text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 1.08k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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LGBT+ Asylum Seekers
As a leader in LGBT+ rights and equality, Ireland is one of the countries in the world where those seeking international protection on grounds of their sexual orientation and gender identity hope to reach.
- 11 countries in the world still execute LGBT+ people*
- 57 countries impose prison sentences of up to 8years-life imprisonment*
- In many more countries it is the cultural law which trumps any state protection and
makes life extremely dangerous for those who are LGBT
*Source ILGA map of sexual orientation, gender identity laws 2019
LGBT Ireland facilitates a monthly peer support group for LGBT+ people seeking international protection in Ireland. The group is called “Is Rainbow Muid, We Are Rainbow”.
As with all the peer support groups run by LGBT Ireland, safety in the group is of paramount importance. People accessing peer support are experiencing support needs and vulnerabilities which need special protection.
In LGBT Ireland we take our duty of care very seriously. This is particularly the case with those seeking international protection in Ireland. They have often experienced emotional plus other forms of trauma, as well as a whole range of vulnerabilities in their home countries. They continue to experience fear, homophobic violence and harassment, isolation and many other challenges while living in Direct Provision (DP) in Ireland where cultural homophobic attitudes and behaviour prevail among other residents of DP.
It is with this cultural and institutional context in mind, that LGBT Ireland uses international best practice screening procedures in order to maximise the safety and security of “Is Rainbow Muid, We Are Rainbow”. | <urn:uuid:dc5b42f7-5de2-4c20-82a9-6716b8a03f9c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://lgbt.ie/lgbt-asylum-seekers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.933556 | 320 | 2.90625 | 3 |
World’s Smallest Comic Strip Etched Onto Human Hair #SaturdayMorningCartoons
A group of DIY artists and scientists etch comic strip “Juanita Kinits the Planet” onto a single human hair strand to promote EHSM. by Glenn McDonald of News Discovery
The eye-strain implications alone are staggering.
To promote the upcoming Exceptional Hardware Software Meeting (EHSM) in Hamburg, Germany, a team of DIY artists and scientists has etched the world’s smallest comic strip on a single human hair.
Titled “Juana Knits The Planet,” the strip was created by German artist Claudia Puhlfurst, then carved into the hair using a process called focused ion beam (FIB) etching. “A very sharp and high-speed jet of matter is produced and directed towards the hair to etch it — similar to a fine laser beam,” according to the project’s YouTube page.
Each of the strip’s 12 frames measures in at around 25 micrometers. A micrometer, or micron, is one millionth of a meter. A typical human hair is anywhere from 20 to 200 microns in width.
The second annual EHSM event bills itself as a meeting of international makers, hackers, scientists and engineers aiming to deliver on the “third industrial revolution.” The rest of the conference looks pretty trippy, too.
Among the presentations: electron beam welding, quantum cryptography and the interesting things that happen when molten glass, heated to 1,260 degrees Celcius, hits water. I’ve always been curious about that.
You can check out the “Juana Knits the Planet” project video below.
Each Saturday Morning here at Adafruit is Saturday Morning Cartoons! Be sure to check our cartoon and animated posts both nostalgic and new that inspire makers of all ages! You’ll find how-tos for young makers, approaches to learning about science and engineering, and all sorts of comic strip and animated Saturday Morning fun! Be sure to check out our Adafruit products featuring comic book art while you’re at it!
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit’s Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, TinyGO, or even use the Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for CircuitPython, MakeCode, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand. | <urn:uuid:37526134-c553-46ad-a535-3999f927d18f> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://blog.adafruit.com/2014/05/10/worlds-smallest-comic-strip-etched-onto-human-hair-saturdaymorningcartoons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122092537-20191122120537-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.905164 | 652 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Boers were down on Kimberley with siege and Maxim gun;
The Boers were down on Kimberley, their numbers ten to one!
Faint were the hopes the British had to make the struggle good,
Defenceless in an open plain the Diamond City stood.
They built them forts with bags of sand, they fought from roof and wall,
They flashed a message to the south, "Help! or the town must fall!"
Then down our ranks the order ran to march at dawn of day,
And French was off to Kimberley to drive the Boers away.
He made no march along the line; he made no front attack
Upon those Magersfontein heights that held the Seaforths back;
But eastward over pathless plains, by open veldt and vley.
Across the front of Cronje's force his troopers held their way.
The springbuck, feeding on the flats where Modder River runs,
Were startled by his horses' hoofs, the rumble of his guns.
The Dutchman's spies that watched his march from every rocky wall
Rode back in haste: "He marches East! He threatens Jacobsdal!"
Then north he wheeled as wheels a hawk, and showed to their dismay
That French was off to Kimberley to drive the Boers away.
His column was five thousand strong, all mounted men, and guns:
There met, beneath the world-wide flag, the world-wide Empire's sons;
They came to prove to all the earth that kinship conquers space,
And those who fight the British Isles must fight the British race!
From far New Zealand's flax and fern, from cold Canadian snows,
From Queensland plains, where hot as fire the summer sunshine glows,
And in front the Lancers rode that New South Wales had sent:
With easy stride across the plain their long, lean Walers went.
Unknown, untried, those squadrons were, but proudly out they drew
Beside the English regiments that fought at Waterloo.
From every coast, from every clime, they met in proud array
To go with French to Kimberley to drive the Boers away.
He crossed the Reit and fought his way towards the Modder bank.
The foemen closed behind his march, and hung upon the flank.
The long, dry grass was all ablaze (and fierce the veldt fire runs);
He fought them through a wall of flame that blazed around the guns!
Then limbered up and drove at speed, though horses fell and died;
We might not halt for man nor beast on that wild, daring ride.
Black with the smoke and parched with thirst, we pressed the livelong day
Our headlong march to Kimberley to drive the Boers away.
We reached the drift at fall of night, and camped across the ford.
Next day from all the hills around the Dutchman's cannon roared.
A narrow pass ran through the hills, with guns on either side;
The boldest man might well turn pale before that pass he tried,
For, if the first attack should fail, then every hope was gone:
Bur French looked once, and only once, and then he siad, "Push on!"
The gunners plied their guns amain; the hail of shrapnel flew;
With rifle fire and lancer charge their squadrons back we threw;
And through the pass between the hills we swept in furious fray,
And French was through to Kimberley to drive the Boers away.
Ay, French was through to Kimberley! And ere the day was done
We saw the Diamond City stand, lit by the evening sun:
Above the town the heliograph hung like an eye of flame:
Around the town the foemen camped, they knew not that we came;
But soon they saw us, rank on rank; they heard our squadrons' tread;
In panic fear they left their tents, in hopeless rout they fled,
And French rode into Kimberley; the people cheered amain,
The women came with tear-stained eyes to touch his bridle rein,
The starving children lined the streets to raise a feeble cheer,
The bells rang out a joyous peal to say "Relief is here!"
Ay! we that saw that stirring march are proud that we can say
We went with French to Kimberley to drive the Boers away. | <urn:uuid:df965eca-961f-4734-9a79-c5140df01b0c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.poetrycat.com/andrew-barton-paterson/with-french-to-kimberley | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647782.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322073140-20180322093140-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.968661 | 949 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Exercising without replacing the proper energy sources take years off your life? The early years of the running boom had the shocking example of Jim Fixx, who died while running at age 52 in 1984, seven years after the publication of his popular “The Complete Book of Running.” (An autopsy revealed severe coronary artery disease.) More recently, ultramarathoner Micah True, a hero of Christopher McDougall’s 2009 book, “Born to Run,” died on a run at age 58; at autopsy, his heart was grossly enlarged. And there’s the original marathoner, ancient Greece’s Pheidippides, who is said to have run 25 miles from Marathon to Athens, yelled “Nike!” (“Victory!”) and collapsed dead. [from the article Can exercising too hard kill you? The Washington Post
The effects of Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field therapy are becoming increasingly apparent, particularly in professional high performance sports. Because of the exertion of daily endurance training, top-athletes are far more sensitive. Unlike the average person, however, they are aware of the smallest changes in their bodies. Today, many world champions and Olympic medalists from a variety of sports rely on PEMF Therapy for medical and physiotherapeutic treatments. To legally optimize endurance, they count predominantly on the naturaleffects ofPEMF therapy. However, PEMF therapy is not limited to these athletes as leisure and amateur sports people also benefit from its positive effects.
By Dr. William Pawluk
Athletes—whether Olympic-caliber, spin class regulars, or simply yardwork enthusiasts—are tough on their bodies. At the very least, athletes need to have their muscles working in an optimal fashion in order to maximize performance, and perhaps more importantly, to guard against injury.
It has been found that muscles work harder, longer, and recover more quickly when treated with magnetic field therapy. For the competitive athlete, this means more effective training, and shorter rest periods between trainings. For the casual exerciser, this means less soreness the day after activity. For everyone, it means creating a healthier environment within the body – an environment less likely to succumb to injury.
What are the basic Physiological Responses from Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field Therapy
Using a magnetic therapy system before physical activity has many real benefits for the athlete. PEMFs stimulate a process called myosin phosphorylation, which is the process of energy production in the muscle. Phosphorylation produces ATP, which is essential for cellular energy. ATP depletion, which happens with strenuous activity, causes muscles to weaken and potentially spasm. Rest naturally restores ATP, assuming the body is healthy enough to replenish it. PEMFs restore ATP by stimulating the myosin phosphorylation process. In fact, through an increased motion of ions and electrolytes, magnetic fields can help cells increase their energy by up to 500%.
Exercise and muscle exertion also causes an increase in the heat stress or heat shock proteins, which prevent cell breakdown and wear and tear, as well as help speed recovery from injury. Active muscles are stressed muscles, and the more stressed a muscle is, the more heat shock protein it will produce. If you induce heat shock proteins in the muscle beforestrenuous activity, you reduce the subsequent tissue damage, helping to speed recovery. PEMF therapy is a gentle way to stimulate the production of such proteins.
Magnetic fields also increase the uptake of oxygen into the muscle. Research shows at least a 1% increase in local tissue oxygen uptake after PEMF treatment—enough to significantly enhance muscle performance and endurance. Magnetic therapies also increase circulation, further helping tissues get the nutrition and oxygen they need, while expelling the waste they produce.
Using a magnetic therapy system after strenuous activity can both greatly diminish soreness and reduce painful muscle spasms and cramping. The body has a somewhat limited repertoire of reacting to damage, injury, or illness.
Training and workouts, even informal athletic activity like yardwork, often cause muscle soreness from the buildup of lactic acid and breakdown of tissues.
All injuries produce swelling in the tissues, as does exercise itself. Swelling delays the ability of the tissues to be nourished with oxygen and nutrients. This is why you see athletes frequently being treated with ice packs. Ice packs reduce superficial swelling, but swelling or bruising deep in a muscle will not respond as well to ice. Conversely, PEMFs penetrate tissues deeply without risk to the superficial tissues. The PEMFs reduce swelling and speed removal of the blood in a bruise, leading to faster recovery and return to activity, competition or training.
From this, we can see that all athletes, competitive or otherwise, should be using daily PEMF treatments for preventative reasons and for overall health maintenance. In addition, the treatment of any injuries with PEMF’s accelerates even subtle healing, allowing the athlete to be healthier, stronger and perform better.
Make exercise work for you in a positive way. Visit www.ancientwellness.net and join the Tribe.
Location in va beach
What is pemf
PEMF is pulsed electro magnetic frequency. A recreation of the earths magnetic field intensified to energize the entire body for wellness. Designed for NASA to maintain the health of astronauts. Now found to aid the body in healing at the cellular level. Dr. Oz labeled PEMF the greatest health device of the century.
Take a look
You will be greeted with a smile as you relax in our special PEMF reclining chair. Breath in the healing essential oils from the aroma therapy machine, relax to the glow of a salt lamb. The cool taste of Ionized Alkaline water to nourish your body. Special music tuned to the healing frequency of your body. You are ready to have the stress of your day removed and every cell charged to its optimal wellness potential.
what can it do for you
PAIN REDUCTION, TESTOSTERONE BOOST, E.D., WEIGHT LOSS, DEPRESSION, INFLAMMATION,
IMMUNE DISFUNCTION, ALLERGIES, JOINT & BONE ISSUES, WOUND WELLNESS, BODY ALKALINITY,
BONE WELLNESS, ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE, and more...
TYPE IN A WELLNESS TOPIC HERE
Va. Beach Va.
In the Regency Shopping Complex across from | <urn:uuid:1137783c-8a83-475a-afb3-31d8e5a141be> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.ancientwellness.net/ancientwellness/can-exercise-take-years-off-your-life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519883.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120023125-20210120053125-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.940129 | 1,360 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This book project highlights the appropriation of the notion of “urban climate” from the perspective of modern architecture. The project looks over the course of the twentieth century and at specific historical contexts, particularly including Germany in the 1920–30s, and in North America in the 1960–70s. It reconstructs the intellectual history of adapting urban climatology insights through twentieth century architecture, particularly those models aimed at controlling urban microclimates and the associated buildings by passive means. The project examines the transformation of the scientific object—the urban climate—into a design artifact, and thus the applicability of urban climatology in the field of architecture.
From the outset, the practical implications of urban climatology for architecture have been both recognized and emphasized. “The density of built-up areas, the heights of the houses, their distance from one another, the width of the streets and squares, their orientation and their plant life—all of these have their effect on the temperature picture of a city,” was how climatologist Albert Kratzer formulated his research hypothesis in 1937 (Kratzer 1937: 62). In a nutshell, these aspects contribute to an (unwritten) theory of practice—an urban theory of climate control—which is the objective of this book project. It follows Ludwig Fleck’s idea of “thought styles” (Fleck 1935) in order to identify different readings of urban microclimates and thus different forms of conceptualization within the discipline of architecture. | <urn:uuid:7cd4806d-6fc6-46f1-8073-4d90d3cad5f1> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/research/projects/urban-climatology-and-design | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494936.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127033656-20230127063656-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.930495 | 307 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Wikis 4 Teachers What, Why, Where, and How
What is a wiki? http://www.commoncraft.com/video-wikis-plain-english
In other words… • The term wiki comes from the Hawaiian word wiki wiki, meaning quick or fast. • Wikis can be as collaborative or as private as you want, depending on how you set them up • If you can use a word processor and get online, you can create and edit a wiki.
Imagine… What can you do with an index card container? • Add new cards. • Write new information on the cards. • Link one card to another. • Sort the cards and search through them. • Copy the cards. • Keep track of the changes that you make to them. The information on each card can be plain text or text with formatting. You can use bullet points or tables of information. The pages of a wiki are like the index cards in our container. Instead of physical objects, they’re electronic virtual objects created by the wiki engine. Wikis for Dummies Now, these “cards” also store multimedia and can be accessed by anyone you want to share them with whenever they are online.
Why? • Easy to use online collaboration tool • Store your files so you (or others) can access them from anywhere • Easy to use online communication tool • Students, parents, community members can access homework, link to additional practice, share projects, etc. • Focus on 21st Century Skills Check out Educational Wikis—a comprehensive wiki sharing why educators would use wikis and links to examples of educational wikis. Go on a Wiki Walk-Thru to get more ideas for educational uses. Look at Wikis in a K-12 Classroom for more great ideas. http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=455b3fa09a282e0d496f
A few specific examples • Mr. Bariexa’s Classes(a basic space) • Mules(a student discussion space) • Mr. Sheehy's English Class Wiki • (Central High School, Rapid City, SD) • Woodward Academy Book Study Wiki • (5th Grade Literature) • Welcome to David Warlick'sCoLearners Wiki • (Professional Development) • The Flat Classroom Project • (an award winning global collaboration project) • Spanish and More(teacher connections) • School 2.0 and Eduwiki.us • Great teacher resources on wikis, blogs, RSS, etc.
Where can I get a wiki? Wikispaces http://wikispaces.com • Wikis in the Classroom PBWiki http://pbwiki.com • Setting up your own wiki - as easy as making a peanut butter sandwich. • Education Wikis Wetpaint http://www.wetpaint.com/ • Free wiki websites where everyone gets a brush • Wikis in Education
Where can I get help for my wiki? For more help and information, • Go to the Help sections of the providers • Visit the PowerSources • Search YouTube or TeacherTube for tutorials http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=b38b23cc967316c13dae
A TutorialByJennifer Wagner firstname.lastname@example.org Accessed online at We the Teachers http://www.wetheteachers.com/index.php
Sign Up • Sign Up for an account at http://www.wikispaces.com/t/x/teachers100K • Wikispaces is offering a free “NO ADS” space to educators • You can add text, websites, images, and media • Wiki’s are a great way to communicate on the internet with students, parents, teachers, etc. Screencast at http://screencast.com/t/2QdTwdscYsQ
Sign Up • Fill in all the spaces and make sure you mark where indicated!!
View your Page • Once you have created your account, you will need to sign in. • You will see this screen:
Opening Page • Left side is your navigation • New Page, Recent Changes, Manage Space, Search & Home
Opening Page • Top area are your page tools • Edit, page, Discussion, History, & Notify Me
Opening Page • The Center Area is where your text will go
Edit Your First Page • Click on the word Edit • You will see this toolbar: • It works just like a word processor • You can add lines, links, pictures, media sources, tables, and special characters Screencast available at http://screencast.com/t/Ykz2YVNMWj
Edit Your First Page • Type in some information. • Use the bold, underline, etc to see what happens.
To add a hyperlink • Type in either a website name – such as Technospud or the complete URL – such as http://www.technospud.com • Highlight the text and click on the WORLD icon (the first world on the toolbar.)
To add a hyperlink • You will see this window: If you wish to link within the wiki, you would use the wiki link – that is how you can link from page to page within your wiki. For right now – try using the external link and type in the link you wish to go to once you click on the text.
Save Your Page • Once you have added text to your page, make sure you SAVE your page.
Working With Your Wiki • The left side tools allow you to work through your page. If you wish to create a NEW page, just click on NEW page. All editing, etc stays the same on each page. Recent changes is a great way to track what is added to your page. (**more on this later) Manage your space gives you control over your page.
Manage Space • The Manage Space page gives you four items to work with • About • This lets you know who controls your page, if you have any other people who can post (members), and also your page license. • Space Contents • Lets you see what pages you have created, files you have uploaded, statistics, import a blog, and backing up or exporting your page. (except for pages and files…this is advanced wikiness in my humble opinion!!) • Space Promotion • Lets you brag about your page or post a wikispace image on your personal home page/email/ etc.
Manage Space • The next area is pretty important….. • Space Settings • First of all – you can set the name, description and license. • The license area should be read carefully because it gives you control over what people can do with what is posted in your wiki. • The Look & Feel area gives you the ability to colorize your wiki to your liking. Also the layout and if you wish to add an image as your logo. Grins, and if you are brave (I am not) you can edit the wiki styles sheet. • Members & Permissions allows you to invite people to View And/Or Post (such as students, fellow teachers, etc) • Subscription – Double Check this area – you should have an ad-free site!!!
Recent Changes – Great Tool • This tool is available on the left side toolbar. • It allows you to track WHO has added data to your wiki. • Let’s pretend that you are using this wiki within your class and you invite each student to join – with a nickname of course. • And you assign a question to be answered on the wiki for homework. • This tool allows you to see WHO has posted and when.
Some Thoughts • Wikispaces also has a TOUR you might wish to take at https://www.wikispaces.com/ (it has audio) • Don’t worry if you make a mistake on your WIKI – you can also Edit/Undo or just not save. • Check out the settings at the top right of your wiki to set some personal options. • Check out the HELP option if you get stuck or drop me an email.
Yay, Wikis! But what about Blogs? http://www.commoncraft.com/blogs
Wikis Blogs • Can be collaborative • Organized by author(s) • Can have many pages • Easy to share files • Usually one main author • Organized chronologically • One page structure • Files not usually posted
Wiki or Blog? The Debate Continues http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsFU3sAlPx4
A TutorialByJennifer Wagner email@example.com
Thank You 4 Participatingin Wikis 4 Teachers!Kris BaldwinJackie Jessop RisingDebbie O’Doan @tie.net | <urn:uuid:94db0e14-6657-4778-b934-83dee0873f90> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.slideserve.com/kennan-bradley/wikis-4-teachers-powerpoint-ppt-presentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882934.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703184459-20200703214459-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.814191 | 1,830 | 3.5 | 4 |
Vitamins - a substance contained in food in small quantities and essential to human life.Vita in Latin - life.Vitamins are not included in the structure of organs and tissues, is not a carrier of energy (calories they do not).But they are indispensable metabolic processes, the functioning of the hormonal, circulatory, nervous and immune systems.
With the participation of vitamins in the body processes nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals), and it contributes to the formation of genetic material, hormones, blood cells and chemicals of the nervous system.Of course, that human growth since its birth and throughout life, to refresh the body's tissues and organs needed to restore good vitamins.
important component of health
Vitamins are classified by their ability to dissolve in the water-soluble and fat-soluble.Water-soluble, which do not accumulate in the body and should act in a daily assigned ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and B vitamins are fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. The
All vitamins are important for health, and to say that, for example, what the best B-vitamins contain one or another product, you can not.But hardly anyone will dispute that the best vitamins are natural, that contain natural organic food.
human need for vitamins is low.And to maintain good health need good vitamins and regular flow of the body in the optimum volume.As with vitamin deficiency (absence of any one or more vitamins, which is typical in the monotonous diet), hypovitaminosis (vitamin deficiency), and in hypervitaminosis (excess of vitamins) in the body comes characteristic pathological change, impending disease.So you need to know what products and to what extent they are - good vitamins, what is the daily need for them.For a balanced diet, and even more so to comply with any diet, it is now very fashionable, it is important to know the role of each vitamin.
problems are solvable
order to maintain good physical health and a fruitful mental activity a person needs to live in a clean environment, regularly eat a properly balanced high-quality natural food containing good vitamins to lead an active and healthy lifestyle, to fully relax, relate to lifepositively.
But the modern pace of life and lack a clean environment do not allow fully these rules.Therefore, there are health problems such as obesity, metabolic disorders, and others, entailing serious illnesses - diabetes, gout, disorders of the cardiovascular, nervous and other systems of the body, leading to pathological changes in the body up to diseases at the cellularlevel.
It seems that most people are in a difficult situation, and it is impossible for them to find the best options for solving the existing problems, in particular supply the body with vitamins.But a way out.Research scientists of the world community helped to create natural vitamin complexes of products grown and produced in environmentally friendly plantations and farms.A person can compensate for a deficiency of vitamins in the body due to the vitamin tablets.Which complex vitamins konretno better for you - this is available from your doctor. | <urn:uuid:ae9cdba4-fd87-46cc-978d-edc1113885e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://healthtipsing.com/en/pages/30314 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621001211-20180621021211-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.918201 | 646 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Impudent – Word Of The Day For IELTS Speaking And Writing
Impudent: (Adjective) /ˈɪmpjədənt/
- Using Collocation to Boost Your IELTS Score – Key Word: problem
- Using Collocation to Boost Your IELTS Score – Key Word: person
- Using Collocation to Boost Your IELTS Score – Key Word: occasion
- Using Collocation to Boost Your IELTS Score – Key Word: memory
- Using Collocation to Boost Your IELTS Score – Key Word: luck
rude and showing no respect to other people
Cheeky, Tactless, Offensive
For IELTS Speaking:.
“On the cover was a picture on an impudent boy sticking out his tongue.”
“He was curious to remember where he’d seen that impudent young face before.”
For IELTS Writing:
“In a society still shackled by regulations and bureaucracy he was astonishingly impudent.”
Choose the following words to fill in the blank: accumulates, radical, tense, fluctuating, infrastructure, offset, biased, deviated, via, contemporary.
- The countries of Eastern Europe went through some fairly _______________ changes after the fall of communism.
- Most students feel _______________ before the speaking test.
- The value of the Canadian dollar has been _______________ between 80 and 82 cents American for the last few months.
- Despite its high economic growth rate, Laos remains a country with a primitive _______________; it has no railroads, a simple road system, and limited external and internal telecommunications.
- Scientific knowledge _______________ through empirical observations of the world around us.
- The Vancouver Art Gallery has an excellent exhibit of paintings by _______________ Canadian artists.
- The U.S. government has promised a large aid package to _______________ the cost of repairing the damage caused by the war.
- They flew to Japan _______________ Hawaii.
- When sampling a population, researchers may end up with an unrepresentative or _______________ sample unless the proper precautions are taken.
- Nevertheless, he somehow bribed his way out of hospital to shoot down an __________ intruder strafing his base.
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- Fall From Grace – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS - February 7, 2017
- Stir Up A Hornet’s Nest – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS - February 5, 2017
- Snug As A Bug In A Rug – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS - February 3, 2017 | <urn:uuid:7cbf48a6-ef93-4136-bc9e-921d6d8879d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://ieltsmaterial.com/impudent-word-of-the-day-for-ielts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320736.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626115614-20170626135614-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.842407 | 705 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Home to a number of the poorest countries in the world, Africa is the second most polluted continent on the planet. African Impact has been working here for the past 15 years and has seen the devastating impact that plastic, litter and other waste has on the communities and wildlife initiatives we support.
Facts about plastic pollution and waste in Africa:
Just 10 rivers across Africa and Asia carry 90% of the plastic that ends up in our oceans
Along the South African coast, there are over 3,000 plastic particles every square kilometer
Over 1 million tons of plastic are thrown away in South Africa every year
Approximately 500 shipping containers of waste is dumped in Africa every month
In the last study, only 10% of all trash produced in Africa was recycled
An immeasurable number of towns across the continent have no official waste collection service, meaning there is nowhere for litter to go
How long it takes for plastics and other litter to decompose
Why plastic and litter is such a problem in Africa:
In East and Southern Africa, high population growth rates and increased access to fast-moving-consumer-goods means more and more people are using single-use plastic products. Unfortunately, many destinations, including Zambia, suffer from ineffective (or practically non-existent) waste management or recycling systems. This means litter and waste has to be burned, buried, or in most cases, simply dumped on the side of the road. This, coupled with poor standards of education and the ever-growing trade-off between environmental consciousness and rising costs of living, is having a catastrophic effect on the health of the locals and Africa’s fragile wildlife.
What is being done to reduce plastic pollution in Africa?
Despite the shocking statistics, many African nations are actually at the forefront of the fight against plastic. Countries including Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Morocco have now banned plastic bags entirely, while South Africa enforces high fees for the purchase of a plastic bag in supermarkets. Africa has the potential to leapfrog the traditional cycle of waste-collect-dispose, and create a circular economy with creative solutions to reuse, repurpose and recycle.
We’re excited to be here on the frontline.
How you can get involved in reducing plastic pollution and help clean up the environment in Africa
In line with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals 13, 14 and 15 (Climate Change, Life on Land and Life below Water), African Impact has launched a number of pioneering initiatives that help to reduce the impact of plastic and waste on the people, environment, and wildlife of Africa. Through a holistic approach that includes local communities every step of the way, volunteers and interns are making a real, tangible contribution to the problem of plastic pollution on the African continent.
How African Impact’s plastic and environmental sustainability programs work
African Impact’s Plastic Pollution and Environmental Sustainability volunteering and internship initiatives focus on three key areas; prevention of waste, direct clean-up action, and exploring creative opportunities for reusing, repurposing and recycling plastics.
Prevention of waste
Building awareness around why waste is an issue in Africa is a delicate process, given that many communities live in remote, poverty-stricken areas and are unable to access waste collection services, or even afford refuse bags. However, education on possible alternatives is much-needed and necessary. It is also enthusiastically welcomed by the communities, as proven by the incredible response we’ve had to our plastic and waste initiative so far. As a volunteer or intern in Africa, you’ll help prevent plastic and waste from reaching our oceans by holding educational workshops with local communities, as well as facilitating discussion groups to look at the issues and the possible solutions.
Taking practical action
While education is important to halt the rapidly increasing flow of plastic into our environment, it is also important to practically reduce the amount of waste reaching our natural areas. To achieve this, we facilitate mass volunteer clean-ups on both the land and water, involving local people and community groups. We also research and action reducing, reusing and recycling opportunities for waste that that minimizes people’s need for single-use items.
Finding opportunities for income-generation
For a sustainable change in behavior around litter within areas of extreme poverty, it is important that alternative waste management schemes benefit the local people. Alongside our team, volunteers and interns get involved in income-generating schemes that help turn plastic and waste into profitable and innovative products. Things like creating eco bricks for buildings and infrastructure; providing composting areas for schools and clinics that enhance their community gardens (zero waste living!); and teaching local artisans how to make crafts and jewellery to sell to tourists. This is a real opportunity for volunteers to release their inner creative personality and ideas, providing a source of support that will empower new nations of environmental business owners.
Your choice of plastic and environmental sustainability initiatives in Africa include:
If you are passionate about plastic pollution and the environment and want to volunteer or intern in Africa, check out our projects below: | <urn:uuid:fc06207f-4e13-4f17-a221-adce4ff64c67> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.africanimpact.com/volunteer-impact/plastic-environmental-sustainability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527865.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419161226-20190419183226-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.938918 | 1,029 | 3.3125 | 3 |
|Home||Founder||What's New||In The News||Consulting|
Paradigm Shift Intervention Monitoring
Testing Bias Raises Pandemic Concerns
Direct contact (raising pigs, feeding pigs, cleaning pig waste) or indirect exposure to pigs – visiting a pig farm, walking through a swine barn at a county fair, etc.), especially if pigs were known to be ill; or
Close contact (within 2 meters or approximately 6 feet) to an ill person who had recent swine exposure.
A patient with influenza-like illness and an epidemiological link to recent swine exposure should be considered a probable H3N2v case.
The above comments are from the CDC’s instruction to physicians regarding human H3N2v cases. This document will increase the heavy bias in H3N2v testing, which is largely limited to cases with direct or indirect swine exposure. The instructions are similar to those announced after earlier detection of H3n2v cases, but the large number of cases identified in Indiana and Ohio will be more widely noted.
However, the sequences from the confirmed H3N2v cases in Indiana and Ohio are distinct from the first 10 H3N2v cases identified in 2011, due to the replacemnet of the NA gene, which had an H1N2 swine lineage, with an NA which has circulated in H3N2 swine.
This change (A/West Virginia/06/2011 and A/West Virginia/07/2011) was initially detected in a large cluster in West Virginia, which did not have swine contact or exposure. The outbreak led to a series of CDC announcements, but the H3N2v was not detected during the height of the 2011-2012 flu season.
However, in late March H3N2v was identified in Utah, and the NA sequence matched the West Virginia sub-clade. Although this sub-clade was rarely detected in swine, and not detected in any swine samples collected prior to the outbreak in West Virginia, it was also detected in the July isolates in Hawaii, Indiana, and Ohio, signaling human adaptation and spread.
This H3N2v could also infect swine, so the July fairs did lead to H3N2v infections in swine, based on CDC descriptions of the outbreaks, although sequences from the July swine isolates have not been released. The most recent H3n2v swine isolates were from Ohio, but all four isolates matched the 2011 human cases and were easily distinguished from the cases in West Virginia as well as the 2012 human isolates.
Thus, the sequence data supports a sub-clade that has adapted to humans, but all 2012 isolate have direct or indirect linkage to swine, which is due to the heavy testing bias.
Seasonal influenza is rare in the summer in the United States, and cases are likely to be due to H3N2v, especially in younger patients. However, the CDC has not acknowledged the NA sequence differences between the the 2012 and 2011 human cases, or the size of the cluster in West Virginia.
Moreover, the biased testing largely limits H3N2v cases to those with direct or indirect swine contact, which is followed by claims of a lack of community spread.
This biased sampling and testing remains hazardous to the world’s health. | <urn:uuid:9d92bf9a-5a85-48de-a55a-89a716e8d032> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08141201/H3N2v_CDC_Bias.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824113.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00258-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968096 | 703 | 2.875 | 3 |
volume[ vol-yoom, -yuh m ]SEE DEFINITION OF volume
Synonyms for volume
- cubic measure
EXAMPLES FROM THE WEB FOR VOLUME
It is like closing a volume of Ossian and opening the pages of Theocritus.
Such discussion would have no proper place in a volume of this kind.
Lady Delacour opened the book, which was a volume of Marmontel's Tales.
And as she spoke, she took up a volume of plays which lay upon the table.
Virginia started from her reverie, but held the volume fast.
Nevertheless the Southern fire was great in volume and accuracy.
The fire of both sides suddenly doubled and tripled in volume.
The second volume of the songs I mentioned to you in my last is published to-day.
How are you, my dear friend, and how comes on your fifth volume?
The present volume is written in a similar spirit, as it has been similar in its origin. | <urn:uuid:a544c21f-d64f-4963-85d6-beb135642fdc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/volume | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.952536 | 209 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Little Pro on 2017-11-08
A chemical substance will be classified as a skin sensitizer if there is reliable human evidence or positive results from an appropriate animal test. In this article, we will compare 3 main skin sensitization test methods, Guinea Pig Maximisation test (GPMT), Buehler test and local lymph node assay (LLNA), and explain what positive result is and how to use the test results (i.e, positive response rate, stimulation index, EC3 value) to conduct GHS classification for skin sensitization.
|Test Method & Species||What Is Measured?||What Is Positive?|
|Guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT) (OECD 406)||Challenge-induced dermal hypersensitivity reactions elicited in test animals compared with control groups.||In GPMT, Freunds Complete Adjuvant (FCA) is usually injected to potentiate sensitization. A response rate of at least 30% of the animals is considered as positive.|
|Buehler test (OECD 406) - Guinea pig||Challenge-induced dermal hypersensitivity reactions elicited in test animals compared with control groups.||Preferred Buehler test usually does not use adjuvant. A response rate of at least 15% of the animals is considered as positive.|
|Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) (OECD 429) - Mice||Lymphocyte proliferation induced in regional lymph nodes in mice.
Stimulation Index (SI) at multiple doses: the ratio of the mean proliferation in test group to the mean proliferation in control group.
|Stimulation Index (SI)>=3 is considered positive.
EC3 value can be estimated to reflect sensitisation potency. It is the estimated concentration of test chemical required to induce a stimulation index of 3 in the LLNA.
Note: Due to clear animal welfare benefits and scientific advantages compared with the guinea pig tests, the LLNA is the preferred skin sensitization test method in EU. For example, EC3 value from LLNA test can be used for quantitative health risk assessment.
The table below summarizes GHS classification criteria for skin sensitization. There is only 1 hazard category for skin sensitization under GHS. However, data on sensitization potency such as EC3 value and the rate of positive response can be used to divide a sensitizer into sub-category 1A and sub-category 1B.
To be more specific, the table below shows you how to use potency data to sub-categorize a skin sensitizer. It should be noted that only positive response give by intradermal induction in GMPT is considered.
Note: A skin sensitizer generally requires labelling when it is present in a mixture with a concentration above 0.1%.
We do not provide consultancy services. If you have questions or need any help, please contact our sponsor. You may also find an expert in CSP business directory below. If you are a consultant, you may get yourself listed in CSP business directory (free) or sponsor this page to leave your contact info on this page.. | <urn:uuid:e92766d9-d323-419c-9e91-80f41f77f445> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://chemsafetypro.com/Topics/GHS/GHS_classification_skin_sensitizer_LLNA_Guinea_pig_maximisation_test_Buehler.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358966.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130080511-20211130110511-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.867177 | 657 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Spring container is at the core of the Spring Framework. The container will create the objects, wire them together, configure them, and manage their complete life cycle from creation till destruction. The Spring container uses DI to manage the components that make up an application. These objects are called Spring Beans.
The container gets its instructions on what objects to instantiate, configure, and assemble by reading the configuration metadata provided.
The configuration metadata can be represented either by XML, Java annotations, or Java code. The following diagram represents a high-level view of how Spring works.
The Spring IoC container makes use of Java POJO classes and configuration metadata to produce a fully configured and executable system or application.
The main tasks performed by IoC container are:
- Instantiate the application class
- Configure the object
- Assemble the dependencies between the objects
There are two types of IoC containers. They are:
The XmlBeanFactory is the implementation class for the
Resource resource=new ClassPathResource("applicationContext.xml");
BeanFactory factory=new XmlBeanFactory(resource);
The constructor of XmlBeanFactory class receives the Resource object so we need to pass the resource object to create the object of
The ClassPathXmlApplicationContext class is the implementation class of
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
The constructor of ClassPathXmlApplicationContext class receives string, so we can pass the name of the xml file to create the instance of
Difference between BeanFactory and the ApplicationContext
The org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory and the
It adds some extra functionality than | <urn:uuid:2e2c5547-4b7d-4d1a-b74c-3b1fb40743df> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.codenuclear.com/spring-ioc-container/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515539.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022201445-20181022222945-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.771 | 352 | 3.453125 | 3 |
December 7th, 2012
Looking for ways to motivate your child to brush his or her teeth? Why not compare their teeth to those of their favorite animals? After all, everyone loves fun facts. Like people, some animals have several different kinds of teeth, while others have only one kind. Others don’t have any teeth at all! Animals’ teeth also give us clues about what they eat. Here are some fun facts comparing human teeth and animal teeth we thought you might enjoy!
- Humans form two sets of teeth over the course of a lifetime, with baby teeth being replaced by adult teeth between the ages of 6 and 12.
- An average human being has around 32 teeth. This includes four wisdom teeth, eight incisors, four canines, twelve molars and eight premolars.
- When you see a hippopotamus opening its mouth, it seems as though they have only four teeth! But they actually have 40 pearly whites.
- Dogs rarely get cavities because their saliva has an extremely high pH, which prevents demineralization.
- An elephant’s molars can weigh up to 10 lbs.
- The teeth of the pocket gopher grow up to 15 inches a year!
- The blue whale is the largest mammal on earth, but it dines exclusively on tiny shrimp because it has no teeth
- Armadillos, common in the southwest, have 104 teeth.
- Snails can have more than 25,000 teeth, which are located on the tongue.
- Dolphins only get one set of teeth to last a lifetime!
- And here’s one from prehistoric times! The Tyrannosaurus Rex, or T-Rex, had more than 60 thick, conical, bone-crunching teeth that were up to 9 inches long. Its jaws were up to 4 feet long.
We hope you enjoyed these fun facts! Stay tuned for more soon!
Posted in: Uncategorized
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:f45348bd-6491-4ca0-b3f1-c7ca2f60579c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://site2489.sesamehost.com/blog/2012/12/fun-fact-time-human-and-animal-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701152987.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193912-00150-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959724 | 408 | 3.203125 | 3 |
in the U.S.
Pronunciation of Akeelah
How popular is the baby name Akeelah in the U.S.?
|Year||Total Babies Born||Girls Born||Boys Born|
Want to know about the popularity of the Akeelah baby name? From 1880 to 2015, the Social Security Administration has recorded 1,266 babies born with the name Akeelah in the United States. That's more than enough Akeelahs to occupy the territory of Niue (New Zealand) with an estimated population of 1,000 (as of July 1, 2012). The name was first given to 5 or more babies in the year 1989 when it was given to 7 new born babies. The highest recorded use of the name "Akeelah" was in 2006 with a total of 403 babies.
According to the 2007 U.S. Social Security Administration data, the name "Akeelah" is not a popular baby girl's name in North Carolina. Imagine that, only 7 babies in North Carolina have the same name as you in 2007. Across the entire United States a total of only 249 babies also bear the same first name during the same year.
Where is the name Akeelah popular?
Meaning, Origin, Inspirations, and Associations
Have you been wondering what does the name "Akeelah" mean? The list below shows the origins of Akeelah as well as things modernly associated with the name Akeelah such as celebrities named Akeelah.
Origin and Meaning of Akeelah
The name "Akeelah" is of American origin, and it means "Eagle". It's a name commonly given to girls.
Other Inspirations for the Name Akeelah
Akeelah And The Bee
Akeelah And The Bee Arena Stage
Akeelah And The Bee Cast
Akeelah And The Bee Play
Akeelah And The Bee Poem
Akeelah And The Bee Quote
Akeelah And The Bee Soundtrack
Akeelah And The Bee Spelling Words
Akeelah And The Bee Trailer
A is for accord, the harmony you spread.
K is for kindness, you always show.
E is for enchant, for enchant you will.
E is for excite, your spirit is catching!
L is for luxury, the luxury of your smile.
A is for accepting, your forgiving nature.
H is for heavenly, your spirit is strong.
Your name in reverse order is "Haleeka". A random rearrangement of the letters in your name (anagram) will give "Ahaelke". How do you pronounce that?
Now try the names of everyone you know including friends, cousins, neighbors, classmates, co-workers or your pets. Even your favorite anime, TV or movie characters! See what their names mean. Remember, this is purely just for fun.
