocols to improve the overall process.
What Kinds of Organizations Need a Cyber Range?
Generally, government and military organizations were the ones who utilized the power of cyber ranges to imitate real-world scenarios and train themselves for effective responses against potential cyber-attacks.
However, as the world became more digital and cyber threats grew in frequency, a broad range of businesses are now using a cyber range to train their staff and prepare them for upcoming challenges.
The most common cases people utilize cyber ranges are the following:
- Educators implementing cybersecurity education courses into their curricula.
- Organizations who want to train for security operations and analysis.
- Organizations seeking to evaluate candidates for their cybersecurity positions.
- Individuals looking to train their skills and join the cybersecurity workforce.
- Organizations testing new products and software releases.
How to Choose a Cyber Range?
When thinking about choosing the cyber range partner that fits your organization’s needs, it is important to keep different factors in mind.
Firstly, you should identify the business requirements and think about what the ideal outcome would look like. What should the participants learn and prepare for? Which technologies need to be involved?
After that, you should find a balance between features and capacity. This is the time to think about what are the use cases that you need to have in your cyber range. Depending on that, you will understand whether you need integration with other external systems or not.
Then, you can determine the hosting and licensing model that fits your organization’s capabilities and needs the most. You should consider whether you are looking to invest in a cyber range as a service or an in-house capability.
You should also keep in mind that scalability is the key when it comes to cyber ranges. Generally, cyber ranges use virtualization technology, which can provide an orchestration layer that helps map complex training environments and display them in virtual machines.
After figuring out all these details, you can set the budget and choose the partner that best suits your organization.
How Can CybExer Technologies Help?
At CybExer, we have been at the forefront of driving change and shaping the industry since 2016. We are committed to providing global organizations with advanced Cyber Range technology and helping them prepare to tackle potential cyber challenges in the future.
Our platform offers a wide range of advanced cyber security training modules designed to enhance the cyber capabilities of organizations on a global scale.
If you’d like to learn more about our offering and products, schedule a call with our cyber range experts to discuss your organization’s needs. | <urn:uuid:64da27d5-d0e7-4810-94c2-a4efbe741e58> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://cybexer.com/resource-center/resource-type/articles/what-is-a-cyber-range/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510697.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930145921-20230930175921-00845.warc.gz | en | 0.943131 | 1,698 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Original Preservationists––Butlers and their excellent Staffs
Photo Credit: "Top Hat" by Ted Croner an American photographer. Property of the Whitney Museum.
For centuries, England's great Stately Homes were managed by an expert staff under the watchful eye and careful scrutiny of the Butler.
The most distinguished homes were furnished with priceless antiques, paintings, and tapestries of historical importance. Exquisite silver, crystal, and china were in place for every meal.
Beautifully tailored clothing—for every conceivable occasion—filled the closets. Family members and their guests changed outfits throughout the day and dressed in elegant formal clothing to dine every evening.
Maintaining order with seamless and smooth precision was the Butler’s responsibility.
The most important households had a large staff including a Housekeeper and Cook, Footmen, Parlor Maids, Lady's Maids, Valets, and a host of others with very specific duties.
Butlers developed exacting protocols for cleaning and protecting the family's possessions. Furniture was polished to glow––silver and crystal to sparkle. Clothing was brushed daily, laundered and starched with great care, protected in an armoire at home or packed in special muslin covers or tissue––by the Valet or Lady’s Maid––for weekend visits to other Stately Homes. Meticulous care required special products. The Butler––with the help of the Housekeeper––chose specific items for the staff to use in order to maintain the household's standards. In the mid-nineteenth century coal and oil were used for heat and light.
The Butler and Housekeeper established a regimen that occupied the staff from the early morning hours, when the first fires were laid, until lamps and candles were extinguished late in the evening. When the family went down to London for the season from May through July, the Country House was “put to bed.”
A BBC television series featured Petworth House: The Big Spring Clean with Andrew Graham-Dixon.
Mr. Dixon spent four months (from November to May) working with conservators and volunteers at Petworth House, one of the most famous English Stately Homes, as the team followed an exacting regime to clean just about every rug, painting, sculpture and piece of furniture in the palatial late 17th century house that receives 150,000 visitors per year.
This fascinating documentary gives a step- by-step account of the arduous and serious task managed by the dedicated and knowledgeable staff as they move methodically from room to room cleaning and covering all the precious art and antiques in order to protect them and give them a “rest” before the crowds of visitors return when Petworth reopens in the spring.
Magnificent winter dresses were stored in muslin, furniture covered in pale creamy dust covers, curtains—ties loosened—spread open, shutters closed tightly, and the silver polished and secured in vaults.
Everything was properly protected until the family returned from London or a trip abroad. Then the Butler, Housekeeper, and staff threw open the curtains and prepared the house for a steady stream of visitors over very social, long country weekends. This is a world that for the most part has vanished.
Today, many Stately Homes in the UK are open to the public as property of the National Trust.
The National Trust was founded in 1895 by three Victorian philanthropists—Miss Octavia Hill, Sir Robert Hunter, and Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley. Concerned about the impact of uncontrolled development and industrialization, they set up the Trust to act as a guardian for the nation in the acquisition and protection of threatened coastline, countryside and buildings.
The National Trust protects over 350 historic houses, gardens, and ancient monuments. These homes are historic sites and under the care of highly trained conservators. The fact that the art and furniture in these homes has been protected for hundreds of years is a testament to the skills and the work of Butlers and their staffs in the centuries that preceded our modern times.
THE BUTLER'S CLOSET presents a range of items including those that a Butler would have used, those that conservators are using today, and additional items found through further treasure hunting. | <urn:uuid:e98b5335-f39c-4dd8-b119-0e0b3867d6eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.thebutlerscloset.com/blogs/expert-advice-blog/english-butlers-traditions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737168.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810175614-20200810205614-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.966236 | 875 | 2.921875 | 3 |
External Web sites
- CIA - The World Factbook - Saudi Arabia
- CRW Flags - Flag of Saudi Arabia
- Iloveindia.com - Saudi Arabia
- Jewish Virtual Library - Saudi Arabia
- Lonely Planet - Saudi Arabia
- Maps of World - Saudi Arabia
- National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Saudi Arabia
- Official Site of The Embassy of The Saudi Arabia in Tokyo
Britannica Web sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- Saudi Arabia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East. It is also the largest producer of oil in the world. Saudi Arabia contains the two holiest cities in the religion of Islam. Its capital is Riyadh.
- Saudi Arabia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia occupies four fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. It is separated from Egypt, The Sudan, and Eritrea by the Red Sea to the west; from Iran by the Persian Gulf to the east; and from Bahrain by the Gulf of Bahrain, also to the east. It shares land boundaries with seven other Arab countries: Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Republic of Yemen and Oman to the south; and the United Arab Emirates and Qatar to the east. The alignment of its boundary with the United Arab Emirates is disputed. The capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia is Riyadh. (See also Arabia.) Area 830,000 square miles (2,149,690 square kilometers). Population (2013 est.) 30,033,000. | <urn:uuid:49699f21-a137-4e06-bfcc-203b9bb44802> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.britannica.com/topic/525348/websites | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931014369.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155654-00045-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.847132 | 333 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The state’s approach stands in stark contrast to that of Australia, where leaders have successfully pushed a nationwide program that has made a sizable dent in cervical cancer rates.
In 2007, two governments set into motion a massive public health experiment.
One was the state of Texas, where lawmakers rejected a mandate to vaccinate adolescent girls against human papillomavirus, or HPV, a near-ubiquitous sexually-transmitted infection that causes cervical cancer. For more than a decade since, the number of Texas adolescents vaccinated against HPV has remained low.
On the other side of the globe, Australia, a country with roughly the same size population and economy as Texas, was taking a radically different approach. Public health leaders there rolled out a nationwide program that offered the HPV vaccine to girls for free at their schools. The program, though optional, proved popular, and it later expanded to boys. Vaccine coverage grew rapidly, with up to 80% of teens becoming immunized over the next decade.
Now, twelve years after Texas and Australia first veered onto wildly different courses regarding HPV prevention, their gap in health outcomes has widened demonstrably. Australia is on track to become the first country to eliminate cervical cancer, perhaps within a decade. Texas, meanwhile, has hardly made a dent in its rate of cervical cancer — which remains one of the highest in the United States, with an incidence comparable to that of some developing countries.
Medical experts in both Texas and Australia say the results underscore the effectiveness of widely available vaccines and cancer screenings.
“From the beginning, I think the [Australian] government successfully positioned the advent of HPV vaccination as a wonderful package that had a beneficial effect for the population,” said Karen Canfell, a cancer epidemiologist with the Cancer Council Australia. “It was celebrated for that reason, and it was a great public health success.”
Local cancer experts say Australia seized a golden opportunity Texas missed out on. “They embraced the vaccine at that time, and our fear kind of began around then,” said Lois Ramondetta, a professor of gynecologic oncology at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. “Really, vaccination in general has just gone down the tube since then.”
Texas is at half of Australia’s vaccination rate for adolescents — and is lagging behind most other U.S. states. Only about 40% of Texans between 13 and 17 years old were up to date on their HPV vaccinations in 2017, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That’s compared to the national average of 49%.
Cervical cancer rates remain significantly higher in Texas as well. In 2016, the age-adjusted rate of new cervical cancer cases in the state was 9.2 per 100,000 women, according to the CDC and National Cancer Institute. Women in only four other states — New Mexico, Alabama, Florida and Kentucky — were found more likely to develop cervical cancer.
Because it takes several years for persistent HPV infection to manifest as precancerous lesions on the cervix, not all of Texas’ high cancer rate can be attributed to low vaccine rates. But experts say the best way for the state to significantly reduce its cervical cancer rates is to boost HPV immunization.
Researchers in Australia estimate the country will see fewer than four new cases of cervical cancer per 100,000 women each year by 2028, as long as vaccination rates remain high among adolescents and adult women receive regular cancer screenings.
The success of those programs has positioned Australia as the “first country that is likely to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health issue,” researchers wrote in a study published by medical journal The Lancet late last year.
An estimated 99.7% of cervical cancer cases are caused by the group of viruses known as HPV. Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly occurring cancer in women. Study after study has found the HPV vaccine to be safe and effective.
Some Texas policymakers say it’s time to revisit the state’s vaccination requirements in light of Australia’s success.
“This is a preventable disease, and we should and can be doing more,” said state Rep. Jessica Farrar, a Houston Democrat who has advocated for more robust HPV vaccine coverage. “Here we are 12 years later, and look where we could’ve been, but because of certain beliefs, we’re suffering from cancers that could have been avoided.”
Texas’ last effort to expand HPV vaccine coverage, supported by an unlikely cast of characters, fell wildly short.
“We did not want to be the first”
On a Friday afternoon in February 2007, just months after the U.S. government approved a vaccine to protect adolescent girls against HPV, then-Gov. Rick Perry — a Republican — stunned the political establishment by announcing an executive order: Texas would become the first state in the nation to require all 11- and 12-year-old girls entering the sixth grade to receive the vaccination. Doing so, Perry wrote, had “the potential to significantly reduce cases of cervical cancer and mitigate future medical costs.”
Public health advocates were as elated as they were surprised. Farrar, who had authored a bill that would have similarly required adolescent girls to receive the HPV vaccination, said she was caught unawares by Perry’s proclamation but quickly voiced her support for it. Kathy Miller, executive director of the left-leaning Texas Freedom Network and a veteran of the state’s long-running debate over policies regarding sexual health and education, said she was “completely shocked… but applauded [Perry] for his out-of-character decision to listen to the science and the health care experts.”
Their optimism was short-lived. Pressure to repeal the executive order mounted from evangelical groups and members of a nascent anti-vaccine political movement, while government watchdogs accused the Texas governor of being too cozy with pharmaceutical lobbyists; his former chief-of-staff, Mike Toomey, had gone on to become a lobbyist for Merck, the manufacturer of the Gardasil HPV vaccine.
Within weeks, Texas lawmakers revolted against Perry’s order — and with support from Democrats and Republicans, the Legislature voted overwhelmingly to torpedo the mandate.
“We did not want to be the first in offering young girls for the experiment to see if this vaccine is effective or not,” state Rep. Dennis Bonnen, the Angleton Republican who authored the bill overturning Perry’s order, told the New York Times. (Bonnen, now the Texas House Speaker, did not respond to emailed questions.)
The blowback would haunt Perry for years. When he unsuccessfully ran for president in 2011, the executive order spawned attacks from primary competitors on the right. Perry ultimately called the order a mistake, saying, “If I had to do it over again, I would have done it differently.”
Lessons from Down Under
Australian leaders took pains to avoid a mandate in their rollout of the vaccine program.
Like in Texas, HPV vaccination for students in Australia is optional. But unlike Texas, where parents are generally expected to have their children vaccinated on their own time, Australia decided to bring the vaccine directly to the kids themselves — by offering the shots at school.
“Relying on people to go to their pediatricians … it’s harder to reach kids that way,” said Divya Patel, an assistant professor at the University of Texas System Population Health Initiative who has studied HPV vaccination in Texas.
Another reason the Australian schools-based program has been so well-received: It’s free.
“Vaccines in schools is by far the most effective way to do it,” said Ian Frazer, a professor of medicine at the University of Queensland who helped develop the HPV vaccine. “Free public health programs work really well if you publicize them well.”
Medical experts also praise Australia’s national cervical cancer screening program, which maintains a registry of people who have received cervical cancer screenings and encourages women to be tested every five years from age 25 to 74.
Australia faced some initial anti-vaccine opposition to its schools program, but an effective public awareness campaign helped overcome the opposition. Frazer, the Brisbane-based co-creator of the technology behind the HPV vaccine, was named Australian of the Year in 2006 for his research breakthrough. The same year, Janette Howard, the wife of Australia’s prime minister, disclosed that she had survived cervical cancer.
“What I think has been successful here is a pretty good public understanding of the importance of the vaccine and its key role in cancer prevention, not only for girls but also for boys,” said Canfell, the Australian epidemiologist.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that boys receive the HPV vaccine at age 11 or 12, but boys’ vaccination rates have lagged behind girls’. Only 36% of adolescent boys in Texas were up-to-date on HPV immunization in 2016, according to federal data.
In 2015, 406 Texas women died of cervical cancer, according to the Texas Department of State Health Services.
The state’s health department acknowledges the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine; a July report from the agency found that the “burden of cervical cancer can be reduced through efforts to screen all women at risk and to increase use of the HPV vaccination.”
The agency actually has the authority to implement a requirement for all students except those with a “conscientious objection” to receive an HPV vaccination before entering the sixth grade.
But a spokesperson for the agency said it typically waits for orders from state lawmakers before changing vaccine rules.
“We’ve also received clear direction from the Legislature that it wants to be involved in decisions about immunization requirements, so outside of an emergency situation, it’s unlikely we’d make a change without legislative action,” agency spokesman Chris Van Deusen said in an email. The most recent change to students’ vaccine requirements, the addition of the meningococcal disease immunization, came in 2013 after the Legislature passed a new law requiring it.
In 2017, researchers from the University of Texas System found the Lone Star State continued to have one of the lowest rates of HPV vaccine coverage in the nation.
“Despite the remarkable cancer prevention opportunity HPV vaccination provides, Texas has fallen behind the rest of the country in adopting this practice,” the researchers wrote.
Trump aides desperately try to downplay ‘order’ to US companies to leave China
Donald Trump's top aides on Sunday downplayed the idea of US companies being forced to abandon China any time soon, as an edict from the president ordering businesses to start looking for alternatives has been met with skepticism.
Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and White House economics advisor Larry Kudlow took to the airwaves from France, where Trump is participating in the G7 summit, to smooth out tensions in the business community prompted by Trump's Friday tweet.
Trump said he has "no plan now" to bring US companies in line, and his aides quickly reinforced the message.
Trump sparks confusion at G7 before doubling down on China tariffs
President Donald Trump doubled down Sunday on his hard line against China after sowing confusion with statements that he might be willing to soften a trade war G7 partners fear threatens the world economy.
At the G7 summit in Biarritz, France, Trump announced a major trade deal with Japan and promised more of the same with Britain, once Brexit is done.
But the positives were overshadowed by a mix-up over his apparent expression of regret for the latest escalation in the US-China dispute.
"I have second thoughts about everything," he conceded to reporters when asked if he regretted his decision on Friday to ramp up tariffs on all Chinese imports, worth some $550 billion, in retaliation for Beijing's earlier hike of levies on US goods.
Persecuted Christians eye long-sought freedom in Sudan
Sudan's Christians suffered decades of persecution under the regime of Islamist general Omar al-Bashir. Now they hope his downfall will give the religious freedom they have long prayed for.
Deep within the maze of dusty alleys that honeycomb Omdurman, Khartoum's sprawling twin city, Yousef Zamgila's church is not visible from the street.
It is hidden in the courtyard of a friend's home and consists of a few iron benches, a pulpit and crosses hastily painted on pillars holding a corrugated roof.
"The previous centre got destroyed because we didn't have the right papers. They always refused... So we use the land of our neighbours," says the Lutheran reverend. | <urn:uuid:b7616104-4771-475c-8466-3dae8d59a705> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.rawstory.com/2019/08/texas-almost-mandated-an-hpv-vaccine-before-politics-got-in-the-way-now-the-state-has-one-of-the-countrys-highest-rates-of-cervical-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331228.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826064622-20190826090622-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.965534 | 2,651 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- Elementary Differential Geometry
(second edition), Barrett O'Neill.
The prerequisite is one or more 200-level calculus course, such
as 242, 243, 280, or 285.
- There will be frequent homework
assignments, due on Wednesdays, often with problems assigned
from the textbook. Students are encouraged to keep a journal and complete
a project. The homework, project, and general class participation counts
for 50% of the course grade.
- There will be an test in September, in class, and
a take-home test in November. The material covered
and dates will be announced later. These tests count for 20% of your grade.
The final exam covers the entire course, and counts for 30% of the course
grade. The final exam will be at the time assigned by the timetable.
This course is an introduction to the geometry of differentiable curves and
surfaces in ordinary 3D-space. We look for properties of their shape, such
as their curvature, which are independent of how the object is parametrized
by explicit functions, or where it is placed in space. For this purpose we
present a thorough treatment of 3D-vector calculus, implicit function
theorems, the Frenet-Serret theory of moving frames, sectional, mean and
Gaussian curvatures for surfaces. Students are encouraged to explore
applied topics of special interest to them further. Possible topics include
camera paths, splines for curves and surfaces, fairness and other curvature
related attributes of industrial interest.
The high point of the course is the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. The Gauss-curvature
is intrinsic to the surface, in the sense that bending a surface without
stretching (roll a sheet of paper into a cylinder) does not change it.
Moreover, the integral of the Gauss curvature over the entire surface is
invariant even if we stretch and distort the surface topologically. | <urn:uuid:42afcc9d-14c6-4f22-adfe-2f76853ba797> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~gfrancis/m323/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662546071.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522190453-20220522220453-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.875835 | 451 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Art- Matariki Korowai
Collaboratively making korowai (cloaks) is an activity that seems to be gaining popularity in classrooms across New Zealand at the moment- and for good reason. It’s a great way of bringing Mā…
This is a class Korowai cloak we made using a cotton fabric. The stylised feather pattern was drawn onto the fabric and then each child decorated their feather using pastels. Once finished each piece was dyed using good old school dye. Each piece was then cut out, backed with iron on interfacing and edged on the sewing machine. Then using fabric glue each feather was then glued onto a larger piece of fabric and to finish off patterned ribbon was glued on to the top of the cloak.
Korowai of Knowledge
Fab Five have been busy creating feathers for our Korowai (cloak) of Knowledge. The feathers have the te reo Maori vocabulary we have come across in our Matariki readings and research that were new to us. Each student worked on their individual feathers and they looked pretty neat but when all our hard work was combined into the cloak, we thought it looked pretty amazing!
Search Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Access information on more than 200,000 objects in Te Papa's collections. Get up close to our collections through collected specimens and thousands of zoomable images. | <urn:uuid:79c60045-536d-4387-aaad-53ec46fc0a13> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.pinterest.nz/nalaniwilson/korowai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021235030-20201022025030-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.960174 | 290 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Navigating Breast Cancer During the Pandemic
If this year has taught us anything it’s that things can change in an instant. The uncertainty of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic changes almost daily and if you’re navigating breast cancer you might have even more questions about your health and treatment. Here are some frequently asked questions and answers from the National Cancer Institute about COVID-19 and cancer.
If I have cancer how can I protect myself?
