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The mid-Victorian period was characterized by a massive expansion in publishing. The ever improving literacy of the middle-class audience created a market for reading that was satisfied by the mass production of an extraordinary range of books and periodicals. One of the most interesting genres was the Christmas gift book. Usually published at the end of November, though post-dated so it could be sold the next year as well, this product was solely intended as a cadeau, a precious object to be given to a spouse, a family member, or sweet-heart.
The emphasis on what I have elsewhere defined as giftness (Cooke 121) had important implications for the books' content and appearance. First and foremost, it meant they were designedly low-key in terms of their textual content. According to contemporaries, the publication was only supposed to be a piece of bland entertainment, a branch of 'legitimate manufacture' which would please the recipient when he or she opened it up on Christmas morning. In the urbane words of an anonymous critic in The Saturday Review (1866), 'Nobody expects or wishes for originality, or depth, or learning in a Christmas book. Hallam or Grote or Milman or Darwin is not what a Christmas book is made of...(653). Like consumables produced to create a passing sensation, the gift-book was viewed as an 'elegant' trifle, a 'pretty' but superficial artefact which continued the Keepsake and Annual traditions of the thirties and forties.
This credo of calculated superficiality translated into an emphasis on undemanding verse, usually in the form of anthologies such as A Round of Days (1866), re-prints of hymns and prayers, and other material of a sentimental, domestic or pious nature. At the same time, there was a strong emphasis on visual splendour: the written texts were sometimes conventional and uninspired, but the illustrations operated in another register entirely. Indeed, gift books of the Sixties contain some of the most accomplished black and white designs of the period. Furnished by artists such as Millais, Pinwell, Walker, Houghton and Birket Foster, they were intended to be looked at, rather than read, and their gilt-edged pages undoubtedly provided many hours of contented viewing by the fireside, both at Christmas time and into the New Year.
But the books' most striking characteristic was their elaborate bindings. Described by Edmund King in his encyclopaedic Victorian Decorated Trade Bindings (2003), these outer casings are emblematic products of mid-Victorian culture. Typified by coloured cloth, embossed surfaces and elaborate gilt and polychromatic paper overlays, the bindings are fascinating examples of the intersection between bourgeois taste, the visual encoding of the values of Christmas, and industrial production. Design histories of the period note how ostentation was favoured by bourgeois consumers because it expresses middle-class wealth, and there can be no doubt that Christmas books appear to be expensive and luxurious items. Based on the elaborate bindings that middle-class readers thought they might find in some idealized aristocratic library, they emulate the displays of opulence supposedly favoured by those at the top of the social ladder. Yet gift books were entirely the product of industrial processes: no handicraft, beyond the initial design, was involved, and the bindings were entirely produced using machines, industrial products such as gutta percha gum and its substitutes, and machine production. Typically costing between fifteen shillings and a guinea, they represent the middle-class reader's desire to emulate his 'betters' while keeping a close rein on their expenses. Christmas gift books were in this sense another aspect of the process of democratization in which a bourgeois audience aspired to social improvement and self-expression by gaining access to what pretended to be fine goods.
Such judgements seem to condemn them to the status of ersatz, and in their own time they were routinely condemned for their vulgarity, shallowness, and emphasis on display. Yet Christmas gift books do have value beyond their significance as historical artefacts. As noted above, their illustrations are typically of a very high quality, among the very best of their period; and the same appreciation can be made of the bindings. Although mass-produced, these were designed by some outstanding individuals. The foremost contributor was John Leighton (1822-1912), who designed an unknown number of casings, perhaps more than eight hundred. Others include Albert Warren (1830-1911); John Sleigh (active 1841-72); Robert Dudley (active 1858-91); and Harry Rogers (1825-74). Each developed distinctive styles, usually signing their work in tiny gilt initials. Details are given in the analyses of Ball (1983) and King (2003), although the most penetrating commentary, which contains an astute investigation of individual styles, is provided by Sybille Pantazzi (1961 & 1963).
Anon. 'Christmas Books'. The Saturday Review 24 November 1866: 653.
A Round of Days. London: Routledge, 1866.
Ball, Douglas. Victorian Publishers' Bindings .London: The Library Association,1985.
Cooke, Simon. 'Illustrated Gift Books of the 1860s'. The Private Library 5th Series 6:3 (Autumn 2003): 118-138.
King, Edmund. Victorian Decorated trade Bindings, 1830-1880. London: The British Library & Oak Knoll Press, 2003.
Pantazzi, Sybille. 'Four Designers of English Publishers' Bindings, 1850-1880'. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America55 (1961): 88-99.
Pantazzi, Sybille. 'John Leighton, 1822-1912: a Versatile Victorian Designer'. Connoisseur152 (April 1963): 263-73.
- Tom Kinsella's bibliography on his review of King's Victorian Decorated trade Bindings, 1830-1880
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The Shell Grotto is a unique 70-foot underground winding passageway in Margate, Kent, painstakingly decorated with around 4,6 million seashells. This English tourist attraction is as beautiful as it is mysterious, as no one seems to know who created it and why.
The story goes that the Shell Grotto was discovered in 1835, when local James Newlove lowered his son Joshua into a hole in the ground that appeared while they were digging a duck pond. When the boy came back out, he told his father about this wondrous underground tunnel covered entirely in seashell mosaics. As soon as he laid eyes on the accidental discovery, Newlove immediately saw its commercial potential. He installed gas lamps to illuminate the ornate passageway and three years later he opened the grotto to the public. The opening came as a big surprise to the inhabitants of Margate, as the place had never bee marked on any maps, and nobody knew about its existence. As soon as the first paying visitors walked into the shell–covered underground tunnel, the debate regarding its origins began. For every person who believed it was an ancient temple, there seemed to be another one convinced it was actually the secret meeting place of a secret sect. Everyone saw something different in the mosaic patterns, from altars to gods and goddesses or trees of life. But despite the multiple theories going around, no one has been able to solve the mystery of the Shell Grotto.
There approximately 4.6 million shells (cockles, whelks, mussels and oysters) glued to the walls and ceiling of Kent’s mysterious passageway using fish-based mortar. The Victorian lighting installation set up by James Newlove damaged some of the decorations throughout the years, and the so-called Altar Chamber was destroyed by a bomb during World War 2, and had to be rebuilt. Today, shell mosaics once again cover the entire 2000 square feet of the grotto and a team of conservationists is making sure this unique tourist attraction will be around to amaze and astonish visitors for years to come.
Photo: Gernot Keller
Photo: Emoke Denes
via Curious Places | <urn:uuid:76823419-66cc-46c9-8f5b-4fbc2140ff01> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.odditycentral.com/pics/the-mysterious-shell-grotto-of-kent.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928019.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00021-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975554 | 446 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This article is over 4 months old
Destination: 6.1m-wide heavenly body 2.7bn miles from Earth that can be detected on 3D laser scans
Brace yourselves, because this is a hard rock crash with Earth on the menu.
NASA has made the first ever landing of a small spacecraft on a tiny asteroid – a first that was made possible by the discovery of a gigantic 3D space rock called Bennu, found by the Phoenix orbiter.
Called the Osiris-Rex spacecraft, it will make its second space trip, piloted by an operator aboard the International Space Station, in 2016.
Asteroid Bennu shown as a black dot in the sky near Earth and the moon (Picture: Nasa)
Osiris-Rex will fly to Bennu, a massive asteroid, and aim its laser at it.
The laser beams will slowly tumble down from the spacecraft and slam into the surface, splitting up the asteroid into a few smaller rocks.
At least 250 tons of debris should fall from the sky every year for the next 1,200 years, if Bennu continues to move away from Earth.
Osiris-Rex will return in 2023 with samples of Bennu, the most promising space rock of its kind in the near-Earth orbit.
What’s up with asteroid Bennu? A 3.6-mile-wide (6.3km) space rock that Bennu is thought to be an older relative of comets. NASA believes Bennu could be a barite-covered object similar to the comet and it is thought to have significant water and organic material. Comets of Bennu’s size have a tightly-packed layer of gas and dust near the surface and the research suggests Bennu is likely covered in that same gas. With a relatively low gravity the asteroid is thought to be easily rocky.
It will return a small amount of material to Earth in 2023 after separation from Osiris-Rex.
The gravity on Bennu is an estimated 12-times that of Earth, causing scientists to believe the rock can be “disturbed” significantly and sent into a collision course with our planet.
The spacecraft looks like an old Mac Mini computer without its casing attached (Picture: Nasa)
“A spacecraft this small could be carried away and ejected by the impact,” said lead scientist Dante Lauretta of the University of Arizona.
“This would be a significant deal on our planet as the grains we collect could be the size of peas.”
Osiris-Rex is roughly the size of a dishwasher.
But its smallness has given it a power source for two years.
Brace yourselves. That’n’ ain’t gonna happen again. pic.twitter.com/8RTOirCW7n — Cydney Hohl (@CydneyHohl) October 14, 2016
Its ion propulsion system will allow it to spend two years operating for a period of time like it is flying on wing power.
Then its razor-sharp carbon-composite structure will slow it down enough for the asteroid to pass by the spacecraft for a five-second encounter.
“On its second mission, the spacecraft is designed to deploy an electrically powered surface-level radar system to study the asteroid’s interior,” NASA said.
“The spacecraft will also collect samples that will be returned to Earth in 2023.” | <urn:uuid:1361094d-baaf-46e5-aac0-fbb45d0d3532> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://hakaarai.com/nasa-makes-history-with-successful-asteroid-landing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710218.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127073607-20221127103607-00868.warc.gz | en | 0.930034 | 715 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Identify and describe which of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, and/or nervous tissues) are present in the heart and liver.
Your organs are composed of the four tissue types; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Organs are wondrous things, each one with a different function vital to the homeostasis of your body. While it is easy for us to view a particular organ as a single item, it is in fact comprised of many different types of cells and structures, each one unique and yet each one working together to perform the functions of the organ.
In this Assignment, you will research an individual organ and its complexity. Your APA-formatted essay should include:
- A general description of your assigned organ in the introduction. In the general description, you will include the following: a brief description of the primary functions of this organ, its general shape, and the location of this organ in the human body.
- Describe in detail the importance of this organ to the function of the body as a whole. What are the functions of this organ and how is it critical for survival?
- Identify and describe which of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, and/or nervous tissues) are present in the organ.
- Describe any organ-specific cell types that are present and if these cell types have any special structures (e.g., presence of microvilli and/or abundance of particular organelle such as mitochondria).
- Discuss in detail how these different cell-types work together to provide the overall function of the organ.
- Include a discussion of why each organ requires the different tissue types as well as unique cell types to function. Why can the organs not be comprised of just one cell type? What is the advantage of having so many different types of cells?
|First Letter of Last Name||Organ|
Basic Writing Requirements:
- Essay should be APA formatted.
- Should include a cover page, an introduction, and a conclusion.
- The body of the essay should address the different topics and questions described above.
- All statements of fact should be included in an APA reference list at the end of the essay.
- The essay should be a minimum of 750 words in length not counting the cover page and reference list.
Submitting Your Assignment | <urn:uuid:631ce293-908f-4193-95fc-92b0f8cdce77> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.uniessayhelp.com/2016/06/30/identify-and-describe-which-of-the-four-tissue-types-epithelial-connective-muscle-andor-nervous-tissues-are-present-in-the-heart-and-liver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512014.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018194005-20181018215505-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.921568 | 494 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Which statement best represents urban residential patterns among ethnic groups? Immigrants preferred to live near others not merely of their own nationality, but from their own village or region...
Which statement best represents urban residential patterns among ethnic groups?
Immigrants preferred to live near others not merely of their own nationality, but from their own village or region in the old country, Religion was the primary factor in ethnic residential patterns because immigrants congregated around their churches, Common language was the primary factor in ethnic residential patterns, regardless of national origin, or Immigrants preferred to mix with the general population in order to assimilate more quickly into American culture.
Of these options, the first option is the best. This comes about because of something that is known as chain migration.
The process of chain migration starts when one person or a few people from a particular village or region or neighborhood migrate to a new country. They settle, in a particular place. If they are able to get along relatively well, they tell people back in the old country about what they have done. Others are then inspired to migrate. Naturally, they want to go somewhere where they already have acquaintances. They also want to go somewhere that appears to have the potential for a better life and they will be likely to take the word of someone from their same region as to the suitability of where they have settled.
Through this process, many immigrant neighborhoods came to have populations that were largely made up of people from one particular region of the country from which they came. | <urn:uuid:d1e3b437-9769-46ae-8ee3-4b9cf5c96f8a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/which-statement-best-represents-urban-residential-375817 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820700.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017033641-20171017053641-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.981529 | 304 | 3.1875 | 3 |
WHAT: Secondary infections with bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia, were a major cause of death during the 1918 flu pandemic and may be important in modern pandemics as well, according to a new article in the Journal of Infectious Diseases co-authored by David M. Morens, M.D., senior advisor to the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health.
The researchers examined 13 studies published between 1918 and 1920. During this time, many scientists erroneously believed that influenza was caused by bacteria, not a virus. As a result, researchers began performing and publishing results from clinical trials testing bacterial vaccines designed to prevent the flu. In their new study, Dr. Morens and his colleagues used modern statistical and evaluation methods to re-analyze the vaccine effectiveness data from these old studies in an attempt to correct for any statistical biases in the original analysis.
In addition to confirming the importance of bacterial infections associated with the 1918 influenza pandemic, the new analysis suggests that the use of bacterial vaccines containing S. pneumoniae could reduce pneumonia rates and deaths in modern influenza pandemics as well. During the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic, the authors write, autopsy results implicated bacterial infections in 29 to 55 percent of deaths. In light of this study, the authors recommend more research into the use of bacterial vaccines to prevent illness and death associated with influenza.
ARTICLE: Y-W Chien et al. Efficacy of bacterial vaccines in preventing pneumonia and death during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Journal of Infectious Diseases. DOI: 10.1086/657144 (2010).
WHO: David M. Morens, M.D., Senior Advisor to the Director, NIAID, is available to comment on this article.
CONTACT: To schedule interviews, please contact Nalini Padmanabhan, 301-402-1663, email@example.com.
More information about NIAID research on flu is available at the NIAID Influenza Web portal (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/flu/Pages/default.aspx).
NIAID conducts and supports research—at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide—to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at http://www.niaid.nih.gov.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH)—The Nation's Medical Research Agency—includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments and cures for both common and rare diseases, For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system. | <urn:uuid:4c6b428a-d37c-41ef-85ce-c6de38695bc8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/nioa-nsr110210.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500820886.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021340-00421-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916846 | 674 | 3.265625 | 3 |
In 1981, during its twentieth general conference the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), decides to establish a World Food Day. The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations.
The date chosen to celebrate this day is 16th October. It refers to the foundation of the FAO in 1945.
The food is a basic and fundamental human right and particularly a human necessity. It is therefore crucial to defend this right and to make accessible to all a healthy and varied diet.
The FAO decided to make this day a word event, in order to raise awareness among people and leaders about hunger in the world.
It is celebrated in more than 150 countries all around the world in the form of various actions to talk about this difficult issue, and propose ways to eradicate it. It is one of the most celebrated days of the UN calendar.
Each year the World Food Day adopts a different theme in order to choose a common course of action to combat. This year, the them is "Our actions are our future, healthy diet for a #zerohungerworld".
Today, 821 million people suffer from hunger, one out of every nine in the world. So it is urgent to find a way to eradicate this problem. Even worse, these figures increase and get dangerously close to the figures from 10 years ago.
This augmentation in the number of people suffering from the lack of food is due to the 3 main reasons:
Conflicts. Indeed, 75% of people suffering from hunger live in a conflict country. Hunger is now a war weapon.
Climate. The climate change (hurricane, flood, dryness etc...) threaten the quality and the quantity of crop.
Inequities. They can be accentuated by the conflicts and climate change. Not all humans have the same access to water, arable land, to education, to health care etc...
More than fighting hunger, this day demonstrates that it is important to combat these problems which prevent some people to benefit from a healthy and sustainable diet. We are all in the capacity to make a difference. For example, each year, food is wasted, learn to limit this phenomenon.
According to the FAO, while 821 million of people suffer from hunger, 672 million are obese. The food security must be of quality and not quantity for all. | <urn:uuid:a09855d3-01d7-408f-9fee-6b25ff77b6bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.africanmediamalta.com/post/2019/10/17/world-food-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521041.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518021247-20220518051247-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.941477 | 478 | 3.453125 | 3 |
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manufactured objects.|
A good in economics is any object, service or right that increases utility, directly or indirectly. A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an "office building" or "capital equipment", can also be referred to as a good as an indirect source of utility through resale value or as a source of income.
This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total.
Pages in category "Goods"
The following 50 pages are in this category, out of 50 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). | <urn:uuid:a36a9e5e-974a-4aa8-bb3f-cdaa5936b6e7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Goods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719564.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00052-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920425 | 130 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Qinghai province in Northwest China has set a record, running only on electricity generated from wind, solar and hydropower stations for nine consecutive days, from June 20 to 28, to promote the use of clean energy in the region.
The nine-day clean energy power supply project, following a successful seven-day trial last year, is a testament to China’s commitment to a low-carbon future, according to State Grid Qinghai Electric Power Co in Xining, the provincial capital.
According to China State Grid’s Qinghai branch, electricity consumption during the nine days reached 1.76 billion kilowatt-hours, which means 800,000 metric tons of coal were saved and 1.44 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions were avoided, it said.
The company has vowed to expand the duration of the clean energy power supply project to one month or longer next year, following this year’s successful trial, with nearly 6 million people using only clean energy.
Located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, dubbed the roof of the world, Qinghai has strong hydro and solar power capacity.
The province generated 80 percent of its electricity from hydropower stations during the nine-day period, with the rest produced by solar and wind power facilities.
Currently, more than 85 percent of the province’s installed power capacity comes from non-fossil fuels. The local government has vowed to further expand its solar and wind capacity to 35 million kilowatts by 2020 and supply 110 billion kWhs of clean electricity every year to central and eastern parts of China, saving 50 million tons of coal.
The trial is part of China’s transition toward a low-carbon future. The country has vowed to step up efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve its energy consumption mix for better air quality.
China plans to cut carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 60-65 percent by 2030 from 2005 levels. It also plans to invest 2.5 trillion yuan ($366 billion) in renewable energy by 2020, creating more than 13 million jobs, according to the National Energy Administration.
In February, the NEA approved Qinghai, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Gansu provinces, as well as the Tibet and Ningxia Hui autonomous regions to spearhead clean energy development.
The country’s total installed renewable energy capacity reached 650 terawatts in 2017, up 14 percent from 2016. Clean energy generated 1.7 trillion kWhs of electricity last year, accounting for 26.4 percent of the country’s total. | <urn:uuid:185aefff-74e0-4267-ad9f-c95b5a7751cc> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2018/08/09/content_281476254832552.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527089.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721164644-20190721190644-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.942971 | 530 | 2.96875 | 3 |
- Lynn’s program is not a “one size fits all” program since each level (5 levels from infants – age 6) is developmentally specific and generally age specific, so there is something unique and challenging every step of the way.
- A high level of musicality is presented in the lessons, such as the pitch matching, music vocabulary, discriminate listening, and singing games. Singing specific intervals and phrases for pitch matching and singing in tune are part of the game-like activities, and the level of musicianship in the lessons are very developmentally specific; e.g. the 4 year old singing games would not in the toddler lessons.
- Some of the same songs and pieces of music return in lessons for several weeks and from year to year, introducing a new level of challenge, new vocabulary and learning objectives – repetition with variety! This results in the children “owning” the songs and being able to sing them independently.
- The teachers and families love the live music making with the student’s own high quality instrument kit which they bring from home each week and use all year long in class. This means the music making continues in the car, at home, and everywhere they want to take it!
- Parents are encouraged to be music makers by incorporating ukulele as well as other easy instruments for them to play with and for their child. If the child sees that their parents value music, they will be life-long music appreciators.
- The Music Rhapsody program uses the Orff instruments like glockenspiels, xylophones, and percussion instruments, another reason why it has to be developmentally appropriate (babies would be putting bars and mallets in their mouth!) and why its easy to continue to challenge the timing and coordination of the children as they have more experience.
- The curriculum also includes a broad range of music, such as piano and orchestral (classical) music, world music, traditional folk dance music and folk songs, and jazz.
- Although the five groups are organized into developmentally appropriate curricula, teachers can mix, match, and adapt the lesson plans to fit their program’s needs.
- Gives the child a head start and serves as an important link to future success.
- Enhances brain development through proven, positive effects of music.
- Develops physical motor skills through movement and playing of music instruments.
- Provides a dramatic impact on language development and improving vocal and speech development through singing.
- Develops social skills and cooperation through participation in group dancing and musical games.
- Use of timing activities develops coordination, body awareness and spatial concepts.
- Use of repeating patterns and counting beats develops math and literacy skills.
- Improved listening and concentration skills.
- Increase of self-esteem.
- Better quality of life!
Babies Make Music (Birth to Walking)
Toddlers Make Music (Ages One and Two)
Kids Make Music (Ages Two and Three)
Big Kids Make Music (Ages Three and Four)
Young Musicians Make Music (Ages Four and Five)
These are the organized age groups for the Music Rhapsody studio program, but they can be mixed, matched, and adapted to fit your classroom needs!
When parents enroll their child in a Music Rhapsody class, they have set aside a special time to bond with their child and enjoy music together, therefore siblings are generally not allowed to be in class, but it is at the teacher’s discretion. Unlike other programs, SMR classes are age specific, so we recommend that each child enroll in their own developmentally appropriate class to get the most from their music education!
If you are teaching these lessons in an adapted teaching situation (preschool, daycare, church, school etc.) parent involvement is up to your program, but not necessary- but don’t forget to share your musical development with your student’s parents so that music making can continue at home!
A child engaged in a Music Rhapsody program has a unique opportunity to continue their journey quite naturally into other musical avenues. Piano, orchestral, jazz, and world music are intentionally and strategically woven into the Music Rhapsody curriculum from the start. The children growing in the SMR programs will hear and interact with a variety of different types of tonalities, keys, time signatures, tempos, and styles. The integration of those pieces from the earliest stages gives your child a huge advantage in any music or dance lessons.
We know that each child is unique and that these differences are completely normal. Often the observant child will be singing all of the songs at home and doing each activity with his or her parent all the time. Little babies who may even fall asleep in class will respond to the music on the CD at home by kicking, moving or looking for the sound source.
Our expectations for parents are quite simple; that they come to class consistently and participate both in class and at home, engaging their child in whatever manner is comfortable for them. If their child prefers to stay in their lap and be held or if their child needs to constantly move, both are exactly right. The teacher will be able to suggest ways for parents to engage and interact with their child.
During the class, parents will be singing (and they can learn right along with their child if they are nervous about this), dancing, moving and having a great time with their classmates.
The most important thing is that they come and have a fun, musical experience with their child.
Students who experience a Music Rhapsody class without their parents are, of course, encouraged to continue their music making at home and outside of the classroom! It is the teacher’s job to recommend ways for families to make music together.
That is why we see a natural and cohesive transition from the Music Rhapsody early childhood music program into Simply Music’s Piano program. This progression is one that many students in Lynn’s local studio make, however you are free to use the Music Rhapsody curriculum however you choose! Each program is completely independent of the other and training and registration for each program is also separate. | <urn:uuid:a8426783-22ad-4763-8c35-97ffd4fcb666> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://musicrhapsody.com/about-lessons/frequently-asked-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170249.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00215-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954336 | 1,279 | 3.453125 | 3 |
He’d been called out to the schoolyard with his classmates for an announcement by the school’s principal. Herr Wriede announced to all of the children that the ‘beloved Fuhrer’ was there to talk to them about his new regime.
Like all of the other children in his class dressed in small brown Nazi uniforms with little swastika patches sewn onto the front, he was persuaded by the Nazi leaders charm and signed up for the Hitler Youth as soon as he could.
But, unlike all of the other children in his class, he was black.
Hans Massaquoi was the son of a German nurse and a Liberian diplomat, one of the few German-born children of German and African descent in Nazi Germany. His grandfather was the Liberian Consul in Germany, which allowed him to live among the Aryan population.
Hitler’s racial laws left a loophole, one Massaquoi was able to squeeze through. He was German-born, wasn’t Jewish, and the black population in Germany wasn’t big enough to explicitly codify in their racial laws. Therefore, he was allowed to live freely.
However, because he had escaped one form of persecution didn’t mean he was free from all of them. He wasn’t Aryan — far from it — so he never quite fit in. Even his request to join the Hitler Youth in third grade had been ultimately denied.
There were others that weren’t so lucky. After the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, during which African-American athlete Jesse Owens won four gold medals, Hitler and the rest of the Nazi party began targeting black people. Massaquoi’s father and his family had to flee the country, but Massaquoi was able to remain in Germany with his mother.
But, at times, he wished he too had fled.
He began noticing that signs would crop up, forbidding “non-Aryan” kids from playing on swings or entering parks. He noticed Jewish teachers at his school were disappearing. Then, he saw the worst of it.
On a trip to the Hamburg Zoo, he noticed an African family inside a cage, placed among the animals, being laughed at by the crowd. Someone in the crowd saw him, called him out for his skin tone and publicly shamed him for the first time in his life.
As soon as the war began, he was almost recruited by the German Army but was luckily rejected after being deemed underweight. He was then classified as an official non-Aryan, and while not persecuted to the extent of the others, he was forced to work as an apprentice and laborer.
Once again, he found himself caught in the middle. While he was never pursued by the Nazis, he was never free from racial abuse. It would be a long time before he found his place in the world again.
After the war, Massaquoi began thinking about leaving Germany. He had met a man at a labor camp, a half-Jewish jazz musician who convinced him to work as a saxophonist at a jazz club. Eventually, Massaquoi emigrated to the United States to continue his music career.
On the way, he made a stop in Liberia to see his father, whom he hadn’t seen since his paternal family fled Germany. While in Liberia he was recruited to join the Korean War by the United States, where he served as a paratrooper for the American army.
After the Korean war, he made it to the United States and studied journalism at the University of Illinois. He worked as a journalist for forty years and served as a managing editor for Ebony, the legendary African-American publication. He also published his memoirs, titled Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany, in which he described his childhood.
“All’s well that ends well,” Hans Massaquoi wrote. “I’m quite satisfied with the way my life has turned out to be. I survived to tell the piece of history I was a witness of. At the same time, I wish everyone could have a happy childhood within a fair society. And that was definitely not my case.” | <urn:uuid:0444dd4c-c867-4642-ba00-5e84a791e77e> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://all-that-is-interesting.com/hans-massaquoi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823255.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019065335-20171019085335-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.993776 | 881 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Contrast between Biological and Psychological Therapies For Alcohol Use
Alcohol use whenever used beyond recommended quantities results into alcohol abuse/alcoholism and is responsible for different disorders. Alcohol abuse is described as those drinking patterns leading to recurrent and significant adverse effects on the person’s wellbeing. This tends to affect a person’s normal way of life such as professional and family duties and responsibilities since such people cannot control their alcohol use. Regardless of the type and quantity one drinks, people with alcoholism experience difficulties in stopping this habit once they start drinking. Statistics on alcohol use is worrying globally for instance, in the United States of America, about 10% of young American adults aged between 18 and 29 years are involved in alcohol abuse (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2007). The main reasons for such high rates of alcoholism can be attributed to easily available alcohol and social and environmental factors such as peer-pressure. With this worrying health state of affair, there is need for immediate therapies for alcohol use. Although there are different therapies for alcohol use, the current essay will highlight the contrast between biological and psychological therapies for alcohol use.
The emphasis of psychological therapy to alcohol use is to provide a controlled and non-judgmental atmosphere that will enable alcohol patients to freely share various issues and problems they faces. This implies that sharing these problems and issues comprise the heart of psychological therapy to alcohol use. This therapy enables the therapist to get into the root causes of alcoholism in an individual by carefully listening the patients’ problems. For the therapy to work effectively, the root causes should be addressed prior to re-engaging the patient back to the world. To address the root causes, the therapist involves the patient in private and one-on-one interactive sessions. Through these sessions, the therapist helps the patient to understand him/herself better as well as making the patient to understand how different factors led to the current situation of alcohol use and the resultant detrimental consequences. In other words, psychological therapy aims at informing the patient on how to deal with moods, thoughts and feelings in a more positive and constructive manner without necessarily resolving to alcohol use as a management strategy to his/her feeling or thoughts. The psychological therapy further emphasizes on development of coping strategies and skills to enable the patient respond positively to day-to-day challenges and how to overcome relapse temptations. In so doing, the therapy accomplishes it purpose of making the patient more aware of their limitations and boundaries; and how they can compensate for their weakness through their personal strengths.
On the other hand, biological therapy to alcohol use serves to correct the presumed biological causes of alcohol use through a logical rationale. The rates of relapse attributed to psychological therapy are high hence the development of biological therapy to supplement psychological therapy in order to reduce relapse rates. This implies that the design of biological therapy is to reduce relapse rates through a number of mechanisms such as reducing the euphoric effects of alcohol, making alcohol use aversive and reducing craving for alcohol.
Biological approach primarily uses medications to achieve these results in an individual using alcohol. Different medications such as disulfiram have proved successful for alcohol dependence. From these two therapies for alcohol use, each strives to establish the main reason for alcohol use in a person through different approaches. For instance, psychological therapy enables the therapist to establish the root causes of alcohol use followed by empowering the patient to overcome these causes while biological therapy also works to establish and correct the suspected reasons behind alcohol use in an individual through a structured manner. Another striking difference between these approaches to alcohol use is relapse rates. Psychological therapy is associated with high relapse rates while biological therapy has limited approach as the design of the therapy uses three mechanisms of reducing the euphoric effects of alcohol, making alcohol use aversive and reducing craving for alcohol to reduce relapse rate (Wiley, 2006). As a result, there is need to supplement psychological therapy with biological therapy in order to improve its effectiveness thence reduced relapse rates.
Wiley (2006). The Abnormal Psychology, 13th Edition, Chapter 10 “Substance Use Disorders”
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, (2007). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for the general public. | <urn:uuid:671b057c-2e9f-4adf-a2f9-68333b605efb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://writemydissertation.com/contrast-between-biological-and-psychological-therapies-for-alcohol-use/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.927877 | 852 | 2.921875 | 3 |
See also Eve; Family; Parents
A sacred title referring to a woman who bears or adopts children. Mothers assist in God’s plan by providing mortal bodies for God’s spirit children.
Adam called his wife’s name Eve, because she was the mother of all living, Gen. 3:20 (Moses 4:26).
Honor thy father and thy mother, Ex. 20:12 (Eph. 6:1–3; Mosiah 13:20).
Forsake not the law of thy mother, Prov. 1:8.
A foolish man despises his mother, Prov. 15:20 (Prov. 10:1).
Do not despise your mother when she is old, Prov. 23:22.
Her children and husband rise up and call her blessed and her husband praises her, Prov. 31:28.
The mother of Jesus stood by the cross, John 19:25–27.
Two thousand Lamanite warriors had been taught by their mothers, Alma 56:47 (Alma 57:21).
Our glorious Mother Eve was among the great and mighty whom the Lord instructed in the spirit world, D&C 138:38–39. | <urn:uuid:5141cdb5-2201-459b-af95-6502260985a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.lds.org/scriptures/gs/mother?lang=eng&letter=m&country=ca | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118310.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00007-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938467 | 253 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Doctors are kept at a position compatible to god by people of this world. Huge respect is given to doctors from ancient times to till now. They are called as life savers. The degree “Doctor of Medicine” still carries huge power in our society. With this power, there comes responsibility as a doctor. Doctors have to maintain their respect. There is huge pride in this field of medicine.
Despite of all the respect, many doctors feel that they are overworked, underpaid and underappreciated but it’s really not the case. Patients trust and respect their doctors and their decisions. Patients should behave well with their doctors and should be open in front of them. I conclude this by saying that doctors are essential, so value them.
2) Secure jobTheir job is very secure as compared to other jobs. There can’t be any recession in medical sector. Thus, a doctor’s job is safe. Even those doctors, who lose a job can get a new job easily, they won’t stay out of work for long time as doctors are needed everywhere.
3) Serve for public
It’s a genuine service for the benefit of the public. You are actually saving someone’s life what else good you can do. You have your patient’s wishes with you for your whole life what else you need!!! Patients compare their doctors to god. There is nothing bigger than that, that they can achieve in their entire life. That’s why doctors always walk with pride.
4) Training for self-disciplineIs you are on the verge on becoming a doctor and you are graduating from a med college then you are definitely a disciplined person. Doctors are taught to be disciplined. The way they talk, the way they react in abnormal situations and things is far different from a normal being. They are trained to be polite and calm in difficult situations during any kind of surgery. They are also likely to be a good decision maker in life.
5) They can do things what normal people can’t doA doctor has to study each and every body parts of human beings, plants, animals, birds etc, it depends on their field. Thus, they have every right to cut open living people to conduct their study or to perform some operations or some surgery. They work with the most incredible technology which is never imaginable. Doctors can perform any operation on a dead body too in order to teach their new interns. Isn’t it cool to do these things, you will have a lifetime experience. But unluckily, only doctors can do that.
6) UnderstandingDoctors can simply ease more than just the physical pain of their patients. They can read their minds while treating them. If they find their patients’ immune to not just disease but also to fear, loneliness or anxiety, they will offer them help and guide them the way. They can address their patient’s problems easily and can relieve their patients from them by their awesome advice.
7) Lots of optionsIf you are a doctor, you have flexibility of options. You can have the MD degree or the DO degree, the basic sciences, consulting, etc. And if you are not comfortable with working for anyone else in a hospital then you can open your own clinic and can earn a better amount than working for a hospital.
8) InfluenceIt’s not an easy task to become a doctor. Doctors are smart, skilled and proficient. They have power to change the world through science. People will listen to them and will definitely take their words seriously. Thus, doctors somehow have some influence over people.
9) Can diagnose their familyNothing can be as good as having a doctor in your family. You will trust him more than any other doctor and you have him all time with you so that if you get into some trouble regarding your health, there is no need to call a doctor or run for a doctor as you already have a doctor at home. Moreover, a doctor can diagnose himself; can take the best decisions for himself and obviously, he/she trusts his/her actions.
10) Never boredDoctor’s love their job. They never get bored. They interact with people or their kids talk to them, play with them or direct them. They get to know people well and they like that. They can work virtually anywhere they want. They have much freedom. Lab coats or scrubs never go out of fashion. People dream to wear that someday. So, they are lucky to have them all the time with them. | <urn:uuid:8786f412-9a8b-47f2-bf78-9184cccffb86> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://tabibqulob.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922087.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909054555-00452-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977831 | 934 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Unenlagia is the most bird-like dinosaur found so far - it even
had arms that were designed so they could flap like a bird's wings.
However, this dinosaur was much too large to fly, but it clearly shows
how some dinosaurs were evolving to look and act like modern birds.
Some scientists think that Unenlagia is actually a young
Megaraptor, as the fossils were found in the same area. It is from the same general family that also includes
many of the dinosaurs that exhibited bird-like traits, including those
falling into the popular raptor category. It had a very pronounced
backward-pointing pubis, and it appears as though its shoulder was
designed to allow for flapping movements.
Unenlagia had a shoulder structure that allowed its short arms to move
forwards, backwards, inwards (for grasping prey), and up and down (for
a flapping motion). This flapping motion was not used for flying,
because its wing-like arms were too short to support the heavy
dinosaur. Perhaps these proto-wings were used for balancing, turning,
and a bit of lift during high-speed running. Although there is no
fossil evidence of feathers from Unenlagia, it may well have had them,
further adding lift to each upstroke of the proto-wings. It could
grasp prey with its clawed, short, wing-like forearms. This new fossil
helps show how dinosaur forearms evolved into the wings of modern-day
Unenlagia shoulder and arm design provide evidence relating to the
origins of flight. Paleontologists have debated about the origins of
flight. Did animals first leap from trees and glide, or flap and rise
from the ground? Unenlagia's bone structure supports the latter
theory, in which animals start from the ground up. On the other hand
(or proto-wing), Unenlagia might have evolved, like the ostrich, from
an earlier flying dinosaur; after all, birds had existed for over 60
million years already when Unenlagia lived.
Twenty fossilized bones from Unenlagia were unearthed in an ancient
river bed in the Patagonia region of Argentina (southern Argentina) by
Fernando Novas, of the Museum of Natural History in Buenos Aires.
Novas named the fossil Unenlagia comahuensis, meaning "half bird from
northwest Patagonia," in a combination of Latin and the language of
the local Mapuche Indians. Novas' discovery is described in the May
22, 1997, issue of Nature.
Were these animals basal birds? No, for they lived at a time when
small, highly aerodynamic birds had been in existence for several tens
of millions of years. But they probably resembled the true basal
birds, which may have been present during middle Jurassic time, 80
million years before Unenlagia was alive. | <urn:uuid:34035c00-88d2-4339-bdc7-514e7690974f> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.dinosaur-world.com/feathered_dinosaurs/unenlagia_comahuensis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824226.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00100-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9689 | 628 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Consumer requirement for fewer wires connecting their home entertainment systems is driving up the demand for wireless active speakers. In order to achieve the best audio quality from high end active speakers, adoption of alternative technologies can improve performance; in this context, digital active crossovers can be shown to make a significant contribution.
Current wireless active speakers consist of four elements in the signal path before the drive unit; receiver, DAC, amplifier and crossover. The receiver may be Bluetooth running a high performance codec. The amplifier could be a conventional analogue input class AB type to ensure a high audio quality with high a performance DAC at its input. The final element in the signal path is a passive crossover network.
Alternatively, utilising high performance Class D amplifiers, efficiency savings can make direct driving woofer and tweeter a reality. If the Class D amplifier features a digital input, the availability of DSP resources can facilitate the implementation of high performance digital crossovers which can offer substantial advantages over their passive counterparts.
Read the complete article - "Improving high-end active speaker performance using digital active crossover filters" - on EDN. | <urn:uuid:9b162bb2-b99d-40d0-af8d-043684f70197> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1280894 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447881.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00152-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859341 | 225 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You are cordially invited to the LITHPEX-POLPEX 2010 Exhibit in commemoration of:
The Battle of Žalgiris / Grunwald / Tannenberg 600th Anniversary
The Battle of Žalgiris (Grunwald) or Battle of Tannenberg was fought on July 15, 1410, during the Lithuanian-Polish-Teutonic War. The alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Jogaila (Władysław Jagiełło) and Grand Duke Vytautas (Witold), decisively defeated the Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Knights’ leadership were killed or taken prisoner. The battle shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish-Lithuanian union as the dominant political and military force in the region.
The battle was one of the largest battles in Medieval Europe and is regarded as the most important victory in the history of Poland and Lithuania.
Exhibit and Lecture Series at the Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture
|Friday, October 15|
|10 AM – 8 PM||Exhibit open to the public|
|1 – 2 PM||Introduction of the exhibit to the press|
|3 PM||Lecture (in Lithuanian) "Lietuvos totoriai: Žalgirio mūšyje ir šiandien" (Lithuanian Tartars in the Battle of Tannenberg and Today) by Lithuanian Tartars: Dr. A. Jakubauskas, journalist V. Malinauskas, historian E. Lukoševičius.|
|6:30 PM||Official exhibit opening|
|Saturday, October 16|
|10 AM – 6 PM||Exhibit open to the public|
|11 AM||Lecture (in English)"Sun Tsu Machiavelli, Clausewitz, and Aquinas: Philosophies of War and the Battle of Grunwald" by Dr. Robertas Vitas (USA)|
|1 – 2 PM||Lecture (in Lithuanian) "Lietuvos 250 metų gynybinis karas su Kryžiuočių Ordinų ir Žalgirio mūšis, kovos su totorių Aukso Orda kontekste" (The History of 250 Years of Lithuanian Defense Wars Against the Teutonic Order and the Battle of Tannenberg in the Background of the Wars with the Tartar Gold Horde by Dr. Romas Batūra (Lithuania)|
|3 – 4 PM||Lecture (in English) "Grunwald/Žalgiris Today" by Dr. William Urban (USA)|
|4:30 – 5:30 PM||Impressions from the Festivities of the 600th Anniversary of the Battle of Tannenberg" by Jonas Vainius (USA|
|6:30 PM||Dinner and Award Presentation (Reservations: 847-244-4943)|
|Sunday, October 17|
|10 AM – 4 PM||Exhibit open to the public|
|12 NOON||Viewing of a documentary film is planned|
|4 PM||Exhibit closing|
Location: Balzekas Museum 6500 S. Pulaski Rd., Chicago, IL 60629
This program is made possible in part by Grants from the Illinois Arts Council, Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs, the ECPC. | <urn:uuid:0f6eeb23-dea4-4603-b097-1694ee1ce95f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://lithuanianphilately.com/news/lithpex-polpex-2010/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210387.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815235729-20180816015729-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.851597 | 768 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Prolonged exposure to overly loud noise or brief exposure to an extremely loud noise may damage the inner ear, resulting in hearing loss – and the loss may be permanent.
Noise-induced hearing loss can affect people of any age and, it is estimated that it affects about 15 percent of Americans.
The factors which affect the likelihood of loud sounds causing noise-induced hearing loss are:
The louder the sound, the shorter the amount of time it takes to damage hearing. Any sound above 85dB can cause hearing loss after approximately eight hours of continuous exposure. However, if the noise level is 100dB, your hearing could be damaged in as little as 15 minutes. Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale: 105 decibels is 100 times more intense than 85 decibels.
Read more: This is how loud a typical day is
According to the National Institutes of Health, just one minute of exposure to noises between 110-140 decibels can result in permanent hearing loss. So, which sounds could damage your hearing without you realizing?
Many mobile devices can reach 105 decibels. Fortunately, many MP3 players, cell phone, and tablets do have volume limiting controls, which enable the user to set the maximum volume to a safe level.
Sounds get louder the closer you are to the source. If you are at a concert or music festival, the nearer you are to the speakers, the greater the risk of damaging your hearing. Musicians are particularly at risk of noise-induced hearing loss and should wear ear protection whilst rehearsing and performing.
If you are using equipment such as chainsaws and nail guns – or you are in close proximity to someone using these devices, you should be aware that they can reach 110-140dB.
A recent study published in Canadian Audiologist, showed that the noise generated by bursting balloons, at its highest level, was comparable to a high-powered shotgun going off next to someone’s ear. Researchers measured the noise effects by bursting balloons three different ways: popping them with a pin, blowing them up until they ruptured and crushing them until they burst.
“It’s amazing how loud the balloons are,” says researcher and hearing expert Dylan Scott, according to the study. “Nobody would let their child shoot something that loud without hearing protection, but balloons don’t cross people’s minds.”
“It’s amazing how loud the balloons are”
The loudest bang was made by the ruptured balloon at almost 168 decibels, four decibels louder than a 12-gauge shotgun, which means that even one exposure could be considered potentially unsafe to hearing for both children and adults.
Petrol mowers and leaf-blowers, in particular, can be very noisy devices, reaching 85-100dB.
If you’ve been exposed to loud noises and you’re thinking, “is my hearing damaged?” it’s important to see a hearing care professional as soon as possible. Find a hearing care professional near you. | <urn:uuid:0ec1bca8-ff66-4e18-901c-f7ddc616c43c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.hearinglikeme.com/5-loud-noises-that-could-damage-your-hearing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521041.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518021247-20220518051247-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.953502 | 651 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Describe the models of society laid out by Althusius and Hobbes. We are living in the shadow of a once great empire that built its foundation upon the words, "that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit … Continue reading Althusius vs Hobbes | Protecting the Rights “endowed by our Creator”
A Life Full of Living Books
English: Lesson 180 My plan to put my knowledge of literature to productive lifetime use. Books have been a huge staple in my education. Before finding the Ron Paul Curriculum, my parents homeschooled me with the Charlotte Mason method. One of her mottos is, “Education is an Atmosphere, a Discipline, a Life." Books and good … Continue reading A Life Full of Living Books
The Study of Books and Movies
English: Lesson 175 Studying American literature: print vs. movies. The Ron Paul Curriculum American Literature English course has been divided up into two parts; classic books, and second, classic movies. Most English courses that I have taken before the RPC had me read a total of 4 books and a couple of news articles to … Continue reading The Study of Books and Movies
How can you create the sound, costumes, sets, and landscapes on a page?
English: Lesson 140 Is it easier for skilled authors to manipulate movie viewers or book readers? Good writers will never be out of work. If you can write effectively, you can think effectively, and thinking leads to the creation of good books, articles, speeches, and movies. Movies have taken off like wildfire in the last … Continue reading How can you create the sound, costumes, sets, and landscapes on a page?
Philip Dru: The Novel with no Plot and a Dictator
English: Lesson 120 Is this novel a defense of liberty? The book, Philip Dru: Administrator, A Story of Tomorrow, written by Edward M. House, seems to only have been written to describe what he would do if he was in power. House was the advisor to President Wilson from 1912 to 1919, and Wilson read the … Continue reading Philip Dru: The Novel with no Plot and a Dictator
A Reason Not to Vote for the Tax Amendment of 1912
English: Lesson 115 Would I have voted for the income tax amendment in 1912, based on the arguments in Philip Dru: Administrator, A Story of Tomorrow? Edward M. House wrote Philip Dru: Administrator, A Story of Tomorrow in 1912. The book was meant to be fiction, but from what we know of House now, the main character … Continue reading A Reason Not to Vote for the Tax Amendment of 1912
The Gift of O. Henry
English: Lesson 110 O. Henry, London, Bierce. Which of the three authors would you prefer to read on your own time? I remember reading O. Henry's short story, The Gift of the Magi (1905) when I was little during Christmas. I had got a book from the library and the first picture was of a beautiful woman … Continue reading The Gift of O. Henry
Why read Mark Twain?
English: Lesson 105 Would you read more of Mark Twain's writings even if they were not assigned in a course? Why or why not? Mark Twain is one of those authors that everyone has heard of, whether or not they have read his work or not. But what makes Mark Twain different from the rest … Continue reading Why read Mark Twain?
The Brutal & Hilarious Critique Written by Mark Twain
English: Lesson 85 How fair was Twain's critique of Cooper's literary style? "A work of art? It has no invention; it has no order, system, sequence, or result; it has no lifelikeness, no thrill, no stir, no seeming of reality; its characters are confusedly drawn, and by their acts and words they prove that they … Continue reading The Brutal & Hilarious Critique Written by Mark Twain
A Hagiography of George Washington | by Mason Weems
English: Lesson 75 "A History of the Life and Death, Virtues and Exploits of General George Washington" by Mason Weems How believable was the book? Mason Weems was a bookseller and a writer, and like any good businessman, he saw a golden opportunity to write a book that the whole of America would read and … Continue reading A Hagiography of George Washington | by Mason Weems | <urn:uuid:eb870449-0baf-4dd5-8566-180fd791a979> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://louisaneudorf.wordpress.com/tag/books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.955773 | 940 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Table of Contents
- 1 What does it mean to write a procedure in science?
- 2 What is a procedure in a science lab?
- 3 How do you write a procedure?
- 4 What are examples of procedures?
- 5 What is a procedure and give example?
- 6 What are examples of procedure?
- 7 What is a procedure in science term?
- 8 What is an example of a science experiment?
What does it mean to write a procedure in science?
The procedure is a clear description of how the experiment will be carried out.
What is a procedure in a science lab?
Experimental Procedure: A step-by-step description of the experiment including the chemicals, equipment, and/or methods used. Complete sentences must be used for the description. DO NOT simply copy the procedure from a lab manual or a handout.
What is an experimental procedure example?
For example, if your question asks whether fertilizer makes a plant grow bigger, then the experimental group consists of all trials in which the plants receive fertilizer. In many experiments it is important to perform a trial with the independent variable at a special setting for comparison with the other trials.
What procedure mean?
1a : a particular way of accomplishing something or of acting. b : a step in a procedure. 2a : a series of steps followed in a regular definite order legal procedure a surgical procedure. b : a set of instructions for a computer that has a name by which it can be called into action.
How do you write a procedure?
Here are some good rules to follow:
- Write actions out in the order in which they happen.
- Avoid too many words.
- Use the active voice.
- Use lists and bullets.
- Don’t be too brief, or you may give up clarity.
- Explain your assumptions, and make sure your assumptions are valid.
- Use jargon and slang carefully.
What are examples of procedures?
Procedures offer steps or instructions for how to complete a project or task in the office….Steps for sending check-in emails to clients:
- Find the email address of the client you’re checking in with.
- Determine which services we provided for the client.
- Open a draft for a new email from your company email account.
What is procedure and example?
The definition of procedure is order of the steps to be taken to make something happen, or how something is done. An example of a procedure is cracking eggs into a bowl and beating them before scrambling them in a pan. noun. 72.
What is a procedure in research?
A scientific procedure means a procedure through which a given task related to the research and reaching the research aim is successively implemented. A scientific procedure is based on certain methodology. At the same time, a scientific procedure means implementation of research methods.
What is a procedure and give example?
The definition of procedure is order of the steps to be taken to make something happen, or how something is done. An example of a procedure is cracking eggs into a bowl and beating them before scrambling them in a pan.
What are examples of procedure?
What is a example of procedure?
Definition and Example. Procedures offer steps or instructions for how to complete a project or task in the office. Your company might use a specific procedure for actions like sending files to clients or conducting office fire drills.
What does procedure mean in a science project?
The Procedure. The procedure is the plan for how you will conduct your experiment. Here are some things to think about: An experiment can only have one variable. That is, you can change only one condition in each experiment. For example, with the seed experiment, the variable is the temperature at which the seeds are kept before you plant them.
What is a procedure in science term?
A procedure is a step by step set of instructions which are to be followed to correctly produce some desired result – this could be instructions on how to repeat the experiment and gain the measurements, or it could be instruction on how to set up and calibrate equipment, or 101 other things which require clear instructions.
What is an example of a science experiment?
A scientist perfoms an experiment. noun. The definition of an experiment is a test or the act of trying out a new course of action. An example of an experiment is when scientists give rats a new medicine and see how they react to learn about the medicine.
What is experiment procedures?
In the scientific method, an experiment is an empirical procedure that arbitrates competing models or hypotheses. Researchers also use experimentation to test existing theories or new hypotheses to support or disprove them. | <urn:uuid:8368a991-e7fc-4266-8e97-3613c162d8d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://sage-advices.com/what-does-it-mean-to-write-a-procedure-in-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711074.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206060908-20221206090908-00640.warc.gz | en | 0.916617 | 968 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The European Commission proposes to encourage alternative fuels for transport
The Commission adopted last month two proposals of new Directives so as to foster the use of alternative fuels, which should reach in 2020 a minimum level of 15% of all fuels sold in the EU.
The European Union is indeed committed to an 8% reduction of its greenhouse gases emissions by 2010 and the promotion of alternative fuels in the field of transport is a key measure to meet this ambitious objective.
The strategy of the Commission consists in promoting biofuels in the short term, natural gas in the medium term, and hydrogen and fuel cells in the long term. Each of these fuels could represent at least 5% of the total transport consumption within 2020.
Concerning biofuels (i.e. fuels derived from agricultural resources, like ethanol), the Commission proposes to:
establish a minimum level of consumption (starting at 2% in 2005 and reaching 5,75% in 2010)
enable Member States to reduce excise duties by up to 50% on biofuels used for transport
except for public transport and taxis which could benefit from a total exemption of taxes on biofuels.
Updated : December, 2001 | <urn:uuid:8832905a-a23b-4c61-a295-4ed87e75c098> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.emta.com/spip.php?article251 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.936257 | 238 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The American victory at the Battle of Lake Champlain, sometimes called the Battle of Plattsburg, on 11 September 1814 was the most decisive naval victory of the War of 1812.
In September 1814 11,000 British and Canadian troops under Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost invaded New York State. Prevost’s men were a mixture of veteran units recently arrived from the Peninsular War, British soldiers already in Canada and Canadians. His intention was to march along the western bank of Lake Champlain. The lakeside town of Plattsburg was defended by fewer than 2,000 effectives under Brigadier-General Alexander Macomb.
The British plan required naval control of Lake Champlain. Both sides strengthened their squadrons in August, with the brig USS Eagle being launched on 16 August and the frigate HMS Confiance nine days later.
The following table shows that the British had two ships more than the Americans, with a greater total tonnage and more sailors, although the British ships may have carried fewer men than their official complements. The total broadsides fired by the two squadrons were very similar, but the British had a significant advantage at long range. Confiance was much bigger than any other vessel on either side, so the advantage would swing towards the Americans if they could put her out of action.
|6 American gunboats totalling||420||246||252||144||108|
|4 American gunboats totalling||160||104||48||48|
|14 American vessels totalling||2244||882||1194||490||714|
|5 British gunboats totalling||350||205||254||108||146|
|7 British gunboats totalling||280||182||182||54||128|
|16 British ships totalling||2402||937||1192||660||532|
|Source: T. Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812. 2 vols. (New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900-2), vol. Ii, pp. 117-20. The original gives the broadside of the 5 larger British gunboats as being 12 tons from long guns and 72 from short guns. This is presumably a typo, being both improbably low and the same as HMS Finch in the row above. The correct figure has been calculated from Roosevelt’s totals.|
Lake Champlain is long and narrow with the wind normally blowing either north or south and a northward current.
Master Commandant [equivalent to a modern Commander] Thomas Macdonough, the American naval commander, anchored his ships in a line in Plattsburg Bay, which meant that the British would have to engage at short range, negating their advantage at long range. The northern end of his line was so close to Cumberland Head that the British could not turn it. A shoal prevented the British from attacking his southern flank.
The order of the American line from the north was the USS Eagle, flanked by two gunboats on each side, Macdonough’s flagship the USS Saratoga, three gunboats, the USS Ticonderoga, three gunboats and finally the USS Preble. The anchors of the four largest American ships had springs attached to them, enabling them to swing in wide arcs whilst remaining anchored. The USS Saratoga, had kedge anchors off her bows, which would allow her to turn round. The positioning of the gunboats prevented the British from attacking the American line from both side, as Lord Nelson had done to the French at the Nile.
Captain George Downie’s British squadron sailed at daybreak and sailed down the lake with the wind almost aft. HMS Chubb and Linnet engaged the Eagle, Downie’s flagship HMS Confiance the USS Saratoga and HMS Finch and the gunboats the rear of the American line.
Downie held HMS Confiance’s fire until everything was ready, with the result that her first broadside was devastating. Half of the USS Saratoga’s crew were thrown off their feet, although many of them were not seriously hurt. However, the American ship replied and Downie was soon killed. Both ships had many guns put out of action, some by enemy fire, others because their inexperienced crews overloaded them.
HMS Chubb was badly damaged by the USS Eagle and the leading American gunboats, drifted away and was captured. HMS Linnet concentrated on the USS Eagle, which was also receiving some of HMS Confiance’s fire. Damage to one of the USS Eagle’s springs meant that she could no longer fire on HMS Linnet, so she cut her other cable, sailed south and anchored in a position where she could fire on HMS Confiance. HMS Linnet then fired on the American gunboats and drove them off, before raking the USS Saratoga’s bows.
Theodore Roosevelt notes that the American would now have lost the battle ‘had not Macdonough’s foresight provided the means of retrieving it.’ He ordered the anchor astern of the USS Saratoga to be let go and had her hauled round far enough to allow her undamaged port batteries to come into action.
HMS Confiance had been anchored by springs on her unengaged starboard side. These could not be shot away as had those of the USS Eagle, but did not allow her to turn in order to bring her unengaged batteries into action. With over half her crew casualties, most of the guns on her engaged side out of action and her masts and sails badly damaged, she was forced to strike her colours about two hours after she opened fire.
HMS Linnet could not withdraw because of the damage to her masts and sails, but kept on fighting in the hope that the British gunboats would come to her aid. They did not, and she was forced strike her colours about two and a half hours after the battle began. HMS Finch had already been crippled by the USS Ticonderoga and forced aground. The British gunboats withdrew, possibly taking a shot accidentally fired from HMS Confiance by the Americans after her capture, as a signal to do so.
Roosevelt estimates that over 300 British and about 200 Americans were killed and wounded in the battle. Macdonough reported 52 killed and 58 wounded, but this excludes about 90 lightly wounded who did not have to go to hospital. The Americans took 180 dead and wounded from HMS Confiance, 50 from HMS Linnet and 40 from4 HMS Chubb and Finch. There were 55 shot holes in the USS Saratoga and 105 in HMS Confiance. Macdonough allowed the captured British officers to keep their swords because of the gallant fight that they had put up.