Past life for Akeelah born Aug 13, 1947
I do not know how you feel about it, but you were a female in your last earthly incarnation. You were born somewhere around the territory of Saudi Arabia approximately on 1200. Your profession was trainer and holder of the fine animals, birds, and insects.
You were a revolutionary type. You inspired changes in any sphere - politics, business, religion, housekeeping. You could have been a leader. Your lesson - to learn humility and faith in spiritual principles. You should believe in High Reason. | <urn:uuid:ad3f8110-9a8d-483c-813c-9b41dfa9a04b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.names.org/n/akeelah/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170521.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00641-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89608 | 729 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A U.N. panel has declared the United States owes reparations to African Americans, as compensation for "the legacy of colonial history, enslavement, racial subordination and segregation, racial terrorism and racial inequality."
The panel's recommendations, which were presented on Monday, in no way require the U.S. government to make payments and will likely have no practical effects — but they could occasion a new national debate about what the country owes its black citizens.
In the past, proponents of reparations have been stymied by a range of practical and conceptual objections. For the past year, however, American voters have been listening to prominent presidential candidates talk about all kinds of outrageously expensive proposals. By comparison, proposals for reparations for slavery look downright modest, at least in terms of cost.
A researcher at the University of Connecticut recently published a new estimate of the value of U.S. slave labor in the 89 years from the country's founding until the end of the Civil War. Based on the wages paid to laborers in the antebellum period and assuming an average of 12 hours of work a day, seven days a week, the researcher, Thomas Craemer, concluded that U.S. slave labor would be worth roughly $5.9 trillion today.
That is equal to the 10-year cost of Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump's most recent tax plan, and it is significantly less than the price tag on former Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders's health-care plan.
Craemer ignored colonial history before U.S. independence, when the U.K. government would arguably have been liable. He also did not calculate the costs of thefts and lynchings after the war and excluded more modern forms of discrimination, focusing instead on forced labor, an easily defined and indisputable example of economic injury.
Paying reparations "doesn’t bring anybody back that’s dead. It doesn’t begin to repair for the damages incurred," Craemer said. "At least it is a symbolic gesture that is more meaningful than just saying, 'Sorry.' "
His personal interest in the problem of reparations results from his childhood in Germany. The German government has been paying reparations to victims of the Nazi regime for more than 60 years. Craemer did not know about the payments until he learned about them from a widow of a friend who had survived the Holocaust.
Incidentally, an independent analysis by the nonpartisan Tax Foundation estimated Trump's proposed tax plan could cost the government as much as $5.9 trillion in foregone revenue over a decade. That figure does not take into account the effects of tax relief on the broader economy. An increase in the overall size of the economy because of reduced taxes could limit the costs to between $2.6 trillion and $3.9 trillion over 10 years, according to the foundation.
On the other hand, those economic benefits are uncertain — and a year ago, Trump proposed an even more exorbitant plan that would have cost as much as $9.5 trillion, according to the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center. Sixty-seven percent of the benefits would have accrued to the wealthiest one in five households.
While Trump's revised plan is less expensive, he campaigned on the original plan for nearly a year. It was his official position when the Republican Party nominated him. The GOP primary contest demonstrated that voters will seriously entertain policies that are vastly more expensive than the cost of compensating slaves' descendants for their unpaid labor.
On the left, Sanders proposed a health-care plan that would have cost the government no less than $32 trillion over a decade, by the Tax Policy Center's estimate.
During the campaign, Sanders said he was opposed to reparations.
"Sanders says the chance of getting reparations through Congress is 'nil,' a correct observation which could just as well apply to much of the Vermont senator’s own platform," Ta-Nehisi Coates, who has argued forcefully for reparations, wrote in The Atlantic.
Indeed, compared with Trump's tax plans and Sanders's health-care plan, compensating the descendants of slaves for their ancestors' forced labor would be a modest expense — especially considering that these estimates for Trump's and Sanders's proposals are only for the first 10 years, and the costs would continue to accumulate year after year.
In the second decade under Trump's tax plan, for example, the foregone revenue would exceed $15 trillion, according to the Tax Policy Center.
To be sure, Craemer's estimate, based on an average of 12 hours a day of wages for 89 years of slave labor in the United States, only accounts for a portion of the reparations that could conceivably by claimed by African Americans today.
Craemer developed a second estimate of compensation for all 24 hours of the day, noting that even slaves' sleep belonged, in a sense, to their masters (since they slept at their owners' discretion and were only permitted to so that they could provide more forced labor). That debt would amount to $14.2 trillion today. Craemer also notes that racial exploitation and terrorism continued through most of the 20th century, with substantial economic consequences.
What kinds of abuses to include in calculating any reparations is just the first of many difficult questions that proponents must answer.
Some argue that instead of payments to individual descendants of slaves, there are other uses of the country's resources that would do more to help black communities. If payment were issued, there would be practical problems: Who would be eligible to receive payments? Over how many years would the reparations be paid off?
"'What interest rate would apply?' would be probably the most important question to ask," Craemer said. A minor difference in the interest rate accruing over the century and a half since the end of slavery could drastically alter estimates of the total liability.
However, the costs are calculated, this unusually extravagant presidential campaign suggests they are not the reason American politicians so rarely talk about reparations.
More from Wonkblog: | <urn:uuid:950f475a-967e-4c34-8303-a64771f25e91> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/29/the-cost-of-slavery-reparations-is-now-within-the-boundaries-of-the-politically-acceptable/?utm_term=.515cb0689f78 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822966.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018123747-20171018143747-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.974434 | 1,231 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Schumer: Tubman Park is a Long-Overdue Recognition of an Extraordinary American
U.S. Senator Charles E. Schumer today announced that the Department of the Interior (DOI) has completed the land transfer agreement that will allow NPS to formally establish the Harriet Tubman National Historic Park in Auburn, New York. The announcement follows Schumer’s successful efforts to ensure that DOI officials complete the final steps necessary for approval of the park. Schumer has been a longtime advocate for the establishment of the new historical park celebrating the life of Harriet Tubman at the site of her home in Central New York. He authored, introduced and passed legislation authorizing the park and has lobbied federal officials to finalize the project. Last year, he successfully pushed the Department of Justice (DOJ) to sign a land transfer agreement allowing the site to be established as an official unit of the National Park Service. With the land transfer agreement now complete, the Tubman Home awaits signature from the Secretary of Interior for formal establishment.
“As a New Yorker and an American, I’m deeply proud to see Tubman Park finally become a reality,” said Senator Schumer. “The Tubman Historic Park in Auburn, New York will be a magnet for visitors that will tell the amazing story of Harriet Tubman’s life, an extraordinary American whose story deserves to be shared with our children and grandchildren. This park will serve that solemn purpose and preserve her legacy for countless generations to come.”
Schumer has long fought to make Tubman Park a reality. Most recently, he wrote to Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell urging her to complete the land transfer needed to secure final approval. Previously, he successfully pushed Attorney General Loretta Lynch to sign the General Agreement allowing the Harriet Tubman Residence in Auburn to be formally designated as a Unit of the National Park Service. In addition, Schumer authored and passed the legislation authorizing the establishment of the park. This legislation was passed as a part of the FY2015 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), which included a provision that created two national historic parks, one in New York and one in Maryland.
The Auburn park will commemorate the later years of Harriet Tubman’s life, her work in the Women’s Suffrage Movement and her tireless commitment to providing for elderly African-Americans. The Harriet Tubman Residence in Auburn is an historic landmark in a region with a strong history of individuals rooted in social activism and justice. An escaped slave herself, Tubman used her Auburn home to shelter her parents and many African-Americans who escaped slavery – some of whom she guided herself. The Maryland park will trace Tubman’s early life on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where she was born and later escaped from slavery to become one of the leaders on the Underground Railroad.
Harriet Tubman was born in Dorchester County, Maryland, where she spent nearly 30 years as a slave. She escaped slavery in 1849, but returned to the Eastern Shore several times over the course of 10 years to lead hundreds of African-Americans to freedom in the North. Known as “Moses” by African-American and white abolitionists, she reportedly never lost a “passenger” on the Underground Railroad. In Maryland, the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historic Park would include historically important landscapes in Dorchester, Caroline and Talbot Counties that are evocative of the life of Harriet Tubman. | <urn:uuid:8d1a136f-6aef-4fab-82e2-7256e0cc7c92> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.ourtimepress.com/harriet-tubman-national-historic-parkland-announced/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195929.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128214643-20201129004643-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.948743 | 707 | 2.703125 | 3 |
It's one of the most important sites in the history of the United States—but we still don't know where, exactly, it was. That's why University of Massachusetts archaeologists are digging for signs of the original Plymouth colony, the Boston Globe reports. The borders of today's Plymouth don't quite match those of the Pilgrims' settlement, which was marked by palisades built in 1622 around a hilltop fort. The town "is well situated upon a high hill close unto the seaside," wrote a visitor in 1623, describing a plantation of 20 houses, as Smithsonian notes.
The area hadn't been dug up before because of the potential for running into unmarked graves. But ground-penetrating radar allowed researchers to ensure they wouldn't hit any. They're digging around the sites of 19th-century buildings that may have been built over 17th-century houses. The wood of the palisades will have rotted away, but stains left in the soil could show where they once were, says an archaeologist. (Last year saw the auction of a Plymouth book of Bible verses—making it the world's most expensive book.) | <urn:uuid:b40d0f8d-61f9-4949-8096-0b3b404415a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.newser.com/story/189046/archaeologists-puzzle-where-was-plymouth-colony.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115858727.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161058-00299-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970322 | 235 | 3.34375 | 3 |
STEP 1 of 12: What Is Self-Confidence?
The Merriam Webster's dictionary definition of self-confidence is: "Confidence in oneself and in one's powers and abilities." Since that definition has the word confidence within it, we should also look that up also to gain a better understanding. The definition of confidence then states: "A feeling or consciousness of one's powers or of reliance on one's circumstances." So by putting that all together we can come up with something like this in layman's terms, which makes a little bit more sense. So here it is! Generally speaking, self-Confidence is: A feeling or belief in your powers and abilities.
Those very feelings and beliefs about ourselves can have a clear and direct impact on our outward actions. So when we doubt ourselves and don’t feel a strong belief in any area, we will then be likely to experience a result that responds in line with our inward beliefs in that area. In other words, it all starts on the inside! If you want to appear more self-confident in giving a public speech, then you can work extremely hard on your posture, voice tone, and trying not to skip a line or sound overly nervous, or you can get right to the core of what's causing you to believe that you shouldn't be self-confident about public speaking. If you solve or alter your inward beliefs about your ability to give public speeches, then naturally you will begin to then speak in a more confident way. It all comes down to belief, and there are a number of previous experiences and observations our brain draws upon to formulate what we should believe about ourselves and why. Hopefully this information will help you to be able to figure out what you believe about yourself and help you discover ways to rearrange and redefine those limiting beliefs that are resulting in a display of poorer self-confidence in your actions.
Changing those beliefs about our own abilities is not always the easiest thing to do, but I believe it is the most empowering! If you have a really bad infection, there's no sense in continuing to put bandages over the infected wound day after day. You’ll continue to change the bandage day after day while the infection continues to spread into other areas! Other areas of your life may begin to suffer on some level even if they aren’t directly related the areas in which you lack the most self-confidence. Eventually, you’ll exert much more effort on trying new bandages than it would take to treat the actual infection itself. Treat the actual infection, and then you don't need bandages to cover up the growing problem!
Like most major wounds though, there will likely be scars, so consistent, daily work will still need to be done in order to maintain those new empowering beliefs about yourself! This isn't something that generally changes overnight. Though, there will be major breakthroughs and turning points, it usually takes a lot of time, work, and tools to ingrain a new set of beliefs about yourself to the point where you actually believe them to be true and then express the resulting self-confidence consistently in everyday life. The rest of this online course should help provide you with some techniques and ideas that can help you work daily towards developing, sustaining, and then growing more confident in those new beliefs! Before we get into directly working with those techniques though, I want to explain to you just how important those inward beliefs are to creating more self-confident actions. To do this, let’s take a look at the “Placebo Effect.” | <urn:uuid:eb2dc834-f95b-4050-a3cb-926f6d38ca2a> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://selfconfidence.com/what_is_self_confidence.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447769.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00335-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94792 | 732 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The Extensible Markup Language XML is the muscle code that puts HTML in her proper place as only a beginner language for web designers. XML is for pros who have moved beyond MyHomePage web creation.
XML is a sophisticated yet fundamentally 'simpler' language, a semantic/structured markup language more closely pinned to the language underlying HTML called SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) but less complex to learn. . . which translates to 'XML requires some getting use to BUT Can Be Learned.' For this, I suggest reading Elliotte Rusty Harold's XML book from IDG.
. . . Sorry for all the anoxic ALPHABET names, like XML, HTML, IDG, et al.
This stuff is decidedly for nerdesque code devotee. But learning it may be your ticket to a higher paying job. Playing with these mark-up languages may be the only way to learn for many of us.
Where does one go to play?
First go to the virtual playing field, using whatever software you can find, and build yourself a home page. All you really need is access to a computer, as parking a small website is free for those who know where to look.
See the very basic HTML methods I have linked. Soon you will master these skills, get bored, and want to move up to CGI. Common Gateway Interface resources are those common but cool gadgets like 'Mail this Page to a Friend buttons', Hit Counters, and those forms we use to spend our money on the Internet.
Your web host's server will need to handle CGI. As you learn more, who your web host is, and how they are set up, will become more important. At that time you will need to start to distinguish between UNIX, NT , Linux, Apple, and other types of servers and their software.
Familiarize yourself with a few pages specializing in CGI PERL or look at sample pages provided on the web.
Something a bit more dynamic?
DHTML is still another world to explore and there are several good tutorials online. DynamicHTML and other developments like ActiveX, again with plenty of webbased learning environments, as well as Java, are for precocious teenagers and other high-end users. These authoring languages are what make the web sing and dance, and hopefully economically viable (or so the e-business community prays).
In time, more and more people with have computers and browsers sophisticated enough to handle these subtler yet more exciting media oriented languages, but for now please read carefully my notes on HTML validation. Understanding more about designing your page with your target audience in mind is crucial.
Inevitably exploring the web, seeing what people are doing out there, and then trying it yourself is the way to go. Here are an assortment of links. Enjoy surfing, but remember to come back and start punching keys for yourself. How cool can a page be? With these ever expanding languages no one knows the limit of Internet creativity.
Care to find out how far you can go?
Visit these links created for professional web builders and try and match wits with the best. | <urn:uuid:45c1fb26-3aad-471f-9260-4fa880361859> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://lov-e.com/Internet_15.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00025-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931878 | 646 | 2.578125 | 3 |
King's African Rifles: A History (Kindle)
Whatever one may think about the rights and wrongs of colonial rule, it is hard to deny that during the first half of the this century those African countries, which then came under British administration enjoyed a period of stability which most now look back upon with a profound sense of loss. Paradoxical though it may seem, one of the bulwarks of that stability was each country’s indigenous army. Trained and officered by the British, these force became a source of both pride and cohesion in their own country, none more so than the King’s African Rifles. founded in 1902 and probably the best known of the East African forces.
In this, the first complete history of the East African forces, Malcolm Page, who himself served in the Somaliland Scouts for a number of years, has had access to much new material while researching the history of each unit from it’s foundation to the time of independence.
Historians in several fields will be grateful to him for having put on record this very important period in the annals of both Great Britain and East Africa while the memories of many who served there were still fresh, and they themselves will perhaps be most grateful of all for this lasting tribute to the men they served and who served them, for in that shared sense of duty lay the true spirit of East African Forces.
Much of the book covers the achievements of the King's African Rifles during the two World Wars. The KAR took part in the long campaign in East Africa during the First World War, and fought against the Italians in Somaliland and Ethiopia, against the Vicky French on Madagascar and against the Japanese in Burma, performing well on each occasion, during the Second World War.History of War
These sections, and the chapter on the Malay Crisis, are presented as narratives, with the KAR's involvement set against its historical background. The potentially more controversial chapter on the Mau Mau is rather different - a short outline of events is followed by a series of personal memories of the fighting. The same approach is taken for the chapter on the end of Empire. These final chapters are thus less detailed, but give a better feel for the nature of life in the unit. There are also some interesting appendices, in particular the discussion of the songs of the King's Africa Rifles.
This is a useful study of a part of the British army that is now receding into the past, with most of its regiments going in the early 1960s, half a century ago.
In the King's African Rifles: A history of the King's African Rifles and East African Forces, Malcolm Page, a retired British Army Brigadier General and veteran of the Somaliland Scouts, presents us with the first complete account of the history of the King's African Rifles (KAR). Created on 1 January 1902, the KAR would, by the time of its final disbandment in 1964, form the core military capability of the armies of at least five newly independent African states, namely Malawi, Zambia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanznia.African Armed Forces Journal - June 2011
This book serves as the first port of call for most serious readers interested in the Regiment's history. A constant thread throughout the book is the affection and pride members of the KAR display towards the regiment as well as fellow members and veterans.
All in all, Page's book is an excellent introduction to arguably one of the most influential regiments in the history of the African content. As such it comes highly recommended.
In the first complete history of the East African forces, Malcolm Page, who himself served in the Somaliland Scouts for a number of years, researches the history of each unit from its foundation to the time of independence.Military Times
THE King’s African Rifles (KAR) are recognised as one of the most effective colonial units formed under British administration. The author has produced a detailed and well-illustrated history of what has been until recently a much overlooked regiment. The officers and soldiers of the KAR fought in both World Wars and were deployed far beyond East Africa. They also figured prominently in the post-war guerrilla conflicts that preceded the British withdrawal from Africa. This comprehensive and complete history charts the story of the East Africans from their formation in 1902 through to the drawdown of the British Empire.Soldier | <urn:uuid:778041fc-ef46-4e72-b685-9e9bfcb24aa6> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Kings-African-Rifles-A-History-Kindle/p/8038 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746528.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120171153-20181120193153-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.966083 | 902 | 2.59375 | 3 |
COVID 19 is currently in the headlines and is considered a public health emergency. This understandably can make parents and children worried, particularly if they have problems with their immune systems, are taking medicines which suppress their immune systems, or have other chronic illness. While it is true that worldwide it has already caused severe disease and death, the vast majority of people who catch the virus have a mild flu like illness – and many get no symptoms at all. In particular, children seem to get milder disease than adults, and most of the severe illness has been in older people who are already frail or have other long-standing conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, smoking related lung disease and heart disease.
What is COVID19?
COVID19 is caused by a new strain of a family of viruses called coronavirus. As a group, coronaviruses are common across the world. The most common strains are frequent causes of the common cold. Occasionally new strains of coronavirus arise which cause more serious disease in some people. COVID-19 is caused by one of these new strains.
What are the symptoms of COVID19?
Most people start with symptoms of a cold, particularly cough and fever. Those who get is more severely can get shortness of breath, or start to breath more quickly.
What is the treatment?
At present there are no treatments which have been shown to make a difference to the disease, although some medicines which have been used for other virus infections are being researched. If children need to come to hospital, the treatment is much the same as other virus infections affecting the lungs, such as giving oxygen and help with feeding and breathing.
How do people catch COVID19?
Like the common cold, coronavirus (COVID-19) infection is spread by coughs and sneezes, which produce droplets which other people breath in if they are within 2 meters of a person who is infected. It can also be spread by direct contact, such as touching hands, or something which an infected person has touched or is near them when they cough or sneeze. Touching the face, particularly the mouth or nose, after touching something which has been in contact with the virus allows it to get into the airways and lungs.
Is my child at risk?
So far, from the information that we know from places in the world where there have been a lot of cases, children do not seem to get severe disease. So far there have not been any reports of increased risk even in children who have problems with their immune systems, or have other chronic diseases such as asthma, heart disease, cystic fibrosis or type 1 diabetes.
This website gives you more information.
What can I do to protect myself and my child against CoVID19?
You can reduce the risk from all coronaviruses in the same way you can avoid any respiratory infections – with good basic hygiene. The most important part of this is washing your hands regularly. This guide to good hand washing might help:
As much as you can, try to avoid contact with people who have flu like illnesses or are unwell.
At present, there is no vaccine available, but make sure you are up to date with all the regular vaccinations, particularly Hib and pneumococcal vaccines (Prevnar 13).
Should my child / young person go to school?
As of 16 March, the Government advice is that all children and adults in the UK avoid all non-essential contact with people, working from home if possible and avoiding public spaces. Subsequent advice today states that all people aged 0-69, who have an underlying health condition and are instructed to get a flu jab each year should not be in large social gatherings. Therefore, in order to comply with this, even though currently many schools are staying open, children who are on immunosuppressive treatment should not be in large social gatherings, and this includes school environments. In addition, all unnecessary travel should be stopped.
Is it safe to come to hospital?
At the moment there is no reason to be worried about coming to your out-patient appointments or for routine investigations or operations. However, we would ask that anyone with coughs, colds or fever not to come unless they need urgent care, whether or not they have chronic conditions. Sometimes it might be possible to review you over the telephone rather than bringing you up to hospital, and if so, the team looking after you may contact you to arrange this.
It is possible that this advice may change over the next few weeks, but if so, we will contact you to make other arrangements.
If you or your child is unwell and needs to come to hospital, then it is important you come. Staff are well trained in dealing with people who have infections and those who need to be protected from infection, and plans are in place to make the risks of catching COVID while in hospital as small as possible.
What should I do if I think I or my child may have been exposed to COVID19?
If you are concerned that you may have been in contact with someone with COVID19, follow the online guide and advice here:
Or call NHS 24 on 111, especially if you or your child are getting symptoms.
What do I do if I or my child is taking medicines which suppress the immune system?
You should continue all usual medicines, as these are helping to keep you or your child healthy. This is the case even if you start to have a cold or flu-like symptoms, or you are taking steroids. However, if you have a high fever, you should contact NHS24 on 111, and hold off medicines until you get further advice. Within working hours you may also contact your specialist medical team for advice.
New information and advice is being produced all the time, so check with this website
Contact your medical team if you have further questions specific to your or your own child’s care. | <urn:uuid:a1972635-2058-4cf1-8c49-e3d27582eb64> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.snac.uk.com/latest/advice-about-covid-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.967001 | 1,336 | 3.625 | 4 |
CTV News Calgary Latest Videos
Harnessing the H in H2O
Colleen Schmidt, CTV Calgary
Published Thursday, March 28, 2013 2:48PM MDT
Last Updated Thursday, March 28, 2013 3:01PM MDT
A team of Calgary researchers may have made a breakthrough when it comes to storing energy.
Simon Trudel and Curtis Berlinguette are part of a University of Calgary research group whose work centres on windmill power and generating an efficient way to store the energy created.
“There's nothing more gratifying for me than to be able to take the book that everybody follows and just throw it in the trash, because I don’t really care what that book says,” said Trudel.
The book used to say it was way too expensive to extract hydrogen from water but the research team has found an efficient way to store electrical energy by taking the H out of the H2O.
“You can then store that electricity as hydrogen fuel for as long as you want and you can then reintroduce it into the grid when there's high demand,” said Berlinguette.
The thinking is that Industrial wind farms could store energy produced in off peak hours and homes with a hydrogen fuel cell could release electricity from rooftop solar panels for use after dark.
“Our utopian vision of this technology is to take a suburban home in Calgary and completely remove it from the grid. You don't have any gas lines running in your home, you don’t have any electrical lines, you have a completely self sustainable home,” said Berlinguette.
Using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen isn't a new idea but until now it required catalysts made of rare, very expensive metals.
The U of C team has found a way to use almost any metal to do the job which makes it thousands of times cheaper.
“People have been looking into this but never realized that this method actually was the key to being able to implement this,” said Trudel.
The concept is still in the research stage but the team plans to use it to take a Calgary house off the grid by next year.
The team’s findings were published this week in the journal Science.
(With files from Kevin Green) | <urn:uuid:433c16f6-afae-454f-ae89-dbe67de3670f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://calgary.ctvnews.ca/harnessing-the-h-in-h2o-1.1215416 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685912.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919164651-20170919184651-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.962779 | 480 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Marine authorities say the last decade of scientific research has helped the Great Barrier Reef to survive the threat of climate change during the hottest decade on record.
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority's chief scientist, David Wachenfeld, says peer reviewed science plays a critical role in shaping reef management decisions.
Mr Wachenfeld says climate change will be the most critical area of tropical marine research over the next decade.
"There is no question that it is the greatest long-term threat to the future of the reef," he said.
"Increasingly we need to look at how we can improve the resilience of the reef to climate change and one of the primary strategies to do that is in reducing other threats to the reef, such as making sure we protect biodiversity and making sure we improve water quality." | <urn:uuid:a4a1df69-3065-4cc5-9bf8-7a2bb32e39e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2010-01-08/science-playing-critical-role-in-reef-survival/1202604?pfm=sm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448146.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728083322-20170728103322-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.940747 | 166 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Using WFPC2 on the Hubble Space Telescope, we have isolated a sample of 258 white dwarfs (WDs) in the Galactic globular cluster M4. Fields at three radial distances from the cluster center were observed, and sizable WD populations were found in all three. The location of these WDs in the color-magnitude diagram, their mean mass of 0.51(±0.03) M⊙, and their luminosity function confirm basic tenets of stellar evolution theory and support the results from current WD cooling theory. The WDs are used to extend the cluster main-sequence mass function upward to stars that have already completed their nuclear evolution. The WD/red dwarf binary frequency in M4 is investigated and is found to be at most a few percent of all the main-sequence stars. The most ancient WDs found are ∼9 Gyr old, a level that is set solely by the photometric limits of our data. Even though this is less than the age of M4, we discuss how these cooling WDs can eventually be used to check the turnoff ages of globular clusters and hence constrain the age of the universe.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science | <urn:uuid:1a0c050c-c717-4d4e-97e8-989e40423400> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/white-dwarfs-in-globular-clusters-hubble-space-telescope-observat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100499.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203094028-20231203124028-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.938097 | 261 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal (GI) disorder that frequently affects premature newborns. It results in a highly diseased state, a high rate (nearly 50%) of necessary surgery and has a high rate of mortality, especially in very low-birth weight infants. NEC affects approximately 7.0% of all very low-birth weight infants and carries a death rate greater than 20%.
The exact causes of NEC are unknown, but it is suspected that it is related to multiple factors such as genetic susceptibility, prematurity, formula feeding and gut dysbiosis (disruption in normal flora.) It is known that the immune system in premature babies is immature and dysbiosis may be the factor which accentuates dysregulation of the immune system. It is also known that maternal breastfeeding reduces the incidence of NEC.
A 2019 study narrowed the factors involved in gut dysbiosis to an increase in Enterobacteriaceae not bound to maternal IgA in infants who develop NEC compared with healthy controls. This study showed that maternal immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an important factor for protection against NEC. It also showed that maternal milk was the predominant source of IgA in the first month of life, and that a relative decrease in IgA-bound bacteria is associated with the development of NEC. There is a scientific reason that breastfeeding is recommended for infants.
There have been several studies showing the benefits of probiotics for NEC. One study caught my eye. You don’t often hear of Bifidobacterium adolescentis in the media, but in a new study this probiotic showed protective effects against NEC. Research published in January, 2017 used 100 million CFU of B. adolescentis from Livzon, Zhuhai, China in a rat model of NEC.
In this rat study, neonatal rats were divided into 3 groups: surrogate mother-fed, formula fed or formula fed+probiotic. The formula-fed and formula+probiotic groups were exposed to conditions via a well-established NEC model which, indeed, induced NEC. Throughout the experiment, the surrogate-fed rats increased their body weights and the formula+probiotic rats maintained their body weights, but the formula-fed rats lost weight, which is reflective of NEC. Additionally, other symptoms of NEC, including abdominal distention and diarrhea, appeared in the rats that developed NEC, but the formula+probiotic rats had a significantly better survival rate than the formula-only rats.
After sacrifice, the ileum (distal part of the small intestine) of all rats were evaluated and results showed that B. adolescentis significantly decreased the rate of NEC-like intestinal injury.
Conclusions from this study were that B. adolescentis can prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in premature rats and the mechanism may be protection against inflammation.
One takeaway from this rat study and others is that if you are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant, getting your gut microbiome balanced so that your child has a better chance of having a more-balanced gut microbiome is very important. It is also very important to breastfeed your child if at all possible.
Nutritional consultations with me can help balance your microbiota so that your vaginal environment and breast milk contain beneficial microbes.
Return to health benefits page.
I research studies and share my clinical experience to write this free site to help you find solutions to your problems. As part of that, I recommend products and services that I genuinely believe will be of help to you. If you click on a link to a product/service, I may receive a small commission if you buy something. The item does not cost you more.
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Some competitors of SBI (Solo Build It) are posting fake negative reviews of SBI. If you are considering creating your own website business, or if you have a brick-and-mortar business but want an online presence, I highly recommend SBI! | <urn:uuid:57caa874-e85f-48d9-bb59-a5b0072cd6a4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.powerofprobiotics.com/Necrotizing-enterocolitis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154277.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801221329-20210802011329-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.94794 | 1,021 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Before you panic about the chemistry experience, why not have a look at one of the tutorials below?
- Why take chemistry? Though you are probably taking chemistry because somebody is making you, it turns out that there really are good reasons for taking chemistry. Let’s figure out how you can turn this mandatory experience into a good one.
- Math vs. science. Everybody says that “math is the language of science.” What in the world does this actually mean?
- How to guess. The test is in five minutes and you have no idea what’s going on. With some luck, you can use the tips on this page to get a passing grade anyway.
- Dealing with idiot teachers. Do you have a problem with your teacher? Do you feel like your teacher is incompetent, vindictive, or out to get you? Maybe you should read this tutorial before complaining to your Congressman, the President, and the United Nations General Assembly. | <urn:uuid:95c1c673-74c7-4931-9c02-808d0210dca7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://chemfiesta.org/2015/03/23/tutorials-to-get-you-started/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039560245.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422013104-20210422043104-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.962571 | 199 | 2.578125 | 3 |
"Supply and demand" is a crucial concept in economics. It dictates both how much of a product is needed in the marketplace and at what price it should be offered.
"Supply and Demand" Defined
According to Dictionary.com, "...The relation between these two factors [supply and demand] determines the price of a commodity. This relationship is thought to be the driving force in a free market. As demand for an item increases, prices rise. When manufacturers respond to the price increase by producing a larger supply of that item, this increases competition and drives the price down. Modern economic theory proposes that many other factors affect price, including government regulations, monopolies, and modern techniques of marketing and advertising."
What Is "Demand"?
"Demand" is the market's appetite for a certain product. As more of a product is desired, more supply is required. If more supply is not available the price generally goes up.
What Is "Quantity Demanded"?
"Quantity demanded" refers to the amount of a certain product that is desired at a given price point: If 10 widgets are wanted and 20 are available at £6 each, changing the price to £3 each could increase the demand to 50 widgets at that price--completely altering the supply:demand ratio.
As stated in the previous example, as price drops, scarcity rises or both, the quantity demanded will generally increase. Conversely, if price rises, scarcity drops or both, the quantity demanded will generally decrease.
Equilibrium is a concept that dictates the intersection of supply and demand on a graph. When supply is equal to demand at a given price point, the market has reached equilibrium for that product. | <urn:uuid:4ea26964-555a-44a0-a487-b1f1533ebc22> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_5894226_definition-_supply-demand_-economics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805809.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119210640-20171119230640-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.935433 | 342 | 4.03125 | 4 |
HOW DO LOCAL IPAs DIFFER FROM DESIGNATED SITES SUCH AS SACs or NHAs?
Designated sites such as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) or Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) are most often chosen to protect those species or habitats that are listed on the EU Habitats Directive or the Wildlife Order and are extremely threatened at European or national levels. Defining local IPAs is not intended to conflict with this network, or to suggest extra sites for designation, but rather to provide an extra level of information for use primarily at the local authority level. They are not designated areas and simply provide information that local authorities can readily access if they wish to protect the plant richness within their jurisdiction.
There will be some overlap between local IPAs and designated sites and this is essential if the IPA sites are to be of value as a standalone information layer for use at the local level. The primary difference between local IPAs and a national designated site network is that a designated network is not intended to indicate local plant hotspots or areas that contain locally rare, scare or declining species. It will also not assist local authorities in protecting important sites within the range of natural habitats that occur within their jurisdiction, should they wish to do so. Providing easy access on the location of local IPAs and the data on which their selection was based will, at the least, make it clear to local authorities within which areas full environmental impact assessments are necessary. | <urn:uuid:80c79953-d19b-46a2-9a46-19d0a6c33048> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://floraofcountywaterford.biodiversityireland.ie/index.php?page_id=26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105334.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819085604-20170819105604-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.941716 | 298 | 2.890625 | 3 |
September 3, 2006
A poet once described the Taj Mahal as "A teardrop of love, frozen in marble on the cheek of Eternity." The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, in memory of his beloved wife Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal (Ornament of the Palace), after her death in 1631 when she was only 39 years old. The Taj Mahal is recognized the world over for its aesthetic perfection and is considered a monument to eternal love.
Situated near the banks of the River Yamuna, in Agra, this white marble mausoleum is set like a jewel amidst the serene ambience of a formal garden. The Taj Mahal is a complex of buildings, with green lawns and waterways leading to a raised platform on which the tomb rests. The refined elegance of the artistic pietra dura work of inlaid designs on the marble walls of the Taj Mahal, the large onion-shaped dome and its surrounding symmetrical minarets represents the pinnacle of Islamic architecture in India.
Couples from all over the world come to have their pictures taken before this romantic building. Viewing the Taj Mahal on a moonlit night is believed to be one of the most beautiful sights in the world. Share the experience of falling in love…with the Taj Mahal.
The tomb took over twenty years to construct and required a workforce of over twenty thousand men. The architectural design is symbolic of the Muslim idea of paradise. The Taj Mahal combines both Persian and India design elements and the fineness of the carved marble lattices is evidence of the skill of the craftsmen who built this beautiful monument. The bodies of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal rest in the underground tomb in the basement of the Taj Mahal, which is open to visitors. The structures seen on the ground floor are stylized tombs representing the actual tombs below.
The Taj Mahal's white marble surfaces reflect the colours of the sky and the river Yamuna, thus appearing different during different times of the day and with the changing seasons of the year. Its ethereal beauty and symmetry of proportion make the Taj Mahal one of the grand monuments of the world and a sight not to be missed when a visitor travels to India. | <urn:uuid:5ad841b2-40e2-4df2-b06e-27dbb9d0bdbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.pbase.com/uese/taj_mahal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174159.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00251-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941087 | 481 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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Engineering technicians play a role in almost every part of our daily lives. We can thank engineering technicians (along with engineers, scientists, and other workers) for safer cars and planes, drugs that work effectively when we are sick, well-constructed buildings and highways, clean water and air, and the computer games we play for hours, among many other things that we take for granted.
Some of the major technician specialties include electrical and electronics engineering, civil engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering. The following paragraphs provide more information on these and other engineering technician specialties:
Aeronautical and aerospace engineering technicians design, construct, test, operate, and maintain the basic structures of aircraft and spacecraft, as well as propulsion and control systems. They work with scientists and aeronautical and aerospace engineers. These engineers often have training in electrical and electronics engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering, among other specialties. Many aeronautical and aerospace engineering technicians assist engineers in preparing equipment drawings, diagrams, blueprints, computer-aided designs, and scale models. They collect information, make computations, and perform laboratory tests.
Biomedical engineering technicians use engineering and life science principles to help biomedical engineers and scientists research biological aspects of animal and human life. They help design and construct health care instruments and devices and apply engineering principles to the study of human systems.
Chemical engineering technicians assist chemists and chemical engineers in the research, development, testing, and manufacturing of chemicals and chemical-based products.
Civil engineering technicians help civil engineers design, plan, and build public and private works to meet the community's needs. Civil engineers and technicians work together for the community, providing better, faster transportation; designing and developing highways, airports, and railroads; improving the environment; and constructing buildings, bridges, and space platforms. These engineering professionals work in one of the seven main civil engineering areas: structural, geotechnical, environmental, water resources, transportation, construction, and urban and community planning. The work is closely related, so a technician might work in one, or many, of these areas. A variety of subspecialties are available, including structural engineering technicians, geotechnical engineering technicians, materials technicians, urban and community planning technicians, research engineering technicians, sales engineering, transportation technicians, highway technicians, rail and waterway technicians, and construction engineering technicians.
Electrical and electronics engineering technicians work individually or with engineers to help design, produce, improve, maintain, test, and repair a wide range of electronic equipment. Equipment varies from consumer goods like televisions, computers, and home entertainment components, to industrial, military, and medical systems, such as radar and laser equipment. Electronic devices play a part in practically every business and even many leisure activities found around the globe. Such diverse activities as NASA space missions, sophisticated medical testing procedures, and car and airplane travel would be impossible without the use of electronic equipment. The products made by the electronics industry can be divided into four basic categories: government products (which include missile and space guidance systems, communications systems, medical technology, and traffic control devices), industrial products (which include large-scale computers, radio and television broadcasting equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic office equipment), consumer products (which includes televisions, DVD and MP3 players, and radios), and components (which comprises the smaller pieces that make up all electronics, such as capacitors, switches, transistors, relays, and amplifiers). Subspecialties in this career field include electronics development technicians, electronics drafters, cost-estimating technicians, electronics manufacturing and production technicians, and electronics service and maintenance technicians.
Electromechanical engineering technicians help electromechanical engineers with such activities as instrumentation, computer-based process control, and machine design.
Environmental engineering technicians help environmental engineers and scientists design, build, and maintain systems to control waste streams produced by municipalities or private industry. Environmental engineering technicians typically focus on one of three areas: air, land, or water.
Industrial engineering technicians assist industrial engineers in their duties: They collect and analyze data and make recommendations for the efficient use of personnel, materials, and machines to produce goods or to provide services. They may study the time, movements, and methods a worker uses to accomplish daily tasks in production, maintenance, or clerical areas. The kind of work done by industrial engineering technicians varies, depending on the size and type of company for which they work. A variety of subspecialties are available, including methods engineering technicians, materials handling technicians, plant layout technicians, work measurement technicians, time-study technicians, production-control technicians, and inventory control technicians.
Materials engineering technicians work in support of materials engineers and scientists. These jobs involve the production, quality control, and experimental study of metals, ceramics, glass, plastics, semiconductors, and composites (combinations of these materials). Metallurgical technicians may conduct tests on the properties of the aforementioned materials, develop and modify test procedures and equipment, analyze data, and prepare reports.
Mechanical engineering technicians work under the direction of mechanical engineers to design, build, maintain, and modify many kinds of machines, mechanical devices, and tools. They work in a wide range of industries and in a variety of specific jobs within every industry. Technicians may specialize in any one of many areas, including biomedical equipment, measurement and control, products manufacturing, solar energy, turbo machinery, energy resource technology, and engineering materials and technology.
Nanotechnology engineering technicians use scanning electron microscopes, spectrometers, analytical and scientific software, and other tools to produce, test, or modify materials, systems, or devices of macromolecular or molecular composition.
Petroleum engineering technicians help petroleum engineers and scientists improve petroleum drilling technology, maximize field production, and provide technical assistance.
Robotics engineering technicians assist robotics engineers in a wide variety of tasks relating to the design, development, production, testing, operation, repair, and maintenance of robots and robotic devices. One well-known use of robotics technology at NASA are the Mars Rovers, one of which continues to explore the surface of Mars per the instructions of robotics engineers and technicians back on earth.
Engineering technicians work in a variety of conditions depending on their field of specialization. Technicians who specialize in design may find that they spend most of their time at the drafting board or computer. Those who specialize in manufacturing may spend some time at a desk but also spend considerable time in manufacturing areas or shops.
Conditions also vary according to industry. Some industries require technicians to work in foundries, die-casting rooms, machine shops, assembly areas, or punch-press areas. Most of these areas, however, are well lighted, heated, and ventilated. Moreover, most industries employing engineering technicians have strong safety programs. | <urn:uuid:cdd4f469-f1fe-45e5-9fbb-79b543df472b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.vault.com/industries-professions/professions/e/engineering-technicians.aspx?id=job | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93452 | 1,425 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Protein plays key role in transmitting deadly malaria parasite
The protein MAEBL is critical for completing the life cycle of malaria parasites in mosquitoes, allowing the insects to transmit the potentially deadly infection to humans, a University of South Florida study has shown. The research may ultimately help provide a way to better control malaria by blocking development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito.
Researchers with the USF Global Health Infectious Diseases Research team found that the transmembrane protein MAEBL is required for the infective stage of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to invade the mosquito’s salivary glands. Their findings were published May 28 in the online journal PLoS ONE.