There is currently no vaccine to prevent COVID-19 or specific treatment for it. The best way to prevent illness is to avoid being exposed to the virus.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following actions to help people at high risk for developing serious illness from COVID-19 stay healthy:
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth
- Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing; and before and after coming in contact with others
- Stay home as much as possible
- Make sure you have access to several weeks of medication and supplies in case you need to stay home for prolonged periods of time
- Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, including doorknobs, light switches, keyboards, countertops, phones, handles, faucets, sinks, and toilets
If you must go out in public:
- Stay at least 6 feet away from other people
- Avoid crowded places
- Wear a cloth face covering; be careful not to touch your eyes, nose, or mouth when removing it; and wash your hands right after removal
I receive cancer treatment at a medical facility. What should I do about getting treatment?
If you are receiving treatment for your cancer, please call your health care provider before going to your next treatment appointment and follow their guidance. As health care systems adjust their activities to address COVID-19, doctors treating cancer patients may also have to change when and how cancer treatment and follow-up visits are carried out. The risk of missing a cancer treatment or medical appointment must be weighed against the possibility of exposing a patient to infection.
Some cancer treatments can be safely delayed, whereas others cannot. Some routine follow-up visits may be safely delayed or conducted through telemedicine. If you take oral cancer drugs, you may be able to have prescribed treatments sent directly to you, so you don’t have to go to a pharmacy. A hospital or other medical facility may ask you to go to a specific clinic, away from those treating people sick with coronavirus.
The coronavirus situation is changing daily, with states and cities making changes in how they are handling quarantine and critical health care, so check with your provider as needed.
What should I do if I have symptoms of an infection?
Call your health care provider if you think you have been exposed to COVID-19 and have symptoms of an infection.
This is a stressful time. How do I cope?
Coping with cancer in the face of the coronavirus can bring up a wide range of feelings you’re not used to dealing with. Learn more about feelings you may have and ways to cope with them.
What if I have additional questions?
NCI’s Cancer Information Service (CIS) can help answer questions that you or a loved one may have about COVID-19 or your care.
To reach the CIS: Call 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. ET in English or Spanish. After business hours, recorded information is available.
Online LiveHelp® chat offers online assistance in English and Spanish Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. ET.
Pink Ribbons Mastectomy & Lymphedema Boutique will strive to assist each woman who comes through our doors to regain or maintain her self-esteem and good body image that was altered during and after her breast cancer treatment. We will strive to make every woman feel complete and balanced through properly fit and beautiful garments. For more information, visit our website or give us a call at 901-417-6060. Follow us on Facebook! | <urn:uuid:66a532da-128a-41ec-8af9-d3382a889107> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://pinkribbonsmemphis.com/navigating-breast-cancer-during-the-pandemic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879374.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419111510-20210419141510-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.950899 | 904 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Examples from the Web for fluorite
In England, fluorite is obtained in this manner as a by-product from lead and zinc mines.The Economic Aspect of Geology|C. K. Leith
Rays passing through the fluorite window strike the blackened side of the mica, which is parallel and opposite to it.Inventors at Work|George Iles
Only certain varieties of fluorite show the phenomenon well.
Fluorite is widely distributed, most commonly in vein deposits, often associated with metallic ores.Geology|William J. Miller
Some specimens of fluorite (CaF2) show the phenomenon especially well, whence the name fluorescence. | <urn:uuid:4e80ecb3-47d8-4e84-989b-a6af1d318de8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/fluorite | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672723.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017045957-20191017073457-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.900229 | 143 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The LRET covers large-scale renewable energy projects such as wind and solar farms, hydro-electric schemes and aims to deliver the 2020 target of 41,000 GWh of Australia's energy through renewable resources.
Renewable power stations generate Large-scale Generation Certificates (LGCs) based on the amount of renewable energy they produce above their baseline. Like STCs, liable entities are required to surrender LGCs in order to discharge their liability under the Renewable Power Percentage (RPP). LGCs are purchased through the LGC market and a LGC is equivalent to:
The LRET creates a financial incentive for large-scale renewable power stations such as wind, solar and hydro-electric by providing a mechanism for the creation of large-scale generation certificates (LGCs) by these power stations according to how much renewable energy electricity they produce.
The LRET also places a legal liability on liable entities (typically electricity retailers) to purchase an amount of large-scale generation certificates (LGCs) from these power stations to meet an annual target.
January 29, 2015, 9:15 pm | <urn:uuid:132f8f3d-c40f-4ecd-b9b6-6bd44cc86944> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.biofuelsassociation.com.au/ret/what-is-large-scale-lret | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121833101.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175033-00094-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928936 | 229 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In some cases, soot -- the fine, black carbon silt released from stoves, cars and manufacturing plants -- can pack more of a climatic punch than greenhouse gases, according to a paper published in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.
Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the University of Michigan, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) found that soot landing on snow on the massive Tibetan Plateau can do more to alter snowmelt and monsoon weather patterns in Asia than carbon dioxide and soot in the air.
Soot on snow causes the plateau's annual snowpack melt to happen sooner each year, causing farmers below it to have less water for their crops in the summer. In a domino effect, the melting then prods two of the region's monsoon systems to become stronger over India and China. "On the global scale, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide cause the most concern related to climate change," said Yun Qian, the paper's lead author and an atmospheric scientist at PNNL. "But our research shows that in some places like the Tibetan Plateau, soot can do more damage."
Explore further: Ocean algae will cope well in varying climates, study shows
More information: Qian Y, et al. "Sensitivity Studies on the Impacts of Tibetan Plateau Snowpack Pollution on the Asian Hydrological Cycle and Monsoon Climate." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Published online March 2, 2010. www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/1929/2011/acp-11-1929-2011.html | <urn:uuid:c00c3b96-cbd9-474a-94b8-5a3ea08c45f2> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://phys.org/news/2011-03-polluted-early-runoff-stronger-monsoons.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093974.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00104-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87765 | 331 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Turning the Tide on Plastic Pollution With Art
Posted August 22, 2012
Beauty can be found in the most unexpected of places. In a moving series of photographs, artist Mandy Barker turns the tragedy of marine plastic pollution into compelling works of art. Her series, SOUP, documents plastics salvaged from beaches around the world in an effort to bring attention to the need for better regulations of plastic production and disposal.
Although single-use plastics are widely recognized as one of the largest threats to our oceans, plastic pollution is even more nefarious than what washes up on our beaches daily. Those tiny pieces of plastic that you see on your trip to the shore this summer are sadly a symptom of a much larger problem. The bulk of the plastic debris in our oceans accumulates not on the beaches, where it is easily seen, but in giant "garbage patches," floating like minestrone soup thousands of miles off of our coasts. Suspended particles in the sea create a recipe for disaster harming animals and poisoning the food chain as a deadly "plastic soup."
Another artist turned conservationist, Chris Jordan uses his art to illustrate the sheer number of plastics littering our oceans. One of his pieces is made up of 2.4 million pieces of plastic. Why did he choose 2.4 million? Well unfortunately that is the estimated number of plastic in pounds that enter the world's oceans every hour.
GYRE: Copyright © Chris Jordan
Marine plastics have become both the focus, and the medium of choice, for artists around the world who are merging conservation with creativity to bring a new level of attention to the problem of marine plastic pollution.
From installations inspired by the tons of plastic in the great pacific garbage patch, to a beach-combing couple's take on how to transform trash into treasures, this new trend is a comment on the global concern over the state of our seas.
As a source of inspiration, oceans seems endless and powerful, but we now know that our oceans are far more vulnerable to human impacts than once believed. Unlike the limitless inspiration they provide, our oceans' resources are actually finite. Perhaps through their ingenious work, these artists can inspire us all to find a better way of treating our oceans in order to sustain their life-giving productivity and health.
Japanese artist, Motoi Yamamoto uses his sculptural salt installations to illustrate our relationship with the ocean. The giant sculptures, take over a hundred of hours to create and are made entirely of salt. In a tribute to impermanence, Yamamoto invites the public to help him as the salt is returned to the sea at the end of the exhibition. This returning of salt to the sea is a beautiful gesture.
John F. Kennedy once said:
"All of us have in our veins the exact same percentage of salt in our blood that exists in the ocean, and, therefore, we have salt in our blood, in our sweat, in our tears. We are tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea -- whether it is to sail or to watch it -- we are going back from whence we came."
These words and Yamamoto's giant salt mandalas reverberate for me and perhaps suggest an alternative way for society to view the ocean. Not as a source for food, money, and recreation, but rather as a place to come home to, something that is intrinsically a part of us and deserves our very best care.
Now, more than ever, this care is something that we must commit to. We can transcend by turning the tide on marine plastics, and put an end to the trashing of our ocean ecosystems. The trend of re-visioning ocean trash into meaningful works of art, reminds me that we can still revise what the future holds for our oceans and ourselves. I hope you will join me in reaffirming your commitment to protecting our world's ocean ecosystems from plastic pollution. | <urn:uuid:83126ad1-e1dd-4b4c-ae9c-b6911a05adc3> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/fkoe/turning_the_tide_on_plastic_po.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309963.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00131-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951465 | 797 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In order to educate students, teachers need to find a way to make a meaningful connection. Whether it was the written word, science or even high-level mathematics, we all had that teacher or teachers in our past who recognized our potential and found ways to draw us out and help us understand. Those teachers prepared us to succeed.
Successful educators are also good students who continually hone their craft and learn new ways to connect with their students. That is why professional development is so important to the teaching profession.
One learning program in particular will be utilized in the upcoming school year by over 50 rural, urban and virtual Idaho schools. It is called Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID). It is a program that includes secondary elective classes focused on college and career readiness and it is showing promising results.
AVID-trained teachers work in both elementary and secondary classrooms focusing on students who are capable but are not yet reaching their potential. Many of the students are economically disadvantaged and members of minority populations.
By first instilling confidence, and then introducing students to accelerated coursework while developing study and note keeping skills needed to learn and succeed, college going on rates in AVID schools are about 20 percentage points higher than the statewide average.
The Hagerman Joint School District recently started using AVID and early results are promising.
“AVID has been a positive addition for our students and dedicated staff. In three years of running the program as district director, I have seen a change in culture within the Hagerman School District for the better,” said Dr. Troy Easterday, who serves both as vice principal and as a high school science instructor. “AVID has opened up the eyes of our students to different pathways, both College & Career based programs that they may have never thought of prior to AVID. Testing scores have increased, but not to a large extent, due to being such a short time running the program in our district.”
The Homedale School District has employed the AVID program for four years. Educator Kristie Dorsey says it encourages healthy interactions among classmates and empowers students to feel comfortable asking questions in front of their peers.
“The thing that I like about AVID class, is that the class takes students of all different learning levels and styles and gives them the chance to enhance how they learn best to fit in any class situation,” Dorsey said. “AVID helps students set high expectations for themselves as they work their way to post high school life. Whether a student chooses to move onto post-secondary education or straight into the workforce, the tools that AVID teaches students is something they can use throughout their lifetime.”
The Boise Independent School District has been affiliated with AVID for 15 years. 74 percent of the district’s 2019/20 graduating AVID students went directly into college.
“Clear results prove that Boise School District’s AVID Program successfully prepares our students to succeed in college, career and citizenship,” said Coby Dennis, superintendent, Boise School District. “We are proud that nearly three quarters of our AVID graduates go directly into college to pursue their dreams and aspirations.”
The AVID approach starts in the early grades, emphasizing problem solving and critical thinking skills. Students receive individual support and most thrive because their teachers are able to make course materials interesting and relevant in ways that help students of various backgrounds relate and learn.
The AVID system is just one example of various resources available to our school boards and administrators that help educators to become more effective at preparing our students to realize their full potential, in the classroom and in their eventual careers. | <urn:uuid:49028a1d-04a5-48ed-88d9-2633ec9f2503> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.idahoednews.org/voices/an-education-initiative-producing-results/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00842.warc.gz | en | 0.969513 | 750 | 2.734375 | 3 |
5 facts about religion in India
India is home to 1.4 billion people – almost one-sixth of the world’s population – who belong to a variety of ethnicities and religions. While 94% of the world’s Hindus live in India, there also are substantial populations of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and adherents of folk religions.
For most Indians, faith is important: In a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, eight-in-ten Indians said religion is very important in their lives.
Here are five facts about religion in India:
1India’s massive population includes not only the vast majority of the world’s Hindus, but also the second-largest group of Muslims within a single country, behind only Indonesia. By 2050, India’s Muslim population will grow to 311 million, making it the largest Muslim population in the world, according to Pew Research Center projections. Still, Indian Muslims are projected to remain a minority in their country, making up about 18% of the total population at midcentury, while Hindus figure to remain a majority (about 77%).
2India is a religiously pluralistic and multiethnic democracy – the largest in the world. Its constitution provides for freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion. It has protections for minorities against discrimination on the grounds of religion or caste (a strict social stratification based on Hinduism). In 1976, the constitution was amended, officially making the country a secular state. At the same time, a directive in the constitution prohibits the slaughter of cows – an animal Hindus hold sacred – which each state has the authority to enforce. Currently, 21 out of 29 states have prison sentences for the act.
3While there are legal protections for religious groups and minorities, Indians still generally experience “high” levels of government restrictions on religion, according to an annual Pew Research Center study. There are legal restrictions on religious conversions in at least six states that have at times been used to arrest and intimidate Muslims and Christians who proselytize, according to the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom. Additionally, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs are legally considered Hindus and are unable to access social services or employment and educational preferences available to other religious minority groups. Meanwhile, Christians and Muslims who identify as low-caste Dalits – some of whom are descendants of Hindu Dalits who converted to escape caste discrimination – are restricted from accessing educational and employment benefits traditionally reserved for Hindu Dalits. Despite these restrictions, India’s Supreme Court has upheld protections for minorities in some religious freedom cases.
4India also has experienced “very high” levels of religion-related social hostilities in the past decade, according to the same Pew Research Center study. In fact, since we began tracking this issue in 2007, the country has consistently scored “very high” on the study’s Social Hostilities Index. Much of the hostility is directed against low-caste Dalits, according to the U.S. State Department. Religious minorities, including Buddhists, Christians, Jains, Muslims and Sikhs, also are harassed. In recent years there has been a surge in mob attacks by Hindu vigilante groups against Dalit and Muslim consumers and traders in the beef, dairy and leather industries. Additionally, Dalit women are disproportionately victims of sexual violence due to their caste, while Muslim women and girls also have been targeted due to their religion.
5Communal tensions – between Indians of various religious faiths and castes – have long plagued Indian society. Most Indians are at least somewhat concerned about these tensions, but even larger shares are worried about other national issues, according to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey. Almost four-in-ten Indians (37%) said “communal relations” are a very big problem in their country, while an additional 31% named this as a moderately big problem. But greater shares of Indian adults named crime, terrorism, corruption, lack of employment opportunities, rising prices and other issues as major national problems.
Note: This is an update to a post published June 6, 2018.
Samirah Majumdar is a research analyst focusing on religion at Pew Research Center. | <urn:uuid:19e5e37d-a727-4fdf-a6b5-0113db07fd10> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/06/29/5-facts-about-religion-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583897417.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123044447-20190123070447-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.949199 | 867 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Education has always gone beyond the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic.
However, the Three Rs” are tools with which a student can gain more knowledge in any subject.
If a student can read and write, he or she can complete a research project and learn to type.
If a student understands the basics of arithmetic, he or she can learn to program complex algorithms or study science.
At the pre-primary level, teachers ensure that all pupils learn basic skills (reading, writing and arithmetic)
The 3Rs (reading, writing and arithmetic) programme is a multi- faceted national programme aiming to improve the literacy and numeracy foundation of young pupils
The pre-primary level, teachers ensure that all pupils learn basic skills (reading, writing and arithmetic)
Through teacher training, I also learnt about tools for measuring the implementation and progress as well.
I know exactly where everyone stands, Having a solid foundation, sets the learning success curve of pupils as they gradually progress in the education system.
“As pre-primary pupils progress into Standard, they are able to understand and learn, instead of just memorizing,
This is particularly important because from basic 1, it’s back to more didactic teaching methods where the teacher stands in front of the class.
The first year of pre-primary and the first two years of primary school are key to acquiring the basics.
If the classroom walls are coated with colourful charts, pictograms and illustrations, and reading corners with story books. This will help to establish solid learning competencies in the first three years of early education, meaning pre-primary, and basic I and II.
This stimulating learning environment promotes a culture of reading, peer interaction, and engagement and learning.
Content created and supplied by: Nedved (via Opera News ) | <urn:uuid:98022018-3eb8-4e33-a3e3-bb8a74cbd24d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://gh.opera.news/gh/en/education/7041e50160947bad9e17e5d1bea2a7b5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369553.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304235759-20210305025759-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.944684 | 372 | 3.90625 | 4 |
In 19BC Marcus Agrippa, as Consul of Rome, ordered the construction of an aqueduct, Acqua Vergine, to supply water to the centre of Rome. Legend has it that Roman soldiers were guided by a young girl to a source of pure water, Salone Springs, some twenty kilometres away from the city. The girl was believed to be a virgin, hence the name of the aqueduct. More than 2000 years later, and after few renovations, water still follows the same path ending in various destinations around Rome.
One of these is the Trevi Fountain.
In 1730, Pope Clement XII, organised a contest to design a new fountain to decorate the back of the Palazzo Poli, in central Rome. A fountain already existed that had been built in the 15th century under Pope Nicholas V but Clement found this old one insufficiently theatrical. The winner was Alessandro Galilei, from Florence, and as a result Romans were up in arms that a Florentine would designing their fountain. Eventually the Pope changed his mind a awarded the commission to Nicola Salvi, a Roman. Salvi ‘s design was actually based on an earlier design put forward by Gian Lorenzo Bernini more than a hundred years earlier in 1629. Bernini’s plan was never constructed as the Pope at the time, Urban VIII, died and the Pope that followed had no interest in the Fountain. Work eventually began using Salvi’s plan in 1732 and in 30 years was completed in 1762. Today remains the largest Baroque fountain in the city. Salvi unfortunately never saw the fountain completed as he died in 1751. Before his death he nominated Giuseppe Pannini as his successor so today the fountain remains the work of Bernini, Salvi and Pannini.
The fountain stands 25.9m (85ft) high and is 19.8m (65ft) wide. The central figure is Neptune God of the sea although some believe it is Oceanus, a Greek/Roman personification of the World Ocean, a mythological river that encircles the world. He stands in a chariot which is made from a shell and is pulled by two horses. The horses represent the the changing moods of the sea with one representing the calmness of the oceans and the other representing its fierceness. Each horse is led by a Triton. The columns on either side of Neptune are free-standing thus allowing the maximum amount of light and shade on the figure.
Flanking Neptune in niches are the goddess Abundance (left), who spills water from an urn giving her gifts to the people of Rome and on the other side the goddess Health(right), holding a cup from which a serpent, the symbol of medicine, drinks. Above are two small reliefs, one depicting the legend of how the Romans discovered the water source and the other being Marcus Agrippa giving permission for the aqueduct to be constructed.
Above the reliefs are four figures representing the Four Seasons and crowning the fountain is the crest of the Orsini Family
Three Coins in a Fountain, the 1954 film, highlighted a legend of throwing coins into the fountain. Three coins are thrown from the right hand over the left shoulder bring health, wealth (sometime love) and a guarantee that you will return to Rome. It is estimated that almost 3000 coins are thrown daily which are collected and used to subsidized a supermarket for Rome’s needy.
Not only was the fountain featured in Three Coins in a Fountain, it has also appeared in the 1966 film with Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn Roman Holiday. Italian Director Federico Fellini’s used it in his film La Dolce Vita which starred Anita Ekberg and Marcello Mastroianni. In fact when Mastroianni died in 1966 the fountain was turned off and draped in black in honour of his memory.
The Trevi Fountain is only one sight that is visited with a local guide on: | <urn:uuid:05ca4536-423d-4877-832f-b35af4fc9fdc> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.bradleywdick.com/trevi-fountain-rome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823516.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210233803-20181211015303-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.970294 | 827 | 3.375 | 3 |
Based on the latest 2020 data from the US census, the current population of Clinton is 25,093. Clinton, Iowa is the 1,518th largest city in the US.
Clinton is located entirely in Clinton County.
The peak population of Clinton was in 1990, when its population was 29,537. In 1990, Clinton was the 942nd largest city in the US; now its fallen to the 1,518th largest city in the US. Clinton is currently 15.0% smaller than it was in 1990.
Clinton has shrunk 9.4% since the year 2000. Clinton, Iowa's growth is extremely below average. 97% of similarly sized cities are growing faster since 2000.