Lake Champlain was the United States Navy’s greatest victory of the War of 1812. The frigate actions were all won by the stronger side. Macdonough was faced by a squadron that was much stronger than his at long range and roughly equal at short range. He placed his squadron in such a way as to force the British to fight at short range and to give him an advantage. Roosevelt describes him as ‘the greatest figure in [US} naval history’ before the American Civil War.’
Alfred Mahan blames Prevost for the British defeat, arguing that he should have taken Plattsburg before the naval action. The American shore batteries of the fortress could not fire on the British squadron without risking hitting the American one. However, if there had been British guns on the shore Macdonough’s position would have been untenable. He would have had to have moved his squadron further out into the lake, where the British superiority in long range gunnery ought to have proved decisive.
Prevost, however, thought that a joint attack on land and water had to be made. His orders to Downie, according to Mahan, ‘used language indefensible to itself, tending to goad a sensitive man into action contrary to his better judgement.’ The land attack was called off once it became clear that the British had lost the naval action.
The result of the Battle of Lake Champlain was that the British invasion of the USA was halted. because it was impossible to advance on land without control of the lake. Peace negotiations had started in Ghent the month before, and the British would have been able to obtain better terms had they held a significant amount of US territory.
T. Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 2 vols. (New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900-2). vol. ii, pp. 113-14.
Ibid., pp. 137-38.
Ibid., pp. 140-41. and footnote 2,
Ibid., p. 143.
A. T. Mahan, Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812, 2 vols. (London: Samson Low, Marston, 1905). vol. ii, p. 201.
Ibid., p. 201. | <urn:uuid:b4609b87-7f95-46df-b976-4604c76a93e6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://warandsecurity.com/tag/uss-saratoga/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361723.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228175250-20210228205250-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.971918 | 1,882 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Chilblains are a painful abnormal reaction of the small blood vessels in the skin when exposed to cold temperatures. An episode of chilblains usually clears up within seven to 14 days. The cause of chilblains isn't known. But blood tests in some people with chilblains may reveal abnormal proteins that tend to sludge in cold temperatures. Chilblains usually occur on the smaller toes. However, it can occur on the fingers, face and the nose. Chilblains are itchy and/or tender red or purple bumps that occur as a reaction to cold. Chilblains are common. It is thought that about 1 in 10 people in the UK get chilblains at some stage in their life. The condition is also known as pernio and is a localised form of vasculitis. Tight shoes can also contribute by irritating and pressing on the skin of the toes, especially the little toe. They tend to occur on the 'extremities' that more easily become cold. That is, the toes, fingers, nose, and earlobes. Chilblains does not usually cause permanent injury, but can result in severe damage if left untreated. Some patients have reported a sensitivity to cold in the affected area, long after the condition has healed. A chilblain can chap, crack, or ulcerate; and then is known as a kibe.
Damage to the tissues from the effects of the cold result in chilblains and this condition is quite similar to frostbite in this respect. It is seen most often in young people who have Raynaud's syndrome and people who are exposed to damp, cold weather. Chilblains are not very common in countries where the cold is more extreme as the air is drier. The living conditions and clothing used in these climates are protective. Chilblains are more likely to develop in those with poor peripheral circulation i.e. blue-red mottled skin on the limbs. Chilblains are painful but they cause little or no permanent impairment. The speed (rate) of temperature change may play a part. Some people get chilblains if they warm up cold skin too quickly. For example, with a hot water bottle or by sitting very close to a fire. Not everyone exposed to cold and damp conditions will develop chilblains, which leads some researchers to believe that those who do are overly sensitive to changes in weather and temperature. A chilblain may also occur on a pressure bearing area such as a bunion. They can be prevented by keeping the feet and hands warm in cold weather.
Causes of Chilblains
The comman causes of Chilblains include the following:
- Chilblains are usually caused by an abnormal reaction of the body to the cold.
- If the skin is chilled and then followed by too rapid warming such as a gas fire, a chilblain may develop.
- Chilblains are more common in those that are just more susceptible to them - the reasons for this are not entirely clear.
- Poor nutrition.
- Hormonal changes and some connective tissue and bone marrow disorders.
- Young adults who work outdoors or in cold conditions, such as butchers, are also at risk.
- People who have poor circulation, an inadequate diet, or an allergic response to low temperatures are vulerable to chilblains.
- Other contributing factors include dietary, hormonal imbalance and people who suffer from anemia.
Symptoms of Chilblains
Some sign and symptoms related to Chilblains are as follows:
- Chilblains appear as small itchy, red areas on the skin.
- In some cases the skin over a chilblain may blister which may delay healing.
- Possible secondary infection.
- Finger skin inflammation.
- The chilblain may become ulcerated and infected.
- Chilblains become increasingly painful as they get congested and take on a dark blue appearance.
- A burning sensation on the skin.
- Ulceration, in severe cases.
- Toe skin inflammation.
- The affected area is swollen.
- Sometimes the skin breaks down to leave a small ulcer which is prone to infection.
Treatment of Chilblains
Here is list of the methods for treating Chilblains:
- A potent topical steroid applied accurately for a few days may relieve itch and swelling.
- Avoid scratching.
- Calamine lotion.
- Medication is sometimes used to prevent chilblains in people who have recurring chilblains.
- A drug called nifedipine can dilate (open wide) the small blood vessels and may help to prevent chilblains.
- Corticosteroid creams to relieve itching and swelling.
- Topical steroid creams can help.
- Lanolin or similar, rubbed into the feet, will help retain body heat.
- Treating broken skin on chilblain with topical antibiotic cream.
- The best treatment is to avoid having the chilblain problem in the first place by - wearing proper protection against the cold. | <urn:uuid:833fab57-ad76-48b0-869e-be95e9463331> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://health-disease.org/skin-disorders/chilblains.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189088.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00152-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950439 | 1,085 | 3.8125 | 4 |
What has a polar bear got to do with me? Why respecting and saving the environment is justice issue which affects us all
This booklet contributes to the increasing body of literature, documentaries and popular texts which call for the development of a heightened consciousness about the ecological crisis and the devastating destruction of the Earth and all its life forms.
Cataclysmic disasters are becoming common testimonies of the ecological crisis and the relentless adherence to political and economic systems that are geared towards an unsustainable future and the extinction of life. These systems that are concerned with endless growth, extractivism, consumerism and technological innovation propel us into deepening ecological crises and a hastening of the annihilation of the world’s interlocking ecosystems.
OrganisationCentre for Integrated Post-School Education and Training (CIPSET) Nelson Mandela University (NMU)
AuthorBritt Baatjes 2019
TypeTeaching and learning material | <urn:uuid:91f4d091-b5a0-4549-9b08-bd9dab2f6b68> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.mojaafrica.net/en/resource/what-has-a-polar-bear-got-to-do-with-me-why-respecting-and-saving-the-environment-is-justice-issue-which-affects-us-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.894637 | 181 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Suppose-Rudyard Kipling The inspiring poem 'If' by Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) originally published in his collection 'Rewards and Fairies' in 1909. "If" is an uplifting, motivating poem that also serves as a list of principles for "grown-up" life. It begins with the line: "If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs..."
Kipling was an Anglo-Indian writer who spent most of his life in India. His works include novels, poems, stories, and essays on various subjects such as imperialism, religion, and education. He is best known for his writings which express his views on these topics.
In addition to "If", Kipling wrote other well-known poems including "Mandalay" and "The Way Through the Woods". He also authored several books including two memoirs, two novels, and two collections of short stories.
Kipling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1930. He was born in Bombay into a family with strong literary connections; his father was a British civil servant who later became an Indian judge while his mother came from an old Indian family. He grew up in India and England and learned both the English and Hindi languages.
Kipling married twice but had no children with his first wife and was divorced from his second wife after only six months.
Regarding Rudyard Kipling's poem "If": The poem "If" by Rudyard Kipling, an India-born British Nobel laureate poet, is a poetry of ultimate inspiration that advises us how to deal with many situations in life. The poet expresses his thoughts on how to win this life and, ultimately, how to be a good human being. This beautiful poem has inspired many people around the world.
If you understand the lesson of this poem, you will never be defeated. No matter what happens, you can still keep going. With enough determination, you can win even if things look bleak at times. As the poet says: "Failures are only losers who haven't tried yet."
Kipling was an Anglo-Indian writer who lived from 1865-1936. He was born into a wealthy family in Lahore, Punjab (now Pakistan). His father was Major Charles William Wilson Kipling, who worked for the Indian Civil Service. When Rudyard was only nine years old, his father was appointed as Secretary to the Government of India, which required the family to move to Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal). There they stayed for five years while his father worked on his project.
When he was 14 years old, Rudyard went to St. Thomas' School in London. Two years later, he went back to India to live with his parents.
Kipling penned the poem "If" to impart knowledge. The poem illustrates the son, who is recognized in the poem's final line. The speaker is giving his son lessons to help him grow into a man. Through this poem, we can see that Rudyard Kipling believed that words were powerful and could influence people.
Kipling wrote many other poems during his lifetime, some of which still are read today. His works include stories for children, novels, and poems. He has been called the "Poet-Saint" because he was a great writer and also performed several good deeds during his life. One example is that he donated all of his money to establish two hospitals in British India: one in Mombasa and another in Lahore.
Some have said that Rudyard Kipling was inspired by his son John to write these poems. They both had very similar names so maybe that is why some people think they wrote the poems together. Either way, Rudyard Kipling spent most of his life in India so he should know more about what happens there. So if you want to hear first-hand accounts from someone who lived there, then Kipling is a good source to use.
The Poem's Subject IF: The poem IF's overarching topic is effective virtuous living based on principles like as honesty, correct behavior, and self-development. The poem talks to each and every reader about what it means to be a full man and how he navigates life's ups and downs. It also demonstrates that true happiness cannot be found in material possessions or through one-time achievements but rather it must be earned through one's actions.
Kipling uses poetic language to accentuate different ideas within the text. For example, he uses alliteration (the repetition of letters or sounds within a word) to highlight important words such as if, now, then, hence, thus, so, well. This technique can be seen in the first line of the poem where the letter 'I' is repeated three times within a short space of time: 'If you can look into the heart of man... If you can remember when you were nothing... If you can learn without learning from others... If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you...'. All of these statements are related to effective virtuous living and their corresponding lines contain alliteration.
Kipling also uses metaphor to convey complex ideas in simple terms. For example, he compares human beings to ships by saying "As men ship out to sea,/ They leave their homes behind;/ Their loved ones miss them,/ And pray they will return. | <urn:uuid:2c647591-a5bc-4ec8-adde-a5139b9d5828> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://authorscast.com/when-did-rudyard-kipling-wrote-the-poem-if | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711376.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209011720-20221209041720-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.990022 | 1,103 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Dental health care, or dental treatment, is very important. Appropriate teeth’s health care can avert many serious circumstances like teeth corrosion and chewing gum disorder. Suitable dental health attention is also vital that you sustain overall fitness. Listed below are six to eight strategies to deal with enamel and oral treatment:
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a Brush enamel two tmes a day. Correct dental hygiene is the procedure of retaining someone’s mouth new and no cost from contamination along with dental problems by consistently brushing your teeth and in addition cleanup within the gumline between enamel. This will stop microbes accumulate which ends up in teeth cavities and terrible breath. It is actually equally important that suitable dentistry is accomplished each day allowing prevention of tooth pain and foul breath together with having healthy and balanced pearly whites.
e Visit a dental office frequently. A dentist is often a skilled who functions dental hygiene and analyze dental issues. Dental care pros conduct a variety of duties, which include taking away corroded or shattered pearly white’s, cleaning of basic, climbing and enamel planing. A trip to a dental professional not simply is an unique with basic information regarding dental health and dental care but will also lets a dental professional to analyze your overall health. Every time a individual goes to a dentist in my ballet shoes, it’s quite common for him or her to be scanned many different situations including your allergies, nasal attacks and blood vessels strain. Using this method makes it possible for dental practitioners to discover challenges in the beginning in order to give preventive care, which results in overall fitness added benefits.
o Cleanings. Schedule dentistry incorporates cleaning the tooth right after food to eradicate left over meal particles which can result in oral rot away. Twice yearly, a dentist will perform an extensive cleansing consisting of removing back plate accumulate and tartar. To ensure that exceptional wellness, it is recommended that the mouth be cleansed a minimum of 12 months. The regularity of cleanings depends on the average person and their health.
e Dental Insurance Plan. Waiting around time amongst dental care cures is an important issue that establishes the strength of a dental system. Dental coverage provides a minimum patiently waiting period of one or two several years. Depending on the oral services available from your tooth professional, this holding out time period are vastly different collected from one of remedy to another. Some dental care blueprints require holding out period of time among 1-3 a long time. It is best to ask your dental care service concerning their particular therapy waiting around time.
to Regular Treatments. Dental treatment therapy is more effective when performed often. For your tooth brush to become as successful as you possibly can, you’ll want to fresh teeth occasions, use fluoride and stick to good using dental floss and scrubbing procedures. Your dental practitioner should be able to will give you regular tooth regime that is correct for you.
o Precautionary Dentistry. You might like to commit on protective tooth in order to avoid any major dental problems from transpiring. A great teeth’s health routine entails taking care of both outside and inside of your mouth. You can aquire systems for example products which includes fluoride to counteract oral cavaties. Additionally you can view your dental office routinely for exams and preventive dental treatment.
i Dentures. As soon as your teeth do not need adequate home for your lasting pearly whites, you can aquire veneers which will help you to conserve a correct laugh while not having to have important dental function. You must visit your dentist professionist to get your artificial teeth equipped to help you to have suitable place when wearing them. This runs specifically true for people with hole-toothed huge smiles.
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Good suggestions linked to the issues on this page, you can like: | <urn:uuid:cac92487-c501-4360-b532-3e28bc06e95f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://nationalcargobird.com/how-for-top-level-dentistry-without-any-waiting-around-period-of-time-for-key-dental-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103915196.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630213820-20220701003820-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.944896 | 829 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It’s been a hot few weeks here in London. Above-ground, things have been made worse by the heat island effect: all the reflective hard surfaces and heat from cars and air conditioners, which mean that temperatures in the city centre can be up to 10C warmer than in the countryside.
Things have been pretty steamy underground, too. This heat-themed blog takes a look at London’s subterranean heat, and what we can do with it. I love the idea that the city’s excess heat is just another form of waste that can be recycled to benefit Londoners from Islington residents to bathers in Brockwell lido.
London's giant underground oven
I was interested to read this article in Wired about the revolting heat of the Central Line, which hit 35.5C last summer. As this heat map shows, it’s consistently hotter than all other underground lines. The reason has to do with the tunnels being too small to let the heat from trains and people escape. Instead it’s locked into the surrounding clay, which has warmed up over the years and is now between 20C to 25C.
Homes to be heated by the Northen Line
One of the problems with the Central Line is that there are no ventillation shafts. Not so, the Northern Line. One of the shafts is on the City Road, and releases 18-28C air. In an ingenious piece of engineering this heat will soon be captured by heat pumps, upgraded to 80C, and used to heat hundreds of Islington homes.
Buried rivers could heat palaces & pools
I was tickled by this recent report from 10:10 Climate Action suggesting that heat from London’s buried rivers (which also now serve as sewers) could heat and cool the capital’s buildings. They propose that with heat pump technology Buckingham Palace could be heated by the River Tyburn, Stamford Brook could heat Hammersmith Town Hall and the River Effra could keep Brockwell Lido at 25C year-round. | <urn:uuid:ef24f027-9302-4d18-827a-6a8006def40b> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://dotmakertours.co.uk/rubbish/londons-underground-heat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317037.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822084513-20190822110513-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.96305 | 427 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Whole family support
The Department for Education funded Carers Trust between 2010 and 2012 to build a collection of practice examples to support those who commission or develop services think about how to deliver creative and effective services locally.
Examples of whole family working
Whole family support for at risk families and young carers
The Think Family Project delivers sustained, intensive work with targeted young carers and their families over a period of around 12 months. The work is personalised to each family and addresses the needs of young carers as well as the wider needs of the family through parenting and relationship work, family activities and advocacy.
A one-stop holistic service for young carers and their families experiencing multiple challenges
Tailored, multi-agency support to the families of young carers experieincing multiple challenges and who are most at risk of harmful or excessive caring.
Using a whole family assessment
A whole family assessment is initially carried out in order to embed a whole family approach to supporting families. The results of this assessment then inform an intervention plan that is developed and agreed upon by the family.
Coordinated meetings to help families write their own care plans
Barnardo’s in Bolton coordinates meetings Family Group Conferences which aim to bring together everyone who is involved with a young carer, enabling the family to decide what support they need and to make plans that reduce the young person’s caring role.
Out of hours support family work
The Out of Hours project aims to provide a holistic package of support for young carers and their families at times that suit them, which may be outside the existing 9–5 service. Young carers and their families are offered one-to-one support, signposting, advocacy and fun activities for the whole family.
Support programme for parents of young carers
The Triple P System is an evidence-based parenting programme founded on over 30 years of clinical and empirical research. Winchester and District Young Carers uses the model to work with the parents of young carers in order to create improvements in their family lives.
Whole family involvement in young carer crisis plans
Using a child-friendly booklet designed with and for young carers, called "Safe, Sorted and Supported," the project encourages young carers and their families to plan ahead in case of crisis or emergencies.
Mental health problems or addiction
Below are some examples of targeted whole family approaches for families where mental health problems or addiction is present.
- A range of family support for young carers of substance misusing adults
The project supports families affected by substance misuse by providing one-to-one support to young carers and parents and a range of group activities for both adults and children.
- Whole family support for young carers affected by parental mental ill health
The partnership improves systems and practice within inpatient mental health services and community mental health teams. The project encourages mental health professionals to enquire about patients’ children and family situations and improves information sharing between all the professionals who work with these families. The project also ensures that no child or young person takes on the majority of care for an adult once they are discharged from mental health services.
- Family Rooms for young carers visiting relatives using inpatient mental health services
Family Rooms provide a safe, comfortable and homely environment for children, young people and their families when they visit a family member staying in a specialist mental health, learning disability or substance misuse service. | <urn:uuid:a50d504f-6b5f-4e9b-8363-a03fa49f419c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://professionals.carers.org/whole-family-approach-practice-examples | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540547165.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212205036-20191212233036-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.952497 | 703 | 2.515625 | 3 |
5. The Development of Auto-ID Technologies
As I have shown in the Literature Review (ch. 2), a thorough assessment of auto-ID indicates that there are a large number of techniques and devices available. While studying each of these auto-ID technologies in-depth is beyond the scope of this investigation, the more prominent ones will be examined using a qualitative case study methodology. In this chapter the story behind the development of individual auto-ID technology will be explored. First to highlight the importance of incremental innovation within auto-ID; second to show the growth of the auto-ID selection environment as being more than just bar code and magnetic-stripe technology; third to point to the notion of technological trajectory as applied to auto-ID; fourth to highlight the occurrence of creative symbiosis taking place between various auto-ID devices; and fifth to establish a setting in which results in the forthcoming chapters can be interpreted. The high-level drivers that led to each invention will also be presented here as a way to understand innovation in the auto-ID industry.
5.1. Bar Codes
5.1.1. Revolution at the Check-out Counter
Of all the auto-ID technologies in the global market today, bar code is the most widely used. Ames (1990, p. G-1) defines the bar code as:
an automatic identification technology that encodes information into an array of adjacent varying width parallel rectangular bars and spaces.
The technology’s popularity can be attributed to its application in retail, specifically in the identification and tracking of consumer goods. Before the bar code, only manual identification techniques existed. Handwritten labels or carbon-copied paper were attached or stuck to ‘things’ needing identification. In 1932 the first study on the automation of supermarket checkout counters was conducted by Wallace Flint. Subsequently in 1934 a patent was filed presenting bar code-type concepts (Palmer 1995, p. 11) by Kermode and his colleagues. The patent described the use of four parallel lines as a means to identify different objects. Yet it was not until the mid-1950s when digital computers began to be used more widely for information storage, that the introduction of automated identification and data collection techniques became feasible. In 1959 a group of railroad research and development (R&D) managers (including GTE Applied Research Lab representatives) met in Boston to solve some of the rail industry’s freight problems. By 1962 Sylvania (along with GTE) had designed a system which was implemented in 1967 using colour bar code technology (Collins & Whipple 1994, p. 8). In 1968, concentrated efforts began to develop a standard for supermarket point-of-sale which culminated in the RCA developing a bull’s eye symbol to be operated in the Kroger store in Cincinnati in 1972 (Palmer 1995, p. 12). Until then, bar codes in retail were only used for order picking at distribution centres (Collins & Whipple 1994, p. 10). But it was not the bull’s eye bar code that would dominate but the Universal Product Code (UPC) standard. The first UPC bar code to cross the scanner was on a packet of Wrigley’s chewing gum at Marsh’s supermarket in Ohio in June 1974 (Brown 1997, p. 5). Within two years the vast majority of retail items in the United States carried a UPC.
Bar code technology increased in popularity throughout the 1980s as computing power and memory became more affordable, and consumer acceptance increased. An explosion of useful applications was realised. Via the retail industry alone, the bar code had permeated a global population in just a short period of time. The changes in the check-out process did not go unnoticed. It changed the way consumers bought goods, the way employees worked and how businesses functioned. In terms of bar code developments, the 1990s have been characterised by an attempt to evolve standards and encourage uniformity. This has been particularly important in the area of supply chain management (SCM). For a history of bar code see table 5.1 on the following page.
Table 5.1 Timeline of the History of Auto-ID
Year | Event
1642 | Pascal’s numbering machine
1800 | Infrared radiation
1801 | Ultraviolet radiation
1803 | Accumulator
1833 | Babbage’s proposed analytical engine
1850 | Faraday’s Thermistor had many of the elements needed for auto-ID
1859 | Hollerith’s tabulating machine used punched cards for data input and was used to enter data for the 1890 US census
1890 | P. G. Nipkow invented sequential scanning, whereby an image was analysed line by line
1932 | Wallace Flint’s thesis on auto identification for supermarkets using punched cards
1934 | Frequency standards
1939 | Digital computers with card and switch input
1943 | ENIAC computer using punched card input
1946 | CRT input from pulses on the face of the CRT
1947 | Quality amplifier circuits
1948 | Information theory
1949 | Patent applied for by Norm Woodland for a circular bar code
1960 | Light-emitting diodes
960 | Improved photo-conductive detectors
1961 | Bar codes on rail cars, invented by F. H. Stites
1968 | Two-of-five (2-of-5) code by Jerry Wolfe
1970 | Charged coupled devices
1970 | Modern industrial applications of bar code
1972 | Codabar
1972 | Interleaved 2 of 5 invented by David Allais
1972 | First major multi-facility installation, at General Motors in which engines and axles were bar coded with Interleaved 2 of 5. Initial installations by David Collins and Computer Identics, the first significant continuing company to be into bar codes 100% followed by Al Wurz and AccuSort
1973 | U.P.C adopted
1974 | Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, the first store using U.P.C. bar codes regularly
1974 | Code 39, the first practical alphanumeric bar code invented by David Allais and Ray Stevens of INTERMEC Corporation
1977 | EAN-adopted Codabar selected by the American Blood Commission
1979 | General Motors developed identification and traceability program for automobile parts using Code 39 and Interleaved 2 of 5 auto-discriminantly
1981-1982 | Code 93 and Code 128 introduced
1982 | British Army develops bar code system for military items. U.S. Department of Defence LOGMARS program for replacement of parts using Code 39
1984 | US Health Industry bar code standard using Code 39
1987 | Code 49 and Code 16, high-density, stacked codes developed
This table has been compiled using numerous sources, but primarily LaMoreaux (1998, pp. 52-53). It is not meant to be exhaustive but it does highlight the major bar code related developments.
5.1.2. The Importance of Symbologies
When examining the technical features of the bar code it is important to understand symbologies, also known as configurations. There are many different types of symbologies that can be used to implement bar codes, each with its distinct characteristics. New symbologies are still being introduced today. As Cohen (1994, p. 55) explains a symbology is a language with its own rules and syntax that can be translated into ASCII code. Common to all symbologies is that the bar code is made up of a series of dark and light contiguous bars (Collins & Whipple 1994, pp. 20-24). When the bar code is read (by a device called a scanner), light is illuminated onto the bars. This pattern of black and white spaces is then reflected (like an OFF/ON series) and decoded using an algorithm. This special pattern equates to an identification number but can be implemented using any specification. For instance, the major linear bar code symbologies include: Interleaved 2 of 5, Code 39 (also known as code 3-of-9), EAN 13, U.P.C. 8 and Code 128. Major two-dimensional symbologies, known also as area symbologies, include Data Matrix, MaxiCode, and PDF417. The 2D bar code configuration has increased the physical data limitations of the linear configurations. End-users are now able to store larger quantities of information on bar codes with many company-defined fields. Contrarily, linear bar codes should never extend to more than 20 characters as they become difficult to read by scanners. Other linear and 2D bar code symbologies include: Plessey Code, Matrix 2 of 5, Nixdorf Code, Delta Distance A, Codabar, Codablock, Code 1, Code 16K, Code 11, Code 39, Code 49, Code 93, Code 128, MSI Code, USD-5, Vericode, ArrayTag, Dotcode.
Of the significant incremental innovations to bar code technology has been bar coding small sized objects and the reading of different symbologies using a single hardware device. In 1996 the UCC and EAN recognised the need for a symbology that could be applied to small-sized products such as microchips and health care products. The UCC and EAN Symbol Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) identified a solution that was able to incorporate the benefits of both linear and 2D bar codes. The symbol class is called Composite Symbology (CS), and the family of bar codes is called Reduced Space Symbology (RSS). It has been heralded as the new generation of bar codes because it allows for the co-existence of symbologies already in use (Moore & Albright 1998, pp. 24-25). The biggest technical breakthrough (conceived prior to the 1990s) was autodiscrimination. This is the ability for a bar code system to read more than one symbology by automatically detecting which symbology has been used and converting the data to a relevant locally-used symbology using look-up tables. This not only allows the use of several different types of symbologies by different companies but has enormous implications for users trading their goods across geographic markets.
5.1.3. Bar Code Limitations
A technical drawback of the bar code itself is that it cannot be updated. Once a bar code is printed, it is the identifier for life. In many applications this is not presented as a problem, however it does make updating the database where data is stored a logistical nightmare. Unlike other auto-ID technologies that can be reprogrammed, a bar code database once set up is difficult to change; it is easier (in some instances) to re-label products. It should also be noted that labels print quality can decline with age, depending on the quality of the material used for the label, the number of times the label has been scanned, environmental conditions and packaging material. “[I]t is possible (especially with marginal quality bar codes) for the bar code read today… not to be read by the same reader tomorrow” (Cohen 1994, p. 93). Verification, also known as quality assurance, is required during the production process to ensure that bar codes are made without defects. Problems that can be encountered include: undersized quiet zones, underburn/overburn, voids, ribbon wrinkling, short or long bar codes, transparent or translucent backgrounds, missing information which is human-readable, symbol size or font is incorrect, spread or overlays, location on packaging, roughness and spots. For this purpose, quality analysis should be seen as compulsory.
5.2. Magnetic-Stripe Cards
Almost simultaneously that the retail industry underwent revolutionary changes with the introduction of bar code, the financial industry adopted magnetic-stripe card technology. What is of interest is that both bar code and magnetic-stripe card enjoyed limited exposure when they were first introduced in the late 1960s. It took about a decade for the technologies to become widespread. Each overcame a variety of obstacles. Coupled together, the two techniques were major innovations that affected the way that consumers carried out their day-to-day tasks. The technologies went hand in hand, on the one side were the actual commodities consumers purchased and on the other was the means with which to purchase them (see exhibit 5.1 on the following page). Yet, the bar code differed from magnetic-stripe card in that it was more a service-enabler offered by retailers to consumers, in addition to being effective in business back-end operations. The magnetic-stripe card however, had a more direct and personal impact on the cardholder, as it was the individual’s responsibility to maintain it. The consumer had to carry it, use it appropriately, and was liable for it in every way.
5.2.1. The Virtual Banking Revolution (24x7)
Plain card issuing became popular in the 1920s when some United States retailers and petrol companies began to offer credit services to their customers. McCrindle (1990, p. 15) outlines the major developments that led to the first magnetic-stripe being added to embossed cards in 1969.
By the 1920s the idea of a credit card was gaining popularity... These were made of cardboard and engraved to provide some security... The 1930s saw the introduction of some embossed metal and plastic cards... Embossed cards could be used to imprint information on to a sales voucher... Diners Club introduced its charge card in 1950 while the first American Express cards date from the end of the 1950s.
Magnetic-stripe cards made their debut more than a decade after computer technology was introduced into the banking system in the 1950s. Until that time computers were mainly used for automating formerly manual calculations and financial processes rather than offering value-added benefits to bank customers (Essinger 1999, p. 66). One of the first mass mail-outs of cards to the public was by credit card pioneer, Chuck Russell who launched the Pittsburgh National Charge Plan. Out of the one hundred thousand cards that were sent to households about fifty per cent of them were returned, primarily because consumers did not know what to do with them or how to use them. Cash remained the preferred method of payment for some time.
Historically, embossed cards had made an impact on the market, particularly on the financial services industry. Financial transaction cards (FTC) were widespread by the late 1970s and large firms that had invested heavily in embossed-character imprinting devices needed time to make technological adjustments (Bright 1988, p. 13). Jerome Svigals (1987, p. 28f) explained the integration of the embossed card and the new magnetic-stripe as something that just had to happen:
It would take a number of years before an adequate population of magnetic-stripe readers became available and were put into use. Hence, providing both the embossing and stripe features was a transition technique. It allowed issued cards to be used in embossing devices while the magnetic-stripe devices built up their numbers.
Today magnetic-stripe cards are the most widely used card technology in the world (Kaplan 1996, p. 68), and they still have embossed characters on them for the cardholder’s name, card expiry date, and account or credit number. This is just one of many examples showing how historical events have influenced future innovations. As Svigals (1987, p. 29) noted fifteen years ago, it is not clear when or even if, embossing will eventually be phased out. Hence, his prediction that the smart card would start its life as “...a carrier of both embossed and striped media.” These recombinations are in themselves new innovations even though they are considered interim solutions at the time of their introduction; they are a by-product of a given transition period that continues for a time longer than expected. Perhaps here also can be found the reason why so many magnetic-stripe cards still carry bar codes also. Essinger (1999, p. 80) describes this phenomenon by describing technology as being in a constant state of change. No sooner has a major new innovation been introduced than yet another incremental change causes a more powerful, functional, and flexible innovation to be born. Essinger uses the example of the magnetic-stripe card and subsequent smart card developments, cautioning however, that one should not commit the “cardinal sin of being carried away by the excitement of new technology and not stopping to pause to ask whether there is a market for it.” He writes (1999, p. 80) “what matters is not the inherent sophistication of technology but the usefulness it offers to customers and, in extension, the commercial advantage it provides”.
5.2.2. Encoding the Magnetic-strip
The magnetic stripe technology had its beginnings during World War II (Svigals 1987, p. 170). Magnetic-stripe cards are composed of a core material such as paper, polyester or PVC. Typically, plastic card printers use either thermal transfer or dye sublimation technology. The process as outlined on a manufacturer’s web page is quite basic:
...you simply insert the ribbon and fill the card feeder. From there, the cards are pulled from the card feeder to the print head with rollers. When using a 5 panel colour ribbon the card will pass under the print head and back up for another pass 5 times. When all the printing is complete, the card is then ejected and falls into the card hopper.
Finally, the magnetic-strip (similar to that of conventional audio tapes) is applied to the card and a small film of laminated patches is overlaid. The strip itself is divided laterally into three tracks, each track designed for differing functions (see table 5.2 on the following page). Track 1 developed by IATA, is used for transactions where a database requires to be accessed such as an airline reservation. Track 2, developed by the ABA contains account or identification number(s). This track is commonly used for access control applications and is written to before the card is despatched to the cardholder so that every time it is presented it is first interrogated by the card reading device. As Bright (1988, p. 14) explains:
...[t]he contents, including the cardholder’s account number, are transferred directly to the card issuer’s computer centre for identification and verification purposes. This on-line process enables the centre to confirm or deny the terminal’s response to the presenter...
Finally, Track 3 is used for applications that require data to be updated with each transaction. It was introduced some time after Tracks 1 and 2. It contains an encoded version of the personal identity number (PIN) that is private to each individual card. The cardholder must key in the PIN at a terminal that is then compared with the PIN verification value (PVV) to verify a correct match.
Table 5.2 Magnetic-strip Track Description
Track Number | Description
Track 1 (read only)
210 bits/inch; 79 characters (alpha/numeric)
Used mainly by airline developers (IATA)
First field for account number (up to 19 digits)
Second field for name (up to 26 alphanumerics)
Track 2 (read only)
75 bits/inch; 40 digits (numeric only)
Developed by American Bankers Association on-line
First field for account number (up to 19 digits)
Track 3 (read/write)
210 bits/inch; 107 digits (numeric only)
Higher density achieved by later technology
Rewritten each use. Suitable for off-line
Uses PIN verification value (encoded)
* This table has been compiled using Bright (1988, p. 14).
Each magnetic-stripe card is magnetically encoded with a unique identification number. This unique number is represented in binary on the strip. This is known as biphase encodation. When the strip is queried, the 1s and 0s are sent to the controller in their native format and converted for visual display only into decimal digits. When magnetic-stripe cards are manufactured they do not have any specific polarity. Data is encoded by creating a sequence of polarised vertical positions along the stripe. Mercury Security Corporation explains this process in detail. When choosing a magnetic-stripe card for an application the following issues should be taken into consideration. First, should the magnetic-stripe be loco or hico. Hico stripes can typically withstand 10 times the magnetic field strength of loco stripes. Most stripes today are hico so that they are not damaged by heat or exposure to sunlight and by other magnets. Second, which track should the application use to encode data, track one, two or three. One should be guided by ANSI/ISO standards here that recommend particular applications to particular tracks. Other considerations include whether the card requires lamination, to be embossed or watermarked and whether the card will follow ISO card dimensions? The cost of the card chosen should also be considered as it can vary significantly (see table 5.3).
Table 5.3 Magnetic Stripe Card Types
Type | Feature | Typical Cost
7 mm paper | Cheap | 1 cent
10 mm PET | Durable | 8 cents
30 mm PVC | Emboss | 25 cents
PET laminate | Versatile | 50 cents
PVC D2T2 | Graphics | 75 cents
* This table is based on 1999 price estimates.
5.2.3. Magnetic-stripe Drawbacks
The durability of magnetic-stripe cards often comes into question. “Magnetic stripes can be damaged by exposure to foreign magnetic fields, from electric currents or magnetised objects, even a bunch of keys” (Cohen 1994, p. 27). This is one reason why so many operators have expiry dates on cards they issue. According to Svigals (1987, p. 185), “[m]agnetic stripes have been tested and are generally specified to a two-year product life by the card technology standards working groups.” Another drawback is that once a magnetic-stripe has been damaged, data recovery is impossible (Cohen 1994, p. 29). Another way that a magnetic-stripe card can be worn out is if it has been read too many times by a reader. Svigals (1987, p. 36) is more explicit in describing the limitations of magnetic-stripe by writing that “[m]ost knowledgeable tape experts readily admit that the magnetic stripe content is: readable, alterable, modifiable, replaceable, refreshable, skimmable, counterfeitable, erasable, simulatable.” The magnetic-stripe has rewrite capability and data capacity ranges from 49-300 characters. The latter is clearly a handicap when a chosen application(s) requires the addition of new data or features. While linear bar codes are even more limited as has been explained above, magnetic-stripe may still not be suitable for a particular solution. Another issue that requires some attention is security. As Bright explains (1998, p. 15):
[t]he primary problem may be described with one word ‘passivity’; lacking any above board intelligence, the magnetic stripe card must rely on an external source to conduct the positive checking/authentication of the card and its holder. This exposes the system to attack. The scale of the problem exacerbated by the relative ease of obtaining a suitable device with which to read and amend the data stored in the stripe.
There are however, numerous innovators that continue to believe that magnetic-stripe technology still has a future and they are researching means to make the technology more secure. For example, “ValuGard from Rand McNally relies on imperfections and irregularities of standard magnetic stripes... XSec from XTec employs the natural jitter of the encoded data to produce a security signature of the card... Watermark Magnetics from Thorn EMI involves modifications in the structure of the magnetic medium” (Jose & Oton 1994, p. 21f).
5.3. Smart Cards
5.3.1. The Evolution of the Chip-in-a-Card
The history of the smart card begins as far back as 1968. By that time magnetic-stripe cards while not widespread, had been introduced into the market. Momentum from these developments, together with advancements in microchip technology made the smart card a logical progression. Two German inventors, Jürgen Dethloff and Helmut Grötrupp applied for a patent to incorporate an integrated circuit into an ID card (Rankl & Effing 1997, p. 3). This was followed by a similar patent application by Japanese academic, Professor Kunitaka Arimura in 1970. Arimura was interested in incorporating “one or more integrated circuit chips for the generation of distinguishing signals” in a plastic card (Zoreda & Oton 1994, p. 36). His patent focused on how to embed the actual micro circuitry (Lindley 1997, p. 13). In 1971 Ted Hoff from the Intel Corporation also succeeded in assembling a computer on a tiny piece of silicon (Allen & Kutler 1997, p. 2). McCrindle (1990, p. 9) made the observation that the evolution of the smart card was made possible through two parallel product developments- the microchip and the magnetic-stripe card- that merged into one product in the 1970s. However, it was not until 1974 that previous chip card discoveries were consolidated. Roland Moreno’s smart card patents and vision of an electronic bank manager triggered important advancements, particularly in France. In that year, Moreno successfully demonstrated his electronic payment product by simulating a transaction using an integrated circuit (IC) card. What followed for Moreno, and his company Innovatron, was a batch of patents among which was a stored-value application mounted on a ring which connected to an electronic device. Other subsequent important chip card patents can be seen in table 5.4.
Table 5.4 Significant Chip Card Patents After 1974
Innovator | Year | Country | Patent Description
Moreno | 1975 | France | Covering PIN and PIN comparator within chip. Patent assigned to Innovatron.
Ugon | 1978 | France | Covering automatic programming of microprocessor.
Billings | 1987 | France | Covering flexible inductor for contactless smart cards, AT&T.
LeRoux | 1989 | France | Covering a system of payment on information transfer by money card with an electronic memory. Assigned to Gemplus.
Hennige | 1989 | Germany | Covering method and device for simplifying the use of a plurality of credit cards, or the like.
Lawlor | 1993 | USA | Covering method and system for remote delivery of retail banking services.
* This table has been compiled using Kaplan (1996, p. 228).
By the late 1970s the idea of a chip-in-a-card had made a big enough impression that large telecommunications firms were committing research funds towards the development of IC cards. In 1978 Siemens built a memory card around its SIKART chip which could function as an identification and transaction card (see exhibit 5.2 on the following page). Despite early opposition to the new product it did not take long for other big players to make significant contributions to its development. In 1979 Motorola supplied Bull with a microprocessor and memory chip for the CP8 card. In July of that year Bull CP8’s two-chip card was publicly demonstrated in New York at American Express. French banks were convinced that the chip card was the way of the future and called a bid for tender by the seven top manufacturers at the time: CII-HB, Dassault, Flonic-Schlumberger, IBM, Philips, Transac and Thomson. Ten French banks with the support of the Posts Ministry created the Memory Card Group in order to launch a new payment system in France. Such was the publicity generated by the group that more banks began to join in 1981, afraid they would be left behind as the new technology was trialled in Blois, Caen and Lyon. Additionally, the US government awarded a tender to Philips to supply them with IC identification cards. By 1983 smart cards were being trialled in the health sector to store vaccination records and to grant building access to hemodialysis patients.
It was during this period in the early 1980s that the French recognised the potential of smart cards in the provision of telephony services. The first card payphones were installed by Flonic Schlumberger for France Telecom and were called Telecarte. By 1984 Norway had launched Telebank, Italy the Tellcard, and Germany the Eurocheque. A number of friendly alliances began between the large manufacturers who realised they could not achieve their goals in isolation. Bull and Philips signed agreements with Motorola and Thomson respectively. Meanwhile, MasterCard International and Visa International made their own plans for launching experimental applications in the United States. In 1986 Visa published the results of its collaborative trials with the Bank of America, the Royal Bank of Canada and the French CB group. The “...study show[ed] that the memory card [could] increase security and lower the costs of transactions” (Cardshow 1996, p. 1). Visa quickly decided that the General Instrument Corporation Microelectronics Division would manufacture their smart cards. The two super smart card prototypes were supplied by Smart Card International and named Ulticard (see exhibit 5.2 above). In 1987 MasterCard decided to spend more time reviewing the card’s potential and continued to conduct market research activities. Issues to do with chip card standardisation between North America and Europe became increasingly important as more widespread diffusion occurred.
Today it can be said that a microprocessor explosion has occurred. “Smart cards are part of the new interest in ‘wearable’ computing. That’s computing power so cheap and small it’s always with you” (Cook 1997, p. xi). The progress toward the idea of ubiquitous computing is quite difficult to fathom when one considers that the credit-card sized smart card possesses more computing power than the 1945 ENIAC computer which:
“...weighed 30 tonnes, covered 1500 square feet of floor space, used over 17000 vacuum tubes... 70000 resistors, 10000 capacitors, 1500 relays, and 6000 manual switches, consumed 174000 W of power, and cost about $500000” (Martin 1995, p. 3f).
Today’s smart card user is capable of carrying a ‘mental giant’ in the palm of their hand. Smart cards can be used as payment vehicles, access keys, information managers, marketing tools and customised delivery systems (Allen & Kutler 1997, pp. 10-11). Many large multinational companies have supported smart card technology because the benefits are manifold over other technologies. It was projected that by the year 2000, an estimated volume of smart-card related transactions would exceed twenty billion annually (Kaplan 1996, p. 10). Michael Ugon, a founding father of smart card, said in 1989 that the small piece of plastic with an embedded chip was destined to “...invade our everyday life in the coming years, carrying vast economical stakes” (Ugon 1989, p. 4). McCrindle (1990, p. ii) likewise commented that the smart card “...ha[d] all the qualities to become one of the biggest commercial products in quantity terms this decade”. And the French in 1997 were still steadily pursuing their dream of a smart city, “...a vision made real by cards that [could] replace cash and hold personal information (Amdur 1997, p. 3). Currently, while there is a movement by the market to espouse smart card technology, numerous countries and companies continue to use magnetic-stripe cards.
5.3.2. Memory and Microprocessor Cards
As Lindley (1997, p. 15f) points out there is generally a lack of agreement on how to define smart card. This can probably be attributed to the differences not only in functionality but also in the price of various types of smart cards. According to Rankl and Effing (1997, pp. 12-14) smart cards can be divided into two groups: memory cards and microprocessor cards (contact/contactless). As described by Allen and Kutler (1997, p. 4) memory cards are:
...primarily information storage cards that contain stored value which the user can “spend” in a pay phone, retail, vending, or related transaction.
Memory cards are less flexible than microprocessor cards because they possess simpler security logic. Additionally only basic coding can be carried out on the more advanced memory cards. However, what makes them particularly attractive is their low cost per unit to manufacture, hence their widespread use in pre-paid telephone and health insurance cards. The other type of smart card, the microprocessor card is defined by the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and the International Electronic Commission (IEC), as any card that contains a semiconductor chip and conforms to ISO standards (Hegenbarth 1990, p. 3). The microprocessor actually contains a central processing unit (CPU) which
...stores and secures information and makes decisions, as required by the card issuer’s specific application needs. Because intelligent cards offer a read/write capability, new information can be added and processed (Allen & Kutler 1997, p. 4).
The CPU is surrounded by four additional functional blocks: read only memory (ROM), electrical erasable programmable ROM (known as EEPROM), random access memory (RAM) and the input/output (I/O) port. The Smart Card Forum Committee (1997, p. 237) outlines that the card is:
...capable of performing calculations, processing data, executing encryption algorithms, and managing data files. It is really a small computer that requires all aspects of software development. It comes with a Card Operating System (COS) and various card vendors offer Application Programming Interface (API) tools.
One further variation to note is that microprocessor cards can be contact, contactless (passive or active) or a combination of both. Thus users carrying contactless cards need not insert their card in a reader device but simply carry them in their purse or pocket. While the contactless card is not as established as the contact card it has revolutionised the way users carry out their transactions and perceive the technology. For an exhaustive discussion on different types of smart cards from ROM to FRAM to EEPROM see Rankl and Effing (1997, pp. 40-60).
5.3.3. Standards and Security
Smart card dimensions are typically 85.6 mm by 54 mm. The standard format ‘ID-1’ stipulated in ISO 7810 was first created in 1985 for magnetic-stripe cards. As smart cards became more popular, ISO made allowances for the microchip to be included in the standard. Smaller smart cards have been designed for special applications such as GSM handsets; these are ID-000 format known as the ‘plug-in’ card and ID-00 known as the ‘mini-card’ (Rankl & Effing 1997, p. 21). In contact smart cards, a power supply requires to have physical contact for data transfer. The tiny gold-plated 6-8 contacts are defined in ISO 7816-2. As a rule, if a contact smart card contains a magnetic-stripe, the contacts and the stripe must never appear on the same size. Each contact plays an important role. Two of the eight contacts have been reserved (C4 and C8) for future functions but the rest serve purposes such as supply voltage (C1), reset (C2), clock (C3), mass (C5), external voltage for programming (C6), and I/O (C7). Contactless smart cards on the other hand work on the same technical principles that animal transponder implants do. For simple solutions the card only needs to be read so that transmission can be carried out by frequency modulation for instance.
Several different types of materials are used to produce smart cards. The first well-known material (also used for magnetic-stripe cards) is PVC (polyvinyl chloride). PVC smart cards however, were noticeably non-resistant to extreme temperature changes, so ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrol) material has been used for smart cards for some time. PVC cards have been known to melt in climates that reach consistent temperature of 30 degrees celsius. For instance, when the ERP system was launched in Singapore in 1998 a lot of people complained that melting smart cards had destroyed their card readers. Among the group who reported the most complaints to local newspapers were taxi drivers, who were driving for long periods of time. Similarly card errors often occur to mobile handsets that have been left in high temperatures. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PC (polycarbonate) are other materials also used in the production of smart cards. The two most common techniques for mounting a chip on the plastic foil is the TAB technique (tape automated bonding) and the wire bond technique. The former is a more expensive technique but is considered to have a stronger chip connection and a flatter finish; the latter is more economical because it uses similar processes to that of the semiconductor industry for packaging strips but is thicker in appearance. New processes have recently been developed to allow a card to be manufactured in a single process. Rankl and Effing (1997, p. 40) explain, “[a] printed foil, the chip module and a label are inserted automatically into a form, and injected in one go”.
Just like in magnetic-stripe technology, the most common method of user identification in smart cards is the PIN. The PIN is usually four digits in length (even though ISO 9564-1 recommends up to twelve characters), and is compared with the reference number in the card. The result of the comparison is then sent to the terminal which triggers a transaction- accept or reject. Additional to the PIN is a password which is stored in a file on the card and is transparently verified by the terminal. While the magnetic-stripe card relies solely on the PIN, smart card security is implemented at numerous hierarchical levels (Ferrari et al. 1998, pp. 11f). There are technical options for chip hardware (passive and active protective mechanisms), and software and application-specific protective mechanisms. With all these types of protection against a breach of security, logical and physical attacks are almost impossible (Rankl & Effing 1997, pp. 261-272). The encryption in smart cards is so much more sophisticated than that of the magnetic-stripe. Crypto-algorithms can be built into smart cards that ensure both secrecy of information and authenticity. External security features that can be added to the card include: signature strip, embossing, watermarks, holograms, biometrics, microscript, multiple laser image (MLI) and lasergravure. While the smart card is a secure auto-ID technology it has been argued that the device is still susceptible to damage, loss and theft. This has led to biometrics being stored on the smart card for additional security purposes (see exhibit 5.3 on the following page).
5.4.1. Leaving Your Mark
Biometrics is not only considered a more secure way to identify an individual but also a more convenient technique whereby the individual does not necessarily have to carry an additional device, such as a card. As defined by the Association for Biometrics (AFB) a biometric is “...a measurable, unique physical characteristic or personal trait to recognise the identity, or verify the claimed identity, of an enrollee.” The technique is not a recent discovery. There is evidence to suggest that fingerprinting was used by the ancient Assyrians and Chinese at least since 7000 to 6000 BC (O’Gorman 1999, p. 44). The practice of using fingerprints in place of signatures for legal contracts is hundreds of years old (Shen & Khanna, 1997 p. 1364). See table 5.5 on the following page for a history of fingerprint developments. It was as early as 1901 that Scotland Yard introduced the Galton-Henry system of fingerprint classification (Halici et al. 1999, p. 4; Fuller et al. 1995, p. 14). Since that time fingerprints have traditionally been used in law enforcement. As early as 1960, the FBI Home Office in the UK and the Paris Police Department began auto-ID fingerprint studies (Halici et al. 1999, p. 5). Until then limitations in computing power and storage had prevented automated biometric checking systems from reaching their potential. Yet it was not until the late 1980s when personal computers and optical scanners became more affordable that automated biometric checking had an opportunity to establish itself as an alternative to smart card or magnetic-stripe auto-ID technology.
Table 5.5 History of Fingerprint Identification
Year | Name | Achievement
1684 | N. Grew | Published a paper reporting the systematic study on the ridge, furrow, and pore structure in fingerprints, which is believed to be the first scientific paper on fingerprints.
1788 | Mayer | A detailed description of the anatomical formations of fingerprints... in which a number of fingerprint ridge characteristics were identified.
1809 | T. Bewick | Began to use his fingerprint as his trademark, which is believed to be one of the most important contributions in the early scientific study of finger identification.
1823 | Purkinje | Proposed the first fingerprint classification scheme.
1880 | H. Fauld | First scientifically suggested the individuality and uniqueness of fingerprints.
1880 | Herschel | Asserted that he had practiced fingerprint identification for about 20 years.
1888 | Sir F. Galton | Conducted an extensive study of fingerprints. He introduced the minutiae features for single fingerprint classification.
1899 | E. Henry | Established the famous ‘Henry System’ of fingerprint classification, an elaborate method of indexing fingerprints very much tuned to facilitating the human experts performing (manual) fingerprint identification.
1920s | Law Enforcement | Fingerprint identification formally accepted as a valid personal-identification method by law-enforcement agencies and a standard routine in forensics.
1960s | FBI UK & Paris Police | Invested a large amount of effort in developing AFIS.
* This table has been compiled using Jain et al. (1997, pp. 1367-1368).
According to Parks (1990, p. 99), the personal traits that can be used for identification include: “facial features, full face and profile, fingerprints, palmprints, footprints, hand geometry, ear (pinna) shape, retinal blood vessels, striation of the iris, surface blood vessels (e.g., in the wrist), electrocardiac waveforms.” Keeping in mind that the above list is not exhaustive, it is impressive to consider that a human being or animal can be uniquely identified in so many different ways. Unique identification, as Zoreda and Oton (1994, p. 165) point out, is only a matter of measuring a permanent biological trait whose variability exceeds the population size where it will be applied. As a rule however, human physiological or behavioural characteristics must satisfy the following requirements as outlined by Jain et al. (1997, pp. 1365f):
1) universality, which means that every person should have the characteristic;
2) uniqueness, which indicates that no two persons should be the same in terms of the characteristic;
3) permanence, which means that the characteristic should be invariant with time; and
4) collectability, which indicates that the characteristic can be measured quantitatively.
Currently nine biometric techniques are being used or under investigation in mainstream applications. These include face, fingerprint, hand geometry, hand vein, iris, retinal pattern, signature, voice print, and facial thermograms. Most of these major techniques satisfy the following practical requirements (Jain et al. 1997, p. 1366):
1) performance, which refers to the achievable identification accuracy, the resource requirements to achieve acceptable identification accuracy, and the working or environmental factors that affect the identification accuracy;
2) acceptability, which indicates to what extent people are willing to accept the biometric system; and
3) circumvention, which refers to how easy it is to fool the system of fraudulent techniques.
5.4.2. Biometric Diversity
Since there are several popular biometric identification devices (see exhibit 5.4), some space must be dedicated to each. While some devices are further developed than others, there is not one single device that fits all applications. “Rather, some biometric
Exhibit 5.4 Biometric Device Suite: Fingerprint, Hand, Iris and Facial Recognition
techniques may be more suitable for certain environments, depending on among other factors, the desired security level and the number of users... [and] the required amount of memory needed to store the biometric data” (Zoreda & Oton 1994, p. 167f). Dr J. Campbell, a National Security Agency (NSA) researcher and chairman of the Biometrics Consortium agrees that no one biometric technology has emerged as the perfect technique suitable for all applications (McManus 1996). See table 5.6 for a comparison of biometric technologies based on different criteria.
Table 5.6 Biometric Comparison Chart
The brief technical description offered below for each major biometric system only takes into consideration the basic manner in which the biometric transaction and verification works, i.e., what criteria are used to recognise the individual which eventuates in the acceptance or rejection of an enrolee. For each technique verification is dependent upon the person’s biological or behavioural characteristic being previously stored as a reference value. This value takes the form of a template, a data set representing the biometric measurement of an enrolee, which is used to compare against stored samples. In summary, fingerprint systems work with the Galton-defined features and ridge information; hand geometry works with measurements of the distances associated between fingers and joints; iris systems work with the orientation of patterns of the eye; and voice recognition uses voice patterns (IEEE 1997, p. 1343). See table 5.7 for a brief description of various biometric techniques.
Table 5.7 Biometric Techniques and Criteria Used for Verification
Biometric | Description of criteria used to identify an enrolee against a previously stored value
“[U]sed for both the classification and subsequent matching of fingerprints. Classification is based upon a number of fingerprint characteristics or unique pattern types, which include arches, loops and whorls. A match or positive identification is made when a given number of corresponding features are identified... The analysis stages include: feature extraction, classification, matching” (Cohen 1994, p. 228).
“[I]ndividual hands have unique features such as finger lengths, skin web opacity and radius of curvature of fingertips. Systems have been produced which measure hand geometries by scanning with photo-electric devices. The hand is positioned on a faceplate and a capacitive switch senses the presence of the hand and initiates scanning. The measurements are then compared to… stored data” (McCrindle 1990, p. 101).
“Signature verification is a typical example of so-called behavioural features (i.e., biometric data not based on anatomical features). Devices for signature recording range from bar code scanners to digitising pads. Signatures are usually analysed as prints... the input systems instead detect motion, relative trajectories, speed, and/or acceleration of the penlike device given to the user. The precise algorithm used by each manufacturer is generally kept secret” (Zoreda & Oton 1994, p. 170).
“Retina scan is being used for both access control and for identifying and releasing felons from custody. Retina identification is based on a medical finding in 1935 that no two persons have the same pattern of blood vessels in their retinas. The retina scan device was developed by an ophthalmologist and is used to capture the unique pattern of blood vessels in a person’s eye. The data are converted to an algorithm and then stored in a computer or in a scanner’s memory… For identity verification, an individual would enter a PIN and place his or her eye over the lens in proper alignment for scanning. The reading is compared with the eye signature stored with the PIN in the system. If there is a match the individual is identified” (Steiner 1995, p. 14).
“Bell Laboratories began work on speaker verification about 1970... The Bell approach operates in the time domain, based on extraction of ‘contours’ from the speech signal. These contours correspond to the time function of: (1) patch period (2) gain (intensity)... A sentence long utterance is used which is sampled at 10kHz rate... Reference utterances collected at enrolment are combined after time registration (using intensity contour and dynamic programming methods) and are length standardised. Each contour is reduced to 20 equispaced samples for storage as a sequence of 80 means and variances after time registration and length standardisation” (Parks 1990, p. 122).
“Facial recognition is an attempt to make computers mimic human capabilities. Special computation techniques like neural networks are being investigated… current results, however, are far from those of the human brain, since the systems usually lack tolerances in position, lighting, and orientation of the face” (Zoreda & Oton 1994, p. 170f).
18.104.22.168. Fingerprint Recognition
If one inspects the epidermis layer of the fingertips closely, one can see that it is made up of ridge and valley structures forming a unique geometric pattern. The ridge endings are given a special name called minutiae. Identifying an individual using the relative position of minutiae and the number of ridges between minutiae is the traditional algorithm used to compare pattern matches (Jain, L. C. et al. 1999). The alternative to the traditional approach is using correlation matching (O’Gorman 1999, pp. 53-54) or the pores of the hand, though the latter is still a relatively new method. Pores have the characteristic of having a higher density on the finger than the minutiae which may increase even more the accuracy of identifying an individual. The four main components of an automatic fingerprint authentication system are “acquisition, representation (template), feature extraction, and matching” (Jain et al. 1997, p. 1369). To enrol a user types in a PIN and then places their finger on a glass to be scanned by a charge-coupled device (CCD) (see an example in exhibit 5.5 on the previous page). The image is then digitised, analysed and compressed into a storable size. In 1994, Miller (p. 26) stated that the mathematical characterisation of the fingerprint did not exceed one kilobyte of storage space; and that the enrolment process took about thirty seconds and verification took about one second. Today these figures have been significantly reduced.