“The mosquito is the messenger of death,” said the study’s principal investigator John Adams, PhD, professor of global health at the USF College of Public Health. “If we could eliminate the parasite from the mosquito, people wouldn’t become infected.”
Plasmodium falciparum causes three-quarters of all malaria cases in Africa, and 95 percent of malaria deaths worldwide. It is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito, which injects the worm-like, one-celled malaria parasites from its salivary glands into the person’s bloodstream.
The study was done by genetically modifying the malaria parasites and feeding them in a blood meal to uninfected mosquitoes. Parasites in which MAEBL was deleted were not harbored in the salivary glands of mosquitoes, even though an earlier form of these parasites was observed in the gut of the mosquitoes. The researchers concluded that the transmembrane form of MAEBL is essential for the parasite to enter the mosquito’s salivary glands.
While more studies are needed, lead author Fabian Saenz, PhD, said the finding suggests that silencing the receptor for MAEBL in the mosquito salivary gland might block passage of the parasite through the mosquito, thereby preventing human infection through mosquito bites.
“Our study shows that MAEBL is a weak link in the parasite’s biology,” Dr. Adams said. “This could provide a potential way to block transmission in the mosquito, before the parasite ever has a chance to infect a new person. It is better to prevent the malaria infection from occurring in the first place than having to kill the parasite already inside humans with vaccines or drugs.”
Source: University of South Florida Health | <urn:uuid:410db690-6660-48d4-9ed7-2d1d08556df1> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://phys.org/news/2008-05-protein-key-role-transmitting-deadly.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300934.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118152809-20220118182809-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.932185 | 519 | 3.359375 | 3 |
53. A Yellow Leaf
The potted plant is on the windowsill. She looks at the plant. It has a yellow leaf. She pulls off the yellow leaf. She throws it in the trash. She takes the plant to the kitchen sink. She turns on the faucet. She waters the plant. She puts the plant back on the windowsill.
Copyright © 2015. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c8027a6e-03ea-4c08-841d-3ea20bf1f29f> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.rong-chang.com/nnse/snse/snse053.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929003.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00031-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925121 | 83 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Battle of Koziowa
Russian Army, 300,000
Austro-German Army, 350,000
General von Linsingen
The Second Austrian Army, under General von Linsingen, after traversing three of the Carpathian passes leading into Galicia, fell into a trap on the other side. The Austrians had to descend the bare slopes of the Lysa Gova Mountain, through two defiles, in front of the Ridge of Koziowa, upon which General Ivanoff had posted his army. As they entered these defiles, the Austrian columns were swept by an enfilading fire, which took a dreadful toll of death.
In mass formation and at the point of the bayonet, the Austrians, on February 6, 1915 and February 7, 1915, attempted to storm the ridge. Twenty-two furious bayonet charges were repulsed in a single day, the Austrians falling like leaves in autumn.
Only two ways of escape remained open to the Austrians; one by retreating over the passes; the other, by advancing through those two narrow defiles leading into the plains below. So long as the Russians held the Ridge of Koziowa, it would have been slaughter to attempt to crowd a huge army through these narrow defiles. For an entire month this terrible battle raged, but the Austrians failed to drive the Russians from the ridge.
Meanwhile, due to the failure of this Austrian army to break through and come to its assistance, the great fortress of Lemberg had fallen. But the Austrians held most of the Carpathian passes. | <urn:uuid:7365d78f-11a6-4c9a-9be9-02f9734ca569> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://worldhistoryproject.org/1915/2/6/battle-of-koziowa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036176.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625220543-20220626010543-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.970495 | 330 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Art Nouveau on Paper
The Frick Art Museum presents, PAN—Fin de Siècle Prints: Art Nouveau on Paper, 80 sheets originally published as part of the Berlin-based periodical PAN, which reflect the avant-garde spirit of Europe at the end of the 19th century. Produced between 1895 and 1900, PAN is a milestone in graphic arts publishing and has been called the first “20th-century arts magazine.” The exhibition remains on view through September 11, 2011.
Most of the prints included in PAN—Fin de Siècle Prints: Art Nouveau on Paper date between 1895 and 1900 and represent an international group of artists working in wood engraving, lithography, and etching with works that encompass not only Art Nouveau, but Expressionism, Symbolism, Post-Impressionism, Japonisme and other trends in international art. Depicting scenes from the Champs-Elysées to a Kellergarten (cellar garden) in Germany, the prints from PAN provide a rich, instructive, and fascinating look into the end of the 19th century—into a world where fashionable, independent women frequent stylish shops, yet urban families struggle with poverty, a world where the bucolic countryside is often in jarring contrast to the industrial city, yet the sun sets over the coast in gorgeous Post-Impressionist pools of color. The artists and writers featured in PAN both assimilate and escape the past, and capture the vibrancy of the moment.
[Aubrey Beardsley (British, 1872–1898), Isolde, n.d. Line etching
and printed color. Courtesy of Landau Traveling Exhibitions.]
PAN was named after the earthy Greek god of flocks and pastures associated with fertility (creativity) and springtime, who also gives his name to the Greek word for all. The inclusiveness implied by the choice of the word PAN exemplifies the international scope of the publication and its attempt to encompass both established and emerging artists, and diverse modes of expression. As a publication arising out of the Art Nouveau movement, PAN sought to capture the energy and spirit of the international arts scene. This international ethos was not exclusive to PAN, but part of a larger spectrum of world events that included the creation of the Venice Biennale, and one year later the revival of the Olympic Games.
[Henry van de Velde (Belgian 1863-1957), Plakat (Tropon)/Poster (Tropon)
color lithograph, 1898. Courtesy of Landau Traveling Exhibitions.]
Founders Otto Julius Bierbaum (1865–1910) and Julius Meier-Graefe (1867–1935) were ambitious and not yet thirty when they founded PAN with the support and financial investment of a larger group of intellectuals, art historians, and cultural commentators. Bierbaum, the more literary of the two, went on to be a successful poet and novelist. Meier-Graefe, the magazine’s first art director, became one of the most influential critics and art historians of the first half of the 20th century. The illustrious group of international artists who contributed to PAN trace a distinct path out of the 19th century and into the 20th. In addition to German artists, PAN published artists from France, England, Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland, Holland, and the United States. Some artists were established international names, like French Post-Impressionist Henri de Toulouse Lautrec (1864–1901), English Art Nouveau illustrator Aubrey Beardsley(1872–1898), German Symbolist Max Klinger (1857–1920), German Impressionist Max Liebermann (1847–1935), French sculptor Auguste Rodin (1840–1917), and French Neo-Impressionist Paul Signac (1863–1935), while others were young advocates of Art Nouveau and Expressionism, like Otto Eckmann (1865–1902), Peter Behrens (1868–1940), Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945), and Henry Van de Velde (1863–1957). Typically, 1,100 copies were produced of the deluxe, high-end publication.
[Peter Behrens (German, 1868–1940), Ohne Titel (Der Kuss)/Untitled (The Kiss)
c. 1898. Six-color woodcut. Courtesy of Landau Traveling Exhibitions.]
The Art Nouveau movement that spread throughout Europe at the end of the century was associated with young artists breaking free of 19th-century conventions and attempting to incorporate ideas of design and style into both the visual and applied arts. In Germany the movement was known as Jugendstil (literally, young style), and many of its practitioners, like Peter Behrens whose famous image The Kiss was published in Pan, went on to have influential careers that are clearly more associated with the 20th century than the 19th. In 1899, when Behrens designed and built his own home, the experience proved so transformative that he ended up abandoning painting and illustration for a career in architecture and design, in which his impact was felt for most of the 20th century through students and followers like Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier.
[Comte Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (French 1864-1901),
Mademoiselle Marcelle Lender en Buste/Bust of Miss Marcelle Lender,
8-color lithograph, 1895. Courtesy of Landau Traveling Exhibitions.]
Early in PAN’s history, internationalism came into conflict with nationalism when Meier-Graefe was dismissed as art director following concerns that the publication was too influenced by French art. The print that spurred his dismissal was Toulouse-Lautrec’s Mademoiselle Marcelle Lender, En Buste, published September 1895, in Pan’s third issue. However, at the time it was perceived by some members of Pan’s editorial board as being the ultimate in French frivolity and decadence. Publication of the print was seen as a con or farce propagated on the German audience. History has since sided with Meier-Graefe, and the Toulouse-Lautrec lithograph is known as one of the most important images to have appeared in PAN.
Even without Meier-Graefe, French influence continued to appear in PAN, as exemplified by Henri Edmond Cross’ In den Champs Elysées, which was published in Vol. IV, no. 1 of PAN in 1898. A rare example of pointillist technique used in lithography, it is one of the finest prints Cross made. Like his friend Paul Signac, Cross adopted a blocky pointillist style in the 1890s that was influential into the 20th century.
[Otto Eckmann (German, 1865–1902), Nachtreier/Night Herons
c. 1895. Color lithograph. Courtesy of Landau Traveling Exhibitions.]
A now lesser known artist who appears with frequency in Pan is Otto Eckmann (1865–1902). Eckmann trained as a painter and worked in the Symbolist style, but soon became a leader in the Jugendstil movement. He is known for his ornamental floral designs, logos, and for creating two typefaces that are still in use Eckmann and Fette Eckmann—both fonts indebted to Japanese calligraphic style. His interest in Japanese art and his admiration of Japanese woodblock prints is obvious in the work he produced for PAN—which combine carefully delineated studies of nature with a masterful use of color and design to create images of great drama and simplicity. The exhibition contains several works by Eckmann, including Nachtreiher (Night Herons), a woodblock print, with a startling vivid orange background. Using just two colors Eckmann creates a world of atmosphere—the realistically rendered herons wade in water stained orange by the setting or rising sun, ripples in the water and foliage at the edge of the sheet ground this in a real setting, but the birds are simply breathtakingly decorative—clearly created by a master at integrating design and subject.
In total, 59 artists are represented in this survey of some of the works included in PAN. A glimpse into the contents of this important periodical is not simply a view into the spirit, style and spectacle of the 1890s, but is a vivid reminder of what art can accomplish in enriching our lives and expanding our view of the world. Visit the Frick online at TheFrickPittsburgh.org.
[Top Image: Franz von Stuck (German 1863-1928), Pan cover illustration, woodcut, 1895, Courtesy of Landau Traveling Exhibitions.] | <urn:uuid:19fbf9e2-2b62-49ad-b59b-4ab10705e5db> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.victorianamagazine.com/archives/11210 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00085-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944537 | 1,867 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.
How can I send data to the arduino from the computer? How can I send multiple values from Processing to Arduino via Serial library? 1. Arduino Mega and sending.
Arduino: Sending and Receiving MultiDigit much more control over receiving multiple digit integers like 99 100); Send 100 to the arduino.
jeroendoggen Code. send multiple sensor measurements in one burst a GUI written in the Processing language to show a incoming data.
bakercp PacketSerial. Code. of structured data between the Arduino and a receiver. One way to send a packet of data without this To send the values 255.
This example makes use of one of Arduino and Genuino Mega's 3 and ASCIIencode the values VirtualColorMixer Send multiple variables from Arduino to your.
Arduino Kit Comparison; Arduino Tutorials. using an Arduino Mega board. Send multiple variables from Arduino to your computer and read them in Processing or.
Arduino Mega 2560 with w5100 Multiple function for processing actuator This sketch allows you to send values of multiple DS18B20 sensors.
These examples include code that allows the Arduino to talk to Processing sketches running on read the EEPROM and send its values to the Arduino Tutorials
text file values to the Arduino is stored in a text file and send it to arduino uno the processing code. Using an Arduino Uno or Mega.
Serial communication with Arduino and Processing: and you are also able to send strings to the Arduino. Serial communication with Arduino and.
Arduino, C# , and Serial Interface. I have done this project with an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller board, We are going to send dummy values anyways.
Video embeddedTutorial 6 for Arduino: is it possible to send from Arduino to Matlab Is there a simple way of using processing to set a range of values then if the.
Serial Call and Response (handshaking) ports available on the Arduino and Genuino Mega. Send multiple variables from Arduino to your computer and.
My staircase has claimed a broken toe some time ago. Fortunately, it wasn’t my toe, but I feel for the poor fella. The toe is OK now, but it got me thinking, is there anything I could do to reduce the risk of dealing with another victim? Plus if I could do this on the cheap, that would be super!
Neopixels or WS2812 what the real name is are amazing LEDS nothing is impossible, and i will proof that this year on this platform for YOU.
Connecting to the internet has not been easier, With the advent of the new IOT ( Internet of things) module ESP8266 its a breeze to connect your microcontroller and Arduino projects to the internet.
Yes, you read the title correct. Have you ever forgot your birthday, that you need someone else to remind you about it ? Or what if you can gift to someone you love, a device that\'ll wish them on their birthday for 50 times ?
Android is a great platform to start building your apps, but its not the simplest to start with. For that reason we at hobbyist have built a kit which will take you through the process of building an App step by step.
First of all, you need a suitable IoT gateway with a couple of free GB hard disk space (libraries can be heavy sometimes). Follow the Getting Started section of Create to get your Gateway up and running (choose Ubuntu distribution, for example).
Gardening in the modern age means making things more complicated and arduous, with electrons, bits, and bytes. Combining microcontrollers and gardening is a really popular idea. I think that’s because gardens have very simple inputs and outputs that are easy to wrap your head around.
Processing Forum Recent Topics. All Forums.
Arduino Serial Communication. parameters and information in to Arduino. This means that say you can send a software like Processing could be used to send.
Hallo everyone, for a project of mine i have to control multiple motors with an ArduinoArduino Mega (no Servo Motors, standard DC.
using an Arduino Mega board. These examples include code that allows the Arduino to talk to Processing send multiple variables from Arduino to your.
Video Sign up for a free Arduino Short Course for Absolute Beginners These viewer question videos address.
Video embeddedThe objective of this project was to use and Arduino to read a sensor and send the values to multiple sensors to the arduino Instructables will help.
These days almost everybody is connected to the internet on their phones, The thing people like doing most is staying in touch with friends on Instant Messengers like Whatsapp, Facebook, Hangouts, Telegram.
Arduino boards are great for experimentation. You just plug the wires in, and the connections stay there with spring force. On the other hand, they also pull out quite easily, so I developed an Arduino Uno enclosure that when the lid is tightened, it also tightens down the wires going into the board, locking them down and providing a good amount of strain relief. | <urn:uuid:d3daf5bd-9e20-4f55-8ca4-8c866358b53d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://processing.swdoubletip.life/buy/26-Send-multiple-values-from-processing-to-arduino-mega.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947654.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425001823-20180425021823-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.896069 | 1,172 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Who was George Creed?
George Creed was the postmaster in the small community of South Rawdon in central Nova Scotia. His father, also George Creed, was Clerk of Works with the Royal Engineers in Halifax, and had retired to the Rawdon area in the early 1860s.
What were some of the effects of the Creel Committee?
The Creel Commission bombarded foreign media outlets with news, official statements, and features on American life and the war effort. Several hundred volunteer translators helped the CPI with this task. 1,439 drawings were prepared by CPI volunteers for the production of posters, window cards and and signboards.
What did the Creel Committee do?
The Committee on Public Information (1917–1919), also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States under the Wilson administration created to influence public opinion to support the US in World War I, in particular, the US home front.
What was the Committee on Public Information’s main function?
The Committee on Public Information was established during World War I to turn every channel of communication and education to promote the war effort. The Committee marshaled agencies of the press, education, and advertising, among others into wartime service for the Committee.
What was the general spirit of the soldiers as the war began?
What was the general spirit of the soldiers as the war began? They were optimistic, happy, and eager to serve. They couldn’t predict the horriable things they were entering into, they were just eager to serve their country.
Why did conscientious objectors oppose the war?
unionists sought exemptions from combat duty and opposed the war because they saw it as supporting wealthy businessmen and the capitalist system. A small number of anarchists rejected the right of the state to compel them to fight in a conflict they opposed.
What did the United States use to win public support for the war?
The correct answer is Propaganda. The United States used propaganda to win public support for the war. Also known as the Creel Committee, the agency had the purpose of convincing American citizens that the participation on WWI was a good decision. The CPI used propaganda to influence public opinion.
What actions did the government take to increase the number of soldiers fighting for the United States?
The Liberty Loan Act allowed the federal government to sell liberty bonds to the American public, extolling citizens to “do their part” to help the war effort and bring the troops home. The government ultimately raised $23 billion through liberty bonds.
How did the government finance the war?
The Union relied on patriotism to gain popular support for new taxes on manufactured goods, income, and other goods. The Legal Tender Act of 1862 allowed the Union to print paper money to finance the war. Government bonds also were sold directly to citizens for the first time.
Why do governments need to finance the war?
Financing a war requires the government to seek for additional revenue sources because government expenditures increase significantly during war or when a war is about to break out.
What are 3 ways the government was aided in paying for the war?
Liberty loans, war bonds, and taxes.
Does war create money?
War makes a lot of money. It supports millions of jobs in America and is by far the biggest segment in our government.
How is war profitable?
It can be very profitable for companies that get a contract to supply weapons & ammunition, military equipment, uniforms and food and then deliver shoddy goods. This goes back a long way. To countries that sell weaponry, war is profitable. To those who anticipate significant advantage after the war, war is profitable.
How do countries pay for war?
What are the options for financing a war? There’s realistically only four: money printing, taxation, selling government debt to the public and acting as a debtor to other nations. | <urn:uuid:5c7f9d16-edae-4094-a89b-965de7c9adae> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://janetpanic.com/who-was-george-creed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.967884 | 805 | 3.65625 | 4 |
|Chendev, Yury -|
|Hall, Richard -|
|Petin, Alexandr -|
|Novykh, Larisa -|
|Zazdravnykh, Evgeny -|
|Cheverdin, Yury -|
|Tishchenko, Valerian -|
|Filatov, Konstantin -|
Submitted to: Regional Environmental Issues
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 10, 2013
Publication Date: October 23, 2013
Citation: Chendev, Y.G., Sauer, T.J., Hall, R.B., Petin, A.N., Novykh, L.L., Zazdravnykh, E.A., Cheverdin, Y.I., Tishchenko, V.V., Filatov, K.I. 2013. Stock assessment and balance of organic carbon in the Eastern European steppe ecosystems tree windbreaks. Regional Environmental Issues. 4:7-14. Interpretive Summary: Human concern regarding climate change is not new. In the semi-arid grasslands of Russia there has been interest for some 300 years in finding ways to make the climate better for agriculture. Serious droughts and famine were frequent so research was conducted to identify practices to reduce the effects of drought. One practice that was implemented was the planting of rows of trees across the crop fields. The trees improved the growth of nearby crops by partially blocking the hot and dry winds and by trapping snow in winter that melted and could be used by the crops. In this study, soils and trees were studied in three tree windbreaks with a range of rainfall and temperature. The goals were to determine if the tree plantings increased the storage of soil carbon and to quantify the amount of carbon stored in the trees themselves. The results indicate that the presence of trees did increase the amount of soil carbon when compared to the adjacent crop fields, which were cultivated continuously since the trees were planted. Tree biomass was estimated and added to the amount of carbon estimated to have been removed from the atmosphere. This study is important to other scientists and policymakers interested in effective climate change mitigation practices.
Technical Abstract: Reserves and balance of organic carbon in ecosystems of windbreaks planted in the mid-1950s within the Forest-Steppe of Central Eastern Europe were determined from field sampling. Windbreaks were represented by 5-6-row plantings of Populus nigra and Betula pendula ("Streletskaya Steppe"), Acer negundo ("Yamskaya Steppe"), and Quercus robur and Populus basamifera ("Kamennaya Steppe"). Active carbon sequestration by woody vegetation and soil organic matter in the study windbreaks was revealed. At the three studied key areas, total reserves of the newly formed carbon in soil humus and forest phytomass were calculated to be from 128 to 159 t / ha. The average annual growth of carbon reserves accumulated by the vegetation and soils were : 2.7, 2.3, and 2.8 t / ha in "Streletskaya Steppe", "Yamskaya Steppe", and "Kamennaya Steppe", respectively. Based on this amount, the average annual increase in carbon stocks of the windbreaks’s chernozems organic matter was estimated to be 1.4, 1.5, and 0.8 t / ha in "Streletskaya Steppe", "Yamskaya Steppe", and "Kamennaya Steppe", respectively. Agroforestry in the forest steppe, along with other advantages, should be recognized as an important practice capable of reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. | <urn:uuid:999e2576-1e6d-47b6-b70d-6f75ff8a0956> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=293503 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930256.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00157-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952136 | 772 | 3.03125 | 3 |
An old Brick Factory lays in ruins on the Hudson river, awaiting an unknown future.
The Hutton Brick Co. was founded in 1865 and operated until at least 1979. this large operation featured a small narrow-gauge railway which hauled carloads of clay from an open strip-mine site west of the factory, across the now closed Steep Rocks Road just east of the factory buildings. This track crossed the old NYC Hudson Cement branch at a diamond crossing.
The property today is completely abandoned. Steep Rocks Road is fenced off from vehicular access, though your free to walk through an opening and up the road into the old factory area off to the right. (to the left is where the mine was located - it has basically returned to nature).
Most of the buildings here have been gutted of equipment. Anything metal was looted long ago by scrappers. Curiously, a building towards the river was re-purposed as a restaurant, which later failed. Here is where local kids have set up skateboard and dirtbike ramps. Several were building a new obstacle coarse as we wandered through - not bothered at all by our presence.
Further back were the drying sheds, and large (brick, of course) ovens were the clay was heated and molded. Several of the old narrow gauge tracks are still embedded in the concrete here. these are some of the only traces of the railway here. There doesn't seem to be any record online as to what happened to the 2 old locomotives and the clay hauling cars, though I did find this photo of what looks like one outside an abandoned restaurant in Oneonta. (This restaurant is currently listed as for sale).
the future of this old historic site is very much in question today. Apparently it has been marked for redevelopment:
To the south, another 300+ unit development known as Sailor's Cove threatens the Hutton Company Brick works, one of only two intact brick yards along the Hudson River. In response, Scenic Hudson, local citizens and New York Times editorials have questioned the rationale for building so many units on such relatively small sites along the river, raising the larger question of "whose riverfront is it?" - only those who can afford the new condos or the community at large?
I of course think it'd be more of a benefit to the community at large to turn a location like this into a museum of Hudson Valley industry. That of course would take a huge amount of time and effort. Apparently in the early 1990s there was a plan to do just this, though clearly it never happened. Despite this, Kingston is surprisingly a town that is able to muster some good volunteer activity. The CMRR is rebuilding what would today be considered a 'rail line to nowhere' - from Kingston westword into the mountains. The Trolley Museum of New York still operates a short trolley ride (and has some ex NYCTA cars on the property to boot). Restaurants have moved into many of the old buildings at the 'Roundout' area. | <urn:uuid:590120cf-6a14-42da-8dd6-e90323499c92> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://ltvsquad.com/2012/07/17/hutton-brick-co/?ref=footerrand | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892059.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123171440-20180123191440-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.981374 | 621 | 2.53125 | 3 |
About Safety Planning
Safety planning is a process that is done alone with a survivor, and it is based on her/his individual needs, circumstances and choices. It is informed by an understanding of the survivor's strengths, meaning what she/he has done in the past to survive, as well as a current assessment of risk and of how protective factors can be supported. In order to intervene effectively with a survivor experiencing domestic violence, it is necessary to explore a range of options and resources.
Safety planning always involves the following:
- Information and referral to local domestic violence resource(s).
- Information about legal rights.
- Detailed plan in case of a dangerous situation, including: identification of safe friends, safe places, and essential items to take should one need to leave home.
- Support and encouragement.
- Building on what a survivor is already doing to survive
There are many examples of safety plans available on the Web. Find one that fits your organizational context and client group to print and have handy. For instance:
- American Bar Association
- Aardvarc - An Abuse, Rape and Domestic Violence Aid and Resource Collection
- National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence
- Jane Doe Inc. - The Massachusetts Coalition Against Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence
Safety planning is an ongoing process, which is important regardless of the decisions that the survivor is making about the relationship. Safety planning should occur whether a survivor is deciding to stay in an abusive relationship, preparing to leave the relationship, already out of the relationship, or deciding to return to the abusive relationship. | <urn:uuid:a25d7367-2143-47ee-9103-e7ee9bdd9c33> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | https://www.simmons.edu/ssw/academics/professional/online/domestic-violence-training/units/06/safety-planning.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223211700.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032011-00292-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899016 | 319 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Telnet is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers.
Through Telnet, an administrator or another user can access someone else’s computer remotely.
First, go to Windows Icon and find Control Panel.
After click Programs.
After, check Telnet Client and click OK.
You have successfully enabled telnet in windows. | <urn:uuid:1908fa50-d12e-4bf7-a79f-d459ffcf0295> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://vpsie.com/knowledge-base/how-to-enable-telnet-on-a-windows-computer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057329.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922041825-20210922071825-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.808156 | 76 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Quick facts about Crum PreK-8 School:
- Grades served: Prekindergarten – eighth grade
- Average enrollment: 690 students
- Facility description: A newly-constructed building, first open to students in the Fall of 2017, comprising classrooms, an auditorium, gymnasium and cafeteria. This facility was constructed to replace the original Crum Elementary School and Crum Middle School buildings, both of which had been standing since 1938 and were in poor condition.
- Nutrition: A nutritious breakfast and lunch are served daily.
- Percentage of students who qualify for the Federal Free/Reduced-Price Meal program: 100%
- Transportation: Many of the students are bused in from remote areas, having to rise before dawn and sometimes travel up to a mile to get to the nearest bus stop. In winter, icy conditions tend to render the winding mountain roads impassable.
- Special education: Special courses are offered for students with reading difficulties, and a special education department provides special care for students with mental disabilities.
- Medical care: A part-time registered nurse treats students as the need arises.
- Activities: The school offers a variety of student activities, clubs and interscholastic sports.
Wayne County lies nestled amid the vast natural beauty of the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia. At one time, Crum was a bustling community with a vibrant economy, bolstered by the now-struggling coal mining industry. In recent years, mining companies have been forced to lay off workers or shut down altogether, and unemployment in this region has risen dramatically. Like many small towns in this rural part of West Virginia, Crum is quite remote, affording very few job opportunities and necessitating long commutes to even a decent grocery store. Residents who choose to stay here — where their families have lived for generations — often live well below the poverty line and face unspeakable struggles.
Crum’s residents are hearty and resilient, and Crum PreK-8 School serves as a testament to their fortitude. Constructed to combine and replace our long-standing affiliated Crum Elementary School and Crum Middle School, Crum PreK-8 School serves as a beacon of hope and a safe haven, one of the few places where area children can just be kids and escape the overwhelming stress of poverty. Here, students receive support, encouragement and warm, nutritious meals. They are also empowered with a well-rounded education — the key to breaking the cycle of poverty.
Quick Facts about wayne county:
- Population: 40,253 (2017)
- Median household income: $38,905 (2017)
- Percentage of persons living below the poverty line: 8% (2017)
- Unemployment rate: 6.0% (2018)
READ MORE STORIES FROM OUR PROJECTS IN west virginia: | <urn:uuid:67992030-210d-4c03-9992-87c745330b6b> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://childrenincorporated.org/crum-west-virginia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330233.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825130849-20190825152849-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.953281 | 592 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Papilledema is a disease entity that refers to the swelling of the optic disc due to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). This term should be distinguished from disc edema which specifies a broader category of optic disc swelling secondary to other etiologies. Also, it is worth noting that ICP may elevate in the absence of optic disc swelling. Papilledema is usually seen bilaterally but can be seen asymmetrically and rarely unilaterally. It can be an alarming sign for disease entities that cause elevated ICP such as brain tumors, cerebrospinal inflammation (infectious and non-infectious), and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).
The etiologies for papilledema are those that raise intracranial pressure. The Monro-Kellie hypothesis describes ICP as a function of its total volume of blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain parenchyma within the fixed cranial space. As the volume within the intracranial space goes up, a corresponding decrease in volume from another intracranial component must go down which can be seen with both clinical and radiologic manifestations such as a headache and decreased cerebral blood flow. Inadequate compensation for this can result in high ICP and can be seen in the following scenarios: space-occupying lesion such as tumor or hemorrhage, increase in CSF such as from obstructive hydrocephalus, increase in blood volume such as from venous sinus thrombosis, or by idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
The frequency in which papilledema varies depending on the particular study and setting in which it is documented. In the eye care professional's office, it most often results from idiopathic intracranial hypertension of which the annual incidence is estimated to be 0.9 per 100000 in the United State's general population. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is seen to be most prevalent in obese women of childbearing age with an incidence in obese women aged 20 to 44 found to be 13 per 100000. This disease has not been found to have a racial predilection and much less frequently affects men, children, and older persons.
The optic nerve, comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells, is sheathed in all three meningeal layers and is continuous with the subarachnoid space of the brain. Intracranial CSF is by this way contiguous with the CSF surrounding the optic nerve allowing elevated ICP to be transmitted directly to the optic nerve. The thinking is that this disrupts the normal pressure gradient across the intraocular and orbital optic nerve causing retrograde axoplasmic flow across the optic disc which results in disc edema and optic neuropathy. There are competing theories as to whether this is due to mechanical compression or ischemic insult to axons.
A thorough history documenting a patient's visual complaints and underlying etiology of elevated ICP is necessary. Patients may experience visual field loss and transient dim-outs. Elevated ICP may result in horizontal binocular diplopia from an abducens nerve palsy, and audible vascular bruits known as pulsatile tinnitus. A headache is common and may worsen with positions that place the dependent flow of volume to the intracranial space. Nausea and vomiting may also be present with acute rises in ICP. Medications such as steroids, retinoids, tetracyclines, oral contraceptives should be asked about as causes of ICP elevation. Weight gain and obesity should also undergo assessment as risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
A standard ophthalmic and neurologic exam should be performed with attention to detail of the optic disc. The lack of spontaneous venous pulsations at the disc is a sign of elevated ICP when it has exceeded the intraocular pressure. An exam may reveal an elevated optic disc, dilated veins, hemorrhages overlying the disc, hyperemia of the disc, and peripapillary retinal folds known as Paton lines. The disc margins become blurred, and a reproducible inter-observer grading scheme suggested by ophthalmologist Lars Friesen is widely utilized:
The evaluation of papilledema points towards identifying the underlying etiology however initial workup should at least include contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of brain and orbits as well as magnetic resonance venography to respectively search for mass or venous sinus thrombosis. If deemed safe after imaging to assess the risk of herniation, a lumbar puncture may be performed to document ICP by measuring opening pressure (in left lateral decubitus position: normal less than 25 cm H20). Cerebrospinal fluid studies to analyze protein, glucose, cell count and differential, and cultures are also diagnostic.
Formal perimetry should be performed to document and monitor for potential visual field loss. Fluorescein angiography and B-scan ultrasound can also be utilized to identify other causes for disc edema or conditions which may resemble papilledema.
The treatment for papilledema is aimed at addressing the cause of raised ICP. In cases of mass, surgical treatment may be indicated. Venous sinus thrombosis may prompt workup of precipitating factors and secondary prevention with anticoagulation. In patients with appropriate workup and documented high ICP where no structural or other localizing causes are present, the term idiopathic intracranial hypertension is applied, and the patient’s symptoms management is with acetazolamide and weight loss. Surgical measures such as optic nerve sheath fenestration are considered when vision is thought to be severely threatened. Ventriculoperitoneal and lumboperitoneal shunts are other surgical interventions that can reduce ICP by draining CSF. Venous sinus stenting is considered in patients with IIH where significant transverse venous sinus stenosis is observed.
Other causes of optic disc edema such as from intraocular inflammation, central retinal vein occlusion, compressive optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, diabetic papillopathy, and ischemic optic neuropathy should be distinguished.
Pseudopapilledema also presents with elevated optic nerve head appearance and blurred margins. It may be a result of congenital dysplasia, optic disc drusen, or tilted optic disc.
The prognosis for papilledema is related to the chronicity of the disease. Chronically high ICP can lead to permanent drop out of the nerve fiber layer which can result in progressive visual field loss and loss of central visual acuity.
Complications can arise from inadequately treated underlying ICP. This lack of treatment can result from failure to recognize elevated ICP or from surgical failure. Failure of optic nerve sheath fenestration can occur due to subsequent scarring, and CSF shunts may fail by way of malfunction, obstruction, or blockage. Surgery of any type, particularly surgery accessing the cerebrospinal space poses a risk for severe infection.
Disc edema is often identified in the clinic setting and can variably be a sign of life-threatening or vision-threatening conditions. The practitioner should not hesitate to expedite a patient's workup by admission to the hospital and aggressive treatment if the patient presents with poor central visual acuity, high-grade disc edema, and a greater frequency of transient visual obscurations. Additionally, patients with history concerning for underlying cancer or systemic symptoms should be admitted hospitalized for further workup.
As mentioned before, elevated ICP can also occur in the absence of disc edema. The only way to accurately gauge ICP is by direct measurement. Also, an optic nerve that has undergone atrophy and loss of axons will be less susceptible to becoming edematous with repeated bouts of ICP elevation.
The eye care professional should be familiar with the appearance and evaluation of the optic disc as well as in obtaining a pertinent history and physical. A timely workup is a priority, and the appropriate specialist referrals should be made. Optimization of patient care and safety occurs when communication between referring and co-managing healthcare providers is precise and efficient. For example, the ophthalmologist observing the need for surgical intervention for idiopathic intracranial hypertension should be in communication with neurosurgery regarding appropriate intervention. Patient autonomy is preserved when presented with risks, benefits, and alternatives provided by different disciplines such as in the case of optic nerve sheath fenestration versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
|||Rigi M,Almarzouqi SJ,Morgan ML,Lee AG, Papilledema: epidemiology, etiology, and clinical management. Eye and brain. 2015; [PubMed PMID: 28539794]|
|||Mokri B, The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion. Neurology. 2001 Jun 26; [PubMed PMID: 11425944]|
|||Chen J,Wall M, Epidemiology and risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. International ophthalmology clinics. 2014 Winter; [PubMed PMID: 24296367]|
|||Trobe JD, Papilledema: the vexing issues. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2011 Jun; [PubMed PMID: 21593630]|
|||Jacks AS,Miller NR, Spontaneous retinal venous pulsation: aetiology and significance. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2003 Jan; [PubMed PMID: 12486256]|
|||Frisén L, Swelling of the optic nerve head: a staging scheme. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1982 Jan; [PubMed PMID: 7062066]|
|||Sader N,de Lotbinière-Bassett M,Tso MK,Hamilton M, Management of Venous Sinus Thrombosis. Neurosurgery clinics of North America. 2018 Oct; [PubMed PMID: 30223971]|
|||Wall M,Falardeau J,Fletcher WA,Granadier RJ,Lam BL,Longmuir RA,Patel AD,Bruce BB,He H,McDermott MP, Risk factors for poor visual outcome in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2015 Sep 1; [PubMed PMID: 26245929]| | <urn:uuid:a001ff29-0122-4a01-9c10-5315ecf41911> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/26598/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021151342-20201021181342-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.89025 | 2,213 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Studio Art 360 – Paper Mache – Finish your FORMS in cardboard – PAINTING DEMO TOMORROW!
- 1.1P: Use multiple approaches to begin creative endeavors.
- What more do you need to do wrap up the form (literally) with the paper mache and begin PAINTING? BE AWARE OF THE TIME YOU ARE WORKING AND THE TIME YOU ARE TALKING!
How do you feel the adding of the paper mache and color is going to make the work stronger than it was when it was just cardboard?
AP Studio Art: 1 week Magazine Article Assignment, Plants and Flowers – BEGIN ON THE LARGER WORK – Where are you TODAY?
- Synthesize and relate knowledge and personal experiences to make art
- Knowing that you need to EXPERIMENT with a variety of materials and compositions… what are the variety of materials or experiments that you anticipate or plan on making? How is the COMPOSITION coming along? Open? Closed? Active? Busy? TOO BUSY?
What materials have you used today? How have you decided to arrange your composition? What are the elements you are looking at using / focusing on?
Jim Dine – Plants and Trees: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- AND THEN: Bring up an image from the Alan Cristea Gallery: http://www.alancristea.com/collection-41-109-Plants-Andamp%3B-Trees
Painting: Collage and Painting! Reflect on the CRIT and get back to painting.
- 2.1Ac: Through experimentation, practice, and persistence, demonstrate acquisition of skills and knowledge in a chosen art form.
- What were 3 things that you took away from yesterday’s critique? How will you apply that information as you move forward today? Why are you satisfied or frustrated with your work so far? MORE THAN A ONE WORD ANSWER – REFLECT!
How have you used persistence and grit to continue and work through the issues you are having? Explain in DETAIL!
REMEMBER! Create a ONE PAGE PAPER – DUE TOMORROW! (TYPED! double spaced, 11 or 12 point Times New Roman, Palatino – Serif-ed type font) that discusses the artists and their works. Use ideas about the work as to what drew you to the work, what styles did you like, what techniques do you appreciate? A small history of the artist and personal reflection. How will you use similar ideas in your work as they did in theirs? Here are the artists to research: Winslow Homer, Charles Demuth, Thomas Eakins, Edward Hopper, Dong Kingman, Reginald Marsh, Charles Sheeler, J.M.W. Turner, Thomas Moran, Georgia O’Keefe, James Whistler, or Andrew Wyeth. PAPER IS DUE ON Friday, September 19, 2014. | <urn:uuid:bae5602c-1a2d-44ad-8c29-8d85aa595468> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://artwithkorb.com/2014/09/18/progress-and-reflection-how-you-doin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946199.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423203935-20180423223935-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.904209 | 619 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Applications range from finance to medicine to supply chain management and even homeland security
Risk is everywhere. And as the world discovered during the most recent financial crisis, it can deliver a nasty bite.
But Andrzej Ruszczynski has figured out a way to pull some teeth from the jaws of risk. It can still chomp down, but the chances of losing a finger aren’t as high.
In fact, the professor of management science and information systems at Rutgers Business School-Newark and New Brunswick is considered by colleagues to be one of the top researchers in the world on the topic of risk optimization and risk-averse decision making. This summer, he was one of just a handful of scientists to be invited as a speaker at the 20th International Symposium on Mathematical Programming in Chicago.
The practical applications for employing Ruszczynski’s models on dealing with risk extend from the financial industry to medicine to supply chain management – even homeland security. His ideas already are being used with success by a hedge fund in Princeton.
“These are new ideas and the overarching concept is risk,” said Ruszczynski, who has been at Rutgers since 1997. “What you do to control risk, how you model risk and how do you optimize systems when risk matters for you.”
The 58-year-old professor has been working on theories to help better optimize risk for years, collaborating with his wife, Darinka Dentcheva, a professor of mathematical sciences at the Stevens Institute of Technology. Much of the previous thinking on risk and decision making, at least in economics, has focused on giving weights to good and bad outcomes, he said.
Gaining $1 million feels good, but losing $1 million doesn’t feel equally bad – it feels much worse, he said. The problem for economists was being able to know how much weight each outcome deserved in their equations. As it turns out, determining that has been nearly impossible.
Ruszczynski’s work on risk aversion approaches the problem differently, focused on the idea that someone’s tolerance to risk should be spread over the entire spectrum of possible outcomes, not just the average expected result. One of his theories involves the use of a random benchmark that is an acceptable outcome to anchor risk optimization.
An example of such a random benchmark, he said, is the Standard & Poor’s 500 index. So the idea is to invest in a way that performs statistically better than the S&P 500, meaning the chance of making 5 percent next year was higher than the index making 5 percent, but the chance of losing 5 percent was lower than the S&P 500’s chance of losing 5 percent.
“This is important to understand: it doesn’t eliminate risk,” he said. “It just says that the risk profile of your decision will be better than the risk profile of something that you consider reasonable.”
A related idea, one involving so-called measures of risk, is helping Preceptor Associates LLC, a hedge fund based in Princeton, make investing decisions. Michael Yang founded the fund three years ago, licensing Ruszczynski’s risk model from Rutgers and Princeton University and then adapting it to real market conditions.
When the financial crisis hit last year, the fund did better than many of its competitors, Ruszczynski said. While Yang said he could not disclose Preceptor’s returns for regulatory reasons, he did say it beat two industry benchmarks “by a significant margin.”
“By alleviating the downside risk, the model was able to construct a portfolio that could weather adverse scenarios where the market would drop suddenly,” Yang said.
Although the professor’s work is just one part of the fund, Yang noted it gave them an advantage over other strategies because it operates according to rules rather than human emotions, which are susceptible to bias.