The total voting age population of Clinton, Iowa, meaning US citizens 18 or older, is 19,671. The voting age population is 46.8% male and 53.2% female.
According to the latest census statistics, 18.7% of the residents of Clinton are 65 or older.
The racial demographics of Clinton are 90.4% White, 5.1% Black, 3.3% Two or more races, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% American Indian and 0.3% Other. Additionally, 3.4% of the population identifies as Hispanic.
In Clinton, 17.3% of residents have an income below the poverty line, and the child poverty rate is 23.3%. On a per-household basis, 12.6% of families are below the poverty line in Clinton.
Among those aged 16 and older, 59.2% of Clinton residents are in the labor force.
Among the adult population 25 years old and over, 88.5% of Clinton residents have at least a high school degree or equivalent, 17.5% have a bachelor's degree and 5.0% have a graduate or professional degree.
Among Clinton residents aged 5 and older, 1.9% of them speak a non-English language at home. Broken down by language: 0.9% of residents speak Spanish at home, 0.4% speak an Indo-European language, and 0.5% speak an Asian language.
The unemployment rate in Clinton is 5.7%, which is calculated among residents aged 16 or older who are in the labor force.
In Clinton, 7.7% of the residents in the non-military labor force are employed by the local, state and federal government.
The median household income in Clinton is $44,094.
In Clinton, 67.3% of housing units are occupied by their owners.
Renters occupy 32.7% of housing units in Clinton.
Of all the housing units in Clinton, 39.0% of them were build before 1940.
In Clinton, 4.9% of the total housing units were built after the year 2000, which is approximately 620 units.
The median gross monthly rent payment for renters in Clinton is $687.
In Clinton, 74.8% of households have an active broadband internet connection.
|Year||Population||Rank in US|
|1509||Palm Springs, Florida||25,216||53.6%|
|1510||Elk River, Minnesota||25,213||51.0%|
|1512||Fountain Hills, Arizona||25,200||23.0%|
|1520||Ridgewood, New Jersey||25,056||0.5%|
|1521||Balch Springs, Texas||25,007||27.8%|
|1522||University Park, Texas||24,985||6.9%|
|1523||De Pere, Wisconsin||24,970||20.7%|
|1527||Clayton, North Carolina||24,887||189.5%|
© 2022 www.biggestuscities.com, All Rights Reserved Last updated: May 11, 2022 | <urn:uuid:c77af2e3-9b43-4013-b731-34657ad54c05> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.biggestuscities.com/city/clinton-iowa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.822782 | 1,625 | 2.8125 | 3 |
You’re stronger at math and science than the entire individuals thing, and that is okay. Then, in 1948, the Binac laptop used electromechanically managed typewriter to enter information immediately onto magnetic tape for feeding the computer knowledge and to print the outcomes. In 2018 there are a plethora of how you can watch your favourite media on your whole favorite gadgets.
What Yu and his thesis advisor — Srini Devadas, the Edwin Sibley Webster Professor in MIT’s Division of Electrical Engineering and Pc Science — realized was that the bodily-time order of distributed computations does not really matter, as long as their logical-time order is preserved.
Although, the Home windows Firewall is usually adequate in XP, Vista, and seven for many users, and the Home windows Firewall doesn’t slow down computers like some third get together firewall software which may make older computers slower. Choose anti-virus, word processors, media gamers, and other software which aren’t bloated.
The course covers important computer ideas and terminology equivalent to RAM, GB and RAMBUS Reminiscence. Which means that unless the Chinese universities change this method, it’s going to take a few years (15-20) before their CS departments might actually have a probability of being stocked from high to backside with world-class computer scientists.
As you improve the display measurement for distant viewing, the ppi is not ample for detailed computer work. Whereas Li-Fi technology is a light primarily based communication know-how that delivers a excessive-velocity, bidirectional network and cellular communication. | <urn:uuid:8a537fb1-4808-4c66-86ad-d639c6b93488> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.cetech.tk/greatest-moveable-scanner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742263.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114191308-20181114213308-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.928234 | 332 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When Young Children Are Afraid of Doctors
As babies and young children become more aware of their surroundings, it is only natural that certain unfamiliar places, faces and situations will make them nervous, uncomfortable or downright terrified.
No one enjoys medical check-ups, tests or vaccinations, but for our little ones the sight of people in white coats, in strange rooms, filled with medical paraphernalia, can be the stuff of nightmares.
Unfortunately, to keep our tots in tiptop health we can’t avoid these medical appointments. Instead, we need to offer comfort, reassurance and support until our tiny tykes gradually learn to trust that medical professionals are there to help.
Below are some of our favourite tips & tricks for helping young children to trust doctors and feel less stressed and afraid during medical visits.
- Ensure that your child is accompanied by a parent or a regular guardian that the child trusts and is familiar with. Parents or caregivers need to show that they are comfortable in the situation, that they trust the medical professionals, and that they are not stressed or worried by the situation. Children really do follow by example.
- Don’t belittle or trivialise your child’s fears. Rather than telling your child not to be silly, or that the needle is only tiny, try instead to validate their fears in a supportive way. “I know injections aren’t much fun, but it will be over as quick as a blink!” Perhaps distract your child by telling them to wiggle their toes or talk about something fun you can do together afterwards.
- If your child has gone through a particularly stressful time during a visit, such as several vaccinations or treatment for an injury or illness, it is well worth explaining that future visits will not always be that way.
- Maintain contact with your child during any examinations, such as holding their hand or sitting them on your lap if possible. This will be reassuring for them, especially if they can see that you trust the doctor/nurse and that you are at ease. Perhaps allow your little one to choose which order they would like their heartbeat/eyes/ears to be checked.
- Familiarise your child with medical topics and examinations through role-playing games and stories. Perhaps get a toy medical kit and help your child to give checkups to their favourite dolls and teddies. It may also help to let your child bring their favourite toy ‘companion’ along, so they can get ‘checked over’ too.
- Even if your child was not able to fully control their anxiety during a medical visit, that doesn’t mean you can’t reward them with something fun. A sticker, a lolly or a visit to the park will help your little one to forget the fear that they were feeling and to associate the experience with more positive
Our Cherry Bridge Station centres in NSW follow strict government requirements for childhood immunisation. More information on these requirements is available from NSW Government – Health. You can also check the NSW immunisation schedule and a list of the vaccines here. | <urn:uuid:477ed0e0-30cb-4799-9f19-6d0758a3d2b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://cherrybridgestation.com/helping-children-who-are-scared-of-doctors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056548.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918154248-20210918184248-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.963609 | 634 | 2.8125 | 3 |
RMS Britannic Cabin, built in 1914 as the largest ship in the World, was never used for its intended purpose, as its was used as a hospital ship during the first World War, sadly it was struck by a German mine in 1916 and shared the same fate as it’s sister ship the Titanic.
RMS Celtic Cabin, possibly the luckiest ship that the White Star ever built having been built in 1901, it survived mines, torpedoes and multiple collisions, only to run aground stranded in Cobh Ireland in 1928, at which point the insurance company decided to end it’s long career.
RMS Oceanic, the Oceanic built in 1899 was yet another ship commissioned by the White Star Company to be the largest ship in the World, it stayed in service for 15 years, running aground in 1914.
RMS Majestic, originally named the SS, Bismarck in 1914 made by the Germans to be the largest ship in existence she kept this status until 1935. The Majestic was given to the English government as war repatriations for the ships that were lost, and the Government gave the Majestic to The White Star Line Co.
RMS Arabic, built in 1902, by Harland and Wolfe, for another shipping Line, she was handed over to the White Star Line before completion due to financial difficulties. The Arabic, was used extensively for many years running out of Liverpool’s port, sadly the Arabic was sunk by a German U boat in 1915 the ship sank within 10 minutes, with the loss of 44 lives, 3 of them were American, this was to start the negotiations for America’s involvement into the first World War
SS Teutronic, built sailed for the first time in 1889 and was the last ship for the White Star Line Co to win the much coveted Blue Riband as the fastest ship to date, the Teutronic served her Company and Country giving 31 years to her cause. | <urn:uuid:a85c8fa1-07ad-4df1-8cd9-f2afd4c84187> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://signatureliving.co.uk/titanic/cabins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206000253-20231206030253-00884.warc.gz | en | 0.983809 | 399 | 2.546875 | 3 |
At St Mary’s Catholic Primary School, we have a clear, consistent, whole school approach to reading. Competence in reading is the key to independent learning and is given the highest priority, enabling the children to become enthusiastic, independent and reflective readers. Success in reading has a direct effect upon progress in all other areas of the curriculum and is crucial in developing children’s self-confidence and motivation.
Reading is closely linked with writing – the two activities reinforce each other. Children become successful readers by using a range of strategies to get to the meaning of the text. At St Mary’s Catholic Primary School, we believe that literate children should read with confidence, fluency and understanding.
At St. Mary’s, we follow the Letters and Sounds principles and practice of high quality phonics. Letters and Sounds is a programme aimed at securing fluent phonetic knowledge and word recognition skills by the end of key stage 1. Our reading scheme compliments this, as the majority of books are phonetically decodable. Our school has recently invested in the Phonics Bug phonics scheme – this is now the primary teaching tool in Reception and year 1 and is supported by Phonics Play and Espresso Phonics. The children at St. Mary’s are encouraged to read for pleasure, choosing their own books from our school library. In addition to this, we also use Project X for targeted reading support.
As a school, we aim for children to have access to a variety of reading opportunities at all levels. Through the creative curriculum approach, children read a range of materials to support their current topic, making reading purposeful and relevant.
Our school library has now re-opened. Last term, we spent £1000 on new books for the children to enjoy. Please encourage your children to use the library regularly.
Scholastic books will be in school on 14th November, if you wish to purchase any books for your children. | <urn:uuid:b1a2d81e-9dc2-4f19-99d6-e7fc0d72e112> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.stmarycatholicprimary.co.uk/reading/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578747424.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426013652-20190426035652-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.959763 | 398 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A Review of Human Capital Theory: Microeconomics
AbstractWith the beginning of the new millennium it has become more and more apparent that education and human capital constitute a key element of modern economies. Despite the important role of human capital in modern societies, there are still many unknowns about the process of educational production as well as individual and collective decisions concerning how much and what kind of education to obtain. This literature review aims at providing a better understanding of the process of human capital formation and educational attainment. Although human capital plays an important role in both microeconomics and macroeconomics, we focus on the former branch of literature in order to analyze the individual incentives to acquire skills. This review is divided into six parts each of them representing an important stream of human capital literature. First, we introduce the basic concept of human capital that models individuals as investing in skills in response to the expected returns to education. After this, we investigate the different implications of investments in general and specific human capital and then provide an overview of various empirical studies measuring the rate of return to education. Because educational attainment may also be affected by other factors such as school characteristics or family background, we review the literature on educational production functions and discuss the significance of potential inputs into the process of educational production. Subsequently, we refer to models of human capital accumulation over the life-cycle that manage to replicate the empirical life-cycle patterns with respect to the age-earnings profile of individuals. Finally, we analyze the effects of taxation and education subsidies on the formation of human capital.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Department of Economics, University of St. Gallen in its series University of St. Gallen Department of Economics working paper series 2007 with number 2007-01.
Length: 50 pages
Date of creation: Jan 2007
Date of revision:
Human Capital; Return to Education; Education Production Function; Life-Cycle of Earnings; Education Subsidies;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
- H52 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Education
- I20 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - General
- I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
- I28 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Government Policy
- J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
- J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
- J41 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Labor Contracts
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-ALL-2007-01-28 (All new papers)
- NEP-EDU-2007-01-28 (Education)
- NEP-HRM-2007-01-28 (Human Capital & Human Resource Management)
- NEP-LAB-2007-01-28 (Labour Economics)
- NEP-LTV-2007-01-28 (Unemployment, Inequality & Poverty)
- NEP-PBE-2007-01-28 (Public Economics)
You can help add them by filling out this form.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Joerg Baumberger).
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. | <urn:uuid:a06553f2-e193-4aae-bf16-23aedcac4da0> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://ideas.repec.org/p/usg/dp2007/2007-01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134620.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00276-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895939 | 838 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This quote from nursery educator Margaret MacMillan sums up how we feel about our children being outdoors. She maintained that children need outdoor space as much as food or air, and we can't help but agree. As well as fostering a love of nature and simply being outside, outdoor play encourages healthy physical activity. team play and social inclusion. We are very lucky to have a wonderful outdoor space in the Early Years environment at Saint Nathaniels.
For some reason, children love learning outside more than anywhere else..... it is just more fun. 'Children learn as they play. Most importantly, in play children learn how to learn.'
Outdoors, children learn so many things they don't even realise they are learning for example problem solving and improving their social skills. Learning outside encourages the children to show their own individual characteristics of effective learning.
We ensure that our outdoor areas are rich in activities that cover the development areas of the EYFS. It is just as important as the indoor classroom.
We love getting messy in our outdoor area. One of the children's favourite place is the mud kitchen where they develop so many wonderful skills such as gross and fine motor skills, capacity and using their imagination.
The children have planted vegetables and flowers. They are responsibile for taking care of our garden area and plants we are growing,
We have recently has a new addition to the outdoor environment - Cotton tail. Having to take care of a pet builds a sense of responsibility in children. Children develop empathy by caring for a pet, including an increased awareness of the needs and feeling of others.
It is important to note that unless the weather conditions are just too severe or unsafe for our little adventurers, we go out regardless. If it's cold and rainy or snowy, we wrap up warm and get on with it, whatever the weather. The children love it! As they say, there is no such thing as bad weather, only the wrong clothes. | <urn:uuid:53197a58-d583-4282-82d6-5c0fac799ba7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://spark.adobe.com/page/ahFXIDaY6mqtn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891624.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026175019-20201026205019-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.972267 | 395 | 3 | 3 |
Aluminum. It is the most abundant metal found naturally in the earth’s crust. But new research published in the journal Frontiers in Neurology warns that constant exposure to it can lead to Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, which typically lead to early death.
Pharmaceutical drugs, processed foods, tap water, antiperspirant deodorants and even infant formulas all contain aluminum, say researchers. And the extreme levels to which many people are being exposed in the modern age has triggered an epidemic of brain damage and early death.
Professor Christopher Exley of Keele University, who has studied the effects of aluminum extensively, found that these everyday exposures are a major contributor to Alzheimer’s, the direct effect of the metal slowly accumulating in the brain and causing neuronal damage.
A professor of bioinorganic chemistry at Keele’s Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Exley refers to today as the “aluminum age,” noting that modern man is now exposed to aluminum through many sources. And even though the human body is capable of eliminating it, aluminum often accumulates faster than it can be expelled, leading to brain-related illnesses.
In his latest research, Exley describes aluminum as an “ecotoxin” that very few scientists are taking seriously. Citing earlier research on the metal, including some that he helped pioneer, Exley warns that aluminum causes the most damage over time rather than acutely, which is why many scientists remain complacent about it.
When certain toxicity thresholds are reached, typically when more aluminum is being ingested than naturally expelled, disease quickly begins to manifest. But the symptoms of aluminum toxicity can vary, which is partially why it gets overlooked when coming up with a diagnosis.
But evidence shows that, in cases of dementia, sufferers typically have greatly elevated levels of aluminum in their brains. This is due to the fact that aluminum can cross the blood-brain barrier when excessive levels of it are present within the body.
“The presence of aluminum in the human brain should be a red flag alerting us all to the potential dangers of the aluminum age,” said Exley. “We are all accumulating a known neurotoxin in our brain from our conception to our death. Why do we treat this inevitability with almost total complacency?”
Further details about how aluminum accumulates in the body, and why it tends to gravitate towards brain tissue, can be found in the full text of the study: Journal.FrontiersIN.org.
Soy-based infant formulas found to contain exceptionally high amounts of aluminum
As previously mentioned, aluminum is everywhere these days. Some municipal water supplies add it in the form of aluminum sulphate to make drinking water appear clearer, and thus cleaner. Processed cookies and cakes often contain it as a raising agent as well.
Everything from food coloring, tea, cocoa, wine and sparkling beverages to toothpastes, sunscreens and various other cosmetics contain aluminum. Even popular pharmaceuticals like aspirin and antacids contain it as an additive, as do many childhood vaccines, typically in the form of thimerosal, which is roughly 50 percent ethylmercury by weight.
A lesser-known, but much more concerning, source of aluminum is soy-based infant formulas. According to the United Soybean Board, which advocates in favor of soy as a food additive, soy-based infant formulas contain high levels of aluminum because soybeans accumulate it from the soils in which they are grown.
“The [aluminum] content of a range of well known brands of infant formulas remains high and particularly so for a product designed for preterm infants,” explains a 2010 study published in the journal BMC Pediatrics.
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- You Have Lost Part of Your Hair? Here is How to Grow Out Your Hair Faster - August 2016 | <urn:uuid:7533293a-2ae5-4f6a-9dd1-56e58104fb7d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://womansvibe.com/many-popular-consumer-products-foods-loaded-brain-destroying-aluminum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607848.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524152539-20170524172539-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.943607 | 835 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Asbestos products were used throughout the ships of the U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet, particularly in the propulsion plant. On steam-powered vessels, high-pressure steam powered not only the main turbines that powered the ship through the water, but all of the other machinery and equipment needed to run the ship.
As a result, all of the turbines, valves, and machinery required asbestos insulation to protect the Navy seamen from being injured by the hot surfaces. Insulation was also needed to keep the temperature within the machinery spaces low enough that the men could work in the engine and boiler rooms.
Shipyard workers and Navy seamen were exposed to asbestos when this equipment was repaired and overhauled at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. Navy seamen were also exposed to asbestos during routine on-board maintenance and repairs.
Asbestos Insulation on Turbines and Boilers
On steam-powered ships, the boilers created high-pressure steam used to turn the high and low pressure turbines. Asbestos insulating block lined the inside walls and sides of these boilers. Asbestos pads and asbestos felt covered the steam drum, and countless asbestos gaskets of all sizes were used on boiler doors, hand holes and inspection ports. The large propulsion turbines, the heart of the ship, were heavily insulated with asbestos pads, asbestos felt, asbestos cloth, and asbestos cement. There were also asbestos gaskets on the turbines.
Asbestos on Steam-Powered Machinery
All of the other machinery and equipment related to the operation of the ships was also steam-powered. Feed pumps, forced draft blowers, lubricating systems, fire and bilge pumps, and the like were driven by their own steam-driven turbines, called auxiliary turbines. These were always insulated with asbestos. In addition to the auxiliary turbines, many pieces of the equipment ran hot and were likewise insulted with asbestos. Feed pumps, distilling plants, and de-aerating feed tanks were all covered with asbestos pads, asbestos felt, asbestos cloth and asbestos cement.
Asbestos Molded Pipe Covering
These ships had miles of piping that were also insulated with asbestos. Not only were the high-pressure steam lines insulated with asbestos, but the cold water lines, such as the fire main, were often insulated with asbestos to prevent condensation and sweating. The Navy’s Bureau of Ships had extensive Technical Manuals detailing the way in which ships were to be constructed and maintained, with an entire chapter devoted to “Thermal Insulation”.
The types of pipe covering approved by the Navy for use on its ship included amosite asbestos pipe covering, called Unibestos, that was almost 100% asbestos fibers held together with a binder. Another product, called 85% magnesia was widely used in the 1940s and 1950s. It contained 15% asbestos. Calcium silicates that typically contained 15% asbestos were also used to insulate pipes. All of these products released deadly asbestos fibers when the pipe covering was cut, handled, manipulated, removed and/or replaced. These small and mostly invisible fibers were inhaled by the seamen who served on these Navy ships.
As a result of all the insulating materials used on Navy ships, Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard workers and Navy seamen who worked on or around the ships’ machinery and equipment were routinely exposed to asbestos. They were unaware of the dangerous nature of the asbestos dust and the fact that it could lead to an asbestos-related cancer. Galiher DeRobertis & Waxman has represented hundreds of Hawaii residents who developed mesothelioma from the asbestos used on Navy equipment at Pearl Harbor. | <urn:uuid:2de3d530-6f8f-49df-a3bb-d1d71eda69c9> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://galiherlaw.com/hawaii/pearl-harbor-naval-shipyard/asbestos-use-on-navy-equipment-and-machinery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865809.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523200115-20180523220115-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.977595 | 743 | 3.546875 | 4 |
On World Biofuel day, today, the ministry of petroleum and natural gas is going to organise a programme to create an awareness about the importance of non-fossil fuels as an alternative to conventional fossil fuels and highlight the various efforts made by the government in the biofuel sector. The Oil Marketing companies have chosen this day to float an Expression of Interest (EOI) for procurement of biodiesel from used cooking oil (UCO) across 100 cities. This year the theme of the World Biofuel Day is ‘Production of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO)’.