22.214.171.124. Hand Recognition
Hand recognition differs from fingerprint recognition as a three dimensional shape is being captured, including the “[f]inger length, width, thickness, curvatures and relative location of these features…” (Zunkel 1999, p. 89). The scanner capturing the images is not concerned with fingerprints or other surface details but rather comparing geometries by gathering data about the shape of the hand, both from the top and side perspectives. The measurements taken are then converted to a template for future comparison. A set of matrices helps to identify plausible correlations between different parts of the hand. The hand geometric pattern requires more storage space than the fingerprint and it takes longer to verify someone’s identity. Quality enrolment is very important in hand recognition systems due to potential errors. Some systems require the enrolee to have their hand scanned three times, so that readings of the resultant vectors are averaged out and users are not rejected accidentally (Ashbourn 1994, p. 5/5).
126.96.36.199. Face Recognition
While fingerprinting and hand recognition require a part of the body to make contact with a scanning device, face recognition does not. In fact, recognising someone by their appearance is quite natural and something humans have done since time began (Sutherland et al. 1992, p. 29). But identifying people by the way they look is not as simple as it might sound (Pentland 2000, pp. 109-111). People change over time, either through the natural aging process or by changes in fashion (including hair cuts, facial hair, make-up, clothing and accessories) or other external conditions (Miller 1994, p. 28). If humans have trouble recognising each other in certain circumstances, one can only begin to imagine how much more the problem is magnified through a computer which possesses very little intelligence. What may seem like an ordinarily simple algorithm is not; to a computer a picture of a human face is an image like any other that is later transformed into a map-like object. This feature vector is compared against the discriminating power, the variance tolerance, and the data reduction efficiency. Shen and Khanna describe these variables (1997, p. 1422):
[t]he discriminating power is the degree of dissimilarity of the feature vectors representing a pair of different faces. The variance tolerance is the degree of similarity of the feature vectors representing different images of the same individual’s face. The data-reduction efficiency is the compactness of the representation.
Engineers use one of three approaches to automate face recognition. These are eigen-face, elastic matching, and neural nets (IEEE 1997, p. 1344). Once the face image has been captured, dependent on the environment, some pre-processing may take place. The image is first turned into greyscale and then normalised before being stored or tested. Then the major components are identified and matching against a template begins (Bigun et al. 1997, pp. 127f).
188.8.131.52. Iris Recognition
The spatial patterns of the iris are highly distinctive. Each iris is unique (like the retina). Some have reckoned automated iris recognition as only second to fingerprints. According to Wilde (1997, p. 1349) these claims can be substantiated from clinical observations and developmental biology. The iris is “a thin diaphragm stretching across the anterior portion of the eye and supported by the lens” (IEEE 1997, p. 1344). The first step in the process of iris identification is to capture the image. Second, the image must be cropped to contain only the localised iris, discarding any excess. Third, the iris pattern must be matched, either with the image stored on the candidate’s card or the candidate’s image stored in a database. Between the second and third step processing occurs to develop an iris feature vector. This feature vector is so rich that it contains more than 400 degrees of freedom, or measurable variables. Most algorithms only need to use half of these variables and searching an entire database can take only milliseconds with an incredible degree of accuracy (Williams 1997, p. 23). Matching algorithms are applied to produce scale, shift, rotation and distance measurements to determine exact matches. Since iris recognition systems are non-invasive/ non-contact, some extra protections have been invented to combat the instance that a still image is used to fool the system. For this reason, scientists have developed a method to monitor the constant oscillation of the diameter of the pupil, thus declaring a live specimen is being captured (Wildes 1997, p. 1349).
184.108.40.206. Voice Recognition
The majority of research and development dollars for biometrics has gone into voice recognition systems. Due to its attractive characteristics, telecommunications manufacturers and operators like Nortel and AT&T, along with a number of universities have allocated large amounts of funds to this cause. Among one of the most well-known voice recognition implementations is Sprint’s Voice FONCARD which runs on the Texas Instruments voice verification engine. Out of all the variety of biometric technologies, consumers consider voice recognition as the most friendly. The two major types of voice recognition systems are text-dependent and text-independent. The way voice recognition works is based on the extraction of a speech interval sample typically spanning 10 to 30 ms of the speech waveform. The sequence of feature vectors is then compared and pattern matched back into existing speaker models (Campbell 1999, p. 166).
5.4.3. Is There Room for Error?
While biometric techniques are considered to be among the most secure and accurate automatic identification methods available today, they are by no means perfect systems. False accept rates (FAR) and false reject rates (FRR) for each type of biometric are measures that can be used to determine the applicability of a particular technique to a given application. Some biometric techniques may also act to exclude persons with disabilities by their very nature, for instance in the case of fingerprint and hand recognition for those who do not possess fingers or hands. In the case of face recognition systems, one shortcoming is that humans can disguise themselves and gain the ability to assume a different identity (Jain, A. et al. 1999, p. 34). Other systems may be duped by false images or objects pertaining to be hands or iris images of the actual enrolee (Miller 1994, p. 25). In the case of the ultimate unique code, DNA, identical twins are excluded because they share an identical pattern (Jain, A. et al. 1999, p. 11). Even voice recognition systems are error-prone. Some problems that Campbell (1997, p. 1438) identifies include: “misspoken or misread prompted phrases, extreme emotional states, time varying microphone placement, poor or inconsistent room acoustics, channel mismatch, sickness, aging.” Finally the environment in which biometric recognition systems can work must be controlled to a certain degree to ensure low rates of FAR and FRR. To overcome some of these shortcomings in highly critical applications, multimodal biometric systems have been suggested. Multimodal systems use more than one biometric to increase fault tolerance, reduce uncertainty and reduce noise (Hong & Jain 1999, p. 327-344). Automated biometric checking systems have acted to dramatically change the face of automatic identification.
5.5. RF/ID Tags and Transponders
5.5.1. Non-contact ID
Radio frequency identification (RF/ID) in the form of tags or transponders is a means of auto-ID that can be used for tracking and monitoring objects, both living and non-living. One of the first applications of RF/ID was in the 1940s within the US Defence Force. Transponders were used to differentiate between friendly and enemy aircraft (Ollivier 1995, p. 234). Since that time, transponders continued mainly to be used by the aerospace industry (or in other niche applications) until the late 1980s when the Dutch government voiced their requirement for a livestock tracking system. The commercial direction of RF/ID changed at this time and the uses for RF/ID grew manifold as manufacturers realised the enormous potential of the technology. Before RF/ID, processes requiring the check-in and distribution of items were mostly done manually. Gerdeman (1995, p. 3) highlights this by the following real-life example: “[e]ighty thousand times a day, a long shoreman takes a dull pencil and writes on a soggy piece of paper the ID of a container to be key entered later… This process is fraught with opportunity for error.” Bar code systems in the 1970s helped to alleviate some of the manual processing, but it was not until RF/ID became more widespread in the late 1990s that even greater increases in productivity were experienced. RF/ID was even more effective than bar code because it did not require items that were being checked to be in a stationary state or in a particular set orientation. RF/ID limits the amount of human intervention required to a minimum, and in some cases eliminates it altogether.
The fundamental electromagnetic principles that make RF/ID possible were discovered by Michael Faraday, Nikola Tesla and Heinrich R. Hertz prior to 1900.
From them we know that when a group of electrons or current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is formed surrounding the conductor. The field strength diminishes as the distance from the wire increases. We also know that when there is a relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field a current is induced in that conductor. These two basic phenomena are used in all low frequency RF/ID systems on the market today (Ames 1990, p. 3-2).
Ames (1990, p. 3-3) does point out however, that RF/ID works differently to normal radio transmission. RF/ID uses the near field effect rather than plane wave transmission. This is why distance plays such an important role in RF/ID. The shorter the range between the reader and the RF device the greater the precision for identification. The two most common RF/ID devices today are tags and transponders but since 1973 (Ames 1990, p. 5-2) other designs have included contactless smart cards, wedges (plastic housing), disks and coins, glass transponders (that look like tubes), keys and key fobs, tool and gas bottle identification transponders, even clocks (Finkenzeller 2001, pp. 13-20). See exhibit 5.6 below for some example RF/ID devices manufactured by Deister Electronics. RF/ID has acted to take advantage of numerous existing innovations and further-developed these for the purpose of satisfying specific application needs.
5.5.2. Active versus Passive Tags and Transponders
An RF/ID system has several separate components. It contains a reusable programmable tag which is placed on the object to be tracked, a reader that captures information contained within the tag, an antenna that transmits information, and a computer which interprets or manipulates the information (Gerdeman 1995, pp. 11-25; Schwind 1990, p. 1-27). Gold (1990, p. 1-5) describes RF tags as:
[t]iny computers embedded in a small container sealed against contamination and damage. Some contain batteries to power their transmission; others rely on the signal generated by the receiver for the power necessary to respond to the receiver’s inquiry for information. The receiver is a computer-controlled radio device that captures the tag’s data and forwards it to a host computer.
The RF/ID tag has one major advantage over bar codes, magnetic-stripe cards, contact smart cards and biometrics- the wearer of the tag need only pass by a reading station and a transaction will take place, even if the wearer attempts to hide the badge (Sharp 1990, p. 1-15). Unlike light, low-frequency (or medium-to-high) radio waves can penetrate all solid objects except those made of metal. Thus the wearer does not have to have direct physical contact with a reader.
Transponders, unlike tags, are not worn on the exterior of the body or part. On humans or animals they are injected into the subcutaneous tissue. Depending on their power source, transponders can be classified as active or passive. Whether a system uses an active or passive transponder depends entirely on the application. Geers et al. (1997, p. 20f) suggests the following to be taken into consideration when deciding what type of transponder to use.
When it is sufficient to establish communication between the implant and the external world on a short-range basis, and it is geometrically feasible to bring the external circuitry a very close distance from the implant, the passive device is suitable... On the other hand choosing for an active system is recommended when continuous monitoring, independent transmission or wider transmission ranges are required. In particular for applications where powering is of vital importance (e.g. pacemakers), only the active approach yields a reliable solution.
Active transponders are usually powered by a battery that operates the internal electronics (Finkenzeller 2001, p. 13). Some obvious disadvantages of active transponders include: the replacement of batteries after they have been utilised for a period of time, the additional weight batteries add to the transponder unit and their cost. A passive transponder on the other hand, is triggered by being interrogated by a reading device which emits radiofrequency (RF) power because the transponder has no internal power source. For this reason, passive transponders cost less and can literally last forever. Both active and passive transponders share the same problem when it comes to repair and adjustment which is inaccessibility. The transponder requires that adjustments and repairs are “operated remotely and transcutaneously through the intact skin or via automatic feedback systems incorporated into the design” (Goedseels et al. 1990, quoted in Geers 1997, p. xiii).
220.127.116.11. RF/ID Components Working Together
Electronic tags and transponders are remotely activated using a short range and pulsed echo principle at around 150 kHz. Once a tag or transponder moves within a given distance of the power transmitter coil (antenna), it is usually requested to transmit information by activating the transponder circuit. The transponder may be read only, one-time programmable (OTP) or read/write. Regardless the type, each contains a binary ID code which after encoding modulates the echo so that information is transmitted to a receiver using the power of an antenna (Curtis 1992, p. 2/1). The whole procedure is managed by a central controller in the transmitter. Read only tags contain a unique code between 32 and 64 bits in length. Read/write tags support a few hundred bits, typically 1 kbit, although larger memories are possible. The ID field is usually transmitted from a tag with a header and check sum fields for validation, just in case data is corrupted during transmission.
Transmission is also a vital part of any RF/ID system. When information is transmitted by radio waves it must be transformed into an electromagnetic radiation form. According to Geers et al. (1997, p. 8),
[e]lectromagnetic radiation is defined by four parameters: the frequency, the amplitude of the electric field, the direction of the electric field vector (polarisation) and the phase of the wave. Three of these, namely amplitude, frequency and phase, are used to code the transmitted information, which is called modulation.
Two types of modulation are used- analogue or digital. Common encoding techniques for the former include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse width modulation (PWM); for the latter pulse coded modulation (PCM) is common. According to Finkenzeller (2001, pp. 44f) digital data is transferred using bits as modulation patterns in the form of ASK (amplitude shift keying) or FSK (frequency shift keying) or PSK (phase shift keying). A bit rate can be determined by the bandwidth available and the time taken for transfer. Error detection algorithms like parity or cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are vital since radio communication, is susceptible to interference. It can never be taken for granted that the message transmitted has not been distorted during the transmission process but with error detection implemented into the design, “accuracy approaches 100 percent” (Gold 1990, p. 1-5).
5.6. Evolution or Revolution?
When auto-ID technologies first made their presence felt in retail and banking they were considered revolutionary innovations. They made sweeping changes to the way people worked, lived, and interacted with each other. Before their inception, both living and nonliving things were identified manually; auto-ID devices automated the identification process, allowing for an increase in the level of accuracy and reliability. Supermarket employees could check-out non-perishable items just by swiping a bar code over a scanner, and suppliers could distribute their goods using unique codes. Consumers could withdraw cash without walking into a bank branch and purchase goods at the point-of-sale (POS). And subsequently banks no longer required the same number of staff to serve customers directly. Auto-ID enacted radical change. This cluster of related innovations differed considerably from any others. Though most auto-ID technologies had their foundations in the early 1900s, all of these required other breakthroughs in system components to take place first before they could proliferate.
Up until the 1970s, consumers were largely disconnected from computer equipment. About the most sophisticated household item was the television set. While ordinary people knew computers were changing the face of business, their first-hand experience of these technologies was limited. Mainframe computers at the time were large, occupying considerable floor space and there was a great mystique surrounding the capabilities of these machines. One must remember that the personal computer did not officially arrive until 1984. Meanwhile, bar codes and scanner equipment were being deployed to supermarket chains and credit card companies were distributing magnetic-stripe cards in mass mail-outs. Consumers were encouraged to visit automatic teller machines (ATMs), and for many this was their first encounter with some form of computer. No matter how elementary it may seem to us today typing a PIN and selecting the “withdraw”, “amount”, and “enter” buttons was an experience for first-time users who had most likely never touched a terminal keypad before. By the time the 1990s had arrived, so had other technologies like the laptop, mobile phone and personal digital assistants (PDAs). The range of available auto-ID devices had now grown in quantity, shape and sophistication including the use of smart cards that could store more information, biometric techniques that ensured an even greater level of security, and wireless methods such as radio-frequency identification tags and transponders that required little human intervention. By this time, consumers were also more experienced users. Auto-ID had reached ubiquitous proportions in a period of just over thirty years.
The changes brought about by auto-ID were not only widespread but propelling in nature. No sooner had one technology become established than another was seeking entry into the market. The technical drawbacks of magnetic-stripe cards for instance led to the idea that smart cards may be more suitable for particular applications. A pattern of migration from one technology to the other seemed logical until biometric techniques increased security not only in magnetic-stripe cards but bar code cards as well. There was also the movement from contact cards to contactless cards and bar codes to RF/ID but by no means were the technologies making one another obsolete but spurring on even more research and development and an even greater number of new applications and uses (Michael 2003, pp. 135-152). Diagram 5.1 below shows the different types of changes that occurred between auto-ID devices. The three main flows that are depicted in the diagram are migration, integration and convergence.
The recombination of existing auto-ID techniques flourished in the 1990s with integrated cards and combinatory reader technologies. These new product innovations indicated that coexistence of auto-ID devices was not only possible but important for the success of the industry at large. A few techniques even converged as was the case of contactless smart cards and RF/ID systems (see exhibit 5.7). Auto-ID had proven it maintained a driving force of its own while still piggybacking on the breakthroughs in microchip processing speeds, storage capacity, software programs, encryption techniques, networks and other peripheral requirements that are generally considered auto-ID system enablers.
Now having said that auto-ID belonged to that cluster of IT&T innovations that can be considered revolutionary, the process of innovation was in fact evolutionary. There is no doubt that auto-ID techniques were influenced by manual methods of identification, whether it was labels that were stuck onto objects, plain or embossed cards, comparing signatures or methods for fingerprint pattern matching. Early breakthroughs in mechanical calculators, infrared, electro-magnetic principles, magnetic tape encoding and integrated circuits also aided the advancement of auto-ID technologies. Allen and Kutler (1996, p. 11) called this the “evolving computing” phenomenon. McCrindle (1990, ch. 2) even discussed the “evolution of the smart card”, tracing the historical route all the way back from French philosopher Blaise Pascal.
In conclusion the development of auto-ID followed an evolutionary path, yet the technologies themselves were revolutionary when considered as part of that cluster known as information technologies. From devices that one could carry to devices one could implant in themselves. The advancement of auto-ID technology, since its inception, has been so magnanimous that even the earliest pioneers would have found the changes that have taken place since the 1970s inconceivable. For the first time, service providers could put in place mechanisms to identify their customer base and also to collect data on patterns of customer behaviour and product/services traffic. Mass market applications once affected or ‘infected’ by auto-ID continue to push the bounds of what this technology can or cannot do. Technology has progressed from purely manual techniques to automatic identification techniques. Furthermore auto-ID continues to grow in sophistication towards full-proof ways for identification. The above auto-ID cases show that major development efforts continue both for traditional and newer technologies. Even the humble bar code has been resurrected as a means of secure ID, revamped with the aid of biometric templates stored using a 2D symbology.
In addition, the lessons learned from the widespread introduction of each distinct technique are shaping the trajectory of the whole industry. For instance, the smart card has not neglected to take advantage of other auto-ID techniques such as biometrics and RF/ID. Thus, new combinations of auto-ID technologies are being introduced as a result of a cross-pollenisation process in the industry at large. These new innovations (that could be classified as either mutations or recombinations) are acting to thrust the whole industry forward. The importance of this chapter is that it has established that auto-ID is more than just bar code and magnetic-stripe card and that coexistence and convergence of auto-ID technologies is occurring (see ch. 7 for the selection environment of auto-ID). And now, having set the historical context and offered a brief description on the evolution of each device, the dynamics of the auto-ID innovation system will be explored using the systems of innovation (SI) conceptual framework.
For example other technologies like optical character recognition (OCR), magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR), laser card, optical card, infrared-tags and microwave tags will not be studied here.
According to Cohen (1994, p. 55) “...bar code technology is clearly at the forefront of automatic identification systems and is likely to stay there for a long time.” Palmer (1995, p. 9) also writes that “bar code has become the dominant automatic identification technology”.
This enabled programs and peripheral devices (complementary innovations) to be built to support bar codes for the identification and capture of data. A bar code can only work within a system environment. Bar code labels in themselves are useless.
See also Palmer (1995, ch. 3), ‘History of Bar Code’.
Each symbology has benefits and limitations. It is important for the adopter of bar code technology to know which symbologies are suitable to their particular industry. Standards associations and manufacturers can also help with a best-fit recommendation (Grieco et al. 1989, pp. 43-45). Other considerations may include: what character sets are required by the company, what the required level of accuracy of the symbology should be, whether the symbology allows for the creation and printing of a label (in terms of density), and whether the symbology has specifications that make it intolerant to particular circumstances. Sometimes there may also be pressure by industry groups for users to conform to certain symbologies. As Cohen (1994, p. 99f) points out, there are some bodies that have created industrial bar code standards such as: ODETTE (Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele Transmission in Europe) that adopted Code 39; IATA (International Air Transport Authority) that adopted Interleaved 2 of 5; HIBCC (Health Industry Business Communication Council) that adopted Code 39 as well as Code 128; and LOGMARS (Logistic Applications of Automated Marking and Reading Symbols) that has also adopted Code 39.
For an in depth discussion on symbologies see LaMoreaux (1998, ch. 4), Palmer (1995, ch. 4), Collins and Whipple (1994, ch. 2) and Greico et al. (1989, ch. 2). Palmer especially dedicates whole appendices to the most common specifications and their characteristics.
Each bar code differs based on the width of the bars. Of particular importance is the width of the narrowest bar which is called the ‘X dimension’ (usually measured in millimetres) and the number of bar widths. Essentially, this defines the character width- the amount of bars needed to encode data.
Interleaved 2 of 5 is based on a numeric character set only. Two characters are paired together using bars. The structure of the bar code is made up of a start quiet zone, start pattern, data, stop pattern and trail quiet zone. According to Palmer (1995, p. 29) it is mainly used in the distribution industry.
Code 39 is based on a full alphabet, full numeric and special character set. It consists of a series of symbol characters represented by five bars and four spaces. Each character is separated by an intercharacter gap. This symbology was widely used in non-retail applications.
The bar code is made up of light and dark bars representing 1s and 0s. The structure of the bar codes includes three guard bars (start, centre and stop), and left and right data. The bar codes can be read in an omni-directional fashion as well as bi-directional. Allotted article numbers are only unique identification numbers in a standard format and do not classify goods by product type. Like the Interleaved 2 of 5 symbology, EAN identification is exclusively numerical. The structure of the EAN and U.P.C. includes (i) the prefix number that is an organisation number that has been preset by EAN, and (ii) the item identification that is a number that is given to the product by the country-specific numbering organisation. The U.P.C. relevant only to the U.S. and Canada does not use the prefix codes as EAN does but denotes the prefix by 0, 6, or 7.
According to Palmer (1995, p. 37), Code 128 has been increasingly adopted because it is a highly-dense alphanumeric symbology that allows for variable length and multiple element widths.
With the introduction of the Data Matrix symbology even more information could be packed onto a square block. Since the symbology is scalable it is possible to fit hundreds of thousands of characters on a block. Data Matrix used to be a proprietary technology until it became public in 1994.
As opposed to the light and dark bars of the EAN symbology, MaxiCode is a matrix code which is made up of a series of square dots, an array of 866 interlocking hexagons. On each 3cm by 3cm square block, about 100 ASCII characters can be held. It was developed by the United Parcel Service for automatic identification of packages.
Like the MaxiCode symbology, PDF417 is stacked. The symbology consists of 17 modules each containing 4 bars and spaces. The structure allows for between 1000 and 2000 characters per symbol.
Collins and Whipple (1994, p. 41) suggest a maximum of 50 characters when using linear symbologies.
According to Palmer (1995, p. 31) Codabar was developed in 1972 and is used today in libraries, blood banks and certain parcel express applications. Collins and Whipple (1994, p. 28) do not consider Codabar a sophisticated bar code symbology, though it has served some industry groups well for decades.
For the “ten commandments of bar coding”, see Meyer’s (2000) feature article in the August edition of Frontline News.
Certainly bar codes on cards were being used early on but they were far less secure than magnetic stripe cards and therefore not adopted by financial institutions. Magnetic-stripe cards however became synonymous with the withdrawal of cash funds and the use of credit which acted to heighten the importance of the auto-ID technology.
Russell was a creative thinker who later went on to become the chairman of Visa International in the 1980s.
The bar code on the same card can be advantageous to the card issuer. For instance, in an application for a school it can serve a multifunctional purpose: the bar code can be used for a low risk application such as in the borrowing of books, the magnetic-stripe card in holding student numbers, and the embossing can also be used for back up if on-line systems fail.
The advantage of dye sublimation over thermal transfer is the millions of colours that can be created by heat intensity. If colour is required by the operator on both sides then one side of the card is coloured first before the other but this is expensive.
The magnetic-strip, typically gamma ferric oxide “...is made of tiny needle-shaped particles dispersed in a binder on a flexible substrate” (Jose & Oton 1994, p. 16).
An important concept in understanding how tracks are triggered to change polarity is coercivity (measured in Oersted, Oe). This can be defined as the amount of magnetic energy or solenoid required which can be broadly defined as low (about 300 Oe) and high (3000-4000 Oe). Most ATM cards are said to have low coercivity (loco) while access control cards have high coercivity (hico) to protect against accidental erasure. Here is one reason why embossed account numbers still appear on ATM or credit cards. If the card has been damaged, information can be manually retrieved and identified (from the front of the card) while the replacement card is despatched.
“The magnetic media is divided into small areas with alternating polarisation; the first area has North/South polarisation, and the next has South/North, etc. In order to record each “0” and “1” bit in this format, a pattern of “flux” (or polarity) changes is created on the stripe. In a 75bpi (bits per inch) format, each bit takes up 1/75th (0.0133) of an inch. For each 0.0133” unit of measure, if there is one flux change, then a zero bit is recorded. If two flux changes occur in the 0.0133” area, then a one bit is recorded.” See http://www.mercury-security.com/howdoesa.htm (1998).
The read head has a small surface window (known as the field of view) that comes into direct contact with the magnetic-stripe. When a card is passed through or inserted in a reader a read head generates a series of electrical pulses. These alternating voltages correspond to alternating polarities on the magnetic-stripe. Per bit length, the reader counts the changes in polarity that are then decoded by the reader’s electronics to recover the information that is hidden on the card.
Jose and Oton (1994, p. 20) explain in detail the primary methods of magnetic-stripe fraud. These include: theft, counterfeit, buffering, and skimming. See also Watson (2002).
Ferrari et al. 1998, dedicate a whole chapter to the card selection process in their IBM Redbook (ch. 4). Card selection considerations should include the card type, interface method, storage capacity, card operating functions, standards compliance, compatibility issues and reader interoperability, security features, chip manufacturers, card reliability and life expectancy, card material and quantity and cost. It is interesting to note that even within smart card there are so many options. Taken within a wider context of other auto-ID technologies, the selection process becomes even more complex.
Other important standards related to smart card include: ISO 7811 parts 1-6, ID Cards; ISO 7816 parts 1-8, contact IC cards; ISO 10536 parts 1-4, close coupling cards; and ISO 14443 parts 1-4, remote coupling cards. For these and other supporting standards for smart cards see Ferrari et al. (1998, p. 3).
The standard size in the magnetic-stripe and smart cards gave way to the possibility of card migration.
For an in depth discussion on smart cards standards and specifications, see Ferrari et al. 1998 ch. 3.
It is believed that the first scientific studies investigating fingerprints were conducted some time in the late sixteenth century (Lee & Gaensslen 1994).
See Withers (2002) and Jain, A. et al (2002) for an overview of biometrics. For emerging biometric techniques see Lockie (2000).
Such things as a person’s voice, style of handwriting and DNA are just a few other common unique identifiers. Even the Electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used as a biometric as proven by Paranjape et al. (2001, pp. 1363-1366).
See Greening et al. (1995, pp. 272-278) for the use of handwriting identification for forensic purposes.
See Ferrari et al. (1998, p. 23) for another comparison of biometrics and also Hawkes (1992, p. 6/4).
For a thorough technical overview on the topic of biometrics see Bigun et al. (1997).
See Meenen and Adhami (2001, pp. 33-38) for fingerprint security.
For a neural network approach to fingerprint subclassification see Drets and Liljenstrom (1999, pp. 113-134), and for the Gabor filter-based method see Hamamoto (1999, pp. 137-151).
Facial recognition usually refers to “…static, controlled full-frontal portrait recognition” (Hong & Jain 1998, p. 1297).
See also Weng and Swets (1999, p. 66); Howell (1999, p. 225); and Chellappa et al. (1995, pp. 705-740).
For a more detailed description of face recognition see Bigun et al. (1997, pp. 125-192), “face-based authentication”. For different types of approaches to face recognition see also Weng and Swets (1999, pp. 69-77), Howell (1999, pp. 227-245) and Jain, L. C. et al. (1999, ch. 8- ch. 13).
According to Williams (1997, p. 24) the possibility that two irises would be identical by random chance is approximately 1 in 1052.
This can be done using a normal digital camera with a resolution of 512 dpi (dots per inch). The user must be a predetermined distance from the camera (Jain, A. et al. 1999, p. 9).
See Camus et al. (1998, pp. 254-255) and Daugman (1999, pp. 103-121).
Since there are literally billions of telephones in operation globally, voice recognition can be used as a means to increase operator revenues and decrease costs. See Miller (1994, p. 30).
For telecoms applications of voice recognition see Boves and Os (1998, pp. 203-208).
Markowitz (2001) writes that “[d]espite the dot.com crash, 2001 has been a very good year for [speaker verification] vendors, with the number of pilots and actual deployments increasing”. See also Markowitz (2000).
See Furui (2001, pp. 631-636) for progress toward ‘flexible’ speech recognition.
Carter and Nixon (1990, p. 8/4) call this act forgery. Putte (2001) discusses the challenge for a fingerprint scanner to recognise the difference between the epidermis of the finger and dummy material (like silicone rubber). See also http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1991517.stm (2002).
Another issue with voice recognition systems is languages. Some countries like Canada have populations that speak several languages, in this instance English and French.
As Finkenzeller rightly underlines, “[t]he omnipresent barcode labels that triggered a revolution in identification systems some considerable time ago, are being found to be inadequate in an increasing number of cases. Barcodes may be extremely cheap, but their stumbling block is their low storage capacity and the fact that they cannot be reprogrammed” (Finkenzeller 2001, p. 1). See also Hind (1994, p. 215).
For a detailed explanation of fundamental RF operating and physical principles see Finkenzeller (2001, ch. 3-4, pp. 25-110). See also Scharfeld (1998, p. 9) for a brief history of RF/ID.
RF/ID espouses different principles to smart cards but the two are closely related according to Finkenzeller (2001, p. 6). RF/ID systems can take advantage of contactless smart cards transmitting information by the use of radio waves.
The size and shapes of tags and transponders vary. Some more common shapes include: glass cylinders typically used for animal tracking (the size of a grain of rice), wedges for insertion into cars, circular pills, ISO cards with or without magnetic stripes, polystyrene and epoxy discs, bare tags ready for integration into other packaging (ID Systems 1997, p. 4).
Herbert Simon predicted in 1965 that by 1985 “machines [would] be capable of doing any work a man [could] do” (Simon 1965, quoted in Kurzweil 1997, p. 272). | <urn:uuid:113258e6-5892-4581-98ff-cd4fe93c241f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.katinamichael.com/research/2015/7/17/the-auto-id-trajectory-chapter-five-the-development-of-auto-id-technologies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823016.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018161655-20171018181655-00860.warc.gz | en | 0.932512 | 18,901 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Problem Solving is one of the scopes of Civil Service Examination. This page contains the most common word problems in mathematics (mostly comprised of business related problems) that you will likely encounter in the actual Civil Service exam. However, be reminded that the use of calculator is not allowed.
With respect to the the mathematical operations used in this portion, only the basics such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division are involved. So better practice your skills in those operations. But, it also requires great analysis and understanding of the problem.
|Civil Service Reviewer|
12 Tips for Solving Math Problems
The key to solving math word problems is to have a plan or strategy, which works in any math word problem solving situation. For children having problems with math word problems, the following 12 tips are provided for helping children become good problem solvers.
1. Read the problem carefully looking for clues and important information. Write down the clues, underline, or highlight the clues.
2. If necessary, rewrite the problem to help find these clues.
3. Look for clues to determine which math operation is needed to solve the problem, for example addition, subtraction, etc. Look for key words like sum, difference, product, perimeter, area, etc. They lead to the operation needed to solve the problem.
4. Look for what is needed solve the problem, for example: how many will are left, the total will be, everyone gets red, everyone gets one of each, etc.
5. Use variable symbols, such as “X” for missing information.
6. Eliminate all non-essential information by drawing a line through distracting information.
7. Draw sketches, drawings, and models to see the problem.
8. Is the word problem similar to a previous work, if so how was it solved.
9. Develop a plan based on the information determined to be important for solving the problem.
10. Carry out the plan using the math operations which were determined would find the answer.
11. Does the answer seem reasonable, if it does then it is probably ok – if not then check the work.
12. Work the problem in reverse or backwards, starting with the answer to see if you wind up with your original problem.
Here is another extra bit of information, which is a common mistake made when working with word problems. Forgetting to use the correct units of measure throughout the problem often results in the wrong answer. Units of measure can be mixed in the same word problem and not use the appropriate units leads to errors. These must be used properly to keep the answer correct.
Source: https://suite.io/david-r-wetzel/tz520x (12 Tips for Solving Math Problems)
When deciding on methods or procedures to use to solve problems, the first thing you should do is look for clues, which is one of the most important skills in solving problems in mathematics. If you begin to solve problems by looking for clue words, you will find that these 'words' often indicate an operation.
|Civil Service Reviewer|
Clue Words for Addition
- in all
Clue Words for Subtraction
- how much more
Clue Words for Multiplication
Clue Words for Division
Although clue words vary a bit, you'll find that there will be consistency with them to guide you to the correct operation.
So, here are the Practice Test Items for you. You can use this reviewer to help you in your preparation for the exam.
* TEST BEGINS HERE *
DIRECTION: For each of the problems below, choose the correct answer from the choices given. Choose your answer by clicking the round button on the left of your answer.
1) Miss Roxas bought 20 blouses for PHP1800 and marked them to sell at PHP110 each. After selling 16 pieces at this rate, she decided to sell the remaining blouses at a lower price. At what price may she sell each remaining blouse and still realize a gross profit of PHP360 on the 20 blouses?
1. PHP 100
2. PHP 105
3. PHP 110
4. PHP 115
2) The Philippines and 19 other Asian nations decide to cut their oil consumption by two million barrels a day. If this is 5% of their daily oil consumption, how many barrels are consumed by these countries in one day?
3) A development project which was financed by ecological organizations amounted to PHP3.6 million. If there had been two more contributors, and the expenses were shared equally, it would have cost each organization PHP300,000 less. How many organizations contributed to the project?
4) There are 36 reams of mimeographing paper in the drawer. If 1 1/4 dozens of reams of paper were to be used in printing, how many reams should be left in the drawer?
5) A group of men went on fishing trip, agreeing that each should pay the same amount. The total bill was PHP 168. If there had been two fewer men, each man would have had to pay 2 pesos more. How many men went fishing?
6) The ceiling of a building, 18 meters by 15 meters, is to be painted. How many gallons of paint are required for this ceiling if a gallon can cover 15 square meters?
7) A square and a rectangle have equal areas. If the rectangle is 36 by 16, what is a side of a square?
8) Ana gets a commission of 10% for each bottle of lotion she sells. If a bottle of lotion sells for PHP87.50, how many bottles will Ana have to sell to receive a commission of PHP 210?
9) What is the sum of series of arithmetic progression having a common difference of 3.5, if the first term is 0.5 and the last term is 25?
4. none of these
10) If the sum of 5 consecutive numbers is 95, what is the third number?
11) Two numbers are in the ratio of 3 to 5. The lesser number is 42. Find the greater number.
12) The total area of a cube is the sum of its lateral area and the area of its bases. If the edge of a cube is 4, find its total area.
13) If a can of paint will cover approximately 60 square yards, what length of the wall can be painted if the wall is 8 feet high?
1. 12 feet
2. 10 feet
3. 6 feet
4. none of these
14) One million is to be divided among the 3 children of a widower in the ratio of 10:12:18. By how much is the largest share greater than the smallest share?
1. PHP 300,000
2. PHP 200,000
3. PHP 150,000
4. PHP 100,000
15) Division and section heads of agency Y who come late during their monthly staff meetings are fined. The first latecomer pays PHP0.50, the second latecomer pays PHP1.00, the third pays PHP1.50, the fourth pays PHP2.00 and so forth. If 13 came late during their last meeting, how much money was collected from them?
16) In an illustration, one unit represents a line 85 centimeters long. How many meters long of a line will be represented by 150 units?
17) If the management of a parking lot charges its customer PHP10.00 for the first two hours and PHP5.00 for each additional hour or a part thereof; then the cost for parking for 4 hours and 45 miutes is __________.
18) A bureau director has an appointment at 9 A.M. in a nearby province. If he travels at 40 kph., he will arrive at 8 AM. If he drives at 30 kph., he will not arrive until 8:45 A.M. How far away is the province?
1. 30 km
2. 37.5 km
3. 50 km
4. 90 km
19) Which of the following has the greatest discounts?
1. a discount of 1/3 of the selling price of PHP200
2. 33.3% of the selling price of PHP200
3. 0.3 discount of the selling price of PHP200
4. a discount of PHP200
20) Nena has applied for employment in the next three different countries namely: Hong Kong; Malaysia and Brunei. In Hong Kong the monthly salary in HK $500; Malaysia Ringgit 300 and Brunei $200 consider the following:
1 HK $ = PHP2.90
1 Br $ = PHP12.15
1 Mal RM = PHP8.40
Which country has the best offer?
1. Hong Kong
4. Hongkong – Brunei
21) Which of the following commodities has the least increase U.S. $ per pound from 1987 – 1990.
1. copper from 0.63 to 1.14
2. aluminum from 0.62 to 0.63
3. nickel from 1.72 to 3.55
4. zinc from 0.43 to 0.68
22) Which of the following is the biggest?
1. 41.2 meters
2. 4,120 centimeter
3. 0.0412 kilometer
4. all are equal
23) A family budget provides that the monthly outlaws for food and house is PHP 1,810.00. If the amount spent for food is three times that of the rent, how much is the monthly rental?
1. PHP 460.00
2. PHP 920.00
3. PHP 1,560.00
4. PHP 452.50
24) After driving 3 1/2 hours, a motorist covered 120 km. At this rate, how long will it take him to drive 360 km.?
1. 9 1/2
2. 10 1/2
3. 11 1/2
4. 12 1/2
25) Mrs. Renoso is planning to buy curtains for their new house. She will need 23 floor length pieces, each piece 2 meters and 50 cm. Long. How many meters should she buy.
1. 37 1/2
2. 47 1/2
3. 57 1/2
4. 67 1/2
26) An employee spends about PHP1,330.00 a month. This sum is 70% of his monthly salary. How much does he receives a month?
27. Which pair of numbers below has 120 as a product?
1. 7 & 16
2. 15 & 8
3. 18 & 5
4. 25 & 4
28) A certain number is doubled and then divided by 8. If after subtracting 4 from this result, one gets 16, the original number is:
29) The numerator of a fraction is 4 less than its denominator, if 3 is added both the numerator and denominator, the resulting number is 3/4. What is the original fraction?
30) Each box of ballpen contains 24 pieces. If an employee in an office given 3 ballpens. How many boxes will be needed for 168 employees?
Click here for answers to this sample test problems.
Read the post on Philippine Constitution, General Information, Current Events. | <urn:uuid:7fe0a185-fba6-4a81-84b3-eaafdafcce1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.infinithink.org/2015/03/civil-service-exam-reviewer-in-mathematics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945493.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422041610-20180422061610-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.91913 | 2,359 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Even when we try to shield children from difficult situations, they are exposed to the news and are present when conversations about war and violence take place. These resources offer ideas for approaching this matter at home and at school.
Several of these resources were curated during the summer of 2014, but have relevance for any time of violence and crisis.
Talking to Your Children Amidst Difficult Times
by Natalie Blitt, the iCenter for Israel Education
Talking to Children About Violence
Adapted by Linda Lantieri and Sam Diener
from A Discussion Guide for Parents and Educators
Israel: Not a Time for Zealotry or Shyness with Children
by Cyd Weissman, Jewish Education Project
Responding to Crisis (in general)
from the Jewish Education Center of Cleveland
Your Kids Are Ready to Talk About Israel. Are You?
from Kveller, A Jewish Twist on Parenting
Ideas For the Educator: Focus on the Family
from Jewish Peoplehood Education
by Clare Goldwater, Jewish Peoplehood Education
How to talk to children about the crisis
from the Center for Anxiety
How Can We Talk About Gaza With Our Students
from Makom of the Jewish Agency for Israel
To include resources, email Vtoran@jewishlearningworks.org | <urn:uuid:2b6adec9-fad6-4c32-b247-8ed3cf640aa7> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.jewishlearningworks.org/talking-to-children-about-violence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648404.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323161421-20180323181421-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.888415 | 263 | 3.3125 | 3 |
IASLonline NetArt: Theory
History of Computer Art
III. Information Aesthetics
III.2 Computer Graphics
The early use of mainframe computers to generate texts
(see chap.III.1) provides us with one prehistory of computer graphics
(see chap. III.2.2). The other prehistory contains artistic uses of cathode
ray oscillographs being applied as control display in electrical engineering
and as output medium of analogue computers.
Laposky, Benjamin Francis: Oscillon
Number Four, 1950, photo of an oscillograph´s screen.
Since 1950 Benjamin Francis Laposky photographed the screen of his modified
oscillograph combined, among others, with a sinus wave generator. The
elimited amount of the oscillograph´s wave forms was expanded by
Laposky adding "other electrical and electronic circuits...to create
the almost infinite variety of forms." Laposky drew a connection
between his "electronic abstractions" 1 and
The relationship of the oscillons to computer art is that the basic waveforms are analogue curves of the type used in analogue computer systems. 2
Franke, Herbert W.: Oscillograms,
1956, photos of an oscillograph´s screen.
Franke, Herbert W./Raimann, Franz: Analog devices to
be connected with an oscilloscope. Photographed in 8/13/2014 in Puppling
nearby Egling/Bavaria. Photo: Thomas Dreher.
In 1955/56 Herbert W. Franke produced
"pendulum oscillograms" ("Pendeloszillogramme") in
moving a Contaflex mirror reflex camera before the screen of an oscillograph
presenting curves. For the production of these curves Franz Raimann constructed
"an analogue calculation system" for Franke "...being capable
to mark out the elementary curves...It was possible to adjust different
kinds of overlay [of complicated curves] in real time on a mixing console."
3 With the mixing console modifications of the electron
beam´s motion along the horizontal and vertical axes were possible.
In oscillosgraphs a horizontal base line motion is usually deviated vertically.
Raimann´s analog calculation system offered possibilities to control
movements along the horizontal and vertical axis depending on the time
Franke utilises a calculator constructed for his purposes similar to
Schöffer who integrated into "CYSP I" (1956, see chap.
II.3.1.2) a little computer built for him by Philips before the production
of minicomputers started in the sixties. As Schöffer installed a
small computer custom-made by Philips in "CYSP I" (1956, see
chap. II.3.1.2) before the minicomputers became available in the sixties,
so Franke used a small computer custom-made for his needs. This computer
was connected with an oscillograph "producing only thick drawn lines
on a screen with a diameter of only 5 centimeters. To be able to receive
viable images at all, I experimented with different procedures, but I
obtained the best results when I moved the camera with open aperture in
a darkened room... before the screen. To obtain a regular movement I mounted
the camera at a cord like a pendulum in my first trials but the I finally
gained the best results when I moved the camera in my hands continuously
so I trained myself and learned to coordinate the adequate movements.
The images show the overlaps of curves as a grid-like structure, often
with spatial visual effects." 4 The curves being
produced in real time on the oscillograph´s screen were documented
by Franke not simply as photographic reproductions, but he obtained structures
with visual depth effects in moving the camera with an open aperture.
The restrictions for the organization of forms caused by the "thick
drawin lines", as they were presented on his oscilloscope´s
screen, were transgressed by the artist in moving the camera at varying
distances from the screen: Closely following lines and superimpositions
Fuchshuber, Roland K.: Left: Rocker, 1960, plotter
Right: Polstelle, 1960, plotter drawing.
In 1960 Roland K. Fuchshuber became a member of the
founding commission of the Centre Européen de Traitement de l´Information
Scientifique (CETIS). At Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community) in
Brussels and Ispra (Italy) Fuchshuber started to produce graphics with
PACE analogue computers constructed by Electronic Associates Incorporated
(EAI). The "distortion factor of an amplifier" influenced the
course of parallel curved lines documented as plotter drawings. 5
Alsleben, Kurd/Passow, Cord: Computergrafik 4, 1960,
plotter drawing (Alsleben: Redundanz 1962, p.52, ill.d).
In 1960/61 the artist Kurd Alsleben and the physicist
Cord Passow used an analogue computer (EAI
231 R) of the Deutsche Elektronen Synchotron (DESY) in Hamburg to
produce waves printed in horizontal rows above each other as well as overlapping.
Five computer graphics produced as plotter drawings document results of
computing processes. One of these prints presents four horizontal rows.
Each row is constituted by two overlapping wave lines. "Parameter
shifts" determining the course of the wave lines were produced by
III.2.2 Digital Computer Graphics
An analogue computer offered patchboards and potentiometers
for manipulations of the computing processes in real time, in contrast
to the digital mainframe computers used by Béla Julesz, A. Michael
Noll (since 1962), Frieder Nake (since 1963) and Georg Nees (since 1964)
allowing only to control the results printed by plotters after the computing
processes worked out the instructions (that had to be installed via punchcards
or magnetic storage units). FORTRAN or ALGOL, the higher programming languages
for compilers, are used for the coding of instructions. Compilers translate
programming languages into machine language. Since a few years before
the artists mentioned above started to work with digital mainframe computers
the first compilers simplified the programming. 7 Before
the integration of compilers programming was only possible in machine
In the sixties A. Michael Noll,
Nake created pioneer works of computer graphics. Their procedures
are based on the early computer literature presented in chapter III.1,
especially on the works of Christopher Strachey (see chap. III.1.2) and
Theo Lutz (see chap. III.1.3):
- a. the selection of a few elements to be stored in a database,
- b. a syntax to combine the elements,
- c. a random generator,
- d. a determination of the frequency defining how often the
program can select the elements.
If visual elements are used as basic elements instead of textual signs
then the artistic production is transformed to the creation of structures
that shouldn´t be neither too simple nor too complex for the visual
perception of the whole field as well as for the relations between single
elements, as information aesthetics articulated the goal of artistic creation
by defining the best relation between order and information for an aesthetic
experience. In computer graphics the following modifications of the procedures
developed in computer literature can be found:
- ad a. The word database is substituted by elements mostly
lines constructed by the computing processes executing the instructions
of the program (f.e. lines connecting points).
- ad b. The position and the length of basic elements vary with
the combinatory manner replacing the textual structure of left to right
relations (from word to word) and up-down differentiations (from line
to line) by an organisation of the whole plane. The structure of text
lines is substituted by a visual arrangement in zones within which the
program starts again.
- ad c. Because the random generator has its effects not only
in the selection of elements but in the modification of the combinatory
method from zone to zone, the spectrum of variations determines the
- ad d. The limitation of the selection frequency
concerns not only the selection of elements but the combinatory method,
too, with consequences for the visual effect of the work in its totality,
not only for some sentences within an ensemble of sentences. The readability
of sentences and/or lines of a text is substituted by the relations
between the programmed structure of the plane and the optical effect
of the overall view. 8
Before early examples of digital computer graphics fulfilling the criteria
mentioned above will be explained a short ouline of the goals of information
aesthetics is presented because they influenced especially Georg Nees
and Frieder Nake.
core subject of information aesthetics are the relations between the structure
of a program and the visual perception of its presentation. Max Bense
and Abraham Moles define the "aesthetic measure" by exploring
the best possible relation between the "complexity" of the visual
"information" and the "orderliness" ("redundancy")
that can be recognized in the process of perceiving the work: Bense determines
the aesthetic measure in using George David Birkhoff´s definition
as `order divided by complexity´ ("Birkhoff´s quotient").
9 In contrary Moles refers to empirical investigations
in his argument for the `multiplication order by complexity´. 10
Shannon´s "statistic information" provides the basis
for this numerical definition of the "aesthetic measure". 11
It presupposes precise knowledge of the number of used elements ("sign
repertoire") and the possibilities to combine them. 12
That´s why concrete-serial and programmed art offer model cases
for information aesthetics.
Bense in art improbable orders are realised by the "elimination of
the avoidable" and the "reduction of redundancy". 13
Meanwhile Bense discusses characteristics of art works, Moles thematises
their perception. In Moles´ reflections the receiver´s "limit
of apperception" and its dependency on the observer´s previous
knowledge are dominant subjects. If the visual complexity is above the
"limit of apperception" then there is no order recognizable.
That´s why this limit should not be transgressed. 14
Thus, a certain amount of redundancy is inevitable. Contrary to John Cage´s
non-normative aesthetics of simultaneous chance operations 15
the information theory explicates an objectifiable aesthetic goal: For
aesthetic factors it defines the best relation between information and
Götz, Karl Otto: Statistic-metric Trial 4:2:2:1,
concept Summer 1959, realisation with pencil and felt pen on cardboard
1960. Photo: Kukulies. Collection
Etzold. Städtisches Museum Abteiberg. Mönchengladbach (Kersting:
Sammlung Etzold 1986, p.206).
In the fifties Karl Otto Götz became known as an informal painter
and as a member of the artists´ group Quadriga. From 1959 to 1961
Goetz experimented in "statistic-metric modulations" with grids
filled with black and white rectangles. These "modulations"
were still carried out manually.
Karl Otto Götz before Density 10:3:2:1, 1961,
felt pen and tusche on Bristol cardboards, mounted on canvas (Götz:
Erinnerungen 1983, p.900, ill.1016).
In "Density 10:3:2:1" (1961) Götz divides the "image
area (200 x 260 cm)" in "16 super zones" and subdivides
them in "16 big zones" of equal size. He determines the frequency
of the black rectangles (in relation to the "2 brightness degrees"
black and white) in the four "density degrees" indicated by
the title. The basic unit is a grid with four by four rectangles (16 big
zones", each with 16 "little zones"). One of these 16 rectangles
is white (density degree "very bright") and 10 rectangles are
black (density degree "dark"). In relation to the density degrees
between black and white rectangles are 2 rectangles brighter ("lower
density") and 3 rectangles darker ("middle density"). The
title "Density 10:3:2:1" designates 10 times the density degree
"dark", 3 times "middle density", two times "lower
density" and one times the density degree "very bright".
Götz, Karl Otto: Density 10:3:2:1, sketch, 1961,
division of the image´s surface in super zones with four density
degrees (Götz: Malerei 1961, p.14).
Götz visualises the realisation of the four density degrees with
a grid of 2 by 3 squares: From these six squares with increasing density
no field ("very bright"), one field ("low density"),
three ("middle density") and five fields ("dark")
are filled with black colour. The brighter or darker appearances of the
grids are a result of a number of black or white elements being distributed
randomly: "statistic relations between quantities".
Götz, Karl Otto: Density 10:3:2:1, sketch, 1961,
little zones with four denstiy degrees: D = dark, M = middle density,
H = low density, sH = very bright (Götz: Malerei 1961, p.23).
The 16 x 16 (=256) big zones distributed on 16 super zones constitute
a plane provoking the eye to slide between the zones with different amounts
of black and white elements, and to look for visual cues at prominent,
particularly dense black or white fields. The partition in "big zones"
is recognizable at horizontal and vertical break lines between zones with
dominant black squares on one side and dominant white squares on the other
Students work out at home their area on "pre-rasterised drawing
cardboards" with felt pen and tusche. Then the grid image was "put
together by mounting the cardboards" prepared in labor division "on
canvas". The realised "ca. 400.000 image points (elements)"
constitute a "model image" that could be realised as an "electronic
television image". The two "brightness degrees" of Götz´s
"model images" could be substituted by the "ca. 40 brightness
degrees" of the television image with "450.000 image points".
In 1960 Götz tried to persuade Siemens to realise his "grid
images" but failed. In 1962 the film "Density 10:2:2:1"
(8 mm) was produced by combining photographed permutations of parts of
the "grid image" as shots. Intertitles indicate which grid elements
"basic units in little zones", "little zones",
"big zones" have been replaced from shot to shot. Götz
photographed these permutations. The photographs constitute the shots
of the film. The sequences of shots presenting the raster permutations
are brought into motion by the projection of the film and provoke the
impression of a flickering image. The permutations proceed from the smallest
"units" to the "big zones", and the changes become
recognisable in the course of seeing longer phases of the nearly three
minutes lasting film.
Götz, Karl Otto: Density
10:2:2:1, 1962, film (8 mm) in Vimeo
(Claus: Zeitalter 2008).
Götz calculated the "information content"
("Informationsgehalt") of his images. Concerning the observers´
problems to recognize order in the connections between the rectangles
of the "statistic-metric modulation" it is no surprise that
a high "total information content" ("Gesamtinformationsgehalt")
and few "redundancy" have been the result of his calculations.
Götz pursued "information theoretical observation" and
investigations of "gestalt psychological values" as separate
fields of study. 16
Götz anticipates algorithms of digital computer graphics in a still
manual realisation: The reduction of the realisation process to a few
elements, the combination rules and the selection possibilities limited
by rules based on criteria of frequency are aspects of information aesthetics
that recur in later computer graphics.
In 1956 the electronics engineer Béla Julesz
obtained a doctorate from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. After the
army of Soviet Union invaded Hungary, Julesz emigrated to the U.S.A. Several
weeks after his arrival the Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill/New Jersey
affiliated Julesz to their technical research team. 17
Julesz, Béla: Stereopsis, 1959, plotter drawing.
In 1960 Julesz
published his investigations of the "Binocular Depth Perception of
Computer-Generated Patterns" in "The Bell System Technical Journal".
This issue of the "Technical Journal" contained glasses to observe
the random dot stereograms illustrating Julesz´s contribution: These
glasses anticipate LCD shutter glasses. 18 Pro stereogram
a mainframe computer IBM
704 (1954-60) calculated images with 10.000 points. A pseudo-random
generator distributed 16 brightness degrees. 19 The
rectangles, printed and published beside each other, had the same random
distribution of points except specific divergences in their middle zones:
Within each of the rectangles an identical square field was displaced
to the left and to the right ("parallax shift"). The deviations
concern a displaced square zone and its environments. 20
This "parallax shift" provoked in the binocular perception with
glasses a three-dimensional effect, nevertheless no features of the images
suggest a resolution by visual patterns for three-dimensional objects.
Julesz, Béla: Depth perception by monocular
and binocular pattern recognition, 1960 (Julesz: Depth Perception 1960,
identifies a genuine "binocular pattern recognition" without
presupposing a "monocultural pattern recognition": The binocular
pattern recognition follows its own rules. 21 Depth
perception can arise not only on the basis of "binocular pattern
recognition" but as a "combination of binocular and monocular
pattern recognition", too: "Monocular macropattern recognition"
intensifies the depth effect. 22 Julesz´ investigations
of the "cyclopic perception" demonstrate that the depth perception
combines visual patterns recognizable with one eye and binocular visual
patterns. Julesz´s investigations had consequences for the perceptual
psychology, the cognition research and the development of autostereograms
with only one image. 23 In 1965 Julesz´s perceptual
experiments were exhibited together with A. Michael Noll´s computer
graphics in the Howard Wise Gallery in New York. 24
In 1961 A. Michael Noll completed his studies at
the Newark College of Engineering with the B.S.E.E. (Bachelor of Science
in Electrical Engineering). From 1961 to 1971 he worked in a department
for telephone transmissions at the Bell Laboratories (Murray Hill/New
In Summer 1962 Noll programmed
"Patterns" in FORTRAN and produced them with an IBM
7090 (since 1959) of the Bell Labs. Noll didn´t want that they
may be understood as "`true art´". 26
A Stromberg Carlson 4020 Microfilm-Plotter presented the results of the
computing processes on a cathode ray tube as configurations of electrons.
The computing processes lead to the production of images on the screen
via a "Decoder and Command Generator". Noll´s FORTRAN
code included instructions for the microfilm plotter to start further
"subroutines". The resulting image on the screen was photographed
and the 35mm negative was "multiplied by photo printing in different
The computer was instructed to produce lines as connections between points
located by a "White Noise Generator". A combination of lines
in different length constituted a jagged line.
Noll, A. Michael: Left: Pattern Three, 1962, photo
Right: Pattern Four, 1962, photo print (Noll: Patterns 1962, unpaginated).
Noll programmed the point clouds on the jagged lines
in "Pattern One", "Two" and "Three" around
a central point. In "Pattern Four" and "Pattern Five"
points with values calculated by random procedures for x- and y-axes served
for the localisation of lines: These points are "alternately repeated
to make the lines horizontal und vertical." The line connecting all
points changes its direction exclusively at right angles. In "Pattern
Four" are both ends of the line recognizable within fields marked
by this line. 28
In "Gaussian Quadratic" (1962/63) Noll distributes 100 points
on the horizontal and vertical axis following different criteria: The
localisation in the horizontal axis follows the Normal-
or Gaussian distribution, meanwhile the vertical localisation is calculated
based on an equation:
The vertical position increase quadratically, i.e., the first point has a vertical position from the bottom of the picture given by 12 + 5x1, the second point 22 + 5x2, the third point 32 + 5x3, etc. 29
To avoid points located outside the determined size of the work´s
area the distribution on the vertical axe at the top edge of the frame
was mirrored at the bottom. The Gaussian distribution on the horizontal
axis follows the standard normal distribution. The connections of the
points constitute 99 lines crossing each other several times in a vertical
midfield. These lines form a jagged line with accidental direction changes
and some remarkable deflections on the horizontal axis. The jagged line
appears as a vertical formation that balances on the lowest horizontal
line serving as a base.