Ruszczynski’s work also can be applied in medicine and he is collaborating with Michael Ferris, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, on ways to adapt risk aversion techniques to radiation therapy. The ultimate goal is to produce better treatment plans.
“From a mathematical point of view, these problems are similar,” said Ruszczynski, whose hobby is creating and solving chess problems. “The problem of finding a portfolio that dominates Standard & Poor’s is mathematically similar to the problem of designing radiation therapy that meets the requirement of the doctor.”
Ferris described Ruszczynski as “a leader in the field of stochastic optimization” and said “his work has had tremendous impact in that discipline.” As for their joint work on applying Ruszczynski’s tools to planning patient treatment, Ferris said, “I strongly believe it will have a significant impact in the near future, but that is still to be determined.”
While medicine and finance are two obvious fields where Ruszczynski’s work may have an impact, he said he thinks it also will become commonplace in supply chain management in the retail industry and elsewhere, such as the military. He said his work even has uses in helping protect against people trying to smuggle nuclear materials (or drugs) into the country by assessing the risk across various entry points.
But in the end, even his work can only go so far.
“This is about making the best decision in uncertain situations, situations where you don’t know the result of your decision,” he said. “You have to live with the risk.” | <urn:uuid:024a5137-807f-4f00-8e16-960b436c5590> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.rutgers.edu/news/professors-risk-model-helps-guide-decision-making-uncertain-times | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.964367 | 1,168 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sleep in early childhood
sleep; sleeping; dream; night; terrors; waking; separation; anxiety; settle; settling; bed; cot; dummy; dummies; blanket; sedatives; controlled; comforting; tired; tiredness; rituals;
Sleep for babies and children can be a concern for parents. They wonder whether they are doing the right thing if their child does not sleep all through the night.
It can help to know that night waking is normal in the early years. What matters most is that babies and children have the comforting they need, and bedtimes are calm and relaxed. If things aren’t working as well as you would like, the following information may help.
The content of this topic comes from a Parent Easy Guide prepared by Parenting SA
Parenting SA is a partnership between the Department for Education and Child Development and the Women’s and Children’s Health Network.
There are two main kinds of sleep – light sleep and deep sleep. Light sleep is when we dream and ‘go over’ the day’s events. It is the kind of sleep where we wake more easily. Deep sleep is when growing and healing takes place. It is much harder to wake from this kind of sleep.
Each night we all go through cycles from light sleep to deep sleep then light again.
Babies have short sleep cycles of about 30-50 minutes. Toddlers have cycles of about an hour, and these get longer as they get older.
Between light sleep and deep sleep adults may pull up a blanket or roll over and fade back into sleep. For babies and toddlers this may be when they wake and cry. They may need a feed or your help to resettle back to sleep.
Getting ready for sleep
Most of us have some kind of relaxing, wind-down time before we go to sleep at night. A quiet, wind-down time can also help babies and children to sleep. You could:
- make the hour or so before bed a time for a bath, quiet story, song and goodnight kiss
- start a pattern from an early age. This can help babies learn that these things mean sleep.
A pattern of predictable, relaxing bedtime activities can help babies, children and the whole family sleep better.
Babies need to be safe while they sleep. They can get into dangerous situations and not be able to move out of them. They can suffocate if bedding or other items cover their head or face.
Some ways to reduce the risk of fatal sleep accidents and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) are to:
- Sleep baby on their back from birth, never on their tummy or side
- Keep baby’s head and face uncovered - no beanie, hat or hood
- Keep baby smoke free, before and after birth
- Provide a safe sleeping place night and day: -- use a cot (or portable cot) that meets current Australian standards. Make sure the mattress is firm, clean, flat and fits the cot well. Keep the cot away from curtain or blind cords and other hazards, do not use pillows, quilts, doonas or cot bumpers.
- Keep the cot free of soft toys and other soft items as these are a suffocation risk.
- Do not sleep baby on soft surfaces such as sofas, bean bags, pillows or lambswools, either alone or with another person. There is a high risk of their airway being blocked by soft surfaces or their head becoming wedged into cushions or the back of a sofa. There is a very high risk to babies if they are on a sofa or couch with an adult, and the adult falls asleep
- Do not sleep baby in products that are not flat or not designed for sleep, eg car seats, capsules, bouncers. If baby falls asleep in one of these, move them to a safe sleeping place as soon as possible
- Sleep babies with their feet almost touching the end of the cot. Tuck bedclothes in securely so they just come up to baby’s shoulders and their head cannot go under
- Do not use a pillow under 2 years of age
- Avoid clothing that has long strings, ribbons or cords as these are a strangulation or choking risk -- if using a baby sleeping bag, make sure it is the correct size, with fitted neck, arm holes and no hood. It should provide warmth without overheating baby. Dress baby lightly underneath
- Sleep baby in their own cot (or bassinet in the early months) next to your bed for the first 6 to 12 months - this makes it easier for you to respond to baby’s needs -- if you are feeding, cuddling or playing with baby in your bed, it is very important to place them into their cot before you go to sleep. This is particularly important if you are very tired, a heavy sleeper, obese, taking medicines that make you sleep more deeply, or drinking alcohol
- Breastfeed baby - breastfeeding is a known protective factor for safe sleeping, so if you can, it’s best to breastfeed your baby. If you have any questions or concerns about breastfeeding, support is available. See services at the end of this Topic.
If someone else is looking after your baby, make sure they know about safe sleeping.
Some young babies settle better if they are wrapped. They feel more secure and it prevents sudden arm movements (reflexes) that can disturb sleep. Not all babies like to be wrapped so follow your baby’s cues.
- Use a muslin or light cotton fabric. Do not wrap in a bunny rug or blanket as these can overheat your baby and are not safe. Dress baby lightly under the wrap.
- Bring one edge of the wrap over either both arms or one arm and tuck under your baby. Make it firm but not so tight that it restricts breathing or leg movement. It is important for hip development that baby’s legs can bend up and out to the sides, and that their legs are not wrapped into the straight position.
- Wrap baby below the neck to avoid their face and head being covered by the wrap.
- Stop wrapping when your baby shows signs they are trying to roll during play. This is usually at around 4-6 months. You can also stop wrapping when your baby doesn’t seem to need it for sleeping any more. A safe sleeping bag that allows baby’s arms to be out is a good option.
For more about wrapping babies have a look at the topic Wrapping babies.
All babies are different. They have their own individual sleep needs at every age, and these can change quickly. From birth, babies need interaction with you while they are awake and alert. Looking into their eyes, talking, singing and playing builds your bond and can help them to sleep better.
In the early weeks
Babies usually sleep 14-20 hours in a 24 hour period. They have little idea of day or night and most wake every 2 or 3 hours around the clock needing something such as a feed, nappy change or cuddle.
By 3 months, many babies have settled into a pattern of longer times awake during the day and longer sleeps at night, perhaps around 4 hours. Most babies of this age wake at least 2 or 3 times at night, and need 1 or 2 night feeds. For more information have a look at the topic Babies - day and night patterns in the early months
By 6 months, around half of babies are sleeping through the night, that is, sleeping 5 hours or more.
- Most babies of this age sleep 11-16 hours in a 24 hour period. Many have learned to sleep more at night than during the day. They may still wake once or twice at night for feeds.
- Some babies have 2 or 3 longish sleeps during the day, while others have short naps of 40 minutes or so.
- At this age babies are learning new and exciting things such as rolling or crawling. They may feel pain from teething at times. All of these can affect sleep.
- As babies get older their appetite usually increases. They may wake more for a few nights and settle again with increased feeds during the day.
It is normal for babies to wake at night. They can lie quietly for a while and go back to sleep, or cry because they need something. They might need a feed, a nappy change, be too hot or cold, unwell or need comfort from you. Sometimes babies and young children just need to know someone is near to settle back to sleep.
If your baby uses a dummy, you could put several in the cot and when they wake they can learn to find them.
By about 6 months babies often feel frightened when they wake and you are not there. This is called ’separation anxiety’ and is part of normal emotional development. It can be a reason children cry at night until around 3 or 4 years of age. Children will settle more quickly if you are there to reassure them.
Pain or illness
Night waking which is different to your child’s usual pattern may be due to pain such as ear-ache, a cold or teething. With pain, babies may not settle even if you comfort them, or they may settle for a short time and then wake again. If this is happening seek medical advice.
Night waking is normal in the early years. Each family needs to manage night waking in a way that works best
for them. It is important to meet your child’s need for comfort, and to get the best rest you can.
Babies communicate from birth and each has their own way of showing they are tired. If you watch and notice, you can come to know your baby’s tired signs. Some may be obvious but others may be harder to see. Signs can include:
- crying, grizzling
- random jerky movements
- frowning, pulling faces
- rubbing eyes
- not smiling, looking away.
It works best to settle baby when they show signs of being tired. If they become too tired and upset it will be harder for them to settle.
Day and night
From about 3 or 4 months babies develop sleep cycles related to the release of the sleep hormone, melatonin.
You can help babies develop day and night patterns by making a difference between day and night.
During the day:
- play with baby when they are alert and not tired
- spend time in bright daylight. This suppresses melatonin.
- avoid bright light, TV and other screens
- settle baby in a quiet, darker place and don’t play or do anything that makes them more wakeful
- if baby wakes at night for a feed, keep these calm and quiet and settle them straight back to sleep.
There is more about this in the topic Babies - day and night patterns in the early months
Each baby has their own preferences when settling to sleep. Some settle better when it is quiet, while others prefer some noise or music. They might like being held a certain way, either firmly or lightly, or movements such as swaying or rocking. Some babies enjoy a massage while others don’t like it. As time goes on you can get to know what your baby likes and what helps them settle. They are learning the skill of going to sleep and need your help to do this.
The most important thing is to be sensitive to your baby and provide the comforting they need. A distressed baby will need more comforting, and as they settle you can gradually reduce what you do. This is called ‘responsive settling’. When you respond to baby’s needs you are helping them learn to feel safe and secure, which is important for their emotional development.
- When babies are comforted it helps them practice becoming calm. In time they can learn to calm themselves, and will usually cry and fuss less in the long run.
Some settling ideas include:
- giving baby a warm, relaxing bath
- giving a massage if your baby likes it
- wrapping a young baby in a muslin or thin cotton sheet, or using a safe baby sleeping bag
- holding baby and rocking, patting or swaying gently
- saying soothing soft words, sounds such as ‘shhh’ or singing soft songs
- some low, constant noise such as humming, household noise, quiet music or white noise from the radio
- making the room very quiet and/or dark
- letting baby suck on a dummy or their thumb. It is best to avoid a dummy until breastfeeding is working well, usually at around 4–6 weeks
- sharing a book or story, if this relaxes baby.
Some babies can be unsettled in the evening. It can help to plan ahead so you have time to spend with them, eg prepare your evening meal earlier in the day.
It is not recommended to leave a baby to cry in distress.
Learning to sleep
You can help baby begin to learn to go to sleep on their own.
- Put baby into their cot when they are awake but sleepy and calm. You could start patting them quickly and firmly, then slow down as they settle. Finally rest your hand on their body or slowly pat the mattress. Try some gentle words of comfort, singing or humming.
- If they are upset, stay with them and comfort them. Repeat the settling strategies that your baby likes. Slowly withdraw as baby settles.
- If baby wakes up during the night, wait a short while and listen before going to them. They may resettle without your help. If they don’t resettle, go to them and comfort them before they become distressed.
There are many different ways to settle babies for sleep. If you are happy with the way things are going for your baby and you, there is no need to change.
For much more information have a look at the topics
There is a wide variation in the amount of time toddlers sleep. Some sleep through the night. Many still wake once or twice, and some wake more often. Most toddlers have at least one sleep during the day, usually after lunch.
When toddlers wake at night they may cry because they:
- are in the habit of crying and have not yet learned to resettle themselves
- are in a light phase of sleep and wake up
- are afraid or want to know you are there (separation anxiety)
- feel unwell or are in pain. This could be the cause if waking is not their usual pattern.
If they wake, you could wait a short while to give them a chance to resettle themselves. If they become upset go to them and help them resettle.
Getting ready for sleep
- Continue the settling pattern that works for your toddler, eg a warm bath, quiet book, stories, songs or music.
- Have regular bedtimes and wake times, both on week days and the weekend.
- During the day spend time with your toddler and give them your attention. Encourage active play and plenty of natural outdoor light. Have quieter play in the evenings.
- Have regular mealtimes with some snacks and one or two sleeps.
Talk with your toddler to prepare them for going to bed. Talk about what they are doing and what will happen next, eg having a bath, putting on pyjamas, cleaning teeth, reading a story, going to sleep. This reinforces the predictable bedtime pattern.
- Stop watching TV or other screens one hour before bed. The ‘blue light’ from screens suppresses production of the hormone melatonin that assists sleep. Avoid scary programs or exciting games.
- Leave a soft light on if your toddler likes this.
- Many still like their dummy at bedtime.
- Patting and rocking may still work at this age. A chair by the cot or bed may be most restful for you.
- If your child stands up in their cot, sit on the floor or a low chair and be at their eye level. This can encourage them to lie down. Pat them, look at them and talk gently.
- Some children need you to stay near while they go to sleep. If you do this don’t sneak out without telling them. They may stay tense in case you do it again, and won’t be able to relax for sleep. Whisper that you are going to another room and will be back soon. Make sure you do return soon as this builds trust. If your child copes with this you can take a bit longer before coming back next time
- Sit on a chair near your child and read a book or listen to music through headphones. You are present but not doing anything that might disturb them. Over a few nights you could gradually move your chair nearer to the door, and eventually you will be able to put it outside the room.
- You could also try giving them something of yours to cuddle, eg an old t-shirt that has your smell on it, or a cuddly toy if they are over 1 year old.
For much more information have a look at the topic
If your toddler is happy and safe in their cot there is no need to move to a bed. If it looks like they might climb out of their cot, it’s time to move to a low bed or firm mattress on the floor.
Remember your child can now access their bedroom and other areas of the house. Keep children safe from hazards such as poisons, electrical or drowning risks, outside doors or windows that can be opened, or furniture or TVs that can topple over. Put barriers near stairs, heaters and other hazards that can’t be removed.
If you are using your child’s cot for a new baby, make the change well before the baby arrives so your child does not feel the baby has taken their cot.
There is more about this in the topic Toddlers - moving from a cot to a bed.
How much sleep?
Many children of this age need 10 to 12 hours sleep at night. Some have a daytime sleep as well, but only a few
children still need this by preschool age.
Night waking is common in these years and there is no right way to solve it. Some children can resettle themselves, while others need more comforting.
The inner confidence to feel secure when parents are not there is still developing in 3 to 4 year olds. If night waking is caused by separation anxiety, it usually happens less after 4 years of age.
Changes in your child’s life that may be causing stress, eg moving house, separations, family tension or starting preschool can be factors in night waking. Things that seem minor to you can be major to a child. When children are sick, lonely, sad or frightened they may, need more help to sleep. Staying close to them, eg on a mattress in their room, can help them move through the concern more quickly.
Children can also wake due to sleep disturbances such as nightmares or night terrors (Have a look at the topics Nightmares and Night terrors), or other problems such as snoring. Talk to your doctor if these are happening.
Getting ready for sleep
- Talk to children to prepare them for going to bed. Let them know in advance that bedtime is coming, eg ‘Just one more game and then it’s time to get ready for bed’, and mean what you say. This can prevent them pressuring you to stay up.
- Work out a pattern of what is special for you and your child. It may be a bath, drink, teeth cleaning, cuddle, story, song and kiss goodnight. It might be a quiet time to sit on the bed and talk about the day. This is not a time for tickles, wrestles, quarrels, TV or other excitement.
- Stressful events can sometimes mean children need extra time and quiet attention, eg starting school, being unwell, family disruptions. Reassuring words, a longer cuddle or relaxing music can help. Older children may talk to you about what’s bothering them.
- Leave a night light on if your child likes this.
- Let them have a favourite toy, as long as it is safe.
- If your child gets out of bed, gently lead them back and resettle them in their bed.
- If they wake at night, go to them, comfort and resettle them. It is not time to play or do anything exciting. Quietly reassure them that everything is OK. Say something like ‘Sleep time now, I love you’, then walk out of the room. You may need to return and repeat this.
- You could put another bed for yourself in your child’s room. You can be comfortable and rest while they need you close.
- Some parents allow their child to come into their bed in the early hours of the morning. If this happens, one parent may be willing to sleep in another room or the child’s bed, so everyone gets better sleep. Try a small mattress and sleeping bag or blanket next to your bed for your child to use if they wake and come into your room.
Ask your child what would help them sleep. Some children can tell you, others may not be able to.
Issues at bedtime
Some reasons a child may not want to go to bed are:
- having to go off on their own and leave people or interesting things that are happening in the house
- being frightened of being left alone. Whatever time you put them to bed, with fear or worry they will still be unhappy
- not being tired yet. They may go to bed more happily later
- a very busy or exciting day, or too much excitement just before bed
- no night-time routine to help them wind down.
In some cultures children sleep in or near the action, and can nap whenever they feel tired. This is not a problem if there is a safe place for them to sleep, such as a mattress on the floor.
For more information have a look at the topic Sleep 3 years to 6 years
If things are not working as well as you would like, or you feel upset or worried, do not hesitate to seek help and support. Contact a service in this topic or talk to your doctor. You could ask friends or family for support. They might be able to look after your child for a short while so you can rest.
Children’s sleep can be challenging at times. If you feel upset or angry, make sure your child is safe and take a short break. You could go outside or contact a friend.
Remember, never shake a baby. It can cause brain damage and some children die. Have a look at the topic Never shake a baby.
Parent Helpline Phone 1300 364 100
For advice on child health and parenting, including sleep and settling
Child and Family Health Service (CaFHS)
Phone 1300 733 606, 9am-4.30pm, Mon-Fri for an appointment. The child health nurses can help with sleep and settling for babies and young children.
Phone 1300 998 698
Information and brochures on many aspects of safe infant sleeping Phone Crisis Line 1300 799 656 Phone 1300 308 307, 24 hours for bereavement support https://rednose.com.au
SIDS and Kids SA
Phone 8332 1066 415 Magill Road, St Morris www.sidssa.org
Phone 8161 6318, 9.30am-4pm, Mon-Fri for information about child safety www.kidsafesa.com.au
Australian Breastfeeding Association
Phone Helpline 1800 686 268 (mum 2 mum) For information and support for breastfeeding. South Australian/Northern Territory Office phone 8223 6833 www.breastfeeding.asn.au
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Product Safety Australia
Information about safe products for babies and children, including safe cots and securing furniture and TVs that can topple over
Beyond Blue Phone 1300 22 4636 Phone and counselling support for anyone affected by anxiety or depression. You don’t need a diagnosis to call www.beyondblue.org.au
National Perinatal Depression Helpline
Phone 1300 726 306 PANDA (Post and Antenatal Depression Association) provides information, support and counselling to new parents, family and friends. You don’t need a diagnosis of depression to use this service
Phone 1800 737 732, 24 hours National domestic violence service
Raising Children Network
Information about raising children, including sleep and settling
For more Parent Easy Guides including ‘Sleep disturbance’, ‘About babies’, ‘Bedwetting’ and ‘Living with toddlers’
Parenting SA is a partnership between the Department for Education and Child Development and the Women’s and Children’s Health Network. Ph: 08 8303 1660
Parent Easy Guides are free in South Australia.
Important: This information is not intended to replace advice from a qualified practitioner.
© Government of South Australia. Revised:07/2017..
The information on this site should not be used as an alternative to professional care. If you have a particular problem, see a doctor, or ring the Parent Helpline on 1300 364 100 (local call cost from anywhere in South Australia).
This topic may use 'he' and 'she' in turn - please change to suit your child's sex. | <urn:uuid:3150c3cf-a24c-477b-a45c-6f41c7f2d1f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&np=141&id=1484 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825057.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022022540-20171022042540-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.950337 | 5,303 | 3.359375 | 3 |
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After a ten-year effort, Prof. Dr. Michael Reth from the Institute of Biology III of the University of Freiburg and the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics has developed a method to investigate the cell surface's organization on a nanometer scale. This allows him to monito ... more
Micro-Copier for Genome AnalysisNew method holds promise to advance personalised medicine
The DNA sequences are replicated in picowell arrays (bottom) and transferred on microscopic slides (top).
The scientists Jochen Hoffmann, Dr. Guenther Roth, and Prof. Dr. Roland Zengerle from the Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) at the University of Freiburg can copy simultaneously 100.000 different DNA sequences in a so called picowell array that has the size of a one cent coin.
The picowell array is a chip with 100.000 wells on which the DNA sequences are dispersed in order to achieve a statistical distribution of one sequence per well. All wells are then covered with one microscopic slide and the DNA sequences are replicated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The resulting DNA copies bind to the miscroscopic slide at exactly the position of the original DNA sequence. The DNA copies can be decoded by next-generation sequencing systems in the wells of the array. The microscopic slides can be used, similar to DNA microarrays, for the rapid and cost-effective analysis of entire genomes – without the need for other equipment or additional transfer steps.
Such genome analyses allow insights into the regulatory systems of an organism. For example the genome analysis of a tumour cell can reveal which of its signal paths are defective. This knowledge in the context of “personalised medicine” can help to develop a tailored therapy for a specific patient group.
The project was supported by the “Program for Excellency in Science and Technology” as part of a grant from the Hans L- Merkle-Stiftung. The Robert Bosch GmbH and the Association for the Promotion of Science and Humanities in Germany also supported the project.
The topic is now further developed in the Lab-on-a-Chip research groups “Arrays” of Jochen Hoffmann and “Assays” of Dr. Guenther Roth. Lab-on-a-chip is a main research topic in cooperation with the Laboratory for MEMS Applications and the Institut fuer Mikro- und Informationstechnik der Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft (HSG-IMIT). The research groups are based on the campus of the Faculty for Engineering.
J. Hoffmann, H.M. Trotter, F. von Stetten, R.Zengerle and G.Roth: Solid-phase PCR in a picowell array for immobilizing and arraying 100,000 PCR products to a microscope slide, Lab Chip, 2012
- next generation sequencing
From the lab to the computer: Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed a computer program to predict the functions of bacterial gene regulators. This online software which is called CopraRNA could save researchers a lot of wet lab work as it precisely predicts which bacteri ... more
Developing tiny probes for research and brain-related medical applications – that is the goal of the project NeuroSeeker, launched in February 2013 with a kick-off event in Leuven. The interdisciplinary project pools the expertise of ten partner institutions from Europe and Canada. The Univ ... more
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Students at Albany have access to a wide variety of lessons. As a result, we develop well rounded human beings, who are prepared to make a positive contribution to our wider community; who demonstrate mutual respect, empathy, an acute appreciation of fairness and a strong sense of self-worth.
The Aim of the English department is to give all pupils a ‘voice’ with which they will be equipped for life. To help pupils succeed in spoken and written communication. We also aim to develop pupils’ understanding of the spoken word and the ability to express themselves through a variety of speaking and listening activities.
The aim of the Mathematics department is to develop a positive attitude to Mathematics along with confidence, enjoyment, interest and perseverance. We look to develop a good basis in numeracy, having a feel for number and the significance of the results obtained. We also encourage our students to develop an ability to think mathematically, logically and laterally.
The aim of the Science department is to provide our students with a broad knowledge of science. This includes topics such as famous scientists, how science changed the world, science in sport as well as specific knowledge of chemistry, biology and physics.
The aim of the Art department is to ensure that students gain and develop knowledge, skills and understanding of a range of techniques and Art media in line with National Curriculum requirements.
The aim of the Drama department is to provide students with an understanding of different genres and performance styles and he ways in which performers and designers communicate meaning to an audience. Students get chance to perform to a wide variety of audience and can perform in school productions.
The aim of the Geography department is to provide our students with a broad knowledge of the subject area. This includes topics such as making and mapping connections, flood disaster, tourism, the weather and many other areas that form part of the curriculum.
The aim of the History department is to provide our students with a broad knowledge of how our history helped to shape the modern world. We study how Britain has changes since 1066 and include subjects such as World War one and World War two.
The aim of the Computing department is to develop the programming capability of the students. During the Computing lessons the students will develop their skills, knowledge and understanding. This will be consolidated by the use of ICT in other areas of the curriculum.
The aim of the Languages department is to enable our students to learn about another language and culture. The languages learned at Albany are French (Year 7 - 11) and Spanish (Year 8 - 11). Lessons focus on themes such as counting, personal meetings, family and food and drink.
The Life Studies subject area has been created to provide pupils with a focussed weekly lesson that covers the diverse and dynamic curriculums of Citizenship and P.S.H.E. Topics covered include relationships, my rights, making a difference and taking risks.
The aim of the Music department is to develop an appreciation and understanding of how music is made and performed. Students participate in practical and theory lessons aimed at developing their musical understanding. Students can also learn new instruments and have many opportunities to perform in concerts during their time at Albany.
The aim of the Physical Education department is to provide an enjoyable, satisfying and balanced programme, with opportunities for all pupils to develop physically, socially, emotionally and cognitively. The Physical Education Curriculum offers a comprehensive range of experiences to meet the needs of individual pupils and encourage active involvement by all as performers, observers and officials.
The aim of the Religious Education department is to develop our students knowledge by stimulating their own beliefs. All units covered develop students understanding of religious beliefs and practices and how they affect people's lives. Some units emphasise moral issues; others study a particular religion in depth.
The technology department covers four main subjects including, Catering, Resistant Materials, Graphic Design and ICT. All subjects focus on providing students with a basic understanding and practical skills in order to produce stunning pieces of work. | <urn:uuid:8d218aac-c03f-48ff-8942-9b1306bb2d9f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.albanyacademy.co.uk/subjects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513009.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020163619-20181020185119-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.960507 | 809 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What’s the Deal with Those Last 4 Digits on ZIP Codes?
Almost everyone knows their five digit ZIP code, and probably a few others within their city, but what’s up with the extra four digits you sometimes see on mail?
Let’s start with those first five digits you’re already familiar with. In the early 1960s, the U.S. Postal Service could see that the old Postal Delivery Zone System was outdated and couldn’t handle increasing mail volume and urban and suburban expansion. To keep the mail moving efficiently, the Postal Service introduced the Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP) in 1963. A five-digit code was assigned to every address in the country—the first designated a broad geographical area or group of states (“1,” for example covers New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware), the next two designated a region or large city in that area (“91” covers Philadelphia) and the last two represented a smaller delivery zone or group of delivery addresses in that region.
Over the next two decades the ZIP system became strained, too, and in 1983, the Postal Service expanded it to create the ZIP+4 system, tacking on an extra four digits at the end of the old codes. These new digits identified an area—like a group of apartments or office buildings—or a high-volume mail receiver within a five-digit delivery zone to help with mail sorting and delivery. The sixth and seventh digits of a ZIP+4 indicate a “delivery sector,” like a group of streets, P.O. boxes, a group of buildings, or even a single high-rise building. The eighth and ninth digits designate a “delivery segment,” like a specific side of a street, a floor in an office or apartment building, or a specific department within a large office.
Getting the public on board with the regular old ZIP codes had been hard enough (some people were annoyed they had another number to remember in addition to telephone area codes and their Social Security number, while others thought that being represented by a number was dehumanizing and un-American), so the ZIP+4 never caught on with people. Fortunately, around the time the expanded codes were implemented, the technology available to the USPS meant that people didn’t have to remember or use the full code. Automatic mail sorting systems apply a Postnet barcode to mail items that corresponds to a full code, and multi-line optical character readers can determine the correct ZIP+4 from the barcode and written address. | <urn:uuid:26bfa991-7e27-4a8a-8e87-1cadd9cbc05a> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://mentalfloss.com/article/53384/what%E2%80%99s-deal-those-last-4-digits-zip-codes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826759.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00034-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948049 | 527 | 3 | 3 |
The Washington Post covered a story in Sunday’s paper on a solution to sewage overflow into local rivers. Workers are constructing a tunnel under Washington D.C., using a machine, “The Lady Bird,” to take up the soil. The end product will be a 13 mile long sewer tunnel, to prevent the flow of untreated sewage to the Potomac and Anacostia River, and to Rock Creek, which frequently occurs with the overburdened combined sewer system in the District.
This tunnel could do a lot to clean up the local rivers, and reduce the flow of polluted water into the Chesapeake Bay. The Post states that all the soil collected by the Lady Bird will be transported to a dumping site in Maryland. My question however, is what happens to all this excess soil? Is there risk of the soil reentering the watershed through runoff, and how much of a risk could this pose? | <urn:uuid:a2dea406-a334-43a7-8e1b-688915c2a695> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://beyondthebayblog.com/2014/02/18/tunnel-under-d-c-will-reduce-flow-of-sewage-into-local-waters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103347800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628020322-20220628050322-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.942705 | 189 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Book illustration of the 1860s did not largely engage with politics, except when it appeared in the pages of Punch. The great majority of designs were published in literary and improving periodicals and gift-books, and commentaries on topical events were not acceptable within the context of this type of reading. Sandys was bound by this convention, and only made a ‘rare’ excursion ‘into contemporary politics’ (Schoenherr, p.19). Although he is principally an artist of neo-medieval or neo-classical fantasies, he presents two hard-hitting images which critique the mid-Victorian present: The Waiting Timeand The Old Chartist.
Left to right: (a) The Old Chartist. (b) The Waiting Time. [Click on these images for larger pictures.]
The Waiting Time accompanies ‘Waiting’, a pious verse by Sarah Doudney about the need for fortitude as we await God. But Sandys radically changes the focus. The weaver has no work because of the cotton embargo caused by the American Civil War, and in the absence of intervention by the British Government will probably starve, and her ‘waiting’ is simply waiting to die. Little of the immediate impact is conveyed in her monumental figure, but Sandys powerfully conveys her anguish in the form of her gestures, with one hand on her head and the other, a curiously distorted piece of drawing, stretching out hopelessly. Dramatic and unsettling, the image provides a direct comment on the brutality of lassez faire economics, and it is surprising to find in the pages of the conservative Churchman’s Magazine.
A different approach is adopted in The Old Chartist, which illustrates George Meredith’s verse. The contemplative figure has returned to his ‘dam’ England, following his transportation and imprisonment. The image is essentially a celebration of nostalgia. The intense detailing of plants and elements within the landscape depicts the character’s emotional attachment to the English scene, cataloguing each part of the natural world as he re-discovers them. The political message of the illustration – which is not quite that of the poem – is one which points to the brutality of the punishment, separating from country a man who is obviously a patriot.
Both images provide a note of contemporaneity that complements the artist’s escapism. It is at the same time another aspect of his use of Pre-Raphaelitism, presenting an archaic art which, as in the work of Millais and Holman Hunt, is nevertheless very much of the present.
Last modified 15 July 2013 | <urn:uuid:73ab3894-0155-416f-b110-2c097b61da28> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://victorianweb.org/art/illustration/sandys/politics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00474-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952026 | 544 | 2.625 | 3 |
Definition: Groundbreaking theory in European American immigration studies
Significance: In 1938, shortly before he died, social historian Marcus Lee Hansen revolutionized the understanding of the assimilation of immigrant generations into American life by suggesting that assimilation and ethnic identity within the so-called melting pot of America were far more complex than had been assumed.
At the turn of the twentieth century, immigrant studies within American academia were restricted by a lack of perspective and hard data. The great era of European immigration had not quite ended and historians generally considered the influx of poorly educated, lower-class Europeans into East Coast cities more as a pressing social problem than as a historical phenomenon. Establishment historians drew upon an Anglo-Saxon model to define America, arguing that Anglo-Saxon—that is, northern and western European—families had initially settled the New World, expressed by the New England town system. That tradition—specifically Protestant religious structures, patriarchal communities, and competitive economic markets—created the industrial order, the political dynamic of a constitutional government, and the economic class system that had come to define America.
Scholars paid little attention to immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. When historian Frederick Jackson Turner revolutionized the concept of American history during the late nineteenth century by shifting the focus from New England to the frontier, a new impetus was given to studying the impact of immigrants in shaping the American character. Turner argued that in confronting the frontier, immigrants necessarily shed their European customs and forged a kind of American identity.
At issue then was the process of assimilation itself. One of Turner’s history students at Harvard University was Marcus Lee Hansen (1892-1938), a Wisconsinite of northern European descent from the rural Midwest. Hansen came to appreciate the complexity of the question of immigration studies. For more than four years during the early 1930’s, he gathered data in Europe and the Plains states and came to theorize that the melting pot model was inadequate to explain the experience of American immigrants because ethnic identity was not entirely surrendered to the collective identity. In a historical society pamphlet titled The Problem of the Third Generation Immigrant (1938), Hansen formulated his thesis: That the third generation, the grandchildren, wished to recover the ethnicity of their grandparents.
According to Hansen’s thesis, the first generation, as foreign born, inevitably maintained the language and customs of their Old World identity. Their children sought to assimilate into the American identity and deliberately distanced themselves from the customs and language of the Old World. However, the grandchildren sought to recover the original ethnic identity. What the son wanted to forget, the argument went, the grandson wished to remember. Hansen proposed that assimilation and ethnic identity could actually be part of the same process, that the third generation could adapt to their New World environments without sacrificing ethnic identity. Ethnicity was then a generational process, with each generation struggling with the implications of its cultural heritage. Thus assimilation was best studied within, rather than across, generations.
Because Hansen died of renal failure while still in his forties, he was never able to examine the experience of nonwhite immigrants and the special problems posed by Native Americans. However, his theory, as a challenge to the melting pot, gained interest. This was particularly true after World War II, when America’s international reputation suffered during the prolonged Cold War, the Korea and Vietnam conflicts, civil rights unrest, and a series of national political scandals. Within that heated environment, Hansen’s thesis was embraced as an early, albeit indirect, proponent of multiculturalism and the celebration of diversity.
See also: Anglo-conformity; Assimilation theories; Cultural pluralism; European immigrants; Families; History of immigration after 1891; Identificational assimilation; Melting pot theory; Migrant superordination; Push-pull factors. | <urn:uuid:db8bd45e-62d5-49cf-8ec2-68151103b197> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/540-hansen-effect.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647475.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320130952-20180320150952-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.956046 | 777 | 4.09375 | 4 |
The BWI is a pioneering partnership between the South African wine
industry and the conservation sector. The goals are to minimise the
further loss of threatened natural habitat, and to contribute to
sustainable wine production, through the adoption of biodiversity
guidelines by the South African wine industry.
Cape Floral Kingdom
one of 25 hotspots in the world
click on the images above to go to their websites
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to all the genes, species, ecosystems and processes
that allow life to persist over time. When biodiversity is intact,
species and ecosystems are resilient, enabling them to adapt to
environmental changes. When biodiversity is lost, nature responds
unpredictably, making it difficult for growers to plan production and
protect natural resources.
Why a Biodiversity & Wine Initiative?
The Cape Floral Kingdom (CFK) is the smallest yet richest plant kingdom
on earth, and has earned international recognition as a global
biodiversity hotspot and as South Africa's newest World Heritage Site.
However, the CFK is under increasing threat from agriculture, urban
development and invasive alien species, with only 9% of the unique
renosterveld and lowland fynbos ecosystems remaining, and much of the
succulent karoo also under threat. Since 80% of the CFK is privately
owned, landowner participation in conservation efforts is essential.
The most effective method of reaching landowners is through the
agricultural industries that they supply.
South Africa is the world's eighth largest producer of wine,
contributing 3.5% of the global wine production. Because approximately
90% of wine production occurs within the CFK, concern is mounting that
some of the region's most vulnerable natural habitat might be targeted
for vineyard expansion. Following an initial study by the Botanical
Society of South Africa and Conservation International, the wine
industry and the conservation sector have embarked on a pioneering
partnership to conserve the rich biodiversity of the CFK.
The BWI presents a great opportunity to both the wine and conservation
sectors. The wine industry benefits from leveraging the biodiversity of
the CFK as a competitive marketing advantage, and from using the BWI as
a tool to achieve sustainable natural resource management, as
prioritised in the Wine Industry Strategy Plan. The conservation sector
benefits from pioneering biodiversity best practices in the wine
industry, and from conserving the CFK's most threatened habitats for
The BWI aims to:
Prevent further loss of habitat in critical sites
Increase the total area set aside as natural habitat in contractual protected areas
changes in farming practices that enhance the suitability of vineyards
as habitat for biodiversity, and reduce farming practices that have
negative impacts on biodiversity, both in the vineyards and in
surrounding natural habitat
marketing opportunities for the wine industry by positioning the
biodiversity of the CFK, and the industry's proactive stance on
biodiversity, as a unique selling point to differentiate Brand South
The world’s first biodiversity wine route & eco route
Images courtesy of
the Botanical Society of South Africa
The Green Mountain Eco Route, the world’s first biodiversity wine
route, incorporates the area around the Groenland Mountain with the
villages Bot River (Botrivier), Elgin Valley Grabouw, Houw Hoek and
Villiersdorp in the heart of the Cape Floral Kingdom. Just one hour
from Cape Town, the route is ideally located for weekend getaways and
easily accessible via the N2 past Cape Town International Airport and
Sir Lowry’s Pass. For those travelling further to the Garden Route and
Route 62, the area makes a great first stop in the Overberg, South
Green Mountain Eco Route combines attractions including wine farms,
activities, events, accommodations, restaurants, wedding &
conference venues. It offers scenic beauty, natural diversity of terroir
and a wide range of wine styles. Whether you want to crank uphill on
your mountain bike, hike through acres of fynbos, experience a unique
wine tasting with the winemakers, or enjoy meals made from locally
grown produce, the Green Mountain Eco Route has things to do for
participating on this route include: Beaumont Wines,Eikenhof Farm,
Mofam Trust, Molteno Brothers,Oak Valley Wines & Paul Cluver Wines.
'Variety is in our Nature'
is the slogan used by Wines of South Africa (WOSA), the industry marketing body and is based on the unique biodiversity of the Cape winelands and their
relationship to terroir, as well as the diversity of the people and the
resulting individuality of the wines. It is designed to reflect the care and concerns for the environment by South African wineries, and is supported and re-enforced by the
conservation drive of the Biodiversity and Wine Initiative.
What makes this proposition so exciting is that it is based on irrefutable facts, unique to South Africa:
Over 95% of SA wine is produced within the Cape Floral Kingdom,
the smallest and richest in the world, containing over 9 600 plant
species (fynbos, renosterveld and Karoo succulents) which is more than
are found in the entire Northern hemisphere.
The soils are between 400 and 500 million years old, deposited after the Pan African event when the African, South American, Indian and Arctic continents collided.
There are two oceans encircling the winelands, generating cooling winds and fogs.
The 9 600 plant species are all adaptations to hugely varied and
nutritionally poor soils, and unique microclimates caused by the
different aspects, terrain, winds, mists, etc. These same soils and microclimates represent a treasure trove of grapegrowing and winemaking possibilities.
The people have a remarkable ethnic and cultural diversity from KhoiSan, Malaysian, Xhosa and Zulu to German, French, Dutch and more.
The Biodiversity & Wine Initiative represents a new orientation
and philosophy in the South African wine industry as producers embrace a philosophy
of sustainable farming which respects the environment, preserves what
is unique in their heritage, and nurtures respect among all the people
who work on their farms and in their cellars.
This can be seen in the number of producers who have already signed
the WOSA/hannuwa commitment (over 500 representing nearly half our
hectares under cultivation), the amount of land committed to
conservation in the first year of the programme (18 000 hectares) and
the huge interest shown by producers.
Winery support has been phenomenal, giving
this forward thinking inititiave credibility and ensuring that it becomes entrenched throughout the winelands. Most
SA producers have a deep affinity to their lands, and many have been
preserving their biodiversity for years without formal recognition of
their efforts. Now they can see a marketing benefit and tourism
potential and understand how critical their role is.
The South African Wine and Spirit Board has announced that by 2009 wines will not be exported without Integrated Wine Production
certification which includes the protection of biodiversity and rules
for sustainable farming. After all, South African wineries cannot claim biodiversity to the
world if they are not taking active steps to safeguard it.
Wine enthusiasts are interested in the soils and terroir angle of
biodiversity, other communities care about the conservation angle, and
at mass consumer level, the producers are tapping into trends which are
becoming powerful motivators for purchasing in the First World. These consumers are concerned about food scares,
allergies, industrial farming, pollution and congestion, and are
looking for products which are natural and authentic. They care about where products come from, preferring
to purchase ethically and sustainably sourced goods.
In terms of the marketing messaging, biodiversity creates a whole new visual
language, breaking the vice grip of vineyard visuals, while still
communicating authentic provenance, natural bounty and, above all, | <urn:uuid:efb8e607-cc8d-446f-befc-b8e33986c21d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://boutiquevineyards.net/sustainability/biodiversity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.911202 | 1,705 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A 1935 ad for Chesterfield cigarettes, captioned: "Machines like this -- new and modern in every respect -- make Chesterfields."