The purpose of inviting this EoI is to encourage the applicants to set up biodiesel producing plants from used cooking oil (UCO), processing plants and further utilising the existing potential of UCO based biodiesel in India.
Biofuels have the benefits of reduction of import dependence, cleaner environment, additional income to farmers and employment generation. Biofuel programme also compliments Government of India’s initiatives for Make in India, Swachh Bharat and increasing farmers income. A number of initiatives have been undertaken to increase production and blending of biofuels since 2014.
In India, the same cooking oil is used for repeated frying which adversely affects the health due to formation of polar compounds during frying. These polar compounds are associated with diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, liver diseases among others. UCO is either not discarded at all or disposed off in an environmentally hazardous manner choking drains and sewerage systems.
The National Policy on Biofuels, released by the Government of India in 2018, envisages production of biofuel from UCO. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is implementing a strategy to divert UCO from the food value chain and curb current illegal usage. The benefits of transformation of UCO will help bring health benefits as there would be no recycling of the UCO, employment generation, infrastructural investment in rural areas & cleaner environment with reduced carbon footprint.
At present, approximately 850 crore litres of High Speed Diesel (HSD) is consumed on a monthly basis in India. The National Policy on Biofuels - 2018 envisages a target of 5 percent blending of Biodiesel in HSD by 2030. In order to achieve the blending target, 500 crore litres of Biodiesel is required in a year. In India, approximately, 22.7 MMTPA (2700 crore litres) of Cooking Oil is used out of which 1.2 MMTPA (140 Crore) UCO can be collected from Bulk Consumers such as hotels, restaurants, canteens, etc. for conversion, which will give approximately 110 crore litres of Biodiesel in one year. Presently there is no established collection chain for UCO. Thus, there is a huge opportunity in production of biodiesel from UCO.
Today, at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas & Steel, Dharmendra Pradhan will inaugurate the programme. Minister of Health & Family Welfare, Science & Technology and Earth Sciences Dr Harsh Vardhan will be the Chief Guest of the function.
On this occasion, a sticker on RUCO which is, Repurpose Used Cooking Oil and a mobile app to facilitate the collection of UCO shall also be released by FSSAI.
Interactive sessions on second generation ethanol and Biodiesel from UCO shall also be held. The sessions will focus on issues and hurdles being faced by the sector and dwell on how to overcome these hurdles for effective implementation of the blending program across the country.
Also read: India focuses on advanced biofuels, becomes 25th member of IEA Bioenergy TCP
Nitin Gadkari unveils M15 blending program at SIAT 2019
Restriction on import of biodiesel and mixtures not applicable on raw material, DGFT | <urn:uuid:5397c540-e08f-4fbb-bb30-64b98f0907e2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/eoi-to-be-floated-for-procuring-biodiesel-from-cooking-oil-43791 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703521987.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120182259-20210120212259-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.930873 | 800 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Just over 60 years ago the United States Supreme Court made history by unanimously agreeing that separate educational facilities are not equal. The Brown v. Board of Education decision is often touted in speeches and various media outlets as a landmark decision. The past, however, does not always speak eloquently about the future and in the past 60 years we have had no landmark results in education for our minority students.
One might think that more than a half-century should have been plenty of time to bring our nation's achievement gap between white and black students under manageable control. However, in their recent book, Endangering Prosperity, Eric Hanushek, Paul Peterson, and Ludger Woessmann clearly show that equality in education has certainly been elusive. For example, they show that in 2011 "42 percent of white students were identified as proficient in math, but only 11 percent of African American students." The numbers are no better for reading, as 40 percent of white students were deemed proficient but only 13 percent of African Americans. Obviously, these figures say little about the proficiency of white students but they are shameful for African Americans. Most importantly, they speak poorly about our nation's social and educational systems.
The Brown decision was clearly a landmark for the idea of equality; today, however it also serves as a reminder that not much has changed in the past 60 years. Our nation needs to do a much better job of understanding the ramifications of the above numbers. Simply said, they imply "inequality." More importantly, we are simply not doing enough to level the playing field for minority students, and the problem begins with segregated schools. The research clearly shows that integrated schools benefit all students, not just minorities. Additionally, schools where busing has been used to integrate students have successfully demonstrated that all students improve academically.
This issue is not rocket science and it's really not that hard to understand. It does, however, require moral fortitude and a willingness to leave our comfort zones. Our communities need to come together and prepare viable plans for effectively integrating our schools. This requires community leadership and an open mind. It's time for the Brown v. Board of Education decision to show landmark results. | <urn:uuid:7040c651-b7b4-4859-8a37-8b873d060837> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.examiner.com/article/progress-is-elusive?cid=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398455135.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205415-00115-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976443 | 440 | 3.125 | 3 |
The ability to develop skills in response to immediate threats or situations. Sub-power of Hypercompetence.
- Instant Skill Adaptation/Evolution
- Spontaneous Skill Adaption
User can instantly develop skills to deal with threats or varying situations, either permanently or temporary.
For example, after a certain situation, like a sword battle, the user may develop Enhanced Swordsmanship to use in such a battle. They could gain knowledge of medicine, and use it to heal someone who is severely wounded. Some users may develop enhancements to go along with the skills, making it seem as if they have had years of development and training in a few seconds.
- Accelerated Development
- Adaptive Weaponry
- Child Prodigy
- Instilled Knowledge
- Reactive Adaptation
- May only be temporary.
- May not be able to control adaptations.
- Usually dependent upon a direct threat or a situation that the person is in, resulting in responsive action.
- Some reactions may have a delayed response.
- Emi and Yumi Hanner (The Irresponsible Captain Tylor)
- Haru Glory (Rave Master); via Rave of Knowledge
- Chuck Bartowski (Chuck); via The Intersect | <urn:uuid:57934cda-73cc-4e60-92e9-459a015b6d16> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://powerlisting.wikia.com/wiki/Skill_Adaptation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824931.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022003552-20171022023552-00887.warc.gz | en | 0.918371 | 255 | 2.59375 | 3 |
High-speed machining is typically used in medical equipment manufacturing where machinists often work with exotic alloys and harder metals like titanium.
A properly balanced toolholder in the spindle is always important, but as RPMs reach 20,000, 30,000, or even higher, the precise and secure seating of a properly balanced toolholder in the spindle becomes even more critical. At these rates of speed, even minor flaws in toolholder fit or concentricity can lead to less-precise machining, reduced tool and spindle life, and even damaged workpieces.
Machining exotic alloys and hard metals also takes its toll on cutting tools, which must be changed out more frequently as they dull or break. The cost of tool replacement, not to mention loss of production time due to frequent changeover, can add up quickly as well.
All of these factors serve to slow down machining cycle times — the measure of the time it takes to complete each part from start to finish.
Now, however, an increasing number of manufacturers of medical parts and components are improving milling productivity of titanium and other metals by 15–20 percent by resolving one of the most fundamental and long-standing problems in machining: improper seating of the toolholder in the spindle.
For an industry in which cycle times are directly related to operational costs and, by extension, the bids offered by prospective customers, finding new ways to decrease machining time can lead to a significant competitive edge.
The Flaw in the System
The flaw in the design and utilization of retention knobs in tapered toolholders secured by drawbars, such as the popular V-flange, dates back to the original designs first introduced decades ago.
Perhaps because the shank and spindle are so carefully machined or because the industry has used retention knobs on tapered products for decades, this issue has largely been overlooked.
The shank of tapered toolholders is ground to a fine finish within very precise, established tolerances, and they are also threaded at the narrow end to accept a retention knob. The knob is designed to engage with the drawbar, which exerts a pull force that holds the toolholder firmly in the spindle.
The problem is that, when tightened, poorly designed, traditional retention knobs — a part that costs less than $30 — create a bulge in the taper that prevents proper seating in the spindle. Once this expansion occurs, the toolholder will not pull fully into the spindle and so it cannot make contact with upwards of 70 percent of its surface.
The results are manifested in a wide range of CNC milling issues often attributed to other causes: vibration and chatter, poor tolerances, non-repeatability, poor finishes, shortened tool life, excessive spindle wear and tear, run-out, and shallow depths of cuts.
For Janos Garaczi, president of Delta Machine Company, this meant addressing issues with the interface of toolholder and spindle on new high-RPM/high-torque equipment he installed. The company, based in Gardena, CA, machines titanium products for the aerospace and the medical industries
To address the issues, Garaczi used unique High Torque retention knobs along with dual-contact spindles designed to keep the toolholder rigidly in place during high-speed machining. In doing so, Garaczi says the combination of equipment and machining expertise has decreased cycle times as much as 40–50 percent, allowing Delta Machine to often outbid the competition for projects involving titanium.
A More Aggressive Approach
Delta Machine specializes in high-volume production precision machining of complex, tight tolerance parts out of titanium, stainless steel, aluminum, plastics, and exotic alloys. Because the equipment involved a high-torque, high-speed spindle, Garaczi says the CNC manufacturer recommended investing in a unique retention knob for use with harder materials like titanium. Standard, off-the-shelf retention knobs could be used but were at some risk of shearing off or breaking due to the high torque involved.
To accomplish this, retention knobs are used. However, newer CNC milling machines exert significantly more drawbar pressure on the knobs than in the past. Moreover, most retention knob manufacturers provide little information on the proper torque required, a factor that can lead to the improper seating described earlier.
As a result, retention knobs can literally be pulled apart during operations. It’s a significant issue because if the retention knob comes apart while the machine is running, it could cause considerable damage. If spindles are damaged, the costs can be considerable given that each spindle can cost $10,000 or more, not including the cost of any downtime.
“They recommended we use these specific High Torque retention knobs because there were scenarios where the high torque could tear off the retention knob and destroy the spindle,” says Garaczi.
High Torque Retention Knobs
Invented by the company’s founder, John Stoneback, JM Performance Products, Inc. (JMPP) High Torque retention knobs are longer by design to reach deeper into the threaded bore of the toolholder.
As a result, all thread engagement occurs in a region of the toolholder where there is a thicker cross section of material. It also includes a precision pilot to increase rigidity, and it is balanced by design. The product works with all existing toolholders including BT, DIN, ISO, and CAT toolholders from 30 to 60 taper.
Since even overtightening of the high torque retention knobs can still create a bulge, the company provides specifically calculated torque specs based on drawbar pressure.
By combining the high torque retention knob with the correct torque, spindle contact with the taper is improved to close to 100 percent every time, significantly reducing vibration and chatter.
This can be verified by simple six-step “touch off” test. 1 More sophisticated measurement of toolholder expansion (bulge) can also be taken using a taper shank test fixture.
The solution can even provide V-flange toolholders with the rigidity and concentricity necessary for high-speed machining of titanium, aluminum, and other metals/alloys without having to turn to HSK or Capto tooling systems that are 2–3 times more expensive.
Although the high torque retention knobs cost a little more than standard options, Garaczi says he would not take the risk of using another alternative. In the medical industry, price is a factor, but medical customers are more interested in top-quality parts delivered on time.
To further maximize the rigidity and minimize vibration, Garaczi specifies machines that have dual contact spindles. In this approach, both the toolholder shank (taper) and the flange are used to eliminate pull-back in the spindle. How-ever, most machining operations do not use dual contact and instead rely on the interface between only the taper and spindle.
Perhaps more than some other industries, medical component manufacturing can take a toll on the carbide cutting tools used when machining exotic alloys and hard metals. The result is that cutting tools must be changed out more frequently as they dull or break. With higher-end multi-flute end mills and technical carbide inserts, these costs can add up quickly while also costing time for frequent changeovers.
By increasing the rigidity of the toolholder at higher RPMs, the retention knob can increase tool life. According to Garaczi, with titanium, most shops run about 50 in. per minute, with tool life typically reaching 1.5–2 hours before replacement.
“With the High Torque retention knob, we are running 100 in. per minute in titanium, and our tools last about five hours before we have to change them, which is pretty incredible,” says Garaczi.
The other advantage was a better surface finish, which eliminated additional benching operations that add to the cycle times.
“Usually at the feed rates and speeds that we run titanium, the typical finish expected is 125 [rms],” says Garaczi. “The retention knob helps achieve a 50 rms finish at more than 100 in. per minute, which often exceeds what the customer requires.”
In addition to increasing productivity, Garaczi says the decreased tooling costs and setup times can increase revenues that more than justify the cost of High Torque retention knobs.
The ROI on High Torque Retention Knobs
Although the product costs nominally more than a traditional retention knob, at a conservative 10 percent increase in productivity, the ROI can be as little as three weeks. At a 20 percent increase, the ROI can be achieved in a week or less. Furthermore, manufacturers running 24/7 or having to add extra shifts to meet production demands could scale back, if so desired.
With so much to gain, the issue may be simply lack of awareness. Although manufacturers are already benefitting from implementing the high torque retention knobs, many consider it a competitive edge, so they keep the information close to the vest. Others remain unaware — even dismissive — that improper seating of tapered toolholders in the spindle is even a problem that has far-reaching effects on machining.
This article was written by Jeff Elliott, a Torrance, CA-based technical writer. For more information, visit here. | <urn:uuid:6ee204d1-efef-406f-a111-ef4ad9ce6959> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/component/content/article/mdb/supplements/mmm/applications/28685 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330233.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825130849-20190825152849-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.937003 | 1,965 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Starter Courses by Robotix Lab
About the Course
Interested in Microprocessors and the Internet-of-Things? Learn the basics of microprocessors using the very popular Arduino microprocessor. Connect sensors and actuators in real-time and program these to build fun projects. Instructor-led courses using real kit (Arduino, breadboard, electronic components).
Robotix Lab educates by doing, thereby merging innovative thinking with technology, allowing for creative tinkering to produce projects that link to the Internet-of-Things.
Course presenter: Bernhard Heyer (MSc-BIS (Amsterdam); NHDip-ElecEng; Dip-Datametric;,Cisco-CCAI(Birmingham)) has a passion for education and has many years of experience lecturing in electrical engineering and ICT courses and has worked in large automation industries. He also lectured in the Netherlands and Germany.
Who is the target audience?
This course is for anyone who is interested in learning about microprocessors using the Arduino. The course does not require any prior knowledge about the Arduino. However, basic computer skills are necessary with an interest in technology. High school, post school, hobbyists, career changing, etc. are welcome.
- Gain a basic understanding of microprocessors and the terminology used.
- Unpack the kit, install the software and perform hardware connections.
- Create structured and efficient Arduino programs.
- Learn to code in the ‘C’ programming language using the
- Arduino Integrated Development Environment.
- Learn about electronics and use a multi-meter.
- Become familiar with sensors and actuators linked to the Arduino.
- Build basic Arduino circuits using a breadboard.
Get more confidence for your next Arduino projects.
T: 021 023 0164 | <urn:uuid:fb1767c4-b0ab-4ece-b0df-8e75cbd22af6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.admindivas.co.za/microprocessor-arduino-basic-starter-course | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525598.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209225803-20191210013803-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.842024 | 376 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Chronic pain is a significant global health burden – with low back pain causing more disability than any other condition. The role of physiotherapists in helping people with chronic pain to take control of their condition, increase their activity, and improve their quality of life is the theme of this year’s World Physiotherapy Day on 8 September 2019.
Chronic pain can be associated with a wide range of conditions including low back pain, cervical and thoracic pain, shoulder pain, headache disorders, cancer, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
Physiotherapists/Physical Therapists have unique skills to recommend specific exercise programmes to help relieve chronic pain.
The benefits of using exercise to manage chronic pain include:
• maintaining flexibility and movement
• improving cardiovascular health
• building and keeping muscle tone
• improving mood and general wellbeing
• helping control pain
• increasing confidence to take part in activities
• taking back control of your life and reducing your fear.
WCPT President Emma Stokes said: ‘People who have chronic pain tell us that it can be difficult to get or stay active. But a physical therapist can work with you to suggest activities or a programme that’s right for you. They can help you understand how pain works, reduce your fears around pain, educate you about your condition, encourage you to take part safely in physical activity, build your confidence, help you remain or return to work or participate in activities that allow you to live life the way you want to.
‘Talk to a physical therapist and discover how they can help you learn self-management techniques to manage your pain.’
WCPT materials are available and can be viewed here
ISCP branded materials will be available to order in the coming weeks | <urn:uuid:10f417a5-0b73-43cb-a62a-03eb9e48d6d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.iscp.ie/events-and-news/iscp-blog/physiotherapists-role-chronic-pain-theme-world-physiotherapy-day-2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514570830.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915072355-20190915094355-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.933657 | 372 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Smaller children easily get a foreign body stuck in the nose. It is especially children in the age of 1 to 5 years this happens to. During the child’s play with rocks, pearls, food or the like, a foreign body can end up in the nose. It can be the child itself or a playmate that pushes the foreign object into the nose.
A foreign body in a child's nose can be present for a period of time without a parent being aware of the problem. The object may only be discovered when visiting a doctor to find the cause of irritation, bleeding, infection, or difficulty breathing.
What are the initial symptoms of a foreign body in the nose?
What can you do in the form of First-Aid?
- Difficulty breathing through the affected nostril
- Feeling of something in the nose
- Foul-smelling or bloody nasal discharge
- Irritability, particularly in infants
- Irritation or pain in the nose
What you should not do?
- Do not search the nose with cotton swabs or other tools. Doing so may push the object further into the nose.
- Have the person breathe through the mouth. He or she should avoid breathing in sharply, which may force the object in further.
- Once you known which side of the nose is affected, gently press the other nostril closed and have the person blow gently. Avoid blowing the nose too hard or repeatedly.
- If this method fails, get medical help.
When to call for medical assistance?
- Do not try to remove an object that you cannot see or is not easy to grasp. This can push the object farther in or cause damage to tissue.
- Do not use tweezers or other tools to remove an object that is stuck deep inside the nose.
How to prevent a foreign object going into the nose?
- Bleeding develops and continues beyond 2 or 3 minutes after removal of the foreign object, despite placing gentle pressure on the nose
- An object is stuck in both nostrils
- You cannot easily remove a foreign object from the person's nose
- You think an infection has developed in the nostril that inhaled the foreign object
- Discourage children from putting foreign objects into body openings.
- Keep small objects out of the reach of infants and toddlers.
The removal of a foreign body in the nose
at the doctor’s is by the use of specially angled tweezers, tong or suction. Often, children are very uneasy during the procedure. This heightens the risk of pushing a foreign body further up the nose or that the mucous membrane is damaged with pains and nosebleed
as a result. Often, the child must be held in place. In rare cases, it can be necessary to tranquilise the child, before it is possible to remove the foreign object. | <urn:uuid:d19d1af6-5ffb-4ee0-b558-f36c363382ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.lazoi.com/Member/ViewArticle?A_ID=261&AH=Foreign+body+in+the+nose | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948950.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427021556-20180427041556-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.908077 | 595 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The gist: Fossil fuels are dirty and dangerous. And when we present the choice—in clear, concrete terms—between the real benefits of clean, renewable energy, produced here at home, and the dangers of dirty fuels, it’s really a “no-brainer.”
Recent messaging research by the Natural Resources Defense Fund identifies effective ways to talk about our energy choices. This month’s Flashcard distills the NRDC research for Sightline’s circle of communications colleagues.
Talking Dirty Fuels—It’s a “no-brainer”
Effective messages contrast the benefits of clean energy with the dangers of dirty fuels, casting solutions as “no-brainers”:
Who would move backward when we can go FORWARD? Why spend our next energy dollar on the dirty fuels of the 19th century when we can create good, local jobs by investing in the clean, renewable energy technologies of this century?
Who wants dependence when we can be SELF-SUFFICIENT? We’re not going to end our addiction to dirty fuels overnight, but we can become self-sufficient by producing clean, homegrown energy from sources that will never run out, like the sun and the wind.
Who would choose dirty energy when we can go CLEAN? Blasting mountaintops; toxic tar sands; drilling even deeper for oil; polluting our air, water, and our bodies. We don’t have to continue down that path. We can choose an energy strategy that phases in clean energy sources while phasing out dirty fuels.
Top NRDC Research Findings:
- A main goal for US energy policy is “self-sufficiency,” which means more in the public’s mind than just independence from foreign oil.
- There is great public enthusiasm for clean, safe renewable energy that will never run out.
- Without strong communications about their dangers, the public is open to new methods of dirty fuel extraction, including oil shale, tar sands, and liquid coal.
- Messages that focus on the potential benefits of clean energy while highlighting the harm of dirty fuels (in vivid, concrete terms) are most effective.
Seven NRDC Tips for Effective Messages About Clean, Safe, Renewable Energy:
- Use language that stays close to experience and far from abstraction.