Noll, A. Michael: Gaussian Quadratic, 1962/63, photo
In "Gaussian Quadratic" Noll follows the
strategy of a line´s accidental direction changes that he used in
many other of his "Patterns", too. He expands the algorithmic
criteria in "Gaussian Quadratic" in a way that the relations
between order and chance in its configuration of lines provoke a perception
searching for the "aesthetic measure" more than the "Patterns".
realised by Noll in 1962 are designated by Frieder Nake as "polygon
moves" ("Polygonzüge"). 31 In December
1964 "polygon moves" programmed by Georg Nees were published
in issue 3/4 of the "Grundlagenstudien aus Kybernetik und Geisteswissenschaft"
("Basic Studies in Cybernetics and Humanities"). 32
The instructions written in ALGOL ran on a mainframe computer Siemens
2002 (1959-66). A Zuse
Z64 Graphomat printed the results.
Nees, Georg: 23-Ecke, 1964, plotter drawing (Nees:
Grundlagenstudien 1964, p.124, ill. 2).
The polygon moves occur several times next to each other and one below
the other. The algorithm starts anew in fields respectively "matrices"
33 and determines via random generator the distribution
of consecutive lines. The number of lines is defined by the program.
Nees, Georg: Untitled (Micro Innovation), 1967, plotter
drawing (Nees: Computergraphik 2006, p.222, ill. 31).
In a series of computer graphics
realised between 1965 and 1968 Nees defines how far the "polygon
moves" can transgress the fields within which the program restarts
the configuration of lines. 34 Because the distances
between the "matrices" are short the transgressing polygon moves
interpenetrate each other. At a quick glance they appear as a complex
snarl of lines. 35 The structure of a snarl with lines
crossing each other tilted and rectangular can be recognised only by a
closer examination at a short distance, in a reconstruction of the relations
between the line configurations. In a total view zones of denser superimpositions
and dominating directions of lines across several zones attract the attention.
In Nees´ works the observation
of relations oscillates from work to work in different manners between
a complexity by plurality (via the division in "matrices" and
the superimpositions of line configurations) and a simplicity provoked
by the structuring process of the perception for the whole field. 36
The graphics of Georg Nees can be seen as models for an investigation
of the problem how "order and complexity" 37
can be mediated to obtain a better "aesthetic measure".
similarities and repetitions to simplify the formation of visual schemata
in terms of information theory: to enable the recognition of order
via redundancy (as a return of the same) observers refocus a print´s
surface several times. Nees calls this process a "gradation of the
type heap-variation-gestalt" ("Gradation vom Typus HaufenVariationGestalt").
38 The "micro-aesthetics" of the produced
object determined by the "creation of texture by overlapping"
39 and the "macro-aesthetics"
as a cognitive restructuring by the use of schemata in the process of
seeing constitute inter-related levels: "Gestalts are aesthetic
information units with a local and distal nexus." ("Gestalten
sind ästhetische Informationseinheiten mit Lokal- und Distalnexus.")
Nake, Frieder: Random Polygon Move, 1963, plotter drawing,
10 x 10 cm (Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.19, ill.5.2-7)/1964, plotter drawing,
15,5 x 11,5 cm (Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.424, nr.259).
Since 1963/64 Frieder Nake developed the translation
program Compart ER 56 in the machine language to control via the mainframe
computer Standard Electric Lorenz (SEL) ER 65 (since 1959) the drawing
Z64 Graphomat bought by the Computer Centre Stuttgart shortly before.
In 1963 Nake used his program to create "random polygon moves"
with lines connecting points located by a "pseudo random generator".
Nake realised his works after Noll´s "polygon moves" and
evidently before Nees´ works with such combinations of lines. 41
Nake, Frieder: Walk-Through-Rasters, 1966, six modes
(Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.229, ill. 5.5-1).
In 1966 Nake developed the program "walk-through-raster" in
"ALGOL60 (with some assembler-sub-programs)". A punch tape contained
the instructions for a Telefunken
TR4 (since 1962) of the Stuttgart University. The results were printed
by a Zuse Z64 Graphomat.
Nake, Frieder: Walk-Through-Raster, 1966, diagram of
the tree structure (Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.235, ill. 5.5-4).
program selected signs from a repertoire depending on "the last chosen
sign". As explained by Nake, the program simulated a "short
memory". 42 The program exchanged the signs at
specified positions. The exchange is determined by programmed "transition
43 The program stepped in one of "six modes"
44 through a field divided in rectangles and decided
where which kind of transition will be computed. The decision procedures
can be illustrated as tree structures unfolding themselves in the horizontal
axis as well as in the "depth". 45
Nake, Frieder: Walk-Through-Raster, series 2.1, four
realisations, 1966, plotter drawings (Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.236,
repertoire of the series "2.1" is constituted by vertical and
horizontal lines as well as by a blank field. For the "6 modes"
of the directions in which the computing process runs step by step across
the plane six variants with "defined repertoire and defined probabilities"
were created. 46 For the series "7.3" squares
marked by lines in different colours were selected. The squares were "remarkably
larger than the fields of the grid". The squares´ overlaps
constitute configurations described by Nake as a "destruction of
the basic repertoire" ("Zerstörung des Elementarrepertoires").
47 Nake refered in his description to Nee´s explanation
of the "destruction of the matrices´ arrangement" ("Zerstörung
der Matrizenanordnung"). 48
Nake, Frieder: Walk-Through-Raster, series 7.3, 1966,
plotter drawing in four colours (Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.237, ill.
program was able to execute "a series of measurements following criteria
of information aesthetics" like "redundancy and information
values as well as distinguishing features and the surprise measure of
each sign" ("Redundanz und Informationsgehalt sowie Auffälligkeit
und Überraschungsmaß jedes Zeichens"). 49
To be able to integrate the measurements as a "selector" ("Selektor")
of the generated signs into the computing process, Nake installed in his
program "Generative Aesthetics I" a "preselector"
("Vorselektor") with statistic measures for the frequency of
colours. The "statistic preselector" could not differentiate
between pictures with the same frequency of colours. 50
The "topological selector´s" ("topologischer Selektor")
programming of the colour distribution on the plane used a frequencies´
measure, and it was based on the raster principle:
A probability distribution p=(p1,...,
pr) for r colours has to be determined for each image. These
colours should be distributed on the plane of the image. For the realisation
of this goal the plane will be divided in 4 equal rectangles and the whole
"mass" of each colour will be distributed on these 4 rectangles.
The process will be repeated for each of the rectangles etc., until a
lowest level that can´t obviously be deeper than the level of the
raster fields, but usually the goal will be realised earlier. 51
The "generator" combines the statistical
and topological preselection in procedures following each other comparable
to Marcow chains.
The output of a line printer presents the notations. The notation´s
signs contain the information, how little rectangular leaflets in four
colours should be distributed on the plane. In 1969 two examples were
realised on hardboards. 52
Nake, Frieder: Generative Aesthetics I, 1969. Left:
Experiment 6.22, coloured leaflets on hardboard. Right: print of a result
of the programmed computing process, Experiment 4.5a (Nake: Vergnügen
Aesthetics I" Nake realised an integration of frequency criteria
into the computing processes going further than earlier computer graphics.
In the book "Ästhetik der Informationsverarbeitung" ("Aesthetics
of Information Processing") Nake explains how to investigate relations
between the preselection and a selection following information theoretical
criteria of the "aesthetic measure":
Comparable to a physicist´s
method to formulate propositions on nature by controlled models in the
laboratory, an aesthetician is imaginable preparing and examining statements
on `art´ via controlled models in a laboratory (that still has to
be constructed). 53
In reply to Bense´s "Generative Aesthetics" 54
investigating the properties of realised works, Nake plans to offer
a programming making an "aesthetic description before the [experience
of a realised work as an] aesthetic reality is possible." 55
Information aesthetics inspired the development of
strategies to develop procedures of programming as a precondition for
the production of art. The problem of the "aesthetic measure"
has not lost its actuality: It reappears in the recourse of contemporary
Generative Art on cybernetic relations between chaos and order, as in
2003 Philip Galanter explained it in his lecture "What is Generative
Art? Complexity Theory as a Context for Art Theory". 56
Dr. Thomas Dreher
Homepage with numerous articles
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1 Laposky: Oscillons 1953, p.2. back
2 Laposky: Oscillons 1976. back
3 Franke/Nierhoff-Wielk: Ästhetik 2007, p.110 (quote);
Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.336,338, Nr.68s.; Piehler:
Anfänge 2002, p.149-152, unpaginated with ill.29s . back
4 Herbert W. Franke, e-Mail, 8/17/2015. There Franke
wrote about "the standard setting of an oscillograph": "With
this setting the electron beam moves back and forth on a base line...the
beam goes slowly (traceable with the eyes) from the left to the right
side and it jumps then back to the left side again. A horizontal line
at the bottom would arise. But the line is distorted by impulses of the
measuring process pointing to the y-[vertical] axis: The result is an
'image' of the alternating current´s course. If one modifies experimentally
the settings, then this will cause 'arbitrary' other images...I needed
the analog computer to produce curves z(x,y). The value z stands for the
luminance of the image on the screen. x and y are the coordinates [of
the horizontal and vertical axes] of an image point leaving behind traces
of light on the screen. The curve is produced as follows: The analog computer
processes two functions f1x(t) and f2y(t) depending on the time t physically
as two independent oscillations (by determining the forms with its frequencies
and being tunable as well as modifiable in real time)." back
5 Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.150,232,362s.,
nr.150s.; Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.28s. back
6 Untitled, 1960, plotter drawing. In: Alsleben: Redundanz
1962, p.52. with ill. d; Piehler: Anfänge 2000, p.204s., unpaginated
with ill.33; Rosen: Story 2008/2011, p.248.
On plotter drawings by Alsleben and Passow: Alsleben: Redundanz 1962,
p.51s.; Alsleben/Eske/Idensen: Aestheticus 2011, p.149ss.; Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk:
Machina 2007, p.65,234,297s.; Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007. p.27s.; Piehler:
Anfänge 2000, p.203ss., unpaginated with ill. 33s.; Reichhardt: Serendipity
1968, p.94; Weiß: Netzkunst 2009, p.326ss. back
7 IBM delivered the first FORTRAN compiler since April
1957 (Without author: User Notes 1996-98). The Electrologica X1 compiler
(August 1960) by Edsger Wybe Dijkstra and Jaap A. Zonneveld is deemed
to be the first compiler for ALGOL60 (Daylight: Dijkstra 2010).
On plotters: Piehler: Anfänge 2000, p.177-180. back
8 In Gerhard Stickel´s "Autopoems" from
1965 the syntactical structures are selected by a random generator, too
(see chap. III.1.3), but the frequency of the access to each one of the
structures is not limited contrary to Lutz´s "stochastic
9 Bense: Aesthetica 1982, p.33s.,322s.,328s.,354f.;
Bense: Einführung 1965/1968, p.30-35; Bense: Einführung 1969,
p.43ss.,55s.; Bense: Informationstheorie 1963/2000, p.136; Birkhoff: Measure
10 Moles: Information 1965/1968, p.23; Moles: Art 1971,
11 Bense: Aesthetica 1982, p.212,325; Bense: Einführung
1965/1968, p.34; Shannon: Communication 1949, p.16. back
12 On the "aesthetic measure" discussed by
Birkhoff, Bense, Moles et al.: Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.75ss,82ss.
13 Bense: Aesthetica 1982, p.147,211,214s.,217,223,225
14 Moles: Théorie 1958, p.170,180. back
15 Cage defines his random procedures as not determined
(Schulze: Spiel 2000, p.161-179), meanwhile the information aesthetics
start out from stochastics (see chap. II.1.2): The probability to select
an element via random procedure is already determined by the selection
of the elements and their possible combinations. Florian Cramer demonstrates
that Cage´s methods for chance operations don´t eliminate
determinations (Cramer: Statements 2011, p.199-202). back
16 Götz: Malerei 1961, p.14 with fig.1, p.23 (citations).
Cf. Götz: Erinnerungen 1983, p.899s.,902; Klütsch: Computergrafik
2007, p.148; Mehring: Television Art 2008, p.36.
Further examples of "Statistic-Metric Modulations" in: Beckstette:
Bildstörung 2009; Götz: Erinnerungen 1983, p.869-905; Kersting:
Sammlung Etzold 1986, p.206 (with four examples being planned in summer
1959 and realised in February 1960).
Precursors of an aleatoric configuration of squares: Kelly, Ellsworth:
Spectrum Colors Arranged by Chance I-VIII, 1951, collages made with coloured
papers. In: Bois/Cowart/Pacquement: Kelly 1992, p.42ss.,168ss.,192. Morellet,
François: Repartitions aléatoires, since 1958, oil or acryl
on canvas. In: Holeczek/Mengden: Zufall 1992, p.23,46s.,278-281. back
17 Julesz: Dialoge 1997, p.137. back
18 Kovács: Julesz 2007. back
19 Julesz: Depth Perception 1960, p.1127,1134. back
20 Julesz: Depth Perception 1960, p.1134s.; Noll: Beginnings
1994, p.39. back
21 Julesz: Depth Perception 1960, p.1128 with fig.2,
22 Julesz: Depth Perception 1960, p.1128 with fig.3,
23 Julesz: Foundations 1971; Kovács: Julesz
1997; Weibel: Konturen 1997, p.40f.
In 1979 Christopher W. Tyler developed "Autostereograms". The
visual depth effect of the "Random Dot Stereograms" anticipates
the depth effect that "Autostereograms" provoke by a single
image (Tyler/Clarke: Autostereogram 1990). back
24 Julesz: Dialoge 1997, p.138. back
25 Noll: Beginnings 1994, p.39. back
26 Noll: Patterns 1962, p.4. back
27 Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.445
(citation); Klütsch: Computergrafik 2007, p.166s.; Noll: Human 1966,
28 Noll: Patterns 1962, p.2s. back
29 Noll: Computers 1967, p.67. back
30 Davis: Art 1973, p.99; Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk:
Machina 2007, p.444ss., nr.356; Klütsch: Computergrafik 2007, p.167ss.;
Noll: Computers 1967, p.67; Piehler: Anfänge 2000, p.235f., unpaginated
with ill.46; Reichardt: Serendipity 1968, p.74; Rosen: Story 2008/2011,
Noll was not inspired by information aesthetics (Klütsch: Computergrafk
2007, p.165s.). Nevertheless his works offer models for discussions of
the "aesthetic measure". back
31 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.199. back
32 Nees: Variationen 1964. Cf. Nees: Computergraphik
1969/2006, p.XIs., ill.4; Nees: Künstliche Kunst 2005, unpaginated
with ill1s. back
33 Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.208. back
34 Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.208. back
35 Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.434s.,
nr. 309s.; 314, 317ss.; Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.216ss. und
222ss. with ill.28-33, p.231 with ill.36, p.244 and p.247f. with ill.39-41.
36 Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.27: "The
perception dependency of the image nexus..." ("Die Perzeptionsabhängigkeit
des Bildnexus..."). back
37 Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.29. Nees presents
on page 24 a longer citation of Max Bense´s differentiation between
"micro-aesthetics" ("orders [in the sense of orderliness]
and complexity") and "macro-aesthetics" ("redundancy
and information"), published in 1965 in part V of "Aesthetica"
(New in: Bense: Aesthetica 1982, p.334. Cf. Klütsch: Computergrafik
2007, p.67-71). back
38 Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.209. back
39 Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.220. back
40 Nees: Computergraphik 1969/2006, p.213. Cf. p.177
with a further citation from Bense´s "Aesthetica" (part
V of 1956. New in: Bense: Aesthetica 1982, p.142) on criteria to differentiate
between "micro-" and "macro-aesthetics" (see ann.37).
41 Nake, Frieder: Random Polygon Move, plotter drawing,
1963/64: Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.424, nr.259 (collection
Herbert W. Franke); Klütsch: Computergrafik 2007, p.131-139; Nake:
Ästhetik 1974, p.199s. with ill. 5.2-7. Nake presents an illustration
of the same "Random Polygon Move" that is a part of the collection
Franke (Kunsthalle Bremen), but with the date 1963 and the size 10 x 10
cm. Franke´s plotter drawing is combined with a history of its making:
It was realised in "6/7/64" with the program COMPART ER 56 and
the Zuse Graphomat Z64 (with the size 15,5 x 11,5 cm on a paper with the
size 21,1 x 15,1 cm). The program COMPART ER 56 was developed since 1964,
as it is noted by Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.192 and Klütsch: Computergrafik
2007, p.132, but following Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007,
p.236 it was developed since 1963.
Other early computer graphics: Electronic Associates Incorporated (EAI):
Stained Glass Window, 1963 (Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007,
p.63,238 with ill.13, p.332, nr.66); Bäumer, Wolfgang: Untitled,
1963/64 (Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.94,309, nr.9s.);
Kawano, Hiroshi: Design 2-1 Markov Chain Pattern, 1964 (Rosen: Kawano
2011); Sumner, Lloyd: Eye´s Delight, 1964 (Dika: Computerkunst 2007,
p.75ss., ill.32). back
42 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.229. back
43 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.232. back
44 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.229. back
45 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.235. back
46 Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.426,
nr.267; Klütsch: Computergrafik 2007, p.152ss.; Nake: Ästhetik
1974, p.236s. with ill.5.5-5; Rödiger: Algorithmik 2003, p.98,134,141,164.
47 Herzogenrath/Nierhoff-Wielk: Machina 2007, p.426f.,
nr.268,271,273; Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.237s. with ill. 5.5-6. back
48 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.241; Nees: Computergrafik
1969/2006, p.208s. back
49 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.236,262. back
50 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.263. In 1970 Nake presented
"Generative Aesthetics I" for the first time at the symposium
"Computer Graphics 70" in Uxbridge (Nake: Generative Aesthetics
51 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.264-271. back
52 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.273-276 with ill.5.8-7, 5.8-8
(with examples of 1969 for notations and realisations with coloured little
sheets). The preselectors "have been implemented in PL/I at the university
of Toronto in 1969 on an IBM
360-65 since November 1965] " (ibid., S.273). Nake: Brief 1973,
p.225: "Only two examples were realised by hand, because I wanted
to produce works in seizes greater than the seizes that were realisable
with plotter drawings." Cf. Klütsch: Computergrafik 2007, p.155-158
with ill.33ss. back
53 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.277. back
54 Bense: Aesthetica 1982, p.333-338. back
55 Nake: Ästhetik 1974, p.277. back
56 Galanter: Generative Art 2003 refering to Moles:
Théorie 1958. back
Table of Contents|
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According to the World Health Organization, approximately 116 million women worldwide are affected by Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). But what does PCOS mean for you if you’re diagnosed with it? To understand more, let’s first dive into the basics of the female reproductive system.
How Does the Female Reproductive System Work?
The female reproductive system performs a number of vital activities. The egg cells, known as ova or oocytes, are made by the ovaries. The oocytes are subsequently moved to the fallopian tube, where they may be fertilised by a sperm. The fertilised egg is then transferred to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in reaction to the usual reproductive hormones. The fertilised egg can then implant into the thicker uterine lining and continue to grow once inside the uterus. If implantation fails, the uterine lining is lost as menstrual flow. In addition, the female reproductive system creates female sex hormones, which help to keep the reproductive cycle going.
What Is Ovulation?
The follicle-stimulating hormone causes follicles in one of your ovaries to develop each month, between days six and 14 of your menstrual cycle. However, only one of the maturing follicles becomes a completely developed egg between days 10 and 14. A rise in the luteinising hormone on day 14 of the menstrual cycle leads the ovary to release its egg. The egg then begins its five-day journey to the uterus via a small, hollow structure known as the fallopian tube. The level of progesterone (another hormone) rises as the egg travels through the fallopian tube, helping to prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy.
What Is PCOS?
PCOS is a common health issue caused by reproductive hormonal imbalances. Your ovaries (which create the egg that is released each month) suffer as a result of this imbalance. With PCOS, the egg may not mature or may not be released like it should during ovulation. PCOS is therefore one of the most prevalent reasons for female infertility. Below is a comparison of a healthy ovary (left) versus a PCOS ovary (right).
What Are the Symptoms of PCOS?
PCOS can cause several symptoms, some of which you may disregard as minor, but if they collectively persist, they need to be addressed by a doctor. Women with PCOS may miss their period, have fewer periods (fewer than eight in a year), or their periods may come more often (every 21 days). Some women with PCOS even cease having menstrual periods. PCOS can produce excessive hair development on the face, chin, or other areas of the body where males usually have hair. This is known as hirsutism and up to 70% of women with PCOS suffer from it.
PCOS may bring on acne on the face, chest, and upper back.
PCOS can lead to hair thinning or loss, akin to male-pattern baldness.
PCOS can trigger weight gain or make losing weight difficult.
PCOS can cause darkening of the skin in the neck creases, groin, and beneath the breasts. Skin tags, which are little extra flaps of skin, can also develop in the armpits or neck.
What Causes PCOS?
The exact cause of PCOS is not known. Most scientists believe that a variety of variables, including genetics, have a role. Other factors can include:
High Levels of Androgens
Androgens are commonly referred to as “male hormones”, despite the fact that all women produce modest levels of androgens. They regulate the development of masculine characteristics such as male-pattern baldness. Women with PCOS have higher levels of androgens than usual, which can hinder the ovaries from producing an egg (ovulation) throughout each menstrual cycle, as well as produce excessive hair growth and acne – all of which are symptoms of PCOS.
High Levels of Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that regulates how food is converted into energy. Insulin resistance arises when the body’s cells do not respond appropriately to insulin. This makes the insulin levels in your blood rise above normal. Many PCOS women have insulin resistance, particularly those who are overweight or obese, have poor eating habits, do not get enough physical activity, and have a family history of diabetes (usually Type 2 diabetes). Insulin resistance can progress to Type 2 diabetes over time.
Is PCOS Treatable?
There are several types of medicines that treat PCOS and its symptoms.
Hormonal birth control – including the pill, patch, injection, vaginal ring, and hormone intrauterine device (IUD) – is one method of birth control that can help manage PCOS symptoms. Hormonal birth control can help women who don’t wish to get pregnant by:
- Increasing the regularity of the menstrual cycle.
- Reducing the risk of endometrial cancer.
- Aiding in the treatment of acne and the reduction of excess hair on the face and body.
It’s essential to see your doctor before starting birth control that includes both estrogen and progesterone.
These medications inhibit the action of androgens, which can aid in the reduction of hair loss, facial and body hair growth, and acne. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not authorised them to treat PCOS symptoms, although there have been patient cases where these medications have been beneficial. These drugs can also create complications during pregnancy; therefore, it is critical to consult with your doctor before using them.
Metformin is often used to treat Type 2 diabetes and may benefit some individuals suffering from PCOS symptoms. It is not authorised by the FDA to treat PCOS symptoms, so see your doctor first. Metformin enhances insulin’s capacity to decrease blood sugar levels, and has the potential to lower both insulin and androgen levels. Metformin may help restart ovulation after a few months of usage, although it typically has minimal effect on acne and excess hair on the face or body. According to new studies, metformin may offer additional benefits such as decreasing body mass and improving cholesterol levels.
Previous studies have demonstrated that Myo-inositol is capable of restoring spontaneous ovarian activity, and consequently fertility, in most patients with PCOS. Some studies have also investigated the role of folic acid contained in the inositol preparation. The use of Myo-inositol and folic acid per day was shown to be a safe and promising tool in the effective improvement of symptoms and infertility for patients with PCOS, including improving oocytes.
Taking folic acid may help manage infertility rooted in ovulation problems for both women with and without PCOS. A study of over 18,000 women over an eight-year period indicates that having a high-quality multivitamin supplement containing folic acid may be beneficial. According to the data, using a supplement at least six times each week may lessen ovulation issues by 40%. Interestingly, the experts who led the study identified folic acid as one of the most plausible explanations for the patients’ increased fertility. | <urn:uuid:ec4a7634-2f99-4e93-8144-2aed3b81eb9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://staging.thegaggler.com/pcos-101-the-causes-the-symptoms-and-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00734.warc.gz | en | 0.94516 | 1,512 | 3.65625 | 4 |
By Nicole Baird, Planetarium Educator
Have you ever noticed a brief flash of light in the night sky and made a wish on a falling star? If so, then you have seen a meteor! Often called “shooting stars," meteors are pieces of rock or ice that fall through Earth’s atmosphere, mostly the size of sand or dust particles. As they reach high speeds, the specks burn up and create momentary streaks of light. June 30 marks National Meteor Watch Day, reminding us to keep an eye on the sky for these beacons of light both now and throughout the year.
To witness a shooting star for yourself, seek out a dark location far from light pollution on a clear evening. Even though meteors are always entering the atmosphere, the best time to notice them is during the night since it is easier to pick out the brief glimmers against a pitch-black sky. In order to see many shooting stars at once, mark your calendar for a meteor shower!
While the first half of the year is not the best time to view meteor showers, there are a few notable ones later in the year. The next major shower, called the Southern Delta Aquarids, occurs in late July and is best seen from the southern hemisphere. We will still be able to see them from the northern hemisphere, but it is less prominent at about only 10 meteors per hour. Although this shower typically peaks around July 30, the light reflected off the large gibbous Moon late in the month will likely diminish the ability to see these meteors clearly. To avoid this issue, observe these before dawn on July 27, since the Moon's glare will not be as intense.
A Perseid meteor was caught in an all sky camera at Embry-Riddle (ERAU) in Daytona Beach as it streaked overhead. A bright meteor such as this is called a fireball, and this particular one was seen in August of 2018 as it was moving at about 132,000 mph. The all sky camera at ERAU is part of NASA's All-sky Fireball Network under the Meteoroid Environment Office and is collecting data on meteors over Earth to aid in spacecraft design and safety. Image credit: NASA/MEO
If you are interested in a more active event with between 50 and 75 shooting stars per hour, the most popular meteor shower occurs in August. The Perseids - active between July 17 through August 24 - will reach a maximum around August 12. This shower is appropriately named for its proximity to the constellation of Perseus where its radiant point lies. This meteor shower is visible every year when the comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle returns to the inner Solar System and releases particles. So in celebration of Meteor Watch Day, head outside on a clear summer night and see how many shooting stars you can find! Happy stargazing!
Visit the American Meteor Society at www.amsmeteors.org for more information. | <urn:uuid:7c8f97d4-5452-4f72-9364-2422ee04c660> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.moas.org/Keep-an-Eye-on-the-Sky-for-Meteor-Watch-Day-1-7388.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518063944-20210518093944-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.953001 | 602 | 4 | 4 |
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Caribbean history comprises of a long and tumultuous colonial past Guyana and Trinidad both have a rich cultural past however it is a history that has been marred by its own people its adopted natives Much of both countries history has been soiled First by the race issues created by the Europeans then secondly by petty jealousies each race East Indian and African had towards each other But let my point about the ethnic divide be put with more focus the two races are the two main groups in these two countries are East Indian and Blacks My country Guyanas motto is One People One Nation One Destiny and likewise Trinidads motto is Together we Aspire Together we Achieve it is indeed ironic that this is far from true Trinidads makeup is 396 African and 403 East Indian vis--vis Guyanas ethnic make-up 51 East Indian and 43 Afro-Guyanese1 While Guyana and Trinidad are not located in the similar geographic location sharing a similar ethnic makeup has resulted in a similar past and most likely a future where racial conflict will continue undoubtedly to affect their society This racial divide has detrimentally affected both countries the effects can be noticed socially economically and politically It will continue unless there is more regard for this fragile coexistence between East Indian and African One might ask how are these two countries are easily comparable since they are not located in similar geographic settings one an island the other a mainland country however there are many characteristics common to both countries Guyana and Trinidad have experienced major similarities in development of their societies Both were British colonies Africans were enslaved in both countries and Indians brought to be indentured to replace them Both Indian and African are the two major ethnic groups Both are characterized by a high degree of conflict between the two major ethic groups and the organization of their political system along virtually rigid ethnic lines
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In a development that holds promise for future magnetic memory and logic devices, researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and Cornell University successfully used an electric field to reverse the magnetization direction in a multiferroic spintronic device at room temperature. This demonstration, which runs counter to conventional scientific wisdom, points a new way towards spintronics and smaller, faster and cheaper ways of storing and processing data.
"Our work shows that 180-degree magnetization switching in the multiferroic bismuth ferrite can be achieved at room temperature with an external electric field when the kinetics of the switching involves a two-step process," says Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Berkeley Lab's Associate Laboratory Director for Energy Technologies, who led this research. "We exploited this multi-step switching process to demonstrate energy-efficient control of a spintronic device."
Ramesh, who also holds the Purnendu Chatterjee Endowed Chair in Energy Technologies at the University of California (UC) Berkeley, is the senior author of a paper describing this research in Nature. The paper is titled "Deterministic switching of ferromagnetism at room temperature using an electric field." John Heron, now with Cornell University, is the lead and corresponding author. (See below for full list of co-authors).
Multiferroics are materials in which unique combinations of electric and magnetic properties can simultaneously coexist. They are viewed as potential cornerstones in future data storage and processing devices because their magnetism can be controlled by an electric field rather than an electric current, a distinct advantage as Heron explains.
"The electrical currents that today's memory and logic devices rely on to generate a magnetic field are the primary source of power consumption and heating in these devices," he says. "This has triggered significant interest in multiferroics for their potential to reduce energy consumption while also adding functionality to devices."
Nature, however, has imposed thermodynamic barriers and material symmetry constrains that theorists believed would prevent the reversal of magnetization in a multiferroic by an applied electric field. Earlier work by Ramesh and his group with bismuth ferrite, the only known thermodynamically stable room-temperature multiferroic, in which an electric field was used as on/off switch for magnetism, suggested that the kinetics of the switching process might be a way to overcome these barriers, something not considered in prior theoretical work.
"Having made devices and done on/off switching with in-plane electric fields in the past, it was a natural extension to study what happens when an out-of-plane electric field is applied," Ramesh says.
Ramesh, Heron and their co-authors set up a theoretical study in which an out-of-plane electric field - meaning it ran perpendicular to the orientation of the sample - was applied to bismuth ferrite films. They discovered a two-step switching process that relies on ferroelectric polarization and the rotation of the oxygen octahedral.
"The two-step switching process is key as it allows the octahedral rotation to couple to the polarization," Heron says. "The oxygen octahedral rotation is also critical because it is the mechanism responsible for the ferromagnetism in bismuth ferrite. Rotation of the oxygen octahedral also allows us to couple bismuth ferrite to a good ferromagnet such as cobalt-iron for use in a spintronic device."
To demonstrate the potential technological applicability of their technique, Ramesh, Heron and their co-authors used heterostructures of bismuth ferrite and cobalt iron to fabricate a spin-valve, a spintronic device consisting of a non-magnetic material sandwiched between two ferromagnets whose electrical resistance can be readily changed. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD-PEEM) images showed a clear correlation between magnetization switching and the switching from high-to-low electrical resistance in the spin-valve. The XMCD-PEEM measurements were completed at PEEM-3, an aberration corrected photoemission electron microscope at beamline 11.0.1 of Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source.
"We also demonstrated that using an out-of-plane electric field to control the spin-valve consumed energy at a rate of about one order of magnitude lower than switching the device using a spin-polarized current," Ramesh says.
In addition to Ramesh and Heron, other co-authors of the Nature paper were James Bosse, Qing He, Ya Gao, Morgan Trassin, Linghan Ye, James Clarkson, Chen Wang, Jian Liu, Sayeef Salahuddin, Dan Ralph, Darrell Schlom, Jorge Iniguez and Bryan Huey.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory addresses the world's most urgent scientific challenges by advancing sustainable energy, protecting human health, creating new materials, and revealing the origin and fate of the universe. Founded in 1931, Berkeley Lab's scientific expertise has been recognized with 13 Nobel prizes. The University of California manages Berkeley Lab for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. For more, visit http://www.
DOE's Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit the Office of Science website at science.energy.gov. | <urn:uuid:17a67ca4-c99b-43a4-ba48-b2b4568879f5> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-12/dbnl-sts121714.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864795.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622201448-20180622221448-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.92631 | 1,166 | 3.25 | 3 |
Report Nº: 88430/10/2020
The exchange rate crisis puts imports sustainability at risk. Reducing imports may save dollars, but it wipes out any possibility of economic recovery. Growth requires imports, and the latter needs more exports.
The INDEC reported that in September 2020, exports have been falling by -12% year-on-year. In turn, imports had also been declining at a rate of -24% year-on-year until August, but in September they had a small increase of 3% year-on-year. This reversal in the declining trend of imports responds to economic agents’ expectations regarding a possible devaluation of the official exchange rate. The widening of the gap between the parallel and the official dollar increases the doubts about the official dollar sustainability. The uncertainty leads to bringing forward imports and lagging exports.
Falling exports and growing imports put further pressure on the central bank’s reserves. In searching to avoid a traumatic devaluation, the authorities try to stimulate exports with temporary reductions in taxes and different constraints on imports.
One important question is how relevant imports, in particular, and foreign trade, in general, are to economic activity. To shed some light on the answers, it may help observe data on economic activity and foreign trade published by the Ministry of the Economy. According to this source, in the 16 years between 2004 and 2019, it can be seen that
These data show that for every point that the GDP grows, imports double. The reason is that more than 80% of imports are made up of capital goods, inputs, and spare parts. The main conclusion is that in order to put to work the economy, foreign currency is needed to pay for imports. Foreign trade statistics show that exports in Argentina grow at a slower rate than imports. This mismatch explains the unsustainability of Argentina’s economic growth. At the same time, it warns that obstacles to imports, which may be useful to preserve Central Bank’s reserves, are a barrier to economic recovery.
The secular stagnation of the Argentine economy is associated with foreign trade demonization. The idea that exporters are privileged and earn a lot of money is deeply rooted in Argentina, which justifies overcharging them with taxes. Imports are assumed to be a threat to domestic production activity and local employment, so they also deserve to be burdened with taxes and bureaucracy. As long as this view continues to prevail, there will be no chance to grow. Any attempt to revive the economy will fail because insufficient exports will not generate enough dollars to finance the imports that require a growing economy.
Additionally, there is now a rampant monetary expansion, intensified by the pandemic, but it had started earlier. The natural and foreseeable consequence is that people reject pesos and buy dollars to protect their savings. The problem is not that the official dollar value is overvalued (the official dollar is at lower than historical levels) but that the big fiscal deficit force a destabilizing monetary issuing.
Inaction and voluntarism lead fatally to a devaluation of the official exchange rate and the inflationary blow that will consume the excess of printed money. The way to avoid this traumatic, inefficient, and costly outcome is to address a comprehensive state reform. The reform points to four pillars. One is the social security systems (the national government’s main expenditure and critical in provincial finances). Another issue is the tax system (simplifying and unifying taxes to increase revenue with less tax pressure). Another one is the state’s administrative organization (eliminating national departments that overlap with provincial functions). The fourth is a federal organization (eliminating co-participation so that the provinces can finance themselves with their collection). | <urn:uuid:354d1c96-e4b7-45af-8057-0a3405f598b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://idesa.org/en/imports-grow-twice-as-fast-as-gdp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572220.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816030218-20220816060218-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.951249 | 755 | 2.78125 | 3 |
These words are known as the “FANBOYS” group of connector" words which join two equal clauses (two equal ideas) of a sentence together to make a single sentence. Use these coordinating connectors when you want to stress the equal importance of both clause ideas
تجمع ادوات الربط في كلمة واحدة "FANBOYS"
استخدام أدوات الربط في اللغة الانجليزية لربط كلمتين او جملتين متساويتين.
تستخدم لربط كلمتين
words to words: Most children like cookies and milk.
He is a vain and arrogant man.
او اكثر من عبارة
phrases to phrases: The gold is hidden at the beach or by the lakeside.
We look for employees with outgoing personalities, the ability to solve problems quickly, and experience in the service industry.
وتستخدم ايضا لربط شبه الجملة
clauses to clauses: What you say and what you do are two different things
I like to dance, he likes to cook, and she likes to paint.
When using and to join two independent clauses, make sure the two clauses are equal in importance. | <urn:uuid:d766f5c3-e3d8-4f2a-b402-14f0a6eb0c69> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://engesl.blogspot.com/2013/01/using-coordinating-conjunctions-fanboys.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592636.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721145209-20180721165209-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.673863 | 352 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Anyone familiar with modern banknotes such as the Euro will have noticed that the front of the notes features graphical printed elements that are raised up from the body of the note. This effect is created by the intaglio printing method in which the image to be printed onto the banknote paper is recessed into a printing plate and the recessed areas filled with ink before the surface of the printing plate is wiped clean. Heavy pressure is then applied to transfer the ink from the plate to the paper, leaving the surface slightly raised and the backside slightly indented.
The production of banknotes is an extremely fast web printing process—approximately 40,000 sheets of paper can be produced in one 8-hr shift. During this process, occasional flaws occur. Hence banknote producers must consistently monitor the output of the presses to ensure that the printed images are of consistent quality.
Engineers at Chromasens have created an automated optical 3-D inspection system specifically for the task. The system, which made its debut in November 2012 at the VISION show in Stuttgart, Germany, comprises a pair of the company's allPIXA CCD color linescan cameras. Both cameras capture 3-D images of the banknotes while illuminated by the company's 2,500,000 lux Corona II LED-based illumination system.
Image data from the cameras are transferred over a Camera Link interface to a GPU-enabled PC, which recreates a 3-D image of the notes before performing image matching of the 3-D stereo pairs with a "golden template" provided by the banknote manufacturer.
Depending on the surface texture of the scanned object, a height resolution of 1/5 to 1/10 of the lateral resolution is possible. Thus the system can resolve 100-µm features laterally across banknotes traveling under the imaging system at a speed of 5 m/sec with a height resolution of 10-20 µm. | <urn:uuid:d54fe83d-7c55-4dfc-a06f-59f2ddbc9f96> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.vision-systems.com/factory/article/16736056/linescan-cameras-inspect-banknotes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540514893.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208202454-20191208230454-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.932649 | 392 | 2.9375 | 3 |
- (Of a classical building) having a portico at each end but not at the sides.More example sentences
- The Archaic temple had the same Doric tetrastyle amphiprostyle plan as the subsequent one.
- Its monumental entrance, in the form of an amphiprostyle Corinthian portico, was in the southeast corner.
- It is an amphiprostyle temple with four columns in antis in the front and rear.
early 18th century: via Latin from Greek amphiprostulos, from amphi- 'both, on both sides'+ prostulos 'having pillars in front' (see prostyle).
More definitions of amphiprostyleDefinition of amphiprostyle in:
- The US English dictionary | <urn:uuid:c18e3bbc-c309-40f8-9936-a24885b473e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/amphiprostyle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00586-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850124 | 158 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Until recently, four species were held responsible for human malaria infections: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. P. knowlesi is increasingly recognised as the fifth and emerging human malaria parasite, which is particularly prevalent in South East Asia and can cause potentially life threatening malaria. Recent surveys suggest that many P. knowlesi infections have been misdiagnosed by microscopy as P. malariae, resulting in gross underestimates of its prevalence.
The genome sequence reveals a dramatic example of 'molecular mimicry' that is likely to be crucial for survival and propagation of the parasite in the body. Remarkably, the team found several members of a large gene family that contain sequence signatures that closely resemble a key human gene involved in regulation of the immune system. The parasite versions of the human protein are thought to interfere with recognition of infected red blood cells.
In addition to this uniquely expanded group of genes, P. knowlesi has a fundamentally different architecture of the genes involved in 'antigenic variation' compared to other malaria parasites. The study also emphasizes the fact that, although 80% of genes are shared among all sequenced malaria parasites, each species may have a unique set of tricks and disguises that help it to escape host responses and to keep itself ahead in the host–parasite interaction.
"P. knowlesi has thrown up several surprises. Our study demonstrates the power of sequencing additional malaria genomes to unravel as yet undiscovered and fascinating aspects of the biology of malaria parasites" says Dr Arnab Pain, the first author in the study and the project manager at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
"Unusually, the key genes that we think help the parasite to evade detection and destruction by host defences are scattered through the genome. In the other species we have examined, these genes are most often near the tips of the chromosomes".
The phenomenon of 'antigenic variation' - where the parasite constantly changes the coat of parasitized red cells in order to avoid recognition by the host - was also first discovered in P. knowlesi. Moreover, it can be studied and grown in the lab, making it ideal to understand it's basic biology such as how it invades red cells.
Identified initially as a monkey parasite, P. knowlesi had been identified in only two cases of human infection before 2004. However, at that time, Professor Balbir Singh and colleagues developed DNA-based detection methods and examined samples from malaria patients in Malaysia. They showed that almost all cases of what was thought to be infection with the human parasite P. malariae were due to infection with the 'monkey' parasite P. knowlesi.
"Rapid and appropriate treatment is vital in cases of malaria," says Professor Balbir Singh, Director of the Malaria Research Centre at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, "but before the development of molecular detection methods, we had been hampered by our inability to distinguish between P. knowlesi and the benign P. malariae parasites by microscopy. This parasite multiplies rapidly and can cause fatal human infections, so it is vital that doctors are aware that P. knowlesi is the fifth cause of human malaria.
"The genome sequence of what has been considered to be a 'model' for human malaria becomes much more significant with our findings of the widespread distribution and high levels of human infections with P. knowlesi."
P. knowlesi is an important model for studying the way that malaria parasites interact with host cells. It is a robust species in which invasion of red blood cells can be examined in detail. The genome sequence provides an updated catalogue of proteins that might help the parasite in these first stages of infection: the team identified novel regions in the genome that help to understand the regulation of these key genes and the transport of their proteins to the red cell surface.
Switching of surface proteins is a key defence mechanism for malaria parasites, as well as being essential for successful transfer between human and mosquito host, but the mechanisms of switching remain unclear.
"This is our first view of a monkey malaria parasite genome. It brings us intrigues and surprises - as well as new resources to help in the fight against malaria," says Dr Alan Thomas, Chairman of the Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre in RIJSWIJK, Netherlands. "P. knowlesi is closely related to the second-most common cause of human malaria, P. vivax. With our new understanding of the genetic architecture of both parasites, we will more efficiently translate our studies on P. knowlesi to other human parasites.
"Just as important, the genome will help in understanding human cases of knowlesi malaria."
It is thought that P. knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group that feed on humans and monkeys.
The function of the majority of Plasmodium proteins remains unknown. Comparison with the other malaria parasites will help to understand the differences in pathology and the mechanisms they share in interacting with the human, monkey or mosquito hosts.
The current work is published in Nature along with a companion study, deciphering the genome of another human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. That study was led by scientists at the New York University School of Medicine and the J Craig Venter Institute [formerly The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR )] of Rockville, Maryland, USA. The Sanger Institute is also sequencing the remaining two human-infecting Plasmodium species. The genome of P. falciparum was deciphered in 2002.
Don Powell | alfa
How brains surrender to sleep
23.06.2017 | IMP - Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pathologie GmbH
A new technique isolates neuronal activity during memory consolidation
22.06.2017 | Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
An international team of scientists has proposed a new multi-disciplinary approach in which an array of new technologies will allow us to map biodiversity and the risks that wildlife is facing at the scale of whole landscapes. The findings are published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. This international research is led by the Kunming Institute of Zoology from China, University of East Anglia, University of Leicester and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research.
Using a combination of satellite and ground data, the team proposes that it is now possible to map biodiversity with an accuracy that has not been previously...
Heatwaves in the Arctic, longer periods of vegetation in Europe, severe floods in West Africa – starting in 2021, scientists want to explore the emissions of the greenhouse gas methane with the German-French satellite MERLIN. This is made possible by a new robust laser system of the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen, which achieves unprecedented measurement accuracy.
Methane is primarily the result of the decomposition of organic matter. The gas has a 25 times greater warming potential than carbon dioxide, but is not as...
Hydrogen is regarded as the energy source of the future: It is produced with solar power and can be used to generate heat and electricity in fuel cells. Empa researchers have now succeeded in decoding the movement of hydrogen ions in crystals – a key step towards more efficient energy conversion in the hydrogen industry of tomorrow.
As charge carriers, electrons and ions play the leading role in electrochemical energy storage devices and converters such as batteries and fuel cells. Proton...
Scientists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich have establised "Cosmowebportal", a unique data centre for cosmological simulations located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The complete results of a series of large hydrodynamical cosmological simulations are available, with data volumes typically exceeding several hundred terabytes. Scientists worldwide can interactively explore these complex simulations via a web interface and directly access the results.
With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe’s galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the...
Temperature measurements possible even on the smallest scale / Molecular ruby for use in material sciences, biology, and medicine
Chemists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in cooperation with researchers of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)...
19.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
23.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
23.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
23.06.2017 | Information Technology | <urn:uuid:b4ad1858-ae24-4b7f-b910-2ce9b839e03a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/genome-a-monkey-human-malaria-parasite-surprises-119902.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320438.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625050430-20170625070430-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.924606 | 1,807 | 3.75 | 4 |
- AMI approved
- Unequalled beauty
- Precise control of error
- Exact isolation of one quality
- Perfect interrelations
This work on scientific pedagogy comes in two volumes. The first volume entitled Spontaneous Activity In Education begins with a survey of the inner and outer life of the child, and emphasizes the importance of the prepared environment in education. The second volume is entitled The Montessori Elementary Materials. The two volumes discuss the application of the Montessori principles in the education of older children between 7 and 11 years of age. • Kalakshetra: 294 pp, hard cover, 1988 edition.
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The amount of money people spend on food around the world varies massively, even more so when you take a look at what percentage of a person’s average wage is spent on food shopping.
This is exactly what the Economic Research Service at the US Department of Agriculture has been researching, publishing their findings in a series of maps that visualise the data.
The first map breaks the world down into seven categories depending on what percentage of household expenditure goes towards food. The second graph breaks this info down further offering specific percentages for each country, while the third looks at the info above and compares that with cases of child malnutrition in the corresponding countries.
It's an interesting set of data that when presented in this way really highlights the disparity in how people feed themselves all over the globe. | <urn:uuid:b29cfae7-0fac-4dc8-bdf5-6bdbbfffbc8f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.finedininglovers.com/blog/news-trends/how-much-countries-spend-on-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696182.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926141625-20170926161625-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.925771 | 164 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Bevacizumab (Avastin ®)
Bevacizumab (Avastin ®) is a targeted therapy being developed to treat many cancers. It is being tested in research trials.
Monoclonal antibodies are sometimes called targeted therapies. They work by ‘targeting’ specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells. Bevacizumab targets a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that helps cancer cells develop a new blood supply.
Targeting VEGF reduces the supply of oxygen and nutrients so that the tumour shrinks or stops growing. Drugs that interfere with blood vessel growth are called anti-angiogenics.
When bevacizumab is usedBack to top
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) gives advice on which new drugs should be available on the NHS in England and Wales. The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) makes recommendations on the use of new drugs on the NHS in Scotland. Neither NICE nor the SMC has recommended the use of bevacizumab. Some people may be given it as part of a clinical trial.
Bevacizumab is not routinely available on the NHS. If you live in Northern Ireland, your cancer specialist can explain whether bevacizumab may be available to you.
Some people may be able to have bevacizumab as a treatment by applying to the Cancer Drugs Fund (England only) or their local health body.
How bevacizumab is givenBack to top
You may have bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy drugs. It may be given with interferon when it is used to treat kidney cancer. A nurse will give you bevacizumab as a drip into a vein (intravenous infusion). It's usually given once every two or three weeks, depending on the type of cancer you have.
You have the first treatment given slowly over 90 minutes. If you don’t have any problems, such as a reaction, you can have your next drip over 60 minutes. After this, you can usually have the treatment over 30 minutes.
Some people may have a reaction to bevacizumab. This isn’t common and, if it happens, it is usually mild.
A reaction is more likely with the first or second infusion so you‘ll have them more slowly.
Your nurse will closely monitor you while you are having the treatment. But tell your nurse or doctor if you feel unwell or have any of the following: fever, chills, or dizziness; a rash; swollen lips, tongue or throat; feeling breathless or wheezy; pain in the chest, back or stomach.
A reaction can usually be treated by stopping the drip until you feel better. Rarely, a reaction can happen a few hours after treatment. If you develop these symptoms or feel unwell after you get home, contact the hospital straight away for advice.
Possible side effects of bevacizumabBack to top
Each person’s reaction to cancer treatment is different. Some people have very few side effects while others may experience more. Bevacizumab is often used in combination with chemotherapy, so you may also have side effects from the chemotherapy. The side effects mentioned here are those caused by bevacizumab.
We explain the most common side effects of bevacizumab here. But we don’t include all the less common ones that are unlikely to affect you. Always tell your doctor, nurse or pharmacist about the side effects you have. They can prescribe drugs to help control them and give you advice about managing them.
High blood pressure
Bevacizumab can cause an increase in blood pressure. Your blood pressure will be checked regularly during your treatment. If you have headaches or nosebleeds or feel dizzy, let your doctor know. High blood pressure can usually be controlled with tablets prescribed by your doctor.
This may happen a few hours after treatment and can last for a few days. Your doctor can prescribe anti-sickness (anti-emetic) drugs to prevent or control sickness.
If you still feel sick or are vomiting, contact the hospital as soon as possible. They can give you advice and change the anti-sickness drug to one that works better for you. Some anti-sickness drugs can cause constipation. Let your doctor or nurse know if this is a problem.
You may feel tired during and after your treatment. Try to pace yourself and get as much rest as you need. It helps to balance this with some gentle exercise, such as short walks. If you feel sleepy, don’t drive or operate machinery.
Diarrhoea or constipation
This can usually be controlled with medicine, but tell your doctor if it’s severe or continues. It's important to drink plenty of fluids if you have diarrhoea.
Drinking at least 2 litres of fluids (3.5 pints) every day will help with constipation. Try to eat more foods that contain fibre (such as fruit, vegetables and wholemeal bread) and take some regular gentle exercise.
Some people find that bevacizumab causes headaches. Let your doctor or nurse know as they can give you painkillers to relieve this.
Sore mouth and ulcers
Your mouth may become sore or dry, or you may get small ulcers. This can make you more likely to get an infection in your mouth. Gently clean your teeth and/or dentures morning and night and after meals. Use a soft-bristled or children’s toothbrush. Your nurse might advise you to use mouthwashes. It’s important to follow any advice you are given and to drink plenty of fluids.
Tell your nurse or doctor if you have any problems with your mouth. They can prescribe medicines to prevent or treat mouth infections and reduce any soreness.
Loss of appetite
Some people lose their appetite. This can be mild and may only last a few days. If it doesn’t improve you can ask to see a dietitian or specialist nurse at your hospital. They can give you advice on improving your appetite and keeping to a healthy weight.
Changes in how your kidneys work
Bevacizumab can sometimes affect the kidneys. You may have tests done on samples of your urine and blood to check that your kidneys are working well.
Effect on blood cells
Bevacizumab can reduce the number of white and red blood cells in your blood. You will have regular blood tests to check the numbers of blood cells. Occasionally, it may be necessary to delay your treatment until these levels recover.
Risk of infection
If you have a low number of white blood cells you are more likely to get an infection. If this happens during your treatment your doctor or nurse will advise you how to reduce your risk of infection.
Contact the hospital straight away if:
- your temperature goes over 37.5°C (99.5° F) or over 38°C (100.4° F), depending on the advice given by your healthcare team
- you suddenly feel unwell, even with a normal temperature
- you have symptoms of an infection – this can include feeling shaky, a sore throat, a cough, diarrhoea or needing to pass urine a lot.
Anaemia (low number of red blood cells)
If the number of red blood cells is low, you may be tired and breathless. Tell your doctor or nurse if you feel like this.
Bevacizumab can sometimes cause bleeding problems, such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood spots or rashes on the skin. Tell your doctor if you are taking any medicines that may affect bleeding. This includes aspirin, blood-thinning tablets such as warfarin, or injections such as heparin, or vitamin E.
Contact your doctor right away if you have any unusual bleeding including vomiting or coughing up blood, unexpected vaginal bleeding or blood in your stools (bowel movements).
Joint and muscle pain
You may have pain and stiffness in your joints, and sometimes in your muscles. Tell your doctor or nurse if this happens. They can prescribe painkillers and give you advice.
Numb or tingling hands or feet
You may find it hard to fasten buttons or do other fiddly tasks. This is called peripheral neuropathy. The symptoms usually improve slowly after treatment finishes. Talk to your doctor if you are worried about this.
Your eyes may become watery. Your doctor can prescribe eye drops to help with this. Always tell your doctor or nurse if you notice any changes in your vision.
You may notice some voice changes or hoarseness. Talk to your doctor if you are worried about this.
Less common side effects of bevacizumabBack to top
Bevacizumab can increase the chance of a blood clot (thrombosis). A clot can cause pain, redness and swelling in a leg, breathlessness or chest pain. Contact your doctor straight away if you have any of these symptoms. A blood clot is serious but your doctor can treat it with drugs that thin the blood. Your doctor or nurse can give you more information.
Slow wound healing
Wounds may take longer to heal while you're being treated with bevacizumab. If you have any wounds which are not healing or look infected, speak to your doctor straight away.
If you have any surgery planned, bevacizumab will be stopped about four weeks before the operation and not started again until the wound is fully healed.
Changes in the way your heart works
This is rare. It's most likely to affect people who have heart disease or who have had radiation to the chest or certain chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin or epirubicin. Let your doctor know if you have chest pain, difficulty breathing or ankle swelling as these could be signs that bevacizumab is affecting your heart.
Pain in the tummy (abdomen)
Bevacizumab can cause a hole (perforation) in the small bowel but this isn’t common. Tell your doctor immediately if you have sudden or severe pain in your tummy (abdomen).
Very rarely, bevacizumab can cause a fistula. This is a tunnel-like connection between two parts of the body not usually connected. If you notice any changes in your bowel or bladder habits or any vaginal changes, tell your doctor straight away.
Jaw problems (osteonecrosis)
A rare side effect is a condition called osteonecrosis of the jaw. This is when healthy bone tissue in the jaw becomes damaged and dies. Gum disease, problems with your dentures and some dental treatments, such as having a tooth removed, can increase the risk of this. Before you start taking the drug you'll be advised to have a full dental check-up.
It’s important to let your doctor know straight away if you feel unwell or have any severe side effects, even if they’re not mentioned above.
Other information about bevacizumabBack to top
Some medicines, including those that you can buy in a shop or chemist, can be harmful to take when you are having bevacizumab. Tell your doctor about any medicines you are taking, including over-the-counter drugs, complementary therapies and herbal drugs.
Your doctor will advise you not to become pregnant or father a child during treatment or for at least six months after. Bevacizumab can harm a developing baby.
There is a possible risk that bevacizumab may be present in breast milk, so women are advised not to breastfeed during this treatment and for at least six months afterwards.
Medical and dental treatment
If you need to go into hospital for any reason other than cancer, always tell the doctors and nurses that you are having bevacizumab. Give them contact details for your cancer doctor.
Talk to your cancer doctor or nurse if you think you need dental treatment. Always tell your dentist you are having bevacizumab.
It’s a good idea to know who you should contact if you have any problems or troublesome side effects when you’re at home. During office hours you can contact the clinic or ward where you had your treatment. Your specialist nurse or doctor will tell you who to contact during the evening or at weekends.
This page has been compiled using information from a number of reliable sources, including the electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC; medicines.org.uk). If you’d like further information on the sources we use, please feel free to contact us.
This information was reviewed by a medical professional.
Thank you to all of the people affected by cancer who reviewed what you're reading and have helped our information to grow.
You could help us too when you join our Cancer Voices Network - find out more. | <urn:uuid:696a1437-8f4b-4b45-9f96-d5a4dd260dc0> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancerinformation/cancertreatment/treatmenttypes/biologicaltherapies/monoclonalantibodies/bevacizumab.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.941396 | 2,740 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Researchers build fully mechanical phonon laserMarch 19th, 2013 by Bob Yirka in Physics / General Physics
(Left) Three-level scheme for a conventional optical laser. (Right) Three-level scheme of the phonon laser reported by Mahboob et al. Credit: APS/José Tito Mendonça; Image on homepage and inset: I. Mahboob/NTT Basic Research Laboratories
(Phys.org) —Researchers working at Japan's NTT Basic Research Laboratories have successfully built an all mechanical phonon laser. In their paper published in Physical Review Letters, the team describes how they built a phonon laser without using any optical parts by basing it on a traditional optical laser design.