In the Fall of 1934 a rumor swept through America alleging that a leper had been found working in the Chesterfield cigarette factory in Richmond. Sales of Chesterfield cigarettes plummeted as smokers, fearful of catching the dreaded disease, switched to other brands.
The Liggett and Meyers Tobacco Company, maker of Chesterfields, repeatedly denied the rumor, but to no avail. The company even arranged for the mayor of Richmond to issue a statement assuring the public that the Chesterfield factory had been investigated and no leper found working there. Still sales continued to decline.
The company suspected that the rumor was started by one of its competitors. However, it could never prove this. It offered a $25,000 reward to anyone who could help it locate the source of the rumor, but the source was not found.
A parallel rumor suggested that the rumor had been started by religious groups opposed to smoking.
Chesterfield ran advertisements that emphasized the clean, modern machines used to manufacture their cigarettes. Nevertheless, it took a full decade for the company to finally shake the rumor and for sales to fully recover.
History of the Rumor
The Chesterfield rumor was not the first time public fears had linked cigarettes with leprosy. The fear of lepers working in cigarette factories was an old one, dating well back into the nineteenth century. For instance, on June 12, 1882 the Pennsylvania Chester Times
presented its readers with this warning:
A physician who has studied the disease says that it is dangerous to assume that it can only be contracted by actual contact. The very atmosphere in which a leper moves is contaminated. It can be caught by using a chair or room which has been occupied by one afflicted with the disease, or by using a drinking vessel or anything that has been touched by a leper. The street cars are a prolific source of the contagion. Lepers are employed in the cheap cigar and cigarette shops, and scores of instances of the disease are known to have arisen from smoking the articles made by their plague-stricken fingers.
During the 1940s, the leper rumor also became associated with Spud, the first menthol brand of cigarettes. Some sources claim that because of the rumor Spud went out of business within six months, but this is not true. Spud was actually acquired by Philip Morris.
During the Vietnam War a version of the rumor popped up among GIs. It was said that the marijuana cigarettes readily accessible in Saigon, and smoked by many soldiers, were rolled by the inmates of a leper colony. Supposedly the lepers performed the work in an assembly line process according to their handicaps. The sickest ones had the job of licking the wrappers to seal the joint. Some skeptical soldiers voiced suspicions that pentagon generals had started the rumor as part of an anti-drug campaign.
Links and References
- Conte, I. (December 29, 1970). "GIs in Vietnam solve boredom by smoking marijuana." Annapolis Evening Capital.
- Jacobson, D.J. (1948). The Affairs of Dame Rumor. New York. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. | <urn:uuid:101f9b2a-88e3-47c1-924c-d772b7febcb1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_chesterfield_leper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00214-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974092 | 675 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Historian says Friedrich Trump left Germany illegally
Friedrich Trump was kicked out of Germany after avoiding military service
Donald Trump’s grandfather was kicked out of his native Germany for failing to do his mandatory military service there, a historian has claimed.
A local council letter from 1905 informed Friedrich Trump – who had become a United States citizen – that he would not be granted his German citizenship back and that he had eight weeks to leave the country or be deported, German historian Roland Paul told CNN Tuesday.
He also claimed that Trump had illegally left Germany, failing to notify authorities of his plan to immigrate.
The Trump camp did not immediately respond to CNN’s questions on the research.
How the Trumps reached America
The findings have sparked interest as President-elect Trump vowed to crack down on illegal immigration in his election campaign.
“Trump talks against illegal immigration, so I think he should remember his own family story from time to time,” Paul said.
Trump proposed a wall be built between the US and Mexico as the centerpiece of his anti-immigration drive. He has also threatened to deport undocumented migrants who have committed crimes in the US.
‘Trump wouldn’t exist’
Paul came across the document on Friedrich Trump’s threatened deportation in state archives and also found several letters from him pleading with authorities to allow him to stay. Paul mused on how this one administrative decision seemed to have changed the course of history.
“I have to say this kind of letter wasn’t unusual back then,” Paul told CNN.
“But if they had accepted him back at that time in 1905, Donald Trump wouldn’t be in the US – in fact, he wouldn’t exist.”
He said the eight week deadline was extended as Friedrich Trump said that his daughter was ill. But he was finally forced to leave two months later.
Trump’s father was born in the US, where he met Trump’s mother, Mary Anne MacLeod, who hailed from Scotland.
Paul, now retired, carried out his research earlier this year when he was Director of the Institute for Palatine History and Folklore in Kaiserslautern, but his research caught public attention on Monday when the tabloid Bild published his findings. | <urn:uuid:270daa82-a224-4868-9c83-9963e4d9b714> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/22/politics/trump-grandfather-germany-friedrich/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.987558 | 480 | 2.546875 | 3 |
When with reference to Latinos, the definition of “culture” can be a broad umbrella that includes a variety of has a bearing on that bind people mutually across countrywide borders. During your stay on island is a great deal of variety within the Latino community (some rooted in the indigenous communities of Mexico and Central America, others in the Spanish-speaking countries of South America) there are several primary cultural values that are common to many Hispanics: good familial relationships, religious complicité, and a long lasting approach to job and your life.
Family is supremely extremely important to Latin Americans and is called familismo. Family members are highly encouraging of each additional and provide a safety net that helps to protect https://www.artofmanliness.com/people/relationships/6-tips-for-successful-gentlemanly-online-dating/ up against the hardships of life. The sense of family unit extends more than immediate neurological relatives to grandparents, aunts, cousins and close friends. This sense of community binds people in ways that differ from Western cultures where a person’s thoughts are generally put on private and private.
Latinos worth gracefulness and may find a way to carry themselves with style in any setting. For example , even if you’re poor, you might look at someone with Latin roots walking in McDonald’s within a suit and tie. This really is since the desire to show off one’s wealth through status emblems is a key component of Latin culture.
Research has found that Latinos tend to have an active spirituality in their lives, even if it doesn’t involve Catholic Church engagement. Moreover, Latino sexy filipino women theologians have highlighted the importance of the part spirituality takes on in their daily lives. | <urn:uuid:3abfa750-e899-460b-a335-ccb06bc1dbb4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://sostatanz.ch/cultural-influences-in-latin-romances/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00843.warc.gz | en | 0.948398 | 362 | 2.671875 | 3 |
After leading lights paid their respects to the nation’s leader in a series of toasts given over a sumptuous meal, Monroe offered one of his own for the Alabama Territory that struck at the heart of what lay on everyone’s minds: “May her speedy admission into the Union advance her happiness, and augment the national strength and prosperity.”
Virtually as soon as the gavel closing the proceedings fell, campaigning for seats in the first session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama, called for October, began. In late September 1819, twenty-two senators and fifty representatives won election to the state’s new legislature, as well as a number of other state officials as specified in the constitution. Though the race for the state’s chief executive ended up being tighter than might have been expected, owing to the rising discontent with the “Georgia Faction” in Alabama’s affairs, territorial governor William Wyatt Bibb secured the honor of also heading Alabama’s first state government. As the mild days of early fall replaced the sultry days of summer, he busied himself preparing an address to the legislature which he hoped would set the agenda for the new state’s lawmakers. Once again Alabama’s preeminent city of Huntsville would serve as the backdrop to another landmark gathering. | <urn:uuid:6e8aa0dd-751a-4b5a-9f76-1303464e8435> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.alabamaheritage.com/alabama-territory/spring-1819 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104668059.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706060502-20220706090502-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.96122 | 278 | 3.25 | 3 |
"It's well and good to say that you want to study everything. But, you see, the physical sciences and the social sciences differ by one important thing- the Human Factor"
- A professor
As a student of both the Social Sciences and the Physical Sciences, or Applied Sciences rather, I try to understand what role the human factor plays in the organization of knowledge.
The question that one can start out with is, "Should one try to predict human actions at all?" Another way of asking it is, "Is the study of economics self-evaluative?" Are we, as humans, trying to understand ourselves? The study of human civilization can be likened to self-evaluation just as much as the study of the universe can be likened to, say, geography.
The sciences explore the truth of the universe despite us. Our existence has no considerable effect on the truth. But the social sciences are much more dynamic. The premise is that human action can be predicted for a sizable fraction of the population because people respond to incentives. These responses or changes when aggregated over a large period of time can visibly change the landscape of a country. It means that the judicial use of resources over a period of 100-150 years can create a better quality of life for the population in roughly three generations.
The real per capita gross domestic product (which demonstrates the total output of a country) of the United States grew by a factor of 10 from $3340 in 1870 to $33,370 in 2000. The increase in output can be attributed to an average growth rate of 1.8% over a period of 130 years. The number seems small, but over a long period of time, it became the reason for the United States to be called a developed nation. As a science student, this creation of wealth of the nations, so to speak, is very mesmerizing. It seemed like this wealth came out of thin air. Japan's per capita GDP in 1990 was 20 times that of its GDP in 1890 (Average growth rate was 2.75%). So where did this wealth come from?
One answer to that question would be the rise of technology. Technology was a driving factor that created access to products through processes which used the resources available in nature. It also became a boon to the service industry which could now expand its market to the globe while, for example, operating from a stuffy single-room office in the suburbs. This access was also provided by flexible financial instruments like loans, interests, banking, etc that opened up a credit-line that gave a boost to economies. A country's political structure, location, etc, all form tertiary reasons which we shall neglect for the time being.
However, a steady growth rate, no matter how small, is hard to bring about. After a steady growth rate and a booming economy between 1990- 2000, the recession hit the Bush government hard during 2000. This turbulence in the economy is expected due to the sheer size of the system in consideration. Every year the tax payers fund a phenomenal amount that is collected without creating any value during the transfer from the tax payee's pocket to the government treasury. To put it quite simply, nothing hangs in the balance. The government uses this money for schemes and measures that set out to regulate this uncertainty in a market that tends to fail almost abruptly whenever a single financial giant goes bankrupt.
Clearly, the era of technology and banking alone does not boost an equitable model that can sustain a consistent growth rate. Policy decisions create the insulation for this turbulence. And here, the human factor comes in. One can argue that the example provided is strictly limited to economics. Psychology, Demography, Political sciences, all come under the broad umbrella of the social sciences. But the marriage of economics and policy is where a promising integration of the physical sciences and the social sciences is seen as the tools used are very mathematical, though based on assumptions that are based on our understanding of human behaviour.
The human factor is the trump card that can make or break an economy.
This sums up my two cents on why technology and banking can't sustain a growth rate that can lift an economy up and why policy decisions infact fare better at the task of improving a country's economy.
1. Understanding Value Creation
2. Methods and Concepts of Neo-Classical Economics
3. History of Thought - Economics & Philosophy | <urn:uuid:91e853ee-e63f-48bd-90f3-cb36401994d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://pulsating-life.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890566.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706222442-20200707012442-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955142 | 891 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Authors & Events
Aug 15, 1984
| ISBN 9780940450165
Aug 15, 1984
| ISBN 9781598533484
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Aug 15, 1984 | ISBN 9780940450165
Aug 15, 1984 | ISBN 9781598533484
The most comprehensive collection of the Founding Father’s famous writings, including drafts of the Declaration of Independence At the moment of our nation’s birth, Thomas Jefferson defined the issues that still direct our political life. Displaying his extraordinary variety of interests and powerful and precise style, Jefferson’s writings are an invaluable and incisive record of the landscape, inhabitants, life, and daily customs of America in the Revolutionary and early national eras. This book is the most comprehensive one-volume selection of Jefferson ever published. It contains such famous works as “Autobiography” and “Notes on the State of Virginia.” A series of addresses, 287 letters, and public and private writings—including the original and revised drafts of the Declaration of Independence—round out the collection, painting not only a portrait of the early days of America but of one of the most influential and controversial figures in our nation’s history. LIBRARY OF AMERICA is an independent nonprofit cultural organization founded in 1979 to preserve our nation’s literary heritage by publishing, and keeping permanently in print, America’s best and most significant writing. The Library of America series includes more than 300 volumes to date, authoritative editions that average 1,000 pages in length, feature cloth covers, sewn bindings, and ribbon markers, and are printed on premium acid-free paper that will last for centuries.
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1824) was the drafter of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States.
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In Peru, progress against TB
Tuesday, September 1, 2015
On a foggy July morning in a shantytown on the outskirts of Lima, Peru, Hilda Matos waited impatiently for the nursing technician who gives her daily injections and medicine to treat the disease that has had hold of her for the past eight years.
A mother of four and a former housemaid, Matos, 44, has extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis, an ailment that until recent years was considered a death sentence.
But through pioneering work developed by Socios En Salud, the Peruvian branch of Harvard-supported Partners In Health, which began treating multidrug-resistant TB with a community-based model, Matos’ fate can be different.
“I was dying,” she said. “I was so sick I couldn’t eat or move. And when people came to help me, that gave me support and strength to fight off the disease.”
What changed Matos’ prospects was a novel protocol in which trained community health workers visit patients in their homes to make sure they take their medication until they are cured.
- Health Care | <urn:uuid:f0be1a25-acb4-4ce3-859d-a9573a6024c3> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://nextbillion.net/news/in-peru-progress-against-tb/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540527620.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210123634-20191210151634-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.978662 | 241 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Are Carrots a Source of Fiber?
Carrots can add crunch, color and flavor to your meals and snacks. They can also help you meet your daily fiber needs. As an undigestible carbohydrate, fiber plays an important role in digestive health, blood sugar control and appetite control.
Aim to include raw or cooked carrots in nutritious meals for added flavor, fiber and antioxidants.
Basic Fiber Needs
Fiber is considered an essential nutrient, meaning it’s vital for overall health. Most diets in the U.S. tend to lack it, according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. While specific fiber needs vary, most women should aim for about 25 grams of fiber per day until age 50, then 21 grams after that. Men, on the other hand, should aim for 38 grams of fiber per day until age 50, then 30 daily grams.
Fiber in Carrots
One cup of chopped, raw carrots provides almost 4 grams of fiber, making the orange veggies a good source of the nutrient. If you prefer munching on a whole carrot, one medium-sized raw carrot gives you about 2 grams of fiber. Boiled carrots provide even more. At around 5 fiber grams per cup, they’re considered a high-fiber food. Carrot juice is lower in fiber, supplying 1 gram per 8-ounce serving.
Fiber-Rich Serving Suggestions
You probably aren’t going to eat cup of cooked or raw carrots every day, nor do you need to. For a fiber-rich meal, incorporate carrots into healthy dishes that contain other fiber sources as well. Add shredded or sautéed and sliced carrots to marinara sauce to serve over whole-grain pasta, for example. Or combine carrots with other high-fiber produce, such as chopped kale, chunks of avocado and fresh raspberries, for a nutritious salad.
Other Nutrients in Carrots
In addition to fiber, carrots provide valuable amounts of essential micronutrients, such as vitamin K, beta-carotene, potassium and vitamin B-6. The beta-carotene, a form of vitamin A, serves as an important antioxidant. Like other veggies, carrots also contain water. Since hydration plays an important role in preventing or managing constipation, this attribute makes carrots a win-win.
When to Limit Fiber
While most people can benefit from eating more fiber or sticking to a fiber-rich dietary lifestyle longterm, you may want to limit or avoid carrots if your doctor or dietitian has recommended a low-fiber diet. Limiting fiber may be important if you have gastroenteritis or a digestive disorder that causes diarrhea, for example. If you can only have small amounts of fiber, carrot juice may be your best option.
- Easy Ways to Boost Fiber in Your Daily Diet: Easy Ways to Boost Fiber in Your Daily Diet
- WebMD: Your Ultimate High-Fiber Grocery List
- USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference: Carrots, Raw
- USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference: Carrots, Cooked, Boiled
- USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference: Carrot Juice | <urn:uuid:53aad3bc-dc2b-4d7f-aede-578b35bc7bf0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/carrots-source-fiber-1466.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402123173.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930075754-20200930105754-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.882808 | 655 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Pastor’s Class Notes
Prepared by Dr. John E. Marshall
Romans 1:2 “(Which he had promised afore by his prophets
in the holy scriptures,)”
The Gospel was not something new, concocted by men. It was ordained before the foundation of the world. And God used the years before Jesus’ coming to prepare the world for it. Buddha and Confucius may have preceded Jesus in the flesh, but Jesus was the Creator God that gave life to their bodies. Jesus existed before they were born, and before the world was created.
God gave His people hints along the way foretelling the One who would someday come. Surprisingly, God’s main source of communication was not the kings or priests, but the prophets–a group usually disliked by the people at large.
Paul here placed honor on a group of men that were usually considered fanatics or rebels. Jeremiah, Amos, Malachi–they were unpopular but right. The prophets continued to proclaim their message from YHWH when no one listened. Their persistence resulted in the highest accolade–the pre-heralding of the Gospel.
The greatest Old Testament passages referring to Christ are found in the prophets’ books (Moses, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel, Micah, Malachi). These men could be rude, sharp spoken, and cutting in their messages. Yet God saw their sincerity of heart and used them.
The line of the prophets was especially honored when one of their own, John the Baptist, was chosen as forerunner of the Messiah. The King, wicked Herod, was completely by-passed. The priesthood had become lazy and neglectful of the people’s real needs. Hence, Caiaphas was by-passed. The honor fell to a prophet.
The world’s outcasts were Heaven’s heroes. The prophets were scorned by men, but honored by God. Time has a way of “turning the table.” Winston Churchill was “the” hero of the early years of World War II. But not long after this, he was defeated in a re-election bid. Now he is considered one of the twentieth century’s most important men. U. S. Grant and Warren G. Harding were two of America’s most popular presidents while in office. Now they are viewed among the weakest presidents this country ever had. Harry Truman was maligned and ridiculed, plagued by Roosevelt’s overwhelming shadow. But now the Missourian is viewed as having been a remarkable leader. Lincoln is now universally viewed as one of the two greatest Presidents America ever had. But riots, complaints, and jokes against him abounded. He won re-election only because the Civil War turned in his favor at just the right moment.
These men, and the prophets, show us that popularity will not cause us to make a long-time impact on the world. Enlist on the side of truth, honesty, and conviction. Time vindicates right.
Do not be blown about by the whims and fads of popular opinion. Stand with the truth of God. Hold to high moral standards. Cling to righteousness and holiness. Only then will our lives have lasting significance. Pleasing God withstands the test of time. The kings had their wealth and power; the priests had their regalia and prestige; but the prophets had the smile of God. And that is the best thing of all.
Romans 1:3a “Concerning his Son. . .”
The focus of the Gospel is God’s Son, Jesus of Nazareth. Paul is enthralled with the Master. The Apostle stops a while and heaps up accolades on his Beloved. The sinner is here compelled to express love and honor for the Savior.
Romans 1:3b “. . .Jesus. . .”
It is no accident that the angel commanded Joseph to give this name to Mary’s first child. The name itself means “YHWH saves” and was given “for He shall save His people from their sins” (MT 1:21). He was God who had become man to help us. “He became what we are, to make us what He is.”
Romans 1:3c “. . .Christ. . .”
“The anointed One”–In the Old Testament prophets, priests, and kings were anointed. The Jews longed for “the” anointed One, that One who would combine in Himself all three offices. Jesus did this. As prophet He was the ultimate mouthpiece of God. As priest He entered the Holy of Holies once and all for us. As king He reigns at the right hand of the Father.
Romans 1:3d “. . .our Lord. . .”
“Lord” is the word the Hebrews used in their scriptures as a substitute for the Holy Name, YHWH. When Paul, the Hebrew scholar, used the word “Lord” with reference to Jesus, he knew exactly what implications would be drawn. He was putting Jesus in the position of God. Paul was saying Jesus is Supreme Master and Possessor. We belong to Him.
Christianity is not primarily a system of theology or ethics. It is a Person. Becoming a Christian means letting a new Person live in you (GL 2:20). To reject Christianity is not to reject a sermon, or church, or Bible, but to reject a Person who offers Himself. And when Christ is rejected, the unbeliever is the loser. Rejecting Jesus does not topple Jesus from the throne. The Rock of Ages stands secure. Refusing the Bible does not make it less true. The infallible Word abides forever. Scorning the sermon does not nullify it. The truth remains.
Jesus is Lord. He is Master. His throne is secure. Someday every knee shall bow and every tongue confess that Jesus is Lord. But for many it will be too late.
What will you do with Jesus?
Neutral you cannot be.
Someday your heart will be asking,
“What will he do with me?” (B. B. McKinney)
Romans 1:3e “. . .which was made of the seed of David. . .”
Everyone agreed the Messiah would be a descendant of David. YHWH Himself told David, “Thine house and thy kingdom shall be established forever before thee: thy throne shall be established forever” (2 SM 7:16). The Coming One had to be a descendant of David. Jesus met this requirement through both parents. Matthew 1 gives His legal connection to David through his step-father. Luke 3 gives his actual connection to David through His mother. He was a legal heir to David’s throne. Not even His bitterest enemies disputed his Davidic ancestry.
Romans 1:3f “. . .according to the flesh;”
The incarnation was an amazing provision for human desires. All humanity seems to cry out for something tangible with regard to God. Idols, statues, figurines, crucifixes, beads, etc.–these are products of human hearts groaning after God incarnate. Jesus has filled that need. We have no reason to want any other tangible evidence of God. Jesus in the flesh suffices.
Paul’s statement here obviously implies that there was more to Jesus than humanity. This phrase would be redundant if used of any other human being who ever lived. This points to the next verse. . .
Romans 1:4 “And declared to be the Son of God with
power, according to the spirit of
holiness, by the resurrection from
Verse 3 emphasized Jesus’ humanity. Now Paul emphasizes Christ’s superior nature, the Divine nature. The genealogical records established beyond question the physical ancestry of Jesus. The Resurrection proved His spiritual ancestry.
The foundation of our faith rests upon the premise Jesus is the Son of God. By that, we mean of the very substance of God. He is God of very God. Not all of God, but nevertheless, God. If this position is forfeited, we end up having nothing more than Judaism under a new name.
Jesus claimed to be the Son of God. The Jews called Him a liar and crucified Him for blasphemy. One of them had to be completely wrong. The Resurrection proved Jesus was right.
The word “declare” means to manifest, to mark with a monument. It refers to placing a monument somewhere to provide permanent evidence. The resurrection is the monument that declares “Jesus is the Son of God.” It did not make Him that. He never “became” the Son of God. He always was. The resurrection just proved it.
The proof was given in the sphere of power. Christ was irresistibly and eternally proven to be the Son of God. The Resurrection was God’s solemn and powerful “Amen!” to everything Jesus claimed to be. The Father had gently said, with a dove, “This is My Son” at His baptism. The Father said it again at the Transfiguration, but in more glorious tones, “This is MY SON!” Then finally, at the resurrection, He said it once more; this time with emphasis, effectually, loud and clear, “THIS IS MY SON!!!” He had a hard time getting that across to sinful, thick-headed men. But the Lord has ways of getting His message across. It took a staggering dream to get Jacob’s attention, a burning bush to get Moses’ attention, a series of plagues to get Pharaoh’s attention, a flaming angel to get Balaam’s attention, a rain of fire to get King Ahab’s attention, a blinding light to get Paul’s attention, and a mind-boggling, inexplicable, unprecedented, death-defying resurrection to get the world’s attention.
The miracles of Jesus did not overwhelmingly convince men of His deity. Some believed, but more disbelieved and said His power was magical or Satanic. However, when it came to His resurrection, no one ever attempted to say it was caused by magic or Satan. Only God can raise the dead. Everyone knew if Jesus actually rose, it would be impossible to deny Jesus is God.
That is why Paul calls it a declaration of power. If men will not be convinced by the resurrection, they will not be convinced by anything. We do not have a more powerful argument.
Conclusion: I doubt if anyone in the world believed very strongly in the deity of Christ on the day after he was crucified. His message, His cause, His claims, and the disciples’ faith were buried with Him. But they all returned with vitality on Sunday morning.
Many men have died, leaving behind wonderful legacies and outstanding memories. But when Jesus died, He left as His legacy a resurrected presence, mighty with power. | <urn:uuid:46d06e4f-ac1b-4828-8e10-d2739b35d581> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.john316marshall.com/romans-12-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988741.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506053729-20210506083729-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.965164 | 2,332 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As federal policy to curb carbon emissions remains in limbo, a pack of state and local governments is experimenting with new ways to reduce energy waste.
For many of them, fresh efforts to promote clean energy serve as a response to federal inaction. But there are also signs that Washington is watching them, hoping a new idea to snag energy savings will emerge.
Liberal, environmentalist towns like Berkeley, Calif.; Cambridge, Mass.; and Boulder, Colo., have pioneered financing tools to help everyday residents, not just utilities, use less energy. So-called "blue states" are combining policies, like renewable energy standards and electricity price reform, for maximum effect.
All hope to bust the main barriers that have limited investments in energy efficiency despite the fact that many investments pay for themselves: complexity, profitability, and most of all, affordability.
This spring, Delaware plans to roll out a $35 million fund it's calling a "sustainable energy utility," or SEU. It's a nonprofit organization envisioned to be the "one-stop shop" for anyone looking to save energy.
Fixing a drafty school to curb energy bills
John Byrne, a professor of climate policy at the University of Delaware and co-chairman of the SEU, offered an example of what it wants to do. He said shrinking budgets have saddled most of the state's public schools with ill-maintained, drafty buildings. "The school districts have to pay this high energy bill, [but they] don't have capital to go and fix the problem," Byrne said. "All they can do is keep paying the bill."
The SEU would provide another way. It would pay for an energy audit of the school district's buildings, identifying the upgrades that are cost-effective. Then it would hire building retrofitting companies and write a contract.
According to this contract, the companies would retrofit the schools with energy-saving features, like windows, heating systems and insulation, and then guarantee a certain amount of utility savings over time. The SEU would pay them for the work. Then, each month, as the district saved a fraction of its utility bill, some of the savings would go to the SEU to pay it back.
At first, the savings won't come near covering the full cost of the equipment and installation. But Byrne said the SEU, unlike the retrofitting companies, can afford to be patient. "We're a nonprofit organization, so the length of the time that it takes to get the money back is not a concern, whereas it would be if it was strictly driven by the private sector alone," he said.
The model can also work for renewable energy, Byrne explained. The SEU would pay to have solar panels, for example, installed on a school. Then it would arrange a contract to sell power to the school district over a decade or two, usually for the same price as electricity off the grid, until the cost of the system was paid off.
The SEU will get its first $35 million from a Delaware state bond, and the fund will be replenished -- and the bonds repaid -- as the school districts and other projects save energy. An independent auditor will routinely check the buildings to make sure their equipment is working properly, allowing the SEU to guarantee savings over the life of its contracts.
The SEU's first targets will be the state's public buildings, Byrne said, but then it will turn to everyday Delawareans' homes and businesses.
Finding ways to help utilities profit from efficiency
Byrne has applied for stimulus funds to do a mass energy renovation in downtown Wilmington, Delaware's largest city. Again, the SEU would write a contract guaranteeing energy savings, hire the contractors, then sit back and let utility savings pay back the loan.
Observers said Delaware's plan fits into a larger national movement away from the traditional way of doing efficiency programs -- with utilities in charge.
Historically, utilities have been the clearinghouse for efficiency programs. The most ardent utilities affixed a charge to electricity bills and recycled the money into promoting efficient light bulbs and demand-response programs, for example. The process hasn't been for the queasy: Utilities usually have to go through the regulatory process and defend the rate increase.
The alternative plan, which many states are adopting, is to reshape the business: Make it possible for utilities to profit from efficiency, not just from selling electrons. But it hasn't fully satisfied efficiency boosters, who point to the dozen or so states that face the same incentive as ever: Sell more power, make more money.
For these reasons, a crop of local and state programs has risen to promote efficiency programs outside the usual utility chain. Utilities often participate in these programs, but with differing levels of involvement.
Efficiency Vermont, for example, gets its funding from a surcharge on Vermonters' power bills. State utilities can help implement its efficiency programs, but their main role is to funnel that surcharge through to the nonprofit group.
"People are trying all sorts of different ways to make this happen. They recognize it's not just going to happen on its own," said Steve Nadel, executive director of the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, a think tank that researches state programs.
Both homeowners and work crews need training
The plans have drawn the Obama administration's interest as part of its "recovery through retrofit" vision. Last October, Vice President Joe Biden released a report proposing that a mass campaign would spur jobs in construction while shoring up the country's building stock.
The 130 million U.S. homes cause about a fifth of the nation's CO2 emissions, the report said, and existing technology could save $21 billion in utility bills each year.
But the report also said that driving this movement would take more than educating people about efficiency and training the construction workers to do it: It would also take clever new ways of helping people pay for it.
One high-profile option, endorsed by Biden's report and the Clinton Climate Initiative, is called PACE, and it's been adopted by Berkeley, Calif.; Boulder, Colo.; and a number of other cities. The model lets a homeowner take a loan from the city, then repay her efficiency or renewable energy upgrades over decades of utility savings. Most importantly, if she should move, the new resident could pick up the rest of the tab.
PACE has been heralded as a way to solve the "payback" issue. Individuals may balk at efficiency investments, recognizing the long payback horizon, but if the onus is on the property owner, then any number of owners can chip in for the upgrades, over time.
"I think these local projects create actually a new paradigm shift in how energy programs can get taken out into the market," said Ben Taube, executive director of the Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance. "You don't have to rely on traditional sources of just the utility programs."
Taube's current work has brought him to Virginia, where Albemarle County and the city of Charlottesville have embarked on new efficiency efforts.
Not 'overnight' programs
A public-private group, the Local Energy Alliance Program, will try to play the "one-stop shop" by connecting residents to audits, certified contractors and ways to pay for them.
LEAP will zero in where efficiency has been the toughest sell: homes and businesses. Its current mandate ends by 2017, but by the end of the program, it wants the county's building stock on pace to cause 80 percent less emissions by 2050.
Taube said LEAP has a "good collaboration" with Dominion Power, the local utility, but that Virginia hasn't yet adopted policies that would make efficiency profitable for its. Dominion has taken flak from environmental groups, which say the utility has focused on generation at the expense of efficiency and clean energy.
A spokeswoman for the company said it is "very supportive of the LEAP program, but it is not a program of Dominion." She said the company works with LEAP when it overlaps with the company's smart grid initiative in Charlottesville.
Taube urged patience.
He said efficiency campaigns are facing challenges even where states offer stronger incentives for it, such as in Cincinnati.
"These programs are not overnight programs," he said. "They do take some time, and they will take some years to create the policy incentives around them."
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Click here to start a free trial to E&E -- the best way to track policy and markets. | <urn:uuid:112ea570-52b4-4afa-984e-045cc529d532> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.eenews.net/stories/87451/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146302.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00278-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963671 | 1,775 | 2.734375 | 3 |
During bad rainstorms, some of our homes and streets get flooded and storm water rushes into our streams and into the Long Island Sound carrying with it pollutants which degrade our water quality.
There are a number of eco-friendly ways to deal with this storm water problem and one of the most exciting and beautiful is the creation of rain gardens. The City of New Rochelle has created a demonstration rain garden at Ward Elementary School with the Ward PTA through the assistance of John Jay Landscape Development, so that our residents can learn how rain gardens can help reduce storm water runoff and flooding and filter out pollutants from the water.
What is a Rain Garden?
Rain gardens are planted to reduce storm water runoff by absorbing water into the ground. They are shallow depression, sometimes underlain with a porous soil mix and/or perforated pipe, and planted with hearty native plants that are both drought and flood resistant. Rain gardens dramatically reduce lawn maintenance because they do not need to be mowed, fertilized, or watered.
Rain gardens collect the water that runs over lawns, roofs, roads, and parking lots during a storm. This storm water carries pollutants such as lawn chemicals, oils, and grit that building up on these surfaces. As the storm water percolates down into the ground, the pollutants are filtered out so that the water entering the water table which ultimately flows into our streams and into Long Island Sound is clean. | <urn:uuid:823ddb7e-8ee2-4dac-982e-0e5b947b524e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://newrochelleny.com/665/Community-Rain-Garden | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429485.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727202516-20170727222516-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.95395 | 288 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Hydrocephalus is a very serious type of infant brain injury in which the ventricle spaces inside the brain become flooded by a backup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Hydrocephalus can occur in adults but it is most common in newborn infants who experience some type of external trauma to the head during childbirth.What is Hydrocephalus?
Hydrocephalus literally means "water in the brain" ("hydro" is a Greek word for water and "cephalus" refers to the head). Hydrocephalus is a medical condition that occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) becomes blocked and starts to build up within the brain eventually flooding into the ventricle cavities. CSF is a vital fluid that is constantly produced inside the ventricles of the brain. As the CSF is produced it gets released from the ventricles and it is supposed to circulate down to the spinal cord before getting absorbed into the blood. Hydrocephalus occurs when this normal outflow of CSF from the brain down to the spine gets blocked. The blockage prevents the release of CSF but the brain continues to produce it so it begins to back up, like water in a clogged plumbing system. As the CSF accumulates it eventually floods into the brain ventricles. The flooding within the ventricles creates internal outward pressure inside the brain which can cause devastating internal damage.Different Types of Hydrocephalus
Although hydrocephalus is usually a birth injury resulting from external head trauma during delivery, it can also be caused by a congenital defect. Congenital hydrocephalus is triggered by a developmental abnormality that occurs during fetal growth and may be genetically passed down. The most common abnormalities that cause congenital hydrocephalus is aqueductal stenosis Abnormalities that can trigger congenital hydrocephalus can sometimes be diagnosed during pregnancy. When properly diagnosed these conditions can be managed so good prenatal care is an important preventative measure. When hydrocephalus is the result of head trauma (or another perinatal event) during labor and delivery, it often described as "acquired" rather than congenital.
Whether acquired or congenital, hydrocephalus is classified into 1 of 2 different types based on exactly where the cerebrospinal fluid is being blocked within its circulatory path:
- Communicating Hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus (also called "non-obstructive") occurs when the CSF circulation is being blocked somewhere outside of the brain.
- Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus: when the outflow of CSF is actually being blocked somewhere inside the brain and ventricles, the condition is classified as non-communication or "obstructive" hydrocephalus.
The most common developmental abnormaliy that causes congenital hydrocephalus is aqueductal stenosis. It occurs when the narrow pathway connecting the 4th and 3rd ventricles (called the aqueduct of Sylvius) becomes compressed and blocked. The compression is usually the result of either an infection or a tumor. A neural tube defect is another common cause of congenital hydrocephalus. This occurs when the spinal cord is exposed during fetal development and CSF leaks out.Causes of Acquired Hydrocephalus
Acquired hydrocephalus is caused by some external trauma or another event that occurs during labor and delivery which triggers a blockage of normal CSF flow and absorption. Injury from external trauma the head during a difficult vaginal delivery is the leading cause of acquired hydrocephalus. When the baby's delicate head is subjected to excessive pressure during childbirth it can rupture blood vessels and cause swelling within the. The internal inflammation in the brain can obstruct pathways and block or restrict the outflow of CSF. The blockage causes a buildup of CSF that eventually floods into the ventricles. Hydrocephalus can also be caused by intraventricular hemorrhage which occurs when blood vessels around the brain ventricles rupture and block CSF flow. This frequently occurs in premature babies with underdeveloped blood vessels.Hydrocephalus Treatment & Prognosis
Sadly there is no effective cure or treatment for hydrocephalus and it is often difficult to prevent. Complex neurosurgery is currently the only option for treatment of hydrocephalus. The surgery attempts to clear the blockage of CSF and restore normal circulation of the fluid out of the brain. This is typically accomplished by surgically implanting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt inside the head. Any type of major brain surgery like this is always a difficult and very high risk, but this is particularly true for newborn infants. There are a host of potential post-surgical complications that can arise and the shunts have to be replaced after just a few years.
Hydrocephalus is an extremely dangerous medical condition that can be potentially fatal. The internal pressure caused by a buildup of CSF within the brain can do extensive internal damage as well as disrupt normal brain development. Hydrocephalus is also a progressive condition which means it can and often does get worse over time. If left undiagnosed and untreated, the pressure within the brain from hydrocephalus do enough damage to cause death. | <urn:uuid:b1cad620-bcc1-48ca-94ea-f7184c1e8ef4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.birthinjuryhelpcenter.org/hydrocephalus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572879.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916155946-20190916181946-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.944127 | 1,060 | 3.953125 | 4 |
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A domain name is the internet equivalent of your home or business address. It is used in order for people to find your website on the internet.
Each domain is made up of a suffix called a Top Level Domain or TLD (e.g. .com, .co.uk, etc.) followed by a minimum of a second level domain (e.g. my-domain-name).
There are a multitude of TLD’s to choose from nowadays, but in the early days of the internet there were only a few, such as .com and .org.
This is the main reason why the .com still remains so popular today.
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Your domain name would be a word or phrase followed by a TLD, for example, mydomain.com.
The mydomain bit is your domain name as is technically referred to as a second level domain name.
So most domains look like second-level-name.top-level-domain.
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1. Division and unity in European history
2. War, revolution, and civil war: a European story?
3. Total war
4. Totalitarian ideologies
5. Territory, peoples and states
6. Democracies, colonialism and decolonization
The first half of the twentieth century was the most violent period in modern European history. War, revolution, civil war and the deliberate displacement or destruction of entire ethnic and cultural communities characterized much of the continent from 1914 to the early 1950s. Thereafter, conflict was frozen in less lethal and more institutionalized forms until the final decade of the century, when the end of the Cold War was followed by the extraordinarily peaceful integration of Europe - a process that continues today. The exception has been the violent implosion of Yugoslavia.
This theme presents particular challenges both for a European reading of the recent history of the continent and also for the notion of “contemporary” history. Wars and conflicts were by definition the result of difference and division and they were not, in the main, self-referentially European. Nor did they affect all parts of Europe in the same way, let alone at exactly the same time. What (if anything) makes them “European” in historical retrospect thus needs to be explored and demonstrated.
Wars and revolutions also provide the major points of discontinuity in recent European history. The sense of the “contemporary” stems in large part from the perceived links between these moments of rupture and the present - as shown by the common use of the terms “pre-war” and “post-war”, “post-Communist”, and so on. If the notions of historical temporality and “modern time” were invented in the Enlightenment, the idea of the contemporary as something deriving from the power of recent history to shape current lives is due in no small measure to the ruptures of the twentieth century.1 Because the French experienced this sense of the contemporary earliest, with the French Revolution, and thus measured “contemporary history” from 1789, the term “temps présent” was coined in France to capture the specificity of the period since the Second World War.2 Yet whether it is called “contemporary history”, “Zeitgeschichte”, or “histoire du temps présent”, this recent past has particularly fluid temporal boundaries because it is redefined more rapidly and substantially by the evolving present than is the case with more remote periods.
Both “Europe” and the “contemporary”, therefore, constitute unstable platforms for studying war and violence over the last 90 years. Yet this may be an advantage. Potentially, continental frameworks of analysis enable us to go beyond interpretations rooted in the nation-state or in the very divisions that produced the conflicts. Likewise, the idea of the “contemporary” suggests that variable time-frames may help pin down the changing continuities and discontinuities of the recent past. In other words, the very instability of both terms, “Europe” and the “contemporary”, makes them positive vantage-points - provided that they are part of the question and not taken for granted.
In thinking about how to explore war and conflict since 1914, it may help to draw a contrast with an influential tradition of historical writing about Europe since the Enlightenment. This tradition has been essentially binary. It has taken diversity to be a central feature of Europe, expressed by multiple states and by conflicts. But it has found unity in common cultural values, social arrangements and political principles, summarized by the notion of a European “civilization”. This was Voltaire’s “Great Republic, divided into several states [...] but all corresponding with one another”, or Gibbon’s view that Europe was characterized by a “general resemblance of religion, language and manners [...] productive of the most beneficial consequences to the liberty of mankind.”3
The “civilization” in question was usually thought of in the singular, as providing both beliefs and an identity that distinguished Europe and Europeans from other continents and peoples. In the triumphalist phases of nineteenth and twentieth century Europe, it was all too easily confounded with “civilization” as such and provided an ideology for different Europeans to justify their dominance over much of the rest of the world or other parts of Europe. It might be thought that with Europe’s descent into war and genocide, this tradition would have been abandoned. In fact it has proved remarkably resilient. For embattled liberal historians such as H.A.L. Fisher or Henri Pirenne, it defined what had to be saved from fascism and communism. As Fisher put it in 1936: “The kind of civilization which we specifically designate as European reposes not upon a foundation of race, but on an inheritance of thought and achievement and religious aspirations.”4 Recast as “western civilization” after 1945 to include North America, it provided a powerful historical paradigm in the Cold War, while as the “European idea” it also informed the emerging process of European integration.5
The binary model of conflict and civilization is deeply unsatisfactory. Of course, there is no denying that certain cultural and political currents have marked the history of the continent as a whole. But one cannot argue without being reductive or essentialist that they produced a single “civilization” - as we have been reminded by the recent, acrimonious debate over the preamble to the proposed new constitution for the European Union. More importantly, the cultural or political currents often identified (Christianity, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, science, democracy, etc.) contributed to war and revo-lution, often decisively. Hence they should not be seen as a counterweight to diversity and conflict but rather placed among the causes of the latter. Above all, by monopolizing the transnational, the notion of “civilization” consigned the explanation of war and conflict to European diversity, reinforcing a tendency to write political and military history in terms of nations and the state system. Yet the critique highlights the question. Can a continental level of explanation problematize what was subsumed in the notion of European culture or “civilization”? Can it “Europeanize” our understanding of war and conflict? Or should the explanations remain with the nation-state (whose heyday was during this very period), making international relations and comparative national history the best approach? The answers to these questions lie mainly (but not exclusively) in the realm of cultural and political history. Confining myself to these fields, let me offer some suggestions as to what a transnational view of war and conflict in recent European history might have to offer.