Describe both the dangers of dirty fuels and the benefits of clean energy in vivid, visual, concrete terms. Connect concepts to our bodies, our health, and our everyday experience. For example, use “the air we breathe and the water we drink” rather than “the environment.” Mention specific chemicals that already have toxic associations (e.g. arsenic or cancer-causing chemicals). Instead of saying “conservation,” say “making the most of the energy we already use.”
- Explain the word “renewables” with everyday language.
Instead of just saying “renewables,” explain what clean energy really is in language everyone can understand. For example, renewables are “sources of energy that will never run out, like the wind and the sun,” “the geothermal energy at the hot core of the earth,” “homegrown energy,” or “efficient biofuels made from everything from algae to ivy.”
- Use an effective emotional structure that resonates with the public.
Effective messages begin with aspirational language (generating hope or pride), then raise concerns (generating worry, anger, or motivation to act), and end with aspirational language (back to hope or pride, for example).
- Label new technologies for extracting dirty fuels for what they are: increasingly dangerous and dirty ways to mine the fuels of the past.
Always draw a distinction between dirty vs. clean, safe, renewable sources of energy. Who would choose dirty old fuel sources and increasingly dangerous methods of extraction when we can go clean? The addiction metaphor is useful in this context: “The solution to our addiction to foreign oil is to end our addiction by phasing in clean, renewable sources of energy that will never run out and that create a new manufacturing base here at home, not to search for higher-risk, more expensive, more destructive ways of getting a fix.”
- Tone down the attack.
Messages that go on the attack too relentlessly, too long, or too early draw weaker positive responses from the public. Sandwich attacks in less negative language by offering hopeful solutions.
- And when attacking, use specific examples.
Making the threats of dirty fuels concrete and visual (arsenic and mercury in our drinking water) is extremely powerful and moves people to greater levels of support for clean energy issues—but the threats should never come before a hopeful statement about what we could do instead.
- Use clear, visual language and link it to job creation when talking conservation.
Messages such as “refitting our homes with appliances that save energy” are perceived as believable and it’s important to link conservation messages to job creation. For example, “retooling the American auto industry to stop making gas guzzlers and create the efficient cars—and local manufacturing jobs—for this century.”
Recommendations are based on messaging research conducted for NRDC by Belden, Russonello, and Stewart Research and Communications and Westen Strategies, LLC. Six focus groups were conducted February 8-10, 1010 in Denver, Chicago, and Columbus. A national telephone survey of 1,200 Americans over 18 was conducted March 15-28, 2010. Online dial testing was conducted May 4-10, 2010 with 900 registered voters. | <urn:uuid:a0d60503-c836-447c-8607-dd0f84511a41> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.sightline.org/2010/10/26/dirtyfuelsnrdc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320224824-20180321004824-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.912078 | 1,182 | 3.046875 | 3 |
By most estimates low back pain affects 80-85% of the population some time in their lives. At any given time around 20-25% of the population is suffering from this problem.
Mechanical or simple low back pain accounts for 95% of patients who have an acute episode of back pain. It is typically a self limiting problem with 80-90% of sufferers recovering in about 6 weeks. Over 50% of patients presenting to a clinic with low back pain will be able to return to work within the week.
Often the exact cause for this type of back pain cannot be specified but it is commonly thought to arise from overstretching a muscle or ligament deep in the back or possibly over stretching of fact joint capsules or even some minor intervertebral disc injury. Whatever the cause it is usually self limiting and the affected part will recover given adequate time.
In approximately 5% of cases patients may present with back pain that radiates to the leg, this is usually suggestive of slightly more serious pathology that has irritated a spinal nerve. Again in the majority of cases the symptoms will ease but in around 20% the symptoms may persist and may be indicative of a prolapsed intervertebral disc with sciatica.
Most forms of simple back pain will respond to gentle exercise, anti inflammatory medications physiotherapy and time. | <urn:uuid:3c873e14-37db-4f15-82e8-92d044990896> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://spinecarehk.com/index_files/Low_Back_Pain.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359073.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130201935-20211130231935-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.925788 | 272 | 2.671875 | 3 |
At the Tudor and early Stuart royal courts, the careers of influential politicians and courtiers often depended on the preferences of the monarchs: being in the king’s good graces often mattered as much or more for advancements than ability and training. The personality and quirks of the rulers affected many aspects of a courtier’s life, including what today might be considered the most private: their sex lives. When King James I died in 1625, ambitious persons jostling for positions in the formation of Charles’s court would soon learn that the son had different tastes from the father, and expected different behaviors from those around him. While James mostly ignored or tacitly accepted the philandering of his courtiers as long as they kept up a modicum of discretion, Charles was not so forgiving. Under his reign, courtiers soon learned that they had to “keep their virginities,” or “at least lose them not avowedly,” as one courtier wryly remarked. If Charles found out, offenders could face serious consequences.
Sex outside of marriage constituted a criminal offense during the early Stuart period. Crimes like adultery and fornication were punishable by both secular and ecclesiastical courts. Adulterers could be imprisoned, whipped, put in the stocks, fined, and forced to do public penance. The nobility tended to be largely shielded from the strong arm of the law of church and state: it was rare that members of the elite were legally charged with sexual offenses. That did not mean that they could not face consequences for their actions: men and women serving at the royal courts were instead punished directly by the monarch.
Coming to England after the austere period of the ageing and ill Queen Elizabeth, Scottish King James and his queen introduced a rather boisterous courtly culture. Their celebrations gave the court a reputation for debauchery, although historians have often overemphasized it in the past. James’ courtiers did not necessarily engage in more instances of illicit sex, but the king’s reaction to them certainly signaled a relaxing of the strictness and severity Elizabeth had enforced. Where Elizabeth had both imprisoned and exiled courtiers who engaged in illicit sex, James tended to look the other way, as long as those involved had not committed additional crimes. Men like William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, experienced the differences first hand. In Elizabeth’s reign, Pembroke impregnated one of the Queen’s maids of honor and then refused to marry her. He was imprisoned for a time, and then exiled from court for the remainder of the reign. In James’s reign, Pembroke returned to court, and to royal favor. Although he had an affair with his first cousin, the writer Mary Wroth, and even had two children with her, he suffered no negative consequences at James’s court as a result.
King Charles, a highly principled and stubborn man, firmly believed that he, his family, and his court should serve as a model for his subjects, and reflect the benign –but absolute – rule of the patriarch and sovereign. Charles introduced a strict court protocol, limiting access only to those who had the proper credentials, and organizing his days in minute details. Passions, drunkenness, and sexual improprieties should be banished from an orderly court, in Charles’s view. Sir Henry Jermyn, Queen Henrietta Maria’s Vice Chamberlain, would learn the consequences of testing King Charles’s lack of understanding for sexual missteps. When Eleanor Villiers, a maid of honor, found herself pregnant, Charles set about to investigate what had happened. Eleanor told the king that Jermyn was the father of her unborn child. Jermyn admitted to the unlawful sexual relations, but, like Pembroke a generation earlier, refused to marry her. Also like Pembroke at the Elizabethan court, Jermyn found himself behind bars for several months. Then, he had to leave England altogether for two years, before Charles begrudgingly allowed him back, largely as a result of the queen’s lobbying for his cause. Eleanor had to leave court and never returned.
Interestingly, the king appears to have made an exception for his favorite, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who had also been the last great favorite (and probably lover) of King James. Buckingham was a well-known womanizer, who even managed to convince Charles to appoint his mistress as a lady-in-waiting to the reluctant queen. Charles accepted Buckingham’s behavior mostly because he was the king’s closest friend and unshakeable ally. During the three years between his ascension to the throne and Buckingham’s assassination in 1628, Charles always stood by his friend, even at great political and financial cost.
Charles’s acceptance of Buckingham’s peccadilloes did not extend to the duke’s sister-in-law, Frances Coke Villiers. She was the wife of John Villiers, Viscount Purbeck, Buckingham’s elder brother. After her husband succumbed to mental illness, Lady Purbeck took a lover and gave birth to a son. The scandal broke at the very end of King James’s reign. While James, true to form, initially hesitated to punish Lady Purbeck, an outraged Buckingham insisted. The ill and dying James eventually acquiesced, and an investigation began. After James’s death, Buckingham, now aided by an equally outraged King Charles, worked to punish and shame his wayward sister-in-law. He would find it surprisingly difficult, as Lady Purbeck simply refused to accept her punishment. After Buckingham’s premature death, Charles continued to pursue her, and she continued to refuse to acquiesce. Charles was a stubborn man: once he had his mind set on a matter, he rarely changed it. He strongly disliked illicit sex, but he disliked challenges to his authority even more. The equally stubborn Lady Purbeck managed to do both, albeit at great cost.
Featured image credit: 16:58 Hampton Court Palace by brian gillman. CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. | <urn:uuid:44570039-18be-4f06-9dbc-248aca489b57> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/love-sex-madness-scandal-stuarts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153531.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728060744-20210728090744-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.978485 | 1,278 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Nankeen Kestrel (Falco cenchroides)
The Australian Kestrel or Nankeen Kestrel (Falco cenchroides) is one of the smallest falcons, and unlike many, does not rely on speed to catch its prey. Instead, it simply perches in an exposed position, but it also has a distinctive technique of hovering over crop and grasslands. This bird is thought to be a very close relative of the Common Kestrel, and probably also the Spotted Kestrel. It seems to have evolved of ancestral Common Kestrels dispersing to the Australian region in the Middle Pleistocene—less than 1 million years ago—and adapting to local conditions.
A very common and easily seen raptor, the Nankeen Kestrel is found in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, and is an irregular visitor to New Zealand. It occupies any type of land that is not too densely vegetated, but in particular temperate grasslands and open woodlands. In the tropical north and the sandy deserts of the west, it has a patchy and seasonal distribution.
Diet is varied, with a large number of insects, but also small birds and reptiles, and in particular, small rodents, mostly mice. Nankeen Kestrels are adaptable and hunt in a number of different ways: of these, simply perching in an exposed position (such as on a dead tree or a telephone pole) and watching for prey is the most common, but it is their habit of hovering motionless over crop and grasslands that is most distinctive. | <urn:uuid:e1dc5ebd-a2c9-4786-bc2b-1ff7c2476c37> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.raptorrefuge.com.au/nankeen-kestrel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487620971.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615084235-20210615114235-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.950105 | 332 | 3.703125 | 4 |
(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved. Contact us for information about using this image.
The woman and children posed hanging stockings in front of this nineteenth-century fireplace were performing a holiday ritual that would have been unfamiliar to most early New Englanders. The Puritans erased Christmas from their calendar because they believed the holiday was not religious. They also were against its often rough and unruly celebration in England. Observing Christmas Day only gradually made its way into New England, and with it came practices from other cultures, including Santa Claus and the hanging of stockings. | <urn:uuid:4000fb08-6e30-458e-8f9e-52ac42cee122> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=2455&img=0&level=beginner&transcription=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639414.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00272-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977464 | 125 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Estrategias didácticas para la adquisición de valores
Tort Raventos, Lluís
Tipo de Ítem:article
Educating in values is always essential, but finding the strategies that are needed to acquire this education is nowadays fundamental. Humans with education should grow as a person: the more knowledge they acquire to become more person, the more educational values will be achieved. However, in the opposite way, all the knowledge that does not help them to grow as a person would become a contravalue. It is important to acquire right habits and values. Growing can be only conceived as a capacity of constant adaptation to the changing world that we are living in, and, of course, in the evaluation of habits and values. | <urn:uuid:b33f1b0e-3e01-4694-884d-1a4633f50c89> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://reunir.unir.net/handle/123456789/4338 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669225.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117165616-20191117193616-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.904689 | 158 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The tree is one of the most potent of symbols. Its roots delve into the underworld its trunk links the earth to the heavens - it transcends all three spheres. It symbolizes birth, maturity, death and rebirth embodied in leaf, bud and fruit. The tree of life is one of the most common motifs used by the artisans. Versions of the tree of life are manifold.
Here, the tree of life is transposed as a vase containing flowers and a variety of leaves. The flowers are those associated with fertility. Generally, a tree of life is flanked by worshippers, birds or animals, which could vary locally. Here the tree is flanked by a couple of peacocks. It is relevant to note that in Indian mythology, peacocks occupy a prominent place. They symbolize immortality, love, courtship, fertility, regal pomp and protection. When the auspicious tree of life and the important motif of a peacock come together, this painting's worth is doubly elevated.
Colours like blue, yellow and green are more commonly used. Red is liberally used in the border giving a bright frame to a sober, meaningful painting promising prosperity and good luck. | <urn:uuid:35f98907-35ab-4382-a143-f3c6f2c3e2cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://cdn.exoticindia.com/product/paintings/large-tree-of-life-PB77/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524290.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715235156-20190716021156-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.946748 | 242 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Why I created my sight word books
When my oldest was just starting to read, I found it nearly impossible to find simple books that she could read all by herself. I was looking for books with:
- just a few words per page
- bright and engaging pictures
- repetitive text
- sight words for children to learn at an easy pace
Now that I’m teaching her younger brothers to read, I’ve decided to create my own set of emergent readers! We are using these along with This Reading Mama’s fabulous Reading the Alphabet curriculum for preschoolers. (Talk about a hands-on, age-appropriate approach to learning to read!) Since Reading the Alphabet teaches a new sight word per week, I’m creating a set of four readers featuring each sight word. So if you’re using set 5 of my readers, you’ll find lessons to go right along with them in Reading the Alphabet, Lesson 5.
Here’s a sample page from Set 1, Farm Animals.
Here’s a sample from Set 6, The Cookout. You can see how the text is getting more challenging.
Here’s a sample from Set 13, A Snowy Day — the sentences are longer and require more attention to phonics.
Save yourself some time and buy the bundle pack!
You can get the first 26 sets individually for free. Save yourself some time and get four extra books plus an organizing system!
Download each set individually
You can find the post which shares each set of readers by clicking below. When you get to the post, scroll to the bottom to download the set of readers.
After creating the first 26 sets to use alongside Reading the Alphabet, I’ve had requests for more books. I’m creating additional sets. These correlate with my free phonics books. When I have a large collection, these will also be available for purchase in a bundle pack. For now you may download each set below.
Note: If your child is reading these books, he’s moving at a quicker pace. For that reason, each set may introduce more than one new sight word.
- This video will show you how to assemble the readers:
These dividers fit perfectly in a plastic shoe box and will keep your books organized and easy to access! Get them when you purchase the bundle pack of all 104 readers plus a bonus set.
Or… consider my newest set of books. It teaches the same sight words, but the books advance much more slowly. Plus, they also come in black and white!
P.S. Want to know more about teaching kids to read?
I created a free email series just for you!
- What kids need to know before they learn to sound out words
- How to use word families to teach kids to read
- Do’s and don’ts for teaching kids to “sound it out”
- Our favorite games, printables, and books for early literacy
- What to try when kids just aren’t getting it
Just click here or on the image below to sign up! | <urn:uuid:f42a0241-4cef-4b05-88d6-dfdd5d58dbc5> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.themeasuredmom.com/free-emergent-readers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00787.warc.gz | en | 0.93203 | 651 | 2.625 | 3 |
The young "creationists" examined a model of the Morganucodon rat, believed to be the first and common ancestor of mammals that appeared some 210 million years ago.Arbitrary? It's based on radiometric dating. Time to learn some geology and physics, Lauren. You can't falsify evolution by hearsay.
Lauren Dunn, 19, a second-year biology student, was unimpressed.
"210 million years, that's arbitrary. They put that time to make up for what they don't know," she said.
Nathan Hubbard, a 20-year-old from Michigan and a first-year biology major who plans to become a doctor, regarded the model with suspicion.No scientific mechanism that you know of. Score another one for not learning anything at Liberty.
"There is no scientific, biological genetic way that this, this rat, could become you," he said, seemingly scandalized by the proposition.
"In order to be the best creationist, you have to be the best evolutionist you can be," said Marcus Ross, who teaches paleontology and says of Adam and Eve: "I feel they were real people, they were the first people."Okay, so while trying to be the best evolutionist (ignoring that the term should be "evolutionary biologists" - evolutionists are more precisely anyone who believes in evolution) you can be, feeling that Adam and Eve were real people is acceptable as a way of knowing to this teacher of paleontology. Stunning!
David DeWitt, a Liberty University biology professor, opens his classes with a prayer, asking God to help him teach his students.Wait, I thought he was teaching biology. Learning to defend faith (the antithesis of science) really isn't part of a normal, academic, biology curriculum. It reeks of nitpicking the evidence to suit your needs.
"I pray that you help me to teach effectively and help the students to learn and defend their faith," he says.
At the Smithsonian Institute, among crowds of weekend visitors, the Liberty University students visited the evolution exhibition,.Not that I think it makes any difference to creationists, but I don't buy that explanation either. I believe long necks and legs evolved through sexual selection - male giraffes fight for territory with their necks and legs (this previous post includes great footage of two necking males - it's a must-see).
But Darwin's explanation for why giraffes have long necks -- that they evolved over time so they could reach higher foliage -- and displays of fossil evidence failed to sway them.
Though Ross acknowledges that the United States is among the most welcoming environments in the world for creationists, he said it can be difficult to convince people to take him and his beliefs seriously.That's because you're ignorant of the facts!
"The attitude is when you are a creationist you are ignorant of the facts," he said.
Alternatively, some creationists do appreciate the facts, and yet somehow manage to reconcile that with their faith, like Todd C. Wood, who is a truly remarkle mental gymnast. Yet others lie through their teeth. | <urn:uuid:2de0bc09-3eba-4d84-961b-d2d26fa9b710> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://pleiotropy.fieldofscience.com/2010/03/oh-boy-liberty-students-evaluates.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00282-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976098 | 648 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Psychology is the study of the mind and behaviour. Anything we do, think or experience can be studied by Psychologists. The subject is taught through group work, research, discussions, film and presentations. As you study Psychology you will begin to understand the factors that affect your behaviour. You will learn about yourself and why you do the things you do. It can teach you about the ways people interact in social situations and give you a better understanding of your own feelings and attitudes. You will also learn techniques that may help you study more effectively.
Studying psychology will not only teach students content and subject knowledge but equip them with various transferable skills desirable in a range of careers. Skills taught and enhanced include
- To gain a deep understanding of the scientific process.
- Be able to apply scientific process to issues and scenarios and evaluate the process.
- The ability to absorb and remember large quantities of information (such as different psychology studies) which can be applied to psychological issues.
- To analyse and evaluate studies and methodology.
- Make, develop and sustain a well supported argument, leading to a consistent conclusion.
TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT:
Psychology is taught by specialist teachers who deliver varied, stimulating and challenging lessons for their students. There are regular assessment opportunities for students, which will assist them to make sustained improvements and progress.
Psychology is taught at ‘AS’ and ‘A’ level only. It is a very popular Sixth Form option. Course entry requires a grade 5 in a literacy type subject such as English or History and a grade 5 in Maths and Biology.
This is essential and it is strongly encouraged. A core textbook is provided.
Students can purchase/borrow additional texts and use various websites such as:
Online Journals: Psychology Review (available online at MCA6)
*In addition to your own wider reading, a Psychology Film Club is run throughout the year, giving you the opportunity to broaden your understanding
Sixth Form: Years 12 and 13 (2015 specification onwards)
At AS/A Level we study the AQA (7181/7182) Specification for Psychology.
- Paper 1: Introductory Topics – Social Influence; Memory; Attachment
- Paper 2: Psychology in Context – Approaches; Biopsychology; Psychopathology; Research Methods
- Paper 1: Introductory Topics – Social Influence; Memory; Attachment; Psychopathology
- Paper 2: Psychology in Context – Approaches; Biopsychology; Research Methods
- Paper 3: Issue in Psychology -Gender; Schizophrenia; Forensics
- AS Level (Paper 1 and 2 at the end of Year 12) Not applicable for all students
- A level (Paper 1, 2 and 3 at the end of Year 13)
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES SUPPORTED BY PSYCHOLOGY:
Psychology graduates develop the transferable skills that all employers require, such as communication, numeracy, independent learning and the ability to work in teams.
Psychology graduates go on to become chartered psychologists, specialising in clinical, educational, occupational forensic, health or sports psychology. As well as many other roles such as accountancy, human resources, careers advice, counselling, psychotherapy, advertising, marketing and retail management.