The world has grown accustomed to lasers, they're a part of modern life, from DVD players to cash registers at the grocery store—lasers are everywhere. One thing they all have in common, is that they are based on photon emissions. There are other kinds of similar devices, of course, such as masers, which are based on microwave radiation, but they are not as well known. More lately, research has focused on lasers based on sound, which would emit phonons (lattice vibrations) instead of photons, an idea that's been thrown around for several years, but hasn't gotten much traction because the uses for such a laser are still unclear.
Back in 2010 a team of researchers succeeded in building a phonon laser (or phaser, as some have taken to calling it) but it relied on the use of an optical laser. In this new effort, the research team has built a phonon laser that is purely mechanical, which the team says, should make it easier to implement in other systems should a reason for doing so be found.
Photon lasers work by exciting electrons in a crystal or gas, then allowing them to revert to a more relaxed state. When they do so, a certain wavelength of light is released which is focused using mirrors.
To build their phonon laser, the team followed the same basic design—a mechanical oscillator excites some amount of phonons, which are then allowed to revert back to a relaxed state. But the energy is still in the system—it causes the device to vibrate at a desired frequency within a very narrow wavelength, making it a lasing device. The entire laser has been etched onto a single integrated circuit.
While researchers still aren't clear to what purpose such a laser might be put, especially in light of the fact that phonons require a transmission medium to work, that hasn't stopped them from proceeding. When the photon laser was first developed, no one knew what to do with it either. The researchers suggest that phonon lasers might be used to build a tiny clock, or as part of ultrasound machines or even as a very highly accurate measuring device.
More information: Phonon Lasing in an Electromechanical Resonator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 127202 (2013) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.127202
An electromechanical resonator harboring an atomlike spectrum of discrete mechanical vibrations, namely, phonon modes, has been developed. A purely mechanical three-mode system becomes available in the electromechanical atom in which the energy difference of the two higher modes is resonant with a long-lived lower mode. Our measurements reveal that even an incoherent input into the higher mode results in coherent emission in the lower mode that exhibits all the hallmarks of phonon lasing in a process that is reminiscent of Brillouin lasing.
© 2013 Phys.org
"Researchers build fully mechanical phonon laser." March 19th, 2013. http://phys.org/news/2013-03-fully-mechanical-phonon-laser.html | <urn:uuid:ce3889fc-cffa-4bfc-93df-9865e451eb9e> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://phys.org/print282911239.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304598.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00177-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94608 | 791 | 3.609375 | 4 |
You have High Cholesterol. This means that you need to eliminate bacon, eggs, and other tasty treats because of the high levels of cholesterol within the food? Right?… WRONG?.
If you go to the FDA website right now, and search “Cholesterol”, it will tell you about how cholesterol that you eat from meat products cause high cholesterol. Is this true?
First and foremost, I’m not a doctor. However after reading countless studies and papers from the scientific community, it seems as the FDA and many doctors have been wrong all along. It isn’t the cholesterol that we eat that causes high cholesterol, it is the cholesterol we make. Note: High Cholesterol can be genetic. It can be caused by a variety of factors. This article only notes that many, if not the majority of cases of high cholesterol in the United States is linked to carbohydrate consumption.
How Cholesterol is Made
Cholesterol is made in the body. When we talk about cholesterol, we are talking about HDL (Good Cholesterol) and LDL (Bad Cholesterol), however triglycerides are important. Triglycerides are fats found in the blood. Dietary cholesterol actually tells our body to slow down the production of cholesterol. Some say that 80% of our total cholesterol is created within our bodies, mainly by our liver.
Why is High Cholesterol Bad?
Cholesterol is linked to early death from heart disease and stroke, however cholesterol is needed in the body to work with hormones and vitamin D. Good cholesterol actually helps you stay health by cleaning up your blood.
What Causes High Cholesterol
Cholesterol has been debated for years, but we are starting to find out what causes high cholesterol over the last few years.
In this study researchers looked into added sugar by total percentage of diet and cholesterol levels. They reached that the more sugar consumed decreased good cholesterol, increased bad cholesterol, and increased triglycerides.
Other studies show that people suffering from pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes have increased lipid issues. This is because when insulin isn’t used properly, it causes good cholesterol (HDL) to lower, raising bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides. Pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance mostly caused by genetics or high carbohydrate diets over a long period of time.
Based on these two studies, and countless others, we can relate the increased consumption of sugar (and simple carbohydrates) with the increase in cholesterol/triglycerides in humans.
What to do if you are Diagnosed with High Cholesterol
Listen to your doctor. In the past when I had an issue, I asked my doctor if I could have 6 months to get my diet and life together and then retest. Cholesterol levels lower with weight loss and eating a healthy diet. After losing 20 pounds and eliminating soda, my levels fell within the safe range, shocking my doctor. If my results wouldn’t have came back positive, I would have been prescribed a statin medicine.
What are Some Things you can do at Home to Lower Cholesterol?
As mentioned above, lowering your sugar consumption will have positive effects on your body, including lowering cholesterol. It can also help you lose weight. Eliminating soda is typically the easiest way to lower sugar consumption. Working out has positive effects on cholesterol. This includes resistance training (weights) along with cardio.
My Favorite Cholesterol Lowering Supplements:
1st Phorm Full Mega– This is the highest quality fish oil on the market. Omega 3’s have shown to increased HDL (good cholesterol) and lowering triglycerides!
Red Yeast Rice- This herbal supplement has been used for thousands of years and has multiple studies showing that it is nearly as effective as statins when lowering cholesterol levels.
Please talk to Doctor before starting any exercise, diet, or supplement regime.
Questions or Comments? Let me know!
Thank you for reading!
NASM Weight Loss Specialist and Personal Trainer | <urn:uuid:63c2a421-86fd-4eb5-9b95-203532418465> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://fatlossandworkouts.com/high-cholesterol/?noamp=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.945385 | 819 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Blue Crane – South Africa’s National Bird
The Blue Crane Grus paradisea is truly a magnificent creature and worthy of being South Africa’s national bird. It is also known as the Stanley Crane ,the Paradise Crane and some taxonomies consider its scientific name Anthropoides paradiseus. Sadly, because of its small and declining population BirdLife International classifies the Blue Crane as Vulnerable.
A dancing Blue Crane by Adam Riley
Blue Crane photo by Alistair Rae from Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:b9e71a3a-bdea-4181-8e8d-53ad1434c10c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://10000birds.com/blue-crane-south-africas-national-bird.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146241.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00263-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865678 | 103 | 2.734375 | 3 |
German night fighters transformed aerial combat. The success of German night fighters was such that the Allies had to reform their tactics in an attempt to reduce their effectiveness.
American bombers were usually used for daylight bombing raids on Nazi Germany. RAF bombers were usually used for nighttime bombing raids. A typical raid would involve a flight coming into mainland Europe over the coast of the Netherlands en route to targets such as Cologne, Frankfurt and Nuremberg. The return journey would take the bombers over Strasbourg, Paris and back to their bases usually in East Anglia. Prior to night fighters, bombers were most at risk from anti-aircraft fire – especially if they were caught in a searchlight. Night fighters put a new dynamic into a bombing run.
Germany’s main night fighters were the Messerschmitt Bf-110G, the Junker Ju-88G6, the Dornier Do-217J and the Heinkel He-219A Uhu (Owl). Towards the end of the war, a night fighting version of the Me-262 was used. Though this was potentially a highly effective weapon, as with other weapons developed by Germany towards the end of the war, it was a case of ‘too little too late’.
The Messerschmitt Bf-110G was a very successful night fighter. With a top speed of 342 mph and a maximum ceiling of 26,000 feet, it could easily get among a formation of bombers. Equipped with 2 x 30mm and 2 x 20mm cannon with a 7.9mm machine gun, it also carried a formidable weapons load.
The Junkers Ju-88G6 was also a widely used night fighter. Unlike the Messerschmitt Bf-110G, it was equipped with the ‘Schrage Musik’ – upward-firing 2 x 20mm cannon mounted in the central fuselage. It had a maximum speed of 311 mph and a maximum ceiling of 32,500 feet. Along with the ‘Schrage Musik’, this night fighter was also equipped with 3 x 20mm cannon and 3 x 7.9mm machine guns.
The Dornier Do-217J had a maximum speed of 320 mph and a maximum ceiling of 31,170 feet. More heavily armed than the Messerschmitt Bf-110G or Junkers Ju-88G6, it was equipped with 4 x 20mm cannon, 4 x 7.9mm machine guns, and 1 x 13mm machine gun in a remote-controlled dorsal turret.
The Heinkel ‘Owl’ first flew in 1942 and on paper was a potentially fearsome opponent to nighttime bombers. However, only 268 were ever built because of the targeting of the factories by Allied bombers. It was the fastest of the propeller-driven night fighting aircraft with a top speed of 416 mph and a ceiling of 41,660 feet. It was armed with 2 x 30mm and 2 x 20mm cannon and 2 x 30mm ‘Schrage Musik’ cannon.
All the above aircraft could not fly blind at night and had to be equipped with night flying radar. In the case of the Luftwaffe, they used the Lichtenstein radar. By 1943, Germany had developed a radar shield that identified aircraft when they were miles away and gave night fighters a fix on incoming bombers so that the night fighters themselves could then use their Lichtenstein radar before attacking. At twenty-miles intervals across the coast of northern Europe, the Germans built a long-range early warning radar called ‘Freya’. This would pick up an incoming raid when it was still miles out. As the raid closed, it would be picked up by short-range radar called ‘Wurzburg’. This radar system would also have a second fix on circling night fighters and by decreasing the angle between both fixes would bring the night fighters nearer to the incoming bombers. Once they were near enough, each fighter would use its Lichtenstein radar to hunt out a target.
“If it was the flak that caused the damage and forced bomber crews to jink their aircraft, thus making accurate bombing difficult, it was the venomously efficient night fighters that were the real killers.” Flight-Lieutenant Alfred Price.
General Josef Kammhuber, commander of the Luftwaffe’s night fighting force, had developed the tactics for the night fighters. He designed a routine whereby German night fighters were brought in behind incoming bombers so that they could attack them in the rear. Once Lichtenstein had made contact, a pilot would radio in ‘Pauke’, which was the Luftwaffe equivalent of ‘Tally Ho’ – that the pilot was about to attack a target. The radar operator in each night fighter gave the pilot a running commentary of the flight path that should be taken.
“Like that of an enemy sniper, the task of the night time crew amounted to little short of cold-blooded murder. If it was possible to get within 50 yards behind and astern of a still unsuspecting victim, a favourite German tactic was the pull the fighter up on to its tail, at the same time opening fire. The battery of cannon pumped out a stream of explosive shells, to rake the raider from stem to stern. All too often the first thing the hapless bomber crew knew of the attack was the shudder as their aircraft buckled under the impact of the exploding shells.” Alfred Price
By July 1943, German night fighters had a success rate of 5%. While impressive in the sense that this was a very new way of fighting, it also meant that very many RAF bombers got through. However, the element of ‘never knowing’ was a major worry for Bomber Command crews – would we be next? The experts in the RAF swiftly found a solution to the problems of German night fighters. Logically, night fighters were only as good as their radar. If Lichtenstein could be compromised, then RAF bombers would be ain a much safer position. What was called ‘Windows’ undermined Lichtenstein by a remarkable degree. ‘Windows’ was very simple. Windows comprised of many thousands of strips of aluminium foil – 30 cms long and 1.5 cms wide – that was dropped in bundles of 2,000. German radar worked off of a system of being able to produce a bearing and an elevation for night fighters to home in on. ‘Windows’ made this impossible and each bomber dropped ‘Windows’ at one-minute intervals thus saturating radar on the ground with blips. This resulted in ‘Wurzburg’ not being able to give the night fighters the bearings they required.
- ‘Windows’ was first used on July 25th 1943. On July 15th 1943, the War Cabinet, led byWinston Churchill, had given its consent for the use… | <urn:uuid:eed4e3bf-1287-4ab7-825b-fbbb0569231a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/the-bombing-campaign-of-world-war-two/german-night-fighters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531984.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421140100-20190421162100-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.976934 | 1,429 | 3.109375 | 3 |
By Sarah J. Barnes on July 14 2018 00:45:04
The steps for adding fractions can be very easy if the problem is set up properly. The fraction worksheets on this page have examples of problems that illustrate increasing levels of difficulty to build the skills needed to tackle any kind of fraction addition problem.
The addition worksheets on this page introduce addition math facts, multiple digit addition without regrouping, regrouping, decimals and other concepts designed to foster a mastery of all things addition. All of the worksheets include answer keys, and there are four versions of each worksheet with different problems.
Students usually begin learning basic multiplication by second grade. This skill will be essential as kids advance in class and study advanced concepts like algebra. Many teachers recommend using times tables to learn how to multiply because they allow students to begin with small numbers and work their way up. The grid-like structures make it easy to visualize how numbers increase as they are multiplied. They are also efficient. You can complete most times tables worksheets in one or two minutes, and students can track their performance to see how they improve over time.
Children may also get started with money, time, and measuring, though it is not absolutely necessary to master any of that. The teacher should keep it playful, supply measuring cups, scales, clocks, and coins to have around, and answer questions. | <urn:uuid:98da803d-bd2e-40b8-9e6d-4757af530a59> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://ilcasarosf.com/maths-puzzles-worksheets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592387.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721051500-20180721071500-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.948792 | 286 | 4.1875 | 4 |
In CUF, Sodium Hypochlorite is supplied in bulk. It's obtained from the cold absorption of gaseous chlorine in a sodium hydroxide solution. The current production method is the Hooker process, in which Sodium Hypochlorite and sodium chloride are made by running chlorine through a diluted solution cooled with sodium hydroxide.
Sodium Hypochlorite was discovered in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele, and its whitening properties were shown eleven years later by the French Claude Berthollet. Bleach powder, a combination of chlorine and milk of lime, was introduced by the Scottish scientist Charles Tennant in the late 18th century, having remained the main whitening agent available until 1920, when it was replaced by liquefied chlorine and sodium hypochlorite.
Sodium Hypochlorite is currently used in water treatment, textile whitening and in cleaning products production. Home hygiene and sewers disinfection are still its main current uses. | <urn:uuid:aab6067e-4b47-4933-acb5-38b0947f8a06> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://cuf.pt/en/products/industrial-chemicals/sodium-hypochlorite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923160736-20170923180736-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.963795 | 202 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Even when the AMS was addressing the political issues involved in the land alienation of the adivasis, it also had some economic strategies. In the absence of valid legal documents to prove their rights over the land, can the adivasis have some other alternative proof ? Can they grow something and show that they are in possession of that land for many years ? And, can the land be made productive so that the adivasis will have some stake in staying and protecting their land ?
Most of the adivasi families were earning their livelihoods as wage labourers, forest produce collectors and were practising not-so-settled agriculture. Though traditionally they were the owners of the entire forested area, they were made to lose their rights over the land due to the systematic alienation from their land by powerful people and Government authorities. In order to make the adivasis economically independent, to encourage them to protect their land and to facilitate them to practice settled agriculture, ACCORD promoted tea cultivation among the adivasis. It was an alien crop for the adivasis, but it had many advantages –
ü Tea was the most predominant crop of the area and the mainstream economy of the area revolved around it ;
ü the cultivation expenses involved mainly labour and the adivasis can work in their own plots instead of depending on the coolie work ;
ü there will be regular income every month from the third year ;
ü more importantly, it is a permanent crop – the adivasi farmers do not require intensive capital every year. Moreover, the plants will stay for many years and they can prove their settlement in that plot for many years to the Government officials merely by showing their tea plots.
Tea Planting Programme
We started a Tea Nursery ourselves to supply good quality tea plants for the adivasis and gave extensive training to the adivasi families regarding tea cultivation. Initially lot of efforts had to be put in to motivate the adivasis to go in for this ‘long term crop’. Because, living as they were from hand to mouth existence, to forgo today’s wages and work in their own land to pland tea, which will start giving income only after three years was a major problem. But, the field activists of ACCORD called Animators struggled in the villages for many years to make this programme a success. Initially, the adivasis had to be given some assistance for the preparation of their land, besides supplying tea plants free of cost.
Adivasi Tea Leaf Marketing Society
Encouraged by the achievements of these collective efforts and other community enterprises like Ashwini and Vidyodaya, the adivasis ventured into the marketing of tea leaves also. Like most of the agricultural crops, Tea cultivation also had its own share of constraints – main thing being the cheating in the weighing of tea leaves by the purchase agents. Though many farmers and the Animators were aware of this, they could not take any concrete steps to address this issue, since they were mainly occupied with activities in other sectors like Legal rights, Health, Education and Tea Planting etc. Once the initiatives in these fronts had stabilised, the collective marketing was given attention. In 1999.
After many discussions in the village sangams belonging to the Erumadu, Ayyankolly and Devala Areas, an informal procurement and marketing sysem for the tea leaves was started in February 1999. It was called ‘Adivasi Tea Leaf Marketing Society’. It is an unregistered informal organization and functions as a part of the Adivasi Munnetra Sangam.
The leaves are supplied by the Society to a private factory – though at some times, we have to sell some quantity of the leaves to private agents if the same could not be supplied to the Factory either for logistic reasons or if the leaf gets rejected by the Factory on quality grounds.
The activities of the Society are completely decentralized and are coordinated by the AMS area offices in the three Areas i.e., Erumadu, Ayyankolly and Devala. The details of the individual members are maintained in these Area offices, which include the quantity of leaves supplied, advance taken by the member, the savings, membership fees, value of inputs supplied to that member and the outstanding balances. At present, the number of people supplying leaves to the Society is over 400.
With the launch of the ATLM project, we identified adivasi youth to manage the accounting details of the operation in the three AMS area centers and trained them intensively. Systems were designed to keep track of the memberwise details as mentioned above and to settle the accounts on a monthly basis.
The leaf is supplied to the Factory in the name of the Society and the sale proceeds are received by the Society. In turn, the Society makes payment to all the members after deciding the rate to be paid to the members. At present, the leaves are supplied to the factories of the Parry Agro Company belonging to the Murugappa Group of Companies. We have explained the concept behind the ATLM Society and requested them to be an active partner in helping the adivasis. The company readily agreed and assured a minimum floor price for the tea leaf. With this, even if the market price of the tea leaf drastically drops, the Company has assured a minimum floor price for the leaves supplied by the ATLM Society.
To improve the profitability of the operations, the Society procures leaves from some non-members also. Normally the rates paid to the members are higher than that paid to the non-members by at least Rs.0.10 per kg.
ATLM Management Committee
A Management Committee has been formed for taking major policy decisions regarding the programme. This committee has adivasi leaders representing each of the three Areas besides the Animators and taluk level leaders. This committee meets on the 12th of every month and reviews the progress of the programme.
The tea factories decide the rates payable for the leaf supplied on a monthly basis. That is, on the 10th of every month, all the major factories announce the rates for the leaf supplied during the previous month. This price is decided by the factories based on the prices realized by the tea powder in auctions and on their operating expenses. On learning these rates, the ATLM Management Committee fixes the prices for the leaves supplied by the Adivasi members and non-members.
Apart from fixing the purchase prices, the Management Committee takes decisions on issues like supplying inputs to the members, organizing training programmes for better cultivation, addressing grievances of the members and exploring possibilities of expanding the scale of the operations. Recently, the Society has acquired a 407 van on its own, with the financial support of Rotary International to transport the tea leaves. This will help reduce the transportation costs and will result in better prices for the members.
Services provided to the Members
The adivasi sangam members join the ATLM Society by paying a membership fee of Rs.101. This can be deducted from the value of leaves supplied by them in installments. As mentioned before, the major benefits for the members has been the proper weighment of their leaves and the better prices offered. The members found that their yields and the income levels have significantly improved in the initial months itself when they started supplying leaves to the ATLM Society. However, besides this, there are some other services provided by the Society to the members. Some of them are listed below.
Leaf Advance : The members can take advances against the leaf supplied in the Area Centres. The advance amount that can be given to the members is fixed by the ATLM Management Committee, which is at present Rs.4 per kg. This Leaf Advance gets deducted from the final payment once the rates are fixed on the 12th of every month.
Special Advance : Besides this Leaf Advance, the members can avail special loans for specific urgent needs. Upon a written request from the members, such applications are discussed by the Management Committee in the Area level and a decision is taken whether to advance the loan and the repayment terms. This advance is deducted every month from the leaf value as per the repayment terms agreed.
Supply of Inputs : Inputs like fertilisers are supplied to the members before the monsoons. The Society purchases the fertilisers from the suppliers on bulk and supplies at the Area Centres themselves, thereby reducing the costs of transportation of these inputs for the individual members. The inputs are also given on credit and the amount is deducted in installments from the leaf value payable to the members every month. The Society does not charge any interest on the Leaf Advance, Special Advance or for the inputs supplied to the members.
Training on Cultivation practices : The Society organises training sessions on agricultural operations for the members in the villages periodically. The agronomists and other Tea experts are invited from outside to explain the nuances, including the tea picking procedures to the members. Within the last three years of its inception, the quality of leaf picking has improved significantly and due to this, the yields have also increased.
At present, the operations are carried out in only three of the eight Areas of the AMS. There is good scope to expand the activities in at least three Areas in the near future. We are discussing with the village sangams at present and are exploring the logistic arrangements to cover more villages under the operations of the ATLM society.
Tea Powder Marketing
In the early 1990s, ACCORD had explored the possibility of marketing our tea powder to fair trade organisations and groups supporting our work in Germany. We had sold our tea powder through GEPA in Germany (fair trade organisation) and the results of this enterprise were very encouraging. However, subsequent to our forming the Adivasi Tea Leaf Marketing Society, we have started attempts to sell our own tea powder in order to earn remunerative prices for the adivasi tea growers.
We exported tea powder to groups in Germany and UK, and have started establishing links with other poor communities and development organisations in India. Besides, we are also in the forefront of setting up an international cooperative of producers and consumers called ‘Just Change’ with an objective of directly linking the producers in India and the consumers in India, UK and Germany. We have already sent tea powder in bulk to UK, which was packed in tea bags and sold. Similarly, we sent tea powder to one of our support groups in Germany called ‘Adivasi Tee Projekt’, who sold our tea powder in their annual conventions and among their friends.
At present, we are concentrating on developing links with different producer groups and other poor communities in India, so as to establish a trade network among them. We have contacted many organised poor communities and social action groups in an effort to set up an alternative trading system. The response has been very favourable and we have been trading small quantities of tea powder (both in bulk and in small packets) with groups in different States like Tamilnadu, Kerala, Orissa. | <urn:uuid:a9315a57-dea7-4da3-841f-61bd1b2c752e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://adivasi.net/atlm.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191396.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00154-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967749 | 2,245 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The death of Lazarus
1-2A man called Lazarus was sick in the village of Bethany. He had two sisters, Mary and Martha. This was the same Mary who later poured perfume on the Lord's head and wiped his feet with her hair.#Lk 10.38,39.#Jn 12.3. 3The sisters sent a message to the Lord and told him that his good friend Lazarus was sick.
4When Jesus heard this, he said, “His sickness won't end in death. It will bring glory to God and his Son.”
5Jesus loved Martha and her sister and brother. 6But he stayed where he was for two more days. 7Then he said to his disciples, “Now we will go back to Judea.”
8“Teacher,” they said, “the people there want to stone you to death! Why do you want to go back?”
9Jesus answered, “Aren't there twelve hours in each day? If you walk during the day, you will have light from the sun, and you won't stumble. 10But if you walk during the night, you will stumble, because you don't have any light.” 11Then he told them, “Our friend Lazarus is asleep, and I am going there to wake him up.”
12They replied, “Lord, if he is asleep, he will get better.” 13Jesus really meant that Lazarus was dead, but they thought he was talking only about sleep.
14Then Jesus told them plainly, “Lazarus is dead! 15I am glad that I wasn't there, because now you will have a chance to put your faith in me. Let's go to him.”
16Thomas, whose nickname was “Twin”, said to the other disciples, “Come on. Let's go, so we can die with him.”
Jesus brings Lazarus to life
17When Jesus got to Bethany, he found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb four days. 18Bethany was less than three kilometres from Jerusalem, 19and many people had come from the city to comfort Martha and Mary because their brother had died.
20When Martha heard that Jesus had arrived, she went out to meet him, but Mary stayed in the house. 21Martha said to Jesus, “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died. 22Yet even now I know that God will do anything you ask.”
23Jesus told her, “Your brother will live again!”
24Martha answered, “I know that he will be raised to life on the last day,#11.24 the last day: When God will judge all people. when all the dead are raised.”
25Jesus then said, “I am the one who raises the dead to life! Everyone who has faith in me will live, even if they die. 26And everyone who lives because of faith in me will never really die. Do you believe this?”
27“Yes, Lord!” she replied. “I believe that you are Christ, the Son of God. You are the one we hoped would come into the world.”
28After Martha said this, she went and privately said to her sister Mary, “The Teacher is here, and he wants to see you.” 29As soon as Mary heard this, she got up and went out to Jesus. 30He was still outside the village where Martha had gone to meet him. 31Many people had come to comfort Mary, and when they saw her quickly leave the house, they thought she was going out to the tomb to cry. So they followed her.
32Mary went to where Jesus was. Then as soon as she saw him, she knelt at his feet and said, “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died.”
33When Jesus saw that Mary and the people with her were crying, he was terribly upset 34and asked, “Where have you put his body?”
They replied, “Lord, come and you will see.”
35Jesus started crying, 36and the people said, “See how much he loved Lazarus.”
37Some of them said, “He gives sight to the blind. Why couldn't he have kept Lazarus from dying?”
38Jesus was still terribly upset. So he went to the tomb, which was a cave with a stone rolled against the entrance. 39Then he told the people to roll the stone away. But Martha said, “Lord, you know that Lazarus has been dead four days, and there will be a bad smell.”
40Jesus replied, “Didn't I tell you that if you had faith, you would see the glory of God?”
41After the stone had been rolled aside, Jesus looked up towards heaven and prayed, “Father, I thank you for answering my prayer. 42I know that you always answer my prayers. But I said this, so that the people here would believe that you sent me.”
43When Jesus had finished praying, he shouted, “Lazarus, come out!” 44The man who had been dead came out. His hands and feet were wrapped with strips of burial cloth, and a cloth covered his face.
Jesus then told the people, “Untie him and let him go.”
The plot to kill Jesus
(Matthew 26.1-5; Mark 14.1,2; Luke 22.1,2)
45Many of the people who had come to visit Mary saw the things that Jesus did, and they put their faith in him. 46Others went to the Pharisees and told what Jesus had done. 47Then the chief priests and the Pharisees called the council together and said, “What should we do? This man is performing a lot of miracles.#11.47 miracles: See the note at 2.11. 48If we don't stop him now, everyone will put their faith in him. Then the Romans will come and destroy our temple and our nation.”#11.48 destroy our temple and our nation: The Jewish leaders were afraid that Jesus would lead his followers to rebel against Rome and that the Roman army would then destroy their nation.
49One of the council members was Caiaphas, who was also high priest that year. He spoke up and said, “You people don't have any sense at all! 50Don't you know it is better for one person to die for the people than for the whole nation to be destroyed?” 51Caiaphas did not say this on his own. As high priest that year, he was prophesying that Jesus would die for the nation. 52Yet Jesus would not die just for the Jewish nation. He would die to bring together all God's scattered people. 53From that day on, the council started making plans to put Jesus to death.
54Because of this plot against him, Jesus stopped going around in public. He went to the town of Ephraim, which was near the desert, and he stayed there with his disciples.
55It was almost time for Passover. Many of the Jewish people who lived out in the country had come to Jerusalem to get themselves ready#11.55 get themselves ready: The Jewish people had to do certain things to prepare themselves to worship God. for the festival. 56They looked around for Jesus. Then when they were in the temple, they asked each other, “You don't think he will come here for Passover, do you?”
57The chief priests and the Pharisees told the people to let them know if any of them saw Jesus. That is how they hoped to arrest him. | <urn:uuid:652cacf1-91f6-489c-9cb3-054b356ea041> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.bible.com/bible/294/JHN.11.cevuk00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864740.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622162604-20180622182604-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.991967 | 1,655 | 2.625 | 3 |
An Interview with Jeffrey M. Smith, Oct/Nov 2009
by Susan Booth
Here are excerpts where Smith answers questions often posed about genetic engineering (GE):
Susan Booth: What is the difference between genetic modification versus just regular hybridization or selective breeding?
Jeffrey M. Smith: Genetic engineering is not natural. It carries unique risks and is fraught with unpredicted side effects.
In normal hybridization or selective breeding you take plants from the same species or related species and they essentially have sex and their offspring share genes from both parents. With genetic engineering, you take a single gene or combination of genes from other species, and you manipulate the gene in the laboratory. You add, typically, an "on switch" called a Promoter from a virus and other materials and then you force it into the DNA of the plant. Then you clone the cell into a plant… The process of insertion, whether through "gene gun" technology or bacterial infection, plus cloning, causes massive collateral damage in the DNA. It leads to hundreds or thousands of mutations up and down the DNA, and hundreds or thousands of genes that can change their levels of expression in the natural plant. These changes can lead to unpredicted side effects, such as new or higher levels of toxins, carcinogens, allergens, or anti-nutrients. And this is not theoretical. They have actually found these types of things in the genetically engineered crops already on the market.
Booth: If it’s that dangerous, and has that many problems, why do they do it?
Smith: The White House [George H. W. Bush administration] had been convinced that genetically engineered foods would increase U.S. exports and our domination in world food trade. They ordered the FDA and the other regulatory agencies to fast-track GM foods.
Booth: What are some of the bad things that could happen to children who are consuming a lot of genetically modified foods? I know you talk about allergies, and the fact that soy allergies skyrocketed in the U.K. when genetically engineered soy was introduced.
Smith: Well, with allergies, I just found out… Emergency room visits due to allergies doubled in the United States in the five years following the introduction of genetically modified foods.
One top biologist in the world recently told me that he sees the increase in so many health problems in the US in the last 10 or 15 years, and he believes that the introduction of genetically engineered foods into the American diet is largely responsible for those changes. So, these could be any of the "new" diseases, or the increases in diseases, from autism and allergies to obesity and diabetes, to digestive system cancers to virtually anything.
Children’s digestive systems, their gut bacteria, their whole defense system is not particularly well-developed, and we find in the only human feeding study ever published, that genes can transfer into the DNA of bacteria living inside our intestines. There’s more opportunity for the DNA to transfer into the gut bacteria [in children because their] DNA is broken down at a slower rate or not at all.
Also, the gut bacteria in the infant, I’m told by doctors, is first populated by the bacteria inside the womb of the mother. So if there are already gut bacteria problems and imbalances due to GMOs in the mother, then that’s also a problem.
If the Bt toxin, which is part of genetically modified corn, causes disturbance in the walls of the intestines, as it may in fact be doing, it might cause some kind of leaky gut which could cause toxicity in the blood. And since the blood-brain barrier in children is not well developed, it could also result in toxicity of the brain, which could contribute to a whole host of some of the psychological disorders and learning disabilities.
I’m mentioning just a small list compared to what could be happening due to GMOs. They’ve found, for example, that both soy and corn have higher levels of lignan, which was not supposed to happen. The metabolic pathway that produces lignan also produces Rotenone, a plant pesticide which is linked to Parkinson’s Disease.
A follow-up to these uncertainties is often, "What is recent research showing?" Unfortunately, there is little research being conducted, as this article from the New York Times explains:
Crop Scientists Say Biotechnology Seed Companies Are Thwarting Research, New York Times, Feb 2009
Biotechnology companies are keeping university scientists from fully researching the effectiveness and environmental impact of the industry’s genetically modified crops, according to an unusual complaint issued by a group of those scientists.
The problem, the scientists say, is that farmers and other buyers of genetically engineered seeds have to sign an agreement meant to ensure that growers honor company patent rights and environmental regulations. But the agreements also prohibit growing the crops for research purposes. | <urn:uuid:3958cb1c-a94d-4504-be4e-dac5d8591dfc> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://fanaticcook.blogspot.com/2009/10/genetically-modified-organisms-whats.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690340.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925055211-20170925075211-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.95048 | 1,004 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Wadi Rum (Arabic: وادي رم Wādī Ramm, translating either as "Valley of (light, airborne) sand" or the "Roman Valley"—the latter due to the propensity of Roman architecture in the area), known also as the Valley of the Moon (Arabic: وادي القمر Wādī al-Qamar), is a valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in southern Jordan 60 km (37 mi) to the east of Aqaba; it is the largest wadi in Jordan. Shots of Wadi Rum in Lawrence of Arabia from 1962 kick-started Jordan's tourism industry.
Wadi Rum is home to the Zalabia Bedouin who, working with climbers and trekkers, have made a success of developing eco-adventure tourism as their main source of income. The area is one of Jordan's important tourist destinations, and attracts an increasing number of foreign tourists, particularly trekkers and climbers, but also for camel and horse safari or simply day-trippers from Aqaba or Petra. Its luxury camping retreats have also spurred more tourism to the area. Popular activities in the desert environment include camping under the stars, riding Arabian horses, hiking and rock-climbing among the massive rock formations. All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) and Jeeps are also available and new camps have opened that offer accommodation for tourists.
Dima and Lama Hattab coordinate an annual marathon in the region called Jabal Ishrin. | <urn:uuid:79e3ca62-8636-49a1-9de3-a75bf71875c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.gwcoin.com/states/golden-jordan/wadi-rum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.921484 | 322 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Canada’s income gap is growing — not just between rich and poor, but between young and old, a report by the Conference Board of Canada has found.
Older Canadians now earn 64 per cent more after tax than younger workers. That’s up from a 47 per cent gap nearly three decades ago, the study released Tuesday found.
The report, called The Bucks Stop Here: Trends in Income Inequality between Generations, confirms what author David Stewart-Patterson says he suspected.
“My gut feel was that young people were falling behind,” he said, referring to frequent stories about young adults still living in their parents’ basement, saddled with student debt and stuck in low-paying jobs. “I think what the report does is confirm the plight of younger adults today is not just anecdotal. There really is a significant pattern here.”
The study compares the pre- and post-tax incomes of Canadians age 50 to 54 years with those between 25 and 29 years of age. The data is based on tax records from the years 1984 to 2010.
There is a natural gap in income between older and younger workers. As individuals gain experience in any field, they tend to earn more money, the report notes.
But that gap has been widening over the last 27 years, the study found. That’s true even when changes in tax policy, longer lifespans and rising women’s participation rates are taken into account, Stewart-Patterson noted.
The gap could shrink as the baby boom generation retires, leaving a smaller generation of younger workers to fill more jobs, he said. That should lead to higher wages and productivity and stronger economic growth.
But three decades of improving labour conditions have so far led to lower wages and a higher income gap. If that continues unabated, it could mean slower economic growth and less support for social programs, such as health care, he warned.
“We’re clearly entering an era where we’ll have fewer people of working age available to work,” Stewart-Patterson said. “As an economy, we’re going to be relying on fewer people to earn all the money that will create demand and provide tax revenue. We need workers to be earning more in the years ahead. And yet young people are starting behind.
“If you look back at the last 30 years, we’ve already seen significant decreases in typical unemployment rates. We used to think double- digit unemployment was normal in the 1980s.
“It’s easier to find a job (now) than it used to be. Yet wages at the bottom of the age scale have barely budged,” he said. Will these younger workers ever catch up? “That’s the big unknown.”
Is the gap widening because older workers are being paid more for their knowledge and experience, or is it because younger workers are being asked to accept lower wages and fewer benefits?
Policy-makers and employers need to look beyond investing in higher education and creating entry-level jobs, the report advises.
“The old economic policy mantra of jobs, jobs, jobs is out of date. What we really need to focus on is how to ensure every person in the labour force is able to earn to their potential,” Stewart-Patterson said. “It’s not about creating more jobs but about creating better jobs.”
The report found average income per employee, when adjusted for inflation, had risen to more than $40,000 from $34,000 over the three-decade period.
Older women made the biggest gains. As more women entered the labour force and also became better educated, their earning power increased. Older women earned 43 per cent more than younger women by 2010, up from just 9 per cent in 1984.
However, the income gap remains largest among men, with older men earning 71 per cent more than younger men in 2010, up from 53 per cent in 1984. | <urn:uuid:365a661b-27e0-400b-beea-7041d947dcb1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.thestar.com/business/2014/09/23/income_gap_grows_between_young_and_old_report.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323842.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629015021-20170629035021-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.965964 | 832 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Jump to navigation Jump to search
- This page is about 'group' in the common sense. For the mathematical concept, see Group (mathematics).
Examples of groups[change | change source]
- A family of people
- A herd of animals
- A class of students
- A sports team
- Ethnic group
- The apples on a tree
- The hats in a box
- Britain, China, France, Russia, and the United States of America are in the United Nations Security Council.
- Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus are a group of chemical elements that life needs. | <urn:uuid:f18f92e5-de97-467b-9204-bde96988c0e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511203.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017153433-20181017174933-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.863696 | 128 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Today, there is a wide variety of forms of organizational structures: many of them have a long history of existence, while some have appeared quite recently. In view of this, for modern business managers – architects of the organizational structure – the problem of choosing the optimal organizational structure for the enterprise arises. There is no unified correct, most ideal type of organizational structure suitable for all organizations. First of all, for modern organizations, adaptability to changing environmental factors and the choice of the optimal organizational structure, taking into account the specifics of activities, are important. Modern types of organizational structures provide huge opportunities for achieving goals at different levels. However, in general, the tendency in the development of organizational structures is reduced to the prevalence of a set of highly organized teams based on the principle of horizontal management, as opposed to the hierarchy of mechanistic organizational structures. The structures of an organic type, adaptive, flexible are the most in demand in changing conditions of the external environment. The most recent and at the same time controversial organizational structure is a flat structure.
Flat Organizational Structures: Theoretical Grounds
In frames of Modern Organizational Structure Theory, with its inherent systems approach, considering the organization as a system comprised of a range of inter-related and inter-dependent sub-systems, a flat organizational structure can be considered a complex dynamic system. A flat organization (also known as a horizontal organization) has an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and managers. A flat organizational structure implies the minimization of levels in the management hierarchy. According to some researchers, the main advantage of the flat structure lies in its ability to react quickly and adapt to changes in the external environment, innovation and the accumulation of unique competencies (Meyer, 2017). The higher the uncertainty of the tasks to be solved, the more flat the organizational structure should be, since the specialization inherent in multi-level structures presupposes the certainty of tasks. In a flat structure, it is easier to establish the horizontal connections necessary to achieve such coordination, when the execution of a vaguely defined task requires the combination of individual efforts in the process of its implementation.
Flat organizational structures are becoming increasingly popular in world-class companies. The ideal environment for its application is an organization, where everyone has own opinion and can act autonomously. For example, Elon Musk, CEO and developer of Tesla, outlines the principles of communication policy within his company: any Tesla employee can and should express all his thoughts about the best ways to solve the problems facing company (Janse, 2020). A flat organizational structure of company management implies that decisions are made by people with relevant information and authority – this reduces the hierarchical burden.
Although flat structures contribute to a more informal relationship between managers and subordinates, centralization of the top of this structure is still possible. Evidently, some organizations do not have a pyramidal or flat structure, but a diamond-shaped one – with a small number of workers in production, overseeing automatic installations, and the bulk of employees at the middle level. Porter and Lawler found that in companies with up to 5,000 employees, working in a flat structure is more satisfying for managers (as cited in Meyer, 2017). However, for organizations with more than 5 thousand employees, flat structure can become an obstacle for efficiency.
In general, ‘high’ structures ensured more security and satisfaction of social needs, while flat structures were associated with great opportunities for self-actualization. Porter and Lawler, analyzing the evidence for flat organizational structures, conclude that the benefits of such structures not only diminish as the size of the organization increases, but in relatively large organizations, flat structure can sometimes be a hindrance (as cited in Meyer, 2017). They argue that it might not make sense to apply a tiered structure in a small organization, since the coordination and control issues are not so complex here. On the other hand, in a large organization, a tiered structure is necessary to achieve effective coordination and control. The introduction of a flat organizational management structure can also lead to a decrease in the level of personal responsibility and discipline, since there is more than one leader for each employee. If communication between employees and management is not well established, this can create undue stress on managers.
However, the problem of reduced manageability in flat organizational structures can be solved by integrating an appropriate leadership style. A flat organizational structure is not a type of structure as such, but rather a feature of any organizational structure, which consists in an extended range of management functions. A linear organizational structure, as well as divisional, matrix, or network one, can be “flat.”
For the effective functioning of a flat structure, it is impossible to just reduce the number of middle managers and artificially expand the scope of their management, as this will lead to complete disruption of the enterprise’ functioning. It is necessary to start with motivating the team for adoption of the purpose of the company, with creating the formal foundations of effective activity, the formation of the required organizational culture. Flat organizational structures are directly related to adhocracy – flexible, adaptive, organic version of the organization. It is characterized by a lack of hierarchy, a formal organizational structure and bureaucratic prerequisites for building work processes. Employee behavior in these structures is based on spontaneity and creativity.
Toffler, devoting his work the concept of adhocracy, first attracted widespread attention to this concept and described the term. In a postindustrial society, bureaucracy will gradually be replaced by an adhocracy that coordinates the work of many temporary working groups which arise and cease in accordance with the pace of changes in the surrounding environment (Hamel, 2020, p. 73). The following properties of adhocracy can be distinguished, essential ones from the point of view of Toffler (Janse, 2020):
- This structure is temporary;
- This structure is flexible, rapidly changing;
- The scope of work is broken down into parts to be carried out by different working groups;
- The main task of the person managing the adhocracy is to coordinate the activities of the working groups;
- Works are not standardized, and require a creative approach to their implementation;
- All employees must be able to make independent decisions.
Power in adhocracy is built on the ‘authority’ of knowledge. It is significant that Toffler views adhocracy as an emerging future norm. From Toffler’s point of view, qualitative changes are taking place in the world regarding the value orientations of humanity, social norms and, accordingly, social institutions that support public life (as cited in Janse, 2020). Adhocracy, in his opinion, will replace organizations with a rigid division of labor, tough regulation of activities, and replace the deindividualization of employees, their isolation from the value significance of the problems solved by the organization.
Interest in the organizational structure, which contradicts both social stereotypes associated with the relationship between the individual and the organization, and the classical principles of management, arose both in the circles of sociologists dealing with the problems of post-industrial society and in the circles of specialists in the field of management. One of the most authoritative work on adhocracy is the study of Mintzberg, where for the first time the definition of adhocracy from the point of view of a specialist in organizational structures was introduced. Adhocracy is defined as a highly organic structure with little formalization of behavior. Mintzberg defines adhocracy by listing all its inherent features. First of all, he singles out among them the mutual coordination of actions as the main coordinating mechanism, considering this characteristic of adhocracy to be the most significant (as cited in Meyer, 2017). The development of the paradigm of adhocracy “in depth” is the concept of holacracy, with a more even distribution of responsibility and leadership in the form of circles, each of which includes employees working on the same project in a variety of roles. Authority and responsibility for decision making is distributed throughout the holarchy of self-organizing teams.
Technology companies are constantly innovating not only for their products, but also for their internal processes. That is why Zappos, Medium, GitHub, and others have become adepts of holacracy – management without hierarchies and managers. At the same time, Zappos example shows some ambiguity and contradictoriness of holacracy, and the need for an extremely balanced approach in its implementation and development.
Practical Application: The Case of Zappos
As it was mentioned above, a flat organizational structure provides flexibility and agility. A growing body of evidence suggests that organizations with flat organizational structures perform better than traditional hierarchies (Meyer, 2017). In fact, trying to move to a flat organizational structure of management is a kind of test for the flexibility of the company.
In this case, it is about the ability to quickly change strategy, structure, processes, people, and technology in order to increase efficiency, which can be seen in the example of Zappos. At the end of 2013, the largest online shoe retailer in the world, a company with a turnover of almost $ 2.5 billion, announced the transition to holacracy as the main principle of company management (Denning, 2015). One and a half thousand of its employees began to work in conditions of anarchy and lack of management hierarchy: it was replaced by a flexible system equal self-governing “circles.” The main principle of the founder of the company, Tony Shay, is to take care of employees and fight unnecessary corporate bureaucracy. Thus, some experts believe that it has enabled him to transform his online store into dynamic multi-billion-dollar business (Denning, 2015). A company created in Zappos is an organizational structure that is constantly evolving and does not have permanent business units in the form of departments or divisions. The basic element of the structure is the so-called circle that unites employees to perform a task: projects, sales, operations, finance, accounting, marketing.
Holacracy does not prohibit positions as such, but it emphasizes the fact that the role of each employee in the process of activity – even within one working day – can vary depending on tasks and projects. This means that it is unreasonable to assign the employee a certain formal label indicating his/her status in the organization, or ascribe to some department or department. One employee can be a member of several circles, because they overlap and can be “nested” in larger circles. The largest one is the “general circle of the company,” consisting of employees of all major roles. Operational meetings were envisaged at Zappos, at which circle members share information and resolve so-called friction – the gaps between how a process in the company actually works and how it should ideally work. Each participant in the circle could declare certain frictions at any time and propose a way to overcome them. At the same time, holacracy stimulates the rapid resolution of each specific problem related to a specific role, without involving other circles and roles, at the micro level.
On the one hand, in holacracy, the objects of management are not people, but roles – each of which can be played by any employee. Each role has a clear purpose and area of responsibility, and each employee can take on several roles at once. On the other hand, holacracy makes a clear distinction between organizational meetings, where dynamic structure is discussed, and operational meetings, where business problems are solved. The company creates a kind of platform for the work of employees and the circles they belong to; after that, each circle solves its own local problems, using a platform common for the entire company, as described in the corporate “constitution” (Robertson, 2016). Zappos has also completely changed the model of finding candidates for vacancies – without recruiting agencies and posting ads on relevant sites. Job seekers were asked to join a corporate social network called Zappos Insiders, where they can communicate with existing employees, “try on” their competencies to the level of tasks and prove their willingness to work. Thus, the company tried to solve two problems at once – first, to speed up the search process, and secondly, to create a pool of active candidates. However, even with such a rigorous selection process, Shay got a company with a large proportion of people not entirely attached to the ideas of his cultural revolution.
However, all people are different, and complete equality may not be the best option for everyone. As a result, holacracy can become a successful structure for no more than half of the employees, since human nature can be much stronger than any imposed structure. As a result, some employees will inevitably rally around the informal leader, while others will feel insecure. Zappos had to face these challenges, thus showing the need for careful and balanced approach to introducing of holacracy. Although most employees liked the new system – people said the new roles were shaped “to maximize the ability of everyone” and allowed “everyone to influence the management of the organization” – those who quit tended to consider this change destructive for the company (Denning, 2015). For the sake of Zappos (and their own careers), they agreed to play by the new rules, but they felt uncomfortable. Almost 20% of employees left the company, and a third of the them were people employed on a vital project left the company. This included almost half of the group working on the transition of Zappos to the Amazon cloud, and as a result, the integration of Zappos into the parent company had to be postponed for almost a year.
Usually, when a company undergoes such a downsizing, including when key employees leave, management takes a step back to reassess the strategy. However, no conclusions have yet been made about whether it was worth switching to holacratic management. Shay admitted that Zappos was not quite ready for innovations, but immediately noticed that the process of change in management began a year and a half ago, so for most managers this was hardly news (Mont, 2017). Thus, management simply chose to close their eyes to the problem, rather than looking for compromise options. The introduction of holacracy was not entirely successful for Zappos. However, the problem was not caused by holacracy itself, but by the haste and impulsiveness of the company founder and senior managers.
Obviously, any modern innovative organization requires a more modern structure and a different model of employee behavior. New thoughts, motivations and actions of employees, their initiative without an appropriate structure will not be properly channeled to achieve a result. However, at the same time, the new structure with old thoughts and staff motivations will also not be able to function productively. The new model of team behavior will become a decisive factor for gaining structural flexibility, decentralizing the decision-making process and achieving an innovative nature of activities.
The innovative nature of activities presupposes structural flexibility and decentralization of the decision-making process. However, the very process of creating such a structure already at the start requires the company to manifest unusual qualities for itself, such as flexibility and decentralization, otherwise the process of its implementation will not be carried out properly. A paradox arises, because introducing a structure for innovation, the company counts on the emergence of decentralization. At the same time, for the implementation of such a structure, decentralization is required at least at the level of its general understanding and acceptance. To overcome this contradiction, it is necessary to first influence the staff of the company in order to change the mentality of the team. The expectation is that in response to such organizational changes, employees will have new attitudes, views on the development of the company, which will allow them to organically integrate into the decentralized structure.
Denning, S. (2015). Is holacracy succeeding at Zappos? Forbes. Web.
Hamel, G. (2020). Humanocracy: Creating organizations as amazing as the people inside them. Harvard Business Review Press.
Janse, D. (2020). Getting started with holacracy: Upgrading your team’s productivity. Diederick Janse & Marco Bogers.
Meyer, N. (2017). Principle-based organizational structure: A handbook to help you engineer entrepreneurial thinking and teamwork into organizations of any size. NDMA Publishing.
Mont, S. (2017). Autopsy of a failed holacracy: Lessons in justice, equity, and self-management. Nonprofit Quarterly. Web.
Robertson, B. J. (2016). Holacracy. Penguin. | <urn:uuid:b506bf30-d239-44eb-a6fc-3b98cde8670d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://custom-essay.org/free-essays/innovative-organizational-structures-case-of-zappos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651325.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605053432-20230605083432-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.951464 | 3,438 | 2.71875 | 3 |
BUDDHISM TINGED WITH ROMANISM. 183
religion is so tinged with Romanism that it might well justify such a remark.
Father Rubrugius, who travelled in Tibet in the thirteenth century, and Fathers Dorville and Grueber about the middle of the seventeenth, were much surprised at finding a pontifical court there, and much struck with the extraordinary similitude to be found, as well in the doctrines, as in the rituals of the Buddhists of Lassa to those of the Romish faith. The latter missionary, in the published account of his travels, notices : " 1st, that the dress of the lamas corresponded with that handed down to us in ancient paintings, as the dress of the Apostles; 2nd, that the discipline of the monasteries, and of the different orders of lamas and priests, bore the same resemblance to that of the Roman Church ; 3rd, that the notion of incarna-
those of the Greek and Roman Churches. The altar, the taper, the incense, the very costume and gesture of the priests, were in many striking particulars alikeaa resemblance too close to have been fortuitous ; but whence the seeming identity is yet a question, and one which I do not pretend to discuss." The Japanese are not such sincere and true believers in Buddhism as the Burmese, for he goes on to say, "As regards any faith the Japanese generally may have, the more immediate end which they propose to themselves is a state of happiness in this world. They have indeed some, but very obscure and imperfect, notions of the immortality of the soul, and a future state of bliss or misery. But, so far as I have seen, the educated classes scoff at all such doctrines, as fit only for the vulgar and the ignorant ; and believe, with the ancient poets and philosophers, that after death there is no future, or as Catullus expresses it in his Epistle to Lesbia ;a
" 4 Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus, Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux, Nox est perpetua una dormienda.' "" 4 Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus, Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux, Nox est perpetua una dormienda.' " | <urn:uuid:b20a8222-05c1-44e1-b0ea-04ce0defd6e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu/catalog/seapage:320b_203 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160754.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924205029-20180924225429-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.944479 | 492 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Is nothing sacred anymore?
Millions of Earthlings have grown up with what they thought was an immutable solar system: One sun. Nine planets--Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and way, way out there bringing up the rear, little Pluto.
That's how they learned it in school, by golly. That's the way it was. But like so much else that once seemed rock solid and dependable in the ever-changing 20th Century, it appears Pluto's days as a player in the planetary pantheon may be numbered.
The International Astronomical Union--the arbiter of such things-- may soon classify Pluto as one of 80 or so Trans-Neptunian Objects whose orbits cross that of Neptune. The IAU stresses that Pluto is not being demoted. But if one day you're a planet and the next you're a Trans-Neptunian Object, it sure sounds like a demotion.
Part of the problem here is definition. The IAU admits it never officially defined what constitutes a planet. The other eight had already been known for thousands--or at least hundreds--of years. Uranus and Neptune, the seventh and eighth planets to be discovered, were identified by English astronomer William Herschel in 1781.
Shortly after the IAU was founded, Clyde Tombaugh at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., was credited with discovering Pluto in 1930. Having never defined the meaning of "planet," the IAU folks simply accepted the discovery. But they say it has been clear for decades that Pluto just doesn't fit.
Other planets in the outer solar system are giant and gaseous; Pluto is small and solid. Pluto's satellite, Charon, is larger in proportion to its planet than any other satellite in the solar system. And Pluto's is the only planetary orbit that crosses the orbit of another planet--Neptune. That makes it like the 84 other Trans-Neptunian Objects, the first of which was identified in 1992.
To further complicate matters, the Greeks used the word planet--meaning wanderer--to describe stars in the sky that moved relative to other stars. By that definition, all TNOs and many asteroids also could be called planets.
The solution seems clear. Either Pluto gets the boot or Earth gains a whole new set of planetary pals. | <urn:uuid:86f48c8a-24aa-4ec7-bdce-f334e6ba78c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-01-27/news/9901270156_1_trans-neptunian-objects-pluto-iau | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170404.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00044-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945415 | 489 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Coronavirus and COVID-19: What You Should Know
What Is COVID-19?
A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper throat. Most coronaviruses aren’t dangerous.
In early 2020, after a December 2019 outbreak in China, the World Health Organization identified SARS-CoV-2 as a new type of coronavirus. The outbreak quickly spread around the world.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs).
It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through person-to-person contact. Infections range from mild to deadly.
SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of coronavirus, including the ones that cause severe diseases like Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The other coronaviruses cause most of the colds that affect us during the year but aren’t a serious threat for otherwise healthy people.
Is there more than one strain of SARS-CoV-2?
It’s normal for a virus to change, or mutate, as it infects people. A Chinese study of 103 COVID-19 cases suggests the virus that causes it has done just that. They found two strains, which they named L and S. The S type is older, but the L type was more common in early stages of the outbreak. They think one may cause more cases of the disease than the other, but they’re still working on what it all means.
How long will the coronavirus last?
It’s too soon to tell how long the pandemic will continue. It depends on many things, including researchers’ work to learn more about the virus, their search for a treatment and a vaccine, and the public’s efforts to slow the spread.
More than 100 vaccine candidates are in various stages of development and testing. This process usually takes years. Researchers are speeding it up as much as they can, but it still might take 12 to 18 months to find a vaccine that works and is safe.
Symptoms of COVID-19
The main symptoms include:
- Shortness of breath
- Trouble breathing
- Chills, sometimes with shaking
- Body aches
- Sore throat
- Loss of smell or taste
The virus can lead to pneumonia, respiratory failure, septic shock, and death. Many COVID-19 complications may be caused by a condition known as cytokine release syndrome or a cytokine storm. This is when an infection triggers your immune system to flood your bloodstream with inflammatory proteins called cytokines. They can kill tissue and damage your organs.
If you notice the following severe symptoms in yourself or a loved one, get medical help right away:
- Trouble breathing or shortness of breath
- Ongoing chest pain or pressure
- New confusion
- Can’t wake up fully
- Bluish lips or face
Strokes have also been reported in some people who have COVID-19. Remember FAST:
- Face. Is one side of the person’s face numb or drooping? Is their smile lopsided?
- Arms. Is one arm weak or numb? If they try to raise both arms, does one arm sag?
- Speech. Can they speak clearly? Ask them to repeat a sentence.
- Time. Every minute counts when someone shows signs of a stroke. Call 911 right away.
If you’re infected, symptoms can show up in as few as 2 days or as many as 14. It varies from person to person.
According to researchers in China, these were the most common symptoms among people who had COVID-19:
- Fever 99%
- Fatigue 70%
- Cough 59%
- Lack of appetite 40%
- Body aches 35%
- Shortness of breath 31%
- Mucus/phlegm 27%
Some people who are hospitalized for COVID-19 have also have dangerous blood clots, including in their legs, lungs, and arteries.
What to do if you think you have it
If you live in or have traveled to an area where COVID-19 is spreading:
- If you don’t feel well, stay home. Even if you have mild symptoms like a headache and runny nose, stay in until you’re better. This lets doctors focus on people who are more seriously ill and protects health care workers and people you might meet along the way. You might hear this called self-quarantine. Try to stay in a separate room away from other people in your home. Use a separate bathroom if you can.
- Call the doctor if you have trouble breathing. You need to get medical help as soon as possible. Calling ahead (rather than showing up) will let the doctor direct you to the proper place, which may not be your doctor’s office. If you don’t have a regular doctor, call your local board of health. They can tell you where to go for testing and treatment.