The shift in chronological perspective produced by the events of 1989 resulted in a new thesis about Europe’s “short” twentieth century which has gained wide acceptance.6 Yet the fall of communism and the end of the Cold War did not so much redefine as re-open the question of the historical roots of the contemporary period - a good example of the elasticity of the latter. The bicentenary of the French Revolution in the same year was a symbolically important coincidence. Not only did it prove divisive in France (where the decline of a Republican political culture made the revolutionary legacy unexpectedly ambiguous) but it invited reflection on the links between the conflicts of twentieth century Europe and the upheaval of the late eighteenth century - and still does so.
At the risk of gross simplification, let me suggest that the latter was a profound moment because the ancient and widespread concept of sovereignty was reinvested in the abstract notion of the “people”. This legitimized politics from below (through the concept of citizenship) and placed the principle of power (as well as its practice) in open-ended contention. It was also a profoundly European moment not only because it reverberated across the continent via the French Revolution but also because it was deeply contested. The reverberation was amplified in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (through ideas of liberalism and democracy). But sovereignty and self-determination were transferred to new concepts derived from culture (the nation), economics (social class) and later from biology (race).The revolutions of 1848 show the operation of a truly continental dynamic in propagating these emergent, and divergent, political languages.7
There was, of course, a long road from 1848 to the First World War. It was marked among other things by a process of partial dechristianization that helped translate transcendant and utopian impulses into secular politics.8 It was also marked by a self-conscious preoccupation with “modernization” which provoked anxiety and conflict and helped polarize the languages of politics (citizenship, nation, class, race) into ever more conflictual patterns.9 None of these developments played out the same way in different parts of Europe, but few zones of the continent were unaffected by them. They constitute a pre-history without which the wars and ideological conflicts of the period since 1914 are unintelligible, and it is one that cannot be written in national terms alone.
Nonetheless, it was the era of violence pivoted on the two world wars that translated these developments into military and political conflicts on a European scale. Because states (and mainly nation-states) were the agents of this process (conducting war, making peace), its history has largely been written in national terms or from an international relations perspective. There are obvious reasons for this. The explosive potential of popular sovereignty and the conflicting ideologies in which it resulted only assumed concrete shape in the development of individual states and the crises they experienced. National politics, and their geo-political interaction, thus provide coherent if well-rehearsed explanations for the revolutions and wars that transformed the continent. No-one would deny the importance of this level of analysis. However, some themes have emerged which address the European dimension of conflict differently, linking it with the pre-history that I have just mentioned. These themes have been particularly evident in the cultural history of the First World War which has marked the revival of interest in that field in the last decade.10 They have also emerged from the first attempts at serious comparative work on the two world wars.11
The first of these themes is the scale and nature of the violence that characterized the two world wars in Europe. One way of approaching this is to consider the two conflicts as Europe’s second Thirty Years’ War - that is, as a continuous struggle which assumed ideological, diplomatic and military forms in different combinations and resulted in two episodes of generalized war.12 However, this explanation does not identify the particular dynamics of violence that characterized the military conflicts at a continental level. These expressed a new intensity of warfare rather than just a causal link between the two world wars, and it was this intensity of warfare that helped transform ideologies and politics in the longer term.13
Foremost among these dynamics of war was the de-humanization of the imagined enemy. In extreme cases, not even his submission and conversion but his physical displacement or elimination became the goal. The outbreak of war in 1914 crystallized pre-existing tensions into antagonistic “war cultures” which already presented the conflict as a total war for the survival of nations that were seen to stand for different ideological and cultural values.14 Externally, it was assumed that the enemy consisted not just of the state or the armed forces but the entire population. The logic (derived from the French Revolution) which assumed that citizens were also soldiers and that the state disposed of the entire economy in time of war, meant (when applied reciprocally to the enemy) that his whole society became a legitimate target.15 Economic warfare targeted civilian living standards while strategic air power (which had been clearly imagined by the end of the First World War) ultimately targeted the civilians’ existence. In the German case, it did so from the start of the Second World War while with the Allies, it escalated from economic to civilian targets, notably with the night bombing of German cities by the British.16
Internally, cultural and political mobilization for war generated powerful sentiments of community - seen by some as a new form of that Gemeinschaft whose apparent loss was mourned as a casualty of modernity. But the reverse side of this was a drive against the “enemy within”, the deviant or treacherous “other” who had to be controlled if not extirpated from the national community (virtually all the nations involved in the First World War had their own “stab in the back” legend during the conflict). Cultural and political mobilization for war, in other words, was inclusive and exclusive, segregating both the nation and the outside world into antagonistic categories.17 With a militarized population, it also supplied the means to turn such imaginings into political programmes and even realizations. It is not surprizing, therefore, if both wars in Europe produced episodes of radical repression against elements of the home population. The mass deportations of suspect nationalities by Stalin at the onset of the Second World War had been anticipated by the wave of forced deportations of frontier populations by the Russian army during the great retreat from Galicia in 1915.18 In the case of Ottoman Turkey, war triggered the genocide of between 800,000 and 1.2 million Armenians.
This picture of extreme violence against a dehumanized enemy requires many qualifications which I cannot go into here. Its scope and intensity increased exponentially between the two wars. Also, it affected different zones of the continent differently. In the First World War, one is most struck in the west by the readiness of soldiers on both sides to face mass death in an unprecedented industrial conflict precisely because of the sense of total investment to which I have referred. The weight of violence tilted massively to the east in the Second World War, where soldiers and above all civilians were killed in millions owing not just to industrial destruction (the Wehrmacht reverted to technically more primitive forms of warfare during the Russian campaign) but above all to the propensity to see the enemy in extreme ideological and (in the German case) racially sub-human terms. Nazi Germany categorized the enemy in the west differently (Jews and Communists apart), so that warfare there was far more restrained.19 The different treatment of prisoners of war in the two spheres marks the difference.
Dissolving the distinction between combatant and non-combatant, construing the conflict in ideologically absolute terms, and reducing or eliminating the assumption of shared humanity are thus as important in defining the violence of the two world wars in Europe as the vastly expanded means of destruction. This may explain why, for all the differences in scale, smaller wars which were similarly marked by extreme ideological or ethnic conflict (the Spanish Civil War, the wars in the former Yugoslavia from 1992 to 1995) had episodes that recalled events in both world wars (with bestialized imagery of the enemy, direct targeting of civilians, and the killing of prisoners).20
A second dynamic of conflict in Europe from 1914 to the early 1950s was bound up as much with revolution as war, though it involved both. One might describe it as the emergence of ideologies whose internal dialectic required them to eliminate their own projected antagonists by violent conflict. Obviously, I am referring here to communism and fascism (if we agree, in the latter case, to give one name to what some would see as very different radical nationalist movements). No more than in the case of war is the aim to displace the classic explanations in terms of social appeal, economic dislocation and political crisis, most of which use a national framework of explanation, or of the comparisons that have been attempted between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and between both and Stalinist Russia.21 Rather it is to see whether a transnational level of explanation has anything to offer.
I observed that in the course of the nineteenth century, as cultural, economic and biological paradigms gained intellectual currency, they were invested with the political agency and authority that had originally been associated with popular sovereignty. By 1914, cultural nationalism, social class and racial biology had all generated influential creeds and movements, often in a variety of permutations. However, in a reversal of the late eighteenth century crisis, war now generated revolution rather than the opposite. Indeed, in some respects war was the revolution.22
The First World War not only precipitated the Bolshevik Revolution but stamped its outcome with a radical model of mobilization - war communism, terror, and the dual struggle against White and interventionist armies outside, and the counter revolutionary enemy within. The latter led to the destruction of the Cossacks, anticipating the “De-kulakisation” of the 1930s. As many historians have noted, the instruments used by Stalin to conduct his second revolution from above, as well as the vision of permanent mobilization that drove it, owed a great deal to the origins of the revolution in the Great War.23 Likewise, the cultural nationalism that lay at the heart of Fascism was crystallised by the war and given political purchase by defeat or perceived national humilation. Thus Mussolini constructed a fascist persona as soldier and wartime journalist which he used to found the movement in March 1919.24
The mobilization of extreme nationalism behind the German military government in 1917/18 (e.g. the Vaterlandspartei), though it failed to reverse the disintegration of the war effort, generated a catastrophic vision of war, in which the only possible outcomes were total victory or total defeat, and which included plans for a last-ditch Volkskrieg against Allied invasion. Along with paramilitary violence, the “stab in the back” legend, and the ideal of the front community, this relationship between war and politics was inherited by the National Socialists, who of course added a biological and social darwinian racism.25
War thus shaped communism and fascism and provided each with a metaphoric language for politics. More fundamentally, however, each of these ideologies assumed a dynamic model of society, premissed on a transcendant future, which could only be reached by violent mobilization against the oppositional forces that the model itself proposed. The party and the charismatic leader were the self-appointed political agents who prosecuted the conflict, and the centrality of conflict to the belief-system gave them the authority to use extreme violence in doing so. Naturally, the terms of the model were very different. The most obvious contrast was between the social science terminology of Soviet marxism and the biological racism of National Socialism. The class conflict built into the former, though ultimately international, was most readily deployed in massive internal social engineering, of the kind carried out by Stalin in the 1930s and imposed on eastern Europe after 1945-1948. The darwinian struggle for racial supremacy which the Nazis imagined, once the balance had been tipped against the forces of conservatism within Germany, was innately expansionist.26
What the two creeds shared, however, was a transcendant vision that promised to overcome the decadence of the existing order and establish an earthly utopia. Although each used extreme violence (this was less true of Fascist Italy), each also demonstrated a real capacity to generate faith among activists and intellectuals as well as broader support (as shown by work on public opinion in Nazi Germany or on the consolidation of Soviet Communism through the Great Patriotic War).27 Of course, it is not hard to make the case that with the clash between Nazi Germany and the USSR, the ideological conflict that I am talking about was a pivotal event of contemporary European history - perhaps the pivotal event. But the influence of these ideologies was broader, affecting much of the continent in varying proportions and intensity. And because communism and fascism in their different ways subordinated the individual to collective categories, some of which were to be eliminated, they dismantled the idea of a shared humanity in a process which, I have suggested, lay at the heart of the violence of the Second World War. How Europe (and not just a few countries) entered this ideological universe - and emerged from it - seems to me central to its twentieth century history. It is a theme that results with particular poignancy from the history of intellectuals who voluntarily adhered to fascism and communism as forms of faith, and sometimes sought to disengage from those same ideologies.28
A third theme addressing war and conflict transnationally is that of the three-way tension between territory, peoples and states. As cultural nationalism fed a heightened sense of linguistic and ethnic identity in the later nineteenth century and promoted the desirability of a culturally homogeneous nation as the basis for the state, the issue of borders, irredentism and ethnic minorities became ever more acute. This, too, is a classic subject of national and diplomatic histories, from the break up of the Ottoman and Hapsburg Empires to Wilsonian diplomacy and the successor states between the wars. But the so-called “ethnic cleansing” in which all sides engaged in the wars of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s (especially Serbs and Croats and Bosnian Serbs in Bosnia) reopened issues for many Europeans which had long been consigned to the past. Was this “Balkan” exceptionalism or part of a broader European pattern?29
Without denying the particularities of the Yugoslav case, the violence of these episodes (and their interaction with diplomatic “solutions”) was a reminder of the brutal processes by which ethnicity had been made to fit nation earlier in the century, usually also on the occasion of war and post-war settlements. The Armenian genocide of 1915/16 was the result of the attempt by the Young Turks (faced with war and invasion) to construct an ethnically coherent basis for a modernized Ottoman Empire in Asia. The Greco-Turkish war of 1919-1922 ended in the mass expulsion of one and half million Greeks from Anatolia and the reciprocal transfer of a smaller number of Turks from Greek Macedonia, the entire resettlement being endorsed by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.30
Yet the new states of central and eastern Europe founded after the Great War were ethnically and linguistic diverse and not necessarily intrinsically unstable. The period 1938 to 1945, however, was accompanied by the greatest redistribution of populations of the entire century, principally in the east. This was achieved by a combination of redrafting frontiers to incorporate populations or territory and moving populations to accommodate new frontiers. Examples of the former are the German annexation of the Sudetenland and the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland, with Poland being displaced several hundred kilometres to the west. Examples of the latter include the expulsion of Sudeten Germans from post-war Czechoslovakia and the separating out of Poles and Ukrainians in the western Ukraine. The process was also one aspect of the chaos of Europe at the end of the war, with millions of former prisoners of war and displaced persons scattered across the continent.31
However, this dynamic of ethnic “rationalization” was also super-charged by two larger imperial projects. The first was that of the Nazis to racially reorder eastern Europe - a project which the army in a more benign form had already begun during the military occupation of the area during the First World War.32 The second was that of Soviet Russia to reacquire the multi-ethnic borderlands of the Tsarist Empire. In both cases, the extreme violence unleashed by war furnished the means, while the ideological struggle which I have already discussed radicalized the process. Economic exploitation, forcible deportation (to Germany or further east), and mass murder were the Nazi solutions. Massacres (though on a lesser scale), deportation within the Soviet Union, and military repression of local nationalism were the tools of the Soviet Union. Anti-Soviet partisan warfare in the Baltic region and the Ukraine continued until the early 1950s.33
The upshot after 1945 was a simplified “fit” of ethnic and national identity with nation-states compared to the inter-war period. Ironically, the one area that largely escaped the process was Yugoslavia. The balance of the pre-war kingdom was preserved in Tito’s federal state, despite wartime massacres (notably of Serbs and Croatian Jews by the Croatian regime) and the inter-necine feuding of the wartime Resistance movements. No doubt the need to preserve national independence from the threat of Soviet domination after 1948 was a major factor. Hence, if there was no historical inevitability there was a kind of logic to the explosion of ethnic violence and reordering of boundaries that occurred once Communism fell and the external menace was removed. And it works against the argument of Balkan exceptionalism, since Yugoslavia was replicating what had occurred elsewhere in central Europe in the context of more generalized violence fifty years before.34
In discussing these three dynamics of violence - total war, radically exclusive ideologies, and the connection between states, territory and peoples - I am conscious that I have not addressed what must stand as the most radical (and one-sided) conflict of all in Europe since 1914 - the Nazi genocide of the Jews. Nor do I have the space to address it here in any substance. But the question of whether, and in what sense, there is a European (as opposed to a German) explanation of the Holocaust seems to me to be a fundamental test of whether transnational explanations have a place in accounting for war and conflict in twentieth century Europe. It is not just that the three dynamics that I have discussed all contributed to the genocide, though they clearly did. For it was the product of implacable ideological enmity on the part of the Nazi elites, largely carried out in a space created by the ethnic project of racial resettlement, and conducted in the atmosphere and with the tools of a “total” war effort. Nor is it even the fact that in ways that are still being pieced together subordinate groups in the Nazi order collaborated in the genocide for their own purposes. It is rather that if there is anything to the idea of a European dimension to the wars and conflict of the last 90 years, the dynamics that helped produce the Holocaust had deeper roots and broader parallels, which may make it in some degree part of a common history.
If democracies were by definition opposed to the radical authoritarianism of both the extreme left and the extreme right, they had their own versions of total war and were by no means immune to the coercion and violence involved in making peoples fit territories. Mobilizing against a ‘total’ enemy tested beliefs in tolerance, the rule of law and individual liberties. State censorship and a mass self-censorship rendered liberal states such as Britain and France more repressive in wartime, as did the internment of enemy nationals. Hostility to the ‘enemy within’ resulted in a marked tendency to xenophobia and witch-hunts against political minorities (e.g. supposed ‘defeatists’), of which the most striking example is perhaps the anti-German campaign of 1917/18 in the USA, echoed by the internment of Japanese-Americans in the Second World War. Nonetheless, democratic norms restrained the most lethal manifestations of hostility to the enemy and limited the transfer of wartime practice to peacetime ideology.
In like manner, the presumption by liberal democrats that citizenship overrode ethnic identity as the basis of nationality was eroded by the dynamic of war and violence, as a brief comparison of the two post-war eras indicates. The Wilsonian vision that informed the peace settlement in central and eastern Europe after the First World War explicitly acknowledged the place of ethnic minorities in the nation states which succeeded the multi-national empires. By contrast, it was democratic governments in exile that planned the rationalization of the post-war Czechoslovak and Polish states to exclude the bulk of the German minority, and when the process occurred (before the consolidation of Communist control), it met with little opposition from the ‘western’ democracies.35
Nor were democracies exempt from the escalation of battlefield violence and the direct targeting of enemy civilians. Indeed, there was a concatenation of moral and legal issues relating to the latter that particularly concerned what one might call the liberal maritime states, whose isolation from the continent had traditionally led them to rely on naval power rather than mass conscript armies. Both Britain and the USA grappled with the legal and ethical questions posed by a maritime blockade which allowed the enemy’s war economy and civilian population to be directly targeted (and to which the German riposte in both world wars was unrestricted submarine warfare). It is no accident that the same two powers developed strategic air power between the wars as an additional and ultimately more effective means of paralyzing the enemy war effort at source. Although during the Second World War, the British could legitimately claim that they were responding to German targeting of civilians by aerial bombing, they (like the Americans) developed a capacity for saturation bombing that the Germans did not possess. This raised the ethical issues (which did not go undiscussed during the war) of using unprecedented violence against enemy civilians. The use of the atomic bomb in Japan was the ultimate expression of this mode of warfare and of the scientific capacities of the western democracies’ war effort.36
Ultimately, the way in which military violence and ideological mobilization affected democratic powers is illustrated by the distinctive form of authority that they developed in wartime. If war was fundamental to the emergence of new sources of authority which in different ways benefited both fascism and communism, the same was true of liberal democracies. The latter required a unifying but profoundly civilian embodiment of authority who could simul-taneously mobilize energies for war, curb the power of the military, limit authoritarianism and strike a moral and political compact on the purpose of the war and the ultimate restoration of peacetime democratic norms, or even the advancement of the latter as a reward for wartime sacrifice. Lloyd George and Clemenceau came to power after crises of wartime government to fulfill precisely this role in Britain and France, and Woodrow Wilson performed a similar function for Allied as well as American public opinion. Arguably, all three men pioneered the figure of the charismatic democratic war leader which Churchill, Roosevelt and (in his own way) de Gaulle, perfected in the Second World War.
As references to the USA suggest, the dynamic of war and conflict in the twentieth century, although proceeding from a European epicentre, both underlined the fluidity of Europe’s boundaries and exceeded European space. In illustration of the former point, the ethnic violence and state repression attendant on the break-up of Ottoman Turkey and the conflict with Greece straddled the Balkans and Anatolia. Also, if the belated Soviet declaration of war on Japan in 1945 meant that the Soviet conflict during the Second World War was a European one, it gave substance to that enlargement of Europe from the Don to the Urals first declared by a Swedish officer in the service of the Russian crown in 1730.37 The Urals formed the natural barrier behind which the Soviet war effort sheltered, and de Gaulle, in seeking to avoid a bi-polar post-war world, was using more than a figure of speech when he referred to a new Europe stretching from the ‘Atlantic to the Urals’.
Even more fundamentally, however, the very processes of war, ideological radicalization and nation-state formation that originated in Europe destroyed European hegemony in the world (as shown by the decisive intervention of the USA on the continent from 1944) while spreading to new portions of the globe. Decolonization and the conflicts which, in parts of Africa and Asia, have succeeded empire, can be seen in this light. Colonization (at least outside the predominantly European settler colonies) involved both coercion and complex transfers of ideas and aspirations, so that the colonial powers after 1945 - nearly all of them democracies - confronted movements of ‘resistance’ and ‘liberation’ whose language, goals and military expressions were deeply influenced by Europe. The Algerian Front de Libération National (FLN), for example, deployed a kind of levée en masse and rhetoric of national liberation which recalled French self-images of resistance to Nazi Germany. At the same time, the Cold War (whose origin and core remained in Europe) polarized much of the globe and disseminated ideological radicalization (some of it Soviet-derived communism) to emerging states. This process was exacerbated by the colonial powers, some of which used torture, repression and extreme military violence in their colonies in the name of democracy - as the Algerian and Vietnamese conflicts both showed.38
There is no question of dismissing the complexity and specificity of developments in other parts of the world in such an explanation, or of summarily comparing the wars and violence that have occurred there with those in Europe.39 But the undoubted connections between what began in Europe and what occurred elsewhere show that contemporary European history must be related to the history of other parts of the world.
I began with a question; what might a “Europeanization” of the history of war and conflict over the last 90 years offer us? My conclusion is a genuinely provisional one. It might be objected that I have merely supplied a dys-functional version of the “European civilization” thesis. But I do not think so, because I have placed the emphasis on multiple dynamics, not on a meta-narrative that seeks to impart an artificial cohesion to European history. More to the point, is it really possible to by-pass the national framework and the history of inter-state relations? Clearly not. Much of what I have discussed only assumed historical form in nation-states and their interaction through war, diplomacy and other ways.
Nonetheless, the kinds of processes with which I have been concerned were all larger than any one state and had an observable interplay at wider levels. There were both commonalities and reciprocal differences in how wars were fought, how ideologies emerged and how states tried to organize their territory and populations. Doubtless with more reflection, we might identify different zones of Europe as privilege fields for certain phenomena (for example, the way in which the processes I have discussed converged on central-eastern Europe during the Second World War). There are also different temporalities, as the processes we are talking about unfolded with varying chronologies. This means that the same phenomenon may have developed with differing time-scales in different parts of the continent - which is another reason why the temporal boundaries of contemporary history are so fluid. The ethnic violence of the former Yugoslovia in the 1990s is a case in point, as is the way Spain in the 1930s anticipated elements of the larger conflict that began as soon as its own Civil War was over. There were, in other words, dynamics of conflict and violence that worked beyond as well as through the state system which only a continental analysis can grasp fully.
It might still be objected that such dynamics were ultimately not distinctively European but were the violent face of modernity, increasingly manifest in different forms across the globe. This is only partly true, however, since their origin was distinctively European even if they were subsequently generalized. It becomes an argument for relating European to world history (rather than seeing the former as some ultimate horizon) and thus relativizing aspects of European development. It may be no accident that the construction of a specifically European identity occurred in direct response to some of the most violent aspects of European history during a period when the latter ceased to be distinctively European. But perhaps I should end, as I began, by leaving that as a question.
1 Reinhart Koselleck, The Eighteenth Century as the Beginning of Modernity, in: idem, The Practice of Conceptual History. Timing, History, Spacing Concepts, Stanford 2002, pp. 154-169; Hans Rothfels, Zeitgeschichte als Aufgabe, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 1 (1953), pp. 1-8; David Thomson, The Writing of Contemporary History, in: The New History. Trends in Historical Research and Writing since World War II, New York 1967, pp. 24-33, here pp. 31-32.
2 François Bédarida, Temps présent et présence de l’histoire, in: idem, Histoire, critique et responsabilité, Brussels 2003, pp. 47-59, here p. 58; Rainer Hudemann, Histoire du Temps présent in Frankreich. Zwischen nationalen Problemstellungen und internationaler Öffnung, in: Alexander Nützenadel/Wolfgang Schieder (eds.), Zeitgeschichte als Problem. Nationale Traditionen und Perspektiven der Forschung in Europa, Göttingen 2004, pp. 175-200.
3 Voltaire, Le Siècle de Louis XIV, Paris 1751, ch. 2; Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London 1776-1788, ch. 3.
4 H.A.L. Fisher, A History of Europe, London 1936, p. 6.
5 Carlton J. Hayes, History of Western Civilization, New York 1949; Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, Europe: a History of its Peoples, London 1990 (commissioned by the EEC). For a critical reflection, cf. Luisa Passerini, From the Ironies of Identity to the Identities of Irony, in: Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Idea of Europe from Antiquity to the European Union, Cambridge 2002, pp. 191-208.
6 Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: the Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991, London 1994; Mark Mazower, Dark Continent. Europe’s Twentieth Century, London 1999.
7 Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions 1848-1851, Cambridge 1994.
8 Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the 19th Century, Cambridge 1975, pp. 229-266.
9 Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Nationalismus. Geschichte, Formen, Folgen, Munich 2001, here pp. 36-40; John Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought 1840-1918, New Haven 2000; Zeev Sternhell/Mario Sznaider/Maia Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology. From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, Princeton 1994.
10 For the First World War, see the annual yearbook of the Historial de la Grande Guerre, Péronne, 14-18 Aujourd’hui - Heute - Today 1-7 (1998-2004), and Rainer Rother (ed.), Der Weltkrieg 1914-1918. Ereignis und Erinnerung, Wolfratshausen 2004 (catalogue of Deutsches Historisches Museum exhibition).
11 Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau/Annette Becker/Christian Ingrao/Henri Rousso (eds.), La Violence de guerre. Approches comparées des deux conflits mondiaux, Brussels 2002; Bruno Thoß/Hans-Erich Volkmann (eds.), Erster Weltkrieg - Zweiter Weltkrieg: Ein Vergleich, Paderborn 2002. On the question of “total war” as an historical process, see the series of conferences organized by the German Historical Institute, Washington, and published by Cambridge University Press, especially Roger Chickering/Stig Förster (eds.), Great War, Total War. Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914-1918, Cambridge 2000; idem (eds.), The Shadows of Total War. Europe, East Asia and the United States, 1919-1939, Cambridge 2003; idem/Bernd Greiner (eds.), A World at Total War. Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937-1945, Cambridge, forthcoming (2005). On the Great War as the seminal catastrophe of twentieth century German history, cf. Wolfgang Mommsen, Die Urkatastrophe Deutschlands. Der Erste Weltkrieg 1914-1918, Stuttgart 2002.
12 Arno Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime. Europe to the Great War, London 1981; Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Vol. 4: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs bis zur Gründung der beiden deutschen Staaten 1914-1949, Munich 2003, e.g. p. 985.
13 Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau/Annette Becker, 14-18, retrouver la guerre, Paris 2000.
14 Michael Jeismann, Das Vaterland der Feinde. Studien zum nationalen Feindbegriff und Selbstverständnis in Deutschland und Frankreich 1792-1918, Stuttgart 1992; Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau/Annette Becker, Violence et consentement: la ‚culture de guerre’ du premier conflit mondial, in: Jean-Pierre Rioux/Jean-François Sirinelli (eds.), Pour une histoire culturelle, Paris 1997, pp. 251-271.
15 Daniel Moran/Arthur Waldron (eds.), The People in Arms. Military Myth and National Mobili-zation since the French Revolution, Cambridge 2003.
16 Max Hastings, Bomber Command, London 1979; Jörg Friedrich, Der Brand. Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940-1945, Berlin 2002.
17 John Horne, Introduction, in: idem (ed.), State, Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War, Cambridge 1997, pp. 1-18.
18 Cathérine Gousseff, Les Déplacements forcés des populations aux frontières russes occidentales, 1914-1950, in: Audoin-Rouzeau/Becker/Ingrao/Rousso, La Violence de guerre (fn. 11), pp. 175-191.
19 Pieter Lagrou, Les Guerres, les morts et le deuil: bilan chiffré de la seconde guerre mondiale, in: Audoin-Rouzeau/Becker/Ingrao/Rousso, La Violence de guerre (fn. 11), pp. 313-327.
20 Michael Richards, A Time of Silence. Civil War and Cultural Repression in Franco’s Spain, 1936-1945, Cambridge 1998; Norman Naimark, Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe, Cambridge, Mass. 2001, pp. 139-184.
21 Richard Bessel (ed.), Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts, Cambridge 1996; Ian Kershaw/Moshe Lewin, Stalinism and Nazism. Dictatorships in Comparison, Cambridge 1997; Henry Rousso (ed.), Stalinisme et nazisme. Histoire et mémoire comparée, Brussels 1999.
22 For an early and still insightful statement of this inversion, see Elie Halévy, The World Crisis of 1914-1918: An Interpretation , in: idem, The Era of Tyrannies. Essays on Socialism and War, London 1967, pp. 160-190.
23 Peter Holquist, Making War. Forging Revolution. Russia’s Continuum of Crisis 1914-1921, Cambridge, Mass. 2002; Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Oxford 1999, pp. 8-11.
24 Paul O’Brien, Mussolini in the First World War. The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist, Oxford, forthcoming (2005); Heinz Hagenlücke, Deutsche Vaterlandspartei: Die nationale Rechte am Ende des Kaiserreiches, Düsseldorf 1997.
25 Michael Geyer, Insurrectionary Warfare: The German debate about a ‘Levée en masse’ in October 1918, in: Journal of Modern History 73 (2001), pp. 459-527.
26 These crucial distinctions were of course at the heart of the Historikerstreit in Germany in the mid-1980s. On the crucial differences between Nazi and Soviet policies, see Omer Bartov, Historians on the Eastern Front: Andreas Hillgruber and Germany’s Tragedy, in: idem, Murder in our Midst. The Holocaust, Industrial Killing and Representation, Oxford 1996, pp. 71-88.
27 Ian Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich, Oxford 1987; Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War. The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton 2001, pp. 239-297.
28 Tzvetan Todorov, Mémoire du mal. Tentation du bien. Enquête sur le siècle, Paris 2000.
29 Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford 1997; Naimark, Fires of Hatred (fn. 20).
30 Vahakn Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide. Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus, Providence 1995; Naimark, Fires of Hatred (fn. 20), pp. 52-56.
31 Michael Marrus, The Unwanted. European Refugees in the Twentieth Century, New York 1985; Naimark, Fires of Hatred (fn. 20), pp. 108-138.
32 Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1589-1969, New Haven 2003; Jan Gross, Revolution from Abroad: the Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia, Princeton 2002.
33 Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, War Land on the Eastern Front. Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in World War I, Cambridge 2000.
34 Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia. The Third Balkan War, London 1992.
35 Margaret Macmillan, Peacemakers. The Paris Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War, London 2001, pp. 496-497; Naimark, Fires of Hatred (fn. 20), pp. 136-137.
36 Geoffrey Best, Humanity in Warfare. The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts, London 1980, pp. 244-262; Hastings, Bomber Command (fn. 16).
37 Norman Davies, Europe. A History, Oxford 1996, p. 8.
38 Raphaelle Branche, La torture et l’armée pendant la guerre d’Algérie, 1954-1962, Paris 2001; Daniel Moran, Wars of National Liberation, London 2001, pp. 15-27.
39 Cf. the controversy generated by Stéphane Courtois (ed.), The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, London 1999, esp. introduction by Courtois. | <urn:uuid:ee3cda9f-3d7a-41c4-912f-d76340d1d77b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://zeithistorische-forschungen.de/3-2004/4534?language=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148375.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229022458-20200229052458-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.934965 | 9,790 | 3.484375 | 3 |
This is a worksheet that can be used to introduce Hawaiian legends or Mo'olelo to 4th grade students. In my class, I read three different Mo'olelo to the students, the legends of Pele, Maui, and Hina. You can either find a picture book to read, or you can tell the story yourself. Then I had the students choose which a hero from the mo'olelo they wanted to talk about and describe why that hero was important to the Hawaiian culture. Then the students described how storytelling affected the early Hawaiian civilizations. This worksheet hits the HCPS III benchmark: SS.4.3.10. | <urn:uuid:899450ef-5722-476d-bb62-cb1c26bca4a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Moolelo-Hawaiian-Legends-Worksheet-1211933 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512121.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211033436-20171211053436-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.94347 | 133 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Objects Fort Marlborough is located in the Cultural Arts Center Bengkulu City, can be reached by various types of vehicles. The British forts established by the East Indian Company in the year under the leadership of Governor Joseph Callet in 713-1719 during power in Bengkulu. This fort was the strongest fortress in those days, after the fort George in Madras India. The fort is 275 years old. This tourist attraction is easily reached, as it is located in the heart of the city, close to New Market Koto I and coexists with Tread Padri. The fort was visited by many domestic and foreign travelers. Inside the fort we can see space and rooms. The rooms where prisoners, weapons storage areas, rooms where protection from enemy attack at that time. In the colonial era, Soekarno was detained at the fort. | <urn:uuid:d92adae6-a445-4f5a-a74a-ca3341eccb2c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://indonesia.gunadarma.ac.id/?p=1253 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.976219 | 177 | 2.796875 | 3 |
These two dynamic subjects will help you to develop your analytic and questioning skills, while also giving you an understanding of some of the philosophical ideology that has shaped world events and societies.
If you want to study the past and develop an understanding of the philosophical problems faced by today's decision-makers then this is the perfect course for you.
History is a living, breathing subject that is constantly renewing, evolving and revealing new information. It teaches us about the past, anchors us to the present, and informs our future. Philosophy examines world views to understand the past in relation to the present.
You'll be able to engage with sources and debates from a great range of different cultures and time periods and you'll be encouraged to think more critically and clearly about the world around you. This will help you to develop your powers of argument, critical thinking, and conceptual analysis through the search for answers to the ultimate questions. | <urn:uuid:35a50584-81ca-4fac-99e0-de7f7dba2ca4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://studylink.com/institutions/nottingham-trent-university/courses/cid-si-84009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.955526 | 184 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Humanity’s prime angelic benefactor and bestower of self-aware consciousness and free will (Lucifer) seen without a negative filter.
Also known as Eros, Fenir the Wolf, Kucimatz, Kukulkan, Light-Bearer, Light-Bringer, Loki, Lucifer, Malak Tawus (“Peacock Angel”), Midir, Morning Star, Phanes, Phosphorus, Prometheus, Protogonos, and many other personifications …gt7
The name Quetzalcoatl means “the Plumed Serpent,” combining two words from the Nahuatl language of Mesoamerica, quetzal, an emerald-plumed bird, and coatl, a serpent. Among the Aztecs and Olmecs of ancient Mexico and the Mayans of Central America, Quetzalcoatl was a highly respected, ultra-wise god, one of the four sons of the high deity, Ometeol.
Quetzalcoatl, also called Kukulkan (Maya) and Kucumatz (Quiche), came from Tollan, the Land of the Sun, whose name means “Place of Cattail Reeds” or “Palace of Rushes.” Tollan was a paradisal realm and a source of all high culture in which Quetzalcoatl was king: many of its buildings were made of green stone. He is often depicted as sitting on the Jaguar Throne, holding the staff of fertility, his garments signifying the aspiration toward the divine, his father, Ometeotl, and conveying authority and a high degree of spiritual awareness.
His mission was to establish communication between Heaven and Earth, to unite humanity with the all-father, Ometeotl. Quetzalcoatl, in performing this mission, was a culture benefactor, bestowing all the arts upon humanity. He was the Lord of Healing, the Lord of Hope, Father of the Toltecs, Lord of the Breath of Life, and the radiant Lord of the Morning Star (Venus).
He was widely revered throughout sites in Mesoamerica and consistently associated with the planet Venus, both in terms of archeoastronomical alignments at sites dedicated to his worship and in his mythology.
Quetzalcoatl’s name also can be interpreted as “Precious Twin,” since quetzal means both “bird” and “twin.” The twin in this case was Tezcatlipoca, God of the First Sun of Earth, Quetzalcoatl’s dark brother, whose name means “Lord of the Smoking Mirror.” Legend says Quetzalcoatl, God of the Second Sun of Water, was dethroned by machinations of his evil brother, then immolated himself. The ashes, rising heavenward, turned into birds with glorious plumage, while his heart (or spirit) soared back to Venus; afterward he was known as Lord of the Dawn and Lord of the Eastern Light.
Yet Quetzalcoatl’s triumphant return to Earth and humanity was prophesied. According to Zapotec (a tribe of Native Americans living in the Oaxaca Valley of Southern Mexico) legend, Quetzalcoatl would one day return to his heart, which he had buried under the Tree of Life in the Valley of Oaxaca. When he returned, he would overthrow Tezcatlipoca and end his 900 year rule. Zapotec belief, coupled with New Age millenialism, claimed that the Harmonic Convergence of August 1987 marked the actual return to Earth of Quetzalcoatl.
In Quetzalcoatl, we can observe the positive attributes, the culture-benefiting activities of Lucifer, the Light-Bringer, without any theological or moral filter. In Quetzalcoatl, we can see Lucifer in his pure state, without his alleged refusal to serve humanity (Judeo-Christian filter) or defiance of the gods (as Prometheus, through the Greek filter) and his punishment in either case. As Quetzalcoatl, he is at peace with both God (Ometeotl) and humanity.
Sites that registered a high degree of Quetzalcoatl veneration, such as Teotihuacan and Chichen Itza in Mexico, are likely to be Lucifer Binding Sites.
This geomantic feature, however, has three valences. Where Lucifer, as the Lord of Light, is arriving in glory, as Quetzalcoatl, the site is called a Tollan, in honor of Quetzalcoatl’s divine origin. Where he is being bound, as in the Greek guise of Prometheus, it is called Mount Caucasus. Where he is being released, it is a Jerusalem, in recognition of the esoteric meaning of this word, “Foundation of Lucifer,” based on Venus as a Morning and Evening Star, and Lucifer’s ancient identification with this planet, both known as Phosphorus.
Quetzalcoatl, the Toltec Lucifer, was the benefactor of the second generation of humanity, bestowing upon them the Emerald, a structured container for Absolute Light, known to the Greeks, for example, as the gods’ fire. In a sense, he is the Lord of the Heart as befits his Quiche Indian characterization as Kucumatz who is the androgynous “Heart of Heaven.”
Quetzalcoatl was called God of the Second Sun of Water in reference to this second generation of humans and his intimate involvement with their destiny. His dark brother, Tezcatlipoca, was called God of the First Sun of Earth, in reference to his oversight of the first generation of humans, later aborted and withdrawn from physical creation and placed in a netherworld.
Quetzalcoatl’s Lord of the Dawn and Morning Star attributions are metaphors for his gift of self-aware consciousness and free will to humanity at its dawn. He is the benefactor and supervisor of the dawning of self-awareness in humans individualized in material bodies, a significant change of ontological state from natural union with God and all of Creation to a unity that is voluntarily achieved. | <urn:uuid:1e46210c-60c3-44f3-b3f5-74f83a508d45> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://tenemaxtli.tumblr.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128304.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00273-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962691 | 1,320 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Travel refers to the movement of things or people connecting relatively far geographical places. There are many motives for traveling which include relaxing, discovering, exploring, learning about other cultures and improving upon strengthening interpersonal relations. There are different kinds of travel such as local, national, regional or international. A round trip is a specific kind of travel which involves an individual moving from his place of residence to one or many places and then returns to his home.
People have many aims for traveling which include tourism, leisure or spending a vacation, research travel for collecting information, visiting people in other places on holidays, volunteer to travel for raising charity, migration to other countries, religious pilgrimages and trips undertaken for a purpose, commuting for work, to get good healthcare or just for the joy of traveling. Traveling may be done by walking, bicycling, using vehicles such as automobiles, trains, public transport and airplanes.
People these days travel to distant countries and places in order to see works of art, sightseeing, experiencing new cultures and learning new languages and tasting exotic and different cuisines from all over the world. The different kinds of travel are mentioned below such as:
Leisure travel was earlier linked with the Industrial Revolution in the UK which was the first country in Europe to encourage our spare time to the growing industrial population. To begin with, it was applicable to the owners of the production of machines, the owners of factories, tradesmen and the economic oligarchy. These consisted of the new middle class travelers. In 1758, the first official travel company which was formed was Cox & Kings.
Many places had been named because of this new industry’s British origin. Nice, which is a holiday resort on the French Riviera, is known even today as the Promenade des Anglais. In continental Europe, many old and popular palace hotels which replicate the power of English customers are named after them such as Hotel Carlton, or Hotel Majestic or Hotel Bristol and so on.