For more information, contact Mr Smith: Andy.Smith@mca.attrust.org.uk | <urn:uuid:e0818161-ddb2-48a5-b3bc-1d1f2bcc6b03> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.mildenhall.attrust.org.uk/curriculum/social-sciences/psychology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479729.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216004609-20190216030609-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.900229 | 700 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Speak to the Israelites and say to them: “When anyone among you brings an offering to the LORD, bring as your offering an animal from either the herd or the flock.” — Leviticus 1:2
Suffering, in all its various forms, is a universal human experience. While there often isn’t an answer to the question why suffering exists, there are many answers to how we can respond to the suffering of others. Our devotions explore how God comforts us, and how we can comfort others in times of suffering.
As we begin the book of Leviticus, the first thing we learn is the following: “When anyone among you brings an offering to the LORD, bring as your offering an animal from either the herd or the flock.” The Jewish sages note the phrase, “anyone among you,” and comment that it seems superfluous. Couldn’t the verse simply state, “When someone brings an offering to the Lord”?
The sages give a beautiful explanation for these seemingly extra words. The words teach us that whatever is done by one person is a reflection on us all. No man is an island – we are all part of one whole. Whatever one person does shapes and influences the rest of us. Similarly, whatever one of us does is often the result of the influence and shaping from those around us.
Humanity is not a group of individuals going about individual lives in separate worlds. Humanity is one whole – individual parts coming together to form one body and one soul. Therefore, if someone sinned and that person had to bring a sacrifice to God, then in part, all of Israel was responsible.
When someone commits a sin — whether it’s in our family, among our friends, at work, or at synagogue or our church — it is as if a part of our body has become dysfunctional. We all know that if one part of our body has a problem, it affects the entire body. Moreover, if one part becomes diseased, it’s because the body has created an environment conducive to disease. This is why the verse states, “When anyone among you brings an offering to the LORD. . .” The sinner is from “among you” – as one being, we are all impacted and partially responsible.
This idea is beautifully expressed by the famed English poet and preacher, John Donne. He wrote:
“All mankind is of one author and is one volume; when one man dies, one chapter is not torn out of the book, but translated into a different language . . . any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”
Donne so beautifully captures the oneness of humanity to the point where he feels that the death of any person is a blow to us all. This is why he wrote that whenever the funeral bell rings, it rings for us, too. What any of us suffer, we all suffer to a certain extent.
We can put this perspective into practice this week as we make an extra effort to share the pain of those suffering around us. We can love those with whom we may not agree. And most importantly, we can be a healthy and healing influence for all humanity. | <urn:uuid:0ae25e7e-9239-42e2-8f44-bade242f13b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.ifcj.org/learn/holy-land-moments/daily-devotionals/for-whom-the-bell-tolls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141193221.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127131802-20201127161802-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.96048 | 701 | 2.703125 | 3 |
After you find thebest MIG welder for beginners, you want to know how to use it. We review how to use a MIG welder and offer tips that allow you to work like a professional. If you are just getting started with a welder, you want these practical tips.
Page Contents (Click Icon To Open/Close)
What Exactly is MIG Welding?
Before you learn how to use a MIG wire feed welder, you should first understand what the machine does.
MIG welding, otherwise known as gas metal arc welding, is a process that forms an electric arc from a wire electrode to the workpiece metal, allowing materials to fuse together.
You can use it with a variety of materials, such as stainless steel, magnesium, carbon steel, aluminum, copper, nickel, and other alloys.
Components of a MIG Welder
The MIG welding unit is made up of several components you must understand before using. We recommend reading the owner’s manual when you want to know how to weld using a MIG welder.
The welder contains the electrode spool that creates the anode. Rollers push electrode wires into the welding gun. The MIG wire varies in size based on the type of metal you are working with. You will also need a gas tank to source the inert gas needed for welding.
Finally, the ground clamp completes the short circuit between your workpiece and the electrode wire.
MIG Welding Preparation Procedures (Safety Advice)
Before you learn how to use a Lincoln 140 MIG welder, you must protect yourself.
Dirty metal is not strong and won't create a strong bond. You must clean your metal before welding if you want a secure bond. There are several methods for cleaning the material, including using an angle grinder, sandpaper, or wire brush. Determine what's best for your project based on material type.
Before you learn how to use a gasless MIG welder, you must prepare all of your equipment. Gather all of your supplies and do a physical inspection of the welder. If there are any worn or damaged parts, you want to replace them before you start welding.
You need to choose the appropriate MIG wire for your welding project. In most cases, you are going to use ER70S-3 or ER70S-6, but it’s important to research the right wire for your material and purpose. Otherwise, you won’t be able to create the beads needed to join your materials.
Welding gases play different roles in the process, from creating arc stability to offering weld penetration. The most commonly used shielding gases are argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and oxygen. Depending on your needs, you might prefer to use a mixture of the above elements. Your supplier might have recommendations based on the project you are working with.
Understanding Voltage & Amperage
The amperage is relative to the wire size you use. For the most part, you will use these wire thicknesses with the following amperages.
Voltage further determines the width and height of the bead. A shorter arc decreases the voltage and yields a ropey, narrow bead, where a longer arc and more voltage tends to produce a wider, flatter bead.
How to Use a MIG Welder (5 Easy Steps)
You can learn how to use a MIG welder on YouTube, or you can read through our helpful hints below. We will cover some of the best practices allowing you to focus on proper welding techniques and creating the solid joints you need.
1. Getting the Heat and Feed Settings Correct
As we discussed above, you must have the right machine settings if you want to achieve the best weld. Ideally, you will start by reading through the owner’s manual, which should indicate what settings you want for each type of material. Most applications require a gas flow rate between 20 and 25 cubic feet per hour. You can also learn how to use a gasless MIG welder on YouTube.
2. Start with Practice Beads
If you know how to use a Lincoln MIG welder, you know how important the practice part is. You shouldn’t need to practice any further unless you are a beginner. Try out the varying techniques on scrap metal to see what works best for you. Many people prefer to use the pushing technique, but you might also try the pulling option instead. You will also need to know the proper angle to complete your weld.
3. Knowing the Different Welding Positions
Overhead Position Welding
The overhead weld relies on techniques from standard welding but with an increase in the travel speed. With the excess speed, you prevent any filler from falling from the joint. It’s also possible that you will need to increase the gas flow rate.
4. Welding Metals Together
5. Grinding Down the Weld
If you aren't worried about the appearance, you can skip this step. Otherwise, you want to grind the area to clean it up. Do this carefully, or you could cut the weld and damage your material.
Tips & Techniques For Beginners
You can find a cheap MIG welder to get started with, but you want to use it safely. Here are just a few tips to get you started when you need a solid weld.
Common Challenges When MIG Welding
If this welding problem is caused by an improper surface condition, you can clean the material to remove contaminants. You might also be struggling with the shielding gas coverage, which requires using a flow meter to check your settings.
Lack of fusion
A consumable that hasn’t adhered correctly to the base metal might leave a fusion problem. When you have a lack of fusion, the weld becomes weak and could cause structural issues. Fusion trouble occurs when the metal in your pool is melted, but you can’t get enough energy to fuse it to your base plate. To fix the problem, check your voltage and amperage settings.
The unfilled end of a weld creates a crater. It occurs when the arc stops too soon. By allowing the crater, you permit a weak bond that could break. To prevent craters from occurring, you want to allow the weld puddle to fill before you stop the arc.
Melt through occurs when the weld metal penetrates through the base metal. It happens most often when working with thinner materials. To prevent burn through, you want to turn down the amperage when welding thin materials and keep the base metal from becoming too hot.
A dirty weld can be caused by many problems. You might have contaminants on the material that need to be cleaned, or your polarity settings might be wrong. To determine the cause, you might want to start with the basics and walk through the steps once again.
Burn back is a common occurrence, resulting when the weld forms in the contact tip. You run into trouble when the wire gets fed too slowly or your MIG gun gets held too closely to your base metal. Consider increasing wire feed speed or lengthening your distance between the gun and workpiece.
Tangled wire creates a mess that commonly happens when MIG welding. The trouble could be related to improper wire feed setup, incorrect tension settings, using the wrong rollers, or using the incorrect tip size. Check all of your equipment and settings again to ensure you are set up properly.
MIG Welding Terminology
Stickout is the part of the nozzle where the wire melts off the end. Stickout and electrode extension are only used interchangeably if the contact tip is flush with the nozzle end.
Push or pull
Pulling leads to a deeper penetration, but pushing creates the flat weld that covers more of your surface area.
This speed is the linear rate of the arc moving along your workpiece. The travel speed dictates the level of bond and security of the weld.
This angle is relative to the gun with a perpendicular position. In most conditions, you have a travel angle of 5 to 15 degrees, as anything more can lead to spatter, arc instability, and less penetration.
The work angle illustrates the gun position in relation to the welding joint angle. It varies based on joint configuration and position.
The downhand position is the easiest to use, allowing the metals to be joined flat against one another.
This more difficult position creates a horizontal weld axis. With a fillet weld, the bead is placed where the pieces meet at a ninety-degree angle, while the groove weld faces along a vertical plane.
Both the plate and weld lie vertically with this position. However, molten metal can flow downward and pile up as a result. Sometimes, welding upward prevents this from happening.
This is the most difficult position with two pieces of material located above the welder. The welder must be angled properly to reach the joints.
People Also Ask (FAQs)
Can you MIG weld without gas?
The only time you should MIG weld without gas is when you use a flux core welder. Other wire types require the use of gas as a shield.
What kind of gas do you use for MIG welding?
MIG welding relies on four gas types – argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and oxygen. Each one provides a unique benefit, as well as certain drawbacks.
What causes excessive spatter in MIG welding?
Most commonly, welding spatter is caused by an excessive wire feed speed, but it could also have to do with the metal composition, contaminants, a lack of shielding gas getting to the weld, and any coating on the metal.
Is MIG welding easy?
MIG welding is the easiest form to learn, often called “hot glue gun” welding. Once you master MIG welding, you might be ready to upgrade to a TIG welder.
What current is used for MIG welding?
Unlike other welding processes, MIG relies on one standard voltage and polarity type – DC. Direct current is the same as what is found in your car battery.
Once you understand the basics of MIG welding, you will be amazed at all the projects you can complete at home. Work safely by understanding what’s involved and get started on your next project today. | <urn:uuid:2e2054b3-b17c-4437-9f10-beeaf7c0d6e2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.mechanicscout.com/how-to-use-a-mig-welder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.915222 | 2,129 | 2.796875 | 3 |
INTRODUCTION TO THE
Giorgio Carboni, March 2000
Translation edited by Giselle Walker
WHAT ARE PROTISTS?
Protists are microscopical, unicellular eukaryotes. They generally live in water. In some cases, protists form colonies of individuals, though the individuals are generally autonomous. Historically, researchers referred these minuscule living beings to the kingdoms of larger organisms. Then, according to the characteristics that a given protist showed, they tried to refer it to the plant kingdom (in the protophyta or algae), the animal kingdom (in the protozoa) or to the fungal kingdom. This led to a great deal of doubtful classification, for example "algae" deprived of chloroplasts and which fed on other microorganisms, "moulds" endowed with amoeboid movements like animals, or "protozoans" anchored to the substratum by a foot like they were a plant. Intuitively, it is possible to understand why protists often possess characteristics common to animals, plants and fungi: the larger organisms derive from protists. In order to avoid confusion in the classification of these microorganisms, a kingdom has been created for them, so that they need not be referred to the animals, plants or fungi. Of course, grouping things in kingdoms is arbitrary- in the history of life there has been no clear-cut division between protists and other eukaryotes.
Not all microorganisms are protists. Another "kingdom" contains unicellular microorganisms, the Monera. Bacteria belong to this kingdom. What difference is there between bacteria and protists? This distinction is founded on the complexity of a cell's organization. The cellular organization of bacteria is particularly simple -they do not have membranes binding their nuclear material- and for this reason they are also named prokaryotes ("before-nucleus"). The cellular organization of protists is more complex -they have a membrane-bound nucleus (and other organelles distinct from the cytoplasm)- and they are therefore called eukaryotes ("true-nucleus"). Animals, plants and fungi, being derived from protists, are also eukaryotes.
|Monera||(bacteria): archebacteria, eubacteria||unicellular org.||prokaryotes: simple cellular
nucleus lacking membrane
brown, red, some green algae
phycomycetes, myxomycetes, yeasts
|eukaryotes: complex cellular
|Fungi||ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, etc.||multicellular org.||motionless and not photosynthetic organisms|
|Plantae||flowering plants, conifers, mosses, bryophytes, some green algae||motionless and photosynthetic organisms|
|Animalia||vertebrate, invertebrate||motile and not photosynthetic organisms|
Another important feature of protists is unicellularity, that is being formed by a single cell. However filamentous algae also exist, formed by cells placed side by side; protists also live in colonies. Unlike animals, plants and fungi, the cells of filamentous algae and colonial protists are not or very little differentiated and they can often live autonomously. Phycomycetes and myxomycetes have a coenocytic structure, that is they have large multinucleate cells. They possess amoeboid forms.
Here therefore we can return to the definition of these microorganisms: protists are unicellular eukaryotes.
A conundrum: where to put viruses? While their DNA or RNA is encapsulated
in proteins and they lack sub-"cellular" membranes (like bacteria), they are not
able to reproduce themselves without a host cell. They have been included among the Monerans. However it has been observed that viruses often have
the DNA in common with the
cells they infect. One solution to this is to provide every kingdom with an appendix
containing its own viruses. A more common solution is to note the features all viruses
have in common and put all them together in the category of Virus. They are usually
considered separately from other organisms, both in terms of taxonomy and biology. The
International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses has developed a system for naming them
different from that of other life (see 5th and 6th ICTV reports). Viruses are not always
considered to be living, since they cannot reproduce themselves autonomously.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/pev/main.html Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses Tutorial
BOOKS FOR BEGINNERS:
1 - Jahn,T.L., Bovee, E.C. & Jahn, F.F. 1979 How to Know the Protozoa. 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Div. of McGraw Hill, Dubuque, Iowa.
2 - Patterson, D.J. 1996. Free-Living Freshwater Protozoa: A Colour Guide. John Wiley & Sons, NY (A key for beginners with good photomicrographs)
3 - Streble H., Krauter D. 1988. Life in a waterdrop. Microscopic freshwater flora and fauna. An identification book. ISBN 3-440-05909 (1700 drawings very useful to identify protists)
4 - Rainis, K.G. and Russell, B.J. 1996. Guide to Microlife. 287pp, ISBN 0-531-11266-7, Franklin Watts, Danbury, CT, USA. (Comprehensive field guide to the microworld. Recommended for schools and amateurs).
5 - Anderson, R. and Drudger, M. 1997. Explore the World Using Protozoa. 240pp. ISBN 0-87355-159-1, National Science Teachers Association, 800-722-NSTA. (A collection of 28 investigations with microscope. How to do "live" biology class with protozoa).
6 - Lee, J.J., Hutner, S.H. & Bovee, E.C.eds.1985. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Soc. Protozoologists, Lawrence Kansas.
7 - Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know Freshwater Algae. 293pp. ISBN: 0697047547, McGraw-Hill Professional
8 - Canter-Lund H. 1995. Freshwater Algae: Their Microscopic World Explored. 360pp. ISBN: 0948737255, Balogh Scientific Books. (Absolutely beautiful pictures and well written. Recommended).
BOOKS FOR FURTHER KNOWLEDGES:
9 - Anderson, O.R. 1988.Comparative Protozoology. Springer-Verlag, NY (One of the best in general)
10 - Hausmann, K and Hulsmann, N. Protozoology, Thieme, 1996 (Very nicely illustrated)
11 - Van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae: an introduction to phycology. 627pp. ISBN: 0521316871. Cambridge University Press. (From microscopic unicellular algae to gigantic kelps. Very well made and widely used by professional protistologists. A German edition also exist).
12 - Lee, J.J. & Soldo, A.T. ed. 1992. Protocols in Protozoology. Society of Protozoology, Lawrence, KS (Techniques used in protozoology)
13 - Margulis, L., Corliss, J.O., Melkonian, M. & Chapman, D.J. 1990. Handbook of Protoctista, Jones & BArlett publishers, Boston, MA
14 - Farmer, J.N. 1980. The Protozoa. Introduction to Protozoology. C.V. Mosby Co., St.Louis, Mo
15 - Fenchel, T. 1987. Ecology of Protozoa. Springer-Verlag, NY
16 - Sleigh, M.A. 1989. Protozoa and Other Protists. Edward Arnold, Div. Hodder & Stoughton, London, GB
You can find further information on these books (i.e. price and often also a review) in the main bookstores present in Internet.
...~# |||[ ]
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The majority of Americans have at least once in life experienced problems with heartburn and we all know how complicated it can be. If you don’t react in time and get it under control it can lead to irritation and damage the esophagus, lungs, vocal cords and throat and even cause pneumonia, ulcers, and breathing problems.
If left untreated for a longer period of time it can make your life unbearable because you’re constantly in pain, after every meal and throughout the night.
Currently, as much as 15 million people in the US alone use heartburn pills to keep the condition under control and manage the symptoms. The most widely used heartburn prescription drugs around the globe are proton pump inhibitors (PPI).
How do these heartburn medications work?
The pharmaceutical companies offer a wide variety of medications for this condition. Some of them are over the counter medications, like tums and pesto-bismol, but there are others which are prescription only, like Prilosec, Prevacid and Nexium.
Maybe you’ve already read on the topic but let’s make a quick recap.
Heartburn occurs on account on the stomach acid backing up and reaching your esophagus. What proton pump inhibitors do is reduce the acid production in the stomach and when the stomach juice reaches your esophagus it doesn’t cause so much irritation and pain.
Even though your pharmacists recommend it as a quick fix, these prescription drugs can cause some serious disorders and have a devastating effect on your overall health. Moreover, studies have revealed that as much as 70% of patients don’t even need them.
We’re here to share with you some serious side-effects which can happen as a result of prolonged use of heartburn medication.
1. Kidneys Disease
A team of researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Health conducted an analysis of two sets of data collected from more than 250,000 people, trying to find a connection between PPI use and kidney problems.
They discovered that patients who regularly used PPIs for their condition had a 13% higher chance to develop chronic kidney disease than those who didn’t take the medication.
According to other studies, PPI use increases the risk of chronic kidney disease by 20%-50%. This can then lead to toxic overload, fluid retention and central nervous system damage.
2. Heart Disease
Studies conducted by the Stanford University in California revealed that regular use of PPI for GERD increases the chances of heart attack by 16 percent, and doubles the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease.
A different study from the Stanford University Medical Center also confirmed that it can lead to cardiovascular disorders.
“The findings show that proton-pump inhibitors may not only lower stomach acid, they may also affect the health of the blood vessel itself,” said study co-author Dr. Nicholas Leeper, a cardiologist and an assistant professor of surgery at the university.
All of this happens because the PPI reduces the levels of nitric oxide, a chemical which our body produces to protect and relax the blood vessels, which can lead to an increased risk of heart attack.
Dr. John Cooke, chair of cardiovascular sciences at the Houston Methodist Research Institute, revealed that PPI users are 16- 21% more likely to suffer a heart attack over a 17-year period than chronic acid reflux suffers who were not taking the medication.
3. Fracture Risk
Even the FDA has warned people about prolonged PPI use and the fact that it can increase the chances for osteoporosis development and bone fractures.
Patients who’ve used PPI for 7 years or more double their chances for an osteoporosis-related fracture.
On the other hand, patients who regularly use PPI for 5 years have an increased risk of hip fractures. It can also affect the wrist and spine and cause injuries to these areas as well.
4. Poor absorption of nutrients
Your body produces the proper amount of stomach acid which you need in order to absorb all the important nutrients. Decreased levels of stomach acid, caused by PPI, can lead to nutritional deficiency, especially B12, magnesium, calcium and iron.
This can lead to:
– Muscle spasms
– Nerve damage
– Psychiatric problems
The FDA has warned patients with acid reflux that anti-heartburn drugs can cause these deficiencies within the first year of use. But even if you take supplements they won’t do you any good if you’re still undergoing therapy.
PPIs have also been linked to pneumonia and Clostridium difficile infection and PPI therapy has led to an increase in hospital mortality in about 90% of patients.
How can you treat and keep acid reflux under control?
PPI therapy is not an appropriate treatment for the majority of patients, says the internal medicine resident at the University of California, Adam Schoenfeld. He recommends his patients to try to lead a healthier life, eat healthier, quit smoking and reduce the alcohol consumption.
PPI reduce the production of stomach acid, which is not good, because the acid is crucial in the absorption of nutrients and eliminates bad bacteria and microbes. According to experts, prolonged use of PPI and similar medications can disrupt this balance and lead to infections and nutritional deficiencies.