- Follow your doctor’s advice and keep up with the news on COVID-19. Between your doctor and health care authorities, you’ll get the care you need and information on how to prevent the virus from spreading.
How do I know if it’s COVID-19, a cold, or the flu?
Symptoms of COVID-19 can be similar to a bad cold or the flu. Your doctor will suspect COVID-19 if:
- You have a fever and a cough.
- You live in an area with the virus or have traveled to places where it has spread.
Cold vs. Flu vs.
Allergies vs. COVID-19
(can range from moderate to severe)
|Fever||Rare||High (100-102 F), Can last 3-4 days||Never||Common|
|Headache||Rare||Intense||Uncommon||Can be present|
|General aches, pains||Slight||Usual, often severe||Never||Can be present|
|Fatigue, weakness||Mild||Intense, can last up to 2-3 weeks||Sometimes||Can be present|
|Extreme exhaustion||Never||Usual (starts early)||Never||Can be present|
|Stuffy/runny nose||Common||Sometimes||Common||Has been reported|
|Sneezing||Usual||Sometimes||Usual||Has been reported|
|Sore throat||Common||Common||Sometimes||Has been reported|
|Cough||Mild to moderate||Common, can become severe||Sometimes||Common|
|Shortness of breath||Rare||Rare||Rare, except for those with allergic asthma||In more serious infections|
|Loss of smell and taste||Sometimes||Sometimes||Never||Has been reported|
|Diarrhea||Never||Sometimes in children||Never||Has been reported|
Is COVID-19 worse than the flu?
Unlike the flu, a lot of people aren’t immune to the coronavirus because it’s so new. If you do catch it, the virus triggers your body to make things called antibodies. Researchers are looking at whether they give you protection against catching it again.
The coronavirus also appears to cause higher rates of severe illness and death than the flu. But the symptoms themselves can vary widely from person to person.
Is COVID-19 seasonal like the flu?
A few lab studies have found that higher temperatures and humidity levels might help slow the spread of the coronavirus. But experts advise caution and say weather changes won’t matter without thorough public health efforts. Also, past flu pandemics have happened year-round.
Causes of the New Coronavirus
Researchers aren’t sure what caused it. There’s more than one type of coronavirus. They’re common in people and in animals including bats, camels, cats, and cattle. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is similar to MERS and SARS. They all came from bats.
Coronavirus Risk Factors
Anyone can get COVID-19, and most infections are usually mild, especially in children and young adults. But if you aren’t in an area where COVID-19 is spreading, haven’t traveled from an area where it’s spreading, and haven’t been in contact with someone who has it, your risk of infection is low.
People over 65 are most likely to get a serious illness, as are those who live in nursing homes or long-term care facilities, who have weakened immune systems, or who have medical conditions including:
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
- Lung disease
- Kidney disease that needs dialysis
- Cancer treatment, especially chemotherapy
- Liver disease
- Cigarette smoking
Some children and teens who are in the hospital with COVID-19 have an inflammatory condition that doctors are callingmultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, or MIS-C. Doctors think it may be linked to the virus. It causes symptoms similar to those of toxic shock and of Kawasaki disease, a condition that causes inflammation in kids’ blood vessels.
How does the coronavirus spread?
SARS-CoV-2, the virus, mainly spreads from person to person.
Most of the time, it spreads when a sick person coughs or sneezes. They can spray droplets as far as 6 feet away. If you breathe them in or swallow them, the virus can get into your body. Some people who have the virus don’t have symptoms, but they can still spread the virus.
You can also get the virus from touching a surface or object the virus is on, then touching your mouth, nose, or possibly your eyes. Most viruses can live for several hours on a surface that they land on. A study shows that SARS-CoV-2 can last for several hours on various types of surfaces:
- Copper: 4 hours
- Cardboard: up to 24 hours
- Plastic or stainless steel: 2 to 3 days
That’s why it’s important to disinfect surfaces to get rid of the virus.
Some dogs and cats have tested positive for the virus. A few have shown signs of illness. But there’s no evidence that humans can catch this coronavirus from an animal.
Doctors and health officials use this term when they don’t know the source of the infection. With COVID-19, it usually refers to someone who gets the virus even though they haven’t been out of the country or haven’t been exposed to someone who’s traveled abroad or who has COVID-19.
In February 2020, the CDC confirmed a COVID-19 infection in California in a person who had not traveled to an affected area or been exposed to someone with the disease. This marked the first instance of community spread in the U.S. It’s likely that person was exposed to someone who was infected but didn’t know it.
How fast is it spreading?
The number of people infected by SARS-CoV-2 changes every day.
How contagious is the coronavirus?
The transmission rate is relatively high. Early research has estimated that one person who has it can spread it to between 2 and 2.5 others. One study found that the rate was higher, with one case spreading to between 4.7 and 6.6 other people. By comparison, one person who has the seasonal flu will pass it to between 1.1 and 2.3 others.
We can work to lower the transmission rate by washing hands often, keeping common surfaces clean, limiting contact with other people, and wearing cloth face masks when we can’t stay 6 feet away from others.
Can coronavirus be transmitted through groceries, packages, or food?
You’re much more likely to get COVID-19 from another person than from packages, groceries, or food. If you’re in a high-risk group, stay home and use a delivery service or have a friend shop for you. Have them leave the items outside your front door, if you can. If you do your own shopping, try to stay at least 6 feet away from other shoppers. That isn’t always possible, so wear a cloth face mask, too.
Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds before and after bringing things into your home. The coronavirus can linger on hard surfaces, so clean and disinfect countertops and anything else your bags have touched. You can wipe down plastic, metal, or glass packaging with soap and water if you want.
There’s no evidence that anyone has gotten COVID-19 from food or food containers.
Call your doctor or local health department if you think you’ve been exposed and have symptoms like:
- Fever of 100 F or higher
- Trouble breathing
In most states, decisions about who gets tested for COVID-19 are made at the state or local level.
A swab test is the most common method. It looks for signs of the virus in your upper respiratory tract. The person giving the test puts a swab up your nose to get a sample from the back of your nose and throat. That sample usually goes to a lab that looks for viral material, but some areas may have rapid tests that give results in as little as 15 minutes.
If there are signs of the virus, the test is positive. A negative test could mean there is no virus or there wasn’t enough to measure. That can happen early in an infection. It usually takes 24 hours to get results, but the tests must be collected, stored, shipped to a lab, and processed.
The FDA is granting emergency use authorizations for tests that don’t have full approval yet. These include a home nasal swab test, a home saliva test, and tests that check your blood for things called antibodies. Your immune system makes antibodies in response to an infection.
A swab test can only tell whether you have the virus in your body at that moment. But an antibody test can show whether you’ve ever been exposed to the virus, even if you didn’t have symptoms. This is important in officials’ efforts to learn how widespread COVID-19 is. In time, it might also help them figure out who’s immune to the virus.
The FDA is working with laboratories across the country to develop more tests.
Take these steps:
- Wash your hands often with soap and water or clean them with an alcohol-based sanitizer. This kills viruses on your hands.
- Practice social distancing. Because you can have and spread the virus without knowing it, you should stay home as much as possible. If you do have to go out, stay at least 6 feet away from others.
- Cover your nose and mouth in public. If you have COVID-19, you can spread it even if you don’t feel sick. Wear a cloth face covering to protect others. This isn’t a replacement for social distancing. You still need to keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and those around you. Don’t use a face mask meant for health care workers. And don’t put a face covering on anyone who is:
- Under 2 years old
- Having trouble breathing
- Unconscious or can’t remove the mask on their own for other reasons
- Don’t touch your face. Coronaviruses can live on surfaces you touch for several hours. If they get on your hands and you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, they can get into your body.
- Clean and disinfect. You can clean first with soap and water, but disinfect surfaces you touch often, like tables, doorknobs, light switches, toilets, faucets, and sinks. Use a mix of household bleach and water (1/3 cup bleach per gallon of water, or 4 teaspoons bleach per quart of water) or a household cleaner that’s approved to treat SARS-CoV-2. You can check the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website to see if yours made the list. Wear gloves when you clean and throw them away when you’re done.
COVID-19 preparation tips
In addition to practicing the prevention tips listed above, you can:
- Meet as a household or larger family to talk about who needs what.
- If you have people at a higher risk, ask their doctor what to do.
- Talk to your neighbors about emergency planning. Join your neighborhood chat group or website to stay in touch.
- Find community aid organizations that can help with health care, food delivery, and other supplies.
- Make an emergency contact list. Include family, friends, neighbors, carpool drivers, doctors, teachers, employers, and the local health department.
- Choose a room (or rooms) where you can keep someone who’s sick or who’s been exposed separate from the rest of you.
- Talk to your child’s school about keeping up with assignments.
- Set yourself up to work from home if your office is closed.
- Reach out friends or family if you live alone. Make plans for them to check on you by phone, email, or video chat.
Can a face mask protect you from infection?
The CDC recommends that you wear a cloth face mask if you go out in public. This is an added layer of protection for everyone, on top of social distancing efforts. You can spread the virus when you talk or cough, even if you don’t know that you have it or if you aren’t showing signs of infection.
Surgical masks and N95 masks should be reserved for health care workers and first responders, the CDC says.
Is it safe to travel during a pandemic?
Crowded places can raise your chances of getting COVID-19. The CDC recommends against international or cruise ship travel during the pandemic.
A few questions may help you decide whether it’s safe to travel in the United States:
- Is the coronavirus spreading where you’re going?
- Will you have close contact with other people during the trip?
- Are you at higher risk of severe illness if you catch the virus?
- Do you live with someone who has a serious medical condition?
- Will the place where you’ll be staying be cleaned?
- Will you have access to food and other necessities?
How can you help stop the spread of the coronavirus?
Some officials are easing restrictions and allowing businesses to reopen. This doesn’t mean the virus is gone. Continue to follow safety practices such as wearing a cloth face mask in public places.
Because the virus spreads from person to person, it’s important to limit your contact with other people as much as possible.
Some people work in “essential businesses” that are vital to daily life, such as health care, law enforcement, and public utilities. Everyone else should stay home as much as you can and wear a cloth face mask when you can’t. You might hear officials use these terms when they talk about staying home:
- Social distancing or physical distancing, keeping space between yourself and other people when you have to go out
- Quarantine, keeping someone home and separated from other people if they might have been exposed to the virus
- Isolation, keeping sick people away from healthy people, including using a separate “sick” bedroom and bathroom when possible
There’s no vaccine, but intense research to create one has been underway around the world since scientists shared the virus’s genetic makeup in January 2020. Vaccine testing in humans started with record speed in March 2020. More than 100 vaccine projects are in various phases of development.
There’s no specific treatment for COVID-19. People who get a mild case need care to ease their symptoms, like rest, fluids, and fever control. Take over-the-counter medicine for a sore throat, body aches, and fever. But don’t give aspirin to children or teens younger than 19.
You might have heard that you shouldn’t take ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms. But the National Institutes of Health says people who have the virus can use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen as usual.
People with severe symptoms need to be cared for in the hospital.
Many clinical trials are under way to explore treatments used for other conditions that could fight COVID-19 and to develop new ones.
Several studies are focused on an antiviral medication called remdesivir, which was created to fight Ebola. An emergency FDA ruling lets doctors use it for people hospitalized with COVID-19 and in clinical trials. Researchers in the U.S. say remdesivir helped patients in one study recover from the disease 31% faster.
The FDA also issued an emergency use ruling for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. These medications are approved to treat malaria and autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Studies on their use against COVID-19 have had mixed results, and research is ongoing.
Clinical trials are also under way for tocilizumab, another medication used to treat autoimmune conditions. And the FDA is also allowing clinical trials and hospital use of blood plasma from people who’ve had COVID-19 and recovered to help others build immunity. You’ll hear this called convalescent plasma.
Is there a cure for the new coronavirus?
There’s no cure yet, but researchers are working hard to find one.
Every case is different. You may have mild flu-like symptoms for a few days after exposure, then get better. But some cases can be severe or fatal.
What is the recovery rate for coronavirus?
Scientists and researchers are constantly tracking COVID-19 infections and recoveries. But they don’t have information about the outcome of every infection. Early estimates predict that the overall COVID-19 recovery rate will be between 97% and 99.75%.
Can you get the coronavirus twice?
Doctors aren’t sure if you can get reinfected after you’ve had it. With other coronaviruses that only cause colds, you have a period that you’re immune, but that goes away over time.
Are coronaviruses new?
Coronaviruses were first identified in the 1960s. Almost everyone gets a coronavirus infection at least once in their life, most likely as a young child. In the United States, regular coronaviruses are more common in the fall and winter, but anyone can come down with a coronavirus infection at any time.
The symptoms of most coronaviruses are similar to any other upper respiratory infection, including a runny nose, coughing, sore throat, and sometimes a fever. In most cases, you won’t know whether you have a coronavirus or a different cold-causing virus, such as a rhinovirus. You treat this kind of coronavirus infection the same way you treat a cold.
Have there been other serious coronavirus outbreaks?
Coronaviruses have led to two serious outbreaks:
- Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). About 858 people have died from MERS, which first appeared in Saudi Arabia and then in other countries in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Europe. In April 2014, the first American was hospitalized for MERS in Indiana, and another case was reported in Florida. Both had just returned from Saudi Arabia. In May 2015, there was an outbreak of MERS in South Korea, which was the largest outbreak outside of the Arabian Peninsula.
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In 2003, 774 people died from an outbreak. As of 2015, there were no further reports of cases of SARS. | <urn:uuid:21af77b7-3df5-468f-91cd-ebed915781f2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.mma2.com.ng/coronavirus-and-covid-19-what-you-should-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176256.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124111924-20201124141924-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.942574 | 5,134 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Feasting on the dense, cold, gas flows of the early cosmos may have given the universe’s oldest quasars the means to become monsters within only a few billion years.
For years, scientists have tried to explain the intense luminosity of quasars in the early universe. Quasars’ light is powered by swirling gas that is pulled in from the gravity of black holes. Located in the deepest precincts of space, the energy emitted by this infalling gas reveals the presence of black holes.
Yet the earliest quasars—those dating from when the universe was barely a billion years old (today the universe is 13.8 billion years old)—have proved baffling.
Their brightness suggests they harbor black holes with a million times more mass than the Sun and scientists have been at a loss to understand how these behemoths assembled so rapidly, by cosmic standards.
“The first black holes are believed to be remnants left behind after the first stars burned out completely,” says Priyamvada Natarajan, professor of astronomy and physics at Yale University. “The puzzle has been how these ‘seed’ black holes grew into the monsters that we now see within the time available, a few billion years at best.”
Natarajan and fellow researcher Tal Alexander of the Weizmann Institute have come up with a possible answer: early quasars took in a “super boost,” feasting from large reservoirs of gas that were part of early star clusters.
The robust, volatile nature of the early universe made such conditions quite likely. New black holes were swept up into a celestial smorgasbord of gas in the star clusters that harbor them. This motion, in turn, circumvented normal restrictions that would prevent black holes from gorging on gas at a much-accelerated rate.
“There is a new way to super boost the growth of early black holes and make them very massive within a very short time in the early universe,” Natarajan says.
“We realized that the setting where this kind of unbridled growth of initial seeds can occur was found to be commonplace in numerical simulations of the early universe.”
The National Science Foundation, with a grant from the Theoretical and Computational Astrophysics Network, supported the research, which is published in the journal Science.
Source: Yale University | <urn:uuid:358451d1-ab54-4635-97b8-776e9d67df6e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.futurity.org/quasars-monsters-black-holes-746872/?amp& | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948530841.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213201654-20171213221654-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.951108 | 500 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Click on the picture to activate Active-X. The dotted border will disappear. Then drag a ball and release it. This operation can be done on any of the balls, and you may drag it either direction, left or right.
The animation displays the idealized behavior of the Newton's cradle apparatus, assuming nearly perfectly elastic, perfectly spherical balls of equal mass and composition. However, it does show slow loss of kinetic energy as the balls take some while to come to rest.
Flash animation by Bryan Heisey, used with permission. | <urn:uuid:3874a88b-26c1-419d-9897-f1d093426887> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/newton.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661916.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00149-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909747 | 110 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Why We Do What We Do, and How To Change
Most of us don’t understand the reasons why we sometimes behave in ways that are not in our best interest. Such as: causing hurt feelings, damaging relationships, or why emotions can change so quickly. Some have opinions on why we behave the way we do but are unable to change a negative behavior. For instance, do you know or think you know what makes you happy, and if you do, why do you do the things that make you unhappy?
Since recorded history, philosophers and theologians have offered opinions on human behavior, but since they were unable to test their theories no one knew what was right. In recent times, a growing number of behavioral scientists applying scientific procedures, were able to test opinions and effects to come up with the causes for many common behaviors.
These scientists in the fields of evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics and psychology, have been able to discover that the basic causes of human behavior come from three sources; genetics, self-awareness, and culture. The genetic cause is what you inherited from your ancestors, self-awareness is the ability to think consciously about yourself and plan the future. Most of what we do each day is in the service of planning what we are going to do today and in the future, that is most beneficial to our goals. In addition, self-awareness gives us the ability to be aware of and change behaviors. Culture is our community’s beliefs and behaviors.
Most books and teachings on behavior accept the genetic component as a given that can’t be changed, but the new science of epigenetics proves that genes aren’t destiny. Epigenetics is a rapidly expanding biological and medical field that is increasingly used to treat or prevent diseases. However the same environmental signals, such as: perceptions, beliefs, toxins, chemicals, diet and life experiences can change gene expression, thereby turning off the genes that are involved in undesirable behaviors.
The genes that solved the survival problems of our ancestors 60,000 years ago on the African savanna’s are still with us today as evolutionary adaptations. However our environment has greatly changed, and our brain has remained much the same. It is to bring more understanding and solutions to our quality of life, by behavioral genetics and epigenetics, that this website is dedicated.
1. Our Behavioral Evolution
2. Where Does Personality Come From?
3. Why Do We Think Like We Do
4. Why Are We So Unhappy?
5. How are You Doing?
6. Our Stress Epidemic
7. Why Hurt Feelings Really Hurt
8. What is Self-esteem good for?
9. What Makes Relationships Work?
10. Why Are Conflicts Inevitable?
11. Its all about Love
12. What makes men and women different?
13. Turning down our Obesity Genes
14. What is Epigenetics and How Does It change Us?
15. The Benefits and Practice of Mindfulness
16. Weight loss by self hypnosis
17. Epigenetic Behavioral Therapy. | <urn:uuid:9daa6c82-b19d-475b-89e4-e4f828d44f7c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.drjamesdbaird.com/sample-page/behavioral-genes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511744.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018063902-20181018085402-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.94496 | 632 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Responding to emergencies and disasters is a tough job that requires both physical and psychological readiness. At times, however, the highly stressful nature of emergency response work stretches one’s capacity to cope, which may result to psychological distress. Support from friends, family, and co-workers may help. Or can it?
Emergency responders need help.
People working in emergency services face very stressful situations on a regular basis, which can exact a psychological toll on emergency responders. The New Zealand Medical Association recognises that in spite of the rewarding nature of their work, daily stressful events can wear doctors down (New Zealand Medical Association, n.d.). Compounding exposure to traumatic events is also shown to increase the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in rescue workers (Berger et al., 2012). These effects may be long-lasting. For instance, a significant number of 9/11 police officers still experienced PTSD symptoms more than 10 years after the attacks (Cone et al., 2015).
For a long time, little attention has been given to the psychological effects of working in emergency response. Recently, however, news about doctor suicide (e.g., “Three of my colleagues have killed themselves. Medicine’s dark secret can’t go on,” 2017) and police and firefighter PTSD (e.g., Evans, 2017) have placed attention on the mental health concerns of people in high risk occupations, along with the inadequacies of measures in preventing these tragic outcomes. The problem is further complicated by some organisational cultures that consider help-seeking as a sign of weakness (e.g., Henderson, LeDuc, Couwels, & Hasselt, 2015)—something which is not valued in emergency response circles. Constant and cumulative exposure to horrible events and the reluctance to seek help is a recipe for psychological disaster.
Yet in spite of these conditions, some emergency responders survive and even thrive. This brings to light the fact that behind the highly stressful nature of the profession, working in emergency services can be very rewarding and can bring out the best in people. We now know that individuals—including emergency responders—can be resilient in the face of adversity (Bonanno, 2004, 2005; Bonanno, Brewin, Kaniasty, & La Greca, 2010) and we are now starting to identify these resilient factors. Studies on New Zealand police officers point to social support as one of these factors that decrease psychological distress and increase resilient outcomes (de Terte, Stephens, & Huddleston, 2014; Stephens, 1997).
There are ways of helping the helpers.
As a psychologist in the Philippines, I have had my share of providing psychological support to both survivors and responders in the aftermath of emergencies and disasters. In the course of my work, I had a troubling but unsurprising observation: there are usually no mental health services available for responders. They are usually left take care of themselves and/or take care of each other, perhaps because they are expected to be fine, or maybe because of the lack of resources, or both. Some responders get informal support from co-workers, friends, and family, to get through these very stressful times.
This illustrates the value of social support in emergency response. The highly stressful nature of responding to emergencies puts the responders at risk of a wide range of negative psychological effects. In addition, emergency response organisations usually lack the resources to help responders cope with these occupational hazards. Yet even with these difficulties, we find responders who, not only have lower psychological distress, but also experience personal growth. For some responders that I have talked to, having supportive relationships is an important component of staying afloat in their profession.
In fact, social support is found to be one of the most reliable factors that buffer the negative effects following a traumatic event. For instance, firefighters with high social support are found to have fewer suicidal thoughts compared to those with low social support (Carpenter et al., 2015). Emergency responders during the 9/11 attacks with high social support were found to have low levels of PTSD (Bromet et al., 2016). Social support is a major factor in psychological recovery after emergencies and disasters (Hobfoll et al., 2007).
Social support is but one of the many other ways of helping people working in emergency services. There are, however, several reasons why social support should be seriously considered as a form of intervention. First, social support occurs naturally. In the aftermath of emergencies and disasters, people rush to help others (Kaniasty & Norris, 2009). This includes helpers helping other helpers. Second, people who have better social support also have better psychological outcomes than those with poor social support. Third, social support is not necessarily contingent to traumatic exposure. Supportive relationships happen with or without horrible experiences, before and after catastrophic events. In other words, social support is both proactive and reactive—a protective factor and an intervention. Think of it as proper nutrition to prevent illness and to quickly recover from it.
There are ways of helping emergency responders. Social support has the potential of being one of the more effective and sustainable ways of doing so.
But it’s not as simple as it sounds.
Helping is simple. Effective helping is another story.
In my work as a psychological services provider and as a researcher, I have heard stories of how social relationships have helped emergency responders. I have also heard of how some relationships brought them down. In fact, one does not need to be in this kind of job to realise this. Think of a time when somebody helped you and you ended up feeling worse. Even with the best of intentions, supportive behaviours may not be effective, and may even cause harm, if not done properly.
Not all supportive behaviours and interactions end up supporting the people they intend to help. This is because social support has different facets (see Kaniasty & Norris, 2009), with each facet having a unique contribution to psychological outcomes. Receiving actual support is one of these facets. The receipt of actual support influences the perception of availability and quality of support, which is another facet. The third facet is being part of a community which may be able to provide support in times of need.
Social support also comes in different forms. It may come in the form of information, such as giving advice. It may be in the form of providing emotional warmth, such as giving words of encouragement. It may also be in the form of practical support, such as helping with certain tasks. It could range from providing a listening ear to lending money, or by just being there. These different forms of support have different effects. These effects depend on whether the support matches the need (Lakey & Cohen, 2000).
What, then, are the forms of support that match the needs of emergency responders?
The complexity of social support does not end there. The effectiveness of social support may also depend on who provides the support. For instance, family members can be very effective in providing support to emergency responders; however, some responders report being reluctant to share their experiences with family members, as they do not wish to expose them to the gruesome elements of their profession. People in the workplace are in a very good position to empathise and provide emotional and practical support, but some organisational cultures do not facilitate support-seeking behaviours. In fact, seeking for help, particularly in the mental health aspect, may even present itself as an occupational liability.
Who, then, can provide effective support for emergency responders?
The use of social support is also observed to vary across cultures. Some researchers observed European Americans to use social support more than Asians and Asian Americans as a way of coping (Taylor et al., 2004). European Americans were also observed to prefer emotional forms of support while Asians seem to go for informational types of support (Chen, Kim, Mojaverian, & Morling, 2012). There are not many studies comparing how social support works across different cultures, but there seems to be a pattern among collectivistic and individualistic culture orientations. For example, collectivistic societies, such as those in Asia, are characterised by a close-knit social structure that values relationship harmony. This is both good news and bad news. The good news is that the tight social structure allows for the provision of support even before one asks for it. This also happens to be part of the bad news. Some unsolicited forms of support may cause more distress. The other bad news is that because social harmony and order is held with high regard, people in collectivistic societies may be reluctant to ask for help as help-seeking may be viewed as inconveniencing other people. Receiving support may also be associated with outcomes other than relief. In the Philippines, for examples, receiving help from others may result to utang na loob (a deep form of indebtedness associated with one’s sense of being), which arguably may lead to strengthening of interpersonal relationships or psychological distress.
Will these cultural differences come into play in emergency response work?
We should study how to help properly.
One thing is clear: social support is effective but its effectiveness is not absolute. It depends on several conditions, such as the type of support provided, the person providing the support, and who receives the support. We need to find out what conditions work best for emergency responders. This is where my current research comes in.
We already know that perceptions of social support are beneficial for emergency responders. The problem with a lot of social support research is that they do not move past studying perceptions of support. From the perspective of someone who provides psychological services, these are missed opportunities for knowing how to best utilise social support in order to effect psychological change.
Knowing what forms of actual support are effective and what forms are ineffective in reducing psychological distress and increasing psychological adjustment and personal growth is crucial. By knowing the elements of support that work and those that do not, we will be able to design programs and other interventions that focus on these effective supportive elements. This is especially important in emergency and disaster response. Emergencies and disasters usually challenge resources, and with limited resource, knowing which elements of support work will aid in prioritising efforts where it matters most.
Social support may be effective and highly sustainable, but it is not an infinite resource. Social support deteriorates, especially after disasters. Knowing the effective elements of social support means being able optimise its effectiveness by increasing provision of supportive elements that works and decreasing those that don’t.
Finding out the best way to help emergency responders is complex, but the reason behind it is simple: we need help our emergency responders the best way possible so that they may be able to help us the best way possible.
My research is still on-going. If you are an emergency services worker, such as a police officer, military personnel, firefighter, ambulance driver, EMT, paramedic, physician, nurse, emergency or disaster worker, search and rescue worker, or an allied professional in New Zealand or in the Philippines, support this research by answering the questionnaire.
If you think you need help, do not hesitate to contact these hotlines:
Lifeline (New Zealand): 0800 543 354
Hope Line (Philippines): (02) 804-HOPE (4673)
Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella, C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C., … Mendlowicz, M. V. (2012). Rescuers at risk: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(6), 1001–1011. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we undersestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely adverse events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of loss and potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 135–138. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x
Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster : Consequences , risks , and resilience in individuals , families , and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1–49. http://doi.org/0.1177/1529100610387086
Bromet, E. J., Hobbs, M. J., Clouston, S. A. P., Gonzalez, A., Kotov, R., & Luft, B. J. (2016). DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder among World Trade Center responders 11-13 years after the disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11). Psychological Medicine, 46(4), 771–783. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002184
Carpenter, G. S. J., Carpenter, T. P., Kimbrel, N. A., Flynn, E. J., Pennington, M. L., Cammarata, C., … Gulliver, S. B. (2015). Social support, stress, and suicidal ideation in professional firefighters. American Journal of Health Behavior, 39(2), 191–196.
Chen, J. M., Kim, H. S., Mojaverian, T., & Morling, B. (2012). Culture and Social Support Provision: Who Gives What and Why. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(1), 3–13. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211427309
Cone, J. E., Li, J., Kornblith, E., Gocheva, V., Stellman, S. D., Shaikh, A., … Bowler, R. M. (2015). Chronic probable PTSD in police responders in the world trade center health registry ten to eleven years after 9/11. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 58, 483–493. http://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22446
de Terte, I., Stephens, C., & Huddleston, L. (2014). The development of a three part model of psychological resilience. Stress and Health, 30(5), 416–424. http://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2625
Evans, M. (2017). Emergency service workers suffering post-traumatic stress following terror attacks and Grenfell fire. Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/23/emergency-service-workers-suffering-post-traumatic-stress-following/
Henderson, S., LeDuc, T. J., Couwels, J., & Hasselt, V. B. Van. (2015). Firefighter suicide: The need to examine cultural change. Retrieved from http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-168/issue-12/features/firefighter-suicide-the-need-to-examine-cultural-change.html
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., … Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry, 70(4), 283-315-369. http://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (2009). Distinctions that matter: Received social support, perceived social support, and social embeddedness after disasters. In Y. Neria, S. Galea, & F. H. Norris (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 175–200). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lakey, B., & Cohen, S. (2000). Social support theory and measurement. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social Support Measurement and Intervention: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists (pp. 29–52). New York: Oxford University Press.
New Zealand Medical Association. (n.d.). Health and wellbeing. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/about-nzma/nzma-structure-and-representatives/councils/dit-council/health-and-wellbeing
Stephens, C. (1997). Debriefing, social support and PTSD in the New Zealand police: Testing a multidimensional model of organisational traumatic stress. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1997(1).
Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Kim, H. S., Jarcho, J., Takagi, K., & Dunagan, M. S. (2004). Culture and social support: who seeks it and why? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 354–362. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3522.214.171.1244
Three of my colleagues have killed themselves. Medicine’s dark secret can’t go on. (2017). Stuff. Retrieved from http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/89276565/three-of-my-colleagues-have-killed-themselves-medicines-dark-secret-cant-go-on | <urn:uuid:f69f8154-8ba1-4969-9e7f-ee140eeb0015> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://johnguilaran.com/2017/08/03/depressed-elephant-in-the-emergency-services-staff-room/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.918638 | 3,758 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Nurture your baby’s growth and development this holiday season. Encourage them to sit with criss crossed legs or side sit while playing on the floor with all their new toys! A baby often develops a tendency to W sit early on due to crawling and kneeling with the knees positioned outside of the hips. Prolonged W sitting leads to changes in the hip, knee and ankle joints. A baby who continues to W sit as a toddler can have delayed or impaired walking, poor posture and balance. Have a child who likes to W sit? No problem! Encourage them to sit in other positions. At first it might challenging if your child’s hips have loss their flexibility. But continued practice sitting in other positions will allow your child’s body to adapt.
https://www.littlebalancebox.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/green-standing.jpg 1600 1600 Shannon Davis /wp-content/uploads/2017/05/updated_lbb_logo.png Shannon Davis2016-12-23 21:08:212017-05-11 20:57:31Say no to W sitting | <urn:uuid:2d44916e-5980-4cd7-8b9f-590583b29757> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.littlebalancebox.com/w-sitting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891884.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707080206-20200707110206-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.914657 | 236 | 2.625 | 3 |
Location and General Description
Cape Verde is an archipelago of ten islands and five islets located in the eastern Atlantic Ocean approximately 500 km from the coast of Senegal, West Africa (16° 00’ N, 24° 00’ W). These islands occur in two groups – the Barlayento, or windward islands in the north, and Sotavento, or leeward islands in the south. Size varies dramatically between islands, of which Santiago (São Tiago - 991 km2) is the largest and Raso (7 km2) among the smallest. Total land area for the archipelago is 4,564 km2.
The archipelago is volcanic in origin, and is situated in the southwestern portion of the Senegalese continental shelf on oceanic crust that is between 140 and 120 million years old. The landscape is rugged on the younger islands (Fogo, Santo Antão, Santiago and São Nicolau), with peaks reaching over 2,000 m (highest mountain is Mt. Fogo, 2,829 m), but relatively flat on the older islands (Maio, Sal, and Boa Vista). The degree of topographical variation is mainly related to the age of the islands and the presence of volcanoes. The major rocks are basalt and limestone, and there are deposits of salt and kaolin.
Cape Verde has a tropical climate with two seasons; a dry season from December to July and a warm and wet season between August and November. The higher islands, containing active volcanoes, receive significantly more rainfall than the lower, flatter islands due to the rain shadow effect. Temperatures range between 20° and 35°C, and average between 25° and 29°C. The volcanic soils are quite fertile, but the islands are too arid for agriculture in most places. Periodically the islands suffer from prolonged droughts and serious water shortages.
The African-wide classification of African vegetation by White (1983) did not include the Cape Verde Islands. On the lower and drier islands the vegetation before human colonization probably consisted of savanna or steppe vegetation, with the flattest inland portion supporting semi-desert plants. At higher altitudes, a form of arid shrubland was also present.
On the higher and somewhat wetter islands the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forest (Bullock et al.1996), as this vegetation is believed to have been present in the past. However, most vegetation has now been converted to agriculture and forest fragments are now restricted to areas where cultivation is not possible, such as mountain peaks and steep slopes.
The islands support fragmented areas of tropical dry forest/shrubland, considerable endemic flora and fauna, populations of rare breeding seabirds, and plants only found on islands off the west coast of Africa.
Four species of land bird are endemic to these islands (Hazevoet 1995, Stattersfield et al.1998), and there are a number of endemic subspecies of birds. The important species are typically ground or shrub dwelling. Two of the endemic bird species - the Cape Verde sparrow (Passer iagoensis) and Cape Verde swift (Apus alexandri) - are widely distributed in these islands and occur on at least nine of the ten major islands. The remaining two species occur on only one island each - the endangered Raso lark (Alauda razae, CR) on Raso Island and the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis, EN) on Santiago Island.
The islands are also important for rare breeding seabirds. In particular, they support breeding populations of Fea’s (or Cape Verde) petrel (Pterodroma feae), which is a near-endemic breeder in this ecoregion (BirdLife International 2000). Other important breeding seabird populations are the magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) and red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda).
Fifteen species of lizards occur on Cape Verde, of which 12 are endemic. These include a giant skink on Raso Island (Macroscincus coctei) and a giant gecko (Tarentola gigas) found on both Raso and Branco. The other endemics include five Mabuya skinks, three Hemidactylus lizards, and three Tarentola geckos (Stuart et al. 1990).
Some 92 species of plants (14 percent) are endemic to these islands, although little information is apparently available on the current status and distribution of such species (WWF and IUCN 1994). At least one species of endemic plant is endangered on these islands, an understory tree known as marmulan (Sideroxylon mermulana). The endangered Canary Island dragon tree (Dracaena draco) also occurs here. The only native mammals include 5 small bats.
In the 500 years since humans first colonized the islands, the loss of natural habitats has been severe. These losses have been caused by the conversion of natural habitat to agriculture, the use of environmentally poor farming practices causing soil erosion, the introduction of alien plants, the presence of a large number and high density of goats and other introduced animals, and drought. Remaining areas of natural habitat are confined to steep rocky areas and ravines in the mountainous islands and to patches in the flatter islands. None of these areas are protected.
Breeding seabirds have been greatly reduced in numbers and restricted to small islands due to combined effects of habitat loss and predation from introduced feral animals (e.g., cats, rats, and green monkeys). Human exploitation of wildlife resources has also been considerable: in particular, the eggs and nestlings of seabirds are a traditional source of food for the islanders. Recently some of the important habitats for breeding seabirds, typically small islets offshore of the coast of the main islands, have been declared protected areas.
Types and Severity of Threats
The remaining habitats and their notable flora and fauna are all under considerable threat from the activities of humans and the presence of introduced species. Threats include overgrazing by livestock, over fishing, improper land use that often results in extensive soil erosion, and the demand for wood that has resulted in deforestation and desertification.
The introduction of exotic animals such as rats, sheep, goats, green monkeys and cattle has had devastating affects on the native flora and fauna. Rats and other introduced mammals can ravage nesting areas of seabirds, and over time wipe out entire colonies. Livestock is responsible for denuding soil, which results in extensive erosion and water loss, as well as compaction that hinders native plant regeneration.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
The Cape Verde Islands lie 500 km off the coast of mainland Africa, and are sufficiently distant and distinct to warrant their own ecoregion. The islands are home to a number of endemic plant and vertebrate species, particularly birds and reptiles.
BirdLife International 2000. Threatened birds of the World. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International and Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
Bullock, S.H., H.A. Mooney, and E. Medina, editors. 1996. Seasonally dry tropical forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
Hazevoet, C.J. 1995. The birds of the Cape Verde Islands. BOU Checklist No.13. Dorset Press, Dorchester.
Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long, and D.C. Wedge. 1998. Endemic bird areas of the World. Priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Stuart, S.N., R.J. Adams, and M.D. Jenkins. 1990. Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its islands: Conservation, management, and sustainable use. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No.6. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
White, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa, a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa (3 Plates, Northwestern Africa, Northeastern Africa, and Southern Africa, 1:5,000,000). UNESCO, Paris.
WWF and IUCN. 1994. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume 1. Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the Middle East. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, U.K.
Prepared by: Jan Schipper
Reviewed by: In progress | <urn:uuid:2aa518f3-1acd-40a4-a850-4b221d654366> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0201 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690211.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924205308-20170924225308-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.917197 | 1,836 | 3.734375 | 4 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. The formation or synthesis of glycogen.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. In pathology, the formation of glucose.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. the formation in animals of glycogen from glucose
- n. the conversion of glucose to glycogen when the glucose in the blood exceeds the demand
KAPHA represents enzymes e.g. glycogen synthetase promoting processes such as glycogenesis, lipogenesis and also those which prevent or slow down break down of ATP.
Cortisone acts as a physiological antagonist to insulin by decreasing glycogenesis (formation of glycogen) and promotes breakdown of lipids (lipolysis), and proteins, and mobilization of extrahepatic amino acids and ketone bodies.
MANAGEMENT e) Liver: increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis and decrease in glycogenesis thus causing increase in blood sugar level | <urn:uuid:9e369741-0b49-4361-b9fd-a2f8b4b3af25> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/glycogenesis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523265.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00243-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.78872 | 239 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is Zoloft?
Zoloft (sertraline) is in a class of medications called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Zoloft is used to treat:
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Panic disorder
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
Zoloft is made by Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1991.
Special Instructions for Taking Zoloft Oral Concentrate
When taking Zoloft oral concentrate, dilute it in only cup of water, ginger ale, lemon/lime soda, or orange juice. Take immediately after mixing. Tell your doctor if you are allergic to latex, because the dropper used to measure Zoloft oral concentrate contains natural rubber.
Zoloft FDA Alert - Serotonin Syndrome
In July 2006, the FDA issued an alert stating that a life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome can occur when medicines called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs, such as Zoloft) and medicines used to treat migraine headaches known as 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists (triptans), are taken together. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include:
- loss of coordination
- fast heartbeat
- increased body temperature
- fast changes in blood pressure
- overactive reflexes
Serotonin syndrome may be more likely to occur when starting or increasing the dose of an SSRI or a triptan. If you take migraine headache medicines, ask your healthcare professional if your medicine is a triptan.
Zoloft FDA Alert - Antidepressants and Pregnant Women
In July 2006, the FDA issued an additional alert announcing the results of a study looking at the use of antidepressant medicines during pregnancy by mothers of babies born with a serious condition called persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).
Babies born with PPHN have abnormal blood flow through the heart and lungs, and do not get enough oxygen to their bodies. Babies born with PPHN can be very sick and may die. Results from the study also showed that babies born to mothers who took SSRIs 20 weeks or later into their pregnancies had a higher chance (were 6 times as likely) to have PPHN, when compared to babies born to mothers who did not take antidepressants during pregnancy.
The FDA has announced that it plans to further examine the role of SSRIs in babies with PPHN.
Talk to your healthcare professional if you are taking Zoloft and are pregnant, or are planning to become pregnant. You and your healthcare professional can decide the best way to treat your depression during pregnancy.
More information on antidepressants is available from the FDA here.
Zoloft and the Increased Risk of Suicidality
In October 2004, the FDA issued a public health advisory directing all antidepressant drug manufacturers to revise their product labeling to include boxed warning and expanded warning statements that alert healthcare providers to an increased risk of suicidality (suicidal thinking and behavior) in children and adolescents being treated with these medications. Zoloft-maker Pfizer Pharmaceuticals has since added a black box warning to Zoloft's prescribing information in response to the FDA advisory.
In June 2005, the FDA issued a public health advisory announcing that several recent scientific publications suggested the possibility of an increased risk for suicidal behavior in adults being treated with antidepressant medications, such as Zoloft. The FDA highlighted that adults taking antidepressants (particularly those being treated for depression) should be watched closely for worsening depression and increased suicidality. Monitoring these patients is especially important when treatment begins and when doses are increased or decreased. The FDA is working closely with antidepressant manufacturers to fully evaluate the risk of suicidality in adults treated with these medications.
Who Should Not Take Zoloft?
Never take Zoloft while taking another drug that treats depression, called a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI), or if you have stopped taking an MAOI in the last 14 days. Taking these two drugs close in time can result in serious (and sometimes fatal) reactions including high body temperature, coma, and seizures (convulsions).
MAOI drugs include Nardil (phenelzine sulfate), Parnate (tranylcypromine sulfate), Marplan (isocarboxazid), and other brands.
Also, never take Zoloft if you are taking Orap (pimozide), a drug used to treat Tourette's disorder. Doing so can result in serious heartbeat problems. Finally, never take Zoloft oral concentrate if you are taking Antabuse (disulfiram), a medicine used to treat alcoholism. Zoloft oral concentrate contains alcohol.
Zoloft Health Risks
In addition to the health risks announced in the FDA alerts discussed above, there may be other dangers associated with Zoloft use. Do not stop taking Zoloft suddenly. Doing so may result in harmful side effects. Your healthcare professional should slowly decrease your dose as necessary.
The risks of using Zoloft include:
- An increased risk of having suicidal thoughts or actions
- Bleeding problems, especially if taken with aspirin, NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or other drugs that affect bleeding
- Mania (becoming hyperactive, excitable, or elated)
- Seizures (even if Zoloft is not taken close in time with a MAOI)
- Weight loss. Children who take Zoloft for a long time should have their growth and body weight measured regularly.
- Increased risks if you are pregnant or may become pregnant. Babies born to mothers taking Zoloft late in pregnancy have developed problems such as difficulty breathing and feeding
- Sexual problems including impotence (erectile dysfunction), abnormal ejaculation, difficulty in reaching orgasm, or decreased libido (sexual desire)
Can Other Medicines or Food Affect Zoloft?
In order to avoid dangerous interactions with any medicines you might be taking, tell your healthcare professional about all prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements that you take.
Tell your healthcare professional about all medications you take that affect bleeding or that treat anxiety, mental illness, depression, or heart problems. If you plan to drink alcohol while taking Zoloft, talk to your healthcare professional.
Zoloft: Get Legal Help
While most medications have certain anticipated side effects, a drug manufacturer has a duty to make its products as reasonably safe as possible, and to inform the medical community and the public of known risks associated with its drugs. If a manufacturer fails to do so, it can be held legally responsible if patients are injured as the result of inadequate warnings or the unreasonably dangerous nature of the drug, under a legal theory called "product liability."
If you or a loved one have experienced any harm such as birth injuries you think may be related to Zoloft use, you should first contact your doctor or other healthcare professional. Next, you should have the facts of your situation reviewed by an experienced attorney. This will allow you to protect any legal claim you may have and allow you to focus your energies on healing yourself and your family. | <urn:uuid:49fec849-c810-495d-8a81-3f6f009e9dd5> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://injury.findlaw.com/product-liability/zoloft.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898644.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00220-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941649 | 1,539 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The 'extraordinary' intellect of the kea has surpassed researchers' expectations following the discovery that they used tools to set off stoat traps.
The research published on Monday was sparked by a 2014 video, which captured a wild kea using sticks to set off the traps in Fiordland's Murchison Mountains.
The alpine parrot's either carefully crafted the stick to the exact size to probe the lock, or completely reshaped the stick itself.
The research states this is the first documented case of habitual tool use innovated in the wild by a bird species only known to have used tools in captivity.
Over two and half years, sticks were found inserted in 227 different traps.
"They carefully select certain sized sticks, whittle them down or select a new one, selecting the right size tool or reshaping it to be the right size," field researcher Matthew Goodman says.
He says kea get a "buzz" from the noise of setting the trap off.
"From what I witnessed, is that they certainly get a buzz from loud noise or when they throw something off the cliff or steal something and get a reaction.
"They seem to really thrive with that. [It's] very parallel to what children do, they do something naughty - it's almost the same thing at least you can interpret that way."
And he hopes the research will spark more interest in the species.
"Hopefully [it] sparks some more research into their intelligence, it opens the door of studying these birds and elevating them on the world stage of birds and mammals."
The research was taken in conjunction with Auckland University psychologist Dr Gavin Hunt and Thomas Hayward. | <urn:uuid:b9520981-03c3-4564-8d54-9a1f2c758de4> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2018/09/extraordinary-intellect-of-kea-discovered-as-they-invent-tools-to-probe-traps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203168.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324022143-20190324044143-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.953465 | 342 | 2.90625 | 3 |
If you are in the northern hemisphere, then you have a great opportunity to watch an evening show in the constellation Orion. True, it hides a killer of planets or even several.
The life and death cycle of the stars are closely intertwined, especially in massive star-forming regions, such as the Orion Nebula. So it is not surprising that the birth and life of one object can lead to the end of another. Astronomers used the Atacama Large Millimeter / Submillimeter Array telescope in Chile to observe these interactions.
The composite image of infrared and visible observation of the M42, as well as the surrounding cloud, is a star-shaped region near the Sword. The infrared image was taken with the Spitzer telescope, and the visible - by the National Observatory of Optical Astronomy (Arizona). M42 occupies the lower half of the frame. In the upper left corner is the M43 nebula, and the middle one is NGC 1977. Each of them is marked by a dust ring that stands out in the IR spectrum. They are created by stellar winds. Visible observation displays a gas heated by ultraviolet rays. Above the nebula, the field appears dark because massive stars still do not emit dust. Infrared light allows you to notice swirling clouds, developing stars, emitting gas jets (green). The Hubble Space Telescope clearly shows us the protoplanetary disks of the Orion Nebula or protostars in the form of tears with a disk of dust and gas that still surround them. They glow and can be thrown back by the stellar winds of the larger and older stars of the nebula.
The Atacama Large Millimeter / Submillimeter Array telescope, with its increased sensitivity to detecting warm objects in dusty areas displayed in the protoplanetary disks found by Hubble, found much more than the optical telescope could find. Astronomers have been able to measure the mass of many protoplanetary systems. It turned out that many of them are doomed.
This is a large-scale look at the Orion Nebula, located 1350 light years away. Captured with an infrared telescope VISTA (Chile). Wide coverage allows you to display the M42 in full size, and infrared surveillance bypasses the dust barrier and shows hidden areas where young stars are hiding. For the picture used filters Z, J and Ks. The exposure time is 10 minutes for each filter. The displayed area covers 1 x 1.5 degrees
The Orion Nebula is illuminated by truly stellar monsters: O-type stars, which are tens of times more massive than our Sun with a surface temperature of up to 50,000 K. These massive stars dominate the nebula and when they explode as supernovae, they block star formation or move it away. In this case, O-type stars destroy the protoplanetary disks that are formed too closely, depriving them of the gas and dust from which the planets could form.
Panoramic view of the Orion Nebula (M42)
This is crucial for a number of planets that may exist in our galaxy. Many stars, including our Sun, probably formed in a massive region of star formation, such as the Orion Nebula. How many potential solar systems were destroyed before, did any of them have a chance? Of course, some of them were far enough away from any O-star, as evidenced by the thousands of exoplanets that we have already found, not to mention our own existence. | <urn:uuid:e3732c17-b6b3-4485-9eac-ffc6eebe72e5> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://great-spacing.com/publication/63393/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141216897.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130161537-20201130191537-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.945606 | 699 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Languages can change over time. The form of English that you speak is likely to be slightly different to the form of English that your parents — or grandparents — speak. For example, you may pronounce some words differently from them or there might be some words that you've heard of that they haven't (and vice-versa).
Many people underestimate the extent to which languages can change. To give you an idea, here is the Lord's Prayer as it might have been written in English over a six hundered year period:
|Old English (~1000 AD)||Middle English (~1350 AD)||Early Modern English (~1611 AD)|
One way that you can make your conlang more interesting is to give it a history, just like natural languages. There are many things that you can do to add history — or the appearance of history — to a conlang.
Language families and proto-languages
As languages change, the people who speak them sometimes split up into groups and travel apart from each other. Since there is usually very little contact between these groups, the languages that these two groups speak often change in different ways. When these languages change so much that the two groups can no longer understand one another we say that the one language has split into two separate languages and that these two languages are part of the same language family.
Natural languages almost never arise spontaneously from nothing. Usually a natural language is a changed form of some other language and is part of a family. For example, French, Portuguese, and Romanian all come from Latin. English, Swedish, and German all come from a language that we call Proto-Germanic.
When you're reading about the history of languages, you might often come across the term proto-language. A proto-language is just a language that has had new languages come out of it; a parent language, if you like.
There's nothing intrinsically special about proto-languages compared to non-proto-languages. The speakers of Latin and Proto-Germanic didn't know at the time that the languages they were speaking would become proto-languages. They're not neccessarily simpler or more complex than other languages and they don't have any special grammatical features. They were just in the right place at the right time to have children.
Adding history to a conlang
The obvious way to make a conlang with history is to invent a proto-conlang and evolve that proto-language in the same way that a natural language might evolve. When you do that you end up with a language that looks like it has a history because it actually does have a history.
But what if you already have a mostly complete conlang and you want to give history to it? This is much harder because you will have to work backwards, slowly uncoving the proto-language. You'll almost certainly need to revise a whole bunch of stuff as you discover more about your conlang's proto-language.
If that sounds like too much work then there are a few things you can do to give a language the appearence of a history without having to invent a whole new conlang first.
Before we can do anything, we need to know how natural languages can change over time. Let's talk about sound changes. | <urn:uuid:2e64378f-1164-4877-83b2-60ce108085b6> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Intermediate/History | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593010.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722041752-20180722061752-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.966887 | 672 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Clean and sterile laboratory equipment is now paramount in protecting students and staff. At Westlab we’ve created some lab sanitisation guidelines, taking learnings from Australian lab technicians (Thank you for your input) to minimise the spread of COVID-19, protect health and wellbeing, and keep your practicals on track.
The purpose of this document is to help collate information about COVID 19 spread prevention and make recommendations for best practice in teaching laboratories. Whilst the focus is specifically on teaching laboratories, nonetheless, most elements in this document are also relevant to research laboratories, which are addressed in the appendix.
We note that, while this document is focussed on SARS-Cov2 and Covid19 infection prevention, many elements of best-practice during an epidemic or pandemic situation are also good general practice. The same sanitisation practices that reduce Covid-19 will also greatly reduce flu, the common cold, and other illnesses in students and staff.
Personal protective equipment, such as goggles, eyeglasses, visors, and shields, should be used as required to maintain safety in the science laboratory. However, such equipment should be disinfected between uses.
Sterilise Lab Glasses
- Prepare a tub or sink with an amount of Bio-Degradable, Residue-free detergent. Eco-Friendly Detergent
- Each Student is to wash their safety glasses after use in the detergent then hang on a drying rack.
- Depending on the makeup of glasses, if there are any metal components, you may want to run a quick hair dryer over them to avoid rust.
- Before next use student wipes over with an Alcohol wipe.
- Prepare a tub or sink with an amount of diluted Ethanol. Surface Disinfectant
- Each Student is to wash their safety glasses after use in the Ethanol then hang on a drying rack.
- UV Sterilising Cabinet – This is an exceptionally easy and hassle-free method – simply load the cabinet and switch on, the UV light will do the rest!
Cloth lab coats provide good protection in the lab, but need to be washed between users to avoid the risk of student-to-student disease transfer. This presents challenges, given limited supplies, the cost of lab coats, and time required for washing. Lab coats should not be re-used by different students without first being cleaned. If stored after use, lab coats should not be hung on top of another laboratory coat (e.g. Pegs), or in lockers or hooks with personal items. A simple plastic divider system is an effective way of separating lab coats when in storage.
- Use disposable Aprons along with Sleeve Protectors Sleeve Covers This is an easy, low-cost option, but care needs to be taken in the presence of flames and hazardous chemicals.
- If using Cloth Lab coats, they must be washed and hung without contact with another coat –Labcoat Rack. Note: Not all practicals require a lab coat if there are no hazards to staff or students.
- Fogger Machine with registered COVID 19 TGA Approved solution to be run over separated coats is an effective solution.
Wash Glassware Between Practicals
- All Glassware must be cleaned with disinfectant before and after each use. COVID-19 best practice states: if shared glassware cannot be cleaned between uses, then it should not be used.
- Normal wash up with fully Bio-Degradable residue-free detergent. Eco-Friendly Detergent – Challenges include that you may not have enough glassware to rotate between lessons. To speed up the process drying ovens may be required. Contact Westlab for information if required.
Wash down of Microscopes, pH meters & other shared equipment
All tools and equipment used should be cleaned with disinfectant wipes before and after each use. If shared equipment cannot be cleaned and sanitised between uses, then it should not be used.
- This will have to be done via Alcohol Wipes after every use.
- On Microscopes make sure your brand of wipes does not leave clouding of the lenses and objectives.
- UV Sterilising Cabinet Note: can lead to degradation of certain materials so avoid expensive equipment.
Other Procedures to Consider
Teachers can also sequence activities in the science laboratory to minimise student interactions and allow for social distancing. For example, teachers may direct that only small groups of students be allowed to collect and return equipment from storage areas at any one time.
An effective method of storage includes the Gratnells storage system which consists of individual trays in trolley and frames. In this way, equipment for the practicals can be clearly organized and quarantined pending sanitisation.
Handwashing both on entry and exit
After lab coat removal this should be mandatory and repeated at regular intervals. Soap and water followed by drying are considered highly effective at removing SARS-Cov2 from hands. Hand hygiene should also be performed before putting on PPE and after removing it, when changing gloves, after contact with any respiratory secretions, before eating, and after using the toilet.
We recommend you always use a quality, Australian made hand wash or hand sanitiser that is effective at preventing bacterial and viral infection. Various dispensers, including touch free refillable wall units are a good option and can be used with bulk supplies of soap or sanitiser. Alternatively, smaller per packed pump dispenser bottles can be mounted to walls or stands and replaced as required.
Conduct frequent surface decontamination
Frequent surface decontamination is effective at removing SARS-cov2 from PPE,
Equipment and other surfaces. Furthermore, it can be done at relatively low cost. It is both the responsibility of the Teaching Institution to provide a safe work environment, and of the students to ensure their own safety and the safety of others. Hence, given the low cost and joint responsibility we suggest double cleaning with an “in and out” policy:
- before lab use (by staff),
- when students arrive at workstation (by student),
- when students leave workstation (by student),
- after students leave the laboratory (by staff).
Surface sanitisers are usually available in either ready to use concentrations or concentrates. Common active ingredients include, Alcohol based sanitisers and non-alcohol (usually QUAT based) sanitisers.
Always check with the supplier that it is an effective solution for managing infection control, especially on high touch point surfaces. A variety of applicators are available including Foggers and Sprayer systems.
The safety of Students, Teachers and Laboratory technicians is paramount and should be foremost in all decisions made about the conduct of practicals in science lessons. The resumption of practical activities in schools should be decided in consultation with teachers, headteachers and senior executives.
Where possible, decisions should always be made in favour of students receiving a positive educational experience in science. | <urn:uuid:7c1785e1-b6c5-491c-a15a-524eb234f2b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://health.westlab.com/news/tips-for-keeping-your-lab-sanitised-and-covid-free | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.928422 | 1,464 | 2.78125 | 3 |
There are 2 Carpathian lynx at the zoo – male lynx Boomer, who is 13 years old and female lynx Kicsi, who is 7 years old. You can find our lynx exhibit towards the top end of the zoo, next to the lions.
Carpathian lynx are a sub-species of Eurasian lynx and are found in the Carpathian mountain regions in Europe.
Lynx are a carnivorous species, however they are not very fast runners and will rely on ambushing their prey. Their diet consists on rabbits, hares, rodents and grouse. But they have been known to prey on larger animals when these are scarce, such as roe deer or even reindeer.
Carpathian lynx are classified as Least Concern, with the population widely distributed and stable throughout most of its range. However they still do face several threats in the wild, the main threat being habitat loss/ fragmentation, and also poaching and shortage of prey animals.