Several tourists who wish to travel for leisure travel to tropical places during the winter and summer. Some places often visited by these tourists include Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, several Polynesian tropical islands, Bali in Indonesia, Queensland in Australia, Thailand, Saint-Tropez and Cannes in France, Hawaii, Florida and Puerto Rico in the US, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, St.Lucia Saint Maarten, St. Martin's Island in Bangladesh, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, The Bahamas, Anguilla, Turks and Caicos Islands, and Bermuda.
Even though it is known that the Swiss were not the original ski inventors, it is a known fact that Graubünden and St. Moritz became the start of the emerging winter tourism since 1865, when many hotels were risking opening their hotels in winter. It was much later in 1970 that winter tourism made a great leap forward in several Swiss ski resorts. Even during the winter, one third of all the tourists comprise non-skiers, but it depends largely on the location.
The most important ski resorts are found mainly in several European countries, Canada, the US, New Zealand, South Korea, Chile, Japan and also Argentina.
Mass tourism has now improved only because of technological advancement, which permits the movement of people in huge numbers in a brief time to places of relaxation to enable them to enjoy the benefits of vacation time.
The first seaside resorts made in European style in the US were found in New Jersey, Atlantic City and in Long Island in New York.
In Continental Europe some earlier resorts include the Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and Deauville (Calvados) for the Parisians, the Heiligendamm as the first seaside resort on the Baltic Sea and the Ostend in Brussels.
Adjectival tourism means the special types of tourism which have evolved slowly over the years and several of them have been made use of the tourism industry and also the educationists. Some others may or may not become popular depending on its usage. Some examples of the general niche tourism industry include Pop-culture tourism, Culinary tourism, Cultural tourism, Extreme tourism, Geo tourism, Heritage tourism, Agritourism, Birth tourism, LGBT tourism, Medical and Nautical tourism, Religious tourism, Sex tourism, Slum tourism, War and Wildlife tourism.
Latest developments in Tourism
In the last few decades, the tourism industry is growing rapidly and tourists have a variety of budgets and choices and various kinds of resorts and hotels have opened their doors to gratify their needs. For instance, some people prefer to spend their vacations on beaches alone whereas others want their holidays to be made special, holidays spent with their families or niche destination hotels and resorts. Given below are some new trends which have evolved in tourism.
Sustainable tourism is visualized as the management of all resources and means in such a manner that social, economic and aesthetic wants are satisfied along with preserving cultural integrity, vital ecological processes, biological diversity and life-support schemes. Therefore, this type of tourism is seen as considering ecological and socio-cultural abilities and includes the involvement of the public in planning tourism growth. It also means combining tourism to fit with the present economic and developmental policies in order to alleviate some of the harmful economic and social influences of ‘mass tourism’.
Murphy (1985) advocates the use of an 'ecological approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when implementing the sustainable tourism development process. This is in contrast to the 'boosterism' and 'economic' approaches to tourism planning, neither of which considers the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination.
Ecotourism, which is also called as ecological tourism is dependable travel to frail, clean and well-preserved regions that are attempting to have a small impact and range. This type of tourism aids in educating the traveler and offers charity for conserving and has a direct advantage for the economic development and political agreement of the local societies and promotes respect for various cultures and human rights too.
Medical tourism refers to a situation when there is a considerable price change between countries for some medical process, especially in countries like India, East Europe and S.E. Asia, and where the rules are different in relation to some special medical processes like dentistry, then it is advantageous to travel because of the above mentioned differences.
Educational tourism grew due to the upward trend of teaching and gaining knowledge and increasing technical capability outside the classroom. In this kind of tourism, the main aim of the tour involves a visit to other countries to gain knowledge about their culture by undertaking Study Tours and Student Exchange Programs or maybe to get a job and then apply those skills acquired in a classroom to practical use like the International Practicum Training Program.
Creative tourism has been in existence as cultural tourism since a long time. In recent years, this kind of tourism has been named by Greg Richards and Crispin Raymond, who were members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) and have directed many projects for the European Commission, which also include the crafts and cultural tourism, called as sustainable tourism. They have defined this kind of tourism as that which is linked to the active involvement of travelers in the host societies’ culture done via interactive workshops and unofficial learning experiences.
In the meantime, high-profile organizations have picked up the idea of creative tourism like the UNESCO have certified creative tourism as a busy and real experience which supports an active understanding of the particular cultural characteristics of a place.
Currently, creative tourism has become popular as a kind of cultural tourism, depending on active involvement of travelers about the culture of the host societies that they go to see. Many countries provide this kind of tourism development and this includes the Bahamas, Jamaica, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and also New-Zealand.
This kind of tourism has gained popularity since the late eighties. Sports events like the Olympics, Asian and Commonwealth games, Rugby and the World Cup football games allow special travel companies to benefit from the official ticket distribution and sell these later in packages like flight packages, hotel packages and also tour packages.
The aim on sports and sports-related activities has increased sports tourism. International events such as Olympics have made the audience realize the range of different sports that are present in the world. In the US, only football was popular and in some Asian countries, many football events made football even more famous. But only the Olympics have increased the interest in sport tourism. This increase in general sports made the travel companies aware and they started selling package flights. Initially, these packages sold like hot cakes but because of the recession, the sale decreased and this fluctuation in the number of packages sold depended entirely on the financial situation. Hence, travel companies began to put away any further plans to make or market any new package deals. | <urn:uuid:5f02d92f-c16f-4080-8525-6d4558f92848> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.infobarrel.com/Types_of_Tourism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866107.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524073324-20180524093324-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.959124 | 1,844 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Having sex is the basic urge of the human race and this has been going on since time immemorial. It has its own share of problems which manifest in the form of sexually transmitted diseases. Yes, preventive measures can be taken to curtain the spread of such diseases. It would be foolhardy to expect the entire world population to exercise such restraints. If the world were so perfect, there would not be any diseases to speak about.
This is nature. So, sexually transmitted infections are there to stay and one very common infection affecting both males and females alike is Syphilis. This is a highly contagious disease which spreads primarily by sexual activity. This disease spreads through sores. There have also been instances when this disease has been passed on from pregnant women to their babies.
Syphilis Causes :
This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium “Treponema Pallidum”. The main cause of spread of Syphilis is through direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. This infection can be active as well as inactive at times. Even when it is inactive the disease can spread. Some of the main causes of getting syphilis are as follows.
- The bacteria enter the body through the tissues of the throat, nose, rectum or the vagina.
- It can pass from a pregnant woman to her child.
- Having unprotected sex or having sex with more than one partner can cause syphilis.
Signs and Symptoms :
There are four stages in a Syphilis infection.
- The Primary Stage : This stage manifests about three to four weeks after being infected with the bacteria. It begins with the formation of a small round sore also known as chancre. This is painless but at the same time highly infectious. The sore usually appears where the bacteria makes its entrance into the body such as genitals, rectum or on the insides of the mouth. Syphilis is transmitted by direct contact with the sore.
- Secondary Stage of Syphilis : This is characterized by skin rashes and sore throat. These rashes will not itch and are usually found on the palms and soles. Other symptoms may include headaches, swollen lymph glands, weight loss, fever etc.
- Latent or the Hidden Stage : The primary and secondary symptoms usually disappear. But the threat remains. You may not have noticeable symptoms but you will still be infected. You could remain in this stage for years. If not treated this leads to the life threatening tertiary stage.
- Tertiary Stage : This stage is the final stage of syphilis which occurs if treatment is not taken during the initial stages. The outcomes of this tertiary stage include blindness, mental illness, heart disease and neurological disorders.
Syphilis tests are used to screen for the presence of the bacteria Treponema Pallidum. Antibody tests are mainly done which include the following.
- Nontreponemal Antibody Tests : These tests detect antibodies that are not directed against the Treponema Pallidum bacteria. But as they are non-specific tests, they may give contradicting results. Such tests include the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VRDL) tests.
- Treponemal Antibody Tests : These tests specifically target the Treponema bacteria and are specifically meant for syphilis. These include the FTA-ABS (Fluorescent Treponemal antibody absorption) test which is useful after the first 3 to 4 weeks following exposure. The TP-PA (T.Pallidum particle agglutination assay) test is more specific and does not give false results.
A syphilis diagnosis is done after interpreting the results of the screening tests as detailed above. A positive RPR or a VRDL test should be further investigated by the conduction of the Treponemal antibody tests. Doctors even take blood as well as urine samples to confirm presence of the bacteria. If a sore is present the case becomes that much stronger. In case the doctor feels that you are experiencing nervous problems on account of tertiary syphilis, he may conduct a spinal tap or a lumbar puncture for collecting spinal fluid and test for bacteria.
The invention of penicillin has reduced the spread of Syphilis which can now be cured without causing permanent damage. Without treatment one has a good chance of developing tertiary syphilis which can result in organ damage and may be death.
Once a person contacts syphilis at any stage, the same can be passed on from person to person. The best way to prevent syphilis is to abstain from any form of sexual activity until you or your partner is completely cured of the disease. A pregnant woman should undergo blood tests to avoid passing it on to her unborn child.
This is a highly contagious disease which can spread from skin to skin contact. Contact with the sore should be avoided at any time. It does not spread by sharing clothes or toilet seats etc. Physical contact is the only way it can spread from person to person.
There are six types of syphilis which can be listed as follows.
- Primary Syphilis : This is the initial stage of syphilis.
- Secondary Syphilis : If untreated in the primary stage, the secondary stage manifests itself.
- Latent Syphilis : This usually affects after the disappearance of the secondary stages. You can remain for years in this stage. You can still affect people at this stage.
- Tertiary Syphilis : This stage may result in complications such as blindness, heart disease as well as neurological disorders.
- Late Syphilis : This is the last stage of syphilis which usually proves fatal.
- Congenital Syphilis : In this type the disease is passed from pregnant woman to her unborn child.
Congenital Syphilis can cause lot of problems to the unborn baby such as deformities, seizures, rashes, anemia and jaundice. People with syphilis develop increased chances of getting affected by AIDS.
Syphilis Home Remedies :
Nature has its own way of curing syphilis. Some common remedies are as follows.
- Aloe Vera : Apply a thick layer of Aloe Vera to the wounds. Let it dry and you can see the scabs falling away.
- Tea tree Oil : Applying tea tree oil on the affected area can reduce the symptoms. You can also add a couple of spoons of tea tree oil to you bath water.
- Anthocleista : The roots of this medicinal shrub can be used to treat a variety of STDs.
Penicillin is the best cure for syphilis. People with primary syphilis can be cured by a single shot of penicillin. Later stages require longer treatment. Other antibiotics include Doxycycline, Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone. It is important to treat sex partners too. | <urn:uuid:1d118274-8d6c-47d5-b594-eb1ec8ffdd4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://diseaseslab.com/syphilis-causes-symptoms-pictures-treatment-rash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143963.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219000604-20200219030604-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.942261 | 1,425 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Learn About Balsam
How to Sow
Sowing Directly in the Garden:
- Direct sow seeds in average soil in full sun to part shade after all danger of frost.
- Prepare the soil by removing weeds and working organic matter into the top 6-8 inches of soil; then level and smooth.
- Most plants respond well to soils amended with organic matter. Compost is a wonderful form of organic matter with a good balance of nutrients and an ideal pH level, it can be added to your planting area at any time. If compost is not available, top dress the soil after planting with 1-2 inches of organic mulch, which will begin to breakdown into compost. After the growing season, a soil test will indicate what soil amendments are needed for the following season.
- Sow seeds thinly and evenly and cover with ¼ inches of fine soil.
- Firm soil lightly with your hand, water and keep evenly moist.
- Seedlings will emerge in 7-10 days.
- Thin to about 18 inches apart when seedlings are 2 inches tall.
How to Grow
- Keep weeds under control during the growing season. Weeds compete with plants for water, space and nutrients, so control them by either cultivating often or use a mulch to prevent their seeds from germinating.
- Mulches also help retain soil moisture and maintain even soil temperatures. For annuals an organic mulch of shredded leaves lends a natural look to the bed and will improve the soil as it breaks down in time. Always keep mulches off a plant’s stems to prevent possible rot.
- Balsam loves heat, and plenty of water.
- Monitor for pests and diseases. Check with your local Cooperative Extension Service for pest controls recommended for your area.
- Remove plants after they are killed by frost in fall to avoid disease issues the following year.
- Beautiful in mixed borders or shaded beds.
- Makes a nice temporary ground cover.
- Plant in drifts and let fill in, or use them as edging plants along walkways, terraces, or at the front of a bed or border.
- Some gardeners remove some leaves so it is easier to see the flowers.
Common Pests and Problems
Downy Mildew: This fungus causes whitish grey patches on the undersides and eventually both sides of the leaves. Burpee Recommends: Rotate crops with plants in a different family. Avoid overhead watering. Provide adequate air circulation, do not overcrowd plants. Do not work around plants when they are wet.
Edema (Oedema): Leaves become distorted due to excess moisture in the soil. Plants absorb more water than they can use. Burpee Recommends: Do not overwater plants, keep the soil moist but not wet. If drainage is poor add compost or peat moss to improve drainage.
Powdery Mildew: This fungus disease occurs on the top of the leaves in humid weather conditions. The leaves appear to have a whitish or greyish surface and may curl. Burpee Recommends: Avoid powdery mildew by providing good air circulation for the plants by good spacing and pruning. Contact your Cooperative Extension Service for fungicide recommendations.
Root Knot Nematodes: Microscopic worm-like pests that cause swellings (galls) to form on roots. Plants may wilt or appear stunted. This is a serious problem in many Southern states. Burpee Recommends: Do not plant into infested soil. Grow resistant varieties. Try planting ‘Nema-Gone’ marigolds around your plants.
Common Pest and Cultural Problems
Aphids: Greenish, red, black or peach colored sucking insects can spread disease as they feed on the undersides of leaves. They leave a sticky residue on foliage that attracts ants. Burpee Recommends: Introduce or attract natural predators into your garden such as lady beetles and wasps who feed on aphids. You can also wash them off with a strong spray, or use an insecticidal soap.
Cucumber Beetles: Beetles may be spotted, striped or banded and can be very harmful. Beetles are usually ¼ to ½ inch in size. Beetles start feeding as soon as they hatch and can kill or slow the growth of the plants. Beetle larva can also bore through the roots of the plants. Beetles can also transmit diseases from plant to plant. Burpee Recommends: Knock off adults into a jar of soapy water and destroy them. Spade the soil to destroy dormant beetles before you plant. Use a row cover to prevent adults from feeding on young plants. Consult your Cooperative Extension Service for other insecticide recommendations.
Tarnished Plant Bug: These insects cause distorted leaves and flower buds. The adults are about ¼ inch long, oval shaped and flat. They are greenish brown with reddish brown markings on their wings. There is a small but distinct yellow tipped triangle in the center of the back behind the head. Burpee Recommends: Introduce beneficial insects to your garden. Traps are available. Try insecticidal soap.
Is balsam a good pollinator plant? Yes, it is an excellent pollinator plant, attracting bees, butterflies and hummingbirds.
Can I grow balsam in a container? You can grow it in a large container.
What’s the difference between balsam and impatiens? Balsam is an impatiens, Impatiens balsamina, but a different species native to South Asia. It tolerates more sun and does not develop as slowly as Impatiens wallerana so it can be direct sown in the garden. The flowers appear along the stem of the plant and it is taller than Impatiens wallerana. | <urn:uuid:2c4c5244-937f-4aec-9f12-b0d4af8d5b05> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.burpee.com/gardenadvicecenter/encyclopedia/annual-flowers/learn-about-balsam/encyclopedia__Balsam-article.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400188049.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918155203-20200918185203-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.913948 | 1,195 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Pollution Prevention in the Ethanol Industry
Ethanol production is a significant industrial activity in Minnesota. As of July 2010, 20 plants were in operation with a production capacity of approximately 1.1 billion gallons per year. Three additional plants have been proposed or are under construction with an anticipated production capacity of 220 million gallons per year.
Ethanol production is energy and water use intensive, and there are significant concerns about environmental impacts. However, there are opportunities to increase energy efficiency, reduce water consumption, and reduce impacts to Minnesota’s air and water resources. Many of these opportunities are included in these Web pages along with information on the performance of Minnesota’s ethanol production facilities, important news for the industry, new technologies and best practices. | <urn:uuid:00360d2a-da38-498f-a55b-6fe100c65839> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://mntap.umn.edu/ethanol/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609521512.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005201-00313-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952101 | 152 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The koaia grows rapidly in its first few years, typically at a rate of 1 to 1.5 metres per year (2). After a few years the growth rate slows down, but it grows continually unless there is an extended dry period, at which point the canopy broadens and the stems increase in diameter (2).
The koaia starts flowering after two or three years, after which it will flower throughout each year, with a peak in the autumn. The pale yellow flowers provide pollen and nectar for the native insects of Hawaii (2), which are assumed to also pollinate this plant. The koaia produces long pods containing 6 to 12 seeds, and in keeping with its preference for dry conditions, in dry climates the seed quality is high, whilst in wetter climates the seed quality is often poor (2). When ripe, the brown seed pods split open to release the dark brown to black seeds (6).
The roots of this small tree form extensive, shallow, spreading systems which may often be partially exposed at the soil surface (2). The koaia (as a legume) has a special symbiotic relationship with bacteria (Rhizobia) which live in nodules in the plant’s roots. This bacteria is ‘nitrogen-fixing’, meaning it is able to convert the nitrogen in the air to make it available to the plant (2). | <urn:uuid:3350a809-e05f-41cc-8328-7188407aeaee> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.arkive.org/koaia/acacia-koaia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021878262/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121758-00062-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950729 | 286 | 3.625 | 4 |
Go to your local library or bookstore and read a nonfiction book by one of these authors. Using the guidelines listed in Section 10.3 of our text, critique the book to determine the characteristics that make the author a superstar. In addition, share at least one idea you have for how you could use this piece of literature in your classroom.
The book that was chosen to review is Backyard Detective: Critters Up Close, which is a nonfiction book by Nic Bishop. The characteristics of the book that make the author a superstar are that it provides children with the capability to explore the fascinating world of their own backyard as well as enhancing their reading skills. The use of inviting informational spreads are used to identify more than 200 detailed, stop-action images of common backyard animals enabling young children to play detective in their ...
The solution discusses how to become a good writer of nonfiction for children. | <urn:uuid:33d7cd31-6474-4e3d-b2bd-66db53487489> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://brainmass.com/education/child-care/children-s-books-570767 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812756.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219151705-20180219171705-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.943983 | 181 | 3.90625 | 4 |
What Is Multiculturalism –
Multiculturalism is a broader perspective to understand human life. As a perspective to understand human life, it gives importance to the cultural identity of humans.
There are many identities individuals are located in, but multiculturalism talks about the cultural identity of individuals.
Multiculturalism is concerned with the plurality of culture with a distinct identity.
Liberal democracy is the context of the rise of Multiculturalism. Every ideology, whether it is liberalism, realism or communism, is related to a particular culture. Liberalism as an ideology endorses a particular culture. It promotes the culture of equality and liberty, which is known as liberal culture.
This liberal culture talks about liberty, rights, and equality at the level of the individual.
But it ignores groups, communities, belongingness to group identity, etc. It also ignores the selflessness of individuals. Because it endorses such a culture that is based on the self-interested, egoistic individual. But in this process, it ignores human solidarity, identity within a group, rights related to communities, psychological belongingness, etc.
Liberalism argues that in order to promote equality in society it is impossible to give preference to group rights or identity. Therefore, it tries to create a National culture.
But the problem is within Liberal democracy there exist plural cultures with distinctiveness. Among these cultures, there is one majority culture and many minority cultures. The majority culture is the culture of the dominant group of the society which tries to dominate and assimilate the minority cultures.
So, Multiculturalism started as a movement to oppose and resist the dominance of the majority and demanded certain special group rights to preserve the cultural distinctiveness of minorities.
Multiculturalism talks about the existence of many cultures with distinctiveness. Recognition of distinct identity is the main feature of multiculturalism.
Why is liberal democracy very skeptical about group rights or differences?
- Liberalism argues that if group identities are recognized by putting them into different castes, races, and communities, then this will create inequality in society.
- There is no common platform for creating equality if individuals are put in relation to their group or collective identity.
- Recognition of group identity will Create lots of division in society. It may also pose a threat to the nation-state itself. Because there can be some groups which not only demand group identities within the state but also want to go out of the nation-state. It will also encourage other groups to challenge the nation-state.
- Societies are hierarchical. There are a different hierarchy in the society and group-based identity is also a part of that hierarchy. So, there can never be co-existence of groups with an equal amount of freedom and equality. Therefore, liberal democracy argues that in order to bring equality or to make a common principle of equality, it is impossible to give preference to group identity. It is important to give preference to individual identity so that equality is maintained.
However, the above-mentioned arguments of liberalism have been questioned by Multiculturalism.
Liberalism only talks about individual rights and identity. But there is no meaning of individual rights or identity if a group of the cultural identity of an individual is not recognized and protected.
No individual can exist without a group identity. An individual can exist only in relation to group identity. In the absence of group identity, individual identity will be meaningless because an individual is located within a group. So only giving individual rights will not be sufficient, if group rights are not recognized.
Liberal democracy failed to recognize group rights and collective identities of individuals. It tries to create a national culture (which is homogenous) and end up creating a majority culture in which minorities are deprived of their rights. Therefore Multiculturalism began as a critique of liberal democracy. | <urn:uuid:ea82f72d-a7fb-45ea-8c59-30dfc5b436f0> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.beingpolitical.online/2019/12/rise-of-multiculturalism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740679.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815035250-20200815065250-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.932 | 772 | 3.375 | 3 |
The latest National Statistics on Woodland area, planting & restocking produced by the Forestry Commission were released on 12 June 2008 according to the arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.
The First Release contains provisional statistics for the year to March 2008 on:
- UK woodland area;
- certified woodland area; and
- areas of new planting and restocking.
The key points, in total for the UK, are:
- The estimated woodland area is 2.84 million hectares (12 per cent of the surface area of the UK). Of this, 0.82 million hectares is owned or managed by the Forestry Commission (in Great Britain) or the Forest Service (in Northern Ireland).
- The total certified area is 1.27 million hectares, including all Forestry Commission/ Forest Service woodland. Overall, 45 per cent of the woodland area is certified.
- Seven thousand hectares of new woodland were created, mostly with broadleaved species.
- Eighteen thousand hectares of woodland were restocked, mostly with conifers.
Geographical breakdown: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
Woodland area, planting & restocking
Tel: 0131 314 6171
September 2008 (final results for the year to March 2008 - see Forestry Facts & Figures 2008 and Forestry Statistics 2008)
June 2009 (provisional results for the year to March 2009) | <urn:uuid:36fdd93c-b012-4d76-989a-fdaf03b7f834> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-7enl9l | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166650.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00311-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913513 | 279 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Example of Exemplification Essay Essay Analysis Assignment | Rape (3.7K views) Essay Analysis Assignment - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Narrative Essay Outline Template With Examples It combines the art of story-telling and the skill of essay writing. Example essay about my life The prudence of those measures is now acknowledged by all, and justified by the result; but we must not be blind to the deeper moral, that justice how to start narrative essay is always and only politic, that it needs no precedent, and that…
The Life Story Interview [back to Instruments] The life story model of adult identity is one of a number of new approaches in psychology and the social sciences that emphasize narrative and the storied nature of human conduct. Research on life stories can be conducted in many different ways -- some qualitative and some quantitative.
Sample Narrative Essay - 8+ Examples in Word, PDF Narrative essays let the readers explore other options and see a story from a different perspective. Providing psychological healing. Writing about a crisis you are going through would help you set things in perspective and might help you clear your mind. Life Purpose Statement Examples ... Life's Purpose Statements If so, looking at other exampes of life purpose statements can really help by showing you not only what is possible, but by inspiring you to write your own. As you can see from the examples below, I take the simple statements that most people write and help them create a clear, very detailed statement that helps them make better life decisions ... 6 SAT Essay Examples to Answer Every Prompt - PrepScholar For each example below, we also show you how you can use the type of evidence to support your thesis across a range of prompts. This flexibility should prove to you how effective pre-planned examples are. So, without further ado, onto our list of multipurpose support for any SAT Essay prompt. Examples of Evidence
On this page, we attempt to show you the skills our writers use to analyze a short story by using Flannery O'Connor's short story "A Good Man is Hard to Find". Analyzing a Short Story Here is an example, using Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find, on how to go about analyzing a short story.
Life. This 4-letter word seems to be quite simple at first. This 4-letter word seems to be quite simple at first. However, if you look deeper you will see that it is a very complicated thing with a lot of various components that are like threads intertwined into a tight tangle. [SAMPLE ESSAY:ARTICLE] How Internet Affects Life | Ceritera ...
How to Title an Essay: Tips and Examples | EssayPro
Great articles and essays by the world's best journalists and writers 50 Short Memoirs - Examples of Narrative Personal Essays by Famous Authors The best examples of short memoir, narrative personal essays and creative nonfiction by famous writers, all free to read online Sample Essays: Significant Experience - InfoPlease Note: The following essays were not edited by EssayEdge Editors. They appear as they were initially reviewed by admissions officers. Sample Essay 1. Princeton, Athlete (Football) I have learned a great many things from participating in varsity football. It has changed my entire outlook on and attitude toward life. Read These Top College Essay Examples | C2 Education Writing the college application essay is a daunting task. One great way to get started is to read examples of successful essays. Reading sample college essays gives you great ideas and helps to illustrate what is expected from a good college essay. Check out these college essay examples for inspiration! College Essay Example #1: A Tale of Two ... AP U.S. History Sample Essays - Study Notes
Argument Essay #1 - By Chris Polito. Argument Essay #2 - By Lynn Streeter. Argument Essay #3 - By Jonathan Elosegui. Argument Essay #4 - Deserae Peck. Argument Essay #5 - Bonnie Fellhoelter. Argument Essay #6- Mark Lyles AGAINST School Vouchers. Argument Essay #7 - Mark Lyles FOR School Vouchers. Sample Argument Essay #1
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20+ Reflective Essay Examples & Samples - PDF A reflective essay is a written piece of literature that focuses on presenting and narrating a person's experience and how it becomes an instrument towards a change of perception in life. It is a way for a writer to share an important event in his/her life and how it affected him/her so that others may learn something from it. Twelve College Essay Examples That Worked 2019 One of the best ways to write an awesome essay for your college application or admissions personal essay is by learning from real college essay samples that worked. So I've compiled some great college essay examples from a variety of student experiences as well as tons of supplemental essay and personal statement topics, like the UChicago short answer questions, the "Why This College" essay. | <urn:uuid:2d917112-84ab-4cbf-9c6c-daf5013e76d4> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://coursesdyirdo.netlify.app/doulani53395tuhy/example-of-life-story-essay-te.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201022332-20211201052332-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.910084 | 1,113 | 2.5625 | 3 |
There are two principal reasons for the massive divisions of poverty and wealth which have led to exploitation and slavery, and in turn, the conditions which provoke men into war, murder, torture and other barbarities. Fortunately, God’s Law deals with the two greatest causes of poverty and slavery:
- The debt system based on usury
- The myth of title to land
‘And what do you think of usury?’
‘What do you think of murder?’
Cato, De Re Rustica
Usury is odious in law
A contract founded on a base and unlawful consideration, or against good morals, is null.
Maxims of Law
In the Bible
If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury.
Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live with thee. Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.
Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury: Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury ; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it.
Then I consulted with myself, and I rebuked the nobles, and the rulers, and said unto them, Ye exact usury, every one of his brother. And I set a great assembly against them.
I likewise, and my brethren, and my servants, might exact of them money and corn: I pray you, let us leave off this usury.
He that putteth not out his money to usury, nor taketh reward against the innocent. He that doeth these things shall never be moved.
He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.
‘Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might have required mine own with usury?’
‘Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchangers, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury.’
In the parable, the nobleman or master has given three servants money for safekeeping. Two of them profitably invest his money and get a good return. The third puts it under a rock, which gives no return. When challenged, the third servant accuses his master of taking up what he has not laid down and reaping what he has not sown — the offences of stealing and exploitation. Immediately following these false accusations, the master responds:
‘Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou wicked servant. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up that I laid not down, and reaping that I did not sow. Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might have required mine own with usury?’
‘If you really thought that I was austere and stole from and exploited my fellow man — as you accuse me now — then why didn’t you go the whole hog and invest my money at interest?’
The master is saying he might as well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb — or might as well really annoy God by committing the offence of usury, the easy way of stealing.
The meaning of the story is clear. Investing money at genuine risk is not against the Law of God. But usury is worse than stealing and exploitation. If we are in any doubt about Christ’s attitude to lending then it is clarified in the following passage of the Bible:
But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your reward shall be great.
It is clear that both the New and Old Testaments forbid usury. So how is ‘usury’ defined in law?
Latin Usura: ‘the amount paid for the use of money’; interest. 2. Usury
Usury: ‘Historically, the lending of money with interest. 2. Today the charging of an illegal rate of interest as a condition of lending money. 3. An illegally high rate of interest’.
Black’s Law, 9th edition
Black’s Law makes two points clear. First, when the New Testament was written, ‘usury’ meant any amount paid for the use of money, including any form of interest. Christ famously throws the ‘usurers’ out of the temple because they were charging a commission to convert Roman denarii into shekels for the payment of temple taxes. As moneychangers, they were not charging interest but drew Christ’s condemnation for charging for monetary services. Second, the definition of ‘usury’ has been changed so that it means charging an illegal rate of interest rather than interest per se.
If there is an illegal rate of interest, there must be a ‘legal’ one but I cannot find any Act of Parliament which makes usury legal or sets a ‘legal’ rate of interest .
Why usury is unlawful
It is therefore clear that the definition of the word has been deliberately changed in order to get around the Law. Christ’s intention was to make all making of money from money unlawful. And there is good reason for this. Charges or interest accrued have to be met from somewhere because money in itself does not create wealth. Traditionally therefore, the burden falls on the true wealth creators – anybody who does anything useful or creates something of genuine value – who become legally obliged to pay a part of that wealth to bankers who either charge interest or take a fee for their services.
In the case of the national debt, this has now reached epidemic proportions with the poorest in the world subsidising the richest through taxation. In a global economy, this means children either starving to death or working in sweatshops for a pittance while bankers invest their ill-gotten gains in manufacturing war and terrorism. For the sake of sanity, this has to stop.
We have often heard from right wing loonies that trade unions or governments interfere in the ‘free market’. Strangely these people never point out that the current market is utterly controlled by the banks because those who get credit have the opportunity to prosper and those who do not go out of business and have their assets seized by the banks. This is not even Capitalism, where existing capital is reinvested in new projects. It is Creditism, where money is created out of thin air every time a loan is taken out.
While Capitalism carried a genuine risk — because the new venture might fail and the capital be lost – there is no risk of loss in Creditism because the sum of money is created when the loan is taken out. Even if the debtor fails to make a single repayment, the institution offering the loan has not lost a penny on the transaction.
Under the Law, you have no duty to repay any debt raised at interest or meet any bank charge or commission for the keeping, handling or exchange of money. This will no doubt be particularly good news to those repaying a mortgage or other onerous debt. Just ask for a lawful bill of settlement. A corporation will not be able to supply one.
The Right to hold Land and Property
A contract founded on a base and unlawful consideration, or against good morals, is null.
Maxim of Law
The legal fiction of title to land is probably the greatest cause of suffering, poverty and dependency known to man.
As the trustee of the nation and on behalf of God, the monarch holds allodial right to land in English law. Black’s Law 9th edition has done its very best to obscure the distinction between ‘allodial’ and ‘absolute’ title in its definitions:
Allodial. Held in absolute ownership […]
The term ‘allodial’ originally […] meant land held in absolute ownership, not in dependence upon any other body or person in whom the proprietary rights were supposed to reside […]It would thus properly apply to the land which in the original settlement had been allotted to individuals, while bookland was primarily applicable to land the title to which rested on formal grant. Before long however the words appear to have been used synonymously to express land held in absolute ownership.
Kenelm E Digby, An introduction to the History of the Law of Real Property, 11-12 (5th edition, 1897)
Absolute title. An exclusive title to land; a title that excludes all others not compatible with it.
Black’s Law 9th edition
However, the difference in meaning can still be discerned. Under allodial right, ownership is absolute (in the true sense of the word). So-called ‘absolute title’ is ‘exclusive’ of others not ‘compatible with it’. Where the two clash, it is clear that absolute title is not compatible with an allodial right, which takes precedence as, in the case of the Queen, it is part of the divine right of kings to rule and act as final arbitrator of Law. The monarch’s right to land comes from God. Title to land is a creation of man.
Indeed, earlier editions of Black’s Law make the distinction much clearer:
ALLODIAL. Free; not holden of any lord or superior; owned without obligation of vassalage or fealty; the opposite of feudal. […]
Absolute title: as applied to title to land, an “absolute” title means an exclusive title, or at least a title which excludes all others not compatible with it; an absolute title to land cannot exist at the same time in different persons or in different governments. […]
TITLE […] real property law. Title may be defined generally to be the evidence of right which a person has to the possession of property. The word “title” certainly does not merely signify the right which a person has to the possession of property; because, there are many instances in which a person may have the right to the possession of property, and at the same time have no title to the same. In its ordinary legal acceptation, however, it generally seems to imply a right of possession also. It therefore appears, on the whole, to signify the outward evidence of the right, rather than the mere right itself.
Black’s Law, 2nd edition, 1910
From the above, it is clear that allodial right takes precedence over ‘absolute’ title. We also have to wonder why Black’s Law 9th edition sees fit to quote a work from 1897:
Before long however the words appear to have been used synonymously to express land held in absolute ownership.
This gives the impression that somehow ‘allodial’ and ‘absolute’ became synonymous in the 19th century when in fact Black’s itself continued to distinguish between the two in its 2nd edition, which existed later than the source quoted, in 1910. To be charitable, it is a curious reference work which ignores its own authority. To be accurate, this is clear proof that Black’s Law is an attempt to undermine the rule of Law – which is mandatory – by the underhand method of redefining words. You can kiss my arse and call it ‘chocolate’ but that doesn’t mean it is chocolate. Or it tastes like it.
It is also clear that any man has a greater claim to hold land under the Law than any ‘person’ claiming ‘absolute title’ under civil law as ‘person’ and ‘absolute title’ are both legal fictions. According to the Bible, God gives man – not individuals or persons — dominion over the earth.
- Any man is entitled to hold land, subject to the Law
- An English man’s house is his castle. He therefore has the right to use force against anyone trying to enter his property without consent or lawful authority
- It is unlawful to in any way buy or sell or otherwise trade in land
- All title to land is a legal fiction
- The Sovereign adjudicates in any dispute over the use of land
If any man therefore sets aside the Law’s demands, and teaches others to do the same, he will have the lowest place in the kingdom of Heaven, whereas anyone who keeps the Law and teaches others so will stand high in the kingdom of Heaven. I tell you, unless you show yourselves far better men than the Pharisees and the doctors of the law, you can never enter the Kingdom of Heaven.
Matthew 5:19-20, The New English Bible
Although many Jews have taken this as a green light to lend at interest to gentiles, the Torah on numerous occasions exhorts the Israelites not to discriminate against strangers, expressed in the context of law as the maxim ‘All men and women must be treated equally under the Law’ (and by the ‘Love your neighbour as you love yourself… ‘ commandment).
‘Doctor’ is Greek for ‘teacher’. It is only in English that the medical profession has got away with stealing one of the Messiah’s titles, ‘The Teacher’, and his initials ‘D M’, which they render as ‘M.D.’ | <urn:uuid:bd931398-2e33-4e43-8e53-23a14eb86303> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.bookofthelaw.org/index.php/i-came-not-to-judge-the-world-but-to-save-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256040.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520142005-20190520164005-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.956247 | 2,873 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Blockchain, the technology that's used in the popular cryptocurrency 'Bitcoin', is revolutionary in many ways. It addresses multiple challenges associated with digital transactions, such as double spending and currency reproduction.
Employing blockchain also reduces the cost of online transactions while simultaneously increasing authenticity and security. The upshot is that the need for payment processors, custodians, and reconciliation bodies is eliminated. These benefits are amongst the prime reasons why the technology is being extensively deployed within the banking sector.
But, quite interestingly, the merits of blockchain technology are not limited to securing digital transactions alone. The IT infrastructure that's used to process digital transactions also benefits immensely from blockchain deployment, which offers multiple cybersecurity advantages to banking applications. Here's a look at how this happens....
A blockchain is a series of blocks that records data (financial, in this case) in hash functions with timestamp and the link to the previous block. These blocks are anonymously stored with other stakeholders within a network. This eliminates centralised points of vulnerability which cybercriminals can exploit. Moreover, previous blocks cannot be overwritten in a blockchain and all transactional data is verified with every relevant stakeholder, making data manipulation extremely impracticable.
Blockchain technology is being used to protect sensitive records and to authenticate the identity of a user. Keyless Security Infrastructure (KSI) stores data hashes on blockchains and runs a hashing algorithm for their verification. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), an encryption approach which is particularly vulnerable to man-in-the-middle and DDoS attacks, is therefore deleted out of the equation. Any data manipulation can be easily spotted as the original hash is available on other nodes linked to the system, enabling banks to go beyond asymmetric encryption and caching in public keys.
Simple logins and centralized IT infrastructure are also some of the biggest vulnerabilities that banks face. End-user protection becomes an especially daunting task, given that - despite comprehensive cybersecurity - weak passwords often give cyber attackers an opportunity to penetrate the network infrastructure. The deployment of blockchains enables authentication of users and devices without password protection; the decentralisation of the network helps in generating consensus between different parties for verification through blockchain-based SSL certificates. The distributed and decentralized nature of the network that verifies the integrity of the transactions and associated account balances makes a successful attack mathematically impossible." This delinks the human factor from the security of banking operations and provides strong authentication. It also facilitates speedy identification of the point-of-attack in case of a network security incident.
Certain block-less distributed ledgers are additionally enhancing structural security of IoT devices. Devices in such network environments can recognise and interact with each other in a peer-to-peer manner, without the need for a third-party authority. Complemented with two-factor authentication, this offers unprecedented security to the network infrastructure and makes it impossible to forge digital security certificates.
Blockchain technology can also play a pivotal role in securing internal communications, which are prone to data leaks and cyberespionages. End-to-end encryption fails to cover the metadata - something which can lead to leakage of sensitive information. In blockchain-based systems, the metadata used for communications is scattered in the distributed ledger and cannot be collected at one centralised point.
Blockchain has emerged as one of the most disruptive technologies and has minimized the prevailing security issues in financial transactions. As other viable implementations for the technology are being explored, blockchains are coming to fore as top-contenders for solving an array of cybersecurity challenges and providing end-to-end security to banking institutions.
Though blockchain has several advantages over other systems, there are still a few challenges in terms of compliance, regulations and enforcement that will need to be addressed. For example, regulatory issues demand clarity over jurisdictions and how to comply with KYC (Know your customer) and AML (anti - money laundering) laws. But the increasingly growing demand and acceptance by enterprises would help overcome these challenges sooner than anticipated.
(Sunil Gupta is the President and Chief Operating officer of Paladion Networks.) | <urn:uuid:68042b4d-4eab-4a76-9124-0b46c65e3d18> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital-security/how-blockchain-technology-is-changing-the-security-landscape-in-the-banking-sector/60990498 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540528457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210152154-20191210180154-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.930135 | 820 | 3.25 | 3 |
Every day, around 50 million people a day stare at and speak to each other on computer or mobile device screens across the great expanse of the Internet via Skype, Apple's FaceTime, Google Hangouts or some other video conferencing software.
This voluminous amount of video phoning would have made 19th and 20th century futurists smile and shake their heads, marveling at both how remarkably right and horribly wrong their visual telephone predictions would turn out.
It was 50 years ago, on April 20, 1964, and during the subsequent months of the World's Fair at Flushing Meadow Park across from the brand-spanking-new Shea Stadium in Queens, New York, that Mr. and Mrs. America got their first chance to make a video telephone call on Bell's Mod I (Model I) Picturephone. Fair-goers had to wait on line at the Bell Telephone exhibit at the northeast tip of the Fair to hold a 10-minute visual talk with a complete stranger at a similar Picturephone exhibit at Disneyland in California.