The best way to treat acid reflux is with baking soda. Dissolve ½ teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water after your meal and every two hours until your symptoms disappear.
Sodium bicarbonate is already present in your system, produced by the pancreas and kidneys and it’s an excellent acid-neutralizer.
Another thing you should take into consideration is that the heartburn can be caused by a lack of stomach acid and your body’s inability to digest the food you consume, which means that the medications would have an even more damaging effect on your system.
This is usually the case with people over the age of 50. Decreased levels of stomach acid are typically a result of poor diet and candida overgrowth. If this is the case you’ll need to drink 1-2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar in 8 ounces of water before each meal to relieve the symptoms and stimulate digestion. | <urn:uuid:71780cef-24f4-4d57-bc38-dcb0fc6186d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.healthyfoodteam.com/heartburn-pills-damage-heart-kidneys-bonesheres-can-fix/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400213006.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924002749-20200924032749-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.934942 | 1,295 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Your Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) provide employees with a handy reference to common everyday business practices, daily activities, or routine tasks. New employees will find an operation manual especially helpful in getting up and running as fast as possible. After all, with your SOP in place, new employees will not have to interrupt supervisors to ask others how an operation or task is done. Training is faster and interruptions are reduced. So, how do you get started writing standard operating procedures?
Writing Standard Operating Procedures & Your SOP Manual
Having an SOP manual is great but the question most often asked is…
How Do You Start Writing SOPs?
- Map out your core processes.
- Define each core business process activities.
- Document each activity into a series of steps.
- Determine the required records, forms, and management metrics.
- Build your documents, reports, and graphs, that form your management system.
Start with a Process Map
The first step of writing standard operating prcedures is to start with a process map of your top level processes. For most companies your top ten core business processes are divided into support processes (accounting, human resources, information technology, quality, and management strategy) or your realization processes (sales, product development, purchasing, fulfillment, and service). Not all companies have all ten core processes. Now that your core operating processes are defined, you are ready to move on to defining each process.
Define Your Core Processes
Secondly, while writing standard operating procedures, define each core business process and its activities. Think top level once again. In the sales process, how are your orders converted into a shipped product? Orders are received, entered, picked, packed, shipped, and invoiced.
Document Your Procedures
Third, document each operation from start to finish. Let’s take the sales process. How do your sales orders arrive, who takes them, how often, under what criteria, who touches the order next, what do they do, and so on?? Just follow the sales order through your system and define each step. You are well on your way to writing standard operating procedures and your SOP manual is slowly building…
Implement Your Records
Fourth, determine the required records, forms, and management metrics. Do you have a standard order form, confirmation checklist, pick sheet, or invoice? We need to know what forms are used, where they are located, and who maintains them in case we run out and have to get more. Next identify core metrics for each activity, the transaction volume, and timing. We will need these next.
Combine into Your SOP Manual
Finally, we are now ready to put together the SOP manual and start using the system. Start the operations manual with your core processes mapped out in step one. Explain each core business process with the material from step two. Then dive into each process with the individual procedure steps outlined from step three. Add references to each record or form needed as you touch on them in the detailed procedure steps with the notes from step four.
Writing Standard Operating Procedures Easily
After you’re done writing standard operating procedures, in order to get the most value out of your SOP manual, you will need to use it over and over again. Updating it as needed. Use the metrics as your daily management system to ensure you are getting the results you expect from your business. Now you are managing by procedures that you built from your SOP manual.
To see some procedure examples, download free SOP samples from Bizmanualz. | <urn:uuid:218a13c3-5255-4d5f-b5ed-7754cdca4221> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.bizmanualz.com/save-time-writing-procedures/how-to-begin-writing-standard-operating-procedures.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189092.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00251-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9264 | 737 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The festival of Hartalika Teej is observed in the month of Bhadrapada or Bhaadra month. It is a major festival celebrated by women in several states of India mainly in Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The Vrat or the fast of Hartalika Teej is observed by both unmarried and married women hoping to get good husbands. The festival commemorates the union of Goddesses Parvati and Lord Shiva. According to Hindu Mythology, Parvati was in love with Lord Shiva and performed long years of penance in the foot of Himalayas after which Lord Shiva took notice of her. Realizing her strong love and devotion for him, Lord Shiva agreed to marry her. Hartalika Teej fast is dedicated to Mata Parvati and observed by unmarried women with an aim to get husband like her. Married women go for Nirjala Vrat for marital bliss.
Teej in other Indian states
Traditionally Teej is celebrated mainly in Rajasthan, Punajab and Haryana but now it is also observed in several other parts of India including delhi, NCR, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. A day before the festival is celebrated as Sinjara where women put mehendi in their hand and eat ghewaand. Hartalika Teej is a major festival amongst the Marwari and the Baniya community. Women of these communities wear new clothes along with bangles and bindis. It is specially a celebration for the young girls. It is customary for mother-in-law to give the newly wed daughter-in-law a piece of jewelry on her first teej after marriage. In Delhi several sari and suits exhibition are organized for women to buy clothing for the festival of Teej.
Teej Customs and Rituals
Certain customs and rituals are followed during the festival of Hartalika Teej so as to be blessed by Mata Parvati. Married women return to their parent’s house to celebrate the festival. It is considered auspicious to receive gifts for women on Teek festival. Married women receive gifts from their parents-in-law and engaged women receive gifts from to be parents-in-law. Future in-laws of engaged girls offer gifts in form of ‘Shrinjhara’ (a gift pack) that consists of henna, lac bangles, a special laheria dress and ghewar (a sweet dish). Women also receive gifts from other relatives and in-laws.
Tradition to Adorn Oneself
Women adorn themselves with new colorful clothes and gold or diamond jewelry like a new bride. Women also visit beauty parlors in order to look gorgeous on this auspicious day. Newly wed women also wear their wedding dress on this day. Red, pink and green are the prominent colors of Teej.
The custom of fasting forms an integral part of the Hartalika Teej festival. Moth unmarried and married women observe ‘neerjala’ fast in which they do not even take a sip of water. They totally restrict themselves from food and water for full 24 hours. It is quite tough and needs lot of patience. The holy fast is observed to receive blessings from Goddesses Parvati for a blissful married life.
Tradition of Lighting a Lamp
An oil lamp forms a very important part of the Hartalika Teej festival. As per the ritual of Teej fasting, women should keep an oil lamp lit all the night. It is considered to be bad women if the oil lamp dies away.
Legends behind Teej
Teej is a major festival of women celebrated every year in the month of July-August. Women show their devotion towards their husband or to-be-husbands. They adorn themselves with clothes and jewelry and pray for long life of their husband. Though Teej celebrates the advent of monsoon but one of the popular legend of Goddess Parvati led to the celebration of Teej.
Legend of Goddess Parvati
The celebrations of Teej originated from the legend Parvati. Hindu Mythology states that she went through penance or hard-core tapasya and took 108 births on earth. The myth also states that till 107 birth she could not get Shiva as her husband. In her 108 birth Lord Shiva realized her love and married her. It is said that Mata Parvati declared this day as auspicious for womenfolk and proclaimed that whoever will perform puja on this day will be blessed with happy married life. Women observe nirjala fast which is symbolic to the penance that Mata Parvati performed. | <urn:uuid:31173732-d140-4d37-b7df-119447b9c378> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.indiamarks.com/hartalika-teej-traditions-legends-behind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506832.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116165621-20210116195621-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.963758 | 968 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- Use a piggy bank. There is a benefit to putting a few coins in a ceramic pig and watching the pile grow. Today’s technology even has automatic counters that track the total amount in the “piggy bank”. Instead of just having one piggy bank for your child, get three, and label one ‘spend,’ one ‘save,’ and one ‘give’. This is not only helpful in getting kids confident in money matters, it provides an opportunity for parents to have meaningful conversations with their kids about money management.
- Take your children to the bank and explain the process of withdrawing and depositing money. Have them talk to a teller to understand their role in the process. If you tend to limit your trips to the bank because you utilize on-line banking, teach them the process of paying bills or managing investments on-line. It’s important to teach them where money comes from – it does not just come from mom and dad’s wallet.
- Be transparent. Have casual discussions about family budgeting. It will benefit them in the long run if they understand the cost of groceries, utilities, rent, cable or their cell phone.
- Help them create their own budget. There are valuable tools that can be downloaded on a teenager’s phone that allow them to track and manage their spending and savings.
- Make learning fun. Whether you are playing Monopoly, Hot Wheels or Barbies, use these opportunities to incorporate real world costs.
Most importantly, you have the opportunity to lead by example. Our children are constantly observing and absorbing what we do. Most assuredly they will see how you handle your money and if it creates constant stress for you. | <urn:uuid:85e846aa-cffb-4b3c-a0fc-29f11dbc0b17> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://comehometocypress.com/teaching-your-kids-about-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072366.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413122252-20210413152252-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.953978 | 361 | 2.953125 | 3 |
fried a satellite chunk in a plasma wind tunnel to see what happens. The footage is impressive., especially when wayward bits of technology survive reentry and land back on Earth as angry hunks of debris. European Space Agency researchers wanted to learn more about how satellites burn up during reentry, so they
The plasma wind tunnel, located at the DLR German Aerospace Center, can reproduce the blazing-hot conditions of reentry from Earth's orbit. The satellite piece was a small magnetotorquer, a component that helps orient a satellite. It contains carbon fiber, polymer composite, copper coils and an iron-cobalt center.
Magnetotorquers are one of several satellite components that may resist burning up completely during reentry. The magnetotorquer eventually mostly vaporized in the high temperatures, which reached "several thousand of degrees Celsius."
The researchers compared the actual results to what they predicted would happen, and noted "some discrepancies with the prediction models."
The fiery experiment was part of ESA's Clean Space initiative. Watching a satellite bit burn is beguiling, but it could also help prevent future accidents where space junk makes an unwelcome return to Earth. | <urn:uuid:d1d0ec9d-c26d-4b80-bbcb-1a7b31cd8a35> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.cnet.com/science/watch-a-chunk-of-satellite-melt-like-a-marshmallow-on-fire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337971.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007045521-20221007075521-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.927924 | 237 | 3.625 | 4 |
The quarterdeck (or quarter-deck) is a naval term. In the age of sail, the quarterdeck was defined as "...the upper deck, abaft the mainmast."1 This was the location from which the Captain or Officer of the Watch commanded the ship both at sea and in port. Accordingly, there were strong Naval traditions about the quarterdeck; for one, any personnel coming aboard were required to salute the quarterdeck. Also, one side of the quarterdeck - port or starboard, or sometimes the "weather side" - was reserved for the use of the ranking officer on deck (Captain, Admiral, officer of the watch) and could only be entered by their permission. This gave the CO a measure of privacy for thinking and pacing, things that are difficult to do in the more crowded areas of the ship.
On ships with high-roofed rear cabins, such as poop cabins, the quarterdeck included the poop deck atop them. Generally, the helm was situated on the quarterdeck, allowing the officers access to those manning it. The use of one particular side of the deck as the desmesnes of the senior officer has a hazy past; some suggest that it was due to the Nore Mutiny of 1797, but there is evidence of officers preferring a side prior to that. The New York Times article referenced above offers one explanation. Since the ladders down to the decks below criss-crossed, someone on the port side who descended to the cabin level would end up on the starboard side - and Captains and Admirals generally took the starboard side staterooms in the cabin. Hence, the port side of the deck above would be convenient.
1: Hamersley's 'Naval Encyclopedia', quoted in The New York Times, "Change in Quarterdeck." July 5, 1896; page 14. | <urn:uuid:886b22af-c543-4a51-932b-66ebc26f8b94> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://everything2.com/title/quarterdeck | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946453.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424022317-20180424042317-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.971747 | 383 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Dike Debacle
While the Ishpeming dredged the canal and lawyers battled the injunction, Duluthians had continued work on the outer breakwater begun by Cooke’s outfit, extending it to 950 feet by June of 1871; its older portion was repaired and bolstered with riprap, heavy rocks placed within the timber cribs.
The Northern Pacific Railroad took a deeper interest in the city on the hill that year, arranging to use the Lake Superior & Mississippi’s line to connect it to Duluth from its eastern terminus in Carlton. By winter Northern Pacific was building docks on Rice’s Point and along the shoreline inside the bay. Northern Pacific also arranged with the city to help pay to complete the canal and widen it to 250 feet. Its trains would also help construct the dike to satisfy the injunction’s dissolution.
The dike proved a problem from the start, for both Duluth and Superior. Superior’s Major D. C. Houston, the engineer in charge of harbor improvements who believed the dike a necessity, said that “It will be impossible to locate this dike anywhere so that someone will not object to it.” Indeed, the structure— designed to be continuous from shore to shore with no gates—would prevent any vessel entering the Duluth Ship Canal from reaching Superior and the St. Louis River; conversely, vessels entering through the Superior Entry would be cut off from the Duluth side of the bay. Houston recommended holding off the construction until after the spring of 1872.
General Humphreys disagreed with Houston, so the dike work commenced. Duluth City Engineer C. G. Franklin drew up specifications for the dike’s construction: a single row of pilings sixteen inches thick driven at eighteen foot intervals with four-inch wood panels driven and bolted between them. The dike would commence on Rice’s Point at Spruce Avenue and terminate on Minnesota Point at Chamber’s Street. But it didn’t have to be completed in December as stated in the injunction, as the City had received an extension to complete the dike by March 15, 1872.
Feeling the dike would be temporary, Duluth did not follow its own plans, driving the piles thirty feet apart instead of eighteen. When Major Houston inspected the work, he found piles poorly driven and improperly aligned—and the planks did little to hold back the flow of the St. Louis. Indeed, much of the dike had already broken up and floated away. Houston reported it was “of no value whatever” and that even if Duluth had followed the plans, “it would have been little better.”
Humphreys then warned Duluth that it must build the dike or else fill in the canal, so the city contracted with Roger Munger and R. A. Gray to build a new dike, this one made of cribbing and filled with riprap. But even before work on the more substantial dike commenced, Wisconsin governor Lucius Fairchild wanted it gone, arguing as early as June 1871 that it “cut off the people of Wisconsin from the free, unobstructed navigation of the public waters of Superior bay.” It would also cut Superior off from the railroads that terminated in Duluth. In December, as the first dike already lay in ruins, nearly one hundred Superiorites signed a letter urging the federal government to take action. At the end of January 1872, newly elected Wisconsin governor Cadwallader C. Washburn—who as a congressman initiated the first injunction—called upon the federal government to take action in any one of three ways: closing the canal, replacing the dike with another located closer to the canal that would provide greater access to the bay, or rebuilding the damaged dike to include gates.
Meanwhile, Munger and Gray had put their men to work in January 1872. By March 25, Houston reported that a 10-foot wide dike of timber and rock stretched 4,490 feet from Rice’s Point toward Minnesota Point. Except for a single section 100 feet long, the final 800 feet connecting to Minnesota Point would be made of logs; that final section of cribbing was designed to be removed in the future. The dike was designed well enough, in Houston’s opinion, to satisfy the requirements of the injunction. A rail line sat atop the dike, not for passage between the points, but to carry riprap material to fill the crib work and secure the dike.
The work was dangerous. On April 20, 1872, the Minnesotian reported that a “Frenchman” working on the dike had been severely injured when another worker accidentally struck him with an axe, and that a “Swede from St. Paul named Hendrickson,” who had been riding on one of the gravel train’s dump cars, died when the car “accidentally and suddenly tilted on one side—throwing him down on the track where eleven cars passed over him, killing him instantly.” The paper blamed Hendrickson’s death on “the men or jealous rivals who made that unnecessary Dyke [sic] a necessity.” Despite incidents such as these, work continued until June of that year, but it was never completed, at least not to the recommended standards.
Not only was the work left incomplete, but saboteurs tried their best to stop it. On May 4, 1872, the Minnesotian reported an attempt had been made by “sacrilegious scamps” to blow a hole in the dike using gunpowder; the attempt had been unsuccessful because the bombers had placed the charge on top of the dike, not below the water line. The newspaper reported that repairs had already neared completion, then taunted and berated the attackers: “Children! Babes! When you come again with your powder in tin tubes, with your water-proof fuse inserted at the middle, bury it deep in the centre [sic] of the Dyke [sic] and then stand on top and touch it off. . .”
That same month Superior once again asked for an injunction, this time to stop construction of the dike; it was quickly dismissed. Justice Miller determined that the circuit court in which the bill was filed did not have the jurisdiction to hear the case. The next day Miller visited Duluth and, while being treated to a tour of the harbor and dike, wondered aloud why Superior had waited until the dike had been constructed before asking for an injunction to restrain Duluth from building it.
While the new dike looked solid, problems lay beneath the surface. The bay’s depth varied greatly, and the dike began settling in deeper waters. After a July storm, the receding waters created a current the dike couldn’t handle, and it broke near Minnesota Point. Knowing that their Wisconsin neighbors would take their failed injunction to a higher court, Duluth decided to invest no more time or labor—or money—into the dike.
The suit was indeed rejoined in the United States Supreme Court on November 1, 1872. The state of Wisconsin made the complaint; the defendants were listed as Duluth, Sidney Luce (Duluth’s mayor at the time), and the Northern Pacific Railroad, who had become a party when it took over construction of the canal and allowed its trains to be used to fill in the dike cribbing. The railroad had never wanted to be involved with the dike, and it certainly didn’t enjoy being party to the lawsuit.
So Northern Pacific wrote to Governor Washburn in Wisconsin and requested he meet with the railroad’s president, G. W. Cass, to discuss removing the dike and making navigational improvements to the bay that would benefit all parties. Washburn then wrote Luce and invited a delegation from Duluth to join him to meet with the president of the Northern Pacific Railroad, at its headquarters in New York. J. B. Culver and B. S. Russell joined Luce as representatives of Duluth. The meeting couldn’t have gone better.
If Wisconsin would abandon its efforts to force Duluth to build a dike, Northern Pacific offered to extend its rail line from Rice’s Point to Connor’s Point in Superior and run it along the shoreline to the mouth of the Nemadji River and to connect the railroad to future wharves and docks. Northern Pacific would even build a bridge between the points and a grain elevator in Superior. The railroad’s intention, it declared, was to “place Duluth and Superior on equal footing as to leave the commercial world to elect for itself where to do business without any discrimination in favor of either place, delivering passengers and freight both at Superior and Duluth.”
Armed with this agreement, the delegations from Duluth and Wisconsin together headed for Washington, D.C. The group approached senators and congressmen from their respective states and worked together to appropriate funds for harbor improvements. They succeeded: Congress would give them $10,000 in March of 1873. The controversy was settled and the Supreme Court suit dismissed. It looked like the towns had found a way to come together. The St. Louis River had already demonstrated that it was folly to try to keep them apart.
The dike was partially dismantled in July 1873; years of neglect finished the job, but not thoroughly. In 1956 the Duluth News Tribune wrote that “spooners”—unmarried couples seeking privacy—who went boating in the harbor often used the ruins as an excuse, claiming “our boat got stuck on the dike” years before spooning motorists came up with “the car ran out of gas.” | <urn:uuid:ba435320-7986-4521-8436-035e3974feab> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://zenithcity.com/archive/parks-landmarks/canal-lawsuits-the-dike-debacle/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510867.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016201314-20181016222814-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.976847 | 2,033 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Key factors in keeping diabetes under control is being active, keeping weight down, and eating properly, but for someone with depression, these tasks might seem impossible.
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), between one and three of every 10 people with diabetes has depression, and research has affirmed the connection. “Examining a Bidirectional Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Diabetes,” published in the June 18 Journal of American Medical Association, found that those with elevated depressive symptoms had a modest increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, regardless of sociodemographics and metabolic factors.
The study also found that without elevated symptoms at baseline, “treated type 2 diabetes was associated with a significantly higher odds of developing depressive symptoms during follow-up, independent of [body mass index], socioeconomic status, and comorbidities.”
Sherita Hill Golden, MD, MHS, associate professor of medicine and epidemiology and director of inpatient diabetes management service at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore and coauthor of the study, says healthcare should recognize that diabetes and depression are comorbid conditions and treatment programs are needed for both issues.
The connection might not be from the physical symptoms of diabetes, but the burden of caring for the disease.
“We hypothesize that the reason that treated diabetes, and not untreated diabetes or prediabetes, [is] associated with a higher risk of depression is that treatment for diabetes is associated with more monitoring, requires more medication adherence, and may be a marker of more severe disease with complications. This disease burden may lead to depression,” says Golden.
The study authors note the association between the two diseases and link the “psychological stress associated with diabetes management.” In addition, adults with treated type 2 diabetes may have comorbidities that could lead to more depressive symptoms.