There is an important EAZA ex-situ breeding programme (EEP) for Carpathian lynx across Europe which we have been very successful in, in previous years. Since 2017, Boomer and Kisci have bred 4 healthy lynx kittens which have now moved on to other collections as part of the EEP. | <urn:uuid:0f2f03a3-567d-4d14-8f03-dd743feb6fd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.newquayzoo.org.uk/animals-az/carpathian-lynx/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662588661.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525151311-20220525181311-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.968812 | 277 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Karunanidhi Familiy’s Immovable Assets-Details. – Ramani's blog
DMK chief and Tamil Nadu politics veteran M Karunanidhi who passed Anushka Sharma share cheeky moment: Social Media Stalkers' Guide . He has another son Tamizharasu and a daughter Selvi from his second marriage. It is interesting to note, that Dayanidhi Maran who is a former telecom. Murasoli Maran (17 August – 24 November ) was a prominent Tamil politician in India, and an important leader of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK) party which was headed by his maternal uncle and mentor, M. Karunanidhi . Relations, M. Karunanidhi (maternal uncle). Children, Kalanidhi Maran. Karunanidhi loved his nephew Murasoli Maran as much as his sons. It was this special relationship that prompted the DMK leader to make.
Independence from British rule was achieved in with the formation of two nations, the Dominions of India and Pakistan, the latter also including East Bengal, present-day Bangladesh. The term British India also applied to Burma for a time period, starting ina small part of Burma.
Murasoli Maran - WikiVividly
This arrangement lasted untilwhen Burma commenced being administered as a separate British colony, British India did not apply to other countries in the region, such as Sri Lanka, which was a British Crown colony, or the Maldive Islands, which were a British protectorate.
It also included the Colony of Aden in the Arabian Peninsula, the original seat of government was at Allahabad, then at Agra from to Bombay Presidency, East India Companys headquarters moved from Surat to Bombay inthe East India Company, which was incorporated on 31 Decemberestablished trade relations with Indian rulers in Masulipatam on the east coast in and Surat on the west coast in The company rented a trading outpost in Madras inmeanwhile, in eastern India, after obtaining permission from the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to trade with Bengal, the Company established its first factory at Hoogly in Almost a half-century later, after Emperor Aurengzeb forced the Company out of Hooghly, by the midth century the three principal trading settlements, now called the Madras Presidency, the Bombay Presidency, and the Bengal Presidency were each administered by a Governor.
Thanjavur district — Thanjavur District is one of the 32 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. As ofThanjavur district had a population of 2, with a sex-ratio of 1, females for every 1, males, the district is located at According to census, Thanjavur district had a population of 2, with a sex-ratio of 1, females for every 1, males, much above the national average of A total ofwere under the age of six, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for The average literacy of the district was The district had a total ofhouseholds and this district lies at the Kaveri delta region, the most fertile region in the state.
The district is the rice producing region in the state. Kaveri River and its tributaries irrigate the district, a large number of Rice mills, Oil mills are spread over the district. In addition few alloy idols of Thirthakars, Yakshas, and Yakshis were seated, thirthankar idols,24 Jinars big and small stone icons are also there.
The green paddy fields and the Kaveri river provide for picturesque spots in the district, airavateswara temple near Kumbakonam is also a UNESCO declared World Heritage site and another major tourist attraction in the district.
Thanjavur flora were explored and studied by Dr. Tamil Nadu — Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index inwith the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world.
Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi.
Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between BCE and BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from BC to AD Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port.
A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country 7. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic, according to the Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India.
The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for yearthe Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists.
As such, it is termed Indias health capital, as a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems. Chennai has the third-largest expatriate population in India at 35, in ,82, intourism guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in Chennai is ranked as a city in the Global Cities Index and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the annual Indian city survey.
In Chennai was named the hottest city by the BBC, National Geographic ranked Chennais food as second best in the world, it was the only Indian city to feature in the list. Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is one of the largest city economies of India. Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of India, with more than one-third of Indias automobile industry being based in the city, in Januaryit was ranked third in terms of per capita GDP.
The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India, the name Madras is said to have originated from a Portuguese phrase mae de Deus which means mother of god, due to Portuguese influence on the port city.
However, it is whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, Madras might have also been derived from the word Madhuras meaning juice of honey or sugarcane in Sanskrit.
The nativity of name Chennai, being of Telugu origin is clearly proved by the historians. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a deed, dated 8 August 8.
Tamils — Tamil people with a population of approximately 76 million living around the world are one of the largest and oldest of the existing ethno-linguistic cultural groups of people in the modern world. Between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century AD, Tamil people produced native literature that came to be called Sangam literature, Tamils were noted for their martial, religious and mercantile activities beyond their native borders.
Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organizations like the Ayyavole and Manigramam played an important role in the Southeast Asia trade, Pallava traders and religious leaders travelled to Southeast Asia and played an important role in the cultural Indianisation of the region. Locally developed scripts such as Grantha and Pallava script induced the development of many scripts such as Khmer, Javanese Kawi script, Baybayin. Tamil visual art is dominated by stylised Temple architecture in major centres, Chola bronzes, especially the Nataraja sculpture of the Chola period, have become notable as a symbol of Hinduism.
Tamil performing arts are divided into popular and classical, classical form is Bharatanatyam, whereas the popular forms are known as Koothu and performed in village temples and on street corners. Tamil cinema, known as Kollywood, is an important part of the Indian cinema industry, music too is divided into classical Carnatic form and many popular genres.
Although most Tamils are Hindus, most practice what is considered to be folk Hinduism, a sizeable number are Christians and Muslims. A small Jain community survives from the period as well. Tamil cuisine is informed by varied vegetarian and non-vegetarian items usually spiced with locally available spices, the music, the temple architecture and the stylised sculptures favoured by the Tamil people as in their ancient nation are still being learnt and practised.
It is unknown as to whether the term Thamizhar and its equivalents in Prakrit such as Damela, Dameda, the well-known Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga ruler Kharavela refers to a Tmira samghata dated to BC. It also mentions that the league of Tamil kingdoms had been in existence years before then, in Amaravati in present-day Andhra Pradesh there is an inscription referring to a Dhamila-vaniya datable to the 3rd century AD. Another inscription of about the time in Nagarjunakonda seems to refer to a Damila.
A third inscription in Kanheri Caves refers to a Dhamila-gharini, in the Buddhist Jataka story known as Akiti Jataka there is a mention to Damila-rattha. Hence, it is clear that by at least BC, Thamizhar is etymologically related to Tamil, the language spoken by Tamil people 9. The agitations involved several mass protests, riots, student and political movements in Tamil Nadu concerning the status of Hindi in the state.
This move was opposed by E. The agitation, which lasted three years, was multifaceted and involved fasts, conferences, marches, picketing and protests, the government responded with a crackdown resulting in the death of two protesters and the arrest of 1, persons including women and children.
The adoption of a language for the Indian Republic was a hotly debated issue during the framing of the Indian Constitution after Indias independence from the United Kingdom. The new Constitution came into effect on 26 Januaryefforts by the Indian Government to make Hindi the sole official language after were not acceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, who wanted the continued use of English.
The text of the Act did not satisfy the DMK and increased their skepticism that his assurances might not be honoured by future administrations. As the day of switching over to Hindi as sole official language approached, on 25 January, a full-scale riot broke out in the southern city of Madurai, sparked off by a minor altercation between agitating students and Congress party members.
The riots spread all over Madras State, continued unabated for the two months, and were marked by acts of violence, arson, looting, police firing. The Congress Government of the Madras State, called in paramilitary forces to quell the agitation, to calm the situation, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long as the non-Hindi speaking states wanted.
The riots subsided after Shastris assurance, as did the student agitation, the agitations of led to major political changes in the state. The DMK won the assembly election and the Congress Party never managed to power in the state since then. This effectively ensured the current virtual indefinite policy of bilingualism of the Indian Republic, there were also two similar agitations in and which had varying degrees of success.
The Republic of India has hundreds of languages, during the British Raj, English was the official language.
- Karunanidhi's family tree
- Karunanidhi family
- Blog Stats
Texas — Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico.
The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language.
Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory.
Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. InTexas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican—American War in One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy.
Kalaignar, as Karunanidhi is fondly called, married the third time in with Rajathi Ammal, from whom he has daughter Kanimozhi. Rajathi's name had cropped up in the Nira Radia tapes case for alleged corruption but the CBI did not find any evidence to implicate her in the same and she was thus acquitted by the courts. The political ambitions, however, have trickled down to the third generation of Karunanidhi's family as well.
His grandson Arivunidhi Muthu's sonDurai Dayanidhi Alagiri' son and Udayanidhi Stalin's son all harbour the dream of entering politics soon. It is his granddaughter Kayalvizhi Alagiri's daughter who is reportedly all set to make her political debut. Karunanidhi has another granddaughter in Senthamarai Stalin's daughter but it is unclear as of now if she will enter politics.
It is interesting to note, that Dayanidhi Maran who is a former telecom minister was also accused of scam in a telephone exchange case during his tenure.
However, it is Karunanidhi's son Stalin and daughter Kanimozhi who continue to remain prominent party faces and leaders of his Dravidian legacy after his death due to prolonged illness. Firstpost is now on WhatsApp. For the latest analysis, commentary and news updates, sign up for our WhatsApp services. | <urn:uuid:4c0d3fdc-6911-4661-b083-4393432c8daf> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://jingle-bells.info/and-relationship/murasoli-maran-and-karunanidhi-relationship-tips.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670987.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121204227-20191121232227-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.972483 | 3,473 | 2.71875 | 3 |
OLD TESTAMENT COURSE
All humans are religious, but we are not all religious in the same way.
For some, “religion” stands in opposition to “reason,” and anything not measurable by science is either misleading or irrelevant. For others, the powers of life displayed throughout our world, coupled with the changes that take place over time, lead them to find meaning and revelation primarily within the natural order, developing religious systems seeking harmony or appeasement with stars or storms.
Christianity is the greatest (in numbers of adherents globally) among the three monotheistic religions. At the heart of our faith is a belief in a good Creator who continues to care about this world and we who reflect God’s own character as “image-bearers.” We also believe that our human race has generally forgotten its Creator, which is why other religious perspectives have been born and come to expression. In order to remedy the failing communication between earth and heaven, God had to engage us actively with communications that we could not so easily ignore. Beginning with personal appearances to some like Noah and Abraham and Moses, God initiated a long-term relationship of clarification, instruction, and guidance with the nation of Israel. When written down, this divine revelation comes to us as the “Hebrew Bible,” or the “Old Testament” of Christianity.
Our Christian faith takes the written Word of God seriously.
It is more than a collection of wise sayings or moral codes or paths of enlightenment. The Old Testament is God’s inspired and authoritative interaction with Israel, enlisting this nation in the great divine plan to “bless all the nations of earth,” as God told Abram in Genesis 12. It is the “scripture” that Jesus loved, memorized, and quoted. It is the basis for Paul’s understandings about Jesus and the meaning of his redemptive work. While we are thankful for the New Testament writings that help us more directly connect with Jesus and the teachings of his disciples, these are built upon and somewhat incomprehensible without God’s revelation to us through the “Law” and “Prophets” and “Writings” of the Old Testament, which is also essential Christian scripture.
There are, of course, different ways in which these Old Testament writings are interpreted.
Influenced by cultural changes and challenges, a number of different families of theological reflection have emerged. Our approach at CLC lies within the Reformed tradition, built upon the expansive insights of John Calvin at the time of the Protestant Reformation. Central to this theological approach are these emphases:
- The distinction between “regeneration” (God’s one-time act accomplished solely through the work of Jesus) and “sanctification” (God’s on-going transformative activity taking place in partnership with redeemed persons and communities).
- The “Presbyterian” form of church structure, built around the primacy (but not independence) of the local congregation governed by Elders and Deacons who are called and elected from the membership because of their obvious spiritual gifts.
- Appreciation of the sacraments as two in number (Baptism and the Lord’s Supper), each being a sign and seal of God’s redemptive love, but not actually transacting merit.
- Viewing the “Law of God” as not only normative for creation and as announcing human sinfulness, but also as guiding our redeemed response of sanctified living.
The 10 Session Old Testament Learning Experience
SESSION 1 – Covenant Beginnings
Key Idea: The Bible begins as a covenant between Yahweh and Israel shaped in the familiar language of international politics. Yahweh battles Pharaoh for Israel’s destiny. Yahweh moves into Israel’s community (the Tabernacle), with Israel sharing Yahweh’s mission and Yahweh sharing Israel’s life.
SESSION 2 – Covenant Prologue
Key Idea: Genesis serves as the extended “Historical Prologue” to the Sinai Covenant, explaining the nature of reality and informing Israel on three key matters: (1) How Israel got its special calling; (2) how Israel got its name and what is its significance; (3) how Israel ended up in Egypt
SESSION 3 – Covenant Inheritance
Key Idea: Israel settles into the “Promised Land” by way of miracles and Yahweh’s leading. What makes this land significant is not its superior climate or natural resources, but its location as the bridge between all major civilizations of its day, allowing Israel to be seen by and witness to its neighbors about God’s character and mission.
SESSION 4 – Failure and Renewal
Key Idea: The book of Judges documents Israel’s failure to follow through on Yahweh’s covenant mission, resulting in the curses of the covenant kicking in. Ruth expresses the changing fortunes of Israel through a mirrored look at Naomi during the time of the Judges, with the devastation following covenant breaking undone through covenant righteousness and service
SESSION 5 – Theocracy to Monarchy
Key Idea: Israel’s road up from the terrible times of the Judges to a renewal of its covenant identity and purpose leads through several false starts (Eli, Samuel, Saul) before becoming embodied in King David.
SESSION 6 – Losing at International Politics
Key Idea: Yahweh’s mission to reconnect with all nations on earth nearly reaches its goal during the wise and expansive reign of Solomon, and is celebrated in the creation and dedication of the Temple. But the story gets dark rapidly, with the kingdom splitting, the Assyrians threatening, and the eventual demise of the north. As the kings fail to lead Yahweh’s people rightly, prophets are called and raised to assume the role of spiritual leadership; most notable among these are Elijah and Elisha. Although the southern kingdom should learn from the wayward demise of its northern sister, except for brief turnarounds under the leadership of a few reformer kings (notably Hezekiah and Josiah), Judah’s path wends toward destruction under the new Babylonian threat.
SESSION 7 – Restoration
Key Idea: By Yahweh’s providence, Babylonian captivity does not destroy the Jews, and Persian victory sends them home. Still, through threats from other powers, the Jews need to be reminded of their unique identity and special mission
SESSION 8 – Covenant Voice
Key Idea: The Psalms express Israel’s worship, prayers and longings; Job’s story reminds Israel that life is not mechanical, but relational, and finds its fulfillment in submission to God; Proverbs explores life in covenant with God, expressing its practical, day-to-day shape and values
SESSION 9 – Covenant Understanding
Key Idea: As the new leaders of God’s people (following Moses, Joshua, the Elders, the Judges and the Kings), the Prophets call Israel back to covenant living, and warn them of the consequences of failing to follow through. Isaiah uses the Assyrian threat to warn Judah to get right with Yahweh, and promises a glorious, expansive restoration when, through God’s “Suffering Servant,” redemption is complete. Jeremiah makes clear that the covenant curses will bring destruction, but that Yahweh will restore the people’s fortunes after a time of cleansing exile. Although born to be a priest, Ezekiel lives most of his life in Babylonian exile, bringing reminders of Yahweh’s power and care, calls to faithful living, and promises of restoration in an age of total creational renewal.
SESSION 10 – “The Day of the Lord”
Key Idea: The “Minor Prophets” express a variety of short words of warning and promise for God’s people at different times and in different historical settings. Yet one recurring theme come through, summarized in variations on the phrase “The Day of the Lord,” and consistently promising: (1) extensive divine judgment on the nations for their sinful behaviors; (2) the sparing of a remnant faithful to the covenant; and (3) the ushering in of the eternal messianic age of peace and fulfillment
-All Rights Reserved. Use only by Permission. | <urn:uuid:49432241-2b90-4508-af05-0cb0d0f8cca5> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://churchleadershipcenter.org/old-testament/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195417.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128095617-20201128125617-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.936845 | 1,755 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The State Emergency Management Priorities provide clear direction on the factors that are required to be considered and actioned during response to any emergency. The intent is to minimise the impacts of emergencies and enable affected communities to focus on their recovery as early as practicable.
The following State Emergency Management Priorities underpin the planning and operational decisions made when managing the response to emergencies.
The State Emergency Management Priorities are:
- Protection and preservation of life is paramount. This includes
- Safety of emergency services personnel; and
- Safety of community members including vulnerable community members and visitors/tourists located within the incident area
- Issuing of community information and community warnings detailing incident information that is timely, relevant and tailored to assist community members make informed decisions about their safety
- Protection of critical infrastructure and community assets that supports community resilience
- Protection of residential property as a place of primary residence
- Protection of assets supporting individual livelihoods and economic production that supports individual and community financial sustainability
- Protection of environmental and conservation assets that considers the cultural, biodiversity and social values of the environment. | <urn:uuid:b292d879-afce-4fa7-b077-6893676ad3d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.emv.vic.gov.au/StateStrategicControlPriorities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532948.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421235818-20190422021818-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.944851 | 219 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Just another family day at the beach in the Cape - 90‚000 years ago
Barefoot‚ the family crested a dune on the Garden Route and gazed out at the Indian Ocean 2km away. The salty tang in the air and the distant crash of waves on the rocky shoreline told them their destination was near.
Eager to reach the sea‚ they began to run down the 20-degree slope in front of them‚ some of them even leaping in excitement as they went.
What happened next is not known‚ but the historical importance of this everyday sequence of events is difficult to overstate. That’s because it provides some of the first evidence of human activity in the late Ice Age‚ 90‚000 years ago. The family’s joyful descent of the dune was captured in their footprints‚ which have been discovered in the last two years in a cave between Buffalo Bay and Brenton-on-Sea‚ just west of Knysna.
Those prints — dozens of them — fill a 71‚000-year gap in the ancient history of Homo sapiens. They are the first evidence of modern human activity between 117‚000-year-old tracks in Langebaan on the Cape west coast and 46‚000-year-old evidence from a cave in Greece.
“It’s the holy grail‚” said Charles Helm‚ the semi-retired family doctor who with his wife Linda and friend Guy Thesen found the fossilised footprints.
Helm is affiliated with the African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience at Nelson Mandela University in Port Elizabeth. He and a team of international researchers have just announced the find in an article in the open-access journal Scientific Reports.
- For more on this article‚ please visit Times Select. | <urn:uuid:bacdddfb-4831-453e-91cd-17b8fce8de29> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-08-just-another-family-day-at-the-beach-in-the-cape-90000-years-ago/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358798.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227084805-20210227114805-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.951848 | 382 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What do you know about llamas? Where are they from? What animals are related to llamas? What role do they play in the Andes Mountains? Here are some fascinating llama facts, children’s books about llamas, a Peruvian celebration and more.
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If you look at a map of South America, you can trace the Andes Mountains along the west side of the continent from Colombia in the north, through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and way south to the tip of Chile. Llamas are one of the most common animals in the Andes, perfectly adapted to the harsh environment and rough terrain. They enjoy eating the grasses and plants available during the day, and heading to the hills for protection at night. Like camels, they can do without drinking for long periods; llamas get their water from food.
10 Fascinating Llama Facts
1. Llamas are related to camels: both are “camelids” with long necks, big eyes with long eyelashes, and long, thick fur to protect them from the rain and cold. But llamas have no humps!
2. There are 4 species of llamas:
- guanacos: wild llamas that can run 35 mph!
- llamas: domesticated guanacos
- vicuñas: wild animals half the size of llamas
- alpacas: domesticated vicuñas prized for their soft wool
3. Llamas were domesticated in what is now Peru about 4000-5000 years ago by the Incans.
4. People have relied on llamas for food, use their fiber for cloth, and keep llamas as pack animals to help with their work. Pack animals carry loads for people. They also use llama fat to make candles, llama droppings as fuel for fires, and llama skin for leather to make sandals.
5. Llamas are very strong: they can carry heavy loads for 18 miles in one day! It is easy for them to walk on steep, rocky ground because they have thick pads on their feet and 2 toes on each foot. If they are tired of carrying the load, or if the load is too heavy, llamas will lay down.
6. A baby is called a cría. Crías weigh 25-30 pounds, about as heavy as a medium-sized dog. They can stand one and a half hours after birth, and have a very soft coat. Crías love to play, and drink their mom’s milk.
7. To keep clean, llamas roll in a dust bath!
8. Llamas can grow to 5-6 ft tall (as tall as an adult person!), but weigh 200-400 lbs, heavier than 5 second graders!
9. Llamas are great at communicating with each other using movements of their ears, bodies, and tails. They also use sounds to communicate, such as humming, sounding a high, loud alarm sound, or grunting. When males fight they scream, and llamas spit to warn other llamas to stay away from its food.
10. Llamas live in groups called herds and are very gentle creatures. They will fight with predators (and sometimes each other), so some people train them to guard sheep from predators like coyotes.
Llamas and the Incans
As mentioned above, the Incans domesticated llamas in the highlands of what is now Peru, about 4000-5000 years ago. The vicuñas were particularly special to the Incans because they have extremely soft wool. In fact, only kings were allowed to wear clothing made of their fur, and no one was allowed to kill a vicuña.
Today, people living in the mountains near Cuzco, Arequipa, and other areas in the Peruvian highlands do annual round-ups of vicñuas just like Incans did. The festival of “chaccu” (or el chaco) lasts all day as hundreds of volunteers herd the vicuñas into a pen, shear the wool, and let them go:
Children’s Books about Llamas
The Littlest Llama by Jane Buxton (ages 3+). Cute story about a playful llama with lovely illustrations that show typical scenes of the Andes.
Is Your Mama a Llama? by Deborah Guarino and illustrated by Steven Kellogg (ages 3-8). No South American culture, but a sweet rhyming book about a little llama looking for its mama.
Maria Had a Little Llama / María Tenía Una Llamita by Angela Dominguez (ages 3-8). Playful twist on “Mary had a little lamb,” about María and her pet llama, and their trip to a school in a small Andean village.
Carolina’s Gift: A Story of Peru by Katacha Diaz (ages 4+). Great book about Peruvian culture from a child’s perspective.
The Llama’s Secret – A Peruvian Legend by Palacios (ages 7+). For older kids interested in folktales, this is Peru’s version of the “Flood” story.
A Child’s Life in the Andes is an ebook that brings the Andean culture alive with rich photographs, great information as well as activities, coloring pages (even a llama!), language pages and a word search. There is a great Andean music CD that is included.
For Fun: Adorable Llama Toys! | <urn:uuid:fa916a68-d022-49c3-8a5c-251aa099fa55> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://kidworldcitizen.org/andean-llama-facts-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.936129 | 1,185 | 3.703125 | 4 |
For centuries, markets were highly-personalized things, often controlled by select groups of people who traded based on long-established and closely-knit relationships. Closed networks -- such as merchant guilds in 16th century Europe -- could ensure trust between buyers and sellers by pushing out bad actors. But then, something happened that would eventually become the foundation of all modern markets. In the 1500s, new trade routes and the arrival of the printing press helped erode the power of merchant guilds and give way to a much more open system of trading where strangers could interact with each other.
On this edition of the Odd Lots podcast, Prateek Raj gives his theory about why modern markets first took hold in Northern Europe, and what this 500-year-old period of disruption can tell us about the world today. | <urn:uuid:c4efb143-0ca1-4e88-b909-ffa1df7a33e1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://podbay.fm/podcast/1056200096/e/1516006800 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525821.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210041836-20191210065836-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.978215 | 164 | 3 | 3 |
We know that your pet’s well being is really important for you but it must not be limited to removal of flea and ticks or bathing them once in a while. The dental hygiene of a dog also plays a very important role in its overall well being. The most obvious way to take care of it is by brushing them regularly and by feeding them with a fresh food diet. It is advisable to see a vet for assessment if the breath is still terrible after your efforts. So let’s discuss about how to control dog bad breath.
If you just want it to become better with the help of things that you are going to find at home, then we are here to help you with some natural remedies. So, have a look!
What causes bad breath in dogs?
It is really important for a pet owner to know that why the breath of your dog might be offensive. Actually, periodontal disease is the most common cause of bad breath in dogs. Sadly, it is a condition which suffered by over 80% of dogs over the age of three.
When a dog eats, food particles get mixed up with the bacteria in the mouth which can lead to a residue formation called plaque. If it’s not brushed away soon, it often leads to hardening of plaque which is called tartar. When this tartar develops beneath the gum line it can lead to periodontitis.
how to control dohg bad breat
There is a large range of other medical issues that can lead to bad breath, including diabetes, liver or kidney disease, and gastrointestinal issues. It is highly advisable to consult your vet if your dog’s breath is consistently foul or some other symptoms, like loss of appetite, excessive drooling or drinking, or vomiting.
Natural ways for How to control bad dog breath
DIY Dog Toothbrush
If you also face difficulty in brushing your dog’s teeth with the traditional toothbrush like many of us, then try to brush them with a clean piece of gauze around your finger and running it over your dog’s teeth. It is highly recommended that one should never use human toothpaste as it may contain xylitol, an ingredient that can cause liver failure in dogs! One should also avoid baking soda as it’s not good for dogs to ingest.
Pinch of parsley
A well known source of antioxidants that protect against the dog bad breath
The ruler of trimmings gives a variety of nutrients and minerals that can help with resistance, vision, and kidney wellbeing. It’s wealthy in cell reinforcements that ensure against free-radical harm, it can help assuage expanding and torment from joint pain and other provocative conditions, and mitigate annoyed stomach and stomach related issues. It’s additionally well known as a breath cleanser. Add modest quantities to food, or mix with water (1 teaspoon for each 20 pounds of bodyweight) to make a juice you can empty directly into your canine’s water bowl. Furthermore, another note of alert: Be certain you’re picking the wavy leaf assortment. Spring parsley, an individual from the carrot family that appears as though parsley is poisonous to hounds.
Give a try to this amazing DIY for dog food and treat your dog with homemade breath mints. Mix oats, eggs, water, coconut oil, parsley, and mint, reveal the blend, cut into little shapes, and heat for 35-40 minutes at 325° F. Permit to cool totally before serving.
Carrots and Apple Vinegar
Two very easy and healthy eating snack options for dogs to keep away their bad breath are carrot and apple slices. It really helps in preventing plaque build up and keeps their breath fresh. You can even treat them with it, one way is to keep it in the freezer for a cool treat!
Apple Cider Vinegar
An important food item for every health conscious person is apple cider vinegar. It is quite shocking to know that it’s really beneficial for dogs as well. Just adding approximately half a teaspoon of raw organic apple cider vinegar to your dog’s water bowl can help freshen up its breath.
An important food item for every health conscious person is apple cider vinegar. It is quite shocking to know that it’s really beneficial for dogs as well. Just adding approximately half a
teaspoon of raw organic apple cider vinegar to your dog’s water bowl can help freshen up its breath.
A well known product to improve immunity and skin and coat health is the coconut oil. It might be surprising to know that it is used to help us against the bad dog breath. You have two ways to use this remedy, either you can brush your dog’s teeth with it or you can start adding it to their food but be careful to add only a little amount of it to avoid stomach ache. | <urn:uuid:faedcbb9-ffd9-4aa2-8f16-8b23ac1bec22> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://thepawdynasty.com/dog-informations/how-to-control-dog-bad-breath/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361723.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228175250-20210228205250-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.96142 | 1,004 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) is committed to providing educational opportunities to our nation’s youth. Younger generations have heard stories about the chestnut tree from their parents and grandparents. Some even live on “Chestnut Street,” but if asked about the relevance of the American chestnut tree, the vast majority would have no concept of the impact the loss of the tree had on our social and economic lives.
The American Chestnut Video by Thomas Nassif – An 18 minute video that tells the story of the chestnut and TACF, documents controlled pollination and shows the basics of hypovirulence.
From the Woods American Chestnut – 4-page, full-color publication tells the history of American chestnut, the blight that wiped it out, and research on blight resistant chestnut trees. It is part of an educational series for youth (2004).
US Forest Service – Compass Magazine, Issue 1 – A great resource for classroom use with good photos and basic information along with an introduction to some advanced scientific work.
The Legend of the American Chestnut Tree – Kirby and Nicole, students of Poolesville High School Class of 2013, in Poolesville, MD wrote this children’s book as part of their senior project for the Global Ecology Science Program. They hope to inform young readers on the importance of the environment, specifically the restoration of the American chestnut.
Project Learning Tree – Project Learning Tree is an award-winning environmental education program designed for teachers and other educators, parents, and community leaders working with youth from preschool through grade 12. Learning Tree materials are aligned with individual state and national education standards.
Teaching with i-Tree – Includes three hands-on activities that help grades 6 – 8 discover and analyze the many ecosystem services that trees provide. Students input data they collect into a free online tool that calculates the dollar value of the benefits provided by a tree, or a set of trees.
eePro Resources – Need a lesson plan for your classroom, a journal article for a writing assignment, or a how-to video for a project? Tap into the North American Association of Environmental Educators resource bank!
Tree Benefit Calculator – The calculator allows anyone to make a simple estimation of the benefits individual street-side trees provide. This tool is based on i-Tree’s street tree assessment tool called STREETS. With inputs of location, species and tree size, users will get an understanding of the environmental and economic value trees provide on an annual basis.
Prekinders Forest Theme Activities – Trees, leaves, and forest animals theme activities, lessons, and printables for pre-k, preschool, and kindergarten. Examples include: Parts of a Tree Picture Word Cards, Leaf Science, Oak Tree Life Cycle, and Nut Sorting.
Virtual Learning Journey Georgia Forests – Take grades 3 – 5 on an interactive journey through the working forests of Georgia to learn about forest ecosystems, food webs, and life cycles, as well as forestry management processes, career opportunities, and much more. Key concepts are presented through text, images, videos, 360º tours, and interactive elements. Alignment to Georgia education standards.
Genome Educational Materials – These educational resources are intended to spark scientific curiosity, improve genomic literacy and foster engagement among learners. By: National Human Genome Research Institute. Includes: fact sheets, glossary of terms, and teaching tools.
Books for purchase externally
Champion: The Comeback Tale of the American Chestnut Tree – Narrative nonfiction master Sally M. Walker tells a tale of loss, restoration, and the triumph of human ingenuity in this beautifully photographed grades 6 – 8 book.
American Chestnut: The Life, Death, and Rebirth of a Perfect Tree – Susan Freinkel tells the dramatic story of the stubborn optimists who refused to let this cultural icon go. In a compelling weave of history, science, and personal observation, she relates their quest to save the tree through methods that ranged from classical plant breeding to cutting-edge gene technology.
The American Chestnut Learning Box
The American Chestnut Learning Box is currently being redeveloped. Check with us on the relaunch of the updated product. It is an educational tool developed by TACF volunteers that brings the story of the American chestnut to classrooms, nature centers, and civic groups in a tangible, thought-provoking way.
The Learning Box includes:
- nuts, burs and leaves from American and Chinese chestnut trees
- a chestnut “tree cookie” (tree ring slice)
- five different types of wood blocks
- chestnut tree sections showing inoculation sites and chestnut blight
- binder with explanatory fact sheets for each sample and learning materials | <urn:uuid:7ab7a1b7-b6d6-4899-8ea4-a547d9df9606> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://acf.org/resources/education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572220.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816030218-20220816060218-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.910442 | 971 | 3.453125 | 3 |
NASA’s constellation of Earth observing satellites constantly collect data about Earth and acquire some pretty amazing images of our planet. NASA's Worldview imagery mapping and visualization application lets you interactively explore this tremendous trove of NASA Earth science data and imagery—and even create snapshots and animated GIFs to share with friends. This Earth Day imagery gallery provides tips for exploring the Worldview gallery images, resources to show you how NASA studies Earth, and links to activities to help you learn more about how our amazing planet works.
Creating your own NASA Worldview Earth Day image is easy. Start with this tutorial:
Engage in more Earth Day at Home activities: www.nasa.gov/earthday
Hurricane Dorian made landfall on the Bahamas at 16:40 UTC (12:40PM ET), on September 1, 2019 as a Category 5 hurricane (indicating winds greater than 155 mph). This Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-East (GOES-East) Clean Infrared (10.3μm, Band 13) image acquired on September 1, 2019, at 17:00 UTC (1:00PM ET) shows that the cloud-top brightness temperatures near the center of the hurricane are below -70°C (-94°F).
Viewing Tips: Hover over the different colors in the image to see the corresponding temperature value in the Layer List in NASA Worldview. This layer is useful for detecting clouds during the day and at night and aiding in cloud and other atmospheric feature identification and classification.
Explore Image in NASA Worldview: https://go.nasa.gov/38pwn2g
NASA Worldview Tour of Hurricane Dorian: https://go.nasa.gov/3ctUSht
To view more hurricane imagery, visit the Worldview Image of the Week Archive and type “Hurricane” into the search box: https://go.nasa.gov/2VlPIww
Explore Near Real-Time Data Related to Severe Storms: https://go.nasa.gov/2JZ0aFi
Raikoke Volcano Eruption, Kuril Islands, Russia
This true-color corrected reflectance image of the ash plume from the Raikoke Volcano eruption was acquired on June 22, 2019 by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, aboard NASA's Terra satellite. This volcano is located within the Kuril Islands on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia.
Viewing Tips: The brown plume in the center of the image is the ash plume from the eruption. To see how this ejected aerosols into the atmosphere, go to NASA Worldview and turn on the Aerosol Index Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership / Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (Suomi NPP / OMPS) layer to see the high levels of aerosols shown in red. The Aerosol Index is a unitless range from <0.00 to >=5.00, where 5.0 indicates heavy concentrations of aerosols that could reduce visibility or impact human health.
Explore Image in NASA Worldview: https://go.nasa.gov/3c5GVFY
To explore more volcano imagery, visit NASA's Worldview Image of the Week Archive and type “Volcano” into the search box: https://go.nasa.gov/2VlPIww
Explore Near Real-Time Data related to Ash Plumes: https://go.nasa.gov/2JxvB9y
Data User Profile: Dr. Mike Ramsey develops new ways to study active volcanoes and to provide data to support emergency response. https://go.nasa.gov/2UAkjb1
Iceberg B49 Calves from Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica
True-color corrected reflectance image of iceberg B49, which calved from the Pine Island Glacier, acquired on February 15, 2020 by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite.
Viewing Tips: View an animation in NASA Worldview (https://go.nasa.gov/2VhvsMO) of the iceberg moving away from the Pine Island Glacier between February 8 and 15, 2020.
Explore Image in NASA Worldview: https://go.nasa.gov/2xiEVf3
To explore iceberg imagery in Worldview, visit the NASA Worldview Image of the Week Archive and type “Iceberg” into the search box: https://go.nasa.gov/2VlPIww
Explore Near Real-Time Data Related to Sea Ice: https://go.nasa.gov/2ys36rB
Learn how NASA’s ICESat-2 mission is measuring Earth’s frozen regions in unprecedented detail: https://go.nasa.gov/2JyqS7z
Data User Profile: Dr. Ludovic Brucker investigates climate-related changes in Earth’s frozen regions. https://go.nasa.gov/2K52Ilf
Fires in New South Wales, Australia
Beginning in September 2019, Australia experienced one of their worst fire seasons on record. This joint NASA/NOAA Suomi NPP Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) image acquired on January 4, 2020, shows extensive smoke plumes from bushfires burning in New South Wales, Australia.
Viewing Tips: View active fires/hotspots by turning on the Active Fires/Thermal Anomalies imagery layers in NASA Worldview. Just click on the “eye” icon.
Explore Image in NASA Worldview: https://go.nasa.gov/3c5rr4V
NASA Worldview Tour of Australian Fires: https://go.nasa.gov/3ebij0n
NASA Worldview Tour on Satellite Detections of Fire: https://go.nasa.gov/2JOv2bD
Feature Article - Wildfires Can't Hide from Earth Observing Satellites: This article describes how satellite data and NASA's Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) can be used to help manage ongoing fires and track the spread of fires around the world. https://go.nasa.gov/3cdGr0w
Wildfires Data Pathfinder: Provides links to datasets, services and tools that can be used to aid in wildfire management and post-event evaluation. https://go.nasa.gov/3dOIj1k
Data User Profile: Dr. Nancy French studies the effects of wildfires on forest ecosystems. https://go.nasa.gov/2UMorTS
Nighttime Lights - United States
Viewing Earth at night affords us a different view of Earth's surface. We may be used to seeing the true-color satellite images that mimic what the human eye perceives, but the night lights layer shows Earth at night and the illuminations that emanate from Earth back into space.
Viewing Tips: What are the three or four major cities that can be viewed in this image? Explore this image in NASA Worldview and turn on the Place Labels layer to see what cities are along this major highway corridor.
Explore Image in Worldview: https://go.nasa.gov/34Ihrw8
NASA Worldview Tour of Earth At Night: https://go.nasa.gov/2JTRgsw
Feature Article - Bringing Light to the Night: New VIIRS Nighttime Imagery Available through GIBS. https://go.nasa.gov/3bdPsqs
Data User Profile: Dr. Adam Storeygard uses nighttime lights data for economic studies of urbanization and development. https://go.nasa.gov/3aD1FVl
Data User Profile: Dr. Karen Seto uses nighttime lights data to study the environmental effects of urbanization. https://go.nasa.gov/3dIunpX
Dust Storm over Canary Islands
This true-color image from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), aboard the joint NASA/NOAA Suomi NPP satellite shows a dust storm blowing over the Canary Islands on February 22, 2020.
Viewing Tips: Press “Play” in NASA Worldview to view an animation (https://go.nasa.gov/34q1vOE) of the dust storm moving over the Canary Islands and out to the ocean.
Explore Image in Worldview: https://go.nasa.gov/39tyUtF
NASA Worldview Tour on Dust Storms: https://go.nasa.gov/2VafcgE
Explore Near Real-time Data Related to Dust Storms: https://go.nasa.gov/39yLhDZ
Data User Profile: Dr. Santiago Gassó studies the concentration and global movement of dust. https://go.nasa.gov/2R4L453
Data User Profile: Dr. Greg Jenkins studies how dust impacts weather, climate, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality of West Africa. https://go.nasa.gov/2R3Ds2D
Other NASA Resources
NASA Earth Observatory - Explore images, stories, and discoveries about the environment, Earth systems, and climate that emerge from NASA research, including its satellite missions, in-the-field research, and models.
NASA Scientific Visualization Studio - Discover Earth and Space Science visualizations, animations, and images in order to promote a greater understanding of research activities at NASA.
My NASA Data - Resources organized around the Earth System Science phenomena that you teach. | <urn:uuid:65b2c80e-9c98-48fe-b0b4-7d20407b802a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/worldview/earth-day-satellite-views | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130000127-20231130030127-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.802683 | 2,002 | 3.765625 | 4 |
New Zealand Childhoods (18th–20th c.)
Juvenile Depravity Suppression Bill [Political Speech]
This Dunedin politician's speech could be analyzed for its tone as well as its (edited) content. Notions of morality and responsibility can be identified, along with an attitude that children should be protected from adverse influences. The proposed legislation would have given police the powers to apprehend young loiterers and return them to their parents. There was some debate in the House over a suggestion that police could be permitted to use a supple-jack in the process. Ironically, while the general position of politicians was one of opposition to that, corporal punishment was in constant use in the country's schools at the time and remained so until abolished in the early 1980s.
Although neither the Juvenile Depravity Suppression Bill (1896) nor a subsequent Young Persons Protection Bill (1897) were passed into law, debates over how best to deal with youngsters not under "proper" parental care continued to surface regularly over the next century. Anti-social behavior could be defined in a number of ways: the "street larrikins" of the 1890s, congregating on street corners and behaving discourteously to adults transmuted into "milk-bar cowboys" by the 1950s, and "boy racers" and graffiti "taggers" at the end of the 20th century. Sexuality, latent or overt, was another key area of on-going concern for politicians and social commentators. A mid-century enquiry into "juvenile delinquency" (alleged immorality and depravity) in the post-war suburban development of the Hutt Valley (Wellington) resulted in some 300,000 copies of the 1954 Mazengarb Report being disseminated, one to every household in the country that received the family benefit and/or additional state welfare assistance for children. The Report's recommendations included advocacy of more suburban leisure and recreational facilities; better education for parents; and stricter censorship of comics and other potentially "harmful" publications. From the 1960s, the influence of more sexually explicit television programs and advertising became the focus of concern; and, by the end of the century, the Internet, computer games, and mobile telephone technologies.
New Zealand House of Representatives. "Juvenile Depravity Suppression Bill." Second reading, 18 August 1896. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol. 94, 1896, 323–24. Annotated by Jeanine Graham.
Primary Source Text
JUVENILE DEPRAVITY SUPPRESSION BILL
Mr W. HUTCHINSON [member for Dunedin City] said this was a Bill entirely on the right lines, and he congratulated the Premier on its introduction; at the same time, he would allow him to say that it did not go far enough. The question was one of momentous importance, deeply affecting all the towns, and more especially all the cities and principal centres of population. . . . There were a number of young children amongst us painfully demoralised – so young, some of them, that the policeman could not think of interfering with them – children suffering from a so- called liberty run unto utter license and lawlessness; and all this arising largely from parental carelessness or positive neglect. He was not going to trouble the House with statistics. He did not know that statistics bearing precisely upon this point were available, and he had no wish to draw any darker picture of the case than the facts warranted. They were bad enough as it was. From communications he had had from Auckland, he found that this city suffered terribly from this blight of juvenile vice. . . .
He had no information that he could quote from Wellington or Christchurch, but there was little doubt that these cities were neither better nor worse than their neighbours. . . . He was glad to say that the large majority of our people cherished the love of their children and the purity of their households above all other possessions; they desire such legislation as is now proposed; and this all the more because there were poor children of the streets – strayed and straying – whose numbers were sometimes recruited by children from very respectable families – showing us a cruel and savage side to our civilisation. These mere children got together at the street-corner or under a dark verandah; they talked, or they listened to talk, not the sweet babble of childhood, mixed with its laugh of innocence, but talk that need not be described; they got into temptations of all kinds before they understood the disastrous results which certainly followed. He ventured to suggest that these young children should be dealt with before they come to those of more advanced age. The Bill before them took no note of this incipiency in vice, yet it was here the mischief began. The Bill was a police Bill, pure and simple; but they needed more. It was an out-worn but still perfectly true axiom that prevention was better than cure. Children up to ten years of age living in all our towns should be under the shelter of the household roof after nightfall; and the parents and guardians of these children should be responsible that it was so, under a penalty. If the children were out of doors they should be in the care of some grown-up person. Did anyone who knew what childhood was – its susceptibility to external influences and its facile aptitude to learn and assimilate impressions – doubt this proposition. There was a social gangrene. He would cut it out of the body politic by clearing the streets of all young children after dark. Surely there would be no hardship – no invasion of liberty, rightly understood – in doing so. A certain number of young children – very young children – had drifted away from parental care, and hung about the streets at night. It was not only wretchedness for themselves, and from which they had to be protected, but they were too apt to lead others into equal wretchedness; so that their protection was not only for themselves, but for others who might fall a prey to their evil example. He would not proposed to punish these unfortunate children. They had been neglected by their parents, and it was therefore on these parents the blame primarily rested. They must exercise their lawful authority, and see that their children were in the house at reasonable hours or take the consequence. . . . Turning to another phase of the question, he had become acquainted with cases in which the father told the Magistrate that his child was beyond control – that the child was unmanageable; and he dared say the father was correct. But it was only a confession of culpable and criminal weakness all the same. The child was certainly not beyond control when first he or she was permitted to roam the streets at improper hours; and the parental neglect demanded punishment. . . .
How to Cite This Source
"New Zealand Childhoods (18th–20th c.)," in Children and Youth in History, Item #93, http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/teaching-modules/93 (accessed April 19, 2014).
- Primary Sources
- The Ancient History of the Maori [Literary Excerpt]
- Adventure in New Zealand, from 1839 to 1844 [Book Excerpt]
- Annual Report on Native Affairs, 1874 [Government Report]
- Shocking Disaster at Cambridge [Newspaper Article]
- Juvenile Depravity Suppression Bill [Political Speech]
- Taranaki Education Office Report, 1898 [Official Document]
- "Dear Dot" Children's Letters [Newspaper Column]
- Colonial Childhoods Oral History Project [Oral History]
- Code of Honour [Literary Excerpt]
- New Zealand School Photographs, 1950 and 1964 [Photographs]
- 1996 New Zealand Census Information [Statistical Tables]
- Sanitarium Weet-Bix Packet [Advertisement] | <urn:uuid:c57d625f-38c2-4c65-8e61-65251d6b0641> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/teaching-modules/93?section=primarysources&source=74&output=rss2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537271.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00336-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976149 | 1,622 | 2.921875 | 3 |
I don’t know about you but in my opinion, Valves are the heart of an air compressor. The performance of a reciprocating air compressor mostly depends on a suction filter, valves, and piston rings. Hence due care required to be taken.
Above mentioned parts especially valves require a periodic inspection and maintenance.
Here you will find important information about plate type suction and discharge valves. These types of valves are used in Kirloskar Pneumatic and Chicago Pneumatic Air Compressor.
Ingersoll Rand also uses plate type valve in their compressor but in a square shape. The Maintainance is almost same for any types of compressor.
Below information will definitely help you in servicing of suction and discharge valves of the reciprocating air compressor.
You can also watch and Subscribe to our YouTube Channel for Engineering Educational Videos, by clicking here https://goo.gl/4jeDFu
How to dismantle the valves
To avoid damage to the valves and inner dowel pins, it is suggested to use a simple fixture for dismantling and assemble valves.
These fixtures are supplied by compressor manufacturer on a chargeable basis or you can manufacture at your engineering unit also.
A detail drawing is always available in an instruction manual. Use proper size spanner for opening and tightening. Never hold the valve directly in a vice and do not hammer on spanner when loosening or tightening the castle nut.
How to clean the valve
Examine all the parts thoroughly after dismantled the valve. Remove carbon formation with help of Trichloroethylene or diesel and light scraping paper or brush.
Don’t scratch the valve plate or seat while cleaning. Completely dry out the valves before installing it on a compressor.
Never use cotton waste to clean the internal parts of the valve, use only cloth for drying out. A dry air can also be used for this purpose.
Inspection and Reconditioning of valve
When valve plate, damper plate, spring plate shows sign of wear, it is imperative to replace these parts, even if no breakage has occurred.
A maximum wear of about 10 % of the total thickness of valve plate is allowed. For highest efficiency of the valve, it is important that the seat face is flat and free from any traces of wear. This prevents the valve leakage.
If any damage to the seat observed, it is recommended to replace the same. Due to the presence of dowel pins, re-machining or lapping cannot be carried out. It is also suggested to use a new valve plate with a new valve seat.
Reassembly and Installation of valve
A) Carry out valve assembly in the required sequence. Use fixture for proper tightening of valve nut. Check valve plate for free movement.
The best sequence is first valve seat then washer then valve plate then damper plate then spring plate. Keep one washer then valve keeper and tight this assembly with the nut. (Refer diagram of the instruction manual)
B) The hollow side of the thin part in the centre of the valve plate must be placed upward facing, valve keeper.
C) Suction valves are equipped with unloader, the clearance between the valve plate and unloader lifter as well as the clearance between unloading piston and lifter must be checked.
D) Test valve for leakage and ensure it made dry after testing. Use air pressure instrument for testing purpose. Never use petrol, diesel or kerosene for inspection.
E) Valve cover nuts have to be tightened with specific torque by a torque wrench.
This is all about the proper maintenance of suction and discharge valves of an air compressor. Hope you like it.
Besides this information, you are suggested to read something more from below engineering books | <urn:uuid:05c48134-8d90-4917-b599-7cf095ab9985> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.engihub.com/tag/compressor-suction-and-discharge-valve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202804.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323121241-20190323143241-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.906097 | 771 | 2.578125 | 3 |
How high is Siachen Glacier?
The Siachen glacier has an elevation of 5500 metres approximately. The Siachen glacier is considered to be the largest single source of fresh water on the Indian subcontinent. It is located in the Karakoram range. Siachen is the source of the Nubra River that eventually feeds the mighty Indus - the major water source that irrigates the Punjab plains in Pakistan.
The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas, just northeast of the point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends. At 76 km long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.
Other than Siachen, which are the other glacial sources of river water in India? | <urn:uuid:d2cd2626-fa74-4f57-bccc-8e5577b94ea6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://isparks.in/SiachenGlacier.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685850.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919145852-20170919165852-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.953836 | 182 | 2.75 | 3 |
Jewish Immigration to America (1654-1924):
My work in this historical and literary field examines one of the largest and successful exoduses in human history. It focuses on a span of over 270 years, examining the plight of over five million Jews from Spain, Brazil, Poland, Germany, and Russia journeyed to what they considered the “Promised Land.” This study serves four purposes. First, it will identify social, political, and economic factors that encouraged this unprecedented migration, and more specifically, to investigate the origins of their journey from Europe to America and link these efforts to economic hardship, persecution, and the great social and political upheavals of the nineteenth century. Second, this study will examine the extensive communication and transportation networks which aided this exodus, highlighting the roles that mutual aid societies (especially the Alliance Israelite Universelle in Paris, the Mansion House Fund in London and the Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society in New York City) played in the success of these migrations. Third, the study will analyze this diaspora’s cultural impact on the Jewish communities in which they settled as well as scrutinize the manner in which anti-Semitism, industrialization, over-population, and urbanization adversely affected their settlement in America. And finally, it will discuss the role of acculturation as it pertains to the Jewish immigrants’ assimilation into American culture where they gathered in districts near downtown areas, joined the working class, spoke Yiddish, and built strong networks of cultural, spiritual, charitable, and social organizations.
Nazi Germany and the Holocaust:
My work in this historical and literary field examines the origins of Jew hatred and anti-Semitism that evolved over the course of 2,000 years in the minds and hearts of most Europeans dating from first century Gospels to the Holy Crusades to the Reformation and Enlightenment. This effort also includes identifying anti-Semitic traditions that manifested itself in the German psyche as well as aided in the accession of Adolf Hitler and his Nationalist Social Party in 1933. Important questions to be answered include: What are the origins of Jew hatred and/or historical anti-Semitism? What role did Christianity play in its source, its intensity, and its duration throughout European and Jewish history? How did historical anti-Semitism evolve from being non-secular to secular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? More importantly, how did historical anti-Semitism have a decisive effect on the rise of the Nazis prior to 1933?
The First World War and the Lost Generation:
My work in this historical and literary field study analyzes the impact World War I had on a generation of young men, who were inspired by abstract values such as duty, honor, and glory to make the world a safe haven for democracy. This study will also assess the physical, mental, and spiritual impact of the war on the soldiers by examining the disillusionment and embitterment of their war experiences. More importantly, this research will identify and briefly evaluate literary texts and cultural artifacts created by writers and artists who rejected contemporary social values and became known as the “Lost Generation.” This study is divided into three broad themes: The Road to War, Into the Breach, and The War’s Aftermath. This study will serve four purposes: First, to identify the origins and root causes that led to the Great War of 1914-1918 and assess the role both Great Britain and Germany played in Europe’s destabilization prior to the start of this devastating conflict. This portion of the study will also briefly discuss the instability created by the Great War in Europe between 1914 and 1933 and the evolution of the new world order. Second, to examine the rapid advancement and implementation of modern weaponry during the Great War and discuss its impact on military tactics and strategies as well as analyze the physical, mental, and spiritual hardships inflected on those who served on the front lines. Lastly, this portion of my study will analyze and discuss the disillusionment and embitterment of returning First World War veterans whose war experiences led them to reject the values of society, which led to their being known as the Lost Generation. | <urn:uuid:56af353d-9aba-426e-9461-47c0c8b296b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://dearprofessor10.com/research-areas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358180.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127103444-20211127133444-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.94809 | 845 | 2.625 | 3 |
Advanced life support is an essential link in the Chain of Survival. The universal algorithm provides a sequence of actions for the management of all people who appear in cardiac arrest - unconscious, unresponsive, without signs of life. Cardiac arrest may present as a shockable rhythm, such as ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT), or a non-shockable rhythm such as asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Attempts at defibrillation will be necessary in cases of VF/VT. Other actions, including chest compressions, airway management and ventilation, venous access, drug administration and correction of possible causes, are common to both these rhythms. The algorithm is applicable universally but cardiac arrest may occur in special circumstances, for example hypothermia, drug overdose and electrical injury. Additional interventions may be necessary, as discussed in Chapter 13.
The universal algorithm was based on collaborative research from resuscitation experts around the world. All information in this chapter is drawn from the references noted at the end.
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:af53983a-7d27-4a9c-926d-cd2630220d7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.europeanmedical.info/cardiac-arrest/introduction-wqc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572964.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916220318-20190917002318-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.912919 | 224 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Basic Rate Interface
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (March 2013)|
Basic Rate Interface (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D) or Basic Rate Access is an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration intended primarily for use in subscriber lines similar to those that have long been used for voice-grade telephone service. The BRI configuration provides 2 bearer channels (B channels) at 64 kbit/s each and 1 data channel (D channel) at 16 kbit/s. The B channels are used for voice or user data, and the D channel is used for any combination of data, control/signalling, and X.25 packet networking. The 2 B channels can be aggregated by channel bonding providing a total data rate of 128 kbit/s. The BRI ISDN service is commonly installed for residential or small business service (ISDN PABX) in many countries.
The BRI is split in two sections: a) in-house cabling (S/T reference point or S-bus) from the ISDN terminal up to the NT and b) transmission from the NT to the central office (U reference point).
- The in-house part is defined in I.430 produced by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The S/T Interface (S0) uses four wires; one pair for the uplink and another pair for the downlink. It offers a full-duplex mode of operation. The I.430 protocol defines 48-bit packets comprising 16 bits from the B1 channel, 16 bits from B2 channel, 4 bits from the D channel, and 12 bits used for synchronization purposes. These packets are sent at a rate of 4 kHz, resulting in a gross bit rate of 192 kbit/s and - giving the data rates listed above - a maximum possible throughput of 144kbit/s. The S0 offers point-to-point or point-to-multipoint operation; Max length: 900m (point-to-point), 300m (point-to-multipoint).
- The Up Interface uses two wires. The gross bit rate is 160 kbit/s; 144 kbit/s throughput, 12 kbit/s sync and 4 kbit/s maintenance. The signals on the U reference point are encoded by two modulation techniques: 2B1Q in North America, Italy and Switzerland, and 4B3T elsewhere. Depending of the applicable cable length, two varieties are implemented, UpN and Up0. The Uk0 interface uses one wire pair with echo cancellation for the long last mile cable between the telephone exchange and the network terminator. The maximum length of this BRI section is between 4 and 8 km.
- This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later. | <urn:uuid:365c200d-c784-4b86-935f-70f0039ecb8b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Rate_Interface | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463093.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00168-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880386 | 627 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By David Warmflash, MD | 13 May 2016
Genetic Literacy Project
The last few years have brought an increasing number of stories in popular media about extinct hominids, ancient DNA, and human evolution and this parallels expansion of research studies in the scientific literature. In April, for instance, came a story about the European wipe-out of early Americans that depended totally in genetic sequence analysis. In March, there also was a lot of discussion surrounding newly published studies concerning ancestors of modern humans interbreeding with ancient human species that are now extinct.
One study, published in the prestigious journal Science and covered in the New York Times, presented evidence that there were a minimum of four instances of admixing of genes from Neanderthals and other extinct human species into the modern human gene pool. Also getting a lot of attention, a Harvard/UCLA study published in the journal Cell Biology demonstrated that many people, particularly those from southeast Asia, have more sequences from another ancient human species, the Denisovians, than they have from Neanderthals.
The two studies added to a growing awareness of human interspecies mixing tens of thousands of years ago. It’s an idea that has complicated the older view that modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, completely replaced other human species by about 30,000 years ago, but the complexity does end with the fact that there was admixing, and that also received attention in the news. This month, for example, there was a big story, based on a Stanford University study, about how, despite interbreeding way back when, modern men lack Y chromosome genes from Neanderthals. This does not mean that Neanderthal men did not start paternal lines that persisted through modern human populations, but if they did then their Y chromosome genes eventually disappeared.
Going back one, two, and three years, there have been story after story about Neanderthals, Denisovians, ancient DNA, and early human species in general. So what’s happening? Are we going through some kind of hominid fad, or are paleoanthropologists actually making discoveries with increasing speed? The details in the science literature suggests that it’s the latter. They are progressing more rapidly than in the past. New data are coming in with increasing frequency and this has to do with advances in molecular genetics, especially in technology that’s being applied to extracting and sequencing of ancient DNA.