According to Jon Gertner, author of The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation:
[A] visitor who wanted to try a Picturephone would enter one of seven booths and sit before what was called a "picture unit." The device was a long oval tube, measuring about one foot wide and seven inches high and about a foot in depth. Set within the oval face was a small camera and a rectangular video screen, measuring four and three-eighths inches by five and three-quarter inches. The picture unit was cabled to a touch-tone telephone handset with a line of buttons to control the screen. If you wanted to make a Picturephone call at the fair — or more precisely, if you wanted to talk with the Picturephone users at other booths — you simply pressed a button marked "V" for video; after that you could either talk through the handset or through a speakerphone on the picture unit.
In fact, according to the official A History of Engineering & Science in the Bell System — Transmission Technology prepared by members of the technical staff of AT&T's Bell Labs and edited by E.F. O'Neill, there were only six, not seven, Picturephone booths at the World's Fair.
Regardless of the number of booths, video chatters viewed a vertical black-and-white 30-frame-per-second image, but had to stay perfectly motionless within a 16 x 21-inch frame to stay in view at the other end. A single button push could disconnect the video connection at either end.
Two months later, on June 24, AT&T's commercial Picturephone service began, kicked off by a phone call from First Lady Lady Bird Johnson from the nation's capital to a Picturephone booth at Grand Central Station in New York. Additional booths were available at the National Geographic headquarters in Washington and in Chicago at the Prudential Insurance building and the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. You had to make advanced reservations, and both parties had to show up on time at their designated Picturephone locations for the chance to chat.
While the Picturephone experience was cool, it was also costly. At $16 for three minutes, your up-to-15-minute video call could cost as much as $80 — the equivalent of $610 in 2014 dollars.
Despite its cost, the Picturephone concept was so compelling that Stanley Kubrick, via 2001: A Space Odyssey, predicted that not only would there be a Howard Johnson's on a space station, but an AT&T Picturephone call from orbit would cost just $1.70 for a minute and a half.
But a funny thing happened on the way to the videophone future AT&T executives and engineers imagined: It didn't happen, at least not the way they thought it would. For the next 30 years, despite failure after failure, AT&T and several other companies trod out Picturephone-inspired devices and expensive service, demonstrating Einstein's definition of insanity of repeating the same actions and expecting a different result.
The pursuit of the videophone actually began long before Bell debuted its first working Mod I units at the World's Fair in Queens. From nearly the moment Alexander Graham Bell called for Mr. Watson, scientists and dreamers dreamed of an ubiquitous video-call future.
A year after Bell patented his phone, someone calling themselves "Electrician" speculated about a combination fax machine/videophone called an "electroscope" in a letter to the editor to the New York Sun.
A year later, French science writer Louis Figuier postulated Bell was working on a "telectroscope" videophone device.
In December 1878, French writer and cartoonist George du Maurier, speculated in print and drawing in Punch magazine that Thomas Edison was working on a "telephonoscope" videophone.
And in a June 5, 1880, issue of Scientific American, inventor George Carey proposed a telephone system of "seeing by electricity."
But it took 30 years for AT&T to turn these science fictions into science fact. On April 7, 1927, then commerce secretary Herbert Hoover spoke from a Washington, D.C., video booth to a Bell Lab videophone in New York.
In 2004's On the Persistence if Lackluster Demand — the History of the Video Telephone, authors Steve Schnaars and Cliff Wymbs described this primitive, not-ready-for-prime-time videophone as:
... a hopeless monstrosity that took up half a room. It had two large screens — a small screen that provided excellent picture quality but was too small to see and a larger screen that offered little more than a crude silhouette. Technically speaking, the screen flashed 18 frames per second, fast enough to seem animated.
It took 30 more years for AT&T to develop a more sophisticated and workable videophone. At the Aug. 23, 1956, meeting of the Institute of Radio Engineers, AT&T demonstrated a one-frame-every-two-seconds videophone system. With most of the major problems solved, the company started work on what became the Mod I Picturephone in October 1959.
AT&T simply assumed everyone would want to video chat, so forged ahead, again, again and again.
If at first you don't succeed...
Predictably in hindsight, Picturephone service didn't take off in any of its variations. On February 5, 1969, AT&T started selling the Mod II — which offered a 251-line, 30fps black & white image displayed on a 5 x 5.5-inch screen — to corporate clients. But by mid-1971, once again faced with spectacular Picturephone apathy, AT&T ended the service.
Schnaars and Wymbs reported that between 1966 and 1973, AT&T spent half a billion dollars on Picturephone R&D with nothing to show for it. AT&T's corporate historian, Sheldon Hochheiser, called the videophone "the most famous failure in the history of the Bell system."
Dumbly undaunted, AT&T tried again in July 1982, launching its ridiculously expensive corporate Picturephone Meeting Service. A one-hour video conference call between New York and LA could cost $2,380, on top of a company having to spend $117,500 to buy or $17,760 to lease the equipment. After a year or so, AT&T was shocked — shocked — that this version of video calling didn't take off, either. Again.
At the same time, several Japanese companies, predominantly Mitsubishi and Sony, tried to succeed in the consumer videophone market where AT&T failed, and suffered the same consequences.
Then, in January 1992, AT&T unbelievably and almost laughably tried beating the dead Picturephone horse again. This time, its VideoPhone 2500 had a small flip-up LCD screen with a color picture that one critic compared to "the film from the bank when they tape bank robbers." VideoPhone 2500's initial $1,500 price tag was soon cut to $1,000, then to $30 overnight rentals. After a of couple years, AT&T finally gave up Picturephone for good.
AT&T's 2001 post mortem, reported by Schnaars and Wymbs, reasoned that (emphasis added):
Picturephone was still too big, expensive, and uncomfortably intrusive and people did not want to be seen on the telephone... To be successful, AT&T hypothesized that it needed to have improvements in speed, resolution, miniaturization, ease of use, price performance and incorporation into a desktop piece of equipment.
Right and spectacularly wrong.
Back to the future
The Picturephone problem — and those experienced by latter-day video call systems such as the Vialta Beamer, telyHD, C-Phone, 8x8's ViaTV and others — wasn't the desire (or not) to see who you were talking to, but the need to buy not one, but two dedicated pieces of equipment — one for you and one for someone else so you could call them.
What changed the equation, of course, was the Internet and the ubiquity of devices — laptops, smartphones — with webcams built in. Since we already had the devices, all we needed was software: Skype, ironically introduced in August 2003, just months before Schnaars's and Wymbs's analysis, followed by Apple's FaceTime in mid-2010.
Once we had the devices and the software, which we didn't have to buy separately and especially just for video calling, it's become obvious that we did want to be seen on the telephone.
And somewhere, the 19th century futurists and Picturephone engineers are likely puzzled but somehow satisfied that their vision of a videophone future has been finally realized, even if they got a big part of it wrong: that the phone itself wasn't really needed at all.
Have something to add to this story? Share it in the comments. | <urn:uuid:814c302e-23fd-43f3-aa85-fa034df0b11d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://mashable.com/2014/04/20/videophone-turns-50/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122039674.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175359-00155-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961991 | 2,077 | 3.078125 | 3 |
200 species in "LinEpig" Dwarf Spider gallery
With the recent loans of specimens from the University of Alaska Museum and the Royal BC Museum in Victoria, the LinEpig gallery now contains more 200 North American species of Dwarf Spiders. This online photo gallery -- which provides easy reference to the anatomical structures needed for spider identification -- is designed to help museums around the country identify the female Dwarf Spiders in their collections. These spiders (subfamily Erigoninae) are a notoriously difficult group due to their small size and the large number of species that have a similar appearance.
When the rest of recently received material is processed and posted, the gallery will comprise more than a third of described North American erigonine species.
Thanks to Brandi Fleshman and Derek S Sikes, University of Alaska Museum; Claudia Copley of the Royal BC Museum and Darren Copley of the Saanich Environmental Education Office; and Sarah Loboda and Chris Buddle of McGill University for helping us reach this milestone. | <urn:uuid:2cd79af8-bfa4-4540-920f-6f0cf84cd4a6> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://fieldmuseum.org/users/nina-sandlin/blog/200-species-linepig-dwarf-spider-gallery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055782/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00081-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928126 | 207 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Humans are curious creatures. We organize our perceptions of the world through stories to explain mysteries and help us feel safe and secure. Story making comes from our natural inclination to have an internal dialogue with ourselves that narrate our experiences in the world. We creatively imagine our selves in relationships in ways that provide meaning and make distinctions between the sacred and the profane. Just because we create a story to help us understand and explain a mystery doesn’t mean we get it right. When we get the story wrong at the level of public policy for social justice, economics and the environment it can be devastating for us as a species, the rest of our planet and all of our relations. This is especially true for the stories we make up that inform and guide our efforts to educate and raise our children. Scientific theories enacted in evidence-based programs carry these stories that dictate what we do with and for our children, their families and communities. How are we doing with this? The western world that exists today is by and large the result of the stories that informed and guided our education and youth and community development policies and practices over the past 50 years. The news of today is one indicator of how we are doing.
Science has placed a wedge in between the worlds of the sacred and profane. We are the first to experience a completely profane world, (Sharpe 1984)1. It is the direct experience of the sacred that makes us human beings. In the absence of the sacred we become beings exalted by the power of exploitation and dominance, moving farther away from actualizing our real potential to experience the supreme joy and harmony contained within a sacred reality. Rituals nurture a sacred reality, (Blumenkrantz 1996).2
"Myth is the secret opening through which the inexhaustible energies of the cosmos pour into human manifestation."
- Joseph Campbell
A ritual is a re-enactment of a myth. It features characters with super-ordinary qualities whose origins are birthed from the divine at the beginning of time and conveys moral and ethical values that serve survival. Scientific theories are a modern form of myth and their rituals are the programs generated from these underlying stories, (Sharpe 1984). Scientific theories must have proper citations that pinpoint their human origin. The characters within these myths, wrapped in the jargon of the disciplines ("atoms, protons, super ego, defense mechanisms, viruses, E=MC2") were not given super-ordinary qualities and did not convey any moral values. Rituals enlist allies of spirit while programs enlist allies of science. A new story is needed that enlists both spirit and science into new forms that build bridges between the sacred and secular worlds.
Become Part of the Story
Over the past several years an international group of practitioners is attempting to forge a new story by remembering our collective shared story of rites of passage. Youth Passageway’s recognizes that no matter what challenges exist in modernity, from climate change to systemic inadequacy the stories that inform and guide the way we raise our children and help them come of age will determine our future.
This October 14th Youth Passageways is inviting people who believe that all children are our children and concerned about their welfare and our future to come together for an International Day of Reflection & Dialogue.
Reflection: What does it takes to build whole communities and repair fractured ones?
Dialogue: What would we be doing when we are all engaged in putting the story of community-oriented and culturally sensitive rites of passage into practice?
For more information visit: Passageways Day.
1Sharpe, Kevin. From science to an adequate mythology. Auckland, NZ: Interface Press, 1984
2Blumenkrantz, D.G. The rite way: Guiding youth to adulthood and the problem of communitas. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, MI. (1996).Posted in ROPE
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It’t time for a Paradigm Shift – a fundamental change in beliefs, theory and approach – in developing community-centered responses to the challenges faced by today’s Youth & Community. More here>> | <urn:uuid:80d550ff-d408-4aec-a0bf-0ba81dc4a46c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://rope.org/change-story-transform-future-part/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825363.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214044833-20181214070333-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.92485 | 885 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Your yard might be buried under feet of snow or you might have no snow and sunny skies like here in Utah. In either case it really is time to think about what to plant and when. Besides, don’t you have spring fever?
In many parts of the U.S. you can begin planting by March. If you have a few inches of snow that you can clear away even in a small area you can go ahead and plant. What you would plant soon would not be likely to be bothered by cold or freezing temperatures that we will still have.
Peas, spinach, lettuce, arugula, cabbage, broccoli, kale, cauliflower and perennial herbs such as chives should be fine planted now.
First though, you want to do something with your soil. My preference is to add a few inches of compost to the top of your raised beds or even right on the ground – then plant. This gives you some unfrozen ground to plant in, improves your soil, and will provide some nutrients for the plants.
I usually plant my peas by March 5. St. Patrick’s Day is considered to be the day by which you should have planted your peas. When the weather is just right the seeds will emerge. It may take a bit longer than usual but the seeds seem to know when the time is right.
If you have several feet of snow you might want to consider planting your early crops in pots. Use pots that can withstand the temperature changes. Fiberglass, plastic, and wood usually hold up for a few years at least. Unglazed terra cotta may last one or two seasons. Plant indoors using potting soil (not garden soil) which you have thoroughly watered before planting. Then place your pot outdoors. Don’t leave it indoors long enough for the seeds to sprout. | <urn:uuid:5975fd9c-5caa-4b04-9231-56c8006a7fd0> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://gardeninspire.com/planting-outdoors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323808.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629000723-20170629020723-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.963657 | 376 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Equality and Human Rights Commission opened today with the aim of making Britain a fairer, more equal place to live. A survey to mark the launch reveals the scale of its challenge, as nearly half of Britons say they have faced unfair discrimination.
The Commission, or CEHR, will provide information and practical guidance to employers, the voluntary and public sectors, and to individuals. It will monitor performance and enforce equality law in the areas of age, disability, gender, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation and transgender status, and encourage compliance with the Human Rights Act 1998.
The CEHR was established by the Equality Act 2006 as a single equality body with responsibility for challenging discrimination across society. It replaces the Commission for Racial Equality, the Disability Rights Commission and the Equal Opportunities Commission.
The CEHR's human rights mandate requires it to promote a human rights culture, particularly ensuring that higher standards of dignity and respect are applied to those in institutional care, for example children, the elderly and those in psychiatric care.
The establishment of the CEHR follows criticism that the three previous equality Commissions were failing to use their enforcement powers to control racial, disability and sexual discrimination.
A report from the Public Interest Research Unit, published in September last year, claimed that neglect by the Commissions helped ensure that the majority of discriminators got away with committing unlawful acts.
Trevor Phillips, chair of CEHR said: "The previous Commissions have made enormous advances, changing Britain into a fairer place. But much remains to be done.
"The new Commission is building on their legacy to achieve change to benefit some of the most disadvantaged and voiceless people in our society."
The CEHR survey pinpointed ethnicity, disability, religion and age as the top causes of unfairness; a third or more identified these as the basis for discrimination. When prompted half of those questioned also said that sexual orientation was often a reason for unfair treatment.
Two out of five (41%) of those who said they faced discrimination of some kind said it occurred at work, while three quarters of all those interviewed (74%) think that work was the most common setting where people experienced discrimination.
The survey was based on responses from 1,087 adults.
Nearly three quarters (73%) of those who experienced discrimination said they did not make a complaint. 38% of those who experienced discrimination said they did not complain because they thought there was nothing to be gained.
Phillips said: "This is the clearest reason for the existence of the CEHR. Unless people feel they can deal openly with unfairness we risk a simmering cauldron of resentment to poison our workplaces.
"Our work isn't supporting vexatious litigation by a few persistent grumblers; it is about building a fairer, more confident and more united Britain."
Dr Nicola Brewer, chief executive of CEHR, said the new body was "a milestone along the road to a fairer, more equal Britain."
She added: "How we live together is one of the big challenges of the 21st Century; as serious as climate change and more immediate. The new Commission is working to eliminate discrimination, reduce inequality, protect human rights and to build good relations, ensuring that everyone has a right to participate in society."
Meanwhile, today marked the first anniversary of age discrimination legislation in the UK which effectively makes it illegal for companies to treat employees and job candidates differently because of their age.
A new study by the Employers Forum on Age suggests 86% of workers know that it is illegal to discriminate on the grounds of age at work, up from just 51% this time last year.
But in a statement, the Forum said that "ageism is still endemic in the workplace," with 59% of workers claiming to have witnessed ageist behaviour at work in the 12 months since the new laws came into force. Its survey was conducted among 1,000 workers. | <urn:uuid:c0c30102-a475-4204-8335-a208a52a7cdd> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.itproportal.com/2007/10/08/new-equality-and-human-rights-commission-aims-for-fairer-britain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104631.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818082911-20170818102911-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.971284 | 798 | 2.703125 | 3 |
MIT’s latest robot looks a bit like one of those claw machines you find at the front of an arcade, only instead of metal, the claws are made of a clear, membranous substance. And instead of stuffed Minion dolls, they pick up live fish. But other than that, the principles are pretty similar.
The robot’s limbs are made from hydrogel, an extremely pliable material that’s composed primarily of water, formed into structures using 3D printing and laser cutting. When water is pumped into the limbs, they stretch or curl, opening and closing like a hand.
Using the eel-inspired robot, the researchers were able to make the claw close fast enough to grab a goldfish without harming it in the process, while a more traditional robotic hand would likely crush the fish in the process, and nobody wants that.
The team fully admits it hasn’t quite figured out a real world use for the odd fish-grabbing ‘bot, but the material does play along nicely with human tissue, meaning it could someday have some usual surgical applications.
“Hydrogels are soft, wet, biocompatible, and can form more friendly interfaces with human organs,” says lead researcher Xuanhe Zhao. “We are actively collaborating with medical groups to translate this system into soft manipulators such as hydrogel ‘hands,’ which could potentially apply more gentle manipulations to tissues and organs in surgical operations.”
The transparent fish grabber was created with funds from the Office of Naval Research, the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies and the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:d13a3d01-c70c-4094-b0c7-fca1b88b6743> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/01/mit-fish-robot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513441.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020205254-20181020230754-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.944343 | 339 | 3 | 3 |
In the UK, a total of 62,809 patients with diabetes were found to have a higher risk of colon and pancreatic cancer compared to a similar population without diabetes. Diabetics who were also obese had the highest number of cancers.
The cancer risk was significantly lower among those taking metformin monotherapy as opposed to glycloside or insulin.
A study from the other side of the world, involving 872,706 Australians cross referenced the National Diabetes Service Scheme (NDSS) with the National Death Index, found a significant link between type 2 diabetes and fatal colon and pancreatic cancer but also cancers of the liver, uterus, kidney, thyroid, gallbladder and blood (leukaemia).
The mechanism for metformin’s benefit lies in the fact that it works by improving the cells sensitivity to insulin and hence reduces insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in those developing insulin resistance.
Although prospective randomised trials confirming the protective benefits of metformin have not been completed, these data are very convincing, especially as they involved such large numbers and are from two independent prestigious organisations.
It certainly would be common sense, if diabetic, to ask your doctor to take metformin as opposed to or additional to glycloside. | <urn:uuid:57f0805a-c6a2-4708-b60e-be18cf5ada83> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://blog.cancernet.co.uk/common-diabetes-drug-reduce-cancer-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495367.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220170405-20190220192405-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.960822 | 260 | 2.546875 | 3 |
On the one hand, some families have a level of choice in the face of housing and income constraints. A Pew report finds that when families move in together multi-generationally, financial burden may be eased. On the other hand, high and largely non-negotiable housing costs for older renters and owners can lead to health woes and food insecurity. Minnesota is hardly exempt, as we see in an AARP report. Another report looks at homelessness among vets, including data for Minnesota. Lastly, check out a useful summary of policy ideas for sustainability for housing development and preservation.
Great Recession Has Led to Rise in Multi-Generational Households
The number of Americans living in multi-generational households increased by 10.5% between 2007 and 2009, according to the Pew Research Center. In the face of economic woes, multi-generational households create an important informal safety net. The report found strikingly lower poverty rates among multi-generational households (11.5%) than in all other households (14.6%) in 2009. Those most economically vulnerable experienced the greatest reductions in poverty through multi-generational living. For example, unemployed people in multi-generational households experienced a poverty rate of 17.5%, compared to 30.3% for the unemployed living in other types of households. In addition, economic gains of multi-generational living were found to be especially important for Hispanics, Blacks and immigrants. Multi-generational households are defined as two adult generations, three or more generations, or a skipped generation, such as a grandparent and a grandchild, living together. Study findings are bolstered by another data release from the Census Bureau that finds that the proportion of young adults aged 25 to 34 living in their parents' home increased markedly from 2005 to 2011.
Minnesota Not Easy for Older Renters
The AARP recently released State Housing Profiles 2011, which describe housing and demographic conditions for homeowners and renters age 50 and older. Included in the profiles is a variety of data on type of housing, cost burden, mortgages, and subsidized housing. While on most measures Minnesota ranks somewhere in the middle compared to other states, there are a few exceptions. Notably, among Minnesota renters aged 50 and older, 29% were paying half or more of their income for housing in 2009. On this measure, Minnesota ranks as the 9th worst state in the nation.
The Housing Crisis: Making Older Homeowners Sick?
A new study in the American Journal of Public Health of homeowners aged 50 and older found that those falling behind on their mortgage payments in the previous two years suffered serious health consequences. The study, which compared outcomes for those who fell at least two months behind on their mortgage payments to those who did not, found higher rates of new depressive symptoms and less access to adequate food among those delinquent on payments over the two year study period. In addition, the delinquent homeowners were far more likely to report not being able to take medications properly for cost reasons. Not surprisingly, the delinquent group also had poorer health statuses and less access to health resources at the beginning of the study. While delinquency in mortgage payments may itself have led to poorer health outcomes, underlying conditions might have led to both the delinquency and health changes, the authors note. The study followed individuals from 2006 to 2008.
Veterans Account for 8% of Minnesota's Homeless
HUD and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) released the second annual supplement to the 2010 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR), which details the extent of homelessness among veterans in the United States. According to this report, veterans are overrepresented in the homeless population. Point-in-time estimates show that on a single night in January 2010, there were more than 76,000 homeless veterans nationally, a 1% increase from 2009. 43% of the homeless veterans were living on the streets, in cars, or in other places not meant for human habitation. For Minnesota, the point-in-time estimate was 644 homeless veterans, which accounted for about 8% of the homeless population in the state.
Policy Options for Sustainable Housing: New Ideas
A new series of briefs from the Center for Housing Policy describes policy options that support the creation and preservation of affordable and mixed-income housing in neighborhoods where families can walk, bike, use public transit, or drive relatively short distances to meet daily needs. The three briefs highlight the different tools available at the local, regional, and state levels. Local planning departments and city council members, for example, exercise the most direct control over land use and zoning policies, while regional entities such as metropolitan planning organizations and councils of government, can support sound planning and coordination. States also have a role to play through targeted financial support and enabling legislation. | <urn:uuid:33783000-5082-4b8e-b4e0-932379b00f9b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://mhponline.org/mhp-blogs/mhp-connect/249-resources-nov-2011 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096293.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00277-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957829 | 957 | 2.625 | 3 |
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partial product multiplication worksheets grade the best image collection download and share multiplicati. | <urn:uuid:c32c0842-d520-45ae-8e9e-54e699010a41> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://chilimath.info/partial-product-multiplication-worksheets-free/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573264.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918085827-20190918111827-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.726201 | 546 | 2.546875 | 3 |
One Small Step – Open Item
Good morning. Today is the 20th of July and this is your Open Item.
On this day, 44 years ago, the United States of America took the next step in our history of exploration. 44 years ago today, we landed a man on the moon. Below is a part of the release from NASA on the importance of this day:
“On July 20, 1969, the human race accomplished its single greatest technological achievement of all time when a man first set foot on another celestial body.
Six hours after landing at 4:17 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (with less than 30 seconds fo fuel remaining), Neil A. Armstrong took the “Small Step” into our greater future when he stepped off the Lunar Module, named “Eagle,” onto the surface of the Moon, from which he could look up and see Earth in the heavens as no one had done before him.
He was shortly joined by “Buzz” Aldrin, and the two astronauts spent 21 hours on the lunar surface and returned 46 pounds of lunar rocks. Their liftoff from the surface of the moon was (partially) captured on a TV camera they left behind, and they successfully docked with Michael Collins, patiently orbiting the cold but no longer lifeless moon alone in the Command Module “Columbia.” – NASA
We need to embrace the space program once again. We need to become a species of exploration once again. We need to redouble our efforts to make space exploration a national passion.
In more recent news, we have gotten a lot of feedback from the piece our Managing Editor, Derek Pillie, wrote regarding the Indiana National Committeewoman position. Pillie has updated this post after receiving a call from Congressman Marlin Stutzman’s Chief of Staff.
Don’t forget to vote in the Tweet of the Week competition!
Which of the below is the best Tweet of the Week? (Week ending 7/18/13)
- @ConservaTibbs - Look what I saw at @Target today... #Twinkies are back! --> pic.twitter.com/QbynbUHFTR (36%, 8 Votes)
- @mtgrove - You spelt Barack Obama wrong RT @stefcutter: Mitt Romney STILL can not explain why he wanted to let Detroit go bankrupt . (23%, 5 Votes)
- @politicalmath - @GaltsGirl @JackA2245 Doing a Senate candidate screening. Anyone who hems & haws on a rape question gets acid in the face until they learn. (18%, 4 Votes)
- @jtLOL - I just cut in line at Starbucks. Somebody was like, "Hey," so I explained, "#JusticeForTrayvon!" That shut her right up. (14%, 3 Votes)
- @PeytonsHead - BREAKING: Hispanic man found not guilty in shooting of black man. Sorry Aaron Hernandez. Not talking about you. (9%, 2 Votes)
Total Voters: 22
Did we miss something or do you have something to add? Throw it in the comment section!
This post was tagged under: Indiana Politics | <urn:uuid:b9b8a00d-4cdd-499e-83b7-064bd8e81bd2> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.hoosieraccess.com/2013/07/20/one-small-step-open-item/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774464.128/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00026-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940898 | 667 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Skin cancer occurs when skin cells overgrow and form tumors. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma make up most skin cancer cases. The biggest known risk factor for skin cancer is UV exposure. But the Merkel cell polyomavirus causes most cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but aggressive variety of skin cancer. Certain other types of cancer, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, can manifest in the skin, but they do not arise from skin cells.
Fred Hutch research includes fundamental studies of the mutations that drive development of skin cancer and clinical trials that test new ways to deploy the immune system against the disease.
Our research focuses on understanding what drives skin cancer and developing more targeted treatments.
A deeper understanding of the important genetic alterations found in skin cancer, and how they contribute to disease, may help point the way to future drug targets. Our scientists work toward this goal by discovering the key mutations in squamous cell carcinoma and outlining how they drive development and progression of skin cancer. They also seek to reveal new ways that our bodies stave off cancer. These insights can lead to new treatments for skin cancer and other tumors.
With collaborators in the Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium, our scientists developed a blood-based screening test to detect MCC recurrence. This test can spare patients from more invasive screening. Our researchers also led pivotal studies showing that checkpoint inhibitors, a type of immunotherapy, can effectively halt or reverse disease in many patients with MCC. These findings transformed treatment standards for MCC.
We continue to explore the use of immunotherapy to improve treatment for people with MCC. This includes studies of checkpoint inhibitors and the use of a patient’s own immune cells engineered to recognize the tumors. We also study the immune system’s response to the Merkel cell polyomavirus. Our researchers hope that insights from these studies may inform the use of immunotherapy in other tumor types.
Clinical research is an essential part of the scientific process that leads to new treatments and better care. Clinical trials can also be a way for patients to get early access to new cutting-edge new therapies. Our clinical research teams are running clinical studies on various kinds of skin cancer.
Rose Wittman was surprised to be diagnosed with Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare and aggressive skin cancer. When radiation therapy didn’t work, a Seattle trial of an experimental immunotherapy combination reversed her disease. | <urn:uuid:84ac706f-d509-41d9-8bb4-b5c295f70891> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.fredhutch.org/en/research/diseases/cancers/skin-cancer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.92521 | 500 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Bullies succeed by making their victims fear them. The bully may be stronger than the victim, but he does not constantly use force against them. It is the fear of violence or humiliation that makes victims act in the way the bully wants them to. Once it has been established that the bully can hurt the victim, the threat is enough. Maintaining that threat is relatively cheap for the bully and for a sadist this may seem like a good deal. This might also seem cheaper for the victim, because the costs of direct confrontation may be very high.
When we tell children to stand up to bullies we do not expect that they will turn out to be stronger or more popular than them, though this is what usually happens in fiction. We assume that standing up to a bully will cause the victim to be hurt or humiliated. But it does make it more expensive for the bully to maintain his power over the victim.
Standing up to the bully means that his actions may not have the long-term effects that make them profitable. And it is good to have a general social agreement that bullies are bad, and should be stood up to. It discourages people from trying the tactic in the first place.
Terrorism often operates in the same way. Very few terrorists could ever hope to win in a full-scale war against their victims, so instead they do shocking, frightening things. Yesterday’s attack on the Charlie Hebdo offices was a very significant example of this, because the terrorists’ apparent goals (‘avenging the Prophet’ for blasphemous cartoons) seem ridiculously trivial compared to the lengths they were willing to go to to achieve them.
It is now clear that Western journalists who blaspheme against Islam may be murdered where they work. And most Western journalists don’t really want to blaspheme against Islam anyway. It’s rude, and it’s rude against a group that does not have much power in the West.
What’s more, that kind of wilful rudeness may drive moderate Muslims away from Western liberalism towards Islamic extremism. On the other hand, I’m not sure a person whose respect for free speech ends at a blasphemous cartoon was much of a moderate to begin with.
But if a bully tells you not to do something, sometimes you should do it even if you didn’t really want to do it anyway. Defiance of the bully is very important to rob him of his power over you, and – just as important – to show to others that bullying is not effective.
Simply talking about how unafraid we are of terrorism is an empty, weak reaction. Cartoons that show the power of pencils are worthless. No Jihadi is disturbed by any of this. What disturbs them is to show in our actions that they do not have the bully's power over us. The cost of rudeness is real, but it is insignificant compared to the cost of letting bullying work. | <urn:uuid:c910fe6b-c900-4bd3-a56d-2abccfb547a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/liberty-justice/stand-up-to-bullies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515165.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212041010-20171212061010-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.975795 | 609 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Differences between local middle school masking requirements and their psychological impact
DE PERE, Wis. (WBAY) - Recently, we’ve been following how different school districts are setting various face mask requirements. Middle school is where it can be especially tricky.
For example, in the Green Bay Area Public School District, everyone must wear a mask indoors. While in the Unified School District of De Pere, face masks are required for students up to sixth grade but only encouraged for students seventh grade and up.
We spoke with health experts and school administrators about the potential psychological effect of students either wearing or not wearing masks and making their peers feel different in the process.
Medical professionals emphasized that around the ages of 12 and 13 most kids don’t want to be seen as different. Whether that’s how they dress or if they’re the tallest or smallest in their class. Differences that De Pere Middle School might see when one friend is wearing a mask and another is not. Yet, their principal is emphasizing respect and resilience for the new school year.
“They’re very adapt and have adapted really well,” Adam Kraemer, principal at De Pere Middle School, said. “Sometimes, I think students and kids at this age do a lot better job of being flexible than sometimes adults do.”
Parents have already voiced concerns about making their kids wear masks if few others are. Some advice for parents in that situation from Prevea Health licensed marriage and family therapist Lisa Tutskey is to use it as an opportunity to discuss the importance of how your actions can have an effect on others.
“That is the fear I think a lot of parents have is why should my child... should I make them wear a mask when nobody else is?” Tutskey said. “It’s teaching them that being different is okay. Being different isn’t always bad. We can always as parents let our kids use us as an excuse. That excuse is, if I don’t wear my mask and my mom finds out, I’m in huge trouble.”
“They see their friends and they don’t care whether or not they’re wearing a mask or not,” Kraemer shared. “To them, it’s kind of just another piece of clothing that they’re wearing around.”
Most middle schoolers are at the age of 12+ where the CDC recommends a COVID-19 vaccine. A distinction between the 4K to six grade group in De Pere who are all required to wear mask. As are the staff and visitors who are in the 4K to six grade buildings.
When it comes to being a middle schooler, “it is a difficult time to be different,” Dr. Jennifer Frank, ThedaCare chief medical officer, said. “Certainly, if you’re the only one wearing a mask that is another way you are different. But, it’s a great time to talk to kids about why we make choices that are sometimes individual choices that just reflect our values and why it’s important to be an independent thinker.”
Dr. Frank also emphasized that humans at any age are social creatures. However, in middle school, doctors have seen a phenomenon where children start to seperate even more from their parents and being to look to their friends to help define who they are.
Tutskey highlighted that once children enter middle school, they begin to understand how their actions can have an effect on others. A shared hope of health experts is to continue reinforcing why we mask: to keep our friends, family and community safe. An understanding that will hopefully reduce the peer pressure students may face this school year.
Copyright 2021 WBAY. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c43faee6-a499-4863-8f05-d64a59de7e39> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.wbay.com/2021/09/02/differences-between-local-middle-school-masking-requirements-their-psychological-impact/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585507.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022114748-20211022144748-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.964994 | 793 | 2.859375 | 3 |
- By Laurel Kelly
Living With Cancer: Understanding hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It occurs most often in people with chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection. Treatment depends on the size and location of the cancer, how well your liver is functioning and your overall health. Find out about the treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma and what your health care provider may recommend for you.
Video: 'Weight Loss After Breast Cancer'
Research shows that a majority of breast cancers are fueled by estrogen, and estrogen is synthesized in fat. For this reason, Dr. Sandhya Pruthi, a Mayo Clinic general internal medicine physician and past director of the Mayo Clinic Breast Diagnostic Clinic, recommends all her patients maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. Hear the story of Teresa Narveson, a breast cancer survivor who made some lifestyle changes that helped her lose weight, feel better and reduce her risk of the cancer coming back.
Get ready for possible side effects of chemotherapy
Chemotherapy works by killing rapidly dividing cancer cells. As it wipes out cancer cells, though, chemotherapy also can destroy fast-growing healthy cells. This may cause you to experience side effects, including fatigue, diarrhea, hair loss and mouth sores. It's important to ask questions and work with your health care team to prepare for chemotherapy so that you know what side effects to expect and how to manage them. Here's some information you may find helpful as you prepare for chemotherapy. | <urn:uuid:201e60c9-6848-4978-8e95-52ded44ac470> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/living-with-cancer-understanding-hepatocellular-carcinoma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988858.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508091446-20210508121446-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.943728 | 322 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Contrast - The Magic Ingredient
- 2.5 days (2nd half)
It is perhaps the element of CONTRAST that first attracts many of us to calligraphy – thick vs. thin, black vs. white, straight vs. round, light vs. heavy, etc. Its major function is to attract – to draw attention to – to act as a visual vitamin that 'grabs' and satisfies the eye. It is this element in calligraphy and page arrangements that provides us with visual interest. Without contrast, we often find optical indigestion or worse, boredom.
In this workshop we shall examine, firstly with the humble pencil, in an orderly and logical manner, the basic elements of contrast and concord in both letterforms and page layouts. We shall look at their many combinations and learn how to integrate the text with a focal point, image or gestural mark. In letterforms, we shall be working with the seven key ingredients of contrast: size, form, weight, colour, direction, texture and structure. In page arrangements we shall examine the juxtaposition of organic and geometric areas of text, chaos and order, formal and friendly, etc. in the many layout exercises using both pencil and pen.
Throughout the class will be demonstrations of exercises, projects and explanations to help clarify the 'balancing' of these elements in this most important area of our work, thus avoiding the simplistic and tempting strategy of 'hope'.
A feature of the class will be to take the many exercises and projects and bind them into a functional and aesthetically pleasing sampler book.
Familiarity with Roman capitals and one other calligraphic hand will be useful.
Suitable for all levels of skill and optimism.
- Layout paper and ANY other better quality paper, e.g. Fabriano Ingres, Arches Text Wove or Text Laid, Arches MBM, Rives BFK or similar lightly textured paper.
- A wide range of nib sizes including Speedball C2 or larger and a pointed nib and a straight pen holder (as used in Copperplate etc)
- Black and/or Walnut Ink, gouache paint of your colour choice
- Water pot and loading brush
- Couple of sheets of tracing paper
- H, HB, 2B OR 4B pencils
Optional (Peter will have some of the above to use if students cannot get any)
- Needle and embroidery threads, awl, 2 Bulldog Clips, Bone folder, ruler or straight edge and an optional quotation (15 to 20 plus words?) to work on. | <urn:uuid:d6cdc35a-2dc3-4fa2-93af-b36722e74603> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://rendezvouscalligraphy.org/en/classes/contrast-the-magic-ingredient | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.900439 | 541 | 2.640625 | 3 |
As microbiological testing of products in the field or in processing plants becomes more frequent (even ubiquitous), there are questions about its usefulness. Microbiologists say that the utility of microbiological sampling as it is currently done is marginal at best. Current testing looks at only a small sample of a product for a small range of bacteria, meaning a contaminated product easily can test negative.
Testing is done largely because it can be, and because some testing is better than none. For meat and poultry plants, FSIS has announced that testing data will be posted on its Web site. In the event of a positive test result, food can be recalled or prevented from entering the marketplace.
Because a negative test result proves nothing, it is usually irrelevant in litigation (especially at trial). The negative result, therefore, is nothing more than a red herring.
Recent breakthroughs in technology may dramatically increase the utility of testing. These breakthrough technologies can be combined with methods that do not rely on actual culturing of the organisms, allowing microbiologists to examine the entire population of microorganisms present in an ecosystem. This “community profiling” concept entirely changes how microbiologists would interpret testing data. Microbiology promises us the ability to conduct “community profiling” of bacteria on food products. Dr. Andrew Benson of the University of Nebraska offered fascinating insight into this emerging technology at the April 11-12 food law conference at Seattle University Law School. While the approach cannot yet get around the limited sample size, the ability to examine the content of the entire community of microorganisms in a sample may offer industry more reliable information and the chance to use microbiological testing to reduce risk in a meaningful way. Stay tuned as technologies develop. . . | <urn:uuid:6733343b-18e7-4091-9ae7-21a616a12402> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.foodliabilitylaw.com/2008/05/articles/microbiological-testing/what-is-the-utility-of-microbiological-testing-data-in-litigation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103671290.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630092604-20220630122604-00732.warc.gz | en | 0.932827 | 347 | 2.859375 | 3 |
APU Hosts Brain Awareness Fair at Azusa Middle School
How do you make grey matter, matter to middle school kids? Show them a real human brain and engage them in science experiments that boggle the mind.
To educate students about the importance of brain health, Azusa Pacific University brings the first Brain Awareness Fair to Center Middle School, 5500 North Cerritos Ave., in Azusa. On Wed., Feb. 22, approximately 250 seventh graders will forego their life science textbooks and classrooms for a morning of hands-on learning and natural discovery complete with take home games, puzzles, and trivia. The Brain Awareness Fair, located in the school’s cafeteria, features five exhibits:
- Anatomy of the Brain: Students view actual mice, sheep, and human brains. A “brain in a bag” simulates the weight and consistency of a human brain.
- What is a Neuron? Students learn how neurons communicate via electrical signals to makes muscles contract. They see and hear the electrical signals of neurons in a live cockroach leg.
- Your Brain and the Senses: Three experiments demonstrate how the brain perceives the world through the five senses (sometimes sensing things that are not there).
- The Brain on Drugs: Fatal vision goggles simulate the effects of alcohol and drugs on the brain’s use of sight, motor ability, and reaction time.
- Take Care of Your Brain: “Mr. Egg Head,” an egg drop, and a shaken egg in a Tupperware container show the importance of helmet safety, how the brain is built to withstand injury, and the impact of healthy diet and exercise on brain function. Real MRI films of normal brain anatomy and those with brain injuries, including concussions, are on display.
Skyla Herod, Ph.D., assistant professor in APU’s Department of Biology and Chemistry, is the Brain Awareness Fair organizer. She recruited 28 APU senior neurobiology students to design and implement the exhibits.
“By presenting science in a fun, interactive way, we hope to inspire some of these middle school students to pursue science majors in college,” Herod said. “We go beyond the D.A.R.E. no-use message to teach kids what drugs and alcohol do to the brain. The program also emphasizes how a balanced diet and regular exercise improve mental function and encourage new brain cell growth, as well as the importance of wearing a helmet and sports safety.”
Brain Awareness Week (BAW) is March 12—18, 2012. The global BAW campaign increases public awareness about the progress and benefits of brain research. APU will also partner with the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives to celebrate BAW with three campus lectures featuring leaders in neuroscience and a weeklong Brain Awareness Fair held on Cougar Walk. To learn more about APU’s involvement with BAW, contact Skyla Herod at (626) 815-6000, Ext. 6619 or email@example.com.
Azusa Pacific University’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences offers seven undergraduate science majors through two departments, preparing the next generation of scientists, teachers, doctors, and dentists.Students major in Applied Health, Bio Chemistry, Biology, Chemistry , Math/Physics, Mathematics, and Physics. | <urn:uuid:e98689b0-d08d-4b0d-9692-92d01eeb607f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.apu.edu/media/news/release/18392/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887832.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119065719-20180119085719-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.907264 | 684 | 3.234375 | 3 |
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