The study, which the authors said was the first “population-based study to show a bidirectional longitudinal association between type 2 diabetes and elevated depressive symptoms within the same cohort,” concluded that a “modest association of baseline depressive symptoms with incident type 2 diabetes existed that was partially explained by lifestyle factors.” The study authors said the results corroborate previous findings that show that depressed patients “have higher calorie intake, are less physically active, and are more likely to be smokers.”
One possible explanation the study authors noted for the diabetes-depression connection is that “depressive symptoms are associated with several metabolic and behavioral risk factors for type 2 diabetes. First, depressed individuals are less likely to comply with dietary and weight loss recommendations and more likely to be physically inactive, contributing to obesity, a strong risk factor.”
They say the findings suggest that clinicians should understand the increased risk of elevated depressive symptoms in those with treated type 2 diabetes. They add that healthcare providers should consider routine screening for depressive symptoms among these patients.
Golden says physicians and mental health professionals must educate patients on both diseases and remove the stigma associated with treatments for depression.
“Physicians who take care of patients with diabetes should conduct depression screening, as the presence of high depressive symptoms may impair the patient’s ability to care for his/her diabetes,” says Golden.
Mental health providers should also understand the connection. “Psychiatrists/psychologists/social workers should be aware that depression can be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors (overeating, not exercising) and as a consequence are more likely to be obese. They should encourage their overweight patients to be screened for diabetes by their primary medical doctors,” Golden wrote in an e-mail.
Golden says she is hopeful that the study’s publication and other research in the diabetes-depression space will raise awareness of the diabetes-depression connection. “Many practitioners recognize that [the diseases] are linked, but depending on their subspecialty, they may be more likely to focus on one more than the other without recognizing that they are linked,” she says.
John B. Buse, MD, PhD, president of medicine and science at the ADA, says the diabetes-depression connection is well established. There is plenty of debate as to why the connection is present. “The thing that is unclear is whether it’s just a two-way street or whether they sort of share a common route system,” says Buse, who believes there is a biological connection. “There is a lot about the relationship that we don’t understand, but it does seem very clear that the relationship exists.”
Buse says the ADA recommends that physicians screen diabetes patients for depression. He adds that some health systems use screening questionnaires to identify people who are experiencing mental illness.
Most PCPs know about the connection between depression and diabetes, Buse adds, but the mental health professional side of care is more of a problem. This is partly because most psychologists’ offices don’t have nurses or equipment to medically test patients.
“It is something that needs to be addressed in the mental health system either by creating mechanisms that make sure problems are addressed by the primary care physician or setting up a system within the mental health system,” says Buse.
The authors of “Examining a Bidirectional Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Diabetes,” published in the June 18 Journal of American Medical Association, used repeated measures of fasting blood glucose and depressive symptoms over time to see whether depression predicted type 2 diabetes and whether those with type 2 diabetes at baseline were more likely to develop more severe depressive symptoms.
Unlike prior studies that examined the connection solely in the elderly population, the study authors opened it up to a wider age range. Between July 2000 and August 2002, the study authors recruited 6,814 men and women aged 45–84 who identified themselves as white, black, Hispanic, or Chinese and who were free of self-reported clinical cardiovascular disease. Those involved in the study came from the following communities: Baltimore City and Baltimore County; Chicago; Forsyth County, NC; Los Angeles; Northern Manhattan and the Bronx, NY; and St. Paul, MN.
To test for depression, the patients were assessed during the first and third doctor visits using the CES-D, a 20-item questionnaire to assess depression. The questions gauge depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of hopelessness, loss of appetite, poor concentration, and sleep disturbance.
In addition to the depression evaluations, physicians checked the patients for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes status. Those with impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes were more likely to be older, male, nonwhite, less physically active, and suffer from a higher body mass index, according to the study.
Additionally, those with untreated type 2 diabetes attained a lower educational level, had a lower annual income level, were more likely to have microalbuminuria and hypertension, and had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher triglycerides. | <urn:uuid:a9a0bfb9-a788-4d53-aa91-365057776738> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://healthleadersmedia.com/content.cfm?topic=HOM&content_id=216051&item_id=4625 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042985140.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002305-00332-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953535 | 1,444 | 3 | 3 |
In the hundred years since Einstein proposed General Relativity, no one has yet actually strictly experimentally proven that he was right (or wrong)! We can do that now!
The universally assumed idea that time is passing at exactly the same rate for everywhere in the Universe is certainly totally wrong! The nearby presence of any large mass, such as the Earth, causes a gravitational field to exist where time passes slightly more quickly! Albert Einstein taught us that, because of his General Relativity, but no one has yet experimentally confirmed that he was right.
Einstein's General Relativity and the Equivalency Principle Factor (of ) tells us the exact rate at which an atomic clock would run in any gravitational field. For example, for an atomic clock at the Earth's North Pole, (c) represents the speed of light, 299,792.458 km/s2; (a) represents the local polar gravitational acceleration of 9.83224 meters/sec2 , and (d) represents the Earth's Polar radius of 6356.7523 km. This simple calculation results in the Equivalency Factor being 1.000 000 000 347 563, which tells us that the clock at the North Pole runs slightly FASTER than it would in deep space (by that factor). (Do the math!) This causes time to pass at a slightly different rate on and near each planet or satellite. It is at an easily measurable fraction of a second per year faster in each case!
Einstein described in his General Relativity Theory that there is a clear and simple relationship between (inertial) mechanical acceleration or (weight) a gravitational field and the rate of passage of time. Unfortunately, he expressed it in an incredibly esoteric set of ten curved-space Tensor Riemannian Calculus simultaneous equations, which no one has yet even completely solved a hundred years later! However, the relationship between Acceleration and Gravitation is considered to be quite simple, given by a single Equivalency Principle Factor Equation (presented above).
There is a new approach which seems to offer a truly strict and accurate basis for the possible confirmation of General Relativity. According to Einstein's General Relativity, the rate at which time passes on the surface of any massive object should be dependent on the size and the mass of that body, per that Equivalency Factor. We should have a rather simple and precise experiment available. Specifically, the rate at which time passes on the surface of the Moon should be clearly different than the rate that we experience here on the surface of the Earth. The proposed experiment is rather simple, of placing a Cesium atomic clock on the surface of the Moon and comparing the time it establishes with an identical Cesium clock here on the surface of the Earth. The Equivalency math indicates that due to the greater mass of the Earth, the Earth clock should "tick" around 10,976 times more every hour than the identical Cesium clock on the Moon. (This would display as an output difference of about 1,194 nano-seconds every hour on the two identical clocks.) If this turns out to be experimentally true, then we will finally have an actual and precise proof that General Relativity is valid!
Various scientists have made weakly supported speculations and then claimed that they had provided some proof regarding General Relativity, but such alleged proof has always been totally dependent on the often questionable validity of the assumptions.
Only three possible methods have traditionally been suggested for confirming Einstein's General Relativity, and experiments on all three include aspects of crudeness where valid questions have been discussed. The most famous is regarding a proposed General Relativistic effect on the perihelion of the orbit of the planet Mercury, where the orbit very gradually changes, by approximately 43 arc-seconds per century of the position of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit. That observation had been detected (by Fourier Analysis) prior to Einstein but Classical Physics had not been adequately able to explain the existence of this (known) effect, and Einstein's General Relativity and his complex Tensor Calculus equations seemed to mathematically explain it. However, modern Theoretical Physicists argue over the fact that an exact match does not seem to exist and that General Relativity seems to only provide an approximate mathematical answer (within about 1.5%).
A second proof of the General Theory of Relativity was established in 1919 and 1922 (and repeatedly afterward) at solar eclipses. Accurate photographs of stars whose light had passed near the Sun were slightly gravitationally affected by the Sun, so they appeared in very slightly different positions in the sky during the Eclipse. Again, there are many experimental complications of such research, and true precision has never yet been achieved. Modern experiments seem to confirm Einstein's prediction to be accurate within about 1% accuracy, but that is still not good enough for Theoretical Physicists!
A third proof of General Relativity involves extremely minimal propagation delays in signals sent between spacecraft on the opposite side of the Sun and us, but again, a variety of experimental complications affect the real precision that Theoretical Physicists look for.
Even after a hundred years of countless Research Grants paying for attempts at proof, the best we have seen so far is around 1% accuracy, which is good, but not sufficient for Theoretical Physicists.
The assorted assumptions which have been made in all three cases even seem to cause an assumed situation where General Relativity and Special Relativity both cause Time Dilation. A careful examination of the precise 18-digit accurate Time Dilation calculations regarding a man standing at the Equator of the Earth and flaws in the popular Twins Paradox story show that is not the case, that General Relativity causes an opposite effect from Time Dilation, which I call Time-Rate Speeding. The proposed experiment here would immediately experimentally establish whichever actually the truth is.
Since 2006, I have tried to get NASA to do a fairly simple and cheap experiment, which would finally accurately prove whether Einstein was right about General Relativity. So far, NASA has shown no interest. Neither has ESA (the European Space Agency). The Chinese Space Agency has not shown any interest yet either. I have not tried to interest the India Space Agency yet. I am hoping that JAXA (Japanese Aerospace) might include such a clock in their planned 2018 launch for a soft-landing on the Moon.
A central basis of General Relativity is the Equivalency Principle. This is a mathematical statement that gravitational mass and force is identical to inertial mass and force. Einstein called that Equivalency. There is a relatively simple equation (above) that calculates a time effect due to either mechanical (inertial) acceleration or acceleration due to a gravitational field.
What I have proposed is to soft-land a Cesium (atomic) clock on the surface of the Moon.
Then a reliable radio communication would be established between such a clock and an identical Cesium clock in a laboratory on the Earth. If Einstein was right about General Relativity then every hour, the Earth Cesium clock should record about 10,976 more "ticks" per hour than the Moon clock should! The common time display on such clocks is in nano-seconds, and this experiment should show a major difference of about 1,194 nano-seconds difference every hour (with the Earth clock always showing the faster time reading. This difference would accumulate every hour and would result in about 1/100 second [actually 0.0105 second] difference per year.)
Here is the factor called the Equivalency Principle Factor in physics.
(c) represents the speed of light, 299,792.458 km/s2; (a) represents either a mechanical (inertial) acceleration or the local acceleration due to a gravitational field at that location; (d) represents a distance, which is necessarily assumed to be the distance from the exact center of the massive body, in that gravitational field (which is the planetary radius at that location.)
Note that the Equivalency Principle is a dimensionless parameter, [m/s2] * [m] / [m2/s2]
It is also true that both the acceleration and the distance happen to be Vector quantities, but both are always along the exact same direction, and so their Vector Product is the same as for scalar numbers, so their Vector nature is irrelevant here.
In a laboratory at sea level at the North Pole on the surface of the Earth the radius is 6356.7523 km from the Earth's center and the gravitational acceleration there is 9.83224 meters/sec2. This results in the Equivalency Factor being 1.000 000 000 347 709
In a laboratory at sea level at the Equator on the surface of the Earth the radius is 6378.1370 km from the Earth's center and the gravitational acceleration there is 9.780327 meters/sec2. This results in the Equivalency Factor being 1.000 000 000 347 037
This then results in the (average) General Relativity gravitational time effect on the Earth being 1.000 000 000 347 373 (as compared to deep space).
On the surface of the Moon the radius is 1738.78 km from the Moon's center and the gravitational acceleration there is around 1.6231 meters/sec2. This results in the Equivalency Factor on the Moon's surface being 1.000 000 000 015 701
This then results in the General Relativity time effect on the Moon being 1.000 000 000 015 701 (again, as compared to deep space)
The relative General Relativity difference in the rate of time passage on the Earth and Moon is therefore 1.000 000 000 331 672
Since Cesium clocks count about 9,192,631,770 ticks per second, this implies that the two clocks should have clearly different counts, of about 3.0489 ticks every second! In the first hour that the two clocks were communicating, they should have a difference of about 10,976 ticks, a very easy and obvious experimental difference! Every following hour should show the same easily experimentally measured difference.
These two clocks should have a total time difference of about 0.0105-second every year.
The clock on Earth should get ahead of the clock on the Moon by that difference. You should be older than you would have been had you lived your life on the Moon, by part of a second! As an old man now, I am certainly about 0.73 second older having lived my life on Earth than if I had lived in the lesser gravitational field on the Moon.
The exact measured different rate on the Earth and Moon would be different from the 10,976 clicks per hour, depending on the Latitude of the location of the clock on Earth. Our calculation uses an AVERAGE Latitude on Earth where most people live, but if the Earth clock was placed at the North Pole, the experimentally measured difference in clock rates might be slightly greater, at about 11,003 clicks per hour.
The suggested experiment could technically also be performed on Earth, with one of the clocks being at the North Pole and the other at the Equator. This effect is due to the oblate shape of the Earth, where the radius and the gravitational field strength at the Pole and the Equator are different. Per Einstein's General Relativity and the Equivalency Factor calculations above, (and not counting on the significant Special Relativity factor differences at the Pole and Equator) the time-rate difference effect of GR should be
1.000 000 000 347 709 - 1.000 000 000 347 037 or 0.000 000 000 000 672 or about one part in one and a half trillion, a very small effect. These two clocks might click around 0.00618 clicks per second different or about 22.2 clicks per hour different (with the Pole clock being slightly faster). These two clocks might then show a difference of about 2.420 nano-seconds after an hour or 58 nano-seconds per full day.
Unfortunately, there is a significant Special Relativity Time Dilation effect at the Equator due to the 1,674.366 102 km/hr Equatorial rotational velocity (as calculated in the related http://mb-soft.com/public9/dilatio4.doc web-page) and the Lorentz Time Dilation factor of which is then 0.999 999 999 998 796 560 . As the North Pole has no rotational velocity, the SR Time Dilation factor there is exactly 1.000, and the difference in the SR time-rate effects of the two clocks is 0.999 999 999 998 796 560, or about one part in 0.83 trillion, also a very small effect. Due to the SR time rate effect of Lorentz, these two clocks might tick at around 0.01106 ticks per second different or about 39.8 clicks per hour different (with the Pole clock again being slightly faster). The SR time rate difference would then show about 6.750 nano-seconds different after an hour or 162 nano-seconds difference after a full day. So such an experiment, on Earth, would likely show a total clock rate difference of about 62 clicks different every hour. After an hour, the two clocks might show a difference of about 6.75 nano-seconds or 162 nano-seconds different after a full day experiment. That amount would be easily measurable, but as it is a combination of the SR and GR effects, the results would not prove anything. These calculations show that the two clocks might show a difference of 162 nano-seconds after a 24-hour experiment. A far more valuable experiment would be to let these clocks run for 30 days or 365 days, where then the difference shown between the two clocks would be 4,860 nano-seconds or 59,130 nano-seconds. Such longer experiments would be conclusive in identifying if ONLY GR was acting (1,120 nano-seconds or 13,627 nano-seconds) or if ONLY SR was acting (3,117 nano-seconds or 37,927 nano-seconds) difference. In fact, if the general Physics community happened to be right that GR causes Time Dilation, we could see that as well, where the clocks would show a difference after a month or a year would be (1,997 nano-seconds or 24,300 nano-seconds) difference. But people seem to be in too much of a hurry to get quick results to actually leave such clocks running for a month or a year!
You may have noted that if anyone would do ALL the necessary math for both SR and GR, even the CORRECT results of the famous Hafele-Keating experiment might be calculated.
A bunch of (Physicists) (including Stephen Hawking) have made far more simple (and flashy) public demonstrations of such comparison of clocks, where one of them was driven up to be on a mountain for a day or two. Their experiments are never at the Equator or the Pole, so EACH of the effects of SR and the (gravitational field) GR and the (mechanical centripetal acceleration) GR needed to be calculated for useful results. They SHOULD HAVE DONE ALL THREE of the calculations shown above (SR and GR and GR) for both the lower and upper locations of the clocks during their experiments. The higher altitude clock has a longer circumference to travel each day, so (v) is greater and so is the SR time effect. However, the higher altitude also has a reduced local gravitational field strength (a) (per Newton's Gravitational Vector formula) and an increased distance from the center of the Earth (d). These changed values therefore change both the Equivalency factors so the GR time effects must also be calculated. Note that each of the two locations (altitudes) on the mountain also have yet another mathematical effect, that of a separate General Relativity effect due to the MECHANICAL ACCELERATION of the centripetal acceleration being different at the different altitudes. Their experimental results actually also are slightly affected by where the Moon is in the sky! The precise local gravitational field strength is a Vector quantity, and so it is slightly affected by whether the Moon and its gravitational effect is on the horizon or at the zenith. No one seems willing to do all that math. They each then proudly claim that the experimental difference of the two clocks "confirms what they believe" (but in reality, as in our example above, it never actually does, since they never did all the necessary math).
Any reader of this could replicate the math shown above for two different altitudes on a given mountain, possibly also for any difference in all those effects if their two clocks were at different Latitudes during the experiment, as (r) and (a) and (d) might have changed enough to affect the results (due to the oblate shape of the Earth). YOU could supply the correction for any of those Physicists whose mountain results never quite confirmed what they insisted they were confirming! Yes, their two (identical) atomic clocks had slightly different readings after their day or two experiments (they usually show that the clocks are different by around 20 nano-seconds) but they don't seem to realize that their (allegedly careful) experiment had not involved all the math that was necessary. They all seem to downplay the fact that they never seem to claim any specific predicted clock readings, but they merrily claim that ANY difference actually proved something! Even if they claim (incorrectly) that General Relativity causes a Time Dilation effect, they (or YOU) could do that math as well. All I demand is that they do ALL the appropriate math for their mountain experiments, which clearly requires at least SIX calculations (for both gravitational and inertial GR at the top, SR at the top, both gravitational and inertial GR at the bottom, and SR at the bottom). Why don't they follow correct scientific methods? Even someone as respected as Hawking does such sloppy math??? Amazing.
If it were possible for us to have lived on the surface of the Sun, the Time Speeding effect would be around 3,000 times as fast as here, and you would now have become nearly a hour older than you are now on Earth. (and you would have burned feet!)
For the clocks comparison experiment involving the Moon, the communicating of the two clocks (on the Moon and on the Earth) is critical, as the orbit of the Moon is elliptic in a continuously changing manner, and the propagation distance between the two clocks is therefore also constant changing. However, those distance changes are very accurately known. It is also realistic to record each hour of count difference for many hours, and after the orbital radius correction, an extremely accurate value for the value of the Equivalency Principle could be statistically calculated.
The experiment involving the Moon will give far larger clock time reading differences, around 1,194 nano-seconds difference every hour. Very importantly, that experiment exclusively involves only GR effects so the accuracy of the results can be excellent. The Earth Pole-Equator experiment would have less difference, of around 162 nano-seconds every hour, but that experiment necessarily involves effects of both SR and GR, so the precision of the results is not as certain. The (popular) experiments at different heights on a mountain have even far less observed difference of around 1 nano-second per hour (or about the 20 nano-seconds per day that are flaunted to the public, but again, those mountain experiments involve both GR and SR effects and so they have minimal scientific value (unless they were extended to a month or a year duration.)
A more comprehensive presentation on this subject is at http://mb-soft.com/public3/gravit33.html
Carl W. Johnson, Theoretical Physicist, Physics Degree from University of Chicago | <urn:uuid:4937f079-3e01-4558-8877-3de56aad5e4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://mb-soft.com/aaaaazz/public4/timerate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304760.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125035839-20220125065839-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.952097 | 4,095 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Asthma in Older Adults: Managing TreatmentSkip to the navigation
Diagnosis and treatment of asthma can be a challenge if you are age 65 or older. You might have another medical condition that masks your asthma. Or you may be more likely to have side effects from asthma medicines or be at risk for reactions from the different medicines you may be taking.
To treat your asthma, you and your doctor should work closely together, especially if you:
- Have a history of smoking or have long-term respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can make it hard to diagnose asthma.
- Have one or more other health conditions that can make asthma symptoms worse and complicate treatment, including sinusitis, heartburn, or heart failure. Some conditions, such as osteoporosis, can become worse when you use asthma medicines. Your doctor may prescribe asthma medicines that avoid making other medical problems worse and that interact the least with other medicines you may be taking.
- Have trouble performing lung function tests, which can make diagnosis and treatment more difficult.
- Have trouble using inhalers properly.
- Don't always remember to take your medicines.
Primary Medical Reviewer E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer Rohit K Katial, MD - Allergy and Immunology
Current as ofAugust 21, 2015
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2016 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:5cef6b1a-b101-4816-9b1c-071d606ea229> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/special/managing-asthma-in-older-adults/hw162321.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295103.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00186-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891435 | 330 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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