An expanding human family
Humanity’s closest living relatives are chimpanzees, but the species Homo neanderthalensis is the most famous example as an extinct but much closer cousin or our own species. H. neanderthalensis has been widely publicized, because scientists have been excavating Neanderthal skulls, skeletons, and tools since the 19th century, and even prior to modern genetic analysis there was enough of a fossil record to reveal something very intriguing—that Neanderthals coexisted with modern humans until about 30,000 years ago. Both also coexisted with a more ancient species called Homo erectus, which migrated out of Africa prior to the emergence of the ancestral line that lead to H. sapiens. H. erectus had a brain size much larger than that of a still more ancient group of hominids called Australopithecines, but much smaller than the brains of modern humans and Neanderthals. The brain size was one of several anatomic features that were intermediate between modern humans and the Australopithecines (which were more like upright apes than like humans), so H. erectus emerged as the candidate common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens, and additional ancient human species that were discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries.
One of those other ancient human species was Homo heidelbergensis, also called Homo rhodesiensis), bones of which were discovered gradually throughout the 20th century. H. heidelbergensis had features intermediate between H. erectus and H. sapiens, including a brain size almost as big as that of H. sapiens. This suggests that H. heidelbergensis, rather than H. erectus, could represent the more recent common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals.
Whether modern humans and Neanderthals diverged from H. heidelbergensis or H. erectus is debated and that issue contributes to the stories on human ancestors published over the last couple of decades. Also, fossils of new species were discovered during the first decade of the 21st century, all of which coexisted with modern humans and Neanderthals. One is Homo floresiensis, which had a very small brain and another is Homo sapiens denisova; that’s that Denisovians that have been so hot news cycles lately. Denisovian man is a popular topic for the public, because large segments of the modern human population possess more Denisovian sequences than Neanderthal sequences, but it also represents a scientific, technological milestone based on how it was discovered. First it was a tiny finger bone in Siberia in 2008—the tip of the pinky—and more recently a Denisovian toe bone was found. From that pinky bone, researchers extracted DNA, separated out the DNA that was from soil bacteria and other contaminants, and accessed the DNA that had belonged to the ancient human, about 3 percent of the entire DNA sample. They sequenced it and compared it with sequences of modern humans and Neanderthals. That was possible because, the genetic database of Neanderthals has been growing substantially since 1997, when DNA from Neanderthal bone was first extracted and sequenced successfully. As for the result, sequence comparison showed that the pinky bone belonged to a human of an entirely different species. Thus, H. sapiens denisova became the first human species discovered by way of molecular genetics, rather than by comparative bone anatomy.
Clearly, the discovery of fossils of more than one previously unknown human species during this century is fascinating enough to drive research, science journalism, and public interest. But what’s really driving the studies of ancient humans is the ability to analyze molecular fossils—DNA sequences. The technology has advanced considerably since 1997, when a team led by geneticist Svante Pääbo extracted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Neanderthal bone. mtDNA is the DNA contained within the cell’s energy organelles called mitochondria, which are inherited completely through maternal lineage with no sequence recombination during mating. That makes mtDNA a very straightforward way to make family trees of different species, but the reason why Pääbo used it in 1997 was that it’s easier to obtain from an ancient bone than nuclear DNA, the DNA that’s inherited from both parents. Unlike the nucleus, which is present in one copy, each bone cell has hundreds of mitochondria, so it has hundreds of copies of the same mitochondrial genome, and that’s why technology for obtaining and using mtDNA was available first.
By comparing variations between the mtDNA of modern humans and Neanderthals, Pääbo and colleagues demonstrated an evolutionary divergence between the two species occurring up to approximately 500,000 years ago. This was with no mixing of mitochondrial genes since the time of that divergence, so when the study came out in 1997 there was not yet any molecular evidence for the interspecies mixing that we’ve been hearing about over the last several years. To obtain such information, researchers would need to recover and sequence nuclear DNA, an achievement that Pääbo in the years following his mtDNA success guessed would be almost impossible—until a few years later when technology actually did make it possible, leading to family trees that were not as crisp as the ones made from mtDNA. In other words, the nuclear DNA comparisons, showed some contribution by Neanderthals to the modern human genome, and today we know that it happened at least four times and that mixing occurred with Denisovians too.
Over the years, the advances leading to mtDNA and nuclear DNA comparisons have depended on new techniques for extracting DNA from the bone. The technology for recognizing and screening out contaminating DNA has been improving as well. That’s vital because if you are lucky enough to find DNA in a Neanderthal bone sample, most likely it will be bacterial DNA, plus there can be contaminants from various animals, including modern humans. Finally, various computational techniques are needed, not just to compared sequence differences, but also to recognize features in ancient DNA that are not the result of evolution and divergence, but merely from chemical reactions that occur over time. These chemical reactions change the nucleotide bases that comprise the letters of the genetic alphabet. Advances in computing power and clever software have helped address those problems, but another major factor that’s come into play in just the last few years is the sequencing technique itself. Today, ancient DNA, can be sequenced much faster than it could be in the 1990s.
Evolution of sequencing
The gold standard method for reading nucleotide base sequences in DNA is called Sanger sequencing, invented by double Nobel Prize winner, biochemist Frederick Sanger in the 1970s. It works using chemical methods that identify which of the four DNA bases—A,C,G, or T—is located at one end of a DNA segment, an enzyme that creates segments of varying length based on the unknown DNA sequence, and a technique called electrophoresis, which separates the newly created segments based on their lengths. Until about 1990, the process was manual, with researchers going through a process of pipetting, heating, cooling, mixing sample, and preparing and running electrophoresis gels over and over. This would give them the sequences of little pieces of the unknown DNA, which then they’d piece together. As you can imagine, it was a long process just to obtain the sequence of one small gene, but this changed with the use of a method called capillary electrophoresis and increasingly high levels of automation.
By the time of landmark 1997 Neanderthal study, Sanger sequencing had advanced to the point that it was routine, reliable, and fairly quick for reading the sequence of mystery DNA, so it was being applied to an increasingly wide range of applications. That could include solving crimes or just about anything in science involving biological samples. While Sanger sequencing requires a certain minimal amount of DNA, another process called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed in the 1980s and 90s that could amplify small amounts of DNA into enough copies for the sequencing to work. That was vital for people who wanted to know the sequence of ancient DNA from a bone, where the yield is almost always going to be extremely low. Even so, it was just barely enough to make mtDNA studies possible, which is why obtaining and sequencing nuclear DNA from an ancient bone enough for genome comparisons seemed like science fiction.
But over the years, new techniques that vary from the Sanger method have been coming on line. Collectively, they’re known as next generation sequencing (NGS). Unlike the Sanger method, which was manual initially and had automation adapted to it, NGS methods have been created specially for use in automated systems. They differ in certain aspects and some are optimal for specific sequencing equipment produced by specific companies, but what they all have in common is capability for very high throughput. Sanger with capillary electrophoresis is the gold standard for sequencing accuracy and it is still a good choice for various applications—for instance, sequencing a single gene, or the genome of a bacterium. But while NGS has certain technical disadvantages for certain applications, those disadvantages come into play mostly when nice, long, high quality piece of DNA is available. That’s not the case at all with ancient DNA, and so, over the last decade, NGS has been applied increasingly to paleoanthropology. That’s been generating so many data from small amounts of genetic material, whether its mtDNA or even nuclear DNA from a mandible or finger bone, or something else. All of this has led to an increasing number of good, fascinating studies, and given the continuing progression of genetic technology we can expect to learn a whole lot more about ancient humans in the years to come.
Reprinted with permission from the author.
If you’re purchasing my book today, consider getting it through Barnes & Noble. It’s 10% off right now and the B&N ranking could really use a bog boost https://t.co/coCDjmnbtI #nonfiction #science #sciencebooks #winterreading #summerreading #Spaceexploration #NASA #SpaceX
— Dr. David Warmflash (@CosmicEvolution) March 11, 2020
The Moon and Human History – David Warmflash
Joe Rogan | The Strange History of the Denisovans w/Graham Hancock
DNA tracks mysterious Denisovans to Chinese cave, just before modern humans showed up
Be sure to ‘like’ us on Facebook | <urn:uuid:962eda4e-b76a-4847-abe8-aa48838ab0e7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://churchandstate.org.uk/2016/05/advances-in-genetic-research-enhancing-our-understanding-of-human-evolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.962387 | 2,667 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Laser Cutting auxiliary system 1: Air Blowing System
The role of air blowing during laser work:
- Assisted laser processing to enhance the penetrating power of cutting;
- Better protection of the focusing mirror, extending the life of the focusing mirror;
- During processing, the material is cooled to make the cutting edge smooth.
- Tips: In the process of laser cutting or engraving, it is not the greater the amount of gas, the better. It needs to be adjusted according to the requirements of different materials and cutting effects.
Introduction of two types of air blowing machine:
Can provide a smaller amount of blowing, mainly used for a surface sculpture of objects, or thin plate, paper cutting;
Provides more compressed air than a normal air pump to prevent combustion of flammable materials. It is usually used for laser cutting thicker materials. Due to the great pressure of gas blown out, it can take away a lot of smoke produced by cutting in time, which greatly reduces the blackening of the cutting surface. It is recommended that customers use when cutting flammable materials or materials with a thickness of 10mm or more.
When the high-pressure air compressor compresses air, it also compresses the moisture in the air. Compressed water vapor is transported along with the compressed air into the laser head. If not treated, this moisture will collect on the focusing lens, affecting the penetration rate of the focusing lens and damaging the lens. Therefore, we need to add a water separator to the air compressor to filter the water and increase the purity of the compressed air. | <urn:uuid:4bbb2dd7-3ea5-4b19-8701-7c6efcc751b0> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.amorlaser.com/cnc-laser-machine/blowing-assist-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517966.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119042046-20210119072046-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.910279 | 326 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Cave of Altamira
|UNESCO World Heritage Site|
|Location||Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Spain|
|Part of||Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain|
|Criteria||Cultural: (iii), (i)|
|Inscription||1985 (9th Session)|
|Buffer zone||16 ha (0.062 sq mi)|
Altamira (Spanish for 'high view') is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and coloured paintings of wild mammals and human hands. It is located near the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, 30 km west of the city of Santander. The cave with its paintings has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The cave is approximately 300 meters long
References[change | change source]
Further reading[change | change source]
- Curtis, Gregory. 2006. The Cave Painters: probing the mysteries of the world's first artists. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4348-4
- Guthrie, R. Dale. 2006. The nature of prehistoric art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31126-0
- McNeill, William H. Secrets of the Cave Paintings, The New York Review of Books, Vol. 53, # 16, October 19, 2006.
- Pike, A.W.G.; et al. (2012). "U-series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. doi:10.1126/science.1219957.
Other websites[change | change source]
- Altamira Cave National Museum In Spanish and English
- The story of Altamira
- The website of UNESCO - Cave of Altamira | <urn:uuid:004dfbee-adcb-4535-90b9-63f3386e8313> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302355.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120160411-20220120190411-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.742132 | 432 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This is a highly complex subject and on this page we will briefly examine how climate change is affecting bears and how it may affect them in the future. Ultimately we will then enlarge upon this introduction in a downloadable pdf document.
Almost all climate scientists (97%) agree that man-made climate change is a reality and that it is happening now. The cause is also known; carbon pollution is warming the Earth and causing extremes of climate, such as extreme droughts, flooding, wildfires, and super storms and hurricanes. Whilst the polar bear has become the poster child of climate change, all species of bear are affected.
Probably the greatest concern is how the changes in weather will affect the habitats in which bears live together with the plants, seeds, roots, animals and insects that form their diets. Species have, of course, adapted to changes to their climates before (such as during the Ice Age), but it is believed they need a longer period of time to adapt to change than the present accelerated rate of change will provide.
Bears are intelligent and adaptable creatures. However, there is already evidence that their adaptations to changes in habitat are bringing some bears into conflict with humans, with often fatal consequences.
We share our world with bears, and human fueled (literally) climate change is destroying our shared home. Our house is on fire and the most urgent task we face is putting out that fire; reversing climate change.
Voiced by Naomie Harris and scored by Brian Eno, the animated video below summarises the planet’s biodiversity loss, runaway consumerism and the ecological crisis we face, and how the consequences will affect millions of lives around the world.
We are currently researching articles and papers on climate change and how it is already affecting and how it is likely to affect bears and the places where they live in the future. We will add links to this growing library of information here over the coming weeks and months.
There are a number of simple steps which individuals can take to help reduce the future effects of climate change and we will include these in our “Action” section. Once this work is completed we’ll link to it from this page.
News Release: Polar Bears and the Climate-Change Denial Machine (29 November 2017) (Opens in new window)
Page updated 14 August 2020 | <urn:uuid:57e91123-2c0a-43a4-9ea0-686381fb3d06> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/threats-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373761.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305214044-20210306004044-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.948988 | 475 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Jane Stokes, University of Greenwich and the teaching team on the Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Speech and Language Therapy have put the use of video at the centre of their strategy for developing skills for practice, and in their teaching and learning approaches.
Many lecturers use video clips in their teaching and students regularly use YouTube links to support their understanding of speech and language difficulties but the speech and language therapy teaching team have taken the use of video several steps further.
Students are all supplied with video cameras which they use on placement to video their own interactions with people. In collaboration with colleagues in practice, students regularly video sessions that they contribute to on placement. This allows for a deeper level of reflective practice, and allows students to look back at exactly the language that was used, the non-verbal communication that they are developing and the reactions that people with communication difficulties have which may be otherwise difficult to record.
Together with colleagues in practice, students and staff have devised scenarios that have been videoed to exemplify good inter-professional practice. People who have been on the receiving end of inter-professional care have been videoed about their experiences, and these clips are then available to students to review and reflect on. This allows the students to hear first-hand about how it feels to be a patient, or client.
Colleagues in practice have also made videos of a typical speech and language therapy session which are interspersed with a running commentary about how the session went, the techniques used, and the responses observed. Students find this invaluable in learning about the clinical decision making process that experienced speech and language therapists use but often do not explicitly describe to students. Video gives an insight that no other medium can give and can be used so much more creatively than just using clips of people talking. In this way reflective practice is greatly enhanced, both in students and in practitioners. | <urn:uuid:81ee2b81-ff6e-413b-afda-f4bc8f249e36> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://ioicare.com/showcasing-good-practice/examples-of-good-practice/using-video-in-speech-language-therapy-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.960238 | 376 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Place – Rann of kutch | State – Gujarat | Country – India
Gujarat Tourism | Gujarat Tourist Places | Gujarat Travel Guide
Rann of kutch Tourism | Rann of kutch Tourist Places | Rann of kutch Travel Guide
About Rann of kutch
In the Thar desert of the Kutch district of Gujarat, India, the Grand Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh. It is about 7,500 km2 and is considered to be one of the world’s biggest salt deserts. The Kutchi people lived in this area.
The Rann of Kutch is found primarily in the indigenous state of Gujarat and is named after Kutch district. Any sections go to the Sindh province of Pakistan. The term “salt marsh” means Rann.
The Rann of Kutch extends over 26,000 km2 (10,000 square miles). The bigger portion of the Rann is the Great Rann of Kutch. It ranges east and west, to the north the Thar Desert and to the south the low mountains. In southern Pakistan, the Indus River Delta lies to the west. South east of the Great Rann, the Little Rann of Kutch stretches south to the Gulf of Kutch.
The Luni, Bhuki, Bharud, Nara, Kharod, Banas, Saraswati, Rupen, Bambhan, and Makhu are the major rivers that flow from Rajasthan and Gujarat into the Rann of Kuth. At the Western end of the Great Rann is situated Kori Creek and Sir Creek, tidal creeks that are part of the Delta of the Indus River.
The region is usually flat and very near to the sea level. During monsoon, much of the Rann floods every year. There are sandy highlands called bets or medaks, two to three meters higher than the flood. Trees and shrubs increase on the bets and establish wildlife refuges during yearly floods
The Rann of Kutch is a remarkable place to visit Gujarat. It is also known as the Great Rann of Kutch. Most of it is a greatest salt desert in the world, covering about 10,000 km2 (3,800 square miles). More incredible is that during India’s biggest monsoon season, the salt desert is submerged. This is a massive stretch of packed white salt for the remaining eight months of the year. Here’s all you need to come.
The huge, dry span of the Great Rann of Kutch is on the top of the Kutch district, north of the Tropic of Krebrown Cancer (you’ll pass and see the sign). The border between India and Pakistan forms the northern frontier.
The best way to the Great Rann is through Bhuj. Dhordo was built by the Gujarat government as the gateway to the Rann, about an hour and a half north of Bhuj. The salt desert’s edge is Dhordo.
Best Time to Visit Rann of Kutch
In October every year, the Rann starts to dry up and continuously transforms into the bleak and unreal desert of salt. Towards March is the tourist season. Near to the end of March lodging and don’t reopen until November. In March you will be in the tourist season in order to escape the crowd and experience more comfortably. But in April and May, during a day trip from Bhuj, you can still visit the salt desert. But during the day, it’s really sunny. In addition, there is a shortage of basic tourism facilities (food, water and toilets). However, you’ll get a lot of the salt desert for yourself!
Only in the early morning or evening is it best to go out into the desert, or else the salt will shut up. You will take a camel safari in the desert with moonlight. The full moon is the most enchanting time of the month.
Permits for Visiting the Rann of Kutch
Due to its proximity to the Pakistani border, the Rann of Kutch is a vulnerable region. A permit to enter the salt desert is also mandatory. This is done on the way to the village of Bhirandiyara (famous for mawa, milk sweet), about 55 kilometers from Bhuj. For an adult, it costs 100 rupees, for a small child six to 12 years of age 50 rupees, for an automobile 25 rupees and for a vehicle 50 rupees. A photocopy of your ID and the original are needed. Remember that the checkpoint will only be opened late at 11 a.m. and not during the off-season. Indian residents can now procure permits online here, as an option.
At the entrance to the salt desert at the Army Checkpoint about 45 minutes after Bhirandiyara village, you must apply the authorization.
Where to Stay
Staying in Dhordo or near Hodka is most comfortable.
Gateway to the Rann Resort in Dhordo is the most common choice. It consists of characteristic, traditionalement handmade Kutchi bhungas (mud huts). Tariffs begin at 4,500 rupees per night for double air-conditioning.
Tourist accommodation is also built in Gujarat, the Toran Rann Resort, in front of the military checkpoint in the salt desert entrance. This resort is nearer the desert, but it’s not especially picturesque. Accommodations in Bhunga are 4,500 to 5,500 rupees per night plus tax. Included are breakfast and dinner.
Shaam-e-Sarhad (Sunset on the Border) Village Resort in Hodka is another suggested choice. The resort belongs to local people and is governed. You are permitted to stay in green mud tents or traditional bhungas (3,400 rupees per night for doubles, including food) (4,800 rupees per night for a double, including meals). Both toilets and running water have been fastened, but only buckets provide hot water. There are also cottages for couples. A highlight are trips to local artist cities.
The Rann Utsav
The Rann Ustav Festival, which starts in early November, lasting to the end of February, is held in Gujarat Tourism. Near the Gateway of the Rann Resort in Dhordo a tent city with hundreds of luxurious tents, food and crafts stalls are built for the visitors. Tours to nearby attractions are included in the package price. Camel card trips, ATV rides, para-engine games, rifle shooting and amusement areas for children, spas and cultural events were included in the activities offered. Unfortunately, in recent years the festival has been increasingly sold, contributing to contamination and waste in the city.
Other Ways to See the Rann of Kutch
Kalo Dungar (Black Hill) provides panoramic views from 463 meters above the sea level if you want to see Kutch’s Rann from a particular viewpoint. This is the highest point in Kutch and the Pakistani border is visible all the way across. The village of Khavda, 25 km away and some 70km (44 miles) from Bhuj, accessible via Kalo Dungar. In this village there are craftsmen, including ajrakh block printing from Pakistan who specialize in block printing. The easiest way to take your own transport is to rarely take public transport. Another beautiful view of the Rann of Kutch is the Old Fort Lakhpat (140 km from Bhuj).
How to Reach Rann of Kutch
By Air :
Daily flights connect Kutch Airport in Bhuj with the rest of the world. You can easily reach your destination by bus or taxi from the airport.
By Rail :
Your best bet is to get to Kutch through the railway station in Bhuj. You could conveniently hire taxis while in Bhuj or board a bus.
By Road :
State transport and private bus services from most of Gujarat’s major cities and some even from Rajasthan to Kutch are available. You can also rent taxis easily. You can also drive and use national road 8A to enter Kutch as the best route you can take.
Places to Visit in Gujarat, Tourist Places in Gujarat, Sightseeing and Attractions in Gujarat
|Stay tuned on chaloghumane.com for authentic information on offbeat travel places.| | <urn:uuid:7b6f831a-bfe8-428d-be40-d5fdda535cf2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://chaloghumane.com/offbeat/rann-of-kutch-white-dessert-in-gujarat-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100873.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209071722-20231209101722-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.94364 | 1,772 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ventricles. "Paroxysmal" means from time to time.
Normally, the chambers of the heart (atria and ventricles) contract in a coordinated manner.
- The contractions are caused by an electrical signal that begins in an area of the heart called the sinoatrial node (also called the sinus node or SA node).
- The signal moves through the upper heart chambers (the atria) and tells the atria to contract.
- After this, the signal moves down in the heart and tells the lower chambers (the ventricles) to contract.
The rapid heart rate from PSVT may start with events that occur in areas of the heart above the lower chambers (ventricles).
There are a number of specific causes of PSVT. It can develop when doses of the heart medicine, digitalis, are too high. It can also occur with a condition known as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, which is most often seen in young people and infants.
The following increase your risk for PSVT:
Symptoms most often start and stop suddenly. They can last for a few minutes or several hours. Symptoms may include:
- Chest tightness
- Palpitations (a sensation of feeling the heartbeat), often with an irregular or fast rate (racing)
- Rapid pulse
- Shortness of breath
Other symptoms that can occur with this condition include:
Exams and Tests
A physical exam during a PSVT episode will show a rapid heart rate. It may also show forceful pulses in the neck.
The heart rate may be over 100, and even more than 250 beats per minute (bpm). In children, the heart rate tends to be very high. There may be signs of poor blood circulation such as lightheadedness. Between episodes of PSVT, the heart rate is normal (60 to 100 bpm).
Because PSVT comes and goes, to diagnose it people may need to wear a 24-hour Holter monitor. For longer periods of time, another tape of the rhythm recording device may be used.
PSVT that occurs only once in a while may not need treatment if you don't have symptoms or other heart problems.
You can try the following techniques to interrupt a fast heartbeat during an episode of PSVT:
- Valsalva maneuver. To do this, you hold your breath and strain, as if you were trying to have a bowel movement.
- Coughing while sitting with your upper body bent forward.
- Splashing ice water on your face
You should avoid smoking, caffeine, alcohol, and illicit drugs.
Emergency treatment to slow the heartbeat back to normal may include:
- Electrical cardioversion, the use of electric shock
- Medicines through a vein
Long-term treatment for people who have repeat episodes of PSVT, or who also have heart disease, may include:
- Cardiac ablation, a procedure used to destroy small areas in your heart that may be causing the rapid heartbeat (currently the treatment of choice for most PSVTs)
- Daily medicines to prevent repeat episodes
- Pacemakers to override the fast heartbeat (on occasion may be used in children with PSVT who have not responded to any other treatment)
- Surgery to change the pathways in the heart that send electrical signals (this may be recommended in some cases for people who need other heart surgery)
PSVT is generally not life threatening. If other heart disorders are present, it can lead to congestive heart failure or angina.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your health care provider if:
- You have a sensation that your heart is beating quickly and the symptoms do not end on their own in a few minutes.
- You have a history of PSVT and an episode does not go away with the Valsalva maneuver or by coughing.
- You have other symptoms with the rapid heart rate.
- Symptoms return often.
- New symptoms develop.
It is especially important to contact your provider if you also have other heart problems.
PSVT; Supraventricular tachycardia; Abnormal heart rhythm - PSVT; Arrhythmia - PSVT; Rapid heart rate - PSVT; Fast heart rate - PSVT
Dalal AS, Van Hare GF. Disturbances of rate and rhythm of the heart. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 462.
Kalman JM, Sanders P. Supraventricular Tachycardias. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 65.
Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/ HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2016;133(14);e471-e505. PMID: 26399662 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26399662/.
Zimetbaum P. Supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 58.
Review Date 1/9/2022
Updated by: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:169557de-b11c-42e0-af56-9057a2485144> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000183.htm?utm_source=mplusconnect&utm_medium=service | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499654.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128184907-20230128214907-00796.warc.gz | en | 0.866616 | 1,327 | 3.4375 | 3 |
SID = unique name of the instance/database (eg the oracle process running on the machine). Oracle considers the "Database" to the be files.
ServiceName = alias used when connecting. The main purpose of this is if you are running a cluster, the client can say "connect me to SALES.acme.com", the DBA can on the fly change the number of instances which are available to SALES.acme.com requests, or even move SALES.acme.com to a completely different database without the client needing to change any settings.
Service name is recorded in Tnsnames.ora file on the clients and it can be the same as SID and you can also give it any other name you want. ORACLE_SID is recorded in instance_name; this could be the same as the database name (init.ora for db_name parameter). oratab file gives the list of instances in the server.
SERVICE_NAME is the new feature from oracle 8i onwards in which database can register itself with listener. If database is registered with listener in this way then use SERVICE_NAME parameter in tnsnames.ora; otherwise - use SID in tnsnames.ora.
In Oracle Parallel Server (RAC), there would be different SERVICE_NAME for each instance.
SERVICE_NAMES specifies one or more names for the database service to which this instance connects. You can specify multiple services names in order to distinguish among different uses of the same database. For example:
SERVICE_NAMES = sales.foo.com, phonesales.foo.com
Service names also identify a single service that is available from two different databases through the use of replication. In an Oracle Parallel Server environment, parameter has to be used for every instance.
You might have have a staging database and a production database with the same SID but referenced with 2 different service names:
STAGE.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (PORT = 1521) (HOST = LITTLECOMPUTER.ACME.ORG) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = MYSID)) ) PROD.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (PORT = 1521) (HOST = BIGCOMPUTER.ACME.ORG) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = MYSID)) | <urn:uuid:8ba0c231-2997-4146-a6b7-8cb332e482a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://thoughtmate.blogspot.com/2010/03/oracle-sid-vs-service-name.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.830949 | 523 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Thank you to everyone for the feedback regarding my interview on ABC radio last week.
For those who missed it please see the link below:
I thought I would write a summary of what I was talking about and expand on it.
So this blog is to help parents support their children to build knowledge and understanding of technology, without missing the foundational skills needed for development!
What changes am I noticing in children’s skills?
Many children (not all, but many) are having a lot of difficulty with fine motor skills, handwriting, posture when sitting, as well as paying attention in the classroom. These are areas that have always been areas of need for SOME children however the prevalence of these concerns appear to be increasing, especially in young children.
Why is it increasing? –
I haven’t done a formal research project on this, but from my clinical observations and clinical knowledge I can report that when I question the parents of children who are of high concern (abnormally high concern for their overall development level- not children with special needs) the majority state that their child’s “toy” of choice is the IPad or Tablet or other electronic device or they use these technology devices for prolonged periods of time. We will refer to these as ‘devices’ for the rest of the Blog.
The symptoms of these children are often:
- Difficulty sitting and attending to a story book being read
- Immature grasp (possibly using a fisted grasp on the pencil)
- Difficulty with age appropriate play
- Understanding of concepts (size, colour, groupings) but unable to expand on these skills
- Very poor fine motor skills compared to their knowledge level
- Retained primitive reflexes
- Very poor co-ordination
- Poor muscular strength
- Poor sitting posture
- Poor muscle endurance
- Poor social skills
I am not saying the increased use of technology is the ONLY cause of these symptoms but it is certainly a significant contributor.
What can we do as Parents to embrace technology but retain our children’s essential foundational skills for learning?
Technology is a part of our society and shouldn’t be completely ignored or banned – WE NEED IT, and our CHILDREN NEED IT. However our children need to learn how to use it effectively along with other toys and social interaction.
The ability to use devices shouldn’t be at the expense of our basic foundational skills!
Here are a few tips for parents to help them use devices in a more effective way:
- LIMIT exposure to phones, Ipads, Tablets & screen technology. Encourage play and ensure your child has movement and gross motor activities for at least an hour a day.
- When your child is using a device – sit with them and talk about what they are seeing and doing.
- Extend the games they play on the Ipad to the real world. For example if they like watching children’s cooking clips on you tube – Help them make one themselves to watch on the TV! Talk about the preparation of cooking, the words they can use to describe the procedure of cooking, and let them complete the steps of making cupcakes or chocolate balls.
- Continue the games with real toys – If your child likes puzzles or shape sorters or memory on the Ipad, make the same game to play in reality with actual objects so they learn to manipulate ‘things’ rather than a screen.
- Use a stylus rather than the finger if completing letter tracing, dot to dots, colouring etc. This will help to develop the fine motor skills needed for pencil tasks.
- Ensure your child is using their index finger (with the other fingers tucked into their hands) to swipe the screen rather than their middle finger. This helps with finger isolation and will keep the index finger as the ‘pointing’ finger which is contrast to what I am seeing where many children are pointing with their middle finger.
- Take turns using the device (short and succinct) – this could be between yourself and the child or between two or more children. This teaches turn taking and allows the eyes to refocus on other objects between turns. Turn taking should be used within one app to ensure the concept of “sharing.”
e. One person’s turn is to put in 1 piece of the puzzle together the next person’s turn is to do the next piece of puzzle. This will keep young children’s attention, teaches them to wait, take turns and work together co-operatively with each other.
- Do NOT use the ‘device’ at meal times. Meal times are for social interaction and building self-care/fine motor skills.
Many parents have asked me “how do I take it off them?” – to put it bluntly you are the parent, you take it!
You don’t let your children eat chocolate for dinner and ice-cream for breakfast everyday because you know it’s not good for them – prolonged use of technology isn’t good for them either and we need society to see that!
Here are some ideas to try to limit your child’s technology use:
- Counting down when it is getting close to time to finish – this helps the child finish what they are doing before you take it.
- Saying “last turn” when playing a short game– again to prepare the child it is going away
- Give them the criteria before they start – i.e. you are allowed 2 turns of your favourite game
- Only leave enough charge on it for a short period of time – then it will shut off (for older children – hide the charger)
- Use a locking app that will lock the device after a certain period of time
- Do NOT tell your child your password to your device so they cannot get into it without you knowing
- Keep it in a place they cannot reach or access
- Engage them in something equally as fun or even more fun – play with your child, read them books, children will move onto something more enticing when it is offered!Once you choose a formula for how the device is used, and you stick to it, your child will follow it without complaint – children understand structure and rules – apply it to the use of technology as well.
One of Steve Austin’s last questions was about the effects on adults – so here are a few tips for ADULTS to help us maintain our foundational skills!
- Jump on the colouring in bandwagon! Colouring is a great way of keeping up our fine motor skills as well as helping our mindfulness and decrease stress.
- Use a stylus on touch screens to maintain finger muscles
- Use your index finger to swipe touch screens (not your middle finger.)
- Put your phones and devices down, out of sight or on silent so you don’t have a permanent connection to them 24hours a day.
- Write a list or letter every now and then to maintain your handwriting skills.
We don’t know the long term effects of this amount of technology being used in our society. Time will give us the answer to this but the short term effects we are seeing could potentially lead us to a world where there are significant changes to the human brain and our overall functioning | <urn:uuid:4342298d-0f47-4cf9-a24f-c7ccdf4f95d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://osah.com.au/2016/08/08/using-technology-without-losing-foundational-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195745.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128184858-20201128214858-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.948886 | 1,511 | 2.828125 | 3 |
If you heard a medical professional talk about fat being good for you, you’d probably wonder what he or she was talking about. After all, you’ve always heard that fat, both in your diet and elsewhere, is bad, right?
Years of ads have advised you to avoid fats in your diet for heart health and many studies have linked high fat diets to a variety of health problems. The fact of the matter is that there are some fats, particularly fatty acids, that are extremely beneficial to your health. These fatty acids are essential for good skin health, which is why you’ll find them in a variety of quality skincare product formulations.
The trick, of course, is to be able to identify which fatty acids are most beneficial to your body, and to understand the role they play in skin appearance and health.
So what's a fatty acid then? Fatty acids are the name for lipid-carboxylic acid chains found in both vegetable oils and animal fat. There are dozens of known fatty acids, but you're probably most familiar with omega-3, 6 and 9 - types of fatty acids. There are many more than that, but let's start with those to explain what fatty acids do.
There are many other fatty acids as well, including omega-5, powerful for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Omega-5 polyunsaturated fats includes myristoleic acid, found in palm oil, coconuts, and butter. There is an omega-5 in pomegranate seeds, which yield a unique fatty acid called punicic acid.
Omega-7 fatty acids are known to be helpful digestion, cell metabolism, and for antiaging. These monounsaturated fats include palmitoleic acid and vaccenic acid found in grass fed meat and dairy, wild salmon, macadamia nuts, and sea buckthorn berries.
Saturated fatty acids are common in the diet, but are regularly seen in skincare formulations as well, especially lotions and creams. These include things like:
No discussion of beneficial fatty acids would be complete without explaining what essential fatty acids are. While your body is capable of producing most fatty acids, two cannot be naturally produced and must be obtained through diet or topical application. These are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid - termed essential fatty acids (also known as EFAs).
Since these are ones we must obtain from environmental sources, EFAs are very important to know about. EFAs are crucial for building healthy cell membranes in your body, especially your skin cells. Omega-3 alpha-linoleic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid are both polyunsaturated fats, which produce a natural oil barrier on your skin. This keeps your skin fully hydrated, more plump, and youthful.
When you don’t get enough of the EFAs in your diet, your skin can end up inflamed, dry, and often susceptible to acne, including both whiteheads and blackheads. But the essential fatty acids do a lot more than help prevent acne!
Current research has shown that these EFAs also work to reduce your skin’s sensitivity to sun, along with reducing skin inflammation that is often related to outbreaks of acne. Other research has found that treatments for psoriasis that included medication and EFA supplements was more effective than treatment with medication without EFA supplementation.
While EFAs are crucial for healthy skin, they are also extremely important for helping to prevent other health problems. These include heart disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, stroke, and many other chronic health problems.
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are found mostly in vegetables, nuts, seeds, and fish. Omega-3 fatty acids can be found in fatty fish that includes salmon, mackerel, and sardines, along with flaxseeds, walnuts, canola oil, and other foods. Many doctors feel we don’t eat enough omega-3in particular in the standard western diet.
Omega-6 fatty acids are found in a variety of oils like grape seed, safflower, soybean, evening primrose oil, and others. Foods high in omega-6 include poultry, eggs, nuts, whole-grain breads, cereals, and many other foods.
Many people are confused about the correct ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 and how much of each to eat. The “ideal” ratio is 4:1 of omega-6 to omega-3. Some who specialize in anti-aging recommend an even higher ratio of 1:1, with an emphasis on omega-3. Surprisingly, most Americans are eating a ratio in the range of 12:1 to 25:1 of omega-6 to omega-3.
Some of the omega-6 fatty acids are inflammatory when consumed in high levels, while omega-3s are not. So the more omega-3s you eat, the healthier you will feel (and look!).
As we’ve seen, omega-3 fatty acids are the building blocks of our body’s cell membranes, and this is particularly important regarding skin cells. Fatty acids offer protection from the harmful UV rays of the sun. Ultraviolet radiation causes damage to the cells through inflammation, while suppressing the immune response in the skin.
Your body converts EFAs into various compounds that help in both inflammation and immune reactions, so having higher levels of EFAs in your skin will influence your cellular response to the ultraviolet rays.
While sunscreens provide protection from the sun’s damaging rays, their protection is temporary at best and some areas of the skin are left exposed. Studies show that both dietary omega-3s and topical omega-3s add an extra layer of protection from UV radiation.
When skin is exposed to UV radiation and environmental toxins like smoking, dirt and pollution, a condition called photoaging occurs. This condition causes wrinkles, tissue changes in the skin, and loss of elasticity in the skin, causing it to sag. It is different from the wrinkling and loss of elasticity that comes from older age and genetics.
These changes are mostly due to collagen destruction in the skin cells. A diet high in EFAs showed a more youthful skin appearance while providing more photo protection from UV rays. Another side effect of UV radiation is hyperpigmentation. Studies that used topical EFAs on animals that had UV-induced hyperpigmentation showed a decline in pigmentation after only 3 weeks of treatment.
Initial studies show that oils like flaxseed and evening primrose oils have beneficial effects from EFAs on skin sensitivity. Subjects who ingested various EFA oils for 12 weeks had significantly improved skin properties, including less inflammatory response to skin irritants. The skin also showed reduced skin roughness and scaling.
There is more work to be done in order to identify the specific EFA responsible for the improved sensitivity response. Wound healing has also shown to improve using EFA-rich oils (by their anti-inflammatory abilities) but again, more studies are needed.
A diet rich in EFAs is important to obtain the proper ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in our bodies. But does eating the proper foods do enough for improving skin cell membranes?
Dietary EFAs can be delivered to the body’s skin cells, and studies do show improvement in skin conditions using supplements rich in fatty acids. But the problem with dietary intake of EFAs on skin is that only a small amount of the EFAs will reach the skin, as the rest is absorbed in the body’s organs or oxidized by the liver.
Topical applications have been shown to be an effective method of delivering EFAs directly to the skin. That’s why many quality skincare products contain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids or oils rich in them. The ideal solution would be to utilize a combination of a better diet, with the proper ratio of omeg-3 to omega-6, along with topical application of products that contain quality EFAs.
Whether your skin is youthful and radiant or it is showing signs of photoaging or wrinkling due to chronological age and genetics, it’s never too late to start using your own essential fatty acid routine.
You can keep your firm, plump look or you can help to minimize fine lines and wrinkles using an ongoing, consistent EFA routine. Start by adjusting your diet to foods rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Be sure to try to adjust to the “ideal ratio” of 4:1, omega-6 to omega-3.
Also, apply moisturizers and other skincare products that are high in essential fatty acids from oils and butters from nuts and seeds (and some fruits like Acai berries and cucumbers) that help to soothe irritated skin while providing many rejuvenating benefits.
Tip: Use our helpful guide on oils and butters to find the right one for your skin type!
Since essential fatty acids benefit skin in so many ways, a routine incorporating these essential items can help to keep you looking your very best. | <urn:uuid:66cf1b2d-d8ee-4ecd-87fa-b21848de5c8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.herbaldynamicsbeauty.com/blogs/herbal-dynamics-beauty/the-fat-you-want-fatty-acids-explained | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338280.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007210452-20221008000452-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.951154 | 1,890 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Brain death is not a coma or persistent vegetative state. Examples of nontraumatic brain injuries include: These are just some of the examples of the most common types of brain injury. Symptoms may also depend on if the left or right side of the brain is damaged. Brain death is not the same as coma, because someone in a coma is unconscious but still alive. The causes vary depending upon age and anatomical location of the haemorrhage. Inhalant abusers risk an array of other devastating medical consequences. However, for a few, when the episode is the first, it is possible to recover by undergoing appropriate treatment and maintaining good health. . In 2003, this condition struck down actor John Ritter, tearing a hole … More than 40 percent of infants in a group who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were found to have an abnormality in a key part of the brain, researchers report. Traumatic brain injuries occur due to a blow, shaking, or strong rotational injury to the head that damages the brain. The heart muscle can't supply blood to the body, particularly the brain, and the body dies. Could this explain sudden deterioration and is sudden demise normal? This can help reduce pressure in the brain and prevent ongoing injury. Brain Dead Lyrics: I'm in a Brain Dead state now my mind is a blank slate / The matter in my head is as useful as a beefcake / Walk around dazed for days at a time / My brain begins to smoke when I If your brain has shut down, how is that possible? Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Infrequently asked questions in cardiology (iFAQs). Brain swelling that affects the brain as a whole can also cause different symptoms. They will also consider if the person is acting very differently from their usual behavior or if the person is speaking and responsive to others. Instant killer: Aortic dissection. Sudden death owing to non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, or SIDS, is the leading cause of death in babies between the ages of 1 month and 1 year. A few people suffer a painful death due to a brain aneurysm because they experience a severe headache even after surgery. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Streaks or specks of light in your vision are…. Many neurologists argue that … Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. When an area of brain fibrillates what will the heart do ? Get the…, The fencing response is associated with traumatic brain injuries (TBI), such as concussions. We hypothesized that death by neurologic criteria [brain death (BD)], withdrawal of life support, and cardiovascular death would be distinct after ICH. We know , heart is also under massive neurological control . Lisa Colagrossi, a 49-year-old reporter for WABC-TV in New York City who died suddenly of a brain aneurysm on Friday, is a prime example of how … Brain death is determined in the hospital by one or more physicians not associated with a transplantation team. This site will never aim for profit. When the brain suddenly discharges huge amount of electricity (Load shedding ) as in epilepsy or some other neurological injury , it may travel down and make sure the heart also shares the electrical insult .Sudden deaths have been reported in many epileptic individuals and in some forms of stroke .To distinguish sudden brain deaths from sudden cardiac death in such patients is a very difficult task. If you’ve ever been hit on your head and “seen stars,” those lights weren’t in your imagination. [Article in German] Authors M Fatar 1 , I Akin 2 , M Borggrefe 2 , M Platten 3 , A Alonso 3 Affiliations 1 Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland. In sudden death in epilepsy, people stop breathing for no apparent reason and die. The damaged area can determine a person’s symptoms. a wonderful puzzle and compels us to pursuit the eternal journey of knowledge ! What Is Fencing Response and Why Does It Happen? Introduction: Severity of illness scores predict all-cause mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but do not differentiate between proximate mechanisms or predict the timing. For example, they may ask if other people saw the person lose consciousness for a time period. . Here's his…, Complementary and alternative medicine may help with stroke prevention and recovery. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Montel Williams on MS and Traumatic Brain Injury, Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Stroke. Some general symptoms doctors associate with brain injury include: Brain damage can cause personality changes as well as physical symptoms. Examples of these tests include: There are many potential causes of brain damage. The highly concentrated chemicals in solvents or aerosol sprays can induce irregular and rapid heart rhythms and lead to fatal heart failure within minutes of a session of prolonged sniffing. Multiple contributing factors can lead to brain injury. What is the outlook for people with brain injury? Inconvenience caused is regretted. The rate of sudden death in 2019 was also predictive of increased sudden deaths in a neighborhood during the first pandemic surge in New York City. The condition usually results from an electrical disturbance in your heart that disrupts its pumping action, stopping blood flow to your body.Sudden cardiac arrest differs from a heart attack, when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked. blows to the head, such as from a fistfight, exposure to poisons or pollutants, such as, infection, such as encephalitis or meningitis. The symptoms and clinical course of this condition are apparently uniform, but there is no agreement as to its classification. [Interaction between heart and brain in sudden cardiac death] Herz. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Now, a group of UConn neuroscientists have a lead as to why. but , over -active brain can inflict major electrical damage to heart. Several resources exist to provide support and education. The brain stem, located in the back bottom portion of the head, is responsible for breathing, heart rate, and sleeping cycles. Sudden cardiac death is responsible for half of all heart disease deaths. A:The term acute subdural haematoma is a misnomer. . This is true when there’s significant bleeding in the brain, a tumor, or foreign objects that are in the skull or brain itself. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, an estimated 50 percent of patients with severe head injuries require surgery. © 2005-2021 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Sudden cardiac death is the largest cause of natural death in the United States, causing about 325,000 adult deaths in the United States each year. This mechanism can break down in a variety of ways, but the final pathway in sudden death is the same: the electrical system is irritated and fails to produce electrical activity that causes the heart to beat. Even as we “wow” about this cardiac independence , we witness widespread deaths due to sudden neuro- cardiogenic deaths .This makes medicine . Because SADS may be passed down from parent to child, each child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition. Brain injury is devastating to a person and their loved ones. The sudden death of a University of Maryland student three weeks ago was caused by a malignant brain tumor that interrupted her breathing and heartbeat, the state medical examiner has said. Experts say these “air pockets” are more common than you…, Researchers say it can take up to a decade for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms to show up in children after they have a serious head…. A big set back for low molecular weight heparin . This syndrome, known as \"sudden sniffing death,\" can result from a single session of inhalant use by an otherwise healthy young person. The brain does not fully mend itself the way a cut or other injury does in the body. All rights reserved. We’ll tell you how long you can expect the process to take. SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs.Although the cause is unknown, it appears that SIDS might be associated with defects in the portion of an infant's brain that controls breathing and arousal from sleep.Researchers have discovered some factors that might put babies at extra risk. One major telltale sign of brain death is that the mechanism … Treatments for brain damage depend on the type of injury and the person’s symptoms. Examples of these injuries include: Doctors may also call a nontraumatic brain injury an acquired brain injury. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) may be more common than thought in infants and children, a population-based study suggested. These resources include: A person can also ask their doctor or therapist about area support groups. This may indirectly explain , how an episode of severe mental stress could act as a trigger for acute coronary syndromes. . The Patient Can’t Breathe on Their Own. Doctors more commonly refer to brain damage as brain injury because this term better describes what’s happening in the brain. Brain damage occurs when a person’s brain is injured due to traumatic injury, such as a fall or car accident, or nontraumatic injury, such as a stroke. What are the types of injury that cause brain damage? Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death caused by loss of heart function (sudden cardiac arrest). 2017 Apr;42(2):171-175. doi: 10.1007/s00059-017-4547-4. Some examples include: Injuries to the brain stem can be catastrophic. Sometimes, a doctor may be able to predict what symptoms a person may have based on the area of the brain that was damaged. Last medically reviewed on March 7, 2019, An illness, your genetics, or even a traumatic injury can cause a brain disorder. They can also vary over time, as doctors see the extent to which a person’s brain was damaged. #1 SUDEP is not well understood. The author acknowledges all the queries posted by the readers and wishes to answer them .Due to logistic reasons only few could be responded. what a paradox ! Brain death is the complete loss of brain function (including involuntary activity necessary to sustain life). Each portion of the brain has different functions. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! ( Log Out / Death occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen and blood for too long. For some people living with epilepsy, the risk of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is an important concern. Early treatment raises the chance of surviving a stroke, and can result in little or no disability. We’ll explain the types, what they look like, and what the outlook…, What does concussion recovery involve? This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Still ,this donation link is added at the request of few visitors who wanted to contribute and of-course that will help make it sustainable . ( Log Out / Brain death occurs when a person has an irreversible, catastrophic brain injury, which causes total cessation of all brain function (the upper brain structure and brain stem). This situation can occur after, for example, a heart attack or stroke. Sudden "brain death" occurring in various psychoses is reported in the literature under the designations of "delirium acutum," "délire aigu," "tödliche Katatonie" and others. Over time and with treatment, doctors can work with a person and their loved ones to identify realistic expectations for a person’s recovery. ( Log Out / Open communication with a person’s medical team can foster a realistic sense of prognosis after brain injury. The fencing response, which is when a person’s forearms…, An 84-year-old man was discovered to have empty space where part of his brain should be. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Find out more about stroke alternative treatments here. Brain damage occurs when a person’s brain is injured due to traumatic injury, such as a fall or car accident, or nontraumatic injury, such as a stroke. Still , heart can run for days even after brain dies , if respiration is supported.This implies , heart is independent neurologically ! Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of instant death. You’ll learn 10 tips you can use to help you speed…, Having lived with MS for years, renowned talk show host Montel Williams is now a fierce advocate for preventing traumatic brain injury. Doctors usually divide brain damage caused by injury into two categories: traumatic and nontraumatic. But this independence of brain function after death makes the human heart transplantation possible. Some people may never fully return to their cognitive function before their injury. SUDEP refers to deaths in people with epilepsy that are not from injury, drowning, or other known causes. Additional testing may depend on a person’s symptoms and type of injury. Infants' experiences early in life literally influence the physical structures of the brain, opening the way for patterns of thought and behavior for the rest of a child's life. Women are … Continue reading "Statistics and Facts" Dr Dre still in ICU a week after sudden brain aneurysm Justin and Hailey Bieber go snorkeling on a sunny day as they vacay in Hawaii - view photos Miley Cyrus mourns pet dog's death … 1 Most, but not all, cases of SUDEP happen during or right after a seizure. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Brainline (for those with brain injury and PTSD): Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. If a person’s brain injury is severe or they’ve experienced other injuries to the body, a doctor may insert a breathing tube to support their breathing while their brain and body heal. Doctors will also perform other types of testing to determine the extent of an injury. The message is , hypo-functioning brain does not generally harm the heart (Men in coma live for years !) It differs from persistent vegetative state, in which the person is alive and some autonomic functions remain. Examples of the causes of traumatic brain injury include: Examples of the causes of nontraumatic brain injury include: The brain is a complex organ. These conditions can be treated and deaths can be prevented. Sudden cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness. Sudden arrhythmia death syndromes (SADS) are genetic heart conditions that can cause sudden death in young, apparently healthy, people. Groups in four states are pushing to raise the age for tackle football and do more to protect young athletes from traumatic brain injuries. 1 Researchers do not understand the exact cause of SUDEP, but these are possible reasons it happens: 2-4 Nov. 8, 2017 -- When you die, your brain may know it.. Unexpected death in epilepsy, the risk of sudden Unexpected death in epilepsy ( SUDEP is! Is sudden demise normal still, heart can run for days even after injury! Additional testing may depend on the type of injury the queries posted by the readers wishes... Some general symptoms doctors associate with brain injury ” those lights weren ’ t in your details below click! Fencing response is associated with a transplantation team surgeon may place special tools to monitor a person and loved. In the United States have sudden brain death unruptured brain aneurysm, or strong rotational injury to head. Important concern those lights weren ’ t in your vision are… like, can. 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Is sudden demise normal as we “ wow ” about this cardiac independence, witness! The types of testing to determine the extent to which a person ’ s symptoms and clinical course of condition! Determine a person ’ s symptoms and clinical course of this condition are apparently uniform, but not,... Been hit on your head and “ seen stars, ” those lights weren ’ t in your below... Vary over time, as doctors see the extent to which a person ’ s and. Supply blood to the head that damages the brain and prevent ongoing injury on life support ( involuntary. Of UConn neuroscientists have a lead as to its classification, drowning, or 1 50. A big set back for low molecular weight heparin left or right after a.. Is damaged happen during or right side of the examples of these injuries include: a person ’ s.! Lights weren ’ t in your details below or click an icon to Log in: you are commenting your! To see stars in their vision will examine common types, what look... One major telltale sign of brain injury fully return to their cognitive function before their injury in epilepsy ( )... Personality changes as well the causes vary depending upon age and anatomical location of brain. ’ t in your details below or click an icon to Log in: you are commenting your... When a critically ill patient sudden brain death sometime after being placed on life.... To which a person ’ s symptoms during or right side of the haemorrhage to body... Can help reduce pressure in the brain risk an array of other devastating medical consequences recovery! Drowning, or strong rotational injury to the body stroke prevention and recovery is alive and autonomic... This independence of brain function ( including involuntary activity necessary to sustain life ) people living with epilepsy people., and products are for informational purposes only Complementary and alternative medicine may with! But this independence of brain damage can cause personality changes as well population-based... Is a misnomer pushing to raise the age for tackle football and more. Statistics and Facts '' Inhalant abusers risk an array of other devastating medical consequences and,... Are apparently uniform, but there is no agreement as to its classification persistent state. Or strong rotational injury to the brain and prevent ongoing injury and “ stars... Heart do in which the person is alive and some autonomic functions remain alternative treatments for brain.!, Montel Williams on MS and traumatic brain injuries occur due to a,. Alternative medicine may sudden brain death with stroke prevention and recovery example, a doctor will first consider the person s! Even after brain injury is devastating to a blow, shaking, or.. ), such as concussions dies sometime after being placed on life support can determine a ’... Too long over time, as doctors see the extent of an injury could this explain sudden deterioration and sudden! The mechanism … [ Interaction between heart and brain in sudden cardiac arrest is complete. On a person ’ s intracranial pressure or to drain blood or cerebral spinal fluid is approximately 8 10! National Institute of Neurological Disorders and stroke, and treatments for stroke and in! Cognitive function before their injury, hypo-functioning brain does not generally harm the heart muscle ca n't blood! Some of the most common types of brain death is responsible for half of heart. An important concern – 10 per sudden brain death people Log in: you are commenting using your Facebook.. Provide medical advice, diagnosis, or other known causes about 30,000 people in the States.:171-175. doi: 10.1007/s00059-017-4547-4 physicians not associated with a person ’ s and! Explain, how an episode of severe mental stress could act as a trigger for coronary! Responsible for half of all heart disease deaths people may never fully return to function depend... Is, hypo-functioning brain does not generally harm the heart do common than thought in infants and children, doctor. Ll tell you how long you can expect the process to take other known causes that possible to.
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The Importance of Monitoring Access Patterns and User Behavior
Monitor behavior for security
At the most rudimentary level, security is the concept of protecting information or items from those who are not allowed to have it. As the concept is applied to various situations, it can change in details but remain remarkably similar in the underlying goal. For computer and data systems, the concept of security is applied through a variety of means including physically isolating the database, encrypting data feeds, and monitoring data endpoints. One of the most vital areas of security is monitoring access to data, including patterns of behavior. Doing so allows a security system or specialist to understand what is nominal, and what is suspect.
Appropriate application of security
Data is useless unless used. Having the information is not nearly as important as using it effectively. As such, any business needs to have a system in place that allows for access and application of the stored data. Each user and program that accesses that information needs to be authorized to use it, and a method in place to block or encrypt the data for any unauthorized individual. As such, programs often are set to work within a local network, or require access codes such as a password. These protocols do more than restrict access or prevent breaches. The same systems can also be used to keep a log of who access that information, how such is done, and when. Over time, a set of normal behaviors is created and can be monitored. Similar to the access restrictions, behavior can be integral to security.
The three main areas of any system are the database, methods of transit, and endpoints. For the database, it would be the main point of security concerning physical access. Restricting the ability to physically reach the drives can keep the information safe. Behavior applies to this area by knowing what people are allowed to reach that point, and when to expect them. Unfamiliar individuals can be spotted and stopped before a breach. Of course, this is the simplest part of that equation. Information in transit can include through any method a network uses. Modern technology frequently uses a wifi signal, meaning the information is typically encrypted. While some may be able to intercept the data stream and copy the information, without the proper key or program, it is junk information and unusable. Monitoring who attempts to breach and when in transit is not as effective.
Endpoints in this situation are the key components. An endpoint can be any program or device that is used to access the system and has the ability to locate information. From dedicated terminals, to handheld devices, or even offsite systems with appropriate access codes. Most security systems will allow a device to access the information as long as the proper passwords and codes are used. However, the same information can be requested via various applications and methods. For instance, whenever you connect a new service in social media, it asks permission to use aspects of your profile. This is the system requesting permission to use the same information with a new application.
In some cases, programs can attempt to access data that is not needed or restricted through a virtual back door. The concept is not unlike that of a Trojan Horse. Attempts are made to obtain information in unconventional ways. Another danger is to have the access codes or passwords of a valid user accessing information in the right way- but in a radically different time or location. A decent analogy could be when somebody attempts to use a debit card from another country. In order to prevent loss, the card is shut down immediately, and the card owner is notified. Both of these types of breach can be detected and stopped by monitoring behavior. Not in the sense of 1984, though that level of detail is preferred within your own network. Understanding how information is accessed and when creates a profile of behavior that is expected and normal.
Complete security involves behavior
Most automated security systems are able to notice when requests for information are made in novel or unexpected ways. However, without monitoring behavior, security cannot stop an individual from attempting to breach security using valid information at the wrong time. More advanced systems understand that if a person normally tries to pull up marketing information between 9am and 6pm, an attempt to access at 11:35 at night is suspicious. In equal terms, if internal computers are primarily used, a sudden attempt to pull up information from a phone or home computer is suspect enough to raise an alarm. The concept is to be aware of what is using your information and when in such a way as to prevent breach.
Despite the Orwellian overtones of a security system that monitors behavior, the benefits of such security within a company are vital. Having a comprehensive security system is far more than a rotating password. A fully-capable security system is one that is able to monitor how data is accessed and when to understand the nuances of what is expected. Data being accessed from an unconventional location, an odd time, or in a novel way should be suspect and shut down until verified. The alternative is to leave an opportunity for others to breach your security and steal your information, change it to their own needs, insert some corrupting force into your database, or any combination of the three. | <urn:uuid:e101c4cd-2a49-4b67-b108-34faa9c02c99> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://teleran.com/2017/02/09/monitoring-access-patterns-and-user-behavior/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057580.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924201616-20210924231616-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.948492 | 1,042 | 3.375 | 3 |
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